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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No_One_in_the_World
|
No One in the World
|
["1 Chart performance","2 In popular culture","3 Personnel","4 Charts","4.1 Weekly charts","4.2 Year-end charts","5 References","6 External links"]
|
1987 single by Anita Baker"No One in the World"Single by Anita Bakerfrom the album Rapture B-side"Watch Your Step"ReleasedJuly 1987Recorded1985Genre
R&B
soul
Length4:10LabelElektraSongwriter(s)Marti Sharon, Ken HirschProducer(s)Marti Sharon, Gary SkardinaAnita Baker singles chronology
"Same Ole Love (365 Days a Year)" (1987)
"No One in the World" (1987)
""Ain't No Need to Worry" (with The Winans)" (1987)
"No One in the World" is a song by American R&B singer Anita Baker. It was the fourth single from her multi-platinum album, Rapture. It had previously been released by Dionne Warwick on her 1985 album Finder of Lost Loves and again on her 1987 album Reservations for Two.
Chart performance
"No One in the World" peaked at number five on the Billboard Hot Black Singles chart, and #9 on the Billboard Adult Contemporary Singles. The single peaked at number #44, missing Billboard's top 40 Hot 100 chart.
In popular culture
The song was featured in an early 1988 episode of the US daytime soap opera All My Children as well as 1988 episodes of Santa Barbara and The Young and The Restless and a 1989 episode of Another World.
Personnel
Drums, Percussion: John Robinson
Bass: Neil Stubenhaus
Guitars: Paul Jackson Jr., Dean Parks
Synthesizers, Keyboards, Piano: Paul Chiten, Greg Phillinganes
Arrangements by Sir Gant
Charts
Weekly charts
Chart (1987)
Peakposition
US Billboard Hot 100
44
US Adult Contemporary (Billboard)
9
US Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs (Billboard)
5
Year-end charts
Chart (1987)
Position
US Adult Contemporary (Billboard)
49
References
^ Anita Baker Chart history-R&B Billboard.www.billboard.com
^ Hyatt, Wesley (1999). The Billboard Book of #1 Adult Contemporary Hits (Billboard Publications)
^ "Anita Baker Chart History (Hot 100)". Billboard. Retrieved December 23, 2020.
^ "Anita Baker Chart History (Adult Contemporary)". Billboard. Retrieved December 23, 2020.
^ "Anita Baker Chart History (Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs)". Billboard. Retrieved December 23, 2020.
^ "Adult Contemporary Songs – Year-End 1987". Billboard. Retrieved December 23, 2020.
External links
AMG Allmusic
www.AnitaBaker.com
vteAnita BakerStudio albums
The Songstress
Rapture
Giving You the Best That I Got
Compositions
Rhythm of Love
My Everything
Compilation albums
The Best of Anita Baker
Holiday albums
Christmas Fantasy
Selected singles
"Sweet Love"
"Caught Up in the Rapture"
"Same Ole Love (365 Days a Year)"
"No One in the World"
"Ain't No Need to Worry" (with The Winans)
"Giving You the Best That I Got"
"Body and Soul"
"I Apologize"
"You're My Everything"
"How Does It Feel"
"Lately"
Tours
The Rapture Tour
Giving You the Best World Tour
Compositions World Tour
Rhythm of Love World Tour
Anita Live!
An Evening with Anita Baker
Related topics
Discography
Michael J. Powell
Chapter 8 (band)
Chapter 8 (album)
This 1980s R&B/soul music song-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
|
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|
[]
| null |
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|
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tagula
|
Tagula
|
["1 References"]
|
Coordinates: 57°51′21″N 26°22′37″E / 57.85583°N 26.37694°E / 57.85583; 26.37694Village in Estonia
This article is about the village in Estonia. For the island often known as Tagula, see Vanatinai.
Village in Valga County, EstoniaTagulaVillageTagulaLocation in EstoniaCoordinates: 57°51′21″N 26°22′37″E / 57.85583°N 26.37694°E / 57.85583; 26.37694CountryEstoniaCountyValga CountyMunicipalityValga ParishPopulation (1 January 2010) • Total192
Tagula is a village in Valga Parish, Valga County in southern Estonia. It has a population of 192 (as of 1 January 2010).
References
^ Classification of Estonian administrative units and settlements 2014 (retrieved 28 July 2021)
vteSettlements in Valga ParishTown
Valga
Small boroughs
Laatre
Tsirguliina
Õru
Villages
Hargla
Iigaste
Jaanikese
Kaagjärve
Käärikmäe
Kalliküla
Karula
Killinge
Kirbu
Kiviküla
Koikküla
Koiva
Koobassaare
Korijärve
Korkuna
Käärikmäe
Laanemetsa
Lepa
Londi
Lota
Lusti
Lutsu
Lüllemäe
Muhkva
Mustumetsa
Paju
Pikkjärve
Priipalu
Pugritsa
Raavitsa
Rampe
Rebasemõisa
Ringiste
Sooblase
Sooru
Supa
Tagula
Taheva
Tinu
Tsirgumäe
Tõlliste
Tõrvase
Uniküla
Valtina
Vilaski
Väheru
Väljaküla
Õlatu
Õruste
This Valga County location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
|
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|
[]
| null |
[]
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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Badan_Pusat_Statistik
|
Statistics Indonesia
|
["1 History","2 Census","2.1 Demography","2.2 Economy","2.3 Agriculture","3 See also","4 References","5 External links"]
|
Indonesian statistical organization
Statistics IndonesiaBadan Pusat StatistikAgency overviewFormed1960Preceding agenciesCentraal Kantoor voor de Statistiek庶務部調査室軍政幹部Biro Pusat StatistikJurisdictionGovernment of IndonesiaHeadquartersJl. Dr. Sutomo 6-8 Jakarta 10710, IndonesiaWebsitewww.bps.go.id
Statistics Indonesia (Indonesian: Badan Pusat Statistik, BPS, lit. 'Central Agency of Statistics'), is a non-departmental government institute of Indonesia that is responsible for conducting statistical surveys. Its main customer is the government, but statistical data is also available to the public. Annual surveys cover areas including national and provincial socio-economics, manufacturing establishments, population and the labour force.
Established in 1960 as the Central Bureau of Statistics (Biro Pusat Statistik), the institute is directly responsible to the president of Indonesia. Its functions include providing data to other governmental institutes as well as to the public and conducting statistical surveys to publish periodic statistics on the economy, social change and development. Statistics Indonesia also assists data processing divisions in other public offices to support and to promote standard statistical methods.
History
In February 1920, the Director of Agriculture and Trade (Directeur van Landbouw Nijverheid en Handel) of the government of the Dutch East Indies, established the Statistical Office based in Bogor. In March 1923, the Commission for Statistics was formed to represent members of each department. It was tasked with planning actions to ensure the achievement of unity in statistical activities in Indonesia. On 24 September 1924, the name of the institution was changed to Central Statistics Office (Centraal Kantoor voor de Statistiek, CKS) and the institution was moved to Jakarta. In June 1942, the Government of Japan reactivated statistical activities focused on meeting the needs of war or military. CKS was renamed General Affairs Department Research Office, Military Government (Japanese: 庶務部調査室軍政監部, romanized: Shomubu Chosasitsu Gunseikanbu) during Japanese military occupation. On 26 September 1960 the government of Indonesia enacted Law No. 7 of 1960 on Statistics replacing Statistiek Ordonantie 1934. Law Number 16 of 1997 concerning Statistics replaced previous laws, and based on it, the Central Bureau on Statistics became the Central Statistics Agency.
Census
Main article: Census in Indonesia
Based on Republic of Indonesia Laws No. 6 of 1960 on the Census, Statistics Indonesia organizes a census every 10 years
Demography
A demographic census has been organized every year ending in "0" after 1961 namely in 1970, 1980, 1990, 2000, 2010 and 2020.
Economy
An economic census is held every year ending in "6", namely 1986, 1996, 2006, and 2016.
Agriculture
An agricultural census is held every year ending in "3", namely 1963, 1973, 1983, 1993, 2003, and 2013.
See also
List of national and international statistical services
References
^ "History of Indonesia Statistic". Retrieved 27 July 2018.
^ "About BPS". www.bps.go.id. Retrieved 27 August 2018.
^ "Undang - Undang No 6 Tahun 1960 tentang Sensus" (PDF).
External links
(in English and Indonesian) Official site
vte Government of IndonesiaExecutive BranchCentralGovernmentElected officials
President of Indonesia
list
Vice President of Indonesia
list
Cabinet (List) and Ministries
Coordinating Minister for Economic Affairs
Coordinating Minister for Human Development and Cultural Affairs
Coordinating Minister for Maritime Affairs
Coordinating Minister for Political, Legal, and Security Affairs
Agriculture
State Apparatus Utilization and Bureaucratic Reform
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National Resilience Institute
National Search and Rescue Agency
Public Prosecution Service
State Intelligence Agency
Quarantine Agency
Bank Indonesia
Government Goods and Services Procurement Policy Institute
Finance and Development Supervisory Agency
Central Agency on Statistics
Indonesian Migrant Workers Protection Agency
National Population and Family Planning Board
Geospatial Information Agency
Meteorology, Climatology, and Geophysical Agency
National Agency of Drug and Food Control
National Archives of Indonesia
National Library of Indonesia
National Research and Innovation Agency
National Standardization Agency
Nuclear Energy Regulatory Agency
Cabinet Secretariat
National Administration Institute
National Civil Service Agency
Radio of the Republic of Indonesia
Television of the Republic of Indonesia
Non-StructuralAgency
Acceleration of Housing Enforcement
Acceleration of Infrastructure Provision Policy Committee
Anti Dumping Committee
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Broadcasting Commission
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Central Information Commission
Child Protection Commission
Civil Service Advisory Agency
Commission for Assessment of Analysis of Environmental Impacts
Commission on Biological Safety of Genetically Engineered Products
Company Privatization Committee
Cooperative Council
Corruption Eradication Commission
Council of Engineers
Council of Health Workers
Counterfeited Rupiah Eradication Coordinating Board
Defense Industry Policy Committee
Deposit Insurance Agency
Executive Office of the President
Film Agency
Film Censorship Institution
Financing Policy Committee for Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises
Financial Services Authority
Financial Transaction Reports and Analysis Centre
General Elections Commission
General Elections Organiser Ethics Council
General Elections Supervisory Agency
Government Accounting Standards Committee
Hajj Financial Management Agency
Health Workers Disciplinary Board
Hospital Oversight Agency
Indonesian Academy of Sciences
Institute for the Prevention and Eradication of Forest Damage
Istiqlal Mosque Management Executive Board
Lake Toba Authority Agency
Medical Counci
National Accreditation Committee
National Amil Zakat Agency
National Aviation Security Committee
National Border Management Agency
National Commission on Violence against Women
National Commission on Human Rights
National Committee on Sharia Economics and Finance
National Consumer Protection Agency
National Council for Special Economic Zones
National Defense Council
National Disability Commission
National Energy Council
National Film Advisory Agency
National Health Advisory Agency
National Industry Committee
National Information and Communication Technology Council
National Police Commission
National Productivity Institute
National Professional Certification Board
National Social Security Board
National Sports Committee of Indonesia
National Team for the Acceleration of Poverty Reduction
National Transportation Safety Committee
National Wages Council
National Water Resources Council
Nuclear Energy Advisory Council
Nusantara Capital City Authority
Oil and Gas Downstream Regulatory Agency
Ombudsman of the Republic of Indonesia
Pancasila Ideology Development Agency
Patent Appeal Commission
Peace Maintenance Mission Coordination Team
Peat and Mangrove Restoration Agency
Presidential Advisory Council
Press Council
Public Accountants Professional Committee
Public Housing Savings Committee
Public Housing Savings Management Agency
Regional Autonomy Advisory Council
Regional Border Management Agency
Social Security Administrator
Special Task Force for Upstream Oil and Gas Business Activities
State Civil Service Commission
State Civil Service Advisory Board
Titles, Decorations and Honours Council
Tourism Promotion Board
Trade Security Committee
Trademark Appeal Commission
Tripartite Cooperation Institute
Waqf Agency
Witness and Victim Protection Agency
RegionalGovernment
Governor
Regent or Mayor
Legislative BranchCentralGovernment
People's Consultative Assembly
House of Representatives
List
Regional Representative Council
List
RegionalGovernment
Regional House of Representatives
Judicial Branch
Supreme Court
Constitutional Court
Judicial Commission
Other GovernmentAgencies
Bank Indonesia
Public Prosecution Service
Military andPolice
Indonesian National Armed Forces
Army
Navy
Air Force
Indonesian National Police
Mobile Brigade Corps
Municipal Police
Indonesia portal
WikiProject
Commons
Category
vteNational statistics agencies
NSIA
INSTAT
ONS
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ARMSTAT
CBS
ABS
SA
SSC
BBS
SB
INSAE
INE
IBGE
NSI
NIS
INS
SC
INE
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SE
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FSS
INE
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List of national and international statistical services
Authority control databases International
ISNI
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National
United States
|
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|
[]
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[{"title":"List of national and international statistical services","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_national_and_international_statistical_services"}]
|
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Wool_Board
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Australian Wool Board
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["1 Objectives","2 Subsequent reorganisations","3 See also","4 References","5 External links"]
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Australian Wool BoardStatutory board overviewFormed28 May 1936 (1936-05-28)Dissolved31 December 1972 (1972-12-31)Superseding agenciesAustralian Wool BureauAustralian Wool Corporation JurisdictionAustraliaHeadquartersMelbourne, Victoria
The Australian Wool Board was an Australian Government statutory board that existed in its first phase between May 1936 and January 1945; in its second phase between June 1945 and June 1953; and in its third and final phase, between May 1963 and December 1972. The first Wool Board, in 1936, together with the Wool Boards of New Zealand and South Africa decided to form an organisation to promote wool, to meet the growing challenge from synthetic fibres, which led to the formation in 1937 of the International Wool Secretariat. There have been other reorganisations of the management of the wool sector in Australia since.
The functions of each of the three Boards varied, with third reincarnation having the widest powers that included the promotion of the use of wool and wool products in Australia and other countries; the power to inquire into, and from time to time report upon the methods of marketing wool and any other matters connected with the marketing of wool; and such other functions as were conferred on the Board by the Australian Government or as approved by the Minister for Primary Industries.
The activities of the Board were funded by a levy on woolgrowers first instituted to finance wool promotion activities in 1936 and later supplemented by funding from the Australian Government.
Objectives
The objectives of the third Wool Board were:
Joint international promotion of wool products through the International Wool Secretariat with the Wool Boards of New Zealand, South Africa, and Uruguay;
Provision of testing services for wool and wool products;
Provision of advice to government on wool research activities by government bodies in relation to the needs of the wool industry; and
Oversight of all aspects of wool marketing but without executive powers over marketing.
Subsequent reorganisations
The Australian Wool Bureau existed between July 1953 and May 1963.
The Australian Wool Commission (AWC), created in November 1970, was replaced in January 1973 by the Australian Wool Corporation (AWC). The International Wool Secretariat (IWS) was an overseas extension of Wool Corporation and was merged into it. IWS had established the Woolmark trade mark in 1964 and owned it.
In 1991, the functions of the AWC were divided between three newly established entities: the Australian Wool Realisation Commission (AWRC), the Australian Wool Corporation and the Wool Research and Development Corporation (WRDC). AWRC continued to operate until 2002, with the main task being the liquidation of the wool stockpile arising from the failed Australian Wool Reserve Price Scheme.
In December 1993, the Australian Wool Corporation and WRDC were merged to form the Australian Wool Research and Promotion Organisation (AWRAP). AWRAP had two subsidiaries: IWS and Australian Wool Innovation Limited (AWI). In 1997, the name of IWS was changed to The Woolmark Company.
Australian Wool Services Limited (AWS) was formed in 2001, and succeeded AWRAP. AWI was de-merged from AWS in 2002 and The Woolmark Company was sold by AWS to AWI in 2007.
See also
British Wool Marketing Board
References
^ Smith, Ailie (16 March 2006). "Australian Wool Board (1936 - 1945)". Encyclopedia of Australian Science. Retrieved 1 August 2016.
^ Smith, Ailie (16 March 2006). "Australian Wool Board (1945 - 1953)". Encyclopedia of Australian Science. Retrieved 1 August 2016.
^ Smith, Ailie (16 March 2006). "Australian Wool Board (1963 - 1972)". Encyclopedia of Australian Science. Retrieved 1 August 2016.
^ "Australian Wool Board ". National Archives of Australia. Australian Government. 20 May 1977. Retrieved 1 August 2016.
^ a b c d e Commonwealth Bureau of Census and Statistics (1972). Official Year Book of the Commonwealth of Australia, No. 58. Canberra. p. 800.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
^ Roche, Julian (1995). The international wool trade. Cambridge, England: Woodhead Pub. Ltd. p. 176. ISBN 1855731916.
^ Milestones – a brief history of the Australian wool industry
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Wool.
|
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There have been other reorganisations of the management of the wool sector in Australia since.The functions of each of the three Boards varied, with third reincarnation having the widest powers that included the promotion of the use of wool and wool products in Australia and other countries; the power to inquire into, and from time to time report upon the methods of marketing wool and any other matters connected with the marketing of wool; and such other functions as were conferred on the Board by the Australian Government or as approved by the Minister for Primary Industries.[4]The activities of the Board were funded by a levy on woolgrowers first instituted to finance wool promotion activities in 1936 and later supplemented by funding from the Australian Government.[5]","title":"Australian Wool Board"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"International Wool Secretariat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Wool_Secretariat"},{"link_name":"New Zealand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand_Wool_Board"},{"link_name":"South Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_African_Wool_Board"},{"link_name":"Uruguay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Uruguayan_Wool_Board&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-OYBA-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-OYBA-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-OYBA-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-OYBA-5"}],"text":"The objectives of the third Wool Board were:Joint international promotion of wool products through the International Wool Secretariat with the Wool Boards of New Zealand, South Africa, and Uruguay;[5]\nProvision of testing services for wool and wool products;[5]\nProvision of advice to government on wool research activities by government bodies in relation to the needs of the wool industry;[5] and\nOversight of all aspects of wool marketing but without executive powers over marketing.[5]","title":"Objectives"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"International Wool Secretariat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Wool_Secretariat"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Woolmark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woolmark"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Australian Wool Reserve Price Scheme","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Wool_Reserve_Price_Scheme"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"The Australian Wool Bureau existed between July 1953 and May 1963.The Australian Wool Commission (AWC), created in November 1970, was replaced in January 1973 by the Australian Wool Corporation (AWC). The International Wool Secretariat (IWS) was an overseas extension of Wool Corporation and was merged into it.[6] IWS had established the Woolmark trade mark in 1964 and owned it.In 1991, the functions of the AWC were divided between three newly established entities: the Australian Wool Realisation Commission (AWRC), the Australian Wool Corporation [II] and the Wool Research and Development Corporation (WRDC).[7] AWRC continued to operate until 2002, with the main task being the liquidation of the wool stockpile arising from the failed Australian Wool Reserve Price Scheme.In December 1993, the Australian Wool Corporation and WRDC were merged to form the Australian Wool Research and Promotion Organisation (AWRAP). AWRAP had two subsidiaries: IWS and Australian Wool Innovation Limited (AWI). In 1997, the name of IWS was changed to The Woolmark Company.Australian Wool Services Limited (AWS) was formed in 2001, and succeeded AWRAP. AWI was de-merged from AWS in 2002 and The Woolmark Company was sold by AWS to AWI in 2007.[citation needed]","title":"Subsequent reorganisations"}]
|
[]
|
[{"title":"British Wool Marketing Board","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Wool_Marketing_Board"}]
|
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|
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polynesian_storm_petrel
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Polynesian storm petrel
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["1 Breeding","2 Diet","3 Location","4 Taxonomy","5 Threats","6 Conservation efforts","7 References","8 External links"]
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Species of bird
Polynesian storm petrel
Conservation status
Endangered (IUCN 3.1)
Scientific classification
Domain:
Eukaryota
Kingdom:
Animalia
Phylum:
Chordata
Class:
Aves
Order:
Procellariiformes
Family:
Oceanitidae
Genus:
NesofregettaMathews, 1912
Species:
N. fuliginosa
Binomial name
Nesofregetta fuliginosa(Gmelin, JF, 1789)
Synonyms
Fregetta ampitrite Jardin, 1859
Procellaria albigularis Finsch, 1878
Fregetta moestissima Salvin, 1879
The Polynesian storm petrel (Nesofregetta fuliginosa) is a species of seabird in the family Oceanitidae. It is the only species placed in the genus Nesofregetta. This species is markedly polymorphic, consisting of several subspecies. At one time the light-colored variety were even considered a species on their own (white-throated storm-petrel). However, subspecies are not generally accepted today.
Polynesian Storm-petrels can weigh anywhere from 56-86g and can be as tall as 10.2 inches. They are identifiable by their black bills, broad, round wings, and black feet. Some of the Polynesian Storm-petrels vary in regards to the white on their stomach, but can be identifiable through that as well. They can also be identified through their zig-zag flight patterns and their forked tail. Polynesian Storm-petrels nest in burrows they create on nesting islands. The burrows are typically around vegetation or in rock crevices. The Polynesian Storm-petrel's natural habitats are open seas, rocky shores, and sandy shores.
Breeding
Polynesian Storm-petrels will generally breed on coral or volcanic islands in colonies. Most members of the colony arrive at night after foraging throughout the day. They mainly stay on their island, which points towards a sedentary lifestyle.
Depending on the distance from the equator, Polynesian Storm-petrels might lay eggs seasonally or non-seasonally. The closer they are to the equator, the less likely they are to lay eggs seasonally. Polynesian Storm-petrels lay single eggs and it takes about 50 days to hatch. The fledging age is about 60 days after hatching. Until they fledge, young Polynesian Storm-petrels are fed and protected by both parents.
Diet
Generally, Polynesian Storm-petrels have a carnivorous diet. Their diet mainly consists of cephalopods, fish, and crustaceans. They mainly hunt for food when they are in flight by diving into the water.
Location
Polynesian Storm-petrels can be found in Chile, French Polynesia, Kiribati, New Caledonia, Vanuatu, American Samoa, Fiji, and Samoa.
Taxonomy
The Polynesian storm petrel was formally described in 1789 by the German naturalist Johann Friedrich Gmelin in his revised and expanded edition of Carl Linnaeus's Systema Naturae. He placed it with the other petrels in the genus Procellaria and coined the binomial name Procellaria fuliginosa. Gmelin based his description on the "sooty petrel" that had been described in 1785 by the English ornithologist John Latham in his book A General Synopsis of Birds. The Polynesian storm petrel is now the only species placed in the genus Nesofregetta that was introduced in 1912 by the Australian born ornithologist Gregory Mathews. The name combines the Ancient Greek nēsos meaning "island" and Fregetta, a genus name that was introduced by Charles Lucien Bonaparte in 1855 for the storm petrels. The specific epithet fuliginosa is from Late Latin fuliginosus meaning "sooty". The species is monotypic: no subspecies are recognised.
Threats
The main threats to Polynesian Storm-petrels include introduced species like rats and cats. Loss of egg and chick population by the house mouse is also a threat, along with loss of vegetation due to agriculture and rabbits
Rising sea levels as a result of global climate change has affected Polynesian Storm-petrel's habitat. Vegetation and grass can get washed out due to overly aggressive storms, which can destroy critical breeding areas. Climate change also results in heavier rainfall, which then results in increased ground water salinity.
Conservation efforts
Some of the conservation efforts for the Polynesian Storm-petrel include monitoring breeding populations and invasive species in specific areas, restoration of former breeding islands, and using translocations and social attraction to restore populations.
A few of the efforts from the past, starting from 1990 includes predator removal, biosecurity plans, and compliance and education.
References
^ BirdLife International (2018). "Nesofregetta fuliginosa". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2018: e.T22698471A132649758. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T22698471A132649758.en. Retrieved 16 November 2021.
^ Mayr, Ernst; Cottrell, G. William, eds. (1979). Check-List of Birds of the World. Vol. 1 (2nd ed.). Cambridge, Massachusetts: Museum of Comparative Zoology. p. 110.
^ "Polynesian Storm-Petrel (Nesofregetta fuliginosa)". iNaturalist. Retrieved 2024-03-18.
^ https://www.vanuatuconservation.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/No.-10-Polynesian-Storm-Petrel.pdf
^ "Polynesian Storm-petrel". 26 September 2020.
^ Dewey, Tanya. "Nesofregetta fuliginosa (Polynesian storm petrel)". Animal Diversity Web. Retrieved 2024-03-02.
^ a b Dewey, Tanya. "Nesofregetta fuliginosa (Polynesian storm petrel)". Animal Diversity Web. Retrieved 2024-03-02.
^ Dewey, Tanya. "Nesofregetta fuliginosa (Polynesian storm petrel)". Animal Diversity Web. Retrieved 2024-03-02.
^ Gmelin, Johann Friedrich (1789). Systema naturae per regna tria naturae : secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis (in Latin). Vol. 1, Part 2 (13th ed.). Lipsiae : Georg. Emanuel. Beer. p. 562.
^ Latham, John (1785). A General Synopsis of Birds. Vol. 3, Part 2. London: Printed for Leigh and Sotheby. p. 409, No. 15.
^ Mathews, Gregory M. (1912). The Birds of Australia. Vol. 2. London: Witherby. p. 31.
^ a b Gill, Frank; Donsker, David; Rasmussen, Pamela, eds. (August 2022). "Petrels, albatrosses". IOC World Bird List Version 12.2. International Ornithologists' Union. Retrieved 12 November 2022.
^ Jobling, James A. (2010). The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names. London: Christopher Helm. pp. 269, 165. ISBN 978-1-4081-2501-4.
^ "Polynesian Storm-petrel". EDGE of Existence. Retrieved 2024-03-03.
^ a b c Pierce, Ray. "A Conservation Action Plan for Two Endangered Seabirds - Phoenix Petrel (Pterodroma alba) and Polynesian Storm-petrel (Nesofregetta fuliginosa), 2020-2025" (PDF).
External links
Species factsheet - BirdLife International
vteGenera of penguins, petrels, and albatrosses and their extinct allies
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Aves
Infraclass: Neognathae
Clade: Austrodyptornithes
Sphenisciformesincertae sedis
†Arthrodytes
†Aprosdokitos
†Kaiika
†Kumimanu
†Kupoupou
†Muriwaimanu
†Nucleornis
†Orthopteryx
†Petradyptes
†Sequiwaimanu
†Tonniornis
†Waimanu
†Wimanornis
Spheniscidae
†Crossvallia
†Dege
†Duntroonornis
†Korora
†Icadyptes
†Inguza
†Inkayacu
†Kairuku
†Marambiornopsis
†Marplesornis
†Palaeoapterodytes
†Perudyptes
†Pseudaptenodytes
†Tasidyptes
†Tereingaornis
†Palaeospheniscinae
Eretiscus
Palaeospheniscus
†Paraptenodytinae
Arthrodytes
Paraptenodytes
†"Palaeeudyptinae"
Anthropodyptes
Anthropornis
Archaeospheniscus
Delphinornis
Marambiornis
Mesetaornis
Pachydyptes
Palaeeudyptes
Platydyptes
Spheniscinae
Aptenodytes
Eudyptes
Eudyptula
†Madrynornis
Megadyptes
Pygoscelis
Spheniscus
Procellariiformesincertae sedis
†Kievornis
†Lonchodytes?
†Makahala
†Diomedeoididae
Diomedeoides
Rupelornis
†Marinavidae
Marinavis
†Tytthostonychidae
Tytthostonyx
Diomedeidae
†Aldiomedes
†Diomedavus
Diomedea
†Murunkus
†Notoleptos
Phoebastria
Phoebetria
†Plotornis
Thalassarche
†Tydea
Oceanitidae
Fregetta
Garrodia
Nesofregetta
Oceanites
Pelagodroma
Hydrobatidae
Hydrobates
Procellariidae
Aphrodroma
Ardenna
†Argyrodyptes
Bulweria
Calonectris
Daption
†Eopuffinus
Fulmarus
Halobaena
Macronectes
Pachyptila
Pagodroma
Pelecanoides
†Primodroma
Procellaria
Pseudobulweria
Pterodroma
†Pterodromoides
Puffinus
Thalassoica
Taxon identifiersNesofregetta fuliginosa
Wikidata: Q384256
Wikispecies: Nesofregetta fuliginosa
ADW: Nesofregetta_fuliginosa
ARKive: nesofregetta-fuliginosa
Avibase: 89BF14AC276794FD
BirdLife: 22698471
BOLD: 112709
BOW: pospet1
CoL: 477T5
eBird: pospet1
GBIF: 2481975
iNaturalist: 4176
IRMNG: 10192836
ITIS: 174661
IUCN: 22698471
NCBI: 1118812
Observation.org: 73665
OBIS: 344097
Paleobiology Database: 368157
SeaLifeBase: 73572
WoRMS: 344097
Xeno-canto: Nesofregetta-fuliginosa
Procellaria fuliginosa
Wikidata: Q109578352
GBIF: 9782809
Open Tree of Life: 981205
This Procellariiformes-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
|
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It is the only species placed in the genus Nesofregetta. This species is markedly polymorphic, consisting of several subspecies. At one time the light-colored variety were even considered a species on their own (white-throated storm-petrel). However, subspecies are not generally accepted today.[3]Polynesian Storm-petrels can weigh anywhere from 56-86g and can be as tall as 10.2 inches. They are identifiable by their black bills, broad, round wings, and black feet. Some of the Polynesian Storm-petrels vary in regards to the white on their stomach, but can be identifiable through that as well.[4] They can also be identified through their zig-zag flight patterns and their forked tail.[5] Polynesian Storm-petrels nest in burrows they create on nesting islands. The burrows are typically around vegetation or in rock crevices.[6] The Polynesian Storm-petrel's natural habitats are open seas, rocky shores, and sandy shores.","title":"Polynesian storm petrel"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"foraging","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foraging"},{"link_name":"sedentary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sedentary_lifestyle"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:02-7"},{"link_name":"equator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equator"},{"link_name":"fledging","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fledge"},{"link_name":"fledge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fledge"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:02-7"}],"text":"Polynesian Storm-petrels will generally breed on coral or volcanic islands in colonies. Most members of the colony arrive at night after foraging throughout the day. They mainly stay on their island, which points towards a sedentary lifestyle.[7]Depending on the distance from the equator, Polynesian Storm-petrels might lay eggs seasonally or non-seasonally. The closer they are to the equator, the less likely they are to lay eggs seasonally. Polynesian Storm-petrels lay single eggs and it takes about 50 days to hatch. The fledging age is about 60 days after hatching. Until they fledge, young Polynesian Storm-petrels are fed and protected by both parents.[7]","title":"Breeding"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"carnivorous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carnivore"},{"link_name":"cephalopods","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cephalopod"},{"link_name":"fish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fish"},{"link_name":"crustaceans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crustacean"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:03-8"}],"text":"Generally, Polynesian Storm-petrels have a carnivorous diet. Their diet mainly consists of cephalopods, fish, and crustaceans. They mainly hunt for food when they are in flight by diving into the water. [8]","title":"Diet"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chile"},{"link_name":"French Polynesia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Polynesia"},{"link_name":"Kiribati","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiribati"},{"link_name":"New Caledonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Caledonia"},{"link_name":"Vanuatu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanuatu"},{"link_name":"American Samoa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Samoa"},{"link_name":"Fiji","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiji"},{"link_name":"Samoa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samoa"}],"text":"Polynesian Storm-petrels can be found in Chile, French Polynesia, Kiribati, New Caledonia, Vanuatu, American Samoa, Fiji, and Samoa.","title":"Location"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"formally described","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Species_description"},{"link_name":"Johann Friedrich Gmelin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Friedrich_Gmelin"},{"link_name":"Carl Linnaeus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Linnaeus"},{"link_name":"Systema Naturae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Systema_Naturae"},{"link_name":"genus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genus"},{"link_name":"Procellaria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Procellaria"},{"link_name":"binomial name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binomial_nomenclature"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"John Latham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Latham_(ornithologist)"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Gregory Mathews","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregory_Mathews"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ioc-12"},{"link_name":"Ancient Greek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Greek"},{"link_name":"Fregetta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fregetta"},{"link_name":"Charles Lucien Bonaparte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Lucien_Bonaparte"},{"link_name":"Late Latin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Late_Latin"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"monotypic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monotypic"},{"link_name":"subspecies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subspecies"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ioc-12"}],"text":"The Polynesian storm petrel was formally described in 1789 by the German naturalist Johann Friedrich Gmelin in his revised and expanded edition of Carl Linnaeus's Systema Naturae. He placed it with the other petrels in the genus Procellaria and coined the binomial name Procellaria fuliginosa.[9] Gmelin based his description on the \"sooty petrel\" that had been described in 1785 by the English ornithologist John Latham in his book A General Synopsis of Birds.[10] The Polynesian storm petrel is now the only species placed in the genus Nesofregetta that was introduced in 1912 by the Australian born ornithologist Gregory Mathews.[11][12] The name combines the Ancient Greek nēsos meaning \"island\" and Fregetta, a genus name that was introduced by Charles Lucien Bonaparte in 1855 for the storm petrels. The specific epithet fuliginosa is from Late Latin fuliginosus meaning \"sooty\".[13] The species is monotypic: no subspecies are recognised.[12]","title":"Taxonomy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:13-14"},{"link_name":"Rising sea levels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea_level_rise"},{"link_name":"global climate change","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_change"},{"link_name":"ground water salinity.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groundwater_salinity"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-15"}],"text":"The main threats to Polynesian Storm-petrels include introduced species like rats and cats. Loss of egg and chick population by the house mouse is also a threat, along with loss of vegetation due to agriculture and rabbits[14]Rising sea levels as a result of global climate change has affected Polynesian Storm-petrel's habitat. Vegetation and grass can get washed out due to overly aggressive storms, which can destroy critical breeding areas. Climate change also results in heavier rainfall, which then results in increased ground water salinity.[15]","title":"Threats"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-15"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-15"}],"text":"Some of the conservation efforts for the Polynesian Storm-petrel include monitoring breeding populations and invasive species in specific areas, restoration of former breeding islands, and using translocations and social attraction to restore populations.[15]A few of the efforts from the past, starting from 1990 includes predator removal, biosecurity plans, and compliance and education. [15]","title":"Conservation efforts"}]
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[{"reference":"BirdLife International (2018). \"Nesofregetta fuliginosa\". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2018: e.T22698471A132649758. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T22698471A132649758.en. Retrieved 16 November 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/22698471/132649758","url_text":"\"Nesofregetta fuliginosa\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IUCN_Red_List","url_text":"IUCN Red List of Threatened Species"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2305%2FIUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T22698471A132649758.en","url_text":"10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T22698471A132649758.en"}]},{"reference":"Mayr, Ernst; Cottrell, G. William, eds. (1979). Check-List of Birds of the World. Vol. 1 (2nd ed.). Cambridge, Massachusetts: Museum of Comparative Zoology. p. 110.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_Mayr","url_text":"Mayr, Ernst"},{"url":"https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/16108750","url_text":"Check-List of Birds of the World"}]},{"reference":"\"Polynesian Storm-Petrel (Nesofregetta fuliginosa)\". iNaturalist. Retrieved 2024-03-18.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.inaturalist.org/taxa/4176-Nesofregetta-fuliginosa","url_text":"\"Polynesian Storm-Petrel (Nesofregetta fuliginosa)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Polynesian Storm-petrel\". 26 September 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.manu.pf/oceanite-a-gorge-blanche/?lang=en","url_text":"\"Polynesian Storm-petrel\""}]},{"reference":"Dewey, Tanya. \"Nesofregetta fuliginosa (Polynesian storm petrel)\". Animal Diversity Web. Retrieved 2024-03-02.","urls":[{"url":"https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Nesofregetta_fuliginosa/","url_text":"\"Nesofregetta fuliginosa (Polynesian storm petrel)\""}]},{"reference":"Dewey, Tanya. \"Nesofregetta fuliginosa (Polynesian storm petrel)\". Animal Diversity Web. Retrieved 2024-03-02.","urls":[{"url":"https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Nesofregetta_fuliginosa/","url_text":"\"Nesofregetta fuliginosa (Polynesian storm petrel)\""}]},{"reference":"Dewey, Tanya. \"Nesofregetta fuliginosa (Polynesian storm petrel)\". Animal Diversity Web. Retrieved 2024-03-02.","urls":[{"url":"https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Nesofregetta_fuliginosa/","url_text":"\"Nesofregetta fuliginosa (Polynesian storm petrel)\""}]},{"reference":"Gmelin, Johann Friedrich (1789). Systema naturae per regna tria naturae : secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis (in Latin). Vol. 1, Part 2 (13th ed.). Lipsiae [Leipzig]: Georg. Emanuel. Beer. p. 562.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Friedrich_Gmelin","url_text":"Gmelin, Johann Friedrich"},{"url":"https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/2656055","url_text":"Systema naturae per regna tria naturae : secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis"}]},{"reference":"Latham, John (1785). A General Synopsis of Birds. Vol. 3, Part 2. London: Printed for Leigh and Sotheby. p. 409, No. 15.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Latham_(ornithologist)","url_text":"Latham, John"},{"url":"https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/40079226","url_text":"A General Synopsis of Birds"}]},{"reference":"Mathews, Gregory M. (1912). The Birds of Australia. Vol. 2. London: Witherby. p. 31.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregory_Mathews","url_text":"Mathews, Gregory M."},{"url":"https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/49617559","url_text":"The Birds of Australia"}]},{"reference":"Gill, Frank; Donsker, David; Rasmussen, Pamela, eds. (August 2022). \"Petrels, albatrosses\". IOC World Bird List Version 12.2. International Ornithologists' Union. Retrieved 12 November 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Gill_(ornithologist)","url_text":"Gill, Frank"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pamela_Rasmussen","url_text":"Rasmussen, Pamela"},{"url":"https://www.worldbirdnames.org/bow/petrels/","url_text":"\"Petrels, albatrosses\""}]},{"reference":"Jobling, James A. (2010). The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names. London: Christopher Helm. pp. 269, 165. ISBN 978-1-4081-2501-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/stream/Helm_Dictionary_of_Scientific_Bird_Names_by_James_A._Jobling#page/n269/mode/1up","url_text":"269"},{"url":"https://archive.org/stream/Helm_Dictionary_of_Scientific_Bird_Names_by_James_A._Jobling#page/n165/mode/1up","url_text":"165"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4081-2501-4","url_text":"978-1-4081-2501-4"}]},{"reference":"\"Polynesian Storm-petrel\". EDGE of Existence. Retrieved 2024-03-03.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.edgeofexistence.org/species/polynesian-storm-petrel/","url_text":"\"Polynesian Storm-petrel\""}]},{"reference":"Pierce, Ray. \"A Conservation Action Plan for Two Endangered Seabirds - Phoenix Petrel (Pterodroma alba) and Polynesian Storm-petrel (Nesofregetta fuliginosa), 2020-2025\" (PDF).","urls":[{"url":"http://www.raypiercepacific.com/uploads/9/7/5/8/97589856/phpe_and_psp-action_plan2020.pdf","url_text":"\"A Conservation Action Plan for Two Endangered Seabirds - Phoenix Petrel (Pterodroma alba) and Polynesian Storm-petrel (Nesofregetta fuliginosa), 2020-2025\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PDE8B
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PDE8B
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["1 References","2 Further reading"]
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Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
PDE8BIdentifiersAliasesPDE8B, ADSD, PPNAD3, phosphodiesterase 8BExternal IDsOMIM: 603390; MGI: 2443999; HomoloGene: 2758; GeneCards: PDE8B; OMA:PDE8B - orthologsGene location (Mouse)Chr.Chromosome 13 (mouse)Band13|13 D1Start95,160,962 bpEnd95,386,844 bpRNA expression patternBgeeHumanMouse (ortholog)n/aTop expressed inolfactory tuberclesuperior frontal gyrusventromedial nucleuspineal glandnucleus accumbenspiriform cortexRegion I of hippocampus properposterior nasal aperturetoeneural layer of retinaBioGPSMore reference expression dataGene ontologyMolecular function
phosphoric diester hydrolase activity
hydrolase activity
3',5'-cyclic-nucleotide phosphodiesterase activity
metal ion binding
3',5'-cyclic-AMP phosphodiesterase activity
Cellular component
cytosol
cellular component
Biological process
cyclic nucleotide metabolic process
cAMP catabolic process
signal transduction
G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway
Sources:Amigo / QuickGOOrthologsSpeciesHumanMouseEntrez8622218461EnsemblENSG00000113231ENSMUSG00000021684UniProtO95263E9Q4S1RefSeq (mRNA)NM_001029851NM_001029852NM_001029853NM_001029854NM_003719NM_001349748NM_001349749NM_001349750NM_001349751NM_001349752NM_001349753NM_001170669NM_172263NM_001346782NM_001374003NM_001374004NM_001374005NM_001374006NM_001374007RefSeq (protein)NP_001025022NP_001025023NP_001025024NP_001025025NP_003710NP_001336677NP_001336678NP_001336679NP_001336680NP_001336681NP_001336682NP_001362991NP_001362992NP_001362993NP_001362994NP_001362995NP_001362996NP_001362997NP_001362998NP_001362999NP_001363000NP_001363001NP_001363002NP_001363003NP_001363004NP_001164140NP_001333711NP_758467NP_001360932NP_001360933NP_001360934NP_001360935NP_001360936NP_001391617NP_001391618NP_001391619NP_001391620NP_001391621NP_001391622NP_001391623NP_001391624NP_001391625Location (UCSC)n/aChr 13: 95.16 – 95.39 MbPubMed searchWikidataView/Edit HumanView/Edit Mouse
High affinity cAMP-specific and IBMX-insensitive 3',5'-cyclic phosphodiesterase 8B is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the PDE8B gene.
References
^ a b c GRCm38: Ensembl release 89: ENSMUSG00000021684 – Ensembl, May 2017
^ "Human PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
^ "Mouse PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
^ Hayashi M, Matsushima K, Ohashi H, Tsunoda H, Murase S, Kawarada Y, Tanaka T (Nov 1998). "Molecular cloning and characterization of human PDE8B, a novel thyroid-specific isozyme of 3',5'-cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase". Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 250 (3): 751–6. doi:10.1006/bbrc.1998.9379. PMID 9784418.
^ "Entrez Gene: PDE8B phosphodiesterase 8B".
Further reading
Dias Neto E, Correa RG, Verjovski-Almeida S, et al. (2000). "Shotgun sequencing of the human transcriptome with ORF expressed sequence tags". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 97 (7): 3491–6. Bibcode:2000PNAS...97.3491D. doi:10.1073/pnas.97.7.3491. PMC 16267. PMID 10737800.
Persani L, Borgato S, Lania A, et al. (2001). "Relevant cAMP-specific phosphodiesterase isoforms in human pituitary: effect of Gs(alpha) mutations". J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 86 (8): 3795–800. doi:10.1210/jcem.86.8.7779. PMID 11502813.
Hayashi M, Shimada Y, Nishimura Y, et al. (2002). "Genomic organization, chromosomal localization, and alternative splicing of the human phosphodiesterase 8B gene". Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 297 (5): 1253–8. doi:10.1016/S0006-291X(02)02371-9. PMID 12372422.
Strausberg RL, Feingold EA, Grouse LH, et al. (2003). "Generation and initial analysis of more than 15,000 full-length human and mouse cDNA sequences". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 99 (26): 16899–903. Bibcode:2002PNAS...9916899M. doi:10.1073/pnas.242603899. PMC 139241. PMID 12477932.
Gamanuma M, Yuasa K, Sasaki T, et al. (2003). "Comparison of enzymatic characterization and gene organization of cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase 8 family in humans". Cell. Signal. 15 (6): 565–74. doi:10.1016/S0898-6568(02)00146-8. PMID 12681444.
Pérez-Torres S, Cortés R, Tolnay M, et al. (2003). "Alterations on phosphodiesterase type 7 and 8 isozyme mRNA expression in Alzheimer's disease brains examined by in situ hybridization". Exp. Neurol. 182 (2): 322–34. doi:10.1016/S0014-4886(03)00042-6. hdl:10261/112629. PMID 12895443. S2CID 12150443.
Ota T, Suzuki Y, Nishikawa T, et al. (2004). "Complete sequencing and characterization of 21,243 full-length human cDNAs". Nat. Genet. 36 (1): 40–5. doi:10.1038/ng1285. PMID 14702039.
Brill LM, Salomon AR, Ficarro SB, et al. (2004). "Robust phosphoproteomic profiling of tyrosine phosphorylation sites from human T cells using immobilized metal affinity chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry". Anal. Chem. 76 (10): 2763–72. doi:10.1021/ac035352d. PMID 15144186.
Gerhard DS, Wagner L, Feingold EA, et al. (2004). "The Status, Quality, and Expansion of the NIH Full-Length cDNA Project: The Mammalian Gene Collection (MGC)". Genome Res. 14 (10B): 2121–7. doi:10.1101/gr.2596504. PMC 528928. PMID 15489334.
This article on a gene on human chromosome 5 is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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mutations\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1210%2Fjcem.86.8.7779"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1210/jcem.86.8.7779","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1210%2Fjcem.86.8.7779"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"11502813","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11502813"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1016/S0006-291X(02)02371-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1016%2FS0006-291X%2802%2902371-9"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"12372422","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12372422"},{"link_name":"\"Generation and initial analysis of more than 15,000 full-length human and mouse cDNA 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sequencing and characterization of 21,243 full-length human cDNAs\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1038%2Fng1285"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1038/ng1285","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1038%2Fng1285"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"14702039","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14702039"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1021/ac035352d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1021%2Fac035352d"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"15144186","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15144186"},{"link_name":"\"The Status, Quality, and Expansion of the NIH Full-Length cDNA Project: The Mammalian Gene Collection (MGC)\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC528928"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1101/gr.2596504","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1101%2Fgr.2596504"},{"link_name":"PMC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"528928","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC528928"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"15489334","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15489334"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:DNA_stub.png"},{"link_name":"gene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene"},{"link_name":"chromosome 5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromosome_5"},{"link_name":"stub","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub"},{"link_name":"expanding it","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=PDE8B&action=edit"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Gene-5-stub"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Gene-5-stub"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Gene-5-stub"}],"text":"Dias Neto E, Correa RG, Verjovski-Almeida S, et al. (2000). \"Shotgun sequencing of the human transcriptome with ORF expressed sequence tags\". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 97 (7): 3491–6. Bibcode:2000PNAS...97.3491D. doi:10.1073/pnas.97.7.3491. PMC 16267. PMID 10737800.\nPersani L, Borgato S, Lania A, et al. (2001). \"Relevant cAMP-specific phosphodiesterase isoforms in human pituitary: effect of Gs(alpha) mutations\". J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 86 (8): 3795–800. doi:10.1210/jcem.86.8.7779. PMID 11502813.\nHayashi M, Shimada Y, Nishimura Y, et al. (2002). \"Genomic organization, chromosomal localization, and alternative splicing of the human phosphodiesterase 8B gene\". Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 297 (5): 1253–8. doi:10.1016/S0006-291X(02)02371-9. PMID 12372422.\nStrausberg RL, Feingold EA, Grouse LH, et al. (2003). \"Generation and initial analysis of more than 15,000 full-length human and mouse cDNA sequences\". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 99 (26): 16899–903. Bibcode:2002PNAS...9916899M. doi:10.1073/pnas.242603899. PMC 139241. PMID 12477932.\nGamanuma M, Yuasa K, Sasaki T, et al. (2003). \"Comparison of enzymatic characterization and gene organization of cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase 8 family in humans\". Cell. Signal. 15 (6): 565–74. doi:10.1016/S0898-6568(02)00146-8. PMID 12681444.\nPérez-Torres S, Cortés R, Tolnay M, et al. (2003). \"Alterations on phosphodiesterase type 7 and 8 isozyme mRNA expression in Alzheimer's disease brains examined by in situ hybridization\". Exp. Neurol. 182 (2): 322–34. doi:10.1016/S0014-4886(03)00042-6. hdl:10261/112629. PMID 12895443. S2CID 12150443.\nOta T, Suzuki Y, Nishikawa T, et al. (2004). \"Complete sequencing and characterization of 21,243 full-length human cDNAs\". Nat. Genet. 36 (1): 40–5. doi:10.1038/ng1285. PMID 14702039.\nBrill LM, Salomon AR, Ficarro SB, et al. (2004). \"Robust phosphoproteomic profiling of tyrosine phosphorylation sites from human T cells using immobilized metal affinity chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry\". Anal. Chem. 76 (10): 2763–72. doi:10.1021/ac035352d. PMID 15144186.\nGerhard DS, Wagner L, Feingold EA, et al. (2004). \"The Status, Quality, and Expansion of the NIH Full-Length cDNA Project: The Mammalian Gene Collection (MGC)\". Genome Res. 14 (10B): 2121–7. doi:10.1101/gr.2596504. PMC 528928. PMID 15489334.This article on a gene on human chromosome 5 is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte","title":"Further reading"}]
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[]
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PMID 9784418.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1006%2Fbbrc.1998.9379","url_text":"10.1006/bbrc.1998.9379"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9784418","url_text":"9784418"}]},{"reference":"\"Entrez Gene: PDE8B phosphodiesterase 8B\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=gene&Cmd=ShowDetailView&TermToSearch=8622","url_text":"\"Entrez Gene: PDE8B phosphodiesterase 8B\""}]},{"reference":"Dias Neto E, Correa RG, Verjovski-Almeida S, et al. (2000). \"Shotgun sequencing of the human transcriptome with ORF expressed sequence tags\". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 97 (7): 3491–6. Bibcode:2000PNAS...97.3491D. doi:10.1073/pnas.97.7.3491. PMC 16267. PMID 10737800.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC16267","url_text":"\"Shotgun sequencing of the human transcriptome with ORF expressed sequence tags\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2000PNAS...97.3491D","url_text":"2000PNAS...97.3491D"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.97.7.3491","url_text":"10.1073/pnas.97.7.3491"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC16267","url_text":"16267"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10737800","url_text":"10737800"}]},{"reference":"Persani L, Borgato S, Lania A, et al. (2001). \"Relevant cAMP-specific phosphodiesterase isoforms in human pituitary: effect of Gs(alpha) mutations\". J. Clin. 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S2CID 12150443.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0014-4886%2803%2900042-6","url_text":"10.1016/S0014-4886(03)00042-6"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)","url_text":"hdl"},{"url":"https://hdl.handle.net/10261%2F112629","url_text":"10261/112629"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12895443","url_text":"12895443"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:12150443","url_text":"12150443"}]},{"reference":"Ota T, Suzuki Y, Nishikawa T, et al. (2004). \"Complete sequencing and characterization of 21,243 full-length human cDNAs\". Nat. Genet. 36 (1): 40–5. doi:10.1038/ng1285. 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PMID 15489334.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC528928","url_text":"\"The Status, Quality, and Expansion of the NIH Full-Length cDNA Project: The Mammalian Gene Collection (MGC)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1101%2Fgr.2596504","url_text":"10.1101/gr.2596504"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC528928","url_text":"528928"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15489334","url_text":"15489334"}]}]
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[{"Link":"https://www.genenames.org/data/gene-symbol-report/#!/hgnc_id/8794","external_links_name":"PDE8B"},{"Link":"https://omim.org/entry/603390","external_links_name":"603390"},{"Link":"http://www.informatics.jax.org/marker/MGI:2443999","external_links_name":"2443999"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=homologene&dopt=HomoloGene&list_uids=2758","external_links_name":"2758"},{"Link":"https://www.genecards.org/cgi-bin/carddisp.pl?gene=PDE8B","external_links_name":"PDE8B"},{"Link":"https://omabrowser.org/oma/vps/ENSG00000113231","external_links_name":"PDE8B - orthologs"},{"Link":"https://www.bgee.org/","external_links_name":"Bgee"},{"Link":"https://www.bgee.org/gene/ENSMUSG00000021684","external_links_name":"Top expressed in"},{"Link":"http://biogps.org/","external_links_name":"BioGPS"},{"Link":"http://biogps.org/gene/8622/","external_links_name":"More reference expression data"},{"Link":"http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0008081","external_links_name":"phosphoric diester hydrolase activity"},{"Link":"http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0016787","external_links_name":"hydrolase activity"},{"Link":"http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0004114","external_links_name":"3',5'-cyclic-nucleotide phosphodiesterase activity"},{"Link":"http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0046872","external_links_name":"metal ion binding"},{"Link":"http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0004115","external_links_name":"3',5'-cyclic-AMP phosphodiesterase activity"},{"Link":"http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0005829","external_links_name":"cytosol"},{"Link":"http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0005575","external_links_name":"cellular component"},{"Link":"http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0009187","external_links_name":"cyclic nucleotide metabolic 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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandskei%C3%B0
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Sandskeið
|
["1 References"]
|
Coordinates: 64°03′36″N 21°34′26″W / 64.060°N 21.574°W / 64.060; -21.574Gliding center in Iceland
Sandskeið (Icelandic pronunciation: ) is the main gliding center in Iceland and home of the Icelandic gliding club ( Svifflugfélag Íslands) since 1936. It is situated 20 km to the east of Reykjavík, the Icelandic capital, by Route 1. It is a big grass airfield, the main runway is running 150/330 and is 200 x 1.300 meters with the new extension to the east which is 50 x 300 m to allow for greater height when winch launching. There is also a north/south runway 60 x 800 m. On the north side there is an 18 x 800 m paved runway running 150/330. Height above sea level is 180 m (600 ft). The radio frequency used is 119,90 MHz and there is an ATZ open when gliding activity is present which goes from gnd to 3000 ft msl and covers the airfield and a 12 km to the south, and 5 km to the east.
There is a 10 km long mountain ridge only a few hundred meters from the airfield rising 400 – 550 meters above the landscape, that makes ridge soaring possible in winds between east and through north to westerly winds. Mountains and glaciers to the north and east give rise to lee waves, and sea breeze often comes in from the west coast, rarely from the south coast. Thermals
are present from April until the end of August. Daily gliding activity from 1 June until 1 September. Weekends in May and September.
The club's fleet consists of the following: ASK 21, LS 4, Duo Discus Turbo, Super Dimona 115 Hp turbo and an LS 8 18m. Privately owned gliders are 3 Lak 12's, 1 Club Astir, 1 ASH 25 and 1 LS 4b.
References
^ "Traveling Luck for Sandskeið, (IC10), Iceland". travelingluck.com. Retrieved 20 August 2013.
^ "Soaring in Iceland". Svifflug.com. Archived from the original on 3 February 2014. Retrieved 20 August 2013.
64°03′36″N 21°34′26″W / 64.060°N 21.574°W / 64.060; -21.574
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[ˈsan(t)ˌsceiːθ]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Icelandic"},{"link_name":"Iceland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iceland"},{"link_name":"Reykjavík","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reykjav%C3%ADk"},{"link_name":"Route 1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Route_1_(Iceland)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-iceland-1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sandskei%C3%B0.jpg"},{"link_name":"Thermals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermal"},{"link_name":"ASK 21","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schleicher_ASK_21"},{"link_name":"Duo Discus Turbo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schempp-Hirth_Duo_Discus"},{"link_name":"Super Dimona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diamond_HK36_Super_Dimona"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-flying-2"}],"text":"Gliding center in IcelandSandskeið (Icelandic pronunciation: [ˈsan(t)ˌsceiːθ]) is the main gliding center in Iceland and home of the Icelandic gliding club ( Svifflugfélag Íslands) since 1936. It is situated 20 km to the east of Reykjavík, the Icelandic capital, by Route 1. It is a big grass airfield, the main runway is running 150/330 and is 200 x 1.300 meters with the new extension to the east which is 50 x 300 m to allow for greater height when winch launching. There is also a north/south runway 60 x 800 m. On the north side there is an 18 x 800 m paved runway running 150/330. Height above sea level is 180 m (600 ft). The radio frequency used is 119,90 MHz and there is an ATZ open when gliding activity is present which goes from gnd to 3000 ft msl and covers the airfield and a 12 km to the south, and 5 km to the east.[1]There is a 10 km long mountain ridge only a few hundred meters from the airfield rising 400 – 550 meters above the landscape, that makes ridge soaring possible in winds between east and through north to westerly winds. Mountains and glaciers to the north and east give rise to lee waves, and sea breeze often comes in from the west coast, rarely from the south coast. Thermals\nare present from April until the end of August. Daily gliding activity from 1 June until 1 September. Weekends in May and September.The club's fleet consists of the following: ASK 21, LS 4, Duo Discus Turbo, Super Dimona 115 Hp turbo and an LS 8 18m. Privately owned gliders are 3 Lak 12's, 1 Club Astir, 1 ASH 25 and 1 LS 4b.[2]","title":"Sandskeið"}]
|
[{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/49/Sandskei%C3%B0.jpg/200px-Sandskei%C3%B0.jpg"}]
| null |
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|
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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catenary_ring
|
Catenary ring
|
["1 Dimension formula","2 Examples","2.1 A ring that is catenary but not universally catenary","3 See also","4 References","5 See also"]
|
In mathematics, a commutative ring R is catenary if for any pair of prime ideals p, q, any two strictly increasing chains
p = p0 ⊂ p1 ⊂ ... ⊂ pn = q
of prime ideals are contained in maximal strictly increasing chains from p to q of the same (finite) length. In a geometric situation, in which the dimension of an algebraic variety attached to a prime ideal will decrease as the prime ideal becomes bigger, the length of such a chain n is usually the difference in dimensions.
A ring is called universally catenary if all finitely generated algebras over it are catenary rings.
The word 'catenary' is derived from the Latin word catena, which means "chain".
There is the following chain of inclusions.
Universally catenary rings ⊃ Cohen–Macaulay rings ⊃ Gorenstein rings ⊃ complete intersection rings ⊃ regular local rings
Dimension formula
Suppose that A is a Noetherian domain and B is a domain containing A that is finitely generated over A. If P is a prime ideal of B and p its intersection with A, then
height
(
P
)
≤
height
(
p
)
+
tr.deg.
A
(
B
)
−
tr.deg.
κ
(
p
)
(
κ
(
P
)
)
.
{\displaystyle {\text{height}}(P)\leq {\text{height}}(p)+{\text{tr.deg.}}_{A}(B)-{\text{tr.deg.}}_{\kappa (p)}(\kappa (P)).}
The dimension formula for universally catenary rings says that equality holds if A is universally catenary. Here κ(P) is the residue field of P and tr.deg. means the transcendence degree (of quotient fields). In fact, when A is not universally catenary, but
B
=
A
[
x
1
,
…
,
x
n
]
{\displaystyle B=A}
, then equality also holds.
Examples
Almost all Noetherian rings that appear in algebraic geometry are universally catenary.
In particular the following rings are universally catenary:
Complete Noetherian local rings
Dedekind domains (and fields)
Cohen-Macaulay rings (and regular local rings)
Any localization of a universally catenary ring
Any finitely generated algebra over a universally catenary ring.
A ring that is catenary but not universally catenary
It is delicate to construct examples of Noetherian rings that are not universally catenary. The first example was found by Masayoshi Nagata (1956, 1962, page 203 example 2), who found a 2-dimensional Noetherian local domain that is catenary but not universally catenary.
Nagata's example is as follows. Choose a field k and a formal power series z=Σi>0aixi in the ring S of formal power series in x over k such that z and x are algebraically independent.
Define z1 = z and zi+1=zi/x–ai.
Let R be the (non-Noetherian) ring generated by x and all the elements zi.
Let m be the ideal (x), and let n be the ideal generated by x–1 and all the elements zi. These are both maximal ideals of R, with residue fields isomorphic to k. The local ring Rm is a regular local ring of dimension 1 (the proof of this uses the fact that z and x are algebraically independent) and the local ring Rn is a regular Noetherian local ring of dimension 2.
Let B be the localization of R with respect to all elements not in either m or n. Then B is a 2-dimensional Noetherian semi-local ring with 2 maximal ideals, mB (of height 1) and nB (of height 2).
Let I be the Jacobson radical of B, and let A = k+I. The ring A is a local domain of dimension 2 with maximal ideal I, so is catenary because all 2-dimensional local domains are catenary. The ring A is Noetherian because B is Noetherian and is a finite A-module. However A is not universally catenary, because if it were then the ideal mB of B would have the same height as mB∩A by the dimension formula for universally catenary rings, but the latter ideal has height equal to dim(A)=2.
Nagata's example is also a quasi-excellent ring, so gives an example of a quasi-excellent ring that is not an excellent ring.
See also
Formally catenary ring (which is the same as a universally catenary ring).
References
^ Hochster, Mel (Winter 2014), "Lecture of January 8, 2014" (PDF), Lectures on integral closure, the Briançon–Skoda theorem and related topics in commutative algebra, University of Michigan
H. Matsumura, Commutative algebra 1980 ISBN 0-8053-7026-9.
Nagata, Masayoshi (1956), "On the chain problem of prime ideals", Nagoya Math. J., 10: 51–64, doi:10.1017/S0027763000000076, MR 0078974, S2CID 122444738
Nagata, Masayoshi (1962), Local rings, Interscience Tracts in Pure and Applied Mathematics, vol. 13, New York-London: Interscience Publishers, a division of John Wiley & Sons; reprinted by R. E. Krieger Pub. Co (1975) ISBN 0-88275-228-6
See also
Ring theory
Local rings
Commutative rings
Cohen-Macaulay rings
Gorenstein local rings
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"dimension of an algebraic variety","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dimension_of_an_algebraic_variety"},{"link_name":"Universally catenary rings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universally_catenary_ring"},{"link_name":"Cohen–Macaulay rings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cohen%E2%80%93Macaulay_ring"},{"link_name":"Gorenstein rings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gorenstein_ring"},{"link_name":"complete intersection rings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complete_intersection_ring"},{"link_name":"regular local rings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regular_local_ring"}],"text":"p = p0 ⊂ p1 ⊂ ... ⊂ pn = qof prime ideals are contained in maximal strictly increasing chains from p to q of the same (finite) length. In a geometric situation, in which the dimension of an algebraic variety attached to a prime ideal will decrease as the prime ideal becomes bigger, the length of such a chain n is usually the difference in dimensions.A ring is called universally catenary if all finitely generated algebras over it are catenary rings.The word 'catenary' is derived from the Latin word catena, which means \"chain\".There is the following chain of inclusions.Universally catenary rings ⊃ Cohen–Macaulay rings ⊃ Gorenstein rings ⊃ complete intersection rings ⊃ regular local rings","title":"Catenary ring"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"residue field","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Residue_field"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Suppose that A is a Noetherian domain and B is a domain containing A that is finitely generated over A. If P is a prime ideal of B and p its intersection with A, thenheight\n \n (\n P\n )\n ≤\n \n height\n \n (\n p\n )\n +\n \n \n tr.deg.\n \n \n A\n \n \n (\n B\n )\n −\n \n \n tr.deg.\n \n \n κ\n (\n p\n )\n \n \n (\n κ\n (\n P\n )\n )\n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\text{height}}(P)\\leq {\\text{height}}(p)+{\\text{tr.deg.}}_{A}(B)-{\\text{tr.deg.}}_{\\kappa (p)}(\\kappa (P)).}The dimension formula for universally catenary rings says that equality holds if A is universally catenary. Here κ(P) is the residue field of P and tr.deg. means the transcendence degree (of quotient fields). In fact, when A is not universally catenary, but \n \n \n \n B\n =\n A\n [\n \n x\n \n 1\n \n \n ,\n …\n ,\n \n x\n \n n\n \n \n ]\n \n \n {\\displaystyle B=A[x_{1},\\dots ,x_{n}]}\n \n, then equality also holds.[1]","title":"Dimension formula"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Noetherian rings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noetherian_ring"},{"link_name":"local rings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local_ring"},{"link_name":"Dedekind domains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dedekind_domain"},{"link_name":"Cohen-Macaulay rings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cohen-Macaulay_ring"},{"link_name":"regular local rings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regular_local_ring"},{"link_name":"localization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Localization_of_a_ring"}],"text":"Almost all Noetherian rings that appear in algebraic geometry are universally catenary.\nIn particular the following rings are universally catenary:Complete Noetherian local rings\nDedekind domains (and fields)\nCohen-Macaulay rings (and regular local rings)\nAny localization of a universally catenary ring\nAny finitely generated algebra over a universally catenary ring.","title":"Examples"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Masayoshi Nagata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masayoshi_Nagata"},{"link_name":"1956","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFNagata1956"},{"link_name":"1962","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFNagata1962"},{"link_name":"formal power series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formal_power_series"},{"link_name":"quasi-excellent ring","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quasi-excellent_ring"},{"link_name":"excellent ring","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Excellent_ring"}],"sub_title":"A ring that is catenary but not universally catenary","text":"It is delicate to construct examples of Noetherian rings that are not universally catenary. The first example was found by Masayoshi Nagata (1956, 1962, page 203 example 2), who found a 2-dimensional Noetherian local domain that is catenary but not universally catenary.Nagata's example is as follows. Choose a field k and a formal power series z=Σi>0aixi in the ring S of formal power series in x over k such that z and x are algebraically independent.Define z1 = z and zi+1=zi/x–ai.Let R be the (non-Noetherian) ring generated by x and all the elements zi.Let m be the ideal (x), and let n be the ideal generated by x–1 and all the elements zi. These are both maximal ideals of R, with residue fields isomorphic to k. The local ring Rm is a regular local ring of dimension 1 (the proof of this uses the fact that z and x are algebraically independent) and the local ring Rn is a regular Noetherian local ring of dimension 2.Let B be the localization of R with respect to all elements not in either m or n. Then B is a 2-dimensional Noetherian semi-local ring with 2 maximal ideals, mB (of height 1) and nB (of height 2).Let I be the Jacobson radical of B, and let A = k+I. The ring A is a local domain of dimension 2 with maximal ideal I, so is catenary because all 2-dimensional local domains are catenary. The ring A is Noetherian because B is Noetherian and is a finite A-module. However A is not universally catenary, because if it were then the ideal mB of B would have the same height as mB∩A by the dimension formula for universally catenary rings, but the latter ideal has height equal to dim(A)=2.Nagata's example is also a quasi-excellent ring, so gives an example of a quasi-excellent ring that is not an excellent ring.","title":"Examples"}]
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[]
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[{"title":"Formally catenary ring","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formally_catenary_ring"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swing_Time_Records
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Swing Time Records
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["1 Leasing, purchasing, reissuing, signings","2 Numbering system","3 See also","4 References","5 External links"]
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This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Swing Time Records" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (April 2013) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Swing Time RecordsFounded1947 (1947)FounderJack LauderdaleGenreJazz, rhythm and bluesCountry of originU.S.LocationLos Angeles, California
Swing Time Records was a United States-based record label active in the late 1940s and early 1950s. The label was founded by Jack Lauderdale in 1947 as Down Beat Records and was headquartered in Los Angeles, California. In approximately October 1949 the name was changed to Swing Beat Records, and around March 1950 the name was changed again to Swing Time. The company went bankrupt in 1953 but continued releasing singles as late as February 1954.
Ray Charles, Percy Mayfield, Lowell Fulson, and other rhythm and blues and swing era artists of the 1940s first recorded for this company. It is possible to find certain releases on more than one label name.
Leasing, purchasing, reissuing, signings
Lauderdale started his label by recording the Lucky Thompson Quartet with Dodo Marmarosa in late 1946 (releasing three discs during 1947). Felix Gross & His Sextet were another early signing (releasing eight discs during 1947 through 1949). He then leased/reissued recordings by the Five Soul Stirrers from Bronze Records (releasing three discs in 1947). Next up was the leasing/reissuing of Lowell Fulson's recordings for Bob Geddins' Big Town/Down Town/Cava-Tone group of labels and the Bob Geddins/Rene LaMarre-partnered Trilon label (a total of 12 discs were released starting in 1947 through 1949). Jack also got masters of Jimmy McCracklin & His Blues Blasters from Trilon.
In 1950 Lauderdale purchased all the master recordings by the Charles Brown-led Johnny Moore's Three Blazers from Leon René's Exclusive Records, plus the masters by Brown's ex-wife, Mabel Scott. Lauderdale purchased Al Patrick's defunct Supreme Records label and reissued recordings by Jimmy Witherspoon with Jay McShann's band featuring Louis Speiginer on guitar, Paula Watson, Percy Mayfield, Floyd Dixon with bass player Eddie Williams' Trio (AKA The Brown Buddies), Sister Emily Bram, the Stars of Harmony gospel group, and Maxwell Davis' band with Marshal Royal starting in late 1950 through 1951.
Added to all this activity was the signing of pianist Lloyd Glenn as recording artist/house band leader/session arranger and label A&R man. Also signed-up were Pete Johnson's band with Big Joe Turner, and the Maxin/Maxim Trio with Ray Charles. Dexter Gordon's quintet with Wardell Gray recorded a session (releasing two discs), and songwriter/bass player Shifty Henry recorded for the Swing Time label (one disc released in 1950). Two late signings were Play Boy Thomas (two discs recorded/released in 1953), and the Hollywood Flames featuring Bobby Byrd (one disc in 1954).
Several Swing Time recordings (i.e. all the holiday singles) were given permanent lease to Hollywood Records.
Numbering system
The Down Beat/Swing Beat/Swing Time Records numbering system ran from #100 (1947) through #347 (1954). Lauderdale also started up a subsidiary label in late 1952: his Flame Records numbering system ran from #1001 through #1009.
See also
List of record labels
References
^ a b c Gart, Galen (1989). The American Record Label Directory and Dating Guide, 1940-1959. Milford, New Hampshire: Big Nickel Publications. p. 215. ISBN 0-936433-11-6.
^ Gibson, Nathan D. (2011). The Starday Story: The House That Country Music Built. Jackson, Mississippi: University Press of Mississippi. p. 16. ISBN 978-1-60473-830-8.
External links
Swing Time Records on the Internet Archive's Great 78 Project
Authority control databases
MusicBrainz label
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"record label","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Record_label"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles,_California"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gart-1"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gart-1"},{"link_name":"Ray Charles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ray_Charles"},{"link_name":"Percy Mayfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Percy_Mayfield"},{"link_name":"Lowell Fulson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lowell_Fulson"},{"link_name":"rhythm and blues","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhythm_and_blues"},{"link_name":"swing era","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swing_era"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gart-1"}],"text":"Swing Time Records was a United States-based record label active in the late 1940s and early 1950s. The label was founded by Jack Lauderdale in 1947 as Down Beat Records and was headquartered in Los Angeles, California. In approximately October 1949 the name was changed to Swing Beat Records, and around March 1950 the name was changed again to Swing Time.[1] The company went bankrupt in 1953[citation needed] but continued releasing singles as late as February 1954.[1]Ray Charles, Percy Mayfield, Lowell Fulson, and other rhythm and blues and swing era artists of the 1940s first recorded for this company. It is possible to find certain releases on more than one label name.[1]","title":"Swing Time Records"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lucky Thompson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucky_Thompson"},{"link_name":"Dodo Marmarosa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dodo_Marmarosa"},{"link_name":"Felix Gross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Felix_Gross_(musician)"},{"link_name":"Five Soul Stirrers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Five_Soul_Stirrers&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Bronze Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronze_Records"},{"link_name":"Bob Geddins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Geddins"},{"link_name":"masters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audio_mastering"},{"link_name":"Jimmy McCracklin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimmy_McCracklin"},{"link_name":"Charles Brown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Brown_(musician)"},{"link_name":"Johnny Moore's Three Blazers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johnny_Moore%27s_Three_Blazers"},{"link_name":"Leon René","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leon_Ren%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"Exclusive Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exclusive_Records"},{"link_name":"Mabel Scott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mabel_Scott"},{"link_name":"Supreme Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_Records_(Los_Angeles)"},{"link_name":"Jimmy Witherspoon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimmy_Witherspoon"},{"link_name":"Jay McShann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jay_McShann"},{"link_name":"Louis Speiginer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Louis_Speiginer&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Paula Watson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paula_Watson"},{"link_name":"Percy Mayfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Percy_Mayfield"},{"link_name":"Floyd Dixon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Floyd_Dixon"},{"link_name":"The Brown Buddies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Brown_Buddies&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Sister Emily Bram","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sister_Emily_Bram&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Maxwell Davis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maxwell_Davis"},{"link_name":"Marshal Royal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marshal_Royal"},{"link_name":"Lloyd Glenn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lloyd_Glenn"},{"link_name":"Pete Johnson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pete_Johnson_(musician)"},{"link_name":"Big Joe Turner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Joe_Turner"},{"link_name":"Ray Charles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ray_Charles"},{"link_name":"Dexter Gordon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dexter_Gordon"},{"link_name":"Wardell Gray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wardell_Gray"},{"link_name":"Shifty Henry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shifty_Henry"},{"link_name":"Play Boy Thomas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Play_Boy_Thomas&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Hollywood Flames","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hollywood_Flames"},{"link_name":"Bobby Byrd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bobby_Byrd"},{"link_name":"Hollywood Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recorded_In_Hollywood"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Lauderdale started his label by recording the Lucky Thompson Quartet with Dodo Marmarosa in late 1946 (releasing three discs during 1947). Felix Gross & His Sextet were another early signing (releasing eight discs during 1947 through 1949). He then leased/reissued recordings by the Five Soul Stirrers from Bronze Records (releasing three discs in 1947). Next up was the leasing/reissuing of Lowell Fulson's recordings for Bob Geddins' Big Town/Down Town/Cava-Tone group of labels and the Bob Geddins/Rene LaMarre-partnered Trilon label (a total of 12 discs were released starting in 1947 through 1949). Jack also got masters of Jimmy McCracklin & His Blues Blasters from Trilon.In 1950 Lauderdale purchased all the master recordings by the Charles Brown-led Johnny Moore's Three Blazers from Leon René's Exclusive Records, plus the masters by Brown's ex-wife, Mabel Scott. Lauderdale purchased Al Patrick's defunct Supreme Records label and reissued recordings by Jimmy Witherspoon with Jay McShann's band featuring Louis Speiginer on guitar, Paula Watson, Percy Mayfield, Floyd Dixon with bass player Eddie Williams' Trio (AKA The Brown Buddies), Sister Emily Bram, the Stars of Harmony gospel group, and Maxwell Davis' band with Marshal Royal starting in late 1950 through 1951.Added to all this activity was the signing of pianist Lloyd Glenn as recording artist/house band leader/session arranger and label A&R man. Also signed-up were Pete Johnson's band with Big Joe Turner, and the Maxin/Maxim Trio with Ray Charles. Dexter Gordon's quintet with Wardell Gray recorded a session (releasing two discs), and songwriter/bass player Shifty Henry recorded for the Swing Time label (one disc released in 1950). Two late signings were Play Boy Thomas (two discs recorded/released in 1953), and the Hollywood Flames featuring Bobby Byrd (one disc in 1954).Several Swing Time recordings (i.e. all the holiday singles) were given permanent lease to Hollywood Records.[2]","title":"Leasing, purchasing, reissuing, signings"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"The Down Beat/Swing Beat/Swing Time Records numbering system ran from #100 (1947) through #347 (1954). Lauderdale also started up a subsidiary label in late 1952: his Flame Records numbering system ran from #1001 through #1009.","title":"Numbering system"}]
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[]
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[{"title":"List of record labels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_record_labels"}]
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[{"reference":"Gart, Galen (1989). The American Record Label Directory and Dating Guide, 1940-1959. Milford, New Hampshire: Big Nickel Publications. p. 215. ISBN 0-936433-11-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-936433-11-6","url_text":"0-936433-11-6"}]},{"reference":"Gibson, Nathan D. (2011). The Starday Story: The House That Country Music Built. Jackson, Mississippi: University Press of Mississippi. p. 16. ISBN 978-1-60473-830-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60473-830-8","url_text":"978-1-60473-830-8"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Short_Story_Playhouse
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Short Story Playhouse
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["1 References"]
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American TV series or program
Short Story PlayhouseGenreanthologyPresented byRobert BreenCountry of originUnited StatesOriginal languageEnglishOriginal releaseNetworkNBCReleaseJuly 5 (1951-07-05) –August 23, 1951 (1951-08-23)
Short Story Playhouse is an American anthology television series that aired live Chicago on NBC as the summer replacement for The Wayne King Show.
Among the presentations were Sinclair Lewis' "The Good Sport", James Thurber's "My Life and Hard Times", and Pearl Buck's "Ransom".
References
^ The Complete Directory to Prime Time Network and Cable TV Shows 1946-Present. Ballantine Books. 2003. pg. 1065. 0-345-45542-8
This article about a television show originating in the United States is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"anthology television series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthology_television_series"},{"link_name":"Chicago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago"},{"link_name":"NBC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NBC"},{"link_name":"The Wayne King Show","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Wayne_King_Show&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Sinclair Lewis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinclair_Lewis"},{"link_name":"James Thurber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Thurber"},{"link_name":"My Life and Hard Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/My_Life_and_Hard_Times"},{"link_name":"Pearl Buck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pearl_Buck"}],"text":"Short Story Playhouse is an American anthology television series that aired live Chicago on NBC as the summer replacement for The Wayne King Show.[1]Among the presentations were Sinclair Lewis' \"The Good Sport\", James Thurber's \"My Life and Hard Times\", and Pearl Buck's \"Ransom\".","title":"Short Story Playhouse"}]
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[]
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[]
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[{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Short_Story_Playhouse&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MD_Helicopters
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MD Helicopters
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["1 History","2 Products","3 See also","4 References","5 External links"]
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American aerospace manufacturer
MD Helicopters, LLC.Company typePrivateIndustryAerospaceHeadquartersMesa, Arizona, U.S.ProductsHelicoptersOwnerBardin Hill Investment Partners and MBIA InsuranceWebsitewww.mdhelicopters.com
MD Helicopters, LLC. (formerly McDonnell Douglas Helicopter Systems) is an American aerospace manufacturer. It produces light utility helicopters for commercial and military use. The company was a subsidiary of Hughes Aircraft until 1984, when McDonnell Douglas acquired it and renamed it McDonnell Douglas Helicopter Systems. It later became MD Helicopters in 1999 after McDonnell Douglas merged with Boeing.
History
Schweizer 300CB, which began as the Hughes Model 269 in the 1950s.
The company began in 1947 as a unit of Hughes Aircraft, then was part of the Hughes Tool Company after 1955. It became the helicopter division of Hughes' Summa Corporation in 1972, and was finally reformed as Hughes Helicopters, Inc. in 1981. However, throughout its history, the company was informally known as Hughes Helicopters. The company was sold to McDonnell Douglas in 1984.
Hughes Helicopters produced three major designs during its 37-year history. The Model 269/300 was Hughes' first successful helicopter design. Built in 1956, and entering production in 1957, it would eventually become part of the Army inventory as a primary trainer, designated TH-55 Osage. In 1983, the company licensed Schweizer Aircraft to produce the Model 300C. Schweizer was eventually purchased by Sikorsky Aircraft, which is itself now a division of Lockheed Martin.
In May 1965, the company won the contract for a new observation helicopter for the U.S. Army, and produced the OH-6 Cayuse (Hughes Model 369). The OH-6 was later developed into the civilian Model 500, variants of which remain in production to this day.
An AH-64A
In 1975, the company won the contract for the AH-64 Apache attack helicopter. By December 1981, six AH-64A prototypes had been built and the Army had awarded a production contract to the company. Production would reach more than 1,100 by 2005.
In January 1984, Hughes Helicopters, Inc. was sold to McDonnell Douglas by Summa Corporation. McDonnell Douglas paid $470 million for the company and made it a subsidiary with the name McDonnell Douglas Helicopter Systems in August 1984. In 1986, McDonnell Douglas sold all the rights to the Model 300C to Schweizer Aircraft.
On August 1, 1997, McDonnell Douglas merged into Boeing, but Boeing's subsequent plans to sell the civilian helicopter line to Bell Helicopter in 1998 were thwarted by the US Federal Trade Commission (FTC).
In 1999, Boeing completed the spin off of the civilian line of helicopters to a newly formed MD Helicopter Holdings Inc., an indirect subsidiary of the Dutch company, RDM Holding Inc. The line included the MD 500 and variants as well as the family of derivative NOTAR aircraft that originated with Hughes Helicopters Inc. Boeing maintained the AH-64 line of helicopters and rights to the NOTAR system.
After suffering dismal commercial performance, the company was purchased in 2005 by Patriarch Partners, LLC, an investment fund. The company was recapitalized as an independent company, MD Helicopters, Inc. MD Helicopters is based in Mesa, Arizona. Lynn Tilton, the Chief Executive Officer and sole principal of Patriarch Partners, was CEO of MD Helicopters until she relinquished control in March 2020 following bankruptcy court rulings related to Patriarch holdings.
By March 2022, the manufacturer filed for US Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection for restructuration, to be acquired by a creditor consortium led by Bardin Hill Investment Partners and MBIA Insurance, providing around $60 million of financing as debtors.
The new owners of MD Helicopters envision raising production to 50 helicopters a year by 2025 as the company rebuilds after exiting bankruptcy in August 2022. The plans are part of efforts by the OEM's new owners to turn around the company's fortunes after what new CEO Brad Pedersen described as the “rocky heritage” of the manufacturer under different owners since it was spun off from the merger of McDonnell Douglas and Boeing in the 1990s.
In 2023, the company closed out a long-running dispute with Aerometals over copyright and also has built closer relations with Boeing to cooperate on the AH-6 Little Bird platform, which shares a similar airframe to the MD530F.
Products
MD 902 (German police)(Under both McDonnell Douglas and MD Helicopters)
MD 500
MD 500 Defender
MD 530
MD 520 (Currently just support, not production line)
MD 600 (Currently just support, not production line)
MD Explorer (Currently just support, not production line)
(Under McDonnell Douglas only)
AH-64 Apache - Product line transferred to Boeing Defense, Space & Security in 1998
MH-6 Little Bird - later under Boeing Rotorcraft Systems and now as Vertical Lift division of Boeing Defense, Space & Security
In 2023, the outlook looks bleak for the restart in production of the twin-engine MD902 or further investment in the company’s No Tail Rotor (NOTAR) anti-torque system technology. CEO Brad Pedersen says the company is trying to support the MD902 “where it can,” but the production line for the aircraft has been dormant for 10 years, as has the supply chain for components. “The MD902 is a difficult discussion, and we don’t have a path forward right now,” Pedersen says.
In 2016, MD Helicopters had claimed it was making investments in the NOTAR technology, but Pedersen says there is no evidence of these efforts.
“The question is from a business standpoint, where do we spend our time focusing, and what’s the biggest bang for the buck?” Pedersen says. NOTAR, he suggests, is not a priority.
See also
Hughes Helicopters
NOTAR
Comparable major helicopter manufacturers:
AgustaWestland
Airbus Helicopters
Bell Helicopter
Boeing Rotorcraft Systems
Russian Helicopters
Sikorsky Aircraft
References
^ Rumerman, Judy. "The Hughes Companies". U.S. Centennial of Flight Commission.
^ "The Hughes Tool Co. ... Looking at Rotors". Post-War Developments: 1946-1956. Boeing. Archived from the original on 2011-03-09.
^ "Hughes Model 269A (TH55) Osage". SpruceGoose.org. Archived from the original on 2008-12-21. Retrieved 2006-12-07.
^ "The Boeing Logbook: 1964-1970". Boeing. Archived from the original on 2011-05-24.
^ "The Boeing Logbook: 1971-1976". Boeing. Archived from the original on 2008-12-30.
^ "The Boeing Logbook: 1977-1982". Boeing. Archived from the original on 2012-03-06.
^ Richardson, Doug and Lindsay Peacock. Combat Aircraft AH-64, pp. 14–15. London: Salamander Books, 1992. ISBN 0-86101-675-0.
^ The Boeing Logbook: 1997-2001 Archived 2013-01-02 at the Wayback Machine
^ Frawley, Gerard: The International Directory of Civil Aircraft, 2003-2004, p. 155. Aerospace Publications Pty Ltd, 2003. ISBN 1-875671-58-7
^ Boeing Announces Sale of its Light Helicopter Product Lines Archived 2007-12-28 at the Wayback Machine, Boeing, 1999-02-19.
^ "Boeing: Boeing Announces Sale of its Light Helicopter Product Lines". Archived from the original on 2008-02-13. Retrieved 2008-02-07.. Boeing News Release
^ "OH-6 Cayuse/Hughes 500 Helicopter". Boeing. Archived from the original on 2006-11-28.
^ "Interesting News from MD Helicopters". Archived from the original on 2019-07-09.
^ "Company Background Information". MD Helicopters. Archived from the original on December 29, 2010. Retrieved 2007-02-25.
^ Tilton Out at MD Helicopters
^ Dominic Perry (30 March 2022). "Buyer for MD Helicopters emerges as airframer enters Chapter 11 restructuring". FlightGlobal.
^ a b c "New MD Helicopters Owners Plan Aggressive Ramp Up In Production | Aviation Week Network". aviationweek.com. Retrieved 2024-02-28.
^ "Merger or no, Boeing and McDonnell Douglas linked". 2012-10-24. Archived from the original on 2012-10-24. Retrieved 2024-02-28.
External links
MD Helicopters official site
vteMD Helicopters aircraft
MD 500/MD 520N/MD 530F
MD 500 Defender
MD 600
MD Explorer
|
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It later became MD Helicopters in 1999 after McDonnell Douglas merged with Boeing.","title":"MD Helicopters"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Schweitzer_300CB_Side_View.jpg"},{"link_name":"Hughes Tool Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hughes_Tool_Company"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Centennial-1"},{"link_name":"Summa Corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Summa_Corporation"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Hughes Helicopters, Inc.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hughes_Helicopters"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"McDonnell Douglas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McDonnell_Douglas"},{"link_name":"Model 269/300","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sikorsky_S-300"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"TH-55 Osage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sikorsky_S-300"},{"link_name":"Schweizer Aircraft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schweizer_Aircraft"},{"link_name":"Model 300C","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schweizer_300"},{"link_name":"Lockheed Martin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lockheed_Martin"},{"link_name":"U.S. Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Army"},{"link_name":"OH-6 Cayuse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OH-6_Cayuse"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-boeing-1-4"},{"link_name":"Model 500","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MD_Helicopters_MD_500"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:AH-64A_on_FOB_Speicher.jpg"},{"link_name":"AH-64 Apache","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AH-64_Apache"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-boeing-2-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-boeing-3-6"},{"link_name":"McDonnell Douglas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McDonnell_Douglas"},{"link_name":"Summa Corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Summa_Corporation"},{"link_name":"subsidiary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subsidiary"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Model 300C","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schweizer_(Hughes)_300"},{"link_name":"Schweizer Aircraft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schweizer_Aircraft"},{"link_name":"Boeing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Bell Helicopter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bell_Helicopter"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Frawley_Civil-9"},{"link_name":"spin off","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corporate_spin-off"},{"link_name":"NOTAR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NOTAR"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-boeing-4-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-heli-1-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MDHI-14"},{"link_name":"Lynn Tilton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lynn_Tilton"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Chapter 11 bankruptcy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chapter_11_bankruptcy"},{"link_name":"creditor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creditor"},{"link_name":"Bardin Hill Investment Partners","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bardin_Hill_Investment_Partners&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"MBIA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MBIA"},{"link_name":"debtors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Debtor"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-17"},{"link_name":"merger of McDonnell Douglas and Boeing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McDonnell_Douglas"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Aerometals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aerometals&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"AH-6 Little Bird","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_AH-6"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-17"}],"text":"Schweizer 300CB, which began as the Hughes Model 269 in the 1950s.The company began in 1947 as a unit of Hughes Aircraft, then was part of the Hughes Tool Company after 1955.[1] It became the helicopter division of Hughes' Summa Corporation in 1972,[2] and was finally reformed as Hughes Helicopters, Inc. in 1981. However, throughout its history, the company was informally known as Hughes Helicopters.[citation needed] The company was sold to McDonnell Douglas in 1984.Hughes Helicopters produced three major designs during its 37-year history. The Model 269/300 was Hughes' first successful helicopter design.[3] Built in 1956, and entering production in 1957, it would eventually become part of the Army inventory as a primary trainer, designated TH-55 Osage. In 1983, the company licensed Schweizer Aircraft to produce the Model 300C. Schweizer was eventually purchased by Sikorsky Aircraft, which is itself now a division of Lockheed Martin.In May 1965, the company won the contract for a new observation helicopter for the U.S. Army, and produced the OH-6 Cayuse (Hughes Model 369).[4] The OH-6 was later developed into the civilian Model 500, variants of which remain in production to this day.An AH-64AIn 1975, the company won the contract for the AH-64 Apache attack helicopter.[5] By December 1981, six AH-64A prototypes had been built and the Army had awarded a production contract to the company.[6] Production would reach more than 1,100 by 2005.In January 1984, Hughes Helicopters, Inc. was sold to McDonnell Douglas by Summa Corporation. McDonnell Douglas paid $470 million for the company and made it a subsidiary with the name McDonnell Douglas Helicopter Systems in August 1984.[7] In 1986, McDonnell Douglas sold all the rights to the Model 300C to Schweizer Aircraft.On August 1, 1997, McDonnell Douglas merged into Boeing,[8] but Boeing's subsequent plans to sell the civilian helicopter line to Bell Helicopter in 1998 were thwarted by the US Federal Trade Commission (FTC).[9]In 1999, Boeing completed the spin off of the civilian line of helicopters to a newly formed MD Helicopter Holdings Inc., an indirect subsidiary of the Dutch company, RDM Holding Inc. The line included the MD 500 and variants as well as the family of derivative NOTAR aircraft that originated with Hughes Helicopters Inc. Boeing maintained the AH-64 line of helicopters and rights to the NOTAR system.[10][11]After suffering dismal commercial performance, the company was purchased in 2005 by Patriarch Partners, LLC, an investment fund.[12] The company was recapitalized as an independent company, MD Helicopters, Inc.[13] MD Helicopters is based in Mesa, Arizona.[14] Lynn Tilton, the Chief Executive Officer and sole principal of Patriarch Partners, was CEO of MD Helicopters until she relinquished control in March 2020 following bankruptcy court rulings related to Patriarch holdings.[15]By March 2022, the manufacturer filed for US Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection for restructuration, to be acquired by a creditor consortium led by Bardin Hill Investment Partners and MBIA Insurance, providing around $60 million of financing as debtors.[16]The new owners of MD Helicopters envision raising production to 50 helicopters a year by 2025 as the company rebuilds after exiting bankruptcy in August 2022.[17] The plans are part of efforts by the OEM's new owners to turn around the company's fortunes after what new CEO Brad Pedersen described as the “rocky heritage” of the manufacturer under different owners since it was spun off from the merger of McDonnell Douglas and Boeing[18] in the 1990s.In 2023, the company closed out a long-running dispute with Aerometals over copyright and also has built closer relations with Boeing to cooperate on the AH-6 Little Bird platform, which shares a similar airframe to the MD530F.[17]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Polizei_BW_MD_902_D-HBWC_STR.jpg"},{"link_name":"MD 500","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MD_Helicopters_MD_500"},{"link_name":"MD 500 Defender","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McDonnell_Douglas_MD_500_Defender"},{"link_name":"MD 530","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MD_Helicopters_MD_500"},{"link_name":"MD 520","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MD_Helicopters_MD_500"},{"link_name":"MD 600","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MD_Helicopters_MD_600"},{"link_name":"MD Explorer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MD_Helicopters_MD_Explorer"},{"link_name":"AH-64 Apache","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AH-64_Apache"},{"link_name":"Boeing Defense, Space & Security","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_Defense,_Space_%26_Security"},{"link_name":"MH-6 Little Bird","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MD_Helicopters_MH-6_Little_Bird"},{"link_name":"Boeing Rotorcraft Systems","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_Rotorcraft_Systems"},{"link_name":"NOTAR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NOTAR"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-17"}],"text":"MD 902 (German police)(Under both McDonnell Douglas and MD Helicopters)MD 500\nMD 500 Defender\nMD 530\nMD 520 (Currently just support, not production line)\nMD 600 (Currently just support, not production line)\nMD Explorer (Currently just support, not production line)(Under McDonnell Douglas only)AH-64 Apache - Product line transferred to Boeing Defense, Space & Security in 1998\nMH-6 Little Bird - later under Boeing Rotorcraft Systems and now as Vertical Lift division of Boeing Defense, Space & SecurityIn 2023, the outlook looks bleak for the restart in production of the twin-engine MD902 or further investment in the company’s No Tail Rotor (NOTAR) anti-torque system technology. CEO Brad Pedersen says the company is trying to support the MD902 “where it can,” but the production line for the aircraft has been dormant for 10 years, as has the supply chain for components. “The MD902 is a difficult discussion, and we don’t have a path forward right now,” Pedersen says.In 2016, MD Helicopters had claimed it was making investments in the NOTAR technology, but Pedersen says there is no evidence of these efforts.“The question is from a business standpoint, where do we spend our time focusing, and what’s the biggest bang for the buck?” Pedersen says. NOTAR, he suggests, is not a priority. [17]","title":"Products"}]
|
[{"image_text":"Schweizer 300CB, which began as the Hughes Model 269 in the 1950s.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Schweitzer_300CB_Side_View.jpg/220px-Schweitzer_300CB_Side_View.jpg"},{"image_text":"An AH-64A","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/AH-64A_on_FOB_Speicher.jpg/220px-AH-64A_on_FOB_Speicher.jpg"},{"image_text":"MD 902 (German police)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Polizei_BW_MD_902_D-HBWC_STR.jpg/220px-Polizei_BW_MD_902_D-HBWC_STR.jpg"}]
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[{"title":"Hughes Helicopters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hughes_Helicopters"},{"title":"NOTAR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NOTAR"},{"title":"helicopter manufacturers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helicopter_manufacturer"},{"title":"AgustaWestland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AgustaWestland"},{"title":"Airbus Helicopters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airbus_Helicopters"},{"title":"Bell Helicopter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bell_Helicopter"},{"title":"Boeing Rotorcraft Systems","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_Rotorcraft_Systems"},{"title":"Russian Helicopters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Helicopters"},{"title":"Sikorsky Aircraft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sikorsky_Aircraft"}]
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[{"reference":"Rumerman, Judy. \"The Hughes Companies\". U.S. Centennial of Flight Commission.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.centennialofflight.net/essay/Aerospace/Hughes/Aero44.htm","url_text":"\"The Hughes Companies\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Hughes Tool Co. ... Looking at Rotors\". Post-War Developments: 1946-1956. Boeing. Archived from the original on 2011-03-09.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110309231023/http://www.boeing.com/history/narrative/n052hug.html","url_text":"\"The Hughes Tool Co. ... Looking at Rotors\""},{"url":"http://www.boeing.com/history/narrative/n052hug.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Hughes Model 269A (TH55) Osage\". SpruceGoose.org. Archived from the original on 2008-12-21. Retrieved 2006-12-07.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20081221172641/http://www.sprucegoose.org/aircraft_artifacts/Aircraft/PostWarYears/269A.htm","url_text":"\"Hughes Model 269A (TH55) Osage\""},{"url":"http://www.sprucegoose.org/aircraft_artifacts/Aircraft/PostWarYears/269A.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"The Boeing Logbook: 1964-1970\". Boeing. Archived from the original on 2011-05-24.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110524111615/http://www.boeing.com/history/chronology/chron10.html","url_text":"\"The Boeing Logbook: 1964-1970\""},{"url":"http://www.boeing.com/history/chronology/chron10.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"The Boeing Logbook: 1971-1976\". Boeing. Archived from the original on 2008-12-30.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20081230021317/http://www.boeing.com/history/chronology/chron11.html","url_text":"\"The Boeing Logbook: 1971-1976\""},{"url":"http://www.boeing.com/history/chronology/chron11.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"The Boeing Logbook: 1977-1982\". Boeing. Archived from the original on 2012-03-06.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120306204518/http://www.boeing.com/history/chronology/chron12.html","url_text":"\"The Boeing Logbook: 1977-1982\""},{"url":"http://www.boeing.com/history/chronology/chron12.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Boeing: Boeing Announces Sale of its Light Helicopter Product Lines\". Archived from the original on 2008-02-13. Retrieved 2008-02-07.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080213053202/http://www.boeing.com/news/releases/1999/news_release_990119n.htm","url_text":"\"Boeing: Boeing Announces Sale of its Light Helicopter Product Lines\""},{"url":"http://www.boeing.com/news/releases/1999/news_release_990119n.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"OH-6 Cayuse/Hughes 500 Helicopter\". Boeing. Archived from the original on 2006-11-28.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20061128165011/http://www.boeing.com/history/mdc/cayuse.htm","url_text":"\"OH-6 Cayuse/Hughes 500 Helicopter\""},{"url":"http://www.boeing.com/history/mdc/cayuse.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Interesting News from MD Helicopters\". Archived from the original on 2019-07-09.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190709111857/http://www.helitorque.com/portal/modules.php?name=News&file=print&sid=40","url_text":"\"Interesting News from MD Helicopters\""},{"url":"http://www.helitorque.com/portal/modules.php?name=News","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Company Background Information\". MD Helicopters. Archived from the original on December 29, 2010. Retrieved 2007-02-25.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20101229135223/http://www.mdhelicopters.com/popup.php?sid=01.01.04","url_text":"\"Company Background Information\""},{"url":"http://www.mdhelicopters.com/popup.php?sid=01.01.04","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Dominic Perry (30 March 2022). \"Buyer for MD Helicopters emerges as airframer enters Chapter 11 restructuring\". FlightGlobal.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.flightglobal.com/helicopters/buyer-for-md-helicopters-emerges-as-airframer-enters-chapter-11-restructuring/148103.article","url_text":"\"Buyer for MD Helicopters emerges as airframer enters Chapter 11 restructuring\""}]},{"reference":"\"New MD Helicopters Owners Plan Aggressive Ramp Up In Production | Aviation Week Network\". aviationweek.com. Retrieved 2024-02-28.","urls":[{"url":"https://aviationweek.com/business-aviation/aircraft-propulsion/new-md-helicopters-owners-plan-aggressive-ramp-production","url_text":"\"New MD Helicopters Owners Plan Aggressive Ramp Up In Production | Aviation Week Network\""}]},{"reference":"\"Merger or no, Boeing and McDonnell Douglas linked\". 2012-10-24. Archived from the original on 2012-10-24. Retrieved 2024-02-28.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121024211711/http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/baltsun/access/11225158.html?dids=11225158:11225158&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&type=current&date=Feb+04,+1997&author=Schneider,+Greg&pub=The+Sun&desc=Merger+or+no,+Boeing+and+McDonnell+Douglas+linked&pqatl=google","url_text":"\"Merger or no, Boeing and McDonnell Douglas linked\""},{"url":"http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/baltsun/access/11225158.html?dids=11225158:11225158&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&type=current&date=Feb+04,+1997&author=Schneider,+Greg&pub=The+Sun&desc=Merger+or+no,+Boeing+and+McDonnell+Douglas+linked&pqatl=google","url_text":"the original"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bobrof_Island_(Alaska)
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Bobrof Island
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["1 Bobrof Volcano","1.1 Geography and geology","2 References","3 Further reading","4 External links"]
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Coordinates: 51°54′30″N 177°26′20″W / 51.9083333°N 177.4388889°W / 51.9083333; -177.4388889Island in the U.S. state of Alaska
Nautical Chart of Bobrof Island
class=notpageimage| Location in Alaska
Bobrof VolcanoBobrof Island and the volcanoHighest pointElevation2,421 ft (738 m)Coordinates51°54′30″N 177°26′20″W / 51.9083333°N 177.4388889°W / 51.9083333; -177.4388889GeographyBobrof VolcanoAlaska
LocationNorth Pacific, part of AlaskaParent rangeAleutian IslandsGeologyAge of rockHoloceneMountain typeStratovolcanoVolcanic arc/beltAleutian Islands
Bobrof Island (Aleut: Walĝa) is one of the Andreanof Islands subgroup of the Aleutian Islands in southwestern Alaska, United States. Bobrof Island is a small, uninhabited island about 9 miles (14 km) north and west of Kanaga Island, and 7 miles (11 km) northeast of Cape Sudak on Tanaga Island. Bobrof Island is 2.6 miles (4.2 km) long and 1.8 miles (2.9 km) wide with an area of 3 square miles (7.8 km2), and consists primarily of the 2,421-foot (738 m) high Bobrof Volcano. The volcanic crater, or cone, has been heavily dissected. Underwater deposits adjacent to the island's northeast flank suggest an immense debris-avalanche has taken place.
Bobrof Volcano
Bobrof Volcano is an inactive stratovolcano which forms the small Bobrof Island. No recorded eruptions have taken place at Bobrof or in its vicinity. It has been considered as Holocene age.
Geography and geology
Because of the inclusion of Alaska, the United States has the largest number of active volcanoes in the world, many of them geologically young. In Alaska, at least 50 volcanoes, including those in the Aleutian archipelago, have erupted in historical time. Alaska accounts for about 80% of the United States' volcanoes, excluding the seamounts in the area, about 8% of the world's volcanoes, and most of these are located among the Aleutian Islands. The Aleutian Islands arc forms the northern boundary of the Pacific Ring of Fire, where tectonic activity generates earthquakes and volcanic eruptions regularly.
The volcano is thought to be of Holocene age. Though no historical eruptions have taken place at Bobrof, it has erupted at least once. This data can be confirmed through pyroclastic flow deposits containing andesite. Once these flows were studied, at a building intended for earthquake monitoring, they confirmed that Bobrof was prone to explosive activity. There are lava deposits on the mountain which also suggest activity similar to shield eruptions. In collected samples, there are traces of basaltic andesite and dacite. No complete publications exist for Bobrof's definite geology, just those with facts and some information.
References
^ "Bobrof Volcano, Alaska". Peakbagger.com. Retrieved 2011-08-08.
^ "Bobrof Volcano". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey, United States Department of the Interior. Retrieved 2011-08-08.
^ Bergsland, K. (1994). Aleut Dictionary. Fairbanks: Alaska Native Language Center.
^ a b c d e "Bobrof". Global Volcanism Program. Smithsonian Institution. Retrieved July 10, 2009.
^ Robert R. Coats (1956). "Reconnaissance geology of some western Aleutian Islands, Alaska: in Investigations of Alaskan volcanoes, U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin B 1028-E" (PDF). United States Geological Survey. Retrieved July 10, 2009.
^ Ewert, John; Guffanti, Marianne; Cervelli, Peter; Quick, James (2006). "The National Volcano Early Warning System (NVEWS): U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet FS 2006-3142". United States Geological Survey. Retrieved July 9, 2009.
^ a b c "Alaska GeoSurvey News: NL 2008-1". 11 (1). Alaska Division of Geological & Geophysical Surveys. March 2008: 1–14. Retrieved July 9, 2009. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
^ a b "Bobrof description and statistics". Alaska Volcano Observatory. United States Geological Survey. Retrieved July 10, 2009.
^ a b Myers, J. D. (1994). "The geology, geochemistry and petrology of the recent magmatic phase of the central and western Aleutian Arc" (PDF). University of Wyoming. Retrieved July 10, 2009.
Further reading
|b=50|l=en|t=4001|zf=0.0|ms=sel_00dec|dw=17.701027675209602|dh=6.035539041852557|dt=gov.census.aff.domain.map.EnglishMapExtent|if=gif|cx=-170.20089635341083|cy=63.430295928031335|zl=8|pz=8|bo=318:317:316:314:313:323:319|bl=362:393:358:357:356:355:354|ft=350:349:335:389:388:332:331|fl=381:403:204:380:369:379:368|g=04000US02&-PANEL_ID=p_dt_geo_map&-_lang=en&-geo_id=100$10000US020160001001132&-CONTEXT=dt&-format=&-search_results=100$10000US020500001001047&-ds_name=DEC_2000_SF1_U Bobrof Island: Block 1132, Census Tract 1, Aleutians West Census Area, Alaska United States Census Bureau
External links
Bobrof Island Photos Photographs from Bobrof Island, July 2008
vteIslands in the Bering Sea
Adak
Adugak
Agattu
Aiktak
Akun
Akutan
Amak
Amaknak
Amatignak
Amchitka
Amlia
Amukta
Anangula
Ananiuliak
Arakamchechen
Atka
Attu
Avatanak
Aziak
Bering
Besboro
Bobrof
Bogoslof
Buldir
Carlisle
Chagulak
Chuginadak
Chugul
Derbin
Egg
Gareloi
Great Sitkin
Hagemeister
Hall
Hawadax
Herbert
Igitkin
Ilak
Kagalaska
Kagamil
Kamen Ariy
Kanaga
Karaginsky
Kasatochi
Khvostof
King
Kiska
Koniuji
Kritskoi
Little Sitkin
Little Tanaga
Medny
Nelson
Nunivak
Oglodak
Otter
Pancake Rock
Poa
Rootok
Sagchudak
Samalga
Sanak
Sea Lion Rock
Sea Otter Rocks
Sedanka
Seguam
Segula
Semisopochnoi
Shemya
Skagul
Sledge
St. Lawrence
St. Matthew
St. Michael
St. Paul
Stuart
Tagalak
Tanaga
Tigalda
Tufted Puffin Rock
Ugamak
Ugidak
Ulak
Uliaga
Umak
Umnak
Unalaska
Unalga (Delarof)
Unalga (Fox)
Unimak
Walrus
Walrus (Pribilof)
Wislow
Yttygran
Yunaska
Island groupsAleutian
Andreanof
Baby
Commander
Delarof
Diomede
Fox
Four Mountains
Krenitzin
Kudobin
Near
Pribilof
Punuk
Rat
Sanak
Seal
Walrus
Walrus and Kritskoi
Authority control databases: Geographic
Global Volcanism Program
|
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Bobrof Island is 2.6 miles (4.2 km) long and 1.8 miles (2.9 km) wide with an area of 3 square miles (7.8 km2), and consists primarily of the 2,421-foot (738 m) high Bobrof Volcano.[4] The volcanic crater, or cone, has been heavily dissected.[5] Underwater deposits adjacent to the island's northeast flank suggest an immense debris-avalanche has taken place.[4]","title":"Bobrof Island"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"inactive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inactive_volcano"},{"link_name":"stratovolcano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stratovolcano"},{"link_name":"Holocene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holocene_epoch"}],"text":"Bobrof Volcano is an inactive stratovolcano which forms the small Bobrof Island. No recorded eruptions have taken place at Bobrof or in its vicinity. It has been considered as Holocene age.","title":"Bobrof Volcano"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NL-7"},{"link_name":"seamounts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seamount"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NL-7"},{"link_name":"Pacific Ring of Fire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_Ring_of_Fire"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NL-7"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GVP-4"},{"link_name":"andesite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andesite"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GVP-4"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AVO-8"},{"link_name":"shield eruptions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shield_volcano"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AVO-8"},{"link_name":"basaltic andesite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basaltic_andesite"},{"link_name":"dacite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dacite"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Myers-9"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Myers-9"}],"sub_title":"Geography and geology","text":"Because of the inclusion of Alaska, the United States has the largest number of active volcanoes in the world, many of them geologically young.[6] In Alaska, at least 50 volcanoes, including those in the Aleutian archipelago, have erupted in historical time.[7] Alaska accounts for about 80% of the United States' volcanoes, excluding the seamounts in the area, about 8% of the world's volcanoes, and most of these are located among the Aleutian Islands.[7] The Aleutian Islands arc forms the northern boundary of the Pacific Ring of Fire,[7] where tectonic activity generates earthquakes and volcanic eruptions regularly.The volcano is thought to be of Holocene age.[4] Though no historical eruptions have taken place at Bobrof, it has erupted at least once. This data can be confirmed through pyroclastic flow deposits containing andesite.[4] Once these flows were studied, at a building intended for earthquake monitoring, they confirmed that Bobrof was prone to explosive activity.[8] There are lava deposits on the mountain which also suggest activity similar to shield eruptions.[8] In collected samples, there are traces of basaltic andesite and dacite.[9] No complete publications exist for Bobrof's definite geology, just those with facts and some information.[9]","title":"Bobrof Volcano"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"|b=50|l=en|t=4001|zf=0.0|ms=sel_00dec|dw=17.701027675209602|dh=6.035539041852557|dt=gov.census.aff.domain.map.EnglishMapExtent|if=gif|cx=-170.20089635341083|cy=63.430295928031335|zl=8|pz=8|bo=318:317:316:314:313:323:319|bl=362:393:358:357:356:355:354|ft=350:349:335:389:388:332:331|fl=381:403:204:380:369:379:368|g=04000US02&-PANEL_ID=p_dt_geo_map&-_lang=en&-geo_id=100$10000US020160001001132&-CONTEXT=dt&-format=&-search_results=100$10000US020500001001047&-ds_name=DEC_2000_SF1_U Bobrof Island: Block 1132, Census Tract 1, Aleutians West Census Area, Alaska","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20041015232953/http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/DTTable?_bm=y"}],"text":"|b=50|l=en|t=4001|zf=0.0|ms=sel_00dec|dw=17.701027675209602|dh=6.035539041852557|dt=gov.census.aff.domain.map.EnglishMapExtent|if=gif|cx=-170.20089635341083|cy=63.430295928031335|zl=8|pz=8|bo=318:317:316:314:313:323:319|bl=362:393:358:357:356:355:354|ft=350:349:335:389:388:332:331|fl=381:403:204:380:369:379:368|g=04000US02&-PANEL_ID=p_dt_geo_map&-_lang=en&-geo_id=100$10000US020160001001132&-CONTEXT=dt&-format=&-search_results=100$10000US020500001001047&-ds_name=DEC_2000_SF1_U Bobrof Island: Block 1132, Census Tract 1, Aleutians West Census Area, Alaska United States Census Bureau","title":"Further reading"}]
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[{"image_text":"Nautical Chart of Bobrof Island","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/BobrofMap.png/300px-BobrofMap.png"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Paperworkers%27_International_Union
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United Paperworkers' International Union
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["1 Presidents","2 References"]
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The United Paperworkers' International Union (UPIU) was a labor union representing workers involved in making paper, and later various industrial workers, in the United States and Canada.
The union was founded on August 9, 1972, when the International Brotherhood of Pulp, Sulphite and Paper Mill Workers merged with the United Papermakers and Paperworkers. Like both its predecessors, it was chartered by the AFL–CIO. On formation, the union had 389,000 members. In 1974, the large majority of its Canadian section split away, to form the Canadian Paperworkers' Union.
In 1978, Joseph Tonelli, the union's president, was indicted on a charge of embezzling $360,000 of union money.
In 1987 and 1988, UPIU members struck against International Paper in Jay, Maine. The strike generated international attention but ultimately ended in defeat for the strikers and the permanent replacement of union members with non-union replacements.
The Independent Workers of North America union merged into the UPIU in 1991, followed in 1994 by the Allied Industrial Workers of America. On January 4, 1999, the union merged with the Oil, Chemical and Atomic Workers International Union, to form the Paper, Allied-Industrial, Chemical and Energy Workers International Union.
Presidents
1972: Joseph Tonelli
1978: Wayne Glenn
1996: Boyd D. Young
References
^ a b "Inactive Organizations" (PDF). UMD Labor Collections. University of Maryland. Retrieved 18 April 2022.
^ Directory of National and International Labor Unions in the United States. Washington DC: United States Department of Labor. 1973.
^ Trumbull, Robert (9 June 1974). "Canadian union ending U.S. link". New York Times. Retrieved 24 October 2023.
^ Seigel, Max H. (20 July 1978). "Union Chief Indicted as Embezzler". New York Times.
^ Kellman, Peter (1998). Pain on Their Faces: Testimonies on the Paper Mill Strike, Jay, Maine, 1987-1988. Apex Press. ISBN 978-0-945257-96-7.
^ "UPIU Merges with OCAW to Form New Industry Labor Union". Pulp and Paper Online. January 5, 1999. Retrieved 2021-10-07.
^ "MTD MOURNS PASSING OF RETIRED PAPERWORKERS PRESIDENT GLENN". Maritime Trades Department. AFL–CIO. Retrieved 3 May 2022.
^ "Resolution No. 1 - Our Past Leaders". USW.
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"International Brotherhood of Pulp, Sulphite and Paper Mill Workers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Brotherhood_of_Pulp,_Sulphite_and_Paper_Mill_Workers"},{"link_name":"United Papermakers and Paperworkers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Papermakers_and_Paperworkers"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-maryland-1"},{"link_name":"AFL–CIO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AFL%E2%80%93CIO"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Canadian Paperworkers' Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Paperworkers%27_Union"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Joseph Tonelli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Tonelli"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"1987 and 1988","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1987%E2%80%931988_International_Paper_strike"},{"link_name":"International Paper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Paper"},{"link_name":"Jay, Maine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jay,_Maine"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Independent Workers of North America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independent_Workers_of_North_America"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pace_1999-6"},{"link_name":"Allied Industrial Workers of America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allied_Industrial_Workers_of_America"},{"link_name":"Oil, Chemical and Atomic Workers International Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil,_Chemical_and_Atomic_Workers_International_Union"},{"link_name":"Paper, Allied-Industrial, Chemical and Energy Workers International Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paper,_Allied-Industrial,_Chemical_and_Energy_Workers_International_Union"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-maryland-1"}],"text":"The union was founded on August 9, 1972, when the International Brotherhood of Pulp, Sulphite and Paper Mill Workers merged with the United Papermakers and Paperworkers.[1] Like both its predecessors, it was chartered by the AFL–CIO. On formation, the union had 389,000 members.[2] In 1974, the large majority of its Canadian section split away, to form the Canadian Paperworkers' Union.[3]In 1978, Joseph Tonelli, the union's president, was indicted on a charge of embezzling $360,000 of union money.[4]In 1987 and 1988, UPIU members struck against International Paper in Jay, Maine. The strike generated international attention but ultimately ended in defeat for the strikers and the permanent replacement of union members with non-union replacements.[5]The Independent Workers of North America union merged into the UPIU in 1991,[6] followed in 1994 by the Allied Industrial Workers of America. On January 4, 1999, the union merged with the Oil, Chemical and Atomic Workers International Union, to form the Paper, Allied-Industrial, Chemical and Energy Workers International Union.[1]","title":"United Paperworkers' International Union"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Joseph Tonelli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Tonelli"},{"link_name":"Wayne Glenn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayne_Glenn"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Boyd D. Young","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boyd_D._Young"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"1972: Joseph Tonelli\n1978: Wayne Glenn[7]\n1996: Boyd D. Young[8]","title":"Presidents"}]
|
[]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"Inactive Organizations\" (PDF). UMD Labor Collections. University of Maryland. Retrieved 18 April 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://umdlabor.weebly.com/uploads/2/9/3/9/29397087/inactive_organizations.pdf","url_text":"\"Inactive Organizations\""}]},{"reference":"Directory of National and International Labor Unions in the United States. Washington DC: United States Department of Labor. 1973.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Trumbull, Robert (9 June 1974). \"Canadian union ending U.S. link\". New York Times. Retrieved 24 October 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1974/06/09/archives/canadian-union-ending-us-link-vote-is-unanimous.html","url_text":"\"Canadian union ending U.S. link\""}]},{"reference":"Seigel, Max H. (20 July 1978). \"Union Chief Indicted as Embezzler\". New York Times.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Kellman, Peter (1998). Pain on Their Faces: Testimonies on the Paper Mill Strike, Jay, Maine, 1987-1988. Apex Press. ISBN 978-0-945257-96-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=_PsEAAAACAAJ","url_text":"Pain on Their Faces: Testimonies on the Paper Mill Strike, Jay, Maine, 1987-1988"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-945257-96-7","url_text":"978-0-945257-96-7"}]},{"reference":"\"UPIU Merges with OCAW to Form New Industry Labor Union\". Pulp and Paper Online. January 5, 1999. Retrieved 2021-10-07.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.pulpandpaperonline.com/doc/upiu-merges-with-ocaw-to-form-new-industry-la-0001","url_text":"\"UPIU Merges with OCAW to Form New Industry Labor Union\""}]},{"reference":"\"MTD MOURNS PASSING OF RETIRED PAPERWORKERS PRESIDENT GLENN\". Maritime Trades Department. AFL–CIO. Retrieved 3 May 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://maritimetrades.org/mtd-mourns-passing-of-retired-paperworkers-president-glenn/","url_text":"\"MTD MOURNS PASSING OF RETIRED PAPERWORKERS PRESIDENT GLENN\""}]},{"reference":"\"Resolution No. 1 - Our Past Leaders\". USW.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.usw.org/convention/resolutions/resolution-no-1-our-past-leaders","url_text":"\"Resolution No. 1 - Our Past Leaders\""}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://umdlabor.weebly.com/uploads/2/9/3/9/29397087/inactive_organizations.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Inactive Organizations\""},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/1974/06/09/archives/canadian-union-ending-us-link-vote-is-unanimous.html","external_links_name":"\"Canadian union ending U.S. link\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=_PsEAAAACAAJ","external_links_name":"Pain on Their Faces: Testimonies on the Paper Mill Strike, Jay, Maine, 1987-1988"},{"Link":"https://www.pulpandpaperonline.com/doc/upiu-merges-with-ocaw-to-form-new-industry-la-0001","external_links_name":"\"UPIU Merges with OCAW to Form New Industry Labor Union\""},{"Link":"https://maritimetrades.org/mtd-mourns-passing-of-retired-paperworkers-president-glenn/","external_links_name":"\"MTD MOURNS PASSING OF RETIRED PAPERWORKERS PRESIDENT GLENN\""},{"Link":"https://www.usw.org/convention/resolutions/resolution-no-1-our-past-leaders","external_links_name":"\"Resolution No. 1 - Our Past Leaders\""}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahmani_kingdom
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Bahmani Sultanate
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["1 Origin","2 History","2.1 Rise","2.2 Succeeding rulers (1358–1422)","2.3 Later rulers (1422–1482)","2.4 Decline","3 Historiography","4 Culture","4.1 Bidriware","4.2 Architecture","4.3 Turquoise Throne","5 Gunpowder weapons","6 List of Bahmani rulers","7 See also","8 References","8.1 Notes","8.2 Citations","8.3 Sources","9 External links"]
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Kingdom in Deccan India (1347–1527)
"Bahmani" redirects here. For places in Iran, see Bahmani, Iran.
Bahmani Sultanate1347–1527The Bahmani Sultanate at its greatest extent in 1470 under regent Mahmud GawanStatusSultanateCapital
Gulbarga (1347–1425)
Bidar (1425–1527)
Common languagesPersian (official) Marathi Deccani Urdu Telugu KannadaReligion Sunni IslamShia IslamSufismGovernmentMonarchySultan • 1347–1358 Ala-ud-Din Bahman Shah• 1525–1527 Kalim-Allah Shah
Historical eraLate Medieval• Established 3 August 1347• Disestablished 1527
CurrencyTaka
Preceded by
Succeeded by
Delhi Sultanate
Bijapur Sultanate
Golconda Sultanate
Ahmadnagar Sultanate
Berar Sultanate
Bidar Sultanate
Today part ofIndia
The Bahmani Sultanate (Persian: سلطاننشین بهمنی) was a late medieval empire that ruled the Deccan Plateau in India. The first independent Muslim kingdom of the Deccan, the Bahmani Sultanate came to power in 1347 during the rebellion of Ismail Mukh against Muhammad bin Tughlaq, the Sultan of the Tughlaq dynasty of Delhi. Ismail Mukh then abdicated in favour of Zafar Khan, who would establish the Bahmani Sultanate.
The Bahmani Sultanate was in perpetual war with its neighbors, including its rival to the south, the Vijayanagara Empire, which would outlast the Sultanate. The Bahmani Sultans also patronized many architectural works, including Mahmud Gawan, the vizier regent of the Sultanate, who oversaw the creation of the Mahmud Gawan Madrasa, and Ahmad Shah I, who constructed the Bidar Fort.
The Sultanate would begin its decline under the reign of Mahmood Shah. Through a combination of factional strife and financial ruin, the Bahmani Sultanate split up into five states, known as the Deccan Sultanates, in 1518, ending its 180 year rule over the Deccan. The last four Bahmani rulers would be puppet monarchs under Amir Barid I of the Bidar Sultanate.
Origin
See also: Ala-ud-Din Bahman Shah
The Bahmani Sultanate was founded by Zafar Khan, who was of either Afghan or Turk origin. Encyclopedia Iranica states him to be a Khorasani adventurer, who claimed descent from Bahrām Gōr. According to the medieval historian Ferishta, his obscurity makes it difficult to track his origin, but he is nonetheless stated as of Afghan birth. Ferishta further writes, Zafar Khan had earlier been a servant of a Brahmin astrologer at Delhi named Gangu, giving him the name Hasan Gangu, and says that he was from North India. Historians have not found any corroboration for the legend, but Barani, who was the court chronicler of Sultan Firuz Shah, as well as some other scholars have also called him Hasan Gangu. Another theory of origin for Zafar Khan is that he was of Brahmin origin, and that Bahman (his given name following the establishment of the Sultanate) is a corrupted personalized form of Brahman, with Hasan Gangu being a Hindu Brahman who became Muslim. However this view has been discredited by S.A.Q. Husaini, who considers the idea of a Brahmin origin or Zafar Khan originally being a Hindu convert to Islam from Punjab untenable.
History
Ziauddin Barani, the court chronicler of Sultan Firuz Shah, states that Hasan Gangu, the Bahmani Sultanate's founder, was "born in very humble circumstances" and that "For the first thirty years of his life he was nothing more than a field laborer." He was made a commander of a hundred horsemen by the Delhi Sultan, Muhammad bin Tughluq, who was pleased with his honesty. This sudden rise in the military and socio-economic ladder was common in this era of Muslim India. Zafar Khan or Hasan Gangu was among the inhabitants of Delhi who were forced to migrate to the Deccan, to build a large Muslim settlement in the region of Daulatabad. Zafar Khan was a man of ambition and looked forward to the adventure. He had long hoped to employ his body of horsemen in the Deccan region as the Deccan was seen as the place of bounty in Muslim imagination at the time. He was rewarded with an Iqta for taking part in the conquest of Kampili.
Rise
Main article: Rebellion of Ismail Mukh
South Asia1400 CEDELHISULTANATE(TUGHLAQS)TIMURIDEMPIRESHAH MIRSULTANATEPHAGMODRUPASSAMMASMARYULGUGEKUMAONKANGRAKALMATGUJARATGOVERNORATEBAHMANISULTANATEKHANDESHSULTANATETOMARASTWIPRAEASTERNGANGASKAMATASSUGAUNASMALLANAGVANSISAHOMCHUTIABENGALSULTANATEVIJAYANAGARAEMPIREREDDIMALWASULTANATEJAISALMERMEWARMARWARKARAULIAMBERSIROHIAMARKOTVAGADMEWATJAUNPURSULTANATEGONDWANAclass=notpageimage| The Bahmani Sultanate and main South Asian polities in 1400 CE
Before the establishment of his kingdom, Hasan Gangu (Zafar Khan) was Governor of Deccan and a commander on behalf of the Tughlaqs. On 3 August 1347, during the rebellion by the Amirs of the Deccan, Ismail Mukh, the leader of the rebellion (whom the rebel amirs of the Deccan placed on the throne of Daulatabad in 1345), abdicated in favor of Zafar Khan, resulting in the establishment of the Bahmani Kingdom. The Sultan of Delhi had besieged the rebels at the citadel of Daulatabad. As another rebellion had begun in Gujarat, the Sultan left and installed Shaikh Burhan-ud-din Bilgrami and Malik Jauhar and other nobles in charge of the siege. Meanwhile, as these nobles were unable to stop the Deccani amirs from pursuing the imperial army, Hasan Gangu, a native of Delhi, then being pursued by Governor of Berar Imad-ul-Mulk, the leader to whom the Deccani Amirs had re-assembled against, attacked and slew the latter and marched on towards Daulatabad. Here Hasan Gangu and the Deccani amirs put to flight the imperial forces which had been left to besiege. The rebels at Daulatabad had the sense to see Hasan Gangu as the man of the hour, and the proposal to crown Hasan Gangu, entitled Zafar Khan, was accepted without a dissentient voice on 3 August 1347. His revolt was successful, and he established an independent state on the Deccan within the Delhi Sultanate's southern provinces with its headquarters at Hasanabad (Gulbarga), where all his coins were minted.
Chand Minar at Daulatabad fort complex
With the support of the influential Indian Chishti Sufi Shaikhs, he was crowned "Alauddin Bahman Shah Sultan – Founder of the Bahmani Dynasty". They bestowed upon him a robe allegedly worn by the prophet Muhammad. The extension of the Sufi's notion of spiritual sovereignty lent legitimacy to the planting of the Sultanate's political authority, where the land, people, and produce of the Deccan were merited state protection, no longer available for plunder with impunity. These Sufis legitimized the transplantation of Indo-Muslim rulership from one region in South Asia to another, converting the land of the Bahmanids into being recognized as Dar ul-Islam, while it was previously considered Dar ul-Harb.
Turkish or Indo-Turkish troops, explorers, saints, and scholars moved from Delhi and North India to the Deccan with the establishment of the Bahmanid sultanate. How many of these were Shi'ites is unclear. Nonetheless, there is enough evidence to demonstrate that a number of nobility at the Bahmani court identified as Shi'ites or had significant Shi'ite inclinations.
Succeeding rulers (1358–1422)
Alauddin was succeeded by his son Mohammed Shah I. His conflicts with the Vijayanagar empire were singularly savage wars, as according to the historian Ferishta, "the population of the Carnatic was so reduced that it did not recover for several ages." The Bahmanids' aggressive confrontation with the two main Hindu kingdoms of the southern Deccan, Warangal and Vijayanagara in the First Bahmani–Vijayanagar War, made them renowned among Muslims as warriors of the faith.
The Vijayanagara empire and the Bahmanids fought over the control of the Godavari-basin, Tungabadhra Doab, and the Marathwada country, although they seldom required a pretext for declaring war, as military conflicts were almost a regular feature and lasted as long as these kingdoms continued. Military slavery involved captured slaves from Vijayanagara whom were then converted to Islam and integrated into the host society, so they could begin military careers within the Bahmanid empire.
Ghiyasuddin succeeded his father Muhammad II at the age of seventeen in April 1397, but was blinded and imprisoned by a Turkic slave called Taghalchin, who had held a grudge on the Sultan for the latter's refusal to appoint him as a governor. He had lured the Sultan into putting himself in the former's power, using the beauty of his daughter, who was accomplished in music and arts, and had introduced her to the Sultan at a feast. He was succeeded by Shamsuddin, who was a puppet king under Taghalchin. Firuz and Ahmed, the sons of the fourth sultan Daud, marched to Gulbarga to avenge Ghiyasuddin. Firuz declared himself the sultan, and defeated Taghalchin's forces. Taghalchin was killed and Shamsuddin was blinded.
Garden of Fort Bidar
Taj ud-Din Firuz Shah became the sultan in November 1397. Firuz Shah fought against the Vijayanagara Empire on many occasions and the rivalry between the two dynasties continued unabated throughout his reign, with victories in 1398 and in 1406, but a defeat in 1419. One of his victories resulted in his marriage to the daughter of Deva Raya, the Vijayanagara Emperor.
Firuz Shah expanded the nobility by enabling Hindus and granting them high office. In his reign, Sufis such as Gesudaraz, a Chishti saint who had immigrated from Dehli to Daulatabad, were prominent in court and daily life. He was the first author to write in the Dakhni dialect of Urdu. The Dakhni language became widespread, practised by various milieus from the court to the Sufis. It was established as a lingua franca of the Muslims of the Deccan, as not only the aspect of a dominant urban elite, but an expression of the regional religious identity.
Later rulers (1422–1482)
Firuz Shah was succeeded by his younger brother Ahmad Shah I Wali. Following the establishment of Bidar as capital of the Sultanate in 1429, Ahmad Shah I converted to Shi'ism. Ahmad Shah's reign was marked by relentless military campaigns and expansionism. He imposed destruction and slaughter on Vijayanagara and finally captured the remnants of Warangal.
Coinage of Ala al-Din Ahmad Shah II (r. 1435–1458)
Alauddin Ahmad II succeeded his father to the throne in 1436. He ordered the construction of the Chand Minar, a minaret in Daulatabad. For the first half-century after the establishment of the Bahmanids, the original North Indian colonists and their sons had administered the empire quite independent of either the non-Muslim Hindus, or the Muslim foreign immigrants.
However, the later Bahmani Sultans, mainly starting from his father Ahmad Shah Wali I, began to recruit foreigners from overseas, whether because of depletion among the ranks of the original settlers, or the feelings of dependency upon the Persian courtly model, or both. This resulted in factional strife that first became acute in the reign of his son Alauddin Ahmad Shah II. In 1446, the powerful Dakhani nobles persuaded the Sultan that the Persians were responsible for the failure of the earlier invasion of the Konkan.
The Sultan, drunk, condoned a large-scale massacre of Persian Shi'a Sayyids by the Sunni Dakhani nobles and their Sunni Abyssinian slaves. A few survivors escaped the massacre dressed in women's clothing and convinced the Sultan of their innocence. Ashamed of his own folly, the Sultan punished the Dakhani leaders who were responsible for the massacre, putting them to death or throwing them in prison, and reduced their families to beggary. The accounts of the violent events likely included exaggerations as it came from the pen of the chroniclers who were themselves mainly foreigners and products of Safavid Persia.
Mahmud Gawan Madrasa, built by Mahmud Gawan to be the centre of religious as well as secular education
The eldest sons of Humayun Shah, Nizam-Ud-Din Ahmad III and Muhammad Shah III Lashkari ascended the throne successively, while they were young boys. The vizier Mahmud Gawan ruled as regent during this period, until Muhammad Shah reached age. Mahmud Gawan is known for setting up the Mahmud Gawan Madrasa, a center of religious as well as secular education, as well as achieving the Sultanate's greatest extent during the his rule. He also increased the administrative divisions of the Sultanate from four to eight to ease the administrative burden from previous expansion of the state. Gawan was considered a great statesman, and a poet of repute.
Mahmud Gawan was caught in a struggle between a rivalry between two groups of nobles, the Dakhanis and the Afaqis. The Dakhanis made the indigenous Muslim elite of the Bahmanid dynasty, being descendants of Sunni immigrants from Northern India, while the Afaqis were foreign newcomers from the West such as Gawan, who were mostly Shi'is. The Dakhanis believed that the privileges, patronage and positions of power in the Sultanate should have been reserved solely for them.
The divisions included sectarian religious divisions where the Afaqis were looked upon as heretics by the Sunnis as the former were Shi'as. Eaton cites a linguistic divide where the Dakhanis spoke Dakhni while the Afaqis favored the Persian language. Although Mahmud Gawan was a foreigner, he attempted to reconcile the factions and strengthen the Sultanate by allotting offices to the Dakhanis.
Nonetheless, Mahmud Gawan found it difficult to win their confidence; the party strife could not be stopped and his opponents eventually managed to poison the ears of the Sultan. Mahmud Gawan was executed by Muhammad Shah III, an act that the latter regretted until he died in 1482. Upon his death, Nizam-ul-Mulk Bahri, the father of the founder of the Nizam Shahi dynasty became the regent of the king. Nizam-ul-Mulk, as leader of the Dakhani party, led a cold-blooded massacre of Iranian Georgians and Turkmens in the capital of Bidar.
Decline
Muhammad Shah III Lashkari was succeeded by his son Mahmood Shah Bahmani II, the last Bahmani ruler to have real power. In 1501, Mahmood Shah Bahmani united his amirs and wazirs in an agreement to wage annual Jihad against Vijayanagara. The expeditions were financially ruinous.Sultan Husain Nizam Shah I on Horseback, founder of the Nizam Shahi Sultanate
The last Bahmani Sultans were puppet monarchs under their Barid Shahi Prime Ministers, who were de facto rulers. After 1518 the Sultanate broke up into five states: Nizamshahi of Ahmednagar, Qutb Shahi of Golconda (Hyderabad), Barid Shahi of Bidar, Imad Shahi of Berar, and Adil Shahi of Bijapur. They are collectively known as the Deccan Sultanates.
Historiography
Modern scholars like Haroon Khan Sherwani and Richard M. Eaton have based their accounts of the Bahmani dynasty mainly upon the medieval chronicles of Firishta and Syed Ali Tabatabai. Other contemporary works were the Sivatattva Chintamani, a Kannada language encyclopedia on the beliefs and rites of the Veerashaiva faith, and Guru Charitra. Afanasy Nikitin, a Russian merchant and traveler, traveled through the Bahmani Sultanate in his journeys. He contrasts the huge "wealth of the nobility with the wretchedness of the peasantry and the frugality of the Hindus".
Culture
Taj ud-Din Firuz Shah of the Bahmani Sultanate's Firman
The Bahmani dynasty patronized Indo-Muslim and Persian culture from Northern India and the Middle East. However, the society of the Bahmnanis was dominated prominently by Iranians, Afghans, and Turks. They also had considerable and social influence such as with the celebration of Nowruz by Bahmani rulers. This also comes as Mohammed Shah I ascended the throne on Nowruz. According to Khafi Khan and Ferishta, musicians flocked to the court from Lahore, Delhi, Persia and Khorasan.
The Bahmani Sultans were patrons of the Persian language, culture and literature, and some members of the dynasty became well-versed in the language and composed its literature in the language.
The first sultan, Alauddin Bahman Shah, is noted to have captured 1,000 singing and dancing girls from Hindu temples after he battled the northern Carnatic chieftains. The later Bahmanis also enslaved civilian women and children in wars; many of them were converted to Islam in captivity.
Bidriware
Main article: Bidriware
Bidriware is a metal handicraft from the city of Bidar in Karnataka. It was developed in the 14th century during the rule of the Bahmani Sultans. The term "bidriware" originates from the township of Bidar, which is still the chief center of production. The craftspersons of Bidar were so famed for their inlay work on copper and silver that it came to be known as Bidri. The metal used is white brass that is blackened and inlaid with silver. As a native art form, Bidriware obtained a geographical Indications (GI) registry on 3 January 2006.
Architecture
Main article: Architecture of the Bahmani and Deccan Sultanates
Gateway to Bidar Fort
The Bahmani Sultans patronized many architectural works, although many have since been destroyed. The Gulbarga Fort, Haft Gumbaz, and Jama Masjid in Gulbarga, the Bidar Fort and Madrasa Mahmud Gawan in Bidar, and the Chand Minar in Daulatabad are some of their major architectural contributions.
The later Sultans were buried in a necropolis known as the Bahmani Tombs. The exterior of one of the tombs is decorated with coloured tiles. Arabic, Persian and Urdu inscriptions are inscribed inside the tombs.
The Bahmani Sultans built many mosques, tombs, and madrasas in Bidar and Gulbarga, the two capitals. They also built many forts in Daulatabad, Golconda and Raichur. The architecture was highly influenced by Persian architecture, as they invited architects from Persia, Turkey and Arabia. The Persianate Indo-Islamic style of architecture developed during this period was later adopted by the Deccan Sultanates as well.
Turquoise Throne
Main article: Takht-i-Firoza
The Turquoise Throne was a jeweled royal throne mentioned by Firishta. It was the seat of the sultans of the Bahmani Sultanate since Mohammed Shah I (r. 1358–1375). It was a gift of Musunuri Kapaya Nayaka, then king of the Telangana region. It was mentioned by Firishta that on 23 March 1363, this throne replaced an earlier silver throne that the first Bahmani sultan Ala-ud-Din Bahman Shah used.
Gunpowder weapons
Main article: Gunpowder weapons in the Bahmani Sultanate
See also: History of the firearm § South Asia
Cannons and Mortar at Paranda fort
The Bahmani Sultanate was likely the first state to invent and utilize gunpowder artillery and firearms within the Indian Subcontinent. Their firearms were the most advanced of their time, surpassing even those of the Yuan Dynasty and the Mamluk Sultanate of Egypt. The first recorded use of firearms in South Asia was at the Battle of Adoni in 1368, where the Bahmani Sultanate led by Mohammed Shah I used a train of artillery against the Vijayanagara Empire who was led by Emperor Harihara II.
Following the initial use of gunpowder weapons in 1368, they became the backbone of the Bahmani army.
The scholar Iqtidar Alam Khan claims, however, that based on a differing translation of a passage of medieval historian Ferishta's text Tarikh-i Firishta, in which he describes early use of gunpowder weapons in the Indian Subcontinet, it can be inferred that both the Delhi Sultanate and non-Muslim Indian states had the gunpowder weapons that the Bahmani Sultanate began to use in 1368, and that the Bahmanis had acquired the weapons from the Delhi Sultanate. Contemporary evidence shows the presence of gunpowder for pyrotechnic uses in the Delhi Sultanate, and Alam Khan states that their usage in the Battle of Adoni in 1368 was rather the first military usage of gunpowder-derived objects in the Subcontinent.
List of Bahmani rulers
Main article: List of Bahmani rulers
Titular Name
Personal Name
Reign
Independence from Sultan of Delhi, Muhammad bin Tughlaq
Shah Ala-ud-Din Bahman Shah
Ala-ud-Din Bahman Shah I
3 August 1347 – 11 February 1358
Shah
Mohammad Shah I
11 February 1358 – 21 April 1375
Shah Ala-ud-Din Mujahid Shah
Mujahid Shah
21 April 1375 – 16 April 1378
Shah
Davood Shah
16 April 1378 – 22 May 1378
Shah
Mohammad Shah II
21 May 1378 – 20 April 1397
Shah
Ghiyath-ad-din Shah
20 April 1397 – 14 June 1397
Shah
Shams-ud-Din ShahPuppet King Under Lachin Khan Turk
14 June 1397 – 15 November 1397
Shah Taj-ud-Din Feroze Shah
Feroze Shah
24 November 1397 – 1 October 1422
Shah
Ahmed Shah Wali Bahmani
1 October 1422 – 17 April 1436
Shah Ala-ud-Din Ahmed Shah
Ala-ud-Din II Ahmed Shah Bahmani
17 April 1436 – 6 May 1458
Shah Ala-ud-Din Humayun Shah
Humayun Shah Zalim Bahmani
7 May 1458 – 4 September 1461
Shah
Nizam Shah Bahmani
4 September 1461 – 30 July 1463
Shah Muhammad Shah Lashkari
Muhammad Shah Bahmani III
30 July 1463 – 26 March 1482
Vira Shah
Mahmood Shah Bahmani IIPuppet King Under Nizam-ul-Mulk Bahri
26 March 1482 – 27 December 1518
Shah
Ahmed Shah Bahmani IIPuppet King Under Amir Barid I
27 December 1518 – 15 December 1520
Shah
Ala-ud-Din Shah Bahmani IIPuppet King Under Amir Barid I
28 December 1520 – 5 March 1522
Shah
Waliullah Shah BahmaniPuppet King Under Amir Barid I
5 March 1522 – 1526
Shah
Kaleemullah Shah BahmaniPuppet King Under Amir Barid I
1525–1527
Dissolution of the Sultanate into five kingdoms — Bidar Sultanate, Ahmednagar Sultanate, Bijapur Sultanate, Golconda Sultanate, and Berar Sultanate
See also
Battle of Talikota
Battle of Raichur
References
Notes
^ Stephen F. Dale refers to the Bahmanis as Shi'i Muslims.
^ Firishta mentioned that Sultan Bahman Shah first sat on the new throne (i.e. the Takht-e-Firoza) on Nowruz, the Persian new year, following the autumnal solstice in 764 AH.
Citations
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^ Wink, André (2020). The Making of the Indo-Islamic World C.700–1800 CE. Cambridge University Press. p. 87. ISBN 9781108417747. Finally, and more importantly, the independent Bahmani dynasty of the Deccan was founded in 1348 by Zafar Khan, probably an Afghan who broke away from Delhi with the support of Afghan and Mongol "New Muslims"
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External links
Wikiquote has quotations related to Bahmani Sultanate.
Overton, Keelan (2016). "Bahmanī dynasty". In Fleet, Kate; Krämer, Gudrun; Matringe, Denis; Nawas, John; Rowson, Everett (eds.). Encyclopaedia of Islam (3rd ed.). Brill Online. ISSN 1873-9830.
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bahmani, Iran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahmani,_Iran_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"Persian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_language"},{"link_name":"late medieval","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Late_medieval"},{"link_name":"Deccan Plateau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deccan_Plateau"},{"link_name":"India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ansari-7"},{"link_name":"rebellion of Ismail Mukh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rebellion_of_Ismail_Mukh"},{"link_name":"Muhammad bin Tughlaq","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_bin_Tughlaq"},{"link_name":"Sultan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultan_of_Delhi"},{"link_name":"Tughlaq dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tughlaq_dynasty"},{"link_name":"Delhi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delhi_Sultanate"},{"link_name":"Zafar Khan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ala-ud-Din_Bahman_Shah"},{"link_name":"Vijayanagara Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vijayanagara_Empire"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Mahmud Gawan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahmud_Gawan"},{"link_name":"Mahmud Gawan Madrasa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahmud_Gawan_Madrasa"},{"link_name":"Ahmad Shah I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmad_Shah_I_Wali"},{"link_name":"Bidar Fort","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bidar_Fort"},{"link_name":"Mahmood Shah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahmood_Shah_Bahmani_II"},{"link_name":"Deccan Sultanates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deccan_Sultanates"},{"link_name":"Deccan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deccan"},{"link_name":"Amir Barid I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amir_Barid_I"},{"link_name":"Bidar Sultanate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bidar_Sultanate"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaig,_1925425%E2%80%93426-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"\"Bahmani\" redirects here. For places in Iran, see Bahmani, Iran.The Bahmani Sultanate (Persian: سلطاننشین بهمنی) was a late medieval empire that ruled the Deccan Plateau in India. The first independent Muslim kingdom of the Deccan,[7] the Bahmani Sultanate came to power in 1347 during the rebellion of Ismail Mukh against Muhammad bin Tughlaq, the Sultan of the Tughlaq dynasty of Delhi. Ismail Mukh then abdicated in favour of Zafar Khan, who would establish the Bahmani Sultanate.The Bahmani Sultanate was in perpetual war with its neighbors, including its rival to the south, the Vijayanagara Empire, which would outlast the Sultanate.[8] The Bahmani Sultans also patronized many architectural works, including Mahmud Gawan, the vizier regent of the Sultanate, who oversaw the creation of the Mahmud Gawan Madrasa, and Ahmad Shah I, who constructed the Bidar Fort.The Sultanate would begin its decline under the reign of Mahmood Shah. Through a combination of factional strife and financial ruin, the Bahmani Sultanate split up into five states, known as the Deccan Sultanates, in 1518, ending its 180 year rule over the Deccan. The last four Bahmani rulers would be puppet monarchs under Amir Barid I of the Bidar Sultanate.[9][10]","title":"Bahmani Sultanate"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ala-ud-Din Bahman Shah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ala-ud-Din_Bahman_Shah"},{"link_name":"Zafar Khan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ala-ud-Din_Bahman_Shah"},{"link_name":"Afghan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afghan_(ethnonym)"},{"link_name":"Turk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkic_peoples"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Encyclopedia Iranica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclopedia_Iranica"},{"link_name":"Khorasani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greater_Khorasan"},{"link_name":"Bahrām Gōr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahram_Gur"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Ferishta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferishta"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Brahmin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brahmin"},{"link_name":"Gangu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gangu_(ruler)"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bhattacharya,_Sachchidananada_1972_p._100-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-https://books.google.se/books?id-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChandra2004177-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMajumdar1967248-21"},{"link_name":"Barani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ziauddin_Barani"},{"link_name":"Firuz Shah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firuz_Shah_Tughlaq"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-b-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-a-25"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-b-23"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"}],"text":"See also: Ala-ud-Din Bahman ShahThe Bahmani Sultanate was founded by Zafar Khan, who was of either Afghan or Turk origin.[11][12][13][14] Encyclopedia Iranica states him to be a Khorasani adventurer, who claimed descent from Bahrām Gōr.[15] According to the medieval historian Ferishta, his obscurity makes it difficult to track his origin, but he is nonetheless stated as of Afghan birth.[16] Ferishta further writes, Zafar Khan had earlier been a servant of a Brahmin astrologer at Delhi named Gangu, giving him the name Hasan Gangu,[17][18] and says that he was from North India.[19] Historians have not found any corroboration for the legend,[20][21] but Barani, who was the court chronicler of Sultan Firuz Shah, as well as some other scholars have also called him Hasan Gangu.[22] Another theory of origin for Zafar Khan is that he was of Brahmin origin,[23] and that Bahman (his given name following the establishment of the Sultanate) is a corrupted personalized form of Brahman,[24] with Hasan Gangu being a Hindu Brahman who became Muslim.[25][23] However this view has been discredited by S.A.Q. Husaini, who considers the idea of a Brahmin origin or Zafar Khan originally being a Hindu convert to Islam from Punjab untenable.[26]","title":"Origin"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ziauddin Barani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ziauddin_Barani"},{"link_name":"Firuz Shah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firuz_Shah_Tughlaq"},{"link_name":"Hasan Gangu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hasan_Gangu"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"Delhi Sultan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultanate_of_Delhi"},{"link_name":"Muhammad bin Tughluq","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_bin_Tughluq"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJ.D.E199016-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"Iqta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iqta%27"},{"link_name":"Kampili","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kampili_kingdom"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEaton_200541-30"}],"text":"Ziauddin Barani, the court chronicler of Sultan Firuz Shah, states that Hasan Gangu, the Bahmani Sultanate's founder, was \"born in very humble circumstances\" and that \"For the first thirty years of his life he was nothing more than a field laborer.\"[27] He was made a commander of a hundred horsemen by the Delhi Sultan, Muhammad bin Tughluq, who was pleased with his honesty. This sudden rise in the military and socio-economic ladder was common in this era of Muslim India.[28] Zafar Khan or Hasan Gangu was among the inhabitants of Delhi who were forced to migrate to the Deccan, to build a large Muslim settlement in the region of Daulatabad.[29] Zafar Khan was a man of ambition and looked forward to the adventure. He had long hoped to employ his body of horsemen in the Deccan region as the Deccan was seen as the place of bounty in Muslim imagination at the time. He was rewarded with an Iqta for taking part in the conquest of Kampili.[30]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:South_Asia_non_political,_with_rivers.jpg"},{"link_name":"South Asia1400 CE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1400"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Rectangle_(plain).svg"},{"link_name":"DELHI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tughlaq_dynasty"},{"link_name":"SULTANATE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tughlaq_dynasty"},{"link_name":"(TUGHLAQS)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tughlaq_dynasty"},{"link_name":"TIMURIDEMPIRE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timurid_Empire"},{"link_name":"SHAH MIRSULTANATE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shah_Mir_dynasty"},{"link_name":"PHAGMODRUPAS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phagmodrupa_dynasty"},{"link_name":"SAMMAS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samma_dynasty"},{"link_name":"MARYUL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maryul"},{"link_name":"GUGE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guge"},{"link_name":"KUMAON","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kumaon_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"KANGRA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kangra_State"},{"link_name":"KALMAT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principality_of_Kalmat"},{"link_name":"GUJARATGOVERNORATE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gujarat_under_the_Delhi_Sultanate"},{"link_name":"BAHMANISULTANATE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"KHANDESHSULTANATE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farooqui_dynasty"},{"link_name":"TOMARAS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tomaras_of_Gwalior"},{"link_name":"TWIPRA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twipra_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"EASTERNGANGAS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Ganga_dynasty"},{"link_name":"KAMATAS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamata_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"SUGAUNAS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oiniwar_dynasty"},{"link_name":"MALLA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malla_dynasty_(Nepal)"},{"link_name":"NAGVANSIS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nagvanshis_of_Chotanagpur"},{"link_name":"AHOM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahom_kingdom"},{"link_name":"CHUTIA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chutia_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"BENGALSULTANATE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengal_Sultanate"},{"link_name":"VIJAYANAGARAEMPIRE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vijayanagara_Empire"},{"link_name":"REDDI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reddi_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"MALWASULTANATE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malwa_Sultanate"},{"link_name":"JAISALMER","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaisalmer_State"},{"link_name":"MEWAR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Mewar"},{"link_name":"MARWAR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Marwar"},{"link_name":"KARAULI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karauli_State"},{"link_name":"AMBER","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Amber"},{"link_name":"SIROHI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sirohi_State"},{"link_name":"AMARKOT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodhas_of_Amarkot"},{"link_name":"VAGAD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dungarpur_State"},{"link_name":"MEWAT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khanzadas_of_Mewat"},{"link_name":"JAUNPURSULTANATE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaunpur_Sultanate"},{"link_name":"GONDWANA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gondwana_(India)"},{"link_name":"class=notpageimage|","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:South_Asia_non_political,_with_rivers.jpg"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"Tughlaqs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tughlaq_dynasty"},{"link_name":"the rebellion by the Amirs of the Deccan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rebellion_of_Ismail_Mukh"},{"link_name":"amirs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amir"},{"link_name":"Gujarat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gujarat"},{"link_name":"Bilgrami","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bilgram"},{"link_name":"Jauhar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jauhar"},{"link_name":"Berar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vidarbha"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mahajan,_V.D._1991-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bhattacharya._p._928-33"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"Gulbarga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulbarga"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mahajan,_V.D._1991-32"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sen2-37"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Chand_Minar.JPG"},{"link_name":"Daulatabad fort","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daulatabad_fort"},{"link_name":"Chishti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chishti"},{"link_name":"Sufi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sufism"},{"link_name":"Shaikhs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaikhs_in_South_Asia"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"Muhammad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad"},{"link_name":"Dar ul-Islam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divisions_of_the_world_in_Islam#Dar_al-Islam"},{"link_name":"Dar ul-Harb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divisions_of_the_world_in_Islam#Dar_al-harb"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"Turkish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkic_peoples"},{"link_name":"Shi'ites","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shi%27a"},{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Khalidi_1990_5-4"}],"sub_title":"Rise","text":"South Asia1400 CEDELHISULTANATE(TUGHLAQS)TIMURIDEMPIRESHAH MIRSULTANATEPHAGMODRUPASSAMMASMARYULGUGEKUMAONKANGRAKALMATGUJARATGOVERNORATEBAHMANISULTANATEKHANDESHSULTANATETOMARASTWIPRAEASTERNGANGASKAMATASSUGAUNASMALLANAGVANSISAHOMCHUTIABENGALSULTANATEVIJAYANAGARAEMPIREREDDIMALWASULTANATEJAISALMERMEWARMARWARKARAULIAMBERSIROHIAMARKOTVAGADMEWATJAUNPURSULTANATEGONDWANAclass=notpageimage| The Bahmani Sultanate and main South Asian polities in 1400 CE[31]Before the establishment of his kingdom, Hasan Gangu (Zafar Khan) was Governor of Deccan and a commander on behalf of the Tughlaqs. On 3 August 1347, during the rebellion by the Amirs of the Deccan, Ismail Mukh, the leader of the rebellion (whom the rebel amirs of the Deccan placed on the throne of Daulatabad in 1345), abdicated in favor of Zafar Khan, resulting in the establishment of the Bahmani Kingdom. The Sultan of Delhi had besieged the rebels at the citadel of Daulatabad. As another rebellion had begun in Gujarat, the Sultan left and installed Shaikh Burhan-ud-din Bilgrami and Malik Jauhar and other nobles in charge of the siege. Meanwhile, as these nobles were unable to stop the Deccani amirs from pursuing the imperial army, Hasan Gangu, a native of Delhi, then being pursued by Governor of Berar Imad-ul-Mulk, the leader to whom the Deccani Amirs had re-assembled against, attacked and slew the latter and marched on towards Daulatabad. Here Hasan Gangu and the Deccani amirs put to flight the imperial forces which had been left to besiege. The rebels at Daulatabad had the sense to see Hasan Gangu as the man of the hour, and the proposal to crown Hasan Gangu, entitled Zafar Khan, was accepted without a dissentient voice on 3 August 1347.[32][33][34][35][36] His revolt was successful, and he established an independent state on the Deccan within the Delhi Sultanate's southern provinces with its headquarters at Hasanabad (Gulbarga), where all his coins were minted.[32][37]Chand Minar at Daulatabad fort complexWith the support of the influential Indian Chishti Sufi Shaikhs, he was crowned \"Alauddin Bahman Shah Sultan – Founder of the Bahmani Dynasty\".[38] They bestowed upon him a robe allegedly worn by the prophet Muhammad. The extension of the Sufi's notion of spiritual sovereignty lent legitimacy to the planting of the Sultanate's political authority, where the land, people, and produce of the Deccan were merited state protection, no longer available for plunder with impunity. These Sufis legitimized the transplantation of Indo-Muslim rulership from one region in South Asia to another, converting the land of the Bahmanids into being recognized as Dar ul-Islam, while it was previously considered Dar ul-Harb.[39]Turkish or Indo-Turkish troops, explorers, saints, and scholars moved from Delhi and North India to the Deccan with the establishment of the Bahmanid sultanate. How many of these were Shi'ites is unclear. Nonetheless, there is enough evidence to demonstrate that a number of nobility at the Bahmani court identified as Shi'ites or had significant Shi'ite inclinations.[a][4]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mohammed Shah I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohammed_Shah_I"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrasad1933417-42"},{"link_name":"Ferishta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferishta"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"Warangal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kakatiya_dynasty"},{"link_name":"First Bahmani–Vijayanagar War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Bahmani%E2%80%93Vijayanagar_War"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"Marathwada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marathwada"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEaton_2005126-47"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESherwani1946129-50"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESherwani194693-52"},{"link_name":"Firuz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taj_ud-Din_Firuz_Shah"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESherwani1946132-53"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Fort_Garden_bidar.jpg"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrasad1933423-54"},{"link_name":"in 1398","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahmani%E2%80%93Vijayanagar_War_(1398)"},{"link_name":"in 1406","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_of_the_Goldsmith%27s_Daughter"},{"link_name":"Deva Raya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deva_Raya"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"},{"link_name":"Gesudaraz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bande_Nawaz"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"},{"link_name":"Dakhni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deccani_language"},{"link_name":"Urdu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urdu"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"},{"link_name":"lingua franca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_franca"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-58"}],"sub_title":"Succeeding rulers (1358–1422)","text":"Alauddin was succeeded by his son Mohammed Shah I.[41] His conflicts with the Vijayanagar empire were singularly savage wars, as according to the historian Ferishta, \"the population of the Carnatic was so reduced that it did not recover for several ages.\"[42] The Bahmanids' aggressive confrontation with the two main Hindu kingdoms of the southern Deccan, Warangal and Vijayanagara in the First Bahmani–Vijayanagar War, made them renowned among Muslims as warriors of the faith.[43]The Vijayanagara empire and the Bahmanids fought over the control of the Godavari-basin, Tungabadhra Doab, and the Marathwada country, although they seldom required a pretext for declaring war,[44] as military conflicts were almost a regular feature and lasted as long as these kingdoms continued.[45] Military slavery involved captured slaves from Vijayanagara whom were then converted to Islam and integrated into the host society, so they could begin military careers within the Bahmanid empire.[46][47]Ghiyasuddin succeeded his father Muhammad II at the age of seventeen in April 1397, but was blinded and imprisoned by a Turkic slave called Taghalchin,[48][49] who had held a grudge on the Sultan for the latter's refusal to appoint him as a governor. He had lured the Sultan into putting himself in the former's power, using the beauty of his daughter, who was accomplished in music and arts, and had introduced her to the Sultan at a feast.[50][51] He was succeeded by Shamsuddin, who was a puppet king under Taghalchin. Firuz and Ahmed, the sons of the fourth sultan Daud, marched to Gulbarga to avenge Ghiyasuddin. Firuz declared himself the sultan, and defeated Taghalchin's forces. Taghalchin was killed and Shamsuddin was blinded.[52]Garden of Fort BidarTaj ud-Din Firuz Shah became the sultan in November 1397.[53] Firuz Shah fought against the Vijayanagara Empire on many occasions and the rivalry between the two dynasties continued unabated throughout his reign, with victories in 1398 and in 1406, but a defeat in 1419. One of his victories resulted in his marriage to the daughter of Deva Raya, the Vijayanagara Emperor.Firuz Shah expanded the nobility by enabling Hindus and granting them high office.[54] In his reign, Sufis such as Gesudaraz, a Chishti saint who had immigrated from Dehli to Daulatabad, were prominent in court and daily life.[55] He was the first author to write in the Dakhni dialect of Urdu.[56] The Dakhni language became widespread, practised by various milieus from the court to the Sufis. It was established as a lingua franca of the Muslims of the Deccan, as not only the aspect of a dominant urban elite, but an expression of the regional religious identity.[57]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ahmad Shah I Wali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmad_Shah_I_Wali"},{"link_name":"Bidar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bidar"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYazdani,_194723-59"},{"link_name":"Shi'ism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shi%27ism"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Khalidi_1990_5-4"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-60"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bahmanis_of_the_Deccan._Ala_al-Din_Ahmad_Shah_II._1435-1457.jpg"},{"link_name":"Alauddin Ahmad II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alau%27d-din_Ahmad_Shah"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-61"},{"link_name":"Chand Minar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chand_Minar"},{"link_name":"minaret","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minaret"},{"link_name":"Daulatabad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daulatabad_Fort"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEaton_197842-62"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-63"},{"link_name":"Konkan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konkan"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-64"},{"link_name":"Sayyids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sayyid"},{"link_name":"Abyssinian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethiopian"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-65"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-66"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-67"},{"link_name":"Safavid Persia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safavid_Persia"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-68"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Complete_view_of_Mahumad_Gawan.JPG"},{"link_name":"Mahmud Gawan Madrasa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahmud_Gawan_Madrasa"},{"link_name":"Mahmud Gawan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahmud_Gawan"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYazdani,_194791%E2%80%9398-69"},{"link_name":"Nizam-Ud-Din Ahmad III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nizam-Ud-Din_Ahmad_III"},{"link_name":"Muhammad Shah III Lashkari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_Shah_III_Lashkari"},{"link_name":"Mahmud Gawan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahmud_Gawan"},{"link_name":"Mahmud Gawan Madrasa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahmud_Gawan_Madrasa"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYazdani,_194791%E2%80%9398-69"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8-17-2"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYazdani,_194710-70"},{"link_name":"Afaqis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khoja_(Turkestan)"},{"link_name":"Dakhanis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deccanis"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-71"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-72"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-73"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-74"},{"link_name":"Eaton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_M._Eaton"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-75"},{"link_name":"[75]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-76"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYazdani,_194710-70"},{"link_name":"Nizam Shahi dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malik_Ahmad_Nizam_Shah_I"},{"link_name":"[76]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-77"},{"link_name":"Iranian Georgians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iranian_Georgians"},{"link_name":"Turkmens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkoman_(ethnonym)"},{"link_name":"[77]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-78"},{"link_name":"[78]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-79"}],"sub_title":"Later rulers (1422–1482)","text":"Firuz Shah was succeeded by his younger brother Ahmad Shah I Wali. Following the establishment of Bidar as capital of the Sultanate in 1429,[58] Ahmad Shah I converted to Shi'ism.[4] Ahmad Shah's reign was marked by relentless military campaigns and expansionism. He imposed destruction and slaughter on Vijayanagara and finally captured the remnants of Warangal.[59]Coinage of Ala al-Din Ahmad Shah II (r. 1435–1458)Alauddin Ahmad II succeeded his father to the throne in 1436.[60] He ordered the construction of the Chand Minar, a minaret in Daulatabad. For the first half-century after the establishment of the Bahmanids, the original North Indian colonists and their sons had administered the empire quite independent of either the non-Muslim Hindus, or the Muslim foreign immigrants.However, the later Bahmani Sultans, mainly starting from his father Ahmad Shah Wali I, began to recruit foreigners from overseas, whether because of depletion among the ranks of the original settlers, or the feelings of dependency upon the Persian courtly model, or both.[61] This resulted in factional strife that first became acute in the reign of his son Alauddin Ahmad Shah II.[62] In 1446, the powerful Dakhani nobles persuaded the Sultan that the Persians were responsible for the failure of the earlier invasion of the Konkan.[63]The Sultan, drunk, condoned a large-scale massacre of Persian Shi'a Sayyids by the Sunni Dakhani nobles and their Sunni Abyssinian slaves.[64] A few survivors escaped the massacre dressed in women's clothing and convinced the Sultan of their innocence.[65] Ashamed of his own folly, the Sultan punished the Dakhani leaders who were responsible for the massacre, putting them to death or throwing them in prison, and reduced their families to beggary.[66] The accounts of the violent events likely included exaggerations as it came from the pen of the chroniclers who were themselves mainly foreigners and products of Safavid Persia.[67]Mahmud Gawan Madrasa, built by Mahmud Gawan to be the centre of religious as well as secular education[68]The eldest sons of Humayun Shah, Nizam-Ud-Din Ahmad III and Muhammad Shah III Lashkari ascended the throne successively, while they were young boys. The vizier Mahmud Gawan ruled as regent during this period, until Muhammad Shah reached age. Mahmud Gawan is known for setting up the Mahmud Gawan Madrasa, a center of religious as well as secular education,[68] as well as achieving the Sultanate's greatest extent during the his rule.[2] He also increased the administrative divisions of the Sultanate from four to eight to ease the administrative burden from previous expansion of the state. Gawan was considered a great statesman, and a poet of repute.[69]Mahmud Gawan was caught in a struggle between a rivalry between two groups of nobles, the Dakhanis and the Afaqis. The Dakhanis made the indigenous Muslim elite of the Bahmanid dynasty, being descendants of Sunni immigrants from Northern India, while the Afaqis were foreign newcomers from the West such as Gawan, who were mostly Shi'is.[70][71] The Dakhanis believed that the privileges, patronage and positions of power in the Sultanate should have been reserved solely for them.[72]The divisions included sectarian religious divisions where the Afaqis were looked upon as heretics by the Sunnis as the former were Shi'as.[73] Eaton cites a linguistic divide where the Dakhanis spoke Dakhni while the Afaqis favored the Persian language.[74] Although Mahmud Gawan was a foreigner, he attempted to reconcile the factions and strengthen the Sultanate by allotting offices to the Dakhanis.Nonetheless, Mahmud Gawan found it difficult to win their confidence; the party strife could not be stopped and his opponents eventually managed to poison the ears of the Sultan.[75] Mahmud Gawan was executed by Muhammad Shah III, an act that the latter regretted until he died in 1482.[69] Upon his death, Nizam-ul-Mulk Bahri, the father of the founder of the Nizam Shahi dynasty became the regent of the king.[76] Nizam-ul-Mulk, as leader of the Dakhani party, led a cold-blooded massacre of Iranian Georgians and Turkmens in the capital of Bidar.[77][78]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mahmood Shah Bahmani II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahmood_Shah_Bahmani_II"},{"link_name":"[79]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYazdani,_194710%E2%80%9311-80"},{"link_name":"Jihad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jihad"},{"link_name":"[80]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-81"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sultan_Husain_Nizam_Shah_I_on_Horseback,_Ahmadnagar_ca._1555,_Cincinnati_Art_Museum.jpg"},{"link_name":"Husain Nizam Shah I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malik_Ahmad_Nizam_Shah_I"},{"link_name":"Nizam Shahi Sultanate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmadnagar_Sultanate"},{"link_name":"Barid Shahi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barid_Shahi_dynasty"},{"link_name":"de facto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_facto"},{"link_name":"Nizamshahi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nizamshahi"},{"link_name":"Ahmednagar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmednagar"},{"link_name":"Qutb Shahi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qutb_Shahi"},{"link_name":"Golconda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golconda"},{"link_name":"Hyderabad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyderabad"},{"link_name":"Barid Shahi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barid_Shahi_dynasty"},{"link_name":"Bidar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bidar"},{"link_name":"Imad Shahi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imad_Shahi_dynasty"},{"link_name":"Adil Shahi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adil_Shahi"},{"link_name":"Bijapur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bijapur"},{"link_name":"Deccan Sultanates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deccan_Sultanates"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaig,_1925425%E2%80%93426-9"}],"sub_title":"Decline","text":"Muhammad Shah III Lashkari was succeeded by his son Mahmood Shah Bahmani II, the last Bahmani ruler to have real power.[79] In 1501, Mahmood Shah Bahmani united his amirs and wazirs in an agreement to wage annual Jihad against Vijayanagara. The expeditions were financially ruinous.[80]Sultan Husain Nizam Shah I on Horseback, founder of the Nizam Shahi SultanateThe last Bahmani Sultans were puppet monarchs under their Barid Shahi Prime Ministers, who were de facto rulers. After 1518 the Sultanate broke up into five states: Nizamshahi of Ahmednagar, Qutb Shahi of Golconda (Hyderabad), Barid Shahi of Bidar, Imad Shahi of Berar, and Adil Shahi of Bijapur. They are collectively known as the Deccan Sultanates.[9]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Haroon Khan Sherwani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haroon_Khan_Sherwani"},{"link_name":"Richard M. Eaton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_M._Eaton"},{"link_name":"Firishta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firishta"},{"link_name":"[81]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEaton_20052-82"},{"link_name":"[82]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESherwani194610%E2%80%9312-83"},{"link_name":"Kannada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kannada"},{"link_name":"Veerashaiva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veerashaiva"},{"link_name":"Guru Charitra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shri_Guru_Charitra"},{"link_name":"Afanasy Nikitin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afanasy_Nikitin"},{"link_name":"[83]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-84"}],"text":"Modern scholars like Haroon Khan Sherwani and Richard M. Eaton have based their accounts of the Bahmani dynasty mainly upon the medieval chronicles of Firishta and Syed Ali Tabatabai.[81][82] Other contemporary works were the Sivatattva Chintamani, a Kannada language encyclopedia on the beliefs and rites of the Veerashaiva faith, and Guru Charitra. Afanasy Nikitin, a Russian merchant and traveler, traveled through the Bahmani Sultanate in his journeys. He contrasts the huge \"wealth of the nobility with the wretchedness of the peasantry and the frugality of the Hindus\".[83]","title":"Historiography"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Farman_Of_Feroz_Shah_Bahmani_-_14_-05_-1406_A.D.jpg"},{"link_name":"Firman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firman"},{"link_name":"[84]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-85"},{"link_name":"[85]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEN.H1988-86"},{"link_name":"Nowruz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nowruz"},{"link_name":"[85]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEN.H1988-86"},{"link_name":"Mohammed Shah I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohammed_Shah_I"},{"link_name":"[86]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-87"},{"link_name":"Khafi Khan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khafi_Khan"},{"link_name":"Ferishta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferishta"},{"link_name":"Lahore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lahore"},{"link_name":"Delhi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delhi"},{"link_name":"Khorasan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greater_Khorasan"},{"link_name":"[87]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-88"},{"link_name":"Persian language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_language"},{"link_name":"culture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culture_of_Iran"},{"link_name":"literature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_literature"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ansari-7"},{"link_name":"Alauddin Bahman Shah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alauddin_Bahman_Shah"},{"link_name":"Carnatic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carnatic_region"},{"link_name":"[88]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaig,_1925391,_397%E2%80%93398-89"},{"link_name":"[89]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-90"}],"text":"Taj ud-Din Firuz Shah of the Bahmani Sultanate's FirmanThe Bahmani dynasty patronized Indo-Muslim and Persian culture from Northern India and the Middle East.[84] However, the society of the Bahmnanis was dominated prominently by Iranians, Afghans, and Turks.[85] They also had considerable and social influence such as with the celebration of Nowruz by Bahmani rulers.[85] This also comes as Mohammed Shah I ascended the throne on Nowruz.[86] According to Khafi Khan and Ferishta, musicians flocked to the court from Lahore, Delhi, Persia and Khorasan.[87]The Bahmani Sultans were patrons of the Persian language, culture and literature, and some members of the dynasty became well-versed in the language and composed its literature in the language.[7]The first sultan, Alauddin Bahman Shah, is noted to have captured 1,000 singing and dancing girls from Hindu temples after he battled the northern Carnatic chieftains. The later Bahmanis also enslaved civilian women and children in wars; many of them were converted to Islam in captivity.[88][89]","title":"Culture"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"handicraft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Handicraft"},{"link_name":"Bidar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bidar"},{"link_name":"Karnataka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karnataka"},{"link_name":"[90]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TOI-91"},{"link_name":"[91]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-art-92"},{"link_name":"[90]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TOI-91"},{"link_name":"white brass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_brass"},{"link_name":"[91]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-art-92"},{"link_name":"geographical Indications","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geographical_Indications"},{"link_name":"[92]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bidri-93"}],"sub_title":"Bidriware","text":"Bidriware is a metal handicraft from the city of Bidar in Karnataka. It was developed in the 14th century during the rule of the Bahmani Sultans.[90] The term \"bidriware\" originates from the township of Bidar, which is still the chief center of production.[91] The craftspersons of Bidar were so famed for their inlay work on copper and silver that it came to be known as Bidri.[90] The metal used is white brass that is blackened and inlaid with silver.[91] As a native art form, Bidriware obtained a geographical Indications (GI) registry on 3 January 2006.[92]","title":"Culture"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gateway_to_Bidar_fort.jpg"},{"link_name":"Bidar Fort","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bidar_Fort"},{"link_name":"[93]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rangan-94"},{"link_name":"Gulbarga Fort","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulbarga_Fort"},{"link_name":"Haft Gumbaz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haft_Gumbaz"},{"link_name":"Jama Masjid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jama_Mosque_Gulbarga"},{"link_name":"Bidar Fort","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bidar_Fort"},{"link_name":"Madrasa Mahmud Gawan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahmud_Gawan_Madrasa"},{"link_name":"Chand Minar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chand_Minar"},{"link_name":"Daulatabad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daulatabad_Fort"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYazdani,_194791%E2%80%9398-69"},{"link_name":"necropolis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Necropolis"},{"link_name":"Bahmani Tombs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahmani_Tombs"},{"link_name":"[94]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYazdani,_1947114%E2%80%93142-95"},{"link_name":"[95]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-96"},{"link_name":"madrasas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madrasa"},{"link_name":"Daulatabad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daulatabad_Fort"},{"link_name":"Golconda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golconda"},{"link_name":"Raichur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raichur"},{"link_name":"Persian architecture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_architecture"},{"link_name":"Indo-Islamic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indo-Islamic_architecture"},{"link_name":"Deccan Sultanates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deccan_Sultanates"},{"link_name":"[96]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYazdani,_194724-97"},{"link_name":"[93]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rangan-94"}],"sub_title":"Architecture","text":"Gateway to Bidar FortThe Bahmani Sultans patronized many architectural works, although many have since been destroyed.[93] The Gulbarga Fort, Haft Gumbaz, and Jama Masjid in Gulbarga, the Bidar Fort and Madrasa Mahmud Gawan in Bidar, and the Chand Minar in Daulatabad are some of their major architectural contributions.[68]The later Sultans were buried in a necropolis known as the Bahmani Tombs. The exterior of one of the tombs is decorated with coloured tiles. Arabic, Persian and Urdu inscriptions are inscribed inside the tombs.[94][95]The Bahmani Sultans built many mosques, tombs, and madrasas in Bidar and Gulbarga, the two capitals. They also built many forts in Daulatabad, Golconda and Raichur. The architecture was highly influenced by Persian architecture, as they invited architects from Persia, Turkey and Arabia. The Persianate Indo-Islamic style of architecture developed during this period was later adopted by the Deccan Sultanates as well.[96][93]","title":"Culture"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"throne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Throne"},{"link_name":"Firishta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firishta"},{"link_name":"Mohammed Shah I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohammed_Shah_I"},{"link_name":"Musunuri Kapaya Nayaka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musunuri_Nayaks"},{"link_name":"Telangana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telangana"},{"link_name":"[97]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESherwani194677%E2%80%9378-98"},{"link_name":"[b]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-100"},{"link_name":"Ala-ud-Din Bahman Shah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ala-ud-Din_Bahman_Shah"}],"sub_title":"Turquoise Throne","text":"The Turquoise Throne was a jeweled royal throne mentioned by Firishta. It was the seat of the sultans of the Bahmani Sultanate since Mohammed Shah I (r. 1358–1375). It was a gift of Musunuri Kapaya Nayaka, then king of the Telangana region.[97] It was mentioned by Firishta that on 23 March 1363,[b] this throne replaced an earlier silver throne that the first Bahmani sultan Ala-ud-Din Bahman Shah used.","title":"Culture"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"History of the firearm § South Asia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_firearm#South_Asia"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Paranda_Fort_Artillery.jpg"},{"link_name":"gunpowder artillery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gunpowder_artillery"},{"link_name":"firearms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firearms"},{"link_name":"Indian Subcontinent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Subcontinent"},{"link_name":"Yuan Dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuan_Dynasty"},{"link_name":"Mamluk Sultanate of Egypt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mamluk_Sultanate_of_Egypt"},{"link_name":"Mohammed Shah I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohammed_Shah_I"},{"link_name":"Vijayanagara Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vijayanagara_Empire"},{"link_name":"Harihara II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harihara_II"},{"link_name":"[99]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Singh2006-101"},{"link_name":"[100]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-102"},{"link_name":"[101]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKhan1981155-103"},{"link_name":"Ferishta's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferishta"},{"link_name":"Delhi Sultanate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delhi_Sultanate"},{"link_name":"[102]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKhan1981157-104"},{"link_name":"pyrotechnic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyrotechnics"},{"link_name":"[103]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Roy_Modern_Asia-105"},{"link_name":"[104]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKhan1981164-106"}],"text":"See also: History of the firearm § South AsiaCannons and Mortar at Paranda fortThe Bahmani Sultanate was likely the first state to invent and utilize gunpowder artillery and firearms within the Indian Subcontinent. Their firearms were the most advanced of their time, surpassing even those of the Yuan Dynasty and the Mamluk Sultanate of Egypt. The first recorded use of firearms in South Asia was at the Battle of Adoni in 1368, where the Bahmani Sultanate led by Mohammed Shah I used a train of artillery against the Vijayanagara Empire who was led by Emperor Harihara II.[99]\n[100] Following the initial use of gunpowder weapons in 1368, they became the backbone of the Bahmani army.[101]The scholar Iqtidar Alam Khan claims, however, that based on a differing translation of a passage of medieval historian Ferishta's text Tarikh-i Firishta, in which he describes early use of gunpowder weapons in the Indian Subcontinet, it can be inferred that both the Delhi Sultanate and non-Muslim Indian states had the gunpowder weapons that the Bahmani Sultanate began to use in 1368, and that the Bahmanis had acquired the weapons from the Delhi Sultanate.[102] Contemporary evidence shows the presence of gunpowder for pyrotechnic uses in the Delhi Sultanate,[103] and Alam Khan states that their usage in the Battle of Adoni in 1368 was rather the first military usage of gunpowder-derived objects in the Subcontinent.[104]","title":"Gunpowder weapons"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"List of Bahmani rulers"}]
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[{"image_text":"Chand Minar at Daulatabad fort complex","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Chand_Minar.JPG/200px-Chand_Minar.JPG"},{"image_text":"Garden of Fort Bidar","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Fort_Garden_bidar.jpg/300px-Fort_Garden_bidar.jpg"},{"image_text":"Coinage of Ala al-Din Ahmad Shah II (r. 1435–1458)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Bahmanis_of_the_Deccan._Ala_al-Din_Ahmad_Shah_II._1435-1457.jpg/250px-Bahmanis_of_the_Deccan._Ala_al-Din_Ahmad_Shah_II._1435-1457.jpg"},{"image_text":"Mahmud Gawan Madrasa, built by Mahmud Gawan to be the centre of religious as well as secular education[68]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Complete_view_of_Mahumad_Gawan.JPG/220px-Complete_view_of_Mahumad_Gawan.JPG"},{"image_text":"Sultan Husain Nizam Shah I on Horseback, founder of the Nizam Shahi Sultanate","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Sultan_Husain_Nizam_Shah_I_on_Horseback%2C_Ahmadnagar_ca._1555%2C_Cincinnati_Art_Museum.jpg/220px-Sultan_Husain_Nizam_Shah_I_on_Horseback%2C_Ahmadnagar_ca._1555%2C_Cincinnati_Art_Museum.jpg"},{"image_text":"Taj ud-Din Firuz Shah of the Bahmani Sultanate's Firman","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Farman_Of_Feroz_Shah_Bahmani_-_14_-05_-1406_A.D.jpg/120px-Farman_Of_Feroz_Shah_Bahmani_-_14_-05_-1406_A.D.jpg"},{"image_text":"Gateway to Bidar Fort","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Gateway_to_Bidar_fort.jpg/220px-Gateway_to_Bidar_fort.jpg"},{"image_text":"Cannons and Mortar at Paranda fort","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Paranda_Fort_Artillery.jpg/200px-Paranda_Fort_Artillery.jpg"}]
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[{"title":"Battle of Talikota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Talikota"},{"title":"Battle of Raichur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Raichur"}]
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[{"reference":"\"Schwartzberg Atlas — Digital South Asia Library\". dsal.uchicago.edu. Retrieved 12 September 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/schwartzberg/pager.html?object=185","url_text":"\"Schwartzberg Atlas — Digital South Asia Library\""}]},{"reference":"Mirza, Umair (2014). History of Medieval India 800–1700 A.D. pp. 146–148.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/history-of-medieval-india-800-1700_202303/page/147","url_text":"History of Medieval India 800–1700 A.D"}]},{"reference":"Khalidi, Umar (1990). \"The Shiʿites of the Deccan: An Introduction\". Rivista degli studi orientali. 64, Fasc. 1/2, SGUARDI SULLA CULTURA A SCIITA NEL DECCAN GLANCES ON SHI'ITE DECCAN CULTURE: 5.","urls":[]},{"reference":"John Morris Roberts, Odd Arne Westad (2013). The History of the World. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780199936762.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=A2cfZkU5aQgC&dq=were%20bahmanis%20shia&pg=PA435","url_text":"The History of the World"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780199936762","url_text":"9780199936762"}]},{"reference":"Ansari, N.H. \"Bahmanid Dynasty\". Encyclopaedia Iranica.","urls":[{"url":"https://iranicaonline.org/articles/bahmanid-dynasty-a-dynasty-founded-in-748-1347-in-the-deccan-sanskrit-daksia-lit","url_text":"\"Bahmanid Dynasty\""}]},{"reference":"George C. Kohn (2006). Dictionary of Wars. Infobase Publishing. ISBN 9781438129167.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=OIzreCGlHxIC&q=bahmani+vijayanagar+war&pg=PT597","url_text":"Dictionary of Wars"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781438129167","url_text":"9781438129167"}]},{"reference":"History of The Deccan. Mittal Publications. 1990. p. 15.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=PNtjIJmhoIkC&dq=absurd+hasan+gangu&pg=PA16","url_text":"History of The Deccan"}]},{"reference":"Jenkins, Everett (2015). The Muslim Diaspora (Volume 1, 570–1500): A Comprehensive Chronology of the Spread of Islam in Asia, Africa, Europe and the Americas, Volume 1. McFarland. p. 257. ISBN 9781476608884. Zafar Khan alias Alauddin Hasan Gangu ('Ala al-Din Hasan Bahman Shah), an Afghan or a Turk soldier, revolted against Delhi and established the Muslim Kingdom of Bahmani on August 3 in the South (Madura) and ruled as Sultan Alauddin Bahman Shah.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781476608884","url_text":"9781476608884"}]},{"reference":"Kulke, Hermann; Rothermund, Dietmar (2004). A History of India. Psychology Press. p. 181. ISBN 9780415329200. The Bahmani sultanate of the Deccan Soon after Muhammad Tughluq left Daulatabad, the city was conquered by Zafar Khan, a Turkish or Afghan officer of unknown descent, had earlier participated in a mutiny of troops in Gujarat.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780415329200","url_text":"9780415329200"}]},{"reference":"Wink, André (2020). The Making of the Indo-Islamic World C.700–1800 CE. Cambridge University Press. p. 87. ISBN 9781108417747. Finally, and more importantly, the independent Bahmani dynasty of the Deccan was founded in 1348 by Zafar Khan, probably an Afghan who broke away from Delhi with the support of Afghan and Mongol \"New Muslims\"","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781108417747","url_text":"9781108417747"}]},{"reference":"Kerr, Gordon (2017). A Short History of India: From the Earliest Civilisations to Today's Economic Powerhouse. Oldcastle Books Ltd. p. 160. ISBN 9781843449232. In the early fourteenth century, the Muslim Bahmani kingdom of the Deccan emerged following Alauddin's conquest of the south. Zafar Khan, an Afghan general and governor appointed by Sultan Muhammad bin Tughluq, was victorious against the troops of the Delhi Sultanate, establishing the Bahmani kingdom with its capital at Ahsanabad (modern-day Gulbarga).","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781843449232","url_text":"9781843449232"}]},{"reference":"\"ḤASAN GĀNGU\". Encyclopædia Iranica.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/hasan-gangu","url_text":"\"ḤASAN GĀNGU\""}]},{"reference":"Wink, Andre (1991). Indo-Islamic society: 14th – 15th centuries. BRILL. p. 144. ISBN 9781843449232.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781843449232","url_text":"9781843449232"}]},{"reference":"Cathal J. Nolan (2006). The Age of Wars of Religion, 1000–1650: An Encyclopedia of Global ..., Volym 1. Greenwood Press. p. 437. ISBN 978-0-313-33733-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=vdQWAQAAIAAJ","url_text":"The Age of Wars of Religion, 1000–1650: An Encyclopedia of Global ..., Volym 1"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=vdQWAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA437","url_text":"437"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-33733-8","url_text":"978-0-313-33733-8"}]},{"reference":"Chopdar (1951). The History and Culture of the Indian People: The Delhi sultanate. p. 248.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=03lDAAAAYAAJ&q=hasan+gangu+inhabitant+of+delhi+native+of+delhi","url_text":"The History and Culture of the Indian People: The Delhi sultanate"}]},{"reference":"Chopdar (27 February 1967). History and Culture of the Indian People, Volume 06,The Delhi Sultanate. Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan. p. 248.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/delhisultanate00bhar/page/248/mode/2up?q=gangu","url_text":"History and Culture of the Indian People, Volume 06,The Delhi Sultanate"}]},{"reference":"Jayanta Gaḍakarī (2000). Hindu Muslim Communalism. p. 140.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=NRluAAAAMAAJ&q=hasan+gangu+brahmin+convert","url_text":"Hindu Muslim Communalism"}]},{"reference":"McCann, Michael W. (15 July 1994). Rights at Work: Pay Equity Reform and the Politics of Legal Mobilization. University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-55571-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=WtoAayu603kC&dq=his+name+derives+from+corruption+of+word+Brahman&pg=RA1-PA253","url_text":"Rights at Work: Pay Equity Reform and the Politics of Legal Mobilization"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-55571-3","url_text":"978-0-226-55571-3"}]},{"reference":"Suvorova (2000). Masnavi: A Study of Urdu. Oxford University Press. p. 3. ISBN 978-0-19-579148-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=rRxkAAAAMAAJ&q=hasan+gangu+hindu+convert","url_text":"Masnavi: A Study of Urdu"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_University_Press","url_text":"Oxford University Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-579148-8","url_text":"978-0-19-579148-8"}]},{"reference":"Husaini (Saiyid.), Abdul Qadir (1960). Bahman Shāh, the Founder of the Bahmani Kingdom. Firma K.L. Mukhopadhyay. pp. 60–63.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=zJgrnbdaefEC","url_text":"Bahman Shāh, the Founder of the Bahmani Kingdom"}]},{"reference":"Gribble (1896). A History of the Deccan: Volume 1. Luzac and Company. p. 16.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=9PYRAAAAYAAJ&dq=for+the+first+thirty+years+of+his+life+labourer&pg=PA15","url_text":"A History of the Deccan: Volume 1"}]},{"reference":"A. Rā Kulakarṇī; M. A. Nayeem; Teotonio R. De Souza (1996). Mediaeval Deccan History: Commemoration Volume in Honour of Purshottam Mahadeo Joshi. Popular Prakashan. p. 34. ISBN 9788171545797.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=O_WNqSH4ByQC","url_text":"Mediaeval Deccan History: Commemoration Volume in Honour of Purshottam Mahadeo Joshi"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788171545797","url_text":"9788171545797"}]},{"reference":"Schwartzberg, Joseph E. (1978). A Historical atlas of South Asia. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. pp. 39, 147. ISBN 0226742210.","urls":[{"url":"https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/schwartzberg/pager.html?object=076","url_text":"A Historical atlas of South Asia"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0226742210","url_text":"0226742210"}]},{"reference":"Thomas Wolseley Haig (1919). Historic landmarks of the Deccan. Pioneer Press.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/historiclandmark00haigrich/page/30/mode/2up?q=bilgrami","url_text":"Historic landmarks of the Deccan"}]},{"reference":"Ahmed Farooqui, Salma (2011). Comprehensive History of Medieval India: From Twelfth to the Mid-Eighteenth Century. Pearson. p. 150. ISBN 9789332500983.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789332500983","url_text":"9789332500983"}]},{"reference":"Ibrahim Khan (1960). Anecdotes from Islam. M. Ashraf.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=jaQGAQAAIAAJ&q=native+of+delhi","url_text":"Anecdotes from Islam"}]},{"reference":"Sen, Sailendra (2013). A Textbook of Medieval Indian History. Primus Books. pp. 106–108, 117. ISBN 978-9-38060-734-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9-38060-734-4","url_text":"978-9-38060-734-4"}]},{"reference":"Burjor Avari (2013). Islamic Civilization in South Asia: A History of Muslim Power and Presence in the Indian Subcontinent. Routledge. p. 88. ISBN 9780415580618.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=hGHpVtQ8eKoC&q=chishti%20sufi%20sheikhs&pg=PA88","url_text":"Islamic Civilization in South Asia: A History of Muslim Power and Presence in the Indian Subcontinent"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780415580618","url_text":"9780415580618"}]},{"reference":"Richard M. Eaton (2019). India in the Persianate Age: 1000–1765. Penguin Books Limited. ISBN 9780141966557.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=aIF6DwAAQBAJ&dq=muslim+rebel+daulatabad&pg=PP59","url_text":"India in the Persianate Age: 1000–1765"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780141966557","url_text":"9780141966557"}]},{"reference":"Dale, Stephen F. (2009). The Muslim Empires of the Ottomans, Safavids, and Mughals. Cambridge University Press. p. 31. ...may have contributed to the decision by a group of Shi'i Muslims from the Deccan, the Bahmani, to proclaim the new Muslim Sultanate there.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Abraham Elahy (2015). the Age of Wrath:A History of the Delhi Sultanate. Penguin Books Limited.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Blair, Sheila S.; Bloom, Jonathan M. (25 September 1996). The Art and Architecture of Islam 1250–1800. Yale University Press. p. 159. ISBN 0300064659.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=-mhIgewDtNkC&dq=warangal+bahmanids&pg=PA156","url_text":"The Art and Architecture of Islam 1250–1800"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0300064659","url_text":"0300064659"}]},{"reference":"E. J. Brill (1993). E.J. Brill's First Encyclopaedia of Islam. Brill. p. 1072. ISBN 9789004097940.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=ro--tXw_hxMC&dq=warangal+bahmanids&pg=PA1072","url_text":"E.J. Brill's First Encyclopaedia of Islam"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004097940","url_text":"9789004097940"}]},{"reference":"MEDIEVAL INDIA UPSC PREPARATION BOOKS HISTORY SERIES. Mocktime Publication. 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=vKxiDwAAQBAJ&dq=warangal+bahmanids&pg=PA183","url_text":"MEDIEVAL INDIA UPSC PREPARATION BOOKS HISTORY SERIES"}]},{"reference":"Roy S. Fischel (2020). Local States in an Imperial World. p. 72. 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Fischel (2020). Local States in an Imperial World:Identity, Society and Politics in the Early Modern Deccan. ISBN 9781474436090.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=UHoxEAAAQBAJ&dq=quli+dakhani&pg=PA74","url_text":"Local States in an Imperial World:Identity, Society and Politics in the Early Modern Deccan"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781474436090","url_text":"9781474436090"}]},{"reference":"Bowman, John; Bowman, John Stewart (2000). Columbia Chronologies of Asian History and Culture. Columbia University Press. p. 275. 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Historic Landmarks of the Deccan. Pioneer Press. p. 4.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=VSdWELuOikMC&dq=Ahmad+Shah+I+Wali+foreigners&pg=PA4","url_text":"Historic Landmarks of the Deccan"}]},{"reference":"John Bowman (2000). Columbia Chronologies of Asian History and Culture. Columbia University Press. ISBN 9780231500043.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=cYoHOqC7Yx4C&dq=bahmanis+massacre+persian+shias&pg=PA275","url_text":"Columbia Chronologies of Asian History and Culture"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780231500043","url_text":"9780231500043"}]},{"reference":"Annemarie Schimmel (2022). Islam in the Indian Subcontinent. Brill. ISBN 9789004492998.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=wfVgEAAAQBAJ&dq=massacre+of+shia+sayyids+bahmanid&pg=PA54","url_text":"Islam in the Indian Subcontinent"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004492998","url_text":"9789004492998"}]},{"reference":"Shanti Sadiq Ali (1996). The African Dispersal in the Deccan: From Medieval to Modern Times. Orient Longman. p. 46. ISBN 9788125004851.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=-3CPc22nMqIC&dq=chakan+massacre&pg=PA46","url_text":"The African Dispersal in the Deccan: From Medieval to Modern Times"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788125004851","url_text":"9788125004851"}]},{"reference":"Journal of the Research Society of Pakistan: Volumes 2–3, Issues 1–2. Research Society of Pakistan. 1965. p. 10.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Wkg8AAAAMAAJ&q=chakan+survivor","url_text":"Journal of the Research Society of Pakistan: Volumes 2–3, Issues 1–2"}]},{"reference":"Muhammad Suleman Siddiqi (1990). \"Sufi-State Relationship Under the Bahmanids (A.d. 1348–1538)\". Rivista Degli Studi Orientali. 64 (1/2): 91. JSTOR 41880628. Firishta and Tabatabai, presents a very grim picture of the locals and refer to them as permanent enemies of the Sadat. There is some exaggeration in their account but one must not forget that these accounts of unfortunate affairs are all from the pen of the aliens, who are the products of Safavid Persia.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/41880628","url_text":"\"Sufi-State Relationship Under the Bahmanids (A.d. 1348–1538)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/41880628","url_text":"41880628"}]},{"reference":"Jamal Malik (2020). Islam in South Asia: Revised, Enlarged and Updated Second Edition. Brill. p. 168. ISBN 9789004422711.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=ZAT1DwAAQBAJ&dq=firoz+afaqi&pg=PA168","url_text":"Islam in South Asia: Revised, Enlarged and Updated Second Edition"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004422711","url_text":"9789004422711"}]},{"reference":"Burjor Avari (2013). Islamic Civilization in South Asia: A History of Muslim Power and Presence in the Indian Subcontinent. Routledge. p. 89. ISBN 9780415580618.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=hGHpVtQ8eKoC&q=deccanis%20gawan&pg=PA89","url_text":"Islamic Civilization in South Asia: A History of Muslim Power and Presence in the Indian Subcontinent"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780415580618","url_text":"9780415580618"}]},{"reference":"Indian History. Allied Publishers. 1988. p. 137. ISBN 9788184245684.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=MazdaWXQFuQC&dq=deccanis+looked+upon+empire&pg=RA1-PA137","url_text":"Indian History"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788184245684","url_text":"9788184245684"}]},{"reference":"Wilhelm von Pochhammer (2005). India's Road to Nationhood: A Political History of the Subcontinent. Allied. p. 219. ISBN 9788177647150.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=mHLB4m75pisC&dq=deccanis+looked+upon+empire&pg=PA219","url_text":"India's Road to Nationhood: A Political History of the Subcontinent"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788177647150","url_text":"9788177647150"}]},{"reference":"Sanjay Subrahmanyam (1996). Merchant Networks in the Early Modern World. Variorum. p. 75. ISBN 9780860785071.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=NUKGAAAAIAAJ&q=afaqis++merchants","url_text":"Merchant Networks in the Early Modern World"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780860785071","url_text":"9780860785071"}]},{"reference":"Satish Chandra (2004). Medieval India: From Sultanat to the Mughals-Delhi Sultanat (1206–1526) – Part One. Har-Anand Publications. p. 187. ISBN 9788124110645.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=L5eFzeyjBTQC&dq=mahmud+gawan+deccanis&pg=PA187","url_text":"Medieval India: From Sultanat to the Mughals-Delhi Sultanat (1206–1526) – Part One"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788124110645","url_text":"9788124110645"}]},{"reference":"Radhey Shyam (1966). The Kingdom of Ahmadnagar. Motilal Banarsidass. p. 17. ISBN 9788120826519.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=5C4hBqKdkEsC&dq=nizam+ul+mulk+bahri+regent&pg=PA17","url_text":"The Kingdom of Ahmadnagar"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788120826519","url_text":"9788120826519"}]},{"reference":"Dr. Shivakumar V. Uppe (2022). BRIEF CULTURAL HISTORY OF BASAVAKALYANA. Ashok Yakkaldevi. ISBN 9781387847860.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=wVh-EAAAQBAJ&dq=nizam+mulk+massacre&pg=PA65","url_text":"BRIEF CULTURAL HISTORY OF BASAVAKALYANA"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781387847860","url_text":"9781387847860"}]},{"reference":"Pran Nath Chopra, T. K. Ravindran, N. Subrahmanian (1979). History of South India: Medieval period. S. Chand. p. 75.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Y2FDAAAAYAAJ&q=nizam+mulk+massacre+afaqis","url_text":"History of South India: Medieval period"}]},{"reference":"John Bowman (2000). Columbia Chronologies of Asian History and Culture. Columbia University Press. p. 276.","urls":[]},{"reference":"P. M. Kemp (1958). Bharat-Rus: An Introduction to Indo-Russian Contracts and Travels from Mediaeval Times to the October Revolution. ISCUS. p. 20.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=3EDRAAAAMAAJ","url_text":"Bharat-Rus: An Introduction to Indo-Russian Contracts and Travels from Mediaeval Times to the October Revolution"}]},{"reference":"Victor Lieberman (2003). Strange Parallels: Volume 2, Mainland Mirrors: Europe, Japan, China, South Asia, and the Islands. Cambridge University Press. p. 730. ISBN 9780521823524.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=x3zaRttYiekC&dq=bahmani+indo-muslim&pg=PA730","url_text":"Strange Parallels: Volume 2, Mainland Mirrors: Europe, Japan, China, South Asia, and the Islands"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521823524","url_text":"9780521823524"}]},{"reference":"N.H, Ansari (1988). \"BAHMANID DYNASTY\". Encyclopædia Iranica. Retrieved 8 July 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://iranicaonline.org/articles/bahmanid-dynasty-a-dynasty-founded-in-748-1347-in-the-deccan-sanskrit-daksia-lit","url_text":"\"BAHMANID DYNASTY\""}]},{"reference":"Annual Report. Archaeological Survey of India. 1916. p. 138.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=FzVuAAAAMAAJ&q=quli+khawas","url_text":"Annual Report"}]},{"reference":"\"Proving their mettle in metal craft\". The Times of India. 2 January 2012. Archived from the original on 8 May 2013. Retrieved 2 January 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130508043800/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-01-02/hyderabad/30580986_1_bidriware-hyderabad-bidar","url_text":"\"Proving their mettle in metal craft\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Times_of_India","url_text":"The Times of India"},{"url":"http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-01-02/hyderabad/30580986_1_bidriware-hyderabad-bidar","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Karnataka tableau to feature Bidriware\". The Hindu. 11 January 2011. Retrieved 6 March 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-karnataka/karnataka-tableau-to-feature-bidriware/article1079557.ece","url_text":"\"Karnataka tableau to feature Bidriware\""}]},{"reference":"\"Innovative designs help revive Bidriware\". The Hindu. 26 March 2008. Retrieved 6 March 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-karnataka/innovative-designs-help-revive-bidriware/article1226893.ece","url_text":"\"Innovative designs help revive Bidriware\""}]},{"reference":"Datta, Rangan (6 June 2023). \"Bidar Fort in Karnataka: A treasure trove of south Indian heritage\". The Telegraph. My Kolkata. Retrieved 11 October 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.telegraphindia.com/my-kolkata/places/bidar-fort-in-karnataka-a-grand-architecture-with-a-great-historical-past/cid/1942732","url_text":"\"Bidar Fort in Karnataka: A treasure trove of south Indian heritage\""}]},{"reference":"Sara Mondini (2016). \"The Use of Quranic Inscriptions in the Bahmani Royal Mausoleums The Case of Three Tombstones from Ashtur\". Eurasiatica. 4. doi:10.14277/6969-085-3/EUR-4-12.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.14277%2F6969-085-3%2FEUR-4-12","url_text":"10.14277/6969-085-3/EUR-4-12"}]},{"reference":"Singh, Jagjit (2006). Artillery: The Battle-Winning Arm. Lancer Publishers, New Delhi. ISBN 978-8176021807.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8176021807","url_text":"978-8176021807"}]},{"reference":"\"The Official Home Page of the Indian Army\". www.indianarmy.nic.in. Archived from the original on 26 June 2017. Retrieved 27 December 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://indianarmy.nic.in/","url_text":"\"The Official Home Page of the Indian Army\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170626223336/https://indianarmy.nic.in/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Roy, Kaushik (22 May 2014). Military Transition in Early Modern Asia, 1400-1750: Cavalry, Guns, Government and Ships. A&C Black. p. 21. ISBN 978-1-78093-813-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=dSVnAwAAQBAJ&dq=bahmani+sultanate+cannons&pg=PA21","url_text":"Military Transition in Early Modern Asia, 1400-1750: Cavalry, Guns, Government and Ships"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78093-813-4","url_text":"978-1-78093-813-4"}]},{"reference":"Avari, Burjor (2013), Islamic Civilization in South Asia: A history of Muslim power and presence in the Indian subcontinent, Routledge, ISBN 978-0-415-58061-8","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burjor_Avari","url_text":"Avari, Burjor"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=hGHpVtQ8eKoC","url_text":"Islamic Civilization in South Asia: A history of Muslim power and presence in the Indian subcontinent"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-58061-8","url_text":"978-0-415-58061-8"}]},{"reference":"Ansari, N. H. (1988). \"Bahmanid dynasty\". Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. III, Fasc. 5. pp. 494–499.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/bahmanid-dynasty-a-dynasty-founded-in-748-1347-in-the-deccan-sanskrit-daksia-lit","url_text":"\"Bahmanid dynasty\""}]},{"reference":"Chandra, Satish (2004), Medieval India: From Sultanat to the Mughals-Delhi Sultanat (1206–1526) – Part One, Har-Anand Publications, ISBN 978-81-241-1064-5","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=L5eFzeyjBTQC&pg=PA177","url_text":"Medieval India: From Sultanat to the Mughals-Delhi Sultanat (1206–1526) – Part One"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-241-1064-5","url_text":"978-81-241-1064-5"}]},{"reference":"Richard Maxwell Eaton (1978). The Sufis of Bijapur, 1300–1700 : Social Roles of Sufis in Medieval India. Princeton University Press. ISBN 9781400868155.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=j2F9BgAAQBAJ","url_text":"The Sufis of Bijapur, 1300–1700 : Social Roles of Sufis in Medieval India"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781400868155","url_text":"9781400868155"}]},{"reference":"Richard M. Eaton (17 November 2005). A Social History of the Deccan, 1300–1761: Eight Indian Lives, Part 1, Volume 8. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521254847.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=cGd2huLXEVYC","url_text":"A Social History of the Deccan, 1300–1761: Eight Indian Lives, Part 1, Volume 8"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521254847","url_text":"9780521254847"}]},{"reference":"Haig, Sir Thomas Wolseley (1925). The Cambridge History of India (Volume III). Cambridge University Press.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolseley_Haig","url_text":"Haig, Sir Thomas Wolseley"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.46989/page/n1","url_text":"The Cambridge History of India (Volume III)"}]},{"reference":"J.D.E, Gribble (1990). History of the Decan. Mittal Publications.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=PNtjIJmhoIkC","url_text":"History of the Decan"}]},{"reference":"Khan, Iqtidar (1981). \"Early Use of Cannon and Musket in India: A.D. 1442-1526\". Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient. 24 (2): 146–164. doi:10.2307/3631993. JSTOR 3631993.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307/3631993","url_text":"\"Early Use of Cannon and Musket in India: A.D. 1442-1526\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3631993","url_text":"10.2307/3631993"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/3631993","url_text":"3631993"}]},{"reference":"Kulke, Hermann; Rothermund, Dietmar (2004), A History of India (Fourth ed.), Routledge, ISBN 9780415329194","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=TPVq3ykHyH4C","url_text":"A History of India"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780415329194","url_text":"9780415329194"}]},{"reference":"Majumdar, Ramesh Chandra (1967), The Delhi Sultanate, Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=c8IKAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA248","url_text":"The Delhi Sultanate"}]},{"reference":"Meri, Josef W. (2005). Medieval Islamic Civilization: An Encyclopedia. Routledge. pp. 1–1088. ISBN 9781135455965.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=H-k9oc9xsuAC","url_text":"Medieval Islamic Civilization: An Encyclopedia"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781135455965","url_text":"9781135455965"}]},{"reference":"Prasad, Ishwari (1933). History Of Mediaeval India. Allahabad: The Indian Press Ltd.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ishwari_Prasad","url_text":"Prasad, Ishwari"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.281016/mode/2up","url_text":"History Of Mediaeval India"}]},{"reference":"Sherwani, Haroon Khan (1946). The Bahmanis of the Deccan – An Objective Study. Krishnavas International Printers, Hyderabad Deccan.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haroon_Khan_Sherwani","url_text":"Sherwani, Haroon Khan"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.68551","url_text":"The Bahmanis of the Deccan – An Objective Study"}]},{"reference":"Yazdani, Ghulam (1947). Bidar, Its History and Monuments. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9788120810716.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghulam_Yazdani","url_text":"Yazdani, Ghulam"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.279710/page/n1","url_text":"Bidar, Its History and Monuments"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788120810716","url_text":"9788120810716"}]},{"reference":"Overton, Keelan (2016). \"Bahmanī dynasty\". In Fleet, Kate; Krämer, Gudrun; Matringe, Denis; Nawas, John; Rowson, Everett (eds.). Encyclopaedia of Islam (3rd ed.). Brill Online. ISSN 1873-9830.","urls":[{"url":"https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-3/bahmani-dynasty-COM_25147","url_text":"\"Bahmanī dynasty\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gudrun_Kr%C3%A4mer","url_text":"Krämer, Gudrun"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Everett_K._Rowson","url_text":"Rowson, Everett"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1873-9830","url_text":"1873-9830"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aftab_Shivdasani
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Aftab Shivdasani
|
["1 Personal life","2 Career","2.1 1987–1994: Child roles","2.2 1999–2008: Switch to adult roles and breakthrough","2.3 2009–present: Aao Wish Karein and recent projects","3 Awards","4 Filmography","4.1 As a child actor","4.2 As an adult","4.3 Television","5 See also","6 References","7 External links"]
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Indian film actor (born 1980)
Aftab ShivdasaniShivdasani in 2023Born (1978-06-25) 25 June 1978 (age 45)Mumbai, Maharashtra, IndiaOccupationsActorproducermodelYears active1987-presentSpouse
Nin Dusanj (m. 2014)Children1
Aftab Shivdasani (born 25 June 1978) is an Indian actor, producer and model known for his works in Hindi and also working for Tamil and Kannada film industry.
Shivdasani was selected as the Farex baby at the age of 14 months and eventually appeared in many TV commercials for the product. He started his career as a child artist in films like Mr. India (1987), Shahenshah (1988), ChaalBaaz (1989), Awwal Number (1990), C.I.D. (1990) and Insaniyat (1994).
In 1999, he made his adult debut in Ram Gopal Varma's Mast, for which he received the Zee Cine Award for Best Male Debut and Star Screen Award for Most Promising Newcomer- Male. Subsequently, he featured in several commercially successful films, including, Kasoor (2001) for which he received Zee Cine Award for Best Actor in a Negative Role and a nomination for Filmfare Best Villain Award, Kya Yehi Pyaar Hai (2002), Awara Paagal Deewana (2002), Hungama (2003), Masti (2004). His debut film in Tamil cinema was Bhaskar Oru Rascal (2018). He made his debut in Kannada cinema with the commercial hit movie Kotigobba 3 (2021).
Personal life
Shivdasani was born in Mumbai in a Sindhi Hindu Family to Prem and Putli Shivdasani. His mother is an Irani Zoroastrian. He studied at St. Xavier's High School, (Fort) located at Lokamanya Tilak Marg in Mumbai. He then graduated from H. R.College of Commerce in Mumbai. In 2012, he was engaged to Nin Dusanj, a London-based Punjabi who grew up in London and later moved to Hong Kong, working within the advertising and luxury branding industries in Asia. On 5 June 2014, he married Nin Dusanj at a private ceremony attended only by both their families. They have a daughter Nevaeh born in 2020.
Career
1987–1994: Child roles
Shivdasani was selected as the Farex baby (baby food brand) at age 14 months and from that point on he appeared in many TV commercials. He made his Bollywood debut as a child actor in Mr. India (1987), then appearing in films such as Awwal Number, Shahenshah, ChaalBaaz and Insaniyat. He also played the child role for Inspector Vijaykumar Srivastav in the 1988 film 'Shahenshah', who would later be played by Amitabh Bachchan for the remainder of the film.
1999–2008: Switch to adult roles and breakthrough
Aftab Shivdasani (2012)
Shivdasani continued appearing in commercials until the age of 19 when he was offered a lead role in director Ram Gopal Varma's Mast opposite Urmila Matondkar while still studying at H.R. College. Shivdasani made his debut as an adult opposite Matondkar in Mast. The film became an instant flop although Shivdasani won the Zee Cine Award for Best Male Debut and the Star Screen Award for Most Promising Newcomer – Male for his performance in Mast. He earned critical acclaim for his performance. Mohammad Ali Ikram of Planet Bollywood praised his performance and wrote: "Newcomer Aftab Shivdasani comes across as a bit young and aimless when the movie opens, but as you watch the proceedings, you'll learn that this bit of casting makes perfect sense considering Kittu's immaturity and innocence."
In 2001, Shivdasani made his comeback to acting with his second film, Vikram Bhatt’s Kasoor opposite the debutant Lisa Ray. Shivdasani played a negative role and shot to instant fame with his portrayal of Shekhar Saxena, a well-known journalist, who murders his wife. His performance in the film earned him a nomination for the Filmfare Best Villain Award and a Zee Cine Award for Best Actor in a Negative Role. Taran Adarsh of Bollywood Hungama noticed the improvement in his acting and praised his performance. "Aftab, as the suave publishing magnate, catches you unaware with a performance that is first-rate. His characterisation is dissimilar from the one he played in his debut-making venture Mast. His work should catapult him to the league of genteel artists." His next release of that year saw him paired with Ram Gopal Varma again after Mast in Love Ke Liye Kuch Bhi Karega, in which Shivdasani starred in a supporting role opposite Saif Ali Khan, Fardeen Khan, Twinkle Khanna and Sonali Bendre. Shivdasani's performance was applauded by Taran Adarsh and considered to be better than the other two heroes. Taran Adarsh wrote "Aftab plays to the gallery and gives a good account of himself. Aftab has an edge over the other two heroes because his character is mass appealing. His scenes with Johny Lever are simply superb." However, the film failed at the box office. His last release of the year was Rajiv Rai's Pyaar Ishq Aur Mohabbat, in which Shivdasani played Taj Bharadwaj, one of the three lead roles with the debutant Arjun Rampal and Suniel Shetty opposite Kirti Reddy. Shivdasani was praised by Taran Adarsh. "Aftab Shivdasani has an edge thanks to his lovable characterization. He is natural." Pankaj Shukla of SmasHits wrote "Aftab is impressive as usual and is fast maturing as an actor."
In 2002, Shivdasani's first two films Koi Mere Dil Se Poochhe opposite debutant Esha Deol was a failure but Kya Yehi Pyaar Hai opposite Ameesha Patel was successful at the box office. His third release of that year was Rajkumar Kohli's multi-starrer supernatural horror Jaani Dushman: Ek Anokhi Kahani that was a disaster. His fourth film of 2002 was the multi-starrer action comedy Awara Paagal Deewana, that proved to be a successful movie and became the seventh highest grosser movie of that year. It was an average grosser. His final release of that year was Pyaasa.
Shivdasani had some failures in 2003 with the multi-starrer Darna Mana Hai, which was a commercial failure at the box office but it was critically successful. His role of Purab, a young college student who has the ability to stop and move people, was critically praised. His next release was Priyadarshan's comedy film Hungama opposite Akshaye Khanna and the debutant Rimi Sen, which was his biggest success of that year. His third and final release of that year was Footpath opposite Bipasha Basu, Rahul Dev and debutant Emraan Hashmi, which failed to do well at the box office.
Shivdasani's first two releases of 2004 were Suno Sasurjee opposite Ameesha Patel, and Muskaan opposite Gracy Singh. His third release of that year was Indra Kumar's comedy film Masti, in which he starred opposite Vivek Oberoi, Ritesh Deshmukh, Amrita Rao, Genelia D'Souza, Tara Sharma, Lara Dutta and Ajay Devgan. The film became a hit. His last release of that year was Shukriya: Till Death Do Us Apart opposite Anupam Kher and Shriya Saran.
In 2005, Shivdasani's films included Mr Ya Miss opposite Antara Mali and Koi Aap Sa opposite Anita Hassanandani Reddy and Dipannita Sharma. The former was a flop while the latter was average at the box office. All of Shivdasani's films, especially Ankahee, were failures in 2006. Shivdasani found failures with multi-starrer films in 2007 and 2008.
2009–present: Aao Wish Karein and recent projects
In 2009, Shivdasani acted in Aao Wish Karein, the first film produced under his production company, Rising Sun Entertainment. He helped co-write the script and also played the lead character, Mickey. The same year, Shivdasani appeared in Acid Factory. In 2011, Shivdasani played the lead role in the comedy film Bin Bulaye Baraati opposite Priyanka Kothari. Shivdasani's next release was 2012 super-hit 1920: The Evil Returns in which he played the lead role opposite Twinkle Bajpai. His next film Grand Masti, a sequel to the 2004 blockbuster Masti was also a huge success like the original grossing over 100crores at the box office. In January 2016 part 3 of the hit franchise Kyaa Kool Hai Hum was released where Aftab starred alongside Tusshar Kapoor the film was a hit at the box office. In July 2016 the third instalment of the super hit Masti series, Great Grand Masti was released.
In 2021, he took part in a commercially successful Kannada movie, Kotigobba 3, as a police officer. Later that year, Shivdasani starred as Vijay Kumar, a RAW officer in Special Ops 1.5: The Himmat Story, the sequel to Neeraj Panday’s hit series Special Ops on Disney+ Hotstar. His performance received commercial and critical appreciation from all and was also hailed as the surprise package of the second season.
Awards
Year
Nominee / work
Award
Result
2000
Mast
Star Screen Award for Most Promising Newcomer - Male
Won
Zee Cine Award for Best Male Debut
Won
2002
Kasoor
Filmfare Award for Best Performance in a Negative Role
Nominated
Zee Cine Award for Best Actor in a Negative Role
Won
Screen Weekly Awards for Best Performance in a Negative Role
Nominated
2005
Masti
Bollywood Movie Award for Best Comedian
Won
Filmography
As a child actor
Year
Film
Role
Notes
1987
Mr. India
Jugal
1988
Shahenshah
Young Vijay Kumar Srivastava
1989
ChaalBaaz
Raju & Raja
1991
Sau Crore
Rakesh
1990
Awwal Number
Young Sunny
C.I.D.
Sunny
1994
Insaniyat
Young Amar Nath Singh
As an adult
Year
Film
Role
Notes
1999
Mast
Krishnakant Mathur "Kittu"
2001
Kasoor
Shekhar Saxena
Love Ke Liye Kuchh Bhi Karega
Harilal
Pyaar Ishq Aur Mohabbat
Tajinder "Taj" Bharadwaj
2002
Koi Mere Dil Se Poochhe
Aman Puri
Kya Yehi Pyaar Hai
Rahul Tiwari
Awara Paagal Deewana
Dr. Anmol Acharya
Jaani Dushman: Ek Anokhi Kahani
Prem Srivastav
Pyaasa
Suraj Thakur
2003
Darna Mana Hai
Purav
Story segment: Stop-Move
Hungama
Nandu Apte
Footpath
Arjun Singh
2004
Suno Sasurjee
Raj K. Saxena
Muskaan
Sameer Oberoi
Masti
Prem Chawla
Shukriya: Till Death Do Us Apart
Rohan 'Ricky' Verma
2005
Koi Aap Sa
Rohan
Deewane Huye Paagal
Raj Sinha
Cameo appearance
Mr Ya Miss
Sanjay Patel
2006
Shaadi Se Pehle
Rohit Chopra
Ankahee
Dr. Shekhar Saxena
Darwaza Bandh Rakho
Ajay 'Balu' Pandit
Jaane Hoga Kya
Siddharth Sardesai/ Mannu Dada
2007
Nishabd
Rishi
Cameo appearance
Red: The Dark Side
Neil Oberoi
Life Mein Kabhie Kabhiee
Manish 'Manu' Gupta
Speed
Kabir Khan
Om Shanti Om
Himself
Guest appearance in song Deewangi Deewangi
Dus Kahaniyaan
Aman
Segment - Lovedale
2008
De Taali
Abhishek 'Abhi' Aggarwal
Money Hai Toh Honey Hai
Gaurav Negi
2009
Aloo Chaat
Nikhil
Daddy Cool
Michael
Kambakkht Ishq
Lucky Shergill
Acid Factory
Sarthak
Aao Wish Karein
Mickey V. Mehra
Also Producer
2011
Bin Bulaye Baraati
AD
2012
Players
Raj
Cameo appearance
1920: The Evil Returns
Jaidev Verma
2013
Grand Masti
Prem Chawla
2016
Kyaa Kool Hain Hum 3
Rocky
Great Grand Masti
Prem Chawla
2018
Bhaskar Oru Rascal
Sanjay
Tamil Film
2019
Setters
Aaditya
2021
Kotigobba 3
Sharath
Kannada Film
Television
Year
Title
Role
2020
Poison 2
Aditya Singh Rathore
2021
Special Ops 1.5: The Himmat Story
Vijay Kumar
See also
Bollywood portalBiography portal
List of Indian film actors
References
^ "Aftab Shivdasani and family to stay in London till situation improves in India". Hindustan Times. 3 June 2021. Archived from the original on 3 June 2021. Retrieved 3 June 2021.
^ a b Aftab Shivdasani to get married – Bollywood Movie News Archived 21 October 2014 at the Wayback Machine. Indiaglitz.com (5 November 2012). Retrieved on 2016-02-14.
^ a b "Aftab Shivdasani". Koimoi. Archived from the original on 8 December 2014. Retrieved 24 October 2014.
^ "Aftab Shivdasani ties the knot". The Times of India. Archived from the original on 22 July 2018. Retrieved 11 June 2014.
^ "Exclusive! Aftab Shivdasani: I am eager to bring my daughter Nevaeh to India to meet her grandparents". Times of India. 8 May 2021. Archived from the original on 8 May 2021. Retrieved 8 May 2021.
^ Mohammad Ali Ikram. "Mast Review". Planet Bollywood. Archived from the original on 7 November 2011. Retrieved 11 August 2012.
^ Taran Adarsh. "Kasoor Review". Bollywood Hungama. Archived from the original on 21 September 2013. Retrieved 11 August 2012.
^ Taran Adarsh. "Love Ke Liye Kuch Bhi Karega Review". Bollywood Hungama. Archived from the original on 3 April 2012. Retrieved 11 August 2012.
^ Taran Adarsh. "Pyaar Ishq Aur Mohabbat Review". Bollywood Hungama. Archived from the original on 21 September 2013. Retrieved 11 August 2012.
^ Pankaj Shukla. "Three Boys, One Girl, And Some Heart Surgery". SmasHits.com. Archived from the original on 27 October 2012. Retrieved 11 August 2012.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Aftab Shivdasani.
Aftab Shivdasani at IMDb
Aftab Shivdasani at Bollywood Hungama
Tamil Movie News : Aftab Shivdasani (in Tamil)
vteScreen Award for Best Male Debut
Bobby Deol (1996)
Chandrachur Singh (1997)
Akshaye Khanna (1998)
Not awarded (1999)
Aftab Shivdasani (2000)
R. Madhavan (2001)
Arjun Rampal (2002)
Vivek Oberoi (2003)
Shahid Kapoor (2004)
Not awarded (2005)
Shiney Ahuja (2006)
Siddharth (2007)
Ranbir Kapoor (2008)
Farhan Akhtar (2009)
Omi Vaidya (2010)
Ranveer Singh (2011)
Divyendu Sharma (2012)
Ayushmann Khurrana (2013)
Sushant Singh Rajput (2014)
Tiger Shroff (2015)
Vicky Kaushal (2016)
Jim Sarbh & Harsh Varrdhan Kapoor (2017)
Aparshakti Khurana (2018)
Ishaan Khatter (2019)
Siddhant Chaturvedi (2020)
vteZee Cine Award for Best Male Debut
Akshaye Khanna (1998)
Mukesh Tiwari (1999)
Aftab Shivdasani (2000)
Hrithik Roshan (2001)
Tusshar Kapoor (2002)
Vivek Oberoi (2003)
Shahid Kapoor (2004)
No Award (2005)
Shiney Ahuja (2006)
Upen Patel (2007)
Ranbir Kapoor (2008)
No Award (2009)
No Award (2010)
Ranveer Singh (2011)
Rana Daggubati (2012)
Arjun Kapoor & Ayushmann Khurana (2013)
Dhanush (2014)
No Award (2015)
Vicky Kaushal (2016)
Jim Sarbh (2017)
Matin Rey Tangu (2018)
Ishaan Khattar (2019)
Siddhant Chaturvedi & Vishal Jethwa (2020)
Authority control databases International
ISNI
VIAF
WorldCat
National
France
BnF data
Germany
Italy
United States
Australia
People
Deutsche Synchronkartei
Trove
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He started his career as a child artist in films like Mr. India (1987), Shahenshah (1988), ChaalBaaz (1989), Awwal Number (1990), C.I.D. (1990) and Insaniyat (1994).[2]In 1999, he made his adult debut in Ram Gopal Varma's Mast, for which he received the Zee Cine Award for Best Male Debut and Star Screen Award for Most Promising Newcomer- Male. Subsequently, he featured in several commercially successful films, including, Kasoor (2001) for which he received Zee Cine Award for Best Actor in a Negative Role and a nomination for Filmfare Best Villain Award, Kya Yehi Pyaar Hai (2002), Awara Paagal Deewana (2002), Hungama (2003), Masti (2004). His debut film in Tamil cinema was Bhaskar Oru Rascal (2018). He made his debut in Kannada cinema with the commercial hit movie Kotigobba 3 (2021).","title":"Aftab Shivdasani"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mumbai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mumbai"},{"link_name":"Sindhi Hindu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sindhi_Hindu"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cite1-3"},{"link_name":"Irani Zoroastrian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irani_(India)"},{"link_name":"Mumbai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mumbai"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cite1-3"},{"link_name":"Hong Kong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-autogenerated1-2"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"Shivdasani was born in Mumbai in a Sindhi Hindu Family to Prem and Putli Shivdasani.[3] His mother is an Irani Zoroastrian. He studied at St. Xavier's High School, (Fort) located at Lokamanya Tilak Marg in Mumbai. He then graduated from H. R.College of Commerce in Mumbai.[3] In 2012, he was engaged to Nin Dusanj, a London-based Punjabi who grew up in London and later moved to Hong Kong, working within the advertising and luxury branding industries in Asia.[2] On 5 June 2014, he married Nin Dusanj at a private ceremony attended only by both their families.[4] They have a daughter Nevaeh born in 2020.[5]","title":"Personal life"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mr. India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mr._India_(1987_film)"},{"link_name":"Awwal Number","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Awwal_Number"},{"link_name":"Shahenshah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shahenshah_(1988_film)"},{"link_name":"ChaalBaaz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ChaalBaaz"},{"link_name":"Insaniyat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insaniyat_(1994_film)"}],"sub_title":"1987–1994: Child roles","text":"Shivdasani was selected as the Farex baby (baby food brand) at age 14 months and from that point on he appeared in many TV commercials. He made his Bollywood debut as a child actor in Mr. India (1987), then appearing in films such as Awwal Number, Shahenshah, ChaalBaaz and Insaniyat. He also played the child role for Inspector Vijaykumar Srivastav in the 1988 film 'Shahenshah', who would later be played by Amitabh Bachchan for the remainder of the film.","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Aftab_shivdasani.jpg"},{"link_name":"Ram Gopal Varma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ram_Gopal_Varma"},{"link_name":"Mast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mast_(film)"},{"link_name":"Urmila Matondkar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urmila_Matondkar"},{"link_name":"Zee Cine Award for Best Male Debut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zee_Cine_Award_for_Best_Male_Debut"},{"link_name":"Star Screen Award for Most Promising Newcomer – Male","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star_Screen_Award_for_Most_Promising_Newcomer_%E2%80%93_Male"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Vikram Bhatt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vikram_Bhatt"},{"link_name":"Kasoor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kasoor"},{"link_name":"Lisa Ray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisa_Ray"},{"link_name":"Filmfare Best Villain Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filmfare_Award_for_Best_Performance_in_a_Negative_Role"},{"link_name":"Zee Cine Award for Best Actor in a Negative Role","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zee_Cine_Award_for_Best_Actor_in_a_Negative_Role"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Love Ke Liye Kuch Bhi Karega","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love_Ke_Liye_Kuch_Bhi_Karega"},{"link_name":"Saif Ali Khan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saif_Ali_Khan"},{"link_name":"Fardeen Khan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fardeen_Khan"},{"link_name":"Twinkle Khanna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twinkle_Khanna"},{"link_name":"Sonali Bendre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonali_Bendre"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Rajiv Rai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rajiv_Rai"},{"link_name":"Pyaar Ishq Aur Mohabbat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyaar_Ishq_Aur_Mohabbat"},{"link_name":"Arjun Rampal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arjun_Rampal"},{"link_name":"Suniel Shetty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suniel_Shetty"},{"link_name":"Kirti Reddy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirti_Reddy"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Koi Mere Dil Se Poochhe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koi_Mere_Dil_Se_Poochhe"},{"link_name":"Esha Deol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esha_Deol"},{"link_name":"Kya Yehi Pyaar Hai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kya_Yehi_Pyaar_Hai"},{"link_name":"Ameesha Patel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ameesha_Patel"},{"link_name":"Rajkumar Kohli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rajkumar_Kohli"},{"link_name":"supernatural horror","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supernatural_horror_film"},{"link_name":"Jaani Dushman: Ek Anokhi Kahani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaani_Dushman:_Ek_Anokhi_Kahani"},{"link_name":"action comedy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Action_comedy_film"},{"link_name":"Awara Paagal Deewana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Awara_Paagal_Deewana"},{"link_name":"Pyaasa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyaasa_(2002_film)"},{"link_name":"Darna Mana Hai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darna_Mana_Hai"},{"link_name":"Priyadarshan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Priyadarshan"},{"link_name":"Hungama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungama_(2003_film)"},{"link_name":"Akshaye Khanna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akshaye_Khanna"},{"link_name":"Rimi Sen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rimi_Sen"},{"link_name":"Footpath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Footpath_(2003_film)"},{"link_name":"Bipasha Basu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bipasha_Basu"},{"link_name":"Rahul Dev","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rahul_Dev"},{"link_name":"Emraan Hashmi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emraan_Hashmi"},{"link_name":"Suno Sasurjee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suno_Sasurjee"},{"link_name":"Gracy Singh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gracy_Singh"},{"link_name":"Indra Kumar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indra_Kumar"},{"link_name":"Masti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masti:_Sanam_Teri_Kasam"},{"link_name":"Vivek Oberoi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vivek_Oberoi"},{"link_name":"Ritesh Deshmukh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ritesh_Deshmukh"},{"link_name":"Amrita Rao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amrita_Rao"},{"link_name":"Genelia D'Souza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genelia_D%27Souza"},{"link_name":"Tara Sharma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tara_Sharma"},{"link_name":"Lara Dutta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lara_Dutta"},{"link_name":"Ajay Devgan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ajay_Devgn"},{"link_name":"Shukriya: Till Death Do Us Apart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shukriya:_Till_Death_Do_Us_Apart"},{"link_name":"Anupam Kher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anupam_Kher"},{"link_name":"Shriya Saran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shriya_Saran"},{"link_name":"Mr Ya Miss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mr_Ya_Miss"},{"link_name":"Antara Mali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antara_Mali"},{"link_name":"Koi Aap Sa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koi_Aap_Sa"},{"link_name":"Anita Hassanandani Reddy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anita_Hassanandani_Reddy"},{"link_name":"Dipannita Sharma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dipannita_Sharma"},{"link_name":"Ankahee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ankahee_(2006_film)"}],"sub_title":"1999–2008: Switch to adult roles and breakthrough","text":"Aftab Shivdasani (2012)Shivdasani continued appearing in commercials until the age of 19 when he was offered a lead role in director Ram Gopal Varma's Mast opposite Urmila Matondkar while still studying at H.R. College. Shivdasani made his debut as an adult opposite Matondkar in Mast. The film became an instant flop although Shivdasani won the Zee Cine Award for Best Male Debut and the Star Screen Award for Most Promising Newcomer – Male for his performance in Mast. He earned critical acclaim for his performance. Mohammad Ali Ikram of Planet Bollywood praised his performance and wrote: \"Newcomer Aftab Shivdasani comes across as a bit young and aimless when the movie opens, but as you watch the proceedings, you'll learn that this bit of casting makes perfect sense considering Kittu's immaturity and innocence.\"[6]In 2001, Shivdasani made his comeback to acting with his second film, Vikram Bhatt’s Kasoor opposite the debutant Lisa Ray. Shivdasani played a negative role and shot to instant fame with his portrayal of Shekhar Saxena, a well-known journalist, who murders his wife. His performance in the film earned him a nomination for the Filmfare Best Villain Award and a Zee Cine Award for Best Actor in a Negative Role. Taran Adarsh of Bollywood Hungama noticed the improvement in his acting and praised his performance. \"Aftab, as the suave publishing magnate, catches you unaware with a performance that is first-rate. His characterisation is dissimilar from the one he played in his debut-making venture Mast. His work should catapult him to the league of genteel artists.\"[7] His next release of that year saw him paired with Ram Gopal Varma again after Mast in Love Ke Liye Kuch Bhi Karega, in which Shivdasani starred in a supporting role opposite Saif Ali Khan, Fardeen Khan, Twinkle Khanna and Sonali Bendre. Shivdasani's performance was applauded by Taran Adarsh and considered to be better than the other two heroes. Taran Adarsh wrote \"Aftab plays to the gallery and gives a good account of himself. Aftab has an edge over the other two heroes because his character is mass appealing. His scenes with Johny Lever are simply superb.\"[8] However, the film failed at the box office. His last release of the year was Rajiv Rai's Pyaar Ishq Aur Mohabbat, in which Shivdasani played Taj Bharadwaj, one of the three lead roles with the debutant Arjun Rampal and Suniel Shetty opposite Kirti Reddy. Shivdasani was praised by Taran Adarsh. \"Aftab Shivdasani has an edge thanks to his lovable characterization. He is natural.\"[9] Pankaj Shukla of SmasHits wrote \"Aftab is impressive as usual and is fast maturing as an actor.\"[10]In 2002, Shivdasani's first two films Koi Mere Dil Se Poochhe opposite debutant Esha Deol was a failure but Kya Yehi Pyaar Hai opposite Ameesha Patel was successful at the box office. His third release of that year was Rajkumar Kohli's multi-starrer supernatural horror Jaani Dushman: Ek Anokhi Kahani that was a disaster. His fourth film of 2002 was the multi-starrer action comedy Awara Paagal Deewana, that proved to be a successful movie and became the seventh highest grosser movie of that year. It was an average grosser. His final release of that year was Pyaasa.Shivdasani had some failures in 2003 with the multi-starrer Darna Mana Hai, which was a commercial failure at the box office but it was critically successful. His role of Purab, a young college student who has the ability to stop and move people, was critically praised. His next release was Priyadarshan's comedy film Hungama opposite Akshaye Khanna and the debutant Rimi Sen, which was his biggest success of that year. His third and final release of that year was Footpath opposite Bipasha Basu, Rahul Dev and debutant Emraan Hashmi, which failed to do well at the box office.Shivdasani's first two releases of 2004 were Suno Sasurjee opposite Ameesha Patel, and Muskaan opposite Gracy Singh. His third release of that year was Indra Kumar's comedy film Masti, in which he starred opposite Vivek Oberoi, Ritesh Deshmukh, Amrita Rao, Genelia D'Souza, Tara Sharma, Lara Dutta and Ajay Devgan. The film became a hit. His last release of that year was Shukriya: Till Death Do Us Apart opposite Anupam Kher and Shriya Saran.In 2005, Shivdasani's films included Mr Ya Miss opposite Antara Mali and Koi Aap Sa opposite Anita Hassanandani Reddy and Dipannita Sharma. The former was a flop while the latter was average at the box office. All of Shivdasani's films, especially Ankahee, were failures in 2006. Shivdasani found failures with multi-starrer films in 2007 and 2008.","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Aao Wish Karein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aao_Wish_Karein"},{"link_name":"Acid Factory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acid_Factory"},{"link_name":"Bin Bulaye Baraati","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bin_Bulaye_Baraati"},{"link_name":"Priyanka Kothari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Priyanka_Kothari"},{"link_name":"1920: The Evil Returns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1920:_The_Evil_Returns"},{"link_name":"Twinkle Bajpai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twinkle_Bajpai"},{"link_name":"Grand Masti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Masti"},{"link_name":"Masti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masti_(film_series)"},{"link_name":"Kyaa Kool Hai Hum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyaa_Kool_Hai_Hum"},{"link_name":"Tusshar Kapoor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tusshar_Kapoor"},{"link_name":"Great Grand Masti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Grand_Masti"},{"link_name":"Kannada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kannada"},{"link_name":"Kotigobba 3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kotigobba_3"},{"link_name":"RAW","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Research_and_Analysis_Wing"},{"link_name":"Special Ops 1.5: The Himmat Story","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_Ops_1.5:_The_Himmat_Story"},{"link_name":"Neeraj Panday’s","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neeraj_Pandey"},{"link_name":"Special Ops","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_OPS"},{"link_name":"Disney+ Hotstar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disney%2B_Hotstar"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"2009–present: Aao Wish Karein and recent projects","text":"In 2009, Shivdasani acted in Aao Wish Karein, the first film produced under his production company, Rising Sun Entertainment. He helped co-write the script and also played the lead character, Mickey. The same year, Shivdasani appeared in Acid Factory. In 2011, Shivdasani played the lead role in the comedy film Bin Bulaye Baraati opposite Priyanka Kothari. Shivdasani's next release was 2012 super-hit 1920: The Evil Returns in which he played the lead role opposite Twinkle Bajpai. His next film Grand Masti, a sequel to the 2004 blockbuster Masti was also a huge success like the original grossing over 100crores at the box office. In January 2016 part 3 of the hit franchise Kyaa Kool Hai Hum was released where Aftab starred alongside Tusshar Kapoor the film was a hit at the box office. In July 2016 the third instalment of the super hit Masti series, Great Grand Masti was released.In 2021, he took part in a commercially successful Kannada movie, Kotigobba 3, as a police officer. Later that year, Shivdasani starred as Vijay Kumar, a RAW officer in Special Ops 1.5: The Himmat Story, the sequel to Neeraj Panday’s hit series Special Ops on Disney+ Hotstar. His performance received commercial and critical appreciation from all and was also hailed as the surprise package of the second season.[citation needed]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Awards"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"As a child actor","title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"As an adult","title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Television","title":"Filmography"}]
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[{"image_text":"Aftab Shivdasani (2012)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Aftab_shivdasani.jpg/220px-Aftab_shivdasani.jpg"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_King_of_Paris_(1934_film)
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The King of Paris (1934 film)
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["1 Plot","2 Cast","3 References","4 External links"]
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1934 British filmThe King of ParisDirected byJack RaymondWritten byJohn DrinkwaterPaul GangelinW. P. LipscombJohn Van Druten (English adaptation)Based onLa Voie Lacteeby Alfred SavoirProduced byHerbert WilcoxStarringCedric Hardwicke Marie GloryCinematographyFreddie YoungProductioncompanyHerbert Wilcox Productions for British & Dominions Film CorporationDistributed byUnited Artists (UK)Release date
1934 (1934)
Running time75 minutesCountryUnited KingdomLanguageEnglish
The King of Paris is a 1934 British drama film directed by Jack Raymond and starring Cedric Hardwicke, Marie Glory and Ralph Richardson. It is based on a play La Voie Lactee by Alfred Savoir based on the life of Sacha Guitry.
Plot
An influential actor and impresario discovers and makes a star of a Russian girl, falls in love with her and tricks her into marriage. She however, falls in love with his friend, and desires to leave the marriage.
Cast
Cedric Hardwicke as Max Till
Marie Glory as Maike Tamara
Ralph Richardson as Paul Lebrun
Phyllis Monkman as Gismonde
O. B. Clarence as Mayor
John Deverell as Bertrand
Lydia Sherwood as Juliette Till
Jeanne Stuart as Yvonne
Joan Maude as Lea Rossignol
References
^ "The King of Paris (1934) - Jack Raymond - Cast and Crew - AllMovie". AllMovie.
^ "The King of Paris (1934)". BFI. Archived from the original on 14 January 2009.
External links
The King of Paris at IMDb
vteThe films of Jack Raymond
A Woman Misunderstood (1921)
Somehow Good (1927)
Second to None (1927)
Zero (1928)
A Peep Behind the Scenes (1929)
Splinters (1929)
French Leave (1930)
The Great Game (1930)
Up for the Cup (1931)
The Speckled Band (1931)
Tilly of Bloomsbury (1931)
Almost a Divorce (1931)
Mischief (1931)
Life Goes On (1932)
Say It with Music (1932)
Up to the Neck (1933)
Night of the Garter (1933)
Just My Luck (1933)
It's a King (1933)
Sorrell and Son (1934)
The King of Paris (1934)
Girls, Please! (1934)
Where's George? (1935)
Come Out of the Pantry (1935)
When Knights Were Bold (1936)
The Frog (1937)
The Rat (1937)
Blondes for Danger (1938)
No Parking (1938)
A Royal Divorce (1938)
The Mind of Mr. Reeder (1939)
The Missing People (1940)
You Will Remember (1941)
Up for the Cup (1950)
Take Me to Paris (1951)
Worm's Eye View (1951)
Reluctant Heroes (1952)
Little Big Shot (1952)
vteFilms by Herbert WilcoxAs director
Chu-Chin-Chow (1923)
Southern Love (1924)
Decameron Nights (1924)
The Only Way (1926)
Nell Gwyn (1926)
London (1926)
Tip Toes (1927)
Madame Pompadour (1927)
Mumsie (1927)
Dawn (1928)
The Bondman (1929)
The Woman in White (1929)
The Loves of Robert Burns (1930)
The Chance of a Night Time (1931)
Carnival (1931)
The Blue Danube (1932)
Goodnight, Vienna (1932)
Money Means Nothing (1932)
The Little Damozel (1933)
Bitter Sweet (1933)
Yes, Mr Brown (1933)
The Queen's Affair (1934)
Nell Gwyn (1934)
Peg of Old Drury (1935)
This'll Make You Whistle (1936)
Three Maxims (1936)
London Melody (1937)
Limelight (1937)
Victoria the Great (1937)
Sixty Glorious Years (1938)
Nurse Edith Cavell (1939)
Irene (1940)
No, No, Nanette (1940)
Sunny (1941)
They Flew Alone (1942)
Forever and a Day (1943)
Yellow Canary (1943)
I Live in Grosvenor Square (1945)
Piccadilly Incident (1946)
The Courtneys of Curzon Street (1947)
Spring in Park Lane (1948)
Elizabeth of Ladymead (1948)
Maytime in Mayfair (1949)
Odette (1950)
Into the Blue (1950)
The Lady with a Lamp (1951)
Derby Day (1952)
Trent's Last Case (1952)
Laughing Anne (1953)
Trouble in the Glen (1954)
Lilacs in the Spring (1954)
King's Rhapsody (1955)
My Teenage Daughter (1956)
These Dangerous Years (1957)
The Man Who Wouldn't Talk (1958)
Wonderful Things! (1958)
The Lady Is a Square (1959)
The Heart of a Man (1959)
Producer only
The Wonderful Story (1922)
Flames of Passion (1922)
Paddy the Next Best Thing (1923)
A Peep Behind the Scenes (1929)
When Knights Were Bold (1929)
Black Waters (1929)
Splinters (1929)
Rookery Nook (1930)
Wolves (1930)
Warned Off (1930)
On Approval (1930)
Plunder (1930)
Tons of Money (1930)
The Speckled Band (1931)
Almost a Divorce (1931)
Up for the Cup (1931)
Mischief (1931)
A Night Like This (1932)
Life Goes On (1932)
The Mayor's Nest (1932)
Thark (1932)
The Love Contract (1932)
Leap Year (1932)
The Flag Lieutenant (1932)
Say It with Music (1932)
The Barton Mystery (1932)
The King's Cup (1933)
Discord (1933)
One Precious Year (1933)
The Blarney Stone (1933)
Lord of the Manor (1933)
It's a King (1933)
Summer Lightning (1933)
Purse Strings (1933)
That's a Good Girl (1933)
Up for the Derby (1933)
Just My Luck (1933)
Trouble (1933)
Night of the Garter (1933)
Sorrell and Son (1933)
Faces (1934)
Lucky Loser (1934)
It's a Cop (1934)
General John Regan (1934)
Girls, Please! (1934)
Up to the Neck (1934)
The King of Paris (1934)
Lilies of the Field (1934)
Brewster's Millions (1935)
Escape Me Never (1935)
Come Out of the Pantry (1935)
Fame (1936)
The Frog (1937)
The Rat (1937)
The Return of the Frog (1938)
A Royal Divorce (1938)
No Parking (1938)
Blondes for Danger (1938)
The Beggar's Opera (1953)
Yangtse Incident (1957)
The Navy Lark (1959)
This article related to a British film of the 1930s is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Laking
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Francis Laking
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["1 Life","1.1 Family","1.2 Honours","2 Recent controversy","2.1 In popular culture","3 References","4 External links"]
|
English physician
SirFrancis LakingBt GCVO KCBBorn(1847-01-09)9 January 1847Kensington, London, EnglandDied21 May 1914(1914-05-21) (aged 67)Cleveland Row, St. James’s, London, EnglandEducationSt. George’s HospitalHeidelbergYears active1870–1914Known forPhysician to the Royal HouseholdRelativesmarried (1) Emma Ann Mansellson Sir Guy Francis Laking, 2nd Baronet
married (2) ? Hackworth, no issue.Medical careerProfessionPhysicianInstitutionsSt. George’s HospitalVictoria Hospital for Children, ChelseaResearchall
Sir Francis Henry Laking, 1st Baronet, GCVO, KCB (9 January 1847 – 21 May 1914) was an English physician who was Surgeon-Apothecary in Ordinary to Queen Victoria, and Physician-in-Ordinary to King Edward VII and King George V.
Life
Laking as caricatured by Spy (Leslie Ward) in Vanity Fair, February 1903
He was educated firstly at St George's Hospital taking diploma of L.R.C.P. in 1868, afterwards at Heidelberg taking L.S.A. as well as the degree of M.D. in 1869. He was house-physician at St. George’s Hospital in 1870, medical registrar from 1871 to 1874, and was at one time assistant physician to the Victoria Hospital for Children, Chelsea. Soon after leaving St. George’s he entered into partnership with M. Du Pasquier, Apothecary to the Royal Household, and his connection with the Court in various capacities of ever-increasing distinction continued until his death. He became Surgeon-Apothecary-in-Ordinary to Queen Victoria, Apothecary-in-Ordinary to the Royal Household, and to the household of the Prince of Wales, the Duke of Edinburgh, and the Duke of Connaught, an office which he retained under King Edward VII and King George V.
On 29 March 1901, after the accession of King Edward VII, he was appointed one of three Physicians in Ordinary, together with Sir William Henry Broadbent, Bt, and Sir James Reid, Bt. But even before the new King could be crowned Laking was the royal physician. He diagnosed appendicitis in March 1901 urging the King seek advice and elective surgery from Sir Frederick Treves, the royal surgeon. The correct decisions were taken and an ailing monarch's life was saved by Laking's presence of mind.
Family
Francis Henry Laking, born 9 January 1847, was the son of Francis William Laking (Middlesex, ca.1797 –25 November 1874), of Addison Road, Kensington, Middlesex, and (m. 12 October 1844) Louisa Jane Wilkinson (Devon, ca. 1818 – 17 March 1894), a daughter of Thomas Wilkinson, of Plymouth.
On 26 January 1873/1875, Laking married Emma Ann Mansell (St Pancras, London, Middlesex, ca.1843/1844 –Pall Mall, London, Westminster, 1 March 1905), daughter of Joseph Mansell (Clerkenwell, Middlesex, ca. 1803 –living 1871), stationer, and wife Elizabeth ... (Poplar, London, Middlesex, ca.1821 –living 1871). Their only son was Sir Guy Francis Laking, 2nd Baronet (Westminster, 21 October 1875 – Meyrick Lodge, Avenue Road, London, 22 November 1919), who succeeded to the baronetcy, upon the death of his father, on 21 May 1914. He married secondly the daughter of the late Mr. James Hackworth, of Dunedin, by whom he was survived and, by whom he had no children.
Sir Francis died at his residence at Cleveland Row, St. James's, London on 21 May 1914. The funeral took place on 25 May 1914 at Queen's Chapel following which he was interred at Highgate Cemetery.
Honours
He was knighted in 1893. It was announced that he would receive a baronetcy in the 1902 Coronation Honours list published on 26 June 1902 for the (subsequently postponed) coronation of King Edward VII, and on 24 July 1902 he was created a Baronet, of Kensington, in the parish of St Mary Abbots, in the Royal borough of Kensington, in the county of London. After the actual coronation had taken place the following month, he was appointed a Knight Grand Cross of the Royal Victorian Order (GCVO) on 11 August 1902. Shortly after the death of King Edward VII, he was appointed a Knight Commander of the Order of the Bath on 3 June 1910.
In addition he held foreign orders from the crowns of Denmark, Turkey, Italy, Portugal, Sweden, Norway and Greece, and was also a Commander of the Légion d'honneur.
Grave of Sir Francis Henry Laking at Highgate Cemetery (west side)
Recent controversy
In 2004, Norwegian biographer Tor Bomann-Larsen put forward the hypothesis that King Olav V of Norway was not the biological son of King Haakon VII, but his mother, Queen Maud, had been, in 1902 in London, artificially inseminated by Sir Francis Laking:
In October 2004, in the second Volume of Folket, his history of King Haakon VII and Queen Maud, the author Tor Bomann-Larsen presents evidence that in October 1902 Princess Maud ever stayed (secretly) in a London Hospital under the care of Sir Francis Henry Laking, 1st Baronet, physician-in-ordinary and surgeon-apothecary to King Edward VII of the United Kingdom (Princess Maud's father), and that during this secret hospital stay, Sir Francis artificially inseminated Princess Maud, who gave birth to Prince Alexander (the future King Olav V) some nine months later. Mr. Bomann-Larsen further implies, but does not directly state, that the sperm donor was Sir Francis's son, Guy Francis Laking.
In March 2005, Odd Arvid Storsveen, a Historian at the University of Oslo, published a review of Mr. Bomann-Larsen's book in Historisk Tidsskrift. In this review, Mr. Storsveen claims he can't find adequate sourcing for Mr.Bomann-Larsen's "hypothesis" about King Olav V's paternity.
In popular culture
At a press junket in 2010, MMA fighter Muhammed "King Mo" Lawal referenced Laking, shouting to reporters "I am the greatest, most influential figure in history... John Witherspoon, Francis Laking, they ain't got nothin' on me!" The obscure reference was met with stunned silence.
References
^ The Times, 22 May 1914, 10B
^ a b c d obituary, British Medical Journal, 30 May 1914, pp. 1216–7
^ "No. 27300". The London Gazette. 29 March 1901. p. 2194.
^ Hattersley, Roy, "The Edwardians", p.27
^ The Times, 2 March 1905, 10E
^ The Times, 24 November 1919, 17F
^ "The Coronation Honours". The Times. No. 36804. London. 26 June 1902. p. 5.
^ "No. 27457". The London Gazette. 25 July 1902. p. 4738.
^ "Court Circular". The Times. No. 36844. London. 12 August 1902. p. 8.
^ "No. 27467". The London Gazette. 22 August 1902. p. 5461.
^ "The King's Birthday, List of Honours". The Times. No. 39289. London. 3 June 1910. p. 8; col B. K.C.B. Sir Francis Henry Laking, Bart., G.C.V.O., M.D. ...
^ Doubts raised over King Olav's lineage. aftenposten.no.14 October 2004
^ a b William Addams Reitwiesnerhttp://www.wargs.com/royal/laking.html Ancestry of Guy Francis Laking. Wargs.com. Retrieved on 2 June 2014.
^ Berglund, Nina. Royal lineage doubts debunked. aftenposten.no. 14 October 2004
^ "Strikeforce World Grand Prix Press Conference Highlights". AOL.com.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Francis Laking.
Biography portal
BARONETS: Laking of Kensington
COLLEGE OF ARMS: Sir Francis Henry Laking
The Ancestry of Sir Guy Francis Laking (1875–1919)
Baronetage of the United Kingdom
New creation
Baronet(of Kensington) 1902–1914
Succeeded byGuy Francis Laking
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"GCVO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knight_Grand_Cross_of_the_Royal_Victorian_Order"},{"link_name":"KCB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knight_Commander_of_the_Order_of_the_Bath"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"English","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_people"},{"link_name":"physician","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physician"},{"link_name":"Surgeon-Apothecary in Ordinary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Surgeon-Apothecary_in_Ordinary&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Queen Victoria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria_of_the_United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Physician-in-Ordinary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physician-in-Ordinary"},{"link_name":"King Edward VII","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_VII_of_the_United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"King George V","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_V_of_the_United_Kingdom"}],"text":"Sir Francis Henry Laking, 1st Baronet, GCVO, KCB (9 January 1847 – 21 May 1914[1]) was an English physician who was Surgeon-Apothecary in Ordinary to Queen Victoria, and Physician-in-Ordinary to King Edward VII and King George V.","title":"Francis Laking"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Francis_Laking_Vanity_Fair_19_February_1903.jpg"},{"link_name":"Leslie Ward","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leslie_Ward"},{"link_name":"Vanity Fair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanity_Fair_(British_magazine)"},{"link_name":"St George's Hospital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_George%27s_Hospital"},{"link_name":"Heidelberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heidelberg"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BMJ-2"},{"link_name":"Sir William Henry Broadbent, Bt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Broadbent"},{"link_name":"Sir James Reid, Bt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_James_Reid,_1st_Baronet"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EVII-3"},{"link_name":"Sir Frederick Treves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_Frederick_Treves"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Laking as caricatured by Spy (Leslie Ward) in Vanity Fair, February 1903He was educated firstly at St George's Hospital taking diploma of L.R.C.P. in 1868, afterwards at Heidelberg taking L.S.A. as well as the degree of M.D. in 1869. He was house-physician at St. George’s Hospital in 1870, medical registrar from 1871 to 1874, and was at one time assistant physician to the Victoria Hospital for Children, Chelsea. Soon after leaving St. George’s he entered into partnership with M. Du Pasquier, Apothecary to the Royal Household, and his connection with the Court in various capacities of ever-increasing distinction continued until his death. He became Surgeon-Apothecary-in-Ordinary to Queen Victoria, Apothecary-in-Ordinary to the Royal Household, and to the household of the Prince of Wales, the Duke of Edinburgh, and the Duke of Connaught, an office which he retained under King Edward VII and King George V.[2]On 29 March 1901, after the accession of King Edward VII, he was appointed one of three Physicians in Ordinary, together with Sir William Henry Broadbent, Bt, and Sir James Reid, Bt.[3] But even before the new King could be crowned Laking was the royal physician. He diagnosed appendicitis in March 1901 urging the King seek advice and elective surgery from Sir Frederick Treves, the royal surgeon. The correct decisions were taken and an ailing monarch's life was saved by Laking's presence of mind.[4]","title":"Life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Middlesex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middlesex"},{"link_name":"Kensington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kensington"},{"link_name":"Devon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devon"},{"link_name":"Plymouth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plymouth"},{"link_name":"St Pancras, London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Pancras,_London"},{"link_name":"Middlesex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middlesex"},{"link_name":"Pall Mall, London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pall_Mall,_London"},{"link_name":"Westminster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westminster"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Clerkenwell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clerkenwell"},{"link_name":"stationer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stationer"},{"link_name":"Poplar, London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poplar,_London"},{"link_name":"Sir Guy Francis Laking, 2nd Baronet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guy_Francis_Laking"},{"link_name":"Westminster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westminster"},{"link_name":"Avenue Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avenue_Road,_London"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Dunedin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dunedin"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BMJ-2"},{"link_name":"St. James's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._James%27s"},{"link_name":"Queen's Chapel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen%27s_Chapel"},{"link_name":"Highgate Cemetery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Highgate_Cemetery"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BMJ-2"}],"sub_title":"Family","text":"Francis Henry Laking, born 9 January 1847, was the son of Francis William Laking (Middlesex, ca.1797 –25 November 1874), of Addison Road, Kensington, Middlesex, and (m. 12 October 1844) Louisa Jane Wilkinson (Devon, ca. 1818 – 17 March 1894), a daughter of Thomas Wilkinson, of Plymouth.On 26 January 1873/1875, Laking married Emma Ann Mansell (St Pancras, London, Middlesex, ca.1843/1844 –Pall Mall, London, Westminster, 1 March 1905[5]), daughter of Joseph Mansell (Clerkenwell, Middlesex, ca. 1803 –living 1871), stationer, and wife Elizabeth ... (Poplar, London, Middlesex, ca.1821 –living 1871). Their only son was Sir Guy Francis Laking, 2nd Baronet (Westminster, 21 October 1875 – Meyrick Lodge, Avenue Road, London, 22 November 1919[6]), who succeeded to the baronetcy, upon the death of his father, on 21 May 1914. He married secondly the daughter of the late Mr. James Hackworth, of Dunedin, by whom he was survived and, by whom he had no children.[2]Sir Francis died at his residence at Cleveland Row, St. James's, London on 21 May 1914. The funeral took place on 25 May 1914 at Queen's Chapel following which he was interred at Highgate Cemetery.[2]","title":"Life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"baronetcy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baronetcy"},{"link_name":"1902 Coronation Honours","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1902_Coronation_Honours"},{"link_name":"King Edward VII","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_Edward_VII"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Knight Grand Cross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knight_Grand_Cross"},{"link_name":"Royal Victorian Order","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Victorian_Order"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Knight Commander","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knight_Commander"},{"link_name":"Order of the Bath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_the_Bath"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Denmark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denmark"},{"link_name":"Turkey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey"},{"link_name":"Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy"},{"link_name":"Portugal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugal"},{"link_name":"Sweden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweden"},{"link_name":"Norway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norway"},{"link_name":"Greece","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greece"},{"link_name":"Commander","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commander#Military_and_chivalric_orders"},{"link_name":"Légion d'honneur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A9gion_d%27honneur"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BMJ-2"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Grave_of_Sir_Francis_Henry_Laking_at_Highgate_Cemetery.jpg"},{"link_name":"Highgate Cemetery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Highgate_Cemetery"}],"sub_title":"Honours","text":"He was knighted in 1893. It was announced that he would receive a baronetcy in the 1902 Coronation Honours list published on 26 June 1902 for the (subsequently postponed) coronation of King Edward VII,[7] and on 24 July 1902 he was created a Baronet, of Kensington, in the parish of St Mary Abbots, in the Royal borough of Kensington, in the county of London.[8] After the actual coronation had taken place the following month, he was appointed a Knight Grand Cross of the Royal Victorian Order (GCVO) on 11 August 1902.[9][10] Shortly after the death of King Edward VII, he was appointed a Knight Commander of the Order of the Bath on 3 June 1910.[11]In addition he held foreign orders from the crowns of Denmark, Turkey, Italy, Portugal, Sweden, Norway and Greece, and was also a Commander of the Légion d'honneur.[2]Grave of Sir Francis Henry Laking at Highgate Cemetery (west side)","title":"Life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Norwegian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norway"},{"link_name":"Tor Bomann-Larsen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tor_Bomann-Larsen"},{"link_name":"King Olav V of Norway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olav_V_of_Norway"},{"link_name":"King Haakon VII","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haakon_VII_of_Norway"},{"link_name":"Queen Maud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maud_of_Wales"},{"link_name":"London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London"},{"link_name":"Tor Bomann-Larsen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tor_Bomann-Larsen"},{"link_name":"Edward VII of the United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_VII_of_the_United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Guy Francis Laking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guy_Francis_Laking"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Reitwiesner-13"},{"link_name":"Odd Arvid Storsveen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Odd_Arvid_Storsveen&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"University of Oslo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Oslo"},{"link_name":"Historisk Tidsskrift","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historisk_Tidsskrift_(Oslo)"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Reitwiesner-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"text":"In 2004, Norwegian biographer Tor Bomann-Larsen put forward the hypothesis that King Olav V of Norway was not the biological son of King Haakon VII, but his mother, Queen Maud, had been, in 1902 in London, artificially inseminated by Sir Francis Laking:In October 2004, in the second Volume of Folket, his history of King Haakon VII and Queen Maud, the author Tor Bomann-Larsen presents evidence that in October 1902 Princess Maud ever stayed (secretly) in a London Hospital under the care of Sir Francis Henry Laking, 1st Baronet, physician-in-ordinary and surgeon-apothecary to King Edward VII of the United Kingdom (Princess Maud's father), and that during this secret hospital stay, Sir Francis artificially inseminated Princess Maud, who gave birth to Prince Alexander (the future King Olav V) some nine months later. Mr. Bomann-Larsen further implies, but does not directly state, that the sperm donor was Sir Francis's son, Guy Francis Laking.[12][13]In March 2005, Odd Arvid Storsveen, a Historian at the University of Oslo, published a review of Mr. Bomann-Larsen's book in Historisk Tidsskrift. In this review, Mr. Storsveen claims he can't find adequate sourcing for Mr.Bomann-Larsen's \"hypothesis\" about King Olav V's paternity.[13][14]","title":"Recent controversy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"MMA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mixed_martial_arts"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"sub_title":"In popular culture","text":"At a press junket in 2010, MMA fighter Muhammed \"King Mo\" Lawal referenced Laking, shouting to reporters \"I am the greatest, most influential figure in history... John Witherspoon, Francis Laking, they ain't got nothin' on me!\" The obscure reference was met with stunned silence.[15]","title":"Recent controversy"}]
|
[{"image_text":"Laking as caricatured by Spy (Leslie Ward) in Vanity Fair, February 1903","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Francis_Laking_Vanity_Fair_19_February_1903.jpg/220px-Francis_Laking_Vanity_Fair_19_February_1903.jpg"},{"image_text":"Grave of Sir Francis Henry Laking at Highgate Cemetery (west side)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Grave_of_Sir_Francis_Henry_Laking_at_Highgate_Cemetery.jpg/220px-Grave_of_Sir_Francis_Henry_Laking_at_Highgate_Cemetery.jpg"}]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"No. 27300\". The London Gazette. 29 March 1901. p. 2194.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/27300/page/2194","url_text":"\"No. 27300\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette","url_text":"The London Gazette"}]},{"reference":"\"The Coronation Honours\". The Times. No. 36804. London. 26 June 1902. p. 5.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"No. 27457\". The London Gazette. 25 July 1902. p. 4738.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/27457/page/4738","url_text":"\"No. 27457\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette","url_text":"The London Gazette"}]},{"reference":"\"Court Circular\". The Times. No. 36844. London. 12 August 1902. p. 8.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"No. 27467\". The London Gazette. 22 August 1902. p. 5461.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/27467/page/5461","url_text":"\"No. 27467\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette","url_text":"The London Gazette"}]},{"reference":"\"The King's Birthday, List of Honours\". The Times. No. 39289. London. 3 June 1910. p. 8; col B. K.C.B. Sir Francis Henry Laking, Bart., G.C.V.O., M.D. ...","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Times","url_text":"The Times"}]},{"reference":"\"Strikeforce World Grand Prix Press Conference Highlights\". AOL.com.","urls":[{"url":"http://on.aol.com/video/strikeforce-world-grand-prix-press-conference-highlights-517167095","url_text":"\"Strikeforce World Grand Prix Press Conference Highlights\""}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/27300/page/2194","external_links_name":"\"No. 27300\""},{"Link":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/27457/page/4738","external_links_name":"\"No. 27457\""},{"Link":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/27467/page/5461","external_links_name":"\"No. 27467\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070609195933/http://www.aftenposten.no/english/local/article890633.ece","external_links_name":"Doubts raised over King Olav's lineage"},{"Link":"http://www.wargs.com/royal/laking.html","external_links_name":"http://www.wargs.com/royal/laking.html"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110629083349/http://www.aftenposten.no/english/local/article1001331.ece","external_links_name":"Royal lineage doubts debunked"},{"Link":"http://on.aol.com/video/strikeforce-world-grand-prix-press-conference-highlights-517167095","external_links_name":"\"Strikeforce World Grand Prix Press Conference Highlights\""},{"Link":"http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/catalogue/displaycataloguedetails.asp?CATLN=6&CATID=5954024&j=1","external_links_name":"BARONETS: Laking of Kensington"},{"Link":"http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/catalogue/displaycataloguedetails.asp?CATLN=6&CATID=5942166","external_links_name":"COLLEGE OF ARMS: Sir Francis Henry Laking"},{"Link":"http://www.wargs.com/royal/laking.html","external_links_name":"The Ancestry of Sir Guy Francis Laking (1875–1919)"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heiko_Steuer
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Heiko Steuer
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["1 Career","2 Publications","3 References","4 Bibliography","5 External links"]
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Heiko Steuer (born 30 October 1939) is a German archaeologist, notable for his research into social and economic history in early Europe. He serves as co-editor of Germanische Altertumskunde Online.
Career
Heiko Steuer was born on 30 October 1939, in Braunschweig, Germany. From 1960 until 1969 he studied in Göttingen and Tübingen, first studying mathematics and physics, and then prehistory and early history. In 1976 he was appointed director of the Kölnischen Stadtmuseums (de), the Cologne City Museum; he held the position until 1984. During this time, in 1979, Steuer habilitated himself, on studies of prehistory and early history at the Ruhr University Bochum.
Steuer stepped down from the Cologne City Museum in 1984, the same year he became a full professor of prehistory and early history at the University of Freiburg and also director of the Institute of Prehistory and Archeology of the Middle Ages. He retired from the university in 2005.
During his career, Steuer researched early archaeology, Middle Ages archaeology, German economic and social history, Germanic antiquity, mining archaeology, the history of medieval trade and currency, and the history of research of the field of prehistory and early history. He also edited the Journal of Archeology of the Middle Ages starting in 1972 (with Sebastian Brather (de) and Ulrich Müller), and the Reallexikon der Germanischen Altertumskunde starting in 1994.
Steuer is a member of the German Archaeological Institute, a corresponding member of the Göttingen Academy of Sciences and Humanities, and a member of the Commission for Historical Geography in Baden-Württemberg.
Publications
Steuer, Heiko (1987). "Helm und Ringschwert: Prunkbewaffnung und Rangabzeichen germanischer Krieger" . In Häßler, Hans-Jürgen (ed.). Studien zur Sachsenforschung (in German). Vol. 6. Hildesheim: Lax. pp. 189–236. ISBN 3-7848-1617-7.
Waagen und Gewichte aus dem mittelalterlichen Schleswig. Funde des 11. bis 13. Jahrhunderts aus Europa als Quellen zur Handels- und Währungsgeschichte, Zeitschrift für Archäologie des Mittelalters, Beiheft 10 (Bonn: Rheinland-Verlag, 1997); ISBN 3792714493.
References
^ a b c d e f Freiburg profile.
Bibliography
Sebastian Brather, Christel Hoeper, Michael Hoeper (eds.): Archäologie als Sozialgeschichte. Studien zu Siedlung, Wirtschaft und Gesellschaft im frühgeschichtlichen Mitteleuropa. Festschrift für Heiko Steuer zum 60. Geburtstag (= Internationale Archäologie. Studia honoraria. Bd. 9). Leidorf, Rahden/Westf. 1999, ISBN 3-89646-389-6.
Sebastian Brather, Christoph Huth, Dieter Geuenich (eds.): Historia archaeologica. Festschrift für Heiko Steuer zum 70. Geburtstag (= Reallexikon der germanischen Altertumskunde. Ergänzungsbände. Bd. 70). de Gruyter, Berlin u. a. 2009, ISBN 978-3-11-022337-8.
"Wissenschaftlicher Lebenslauf Prof. Dr. Heiko Steuer". Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg. Retrieved 9 February 2019.
External links
List of publications (in German)
Authority control databases International
ISNI
VIAF
WorldCat
National
Norway
Spain
France
BnF data
Germany
Israel
Belgium
United States
Czech Republic
Netherlands
Poland
Vatican
People
Deutsche Biographie
Other
IdRef
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"archaeologist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archaeology"},{"link_name":"economic history","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_history_of_Europe"},{"link_name":"Germanische Altertumskunde Online","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanische_Altertumskunde_Online"}],"text":"Heiko Steuer (born 30 October 1939) is a German archaeologist, notable for his research into social and economic history in early Europe. He serves as co-editor of Germanische Altertumskunde Online.","title":"Heiko Steuer"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Braunschweig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Braunschweig"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany"},{"link_name":"Göttingen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%B6ttingen"},{"link_name":"Tübingen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%BCbingen"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFreiburg_profile-1"},{"link_name":"Kölnischen Stadtmuseums","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=K%C3%B6lnischen_Stadtmuseums&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"de","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//de.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6lnisches_Stadtmuseum"},{"link_name":"Cologne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cologne"},{"link_name":"habilitated","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Habilitation"},{"link_name":"Ruhr University Bochum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhr_University_Bochum"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFreiburg_profile-1"},{"link_name":"University of Freiburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Freiburg"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFreiburg_profile-1"},{"link_name":"Middle Ages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Ages"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFreiburg_profile-1"},{"link_name":"Sebastian Brather","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sebastian_Brather"},{"link_name":"de","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sebastian_Brather"},{"link_name":"Ulrich Müller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ulrich_M%C3%BCller_(archaeologist)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Reallexikon der Germanischen Altertumskunde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanische_Altertumskunde_Online"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFreiburg_profile-1"},{"link_name":"German Archaeological Institute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Archaeological_Institute"},{"link_name":"Göttingen Academy of Sciences and Humanities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%B6ttingen_Academy_of_Sciences_and_Humanities"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFreiburg_profile-1"}],"text":"Heiko Steuer was born on 30 October 1939, in Braunschweig, Germany. From 1960 until 1969 he studied in Göttingen and Tübingen, first studying mathematics and physics, and then prehistory and early history.[1] In 1976 he was appointed director of the Kölnischen Stadtmuseums (de), the Cologne City Museum; he held the position until 1984. During this time, in 1979, Steuer habilitated himself, on studies of prehistory and early history at the Ruhr University Bochum.[1]Steuer stepped down from the Cologne City Museum in 1984, the same year he became a full professor of prehistory and early history at the University of Freiburg and also director of the Institute of Prehistory and Archeology of the Middle Ages. He retired from the university in 2005.[1]During his career, Steuer researched early archaeology, Middle Ages archaeology, German economic and social history, Germanic antiquity, mining archaeology, the history of medieval trade and currency, and the history of research of the field of prehistory and early history.[1] He also edited the Journal of Archeology of the Middle Ages starting in 1972 (with Sebastian Brather (de) and Ulrich Müller), and the Reallexikon der Germanischen Altertumskunde starting in 1994.[1]Steuer is a member of the German Archaeological Institute, a corresponding member of the Göttingen Academy of Sciences and Humanities, and a member of the Commission for Historical Geography in Baden-Württemberg.[1]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"\"Helm und Ringschwert: Prunkbewaffnung und Rangabzeichen germanischer Krieger\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//freidok.uni-freiburg.de/fedora/objects/freidok:4109/datastreams/FILE1/content"},{"link_name":"Häßler, Hans-Jürgen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans-J%C3%BCrgen_H%C3%A4%C3%9Fler"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"3-7848-1617-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-7848-1617-7"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_access#Free_access"},{"link_name":"Waagen und Gewichte aus dem mittelalterlichen Schleswig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waagen_und_Gewichte_aus_dem_mittelalterlichen_Schleswig"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"3792714493","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/3792714493"}],"text":"Steuer, Heiko (1987). \"Helm und Ringschwert: Prunkbewaffnung und Rangabzeichen germanischer Krieger\" [Helmet and Ring-Sword: Ornamental Weapons and Insignia of Germanic Warriors]. In Häßler, Hans-Jürgen (ed.). Studien zur Sachsenforschung [Studies in Saxon Research] (in German). Vol. 6. Hildesheim: Lax. pp. 189–236. ISBN 3-7848-1617-7. \nWaagen und Gewichte aus dem mittelalterlichen Schleswig. Funde des 11. bis 13. Jahrhunderts aus Europa als Quellen zur Handels- und Währungsgeschichte, Zeitschrift für Archäologie des Mittelalters, Beiheft 10 (Bonn: Rheinland-Verlag, 1997); ISBN 3792714493.","title":"Publications"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"3-89646-389-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-89646-389-6"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-3-11-022337-8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-022337-8"},{"link_name":"\"Wissenschaftlicher Lebenslauf Prof. Dr. Heiko Steuer\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.ufg.uni-freiburg.de/Mitarbeiter/profsir/steuerleben"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_access#Free_access"}],"text":"Sebastian Brather, Christel Hoeper, Michael Hoeper (eds.): Archäologie als Sozialgeschichte. Studien zu Siedlung, Wirtschaft und Gesellschaft im frühgeschichtlichen Mitteleuropa. Festschrift für Heiko Steuer zum 60. Geburtstag (= Internationale Archäologie. Studia honoraria. Bd. 9). Leidorf, Rahden/Westf. 1999, ISBN 3-89646-389-6.\nSebastian Brather, Christoph Huth, Dieter Geuenich (eds.): Historia archaeologica. Festschrift für Heiko Steuer zum 70. Geburtstag (= Reallexikon der germanischen Altertumskunde. Ergänzungsbände. Bd. 70). de Gruyter, Berlin u. a. 2009, ISBN 978-3-11-022337-8.\n\"Wissenschaftlicher Lebenslauf Prof. Dr. Heiko Steuer\". Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg. Retrieved 9 February 2019.","title":"Bibliography"}]
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[{"reference":"Steuer, Heiko (1987). \"Helm und Ringschwert: Prunkbewaffnung und Rangabzeichen germanischer Krieger\" [Helmet and Ring-Sword: Ornamental Weapons and Insignia of Germanic Warriors]. In Häßler, Hans-Jürgen (ed.). Studien zur Sachsenforschung [Studies in Saxon Research] (in German). Vol. 6. Hildesheim: Lax. pp. 189–236. ISBN 3-7848-1617-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://freidok.uni-freiburg.de/fedora/objects/freidok:4109/datastreams/FILE1/content","url_text":"\"Helm und Ringschwert: Prunkbewaffnung und Rangabzeichen germanischer Krieger\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans-J%C3%BCrgen_H%C3%A4%C3%9Fler","url_text":"Häßler, Hans-Jürgen"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-7848-1617-7","url_text":"3-7848-1617-7"}]},{"reference":"\"Wissenschaftlicher Lebenslauf Prof. Dr. Heiko Steuer\". Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg. Retrieved 9 February 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ufg.uni-freiburg.de/Mitarbeiter/profsir/steuerleben","url_text":"\"Wissenschaftlicher Lebenslauf Prof. Dr. Heiko Steuer\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bauen
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Bauen
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["1 History","2 Geography","3 Demographics","4 Coat of arms","5 Notable residents","6 References","7 External links"]
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Coordinates: 46°56′N 8°34′E / 46.933°N 8.567°E / 46.933; 8.567For the worker-controlled business in Buenos Aires, Argentina, see Hotel Bauen.
Former municipality in Uri, SwitzerlandBauenFormer municipality
FlagCoat of armsLocation of Bauen
BauenShow map of SwitzerlandBauenShow map of Canton of UriCoordinates: 46°56′N 8°34′E / 46.933°N 8.567°E / 46.933; 8.567CountrySwitzerlandCantonUriDistrictn.a.Government • MayorPräsidentin GemeinderatFrançoise Planzer(as of 2008)Area • Total3.8 km2 (1.5 sq mi)Elevation436 m (1,430 ft)Population (31 December 2018) • Total165 • Density43/km2 (110/sq mi)Time zoneUTC+01:00 (Central European Time) • Summer (DST)UTC+02:00 (Central European Summer Time)Postal code(s)6466SFOS number1204ISO 3166 codeCH-URSurrounded byFlüelen, Isenthal, Seelisberg, SisikonWebsitewww.bauen-ur.ch SFSO statistics
Bauen is a former municipality on Lake Lucerne in the Swiss canton of Uri. On 1 January 2021 the former municipality of Bauen merged into the municipality of Seedorf.
History
Bauen is first mentioned in 1150 as Bawen.
The municipalities of Seedorf and Bauen were the first in the canton that voluntarily decided to merge, after an amendment of the cantonal constitution allowed such mergers. The merger was planned to take place on 1 January 2021, provided it would be approved by the population of both municipalities in a referendum that was held in 2019. The referendum took place in October 2019; the population of both Seedorf and Bauen voted in favor of the merger with 80% and 69% respectively. The merger took place on 1 January 2021.
Geography
View of Bauen from across Lake Lucerne
Bauen had an area, as of 2006, of 3.8 km2 (1.5 sq mi). Of this area, 13.5% is used for agricultural purposes, while 74.9% is forested. Of the rest of the land, 2.9% is settled (buildings or roads) and the remainder (8.7%) is non-productive (rivers, glaciers or mountains). In the 1993 land survey, 68.3% of the total land area was heavily forested, while 0.8% is covered in small trees and shrubbery. Of the agricultural land, 1.8% is used for farming or pastures, while 10.3% is used for orchards or vine crops and 1.3% is used for alpine pastures. Of the settled areas, 2.1% is covered with buildings, 0.5% is industrial and 0.3% is transportation infrastructure. Of the unproductive areas, 0.3% is unproductive standing water (ponds or lakes), 1.6% is unproductive flowing water (rivers), 4.2% is too rocky for vegetation, and 2.6% is other unproductive land.
The village lies on the west side of the Urner lake, which is part of the bigger lake Vierwaldstättersee or the Lake of the Four Forest Cantons. Until 1956 the only way to reach the village was over steep footpaths from the neighboring communities.
Because of its position on the lake and the Föhn wind, Bauen has a very mild climate.
Demographics
Bauen had a population (as of 2019) of 165. As of 2007, 8.7% of the population was made up of foreign nationals. Over the last 10 years the population has decreased at a rate of -14.1%. Most of the population (as of 2000) speaks German (99.1%), with Italian being second most common (0.4%) and Czech being third (0.4%). As of 2007 the gender distribution of the population was 48.7% male and 51.3% female.
In Bauen about 75.6% of the population (between age 25–64) have completed either non-mandatory upper secondary education or additional higher education (either university or a Fachhochschule).
Bauen UR with St. Idda Church
Bauen has an unemployment rate of 0.76%. As of 2005, there were 16 people employed in the primary economic sector and about 8 businesses involved in this sector. 7 people are employed in the secondary sector and there are 3 businesses in this sector. 44 people are employed in the tertiary sector, with 7 businesses in this sector.
The historical population is given in the following table:
year
population
1799
115
1850
175
1900
167
1950
194
1970
157
2000
228
2005
192
2014
176
Coat of arms
Alberich Zwyssig
First mentioned in 1849, the flag or coat of arms shows elk horns in gold with ten red flames along the horns tips with a bigger red flame over the head, on a black background.
Originally made in 1843, the coat of arms comes from an idea of St. Idda von Fischingen, whose church choir had the symbol of an elk with flaming horns. This goes back to around 1812 when the church was inaugurated. The oldest coat of arms still intact hangs in the old guardhouse from Bauen to see.
Notable residents
Alberich Zwyssig, the composer of the Swiss psalm "Trittst im Morgenrot daher", was born in Bauen. A bust of him is located in front of the village church.
References
^ a b "Arealstatistik Standard - Gemeinden nach 4 Hauptbereichen". Federal Statistical Office. Retrieved 13 January 2019.
^ "Ständige Wohnbevölkerung nach Staatsangehörigkeitskategorie Geschlecht und Gemeinde; Provisorische Jahresergebnisse; 2018". Federal Statistical Office. 9 April 2019. Retrieved 11 April 2019.
^ "Applikation der Schweizer Gemeinden". bfs.admin.ch. Swiss Federal Statistical Office. 2021. Retrieved 11 January 2021.
^ a b Bauen in German, French and Italian in the online Historical Dictionary of Switzerland.
^ Arnold, Bruno (10 April 2019). "Urner Landrat spricht 450'000 Franken für Gemeindefusion von Seedorf und Bauen" (in German). St. Galler Tagblatt. Retrieved 27 April 2019.
^ Arnold, Bruno (9 April 2019). "Urner Landrat stellt Weichen für Zukunft von Gemeindefusionen". Luzerner Zeitung (in German). Retrieved 27 April 2019.
^ "Seedorf und Bauen stossen auf Fusion an" (in German). Luzerner Zeitung. 2020-10-20. Archived from the original on 2019-10-21. Retrieved 2020-08-30.
^ a b c d Swiss Federal Statistical Office Archived January 5, 2016, at the Wayback Machine accessed 08-Sep-2009
^ Canton Uri - Ground use statistics Archived 2011-07-07 at the Wayback Machine (in German) accessed 8 September 2009
^ Uri Population statistics Archived 2011-07-07 at the Wayback Machine (in German) accessed 8 September 2009
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Bauen.
Official Website of Bauen
Bauen in German, French and Italian in the online Historical Dictionary of Switzerland.
Private website from a citizen of Bauen * A multimediashow. Both in German.
Authority control databases International
VIAF
WorldCat
National
Germany
Geographic
MusicBrainz area
Other
Historical Dictionary of Switzerland
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hotel Bauen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hotel_Bauen"},{"link_name":"municipality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Municipalities_of_Switzerland"},{"link_name":"Lake Lucerne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Lucerne"},{"link_name":"Swiss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switzerland"},{"link_name":"canton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cantons_of_Switzerland"},{"link_name":"Uri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uri_(canton)"},{"link_name":"Seedorf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seedorf,_Uri"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"For the worker-controlled business in Buenos Aires, Argentina, see Hotel Bauen.Former municipality in Uri, SwitzerlandBauen is a former municipality on Lake Lucerne in the Swiss canton of Uri. On 1 January 2021 the former municipality of Bauen merged into the municipality of Seedorf.[3]","title":"Bauen"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HDS-4"},{"link_name":"Seedorf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seedorf,_Uri"},{"link_name":"amendment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amendment"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"Bauen is first mentioned in 1150 as Bawen.[4]The municipalities of Seedorf and Bauen were the first in the canton that voluntarily decided to merge, after an amendment of the cantonal constitution allowed such mergers.[5] The merger was planned to take place on 1 January 2021, provided it would be approved by the population of both municipalities in a referendum that was held in 2019.[6] The referendum took place in October 2019; the population of both Seedorf and Bauen voted in favor of the merger with 80% and 69% respectively.[7] The merger took place on 1 January 2021.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Picswiss_UR-25-14.jpg"},{"link_name":"Lake Lucerne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Lucerne"},{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bauen&action=edit"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SFSO-8"},{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bauen&action=edit"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Vierwaldstättersee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Lucerne"}],"text":"View of Bauen from across Lake LucerneBauen had an area, as of 2006[update], of 3.8 km2 (1.5 sq mi). Of this area, 13.5% is used for agricultural purposes, while 74.9% is forested. Of the rest of the land, 2.9% is settled (buildings or roads) and the remainder (8.7%) is non-productive (rivers, glaciers or mountains).[8] In the 1993 land survey[update], 68.3% of the total land area was heavily forested, while 0.8% is covered in small trees and shrubbery. Of the agricultural land, 1.8% is used for farming or pastures, while 10.3% is used for orchards or vine crops and 1.3% is used for alpine pastures. Of the settled areas, 2.1% is covered with buildings, 0.5% is industrial and 0.3% is transportation infrastructure. Of the unproductive areas, 0.3% is unproductive standing water (ponds or lakes), 1.6% is unproductive flowing water (rivers), 4.2% is too rocky for vegetation, and 2.6% is other unproductive land.[9]The village lies on the west side of the Urner lake, which is part of the bigger lake Vierwaldstättersee or the Lake of the Four Forest Cantons. Until 1956 the only way to reach the village was over steep footpaths from the neighboring communities.Because of its position on the lake and the Föhn wind, Bauen has a very mild climate.","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bauen&action=edit"},{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bauen&action=edit"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SFSO-8"},{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bauen&action=edit"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Uri_pop-10"},{"link_name":"upper secondary education","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Education_in_Switzerland#Secondary"},{"link_name":"Fachhochschule","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fachhochschule"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SFSO-8"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bauen_UR_mit_Kirche_St._Idda.jpg"},{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bauen&action=edit"},{"link_name":"primary economic sector","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primary_sector_of_the_economy"},{"link_name":"secondary sector","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secondary_sector_of_the_economy"},{"link_name":"tertiary sector","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tertiary_sector_of_the_economy"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SFSO-8"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HDS-4"}],"text":"Bauen had a population (as of 2019) of 165. As of 2007[update], 8.7% of the population was made up of foreign nationals. Over the last 10 years the population has decreased at a rate of -14.1%. Most of the population (as of 2000[update]) speaks German (99.1%), with Italian being second most common (0.4%) and Czech being third (0.4%).[8] As of 2007[update] the gender distribution of the population was 48.7% male and 51.3% female.[10]In Bauen about 75.6% of the population (between age 25–64) have completed either non-mandatory upper secondary education or additional higher education (either university or a Fachhochschule).[8]Bauen UR with St. Idda ChurchBauen has an unemployment rate of 0.76%. As of 2005[update], there were 16 people employed in the primary economic sector and about 8 businesses involved in this sector. 7 people are employed in the secondary sector and there are 3 businesses in this sector. 44 people are employed in the tertiary sector, with 7 businesses in this sector.[8]The historical population is given in the following table:[4]","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Zwyssig.jpg"},{"link_name":"Alberich Zwyssig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alberich_Zwyssig"}],"text":"Alberich ZwyssigFirst mentioned in 1849, the flag or coat of arms shows elk horns in gold with ten red flames along the horns tips with a bigger red flame over the head, on a black background.\nOriginally made in 1843, the coat of arms comes from an idea of St. Idda von Fischingen, whose church choir had the symbol of an elk with flaming horns. This goes back to around 1812 when the church was inaugurated. The oldest coat of arms still intact hangs in the old guardhouse from Bauen to see.","title":"Coat of arms"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Alberich Zwyssig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alberich_Zwyssig"},{"link_name":"Swiss psalm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swiss_psalm"}],"text":"Alberich Zwyssig, the composer of the Swiss psalm \"Trittst im Morgenrot daher\", was born in Bauen. A bust of him is located in front of the village church.","title":"Notable residents"}]
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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Notopteridae
|
Notopteridae
|
["1 Fossils","2 Description","3 Species","4 References","5 Further reading"]
|
Family of fishes
FeatherbacksTemporal range: 70.6–0 Ma
PreꞒ
Ꞓ
O
S
D
C
P
T
J
K
Pg
N
Late Cretaceous to present
Chitala ornata
Scientific classification
Domain:
Eukaryota
Kingdom:
Animalia
Phylum:
Chordata
Class:
Actinopterygii
Order:
Osteoglossiformes
Suborder:
Notopteroidei
Family:
NotopteridaeBleeker, 1859
Genera
See text
The family Notopteridae contains 10 species of osteoglossiform (bony-tongued) fishes, commonly known as featherbacks and knifefishes. These fishes live in freshwater or brackish environments in Africa and South and Southeast Asia.
With the denotation of "knifefish", the notopterids should not be confused with Gymnotiformes, the electric knifefishes from South and Central America. Although their manner of swimming is similar and they are superficially similar in appearance, the two groups are not closely related.
A few of the larger species, especially Chitala ornata, are food fish and occasionally aquarium pets. The name is from Greek noton meaning "back" and pteron meaning "fin".
Fossils
The earliest fossil of this family is otolith of Notopteridarum from the Late Cretaceous of India, about 70.6 to 66 million years ago.
Description
Featherbacks have slender, elongated, bodies, giving them a knife-like appearance. The caudal fin is small and fused with the anal fin, which runs most of the length of the body. Where present, the dorsal fin is small and narrow, giving rise to the common name of "featherback". The fish swims by holding its body rigid and rippling the anal fin to propel itself forward or backwards.
Notopterids have specialized swim bladders. The organ extends throughout the body and even into the fins in some cases. Although the swim bladder is not highly vascularised, it can absorb oxygen from air and also functions to produce sound by squeezing air through a narrow passage into the pharynx.
At least some species prepare nests and guard the eggs until they hatch.
Species
The 10 species in four genera are:
Subfamily Xenomystinae Greenwood 1963
Genus Papyrocranus Greenwood, 1963
Papyrocranus afer (Günther, 1868) (reticulated knifefish)
Papyrocranus congoensis (Nichols & La Monte, 1932)
Genus Xenomystus Günther, 1868
Xenomystus nigri (Günther, 1868) (African knifefish)
Subfamily Notopterinae Bleeker 1851 (Asian knifefishes, featherbacks)
Genus Chitala Fowler, 1934
Chitala blanci (d'Aubenton, 1965) (royal knifefish or Indochina featherback)
Chitala borneensis (Bleeker, 1851) (Indonesian featherback)
Chitala chitala (F. Hamilton, 1822) (Indian featherback)
Chitala hypselonotus (Bleeker, 1852)
†Chitala lopis (Bleeker, 1851)
Chitala ornata (J. E. Gray, 1831) (clown featherback or clown knifefish)
Genus Notopterus Lacépède, 1800
Notopterus notopterus (Pallas, 1769) (bronze featherback)
References
^ Nolf, Dirk; Rana, R. S.; Prasad, G. V. R. (2008). "Late Cretaceous (Maastrichtian fish otoliths from the Deccan Intertrappean Beds, India: a revision". Bulletin de l'Institut royal des Sciences naturelles de Belgique, Sciences de la Terre. 78: 239–259.
^ a b c Greenwood, P. H. & Wilson, M. V. (1998). Paxton, J. R. & Eschmeyer, W. N. (eds.). Encyclopedia of Fishes. San Diego: Academic Press. pp. 82–83. ISBN 0-12-547665-5.
^ Froese, Rainer, and Daniel Pauly, eds. (2021). "Notopteridae" in FishBase. July 2021 version.
Further reading
Berra, Tim M. (2001). Freshwater Fish Distribution. San Diego: Academic Press. ISBN 0-12-093156-7
The historical biogeography of the freshwater knifefishes.
vteOsteoglossomorpha
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Actinopterygii
Subclass: Neopterygii
Infraclass: Teleostei
Actinopterygii
see Actinopterygii
Neopterygii
see Neopterygii
Teleostei
see Teleostei
Osteoglossomorpha
see below↓
OsteoglossomorphaOsteoglossomorpha
†Chandlerichthys
†Coriops
†Harenaichthys
†Jinanichthys
†Paralycoptera?
†Tanolepis?
†Tongxinichthys
†Xixiaichthys
†Huashiidae
Huashia
Kuntulunia
†Lycopteridae
Jiuquanichthys
Kokuraichthys?
Kuyangichthys
Lycoptera
Hiodontiformes
Hiodon
†Jiaohichthys
†Kokuraichthys?
†Plesiolycoptera
†Yanbiania
Osteoglossiformes
†Archaeglossus
†Furichthys
†Joffrichthys
†Kokenichthys
†Shuleichthys
†Tetoriichthys
†Thaumaturus
†Wakinoichthys
†Wilsonichthys
†Xixiaichthys?
Pantodontidae
†Capassopiscis
†Cretapantodon
†Palaeopantodon
†Pankowskipiscis
Pantodon
†Petersichthys
†Prognathoglossum
Osteoglossidaesensu lato
†Chanopsis
†Chauliopareion
†Singida
†Phareodontinae
Brychaetoides
Brychaetus
Cretophareodus
Magnigena
Monopteros
Musperia
Phareodus
Phareodusichthys
Phareoides
Ridewoodichthys
Taverneichthys
Xosteoglossid
Arapaiminae
Arapaima
Heterotis
†Joffrichthys?
†Sinoglossus?
†Thrissopterus
Osteoglossinae
†Foreyichthys
†Heterosteoglossum
†Opsithrissops
Osteoglossum
Scleropages
Notopteroidei
Gymnarchus
†Laeliichthys
†Lopadichthys?
†Ostariostoma?
†Palaeonotopterus
†Sinoglossus?
Notopteridae
Chitala
Notopterus
Papyrocranus
Xenomystus
Mormyridae
Petrocephalus
Mormyrinae
Boulengeromyrus
Brevimyrus
Brienomyrus
Campylomormyrus
Cryptomyrus
Cyphomyrus
Genyomyrus
Gnathonemus
Heteromormyrus
Hippopotamyrus
Hyperopisus
Isichthys
Ivindomyrus
Marcusenius
Mormyrops
Mormyrus
Myomyrus
Paramormyrops
Pollimyrus
Stomatorhinus
Taxon identifiersNotopteridae
Wikidata: Q446602
Wikispecies: Notopteridae
ADW: Notopteridae
BOLD: 47309
CoL: DF3
EoL: 5389
GBIF: 4231
iNaturalist: 85934
IRMNG: 114866
ITIS: 161908
NCBI: 31091
Open Tree of Life: 816151
Paleobiology Database: 53979
WoRMS: 154643
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"osteoglossiform","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osteoglossiform"},{"link_name":"freshwater","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freshwater"},{"link_name":"brackish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brackish"},{"link_name":"South","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Asia"},{"link_name":"Southeast Asia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southeast_Asia"},{"link_name":"Gymnotiformes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gymnotiformes"},{"link_name":"Greek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_language"}],"text":"The family Notopteridae contains 10 species of osteoglossiform (bony-tongued) fishes, commonly known as featherbacks and knifefishes. These fishes live in freshwater or brackish environments in Africa and South and Southeast Asia.With the denotation of \"knifefish\", the notopterids should not be confused with Gymnotiformes, the electric knifefishes from South and Central America. Although their manner of swimming is similar and they are superficially similar in appearance, the two groups are not closely related.A few of the larger species, especially Chitala ornata, are food fish and occasionally aquarium pets. The name is from Greek noton meaning \"back\" and pteron meaning \"fin\".","title":"Notopteridae"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"otolith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otolith"},{"link_name":"Notopteridarum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Notopteridarum&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Late Cretaceous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Late_Cretaceous"},{"link_name":"India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"The earliest fossil of this family is otolith of Notopteridarum from the Late Cretaceous of India, about 70.6 to 66 million years ago.[1]","title":"Fossils"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"caudal fin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caudal_fin"},{"link_name":"anal fin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anal_fin"},{"link_name":"dorsal fin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorsal_fin"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EoF-2"},{"link_name":"pharynx","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pharynx"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EoF-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EoF-2"}],"text":"Featherbacks have slender, elongated, bodies, giving them a knife-like appearance. The caudal fin is small and fused with the anal fin, which runs most of the length of the body. Where present, the dorsal fin is small and narrow, giving rise to the common name of \"featherback\". The fish swims by holding its body rigid and rippling the anal fin to propel itself forward or backwards.[2]Notopterids have specialized swim bladders. The organ extends throughout the body and even into the fins in some cases. Although the swim bladder is not highly vascularised, it can absorb oxygen from air and also functions to produce sound by squeezing air through a narrow passage into the pharynx.[2]At least some species prepare nests and guard the eggs until they hatch.[2]","title":"Description"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FishBase-3"},{"link_name":"Papyrocranus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papyrocranus"},{"link_name":"Greenwood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humphry_Greenwood"},{"link_name":"Papyrocranus afer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papyrocranus_afer"},{"link_name":"Günther","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_G%C3%BCnther"},{"link_name":"Papyrocranus congoensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papyrocranus_congoensis"},{"link_name":"Nichols","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Treadwell_Nichols"},{"link_name":"La Monte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francesca_Raimonde_La_Monte"},{"link_name":"Günther","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_G%C3%BCnther"},{"link_name":"Xenomystus nigri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xenomystus_nigri"},{"link_name":"Günther","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_G%C3%BCnther"},{"link_name":"Chitala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chitala"},{"link_name":"Fowler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Weed_Fowler"},{"link_name":"Chitala blanci","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chitala_blanci"},{"link_name":"d'Aubenton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fran%C3%A7ois_d%27Aubenton-Carafa&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Chitala borneensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chitala_borneensis"},{"link_name":"Bleeker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pieter_Bleeker"},{"link_name":"Chitala chitala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chitala_chitala"},{"link_name":"F. Hamilton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Buchanan-Hamilton"},{"link_name":"Chitala hypselonotus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chitala_hypselonotus"},{"link_name":"Bleeker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pieter_Bleeker"},{"link_name":"Chitala lopis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chitala_lopis"},{"link_name":"Bleeker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pieter_Bleeker"},{"link_name":"Chitala ornata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chitala_ornata"},{"link_name":"J. E. Gray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Edward_Gray"},{"link_name":"Lacépède","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernard_Germain_de_Lac%C3%A9p%C3%A8de"},{"link_name":"Notopterus notopterus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Notopterus_notopterus"},{"link_name":"Pallas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Simon_Pallas"}],"text":"The 10 species in four genera are:[3]Subfamily Xenomystinae Greenwood 1963\nGenus Papyrocranus Greenwood, 1963\nPapyrocranus afer (Günther, 1868) (reticulated knifefish)\nPapyrocranus congoensis (Nichols & La Monte, 1932)\nGenus Xenomystus Günther, 1868\nXenomystus nigri (Günther, 1868) (African knifefish)\nSubfamily Notopterinae Bleeker 1851 (Asian knifefishes, featherbacks)\nGenus Chitala Fowler, 1934\nChitala blanci (d'Aubenton, 1965) (royal knifefish or Indochina featherback)\nChitala borneensis (Bleeker, 1851) (Indonesian featherback)\nChitala chitala (F. Hamilton, 1822) (Indian featherback)\nChitala hypselonotus (Bleeker, 1852)\n†Chitala lopis (Bleeker, 1851)\nChitala ornata (J. E. Gray, 1831) (clown featherback or clown knifefish)\nGenus Notopterus Lacépède, 1800\nNotopterus notopterus (Pallas, 1769) (bronze featherback)","title":"Species"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-12-093156-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-12-093156-7"},{"link_name":"The historical biogeography of the freshwater knifefishes.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20140321081038/http://www.geocities.jp/ancientfishtree/Notopterus_Eng.html"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Osteoglossomorpha"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Osteoglossomorpha"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Osteoglossomorpha"},{"link_name":"Osteoglossomorpha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osteoglossomorpha"},{"link_name":"Animalia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal"},{"link_name":"Chordata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chordate"},{"link_name":"Actinopterygii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Actinopterygii"},{"link_name":"Neopterygii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neopterygii"},{"link_name":"Teleostei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teleost"},{"link_name":"Actinopterygii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Actinopterygii"},{"link_name":"Actinopterygii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Actinopterygian_genera"},{"link_name":"Neopterygii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neopterygii"},{"link_name":"Neopterygii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Neopterygii"},{"link_name":"Teleostei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teleost"},{"link_name":"Teleostei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Teleostei"},{"link_name":"Osteoglossomorpha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osteoglossomorpha"},{"link_name":"Osteoglossomorpha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osteoglossomorpha"},{"link_name":"Osteoglossomorpha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osteoglossomorpha"},{"link_name":"Chandlerichthys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chandlerichthys&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Coriops","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coriops"},{"link_name":"Harenaichthys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harenaichthys"},{"link_name":"Jinanichthys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jinanichthys"},{"link_name":"Paralycoptera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paralycoptera"},{"link_name":"Tanolepis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tanolepis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Tongxinichthys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tongxinichthys&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Xixiaichthys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xixiaichthys"},{"link_name":"Huashiidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Huashiidae&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Huashia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Huashia&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Kuntulunia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kuntulunia&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Lycopteridae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lycopteridae"},{"link_name":"Jiuquanichthys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jiuquanichthys&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Kokuraichthys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kokuraichthys&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Kuyangichthys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kuyangichthys&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Lycoptera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lycoptera"},{"link_name":"Hiodontiformes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiodontiformes"},{"link_name":"Hiodon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mooneye"},{"link_name":"Jiaohichthys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jiaohichthys&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Kokuraichthys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kokuraichthys&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Plesiolycoptera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Plesiolycoptera&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Yanbiania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yanbiania&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Osteoglossiformes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osteoglossiformes"},{"link_name":"Archaeglossus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Archaeglossus&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Furichthys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Furichthys&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Joffrichthys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joffrichthys"},{"link_name":"Kokenichthys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kokenichthys&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Shuleichthys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shuleichthys"},{"link_name":"Tetoriichthys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tetoriichthys&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Thaumaturus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thaumaturus"},{"link_name":"Wakinoichthys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wakinoichthys"},{"link_name":"Wilsonichthys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wilsonichthys&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Xixiaichthys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xixiaichthys"},{"link_name":"Pantodontidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pantodontidae"},{"link_name":"Capassopiscis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Capassopiscis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Cretapantodon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cretapantodon&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Palaeopantodon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Palaeopantodon&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Pankowskipiscis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pankowskipiscis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Pantodon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freshwater_butterflyfish"},{"link_name":"Petersichthys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Petersichthys&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Prognathoglossum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Prognathoglossum&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Osteoglossidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osteoglossidae"},{"link_name":"Chanopsis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chanopsis"},{"link_name":"Chauliopareion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chauliopareion&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Singida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Singida_(fish)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Phareodontinae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Phareodontinae&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Brychaetoides","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Brychaetoides&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Brychaetus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brychaetus"},{"link_name":"Cretophareodus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cretophareodus&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Magnigena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Magnigena&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Monopteros","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Monopteros_(fish)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Musperia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Musperia&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Phareodus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phareodus"},{"link_name":"Phareodusichthys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Phareodusichthys&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Phareoides","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Phareoides&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Ridewoodichthys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ridewoodichthys&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Taverneichthys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Taverneichthys&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Xosteoglossid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Xosteoglossid&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Arapaiminae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arapaiminae"},{"link_name":"Arapaima","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arapaima"},{"link_name":"Heterotis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_arowana"},{"link_name":"Joffrichthys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joffrichthys"},{"link_name":"Sinoglossus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sinoglossus&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Thrissopterus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Thrissopterus&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Osteoglossinae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arowana"},{"link_name":"Foreyichthys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Foreyichthys&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Heterosteoglossum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Heterosteoglossum&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Opsithrissops","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opsithrissops"},{"link_name":"Osteoglossum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osteoglossum"},{"link_name":"Scleropages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scleropages"},{"link_name":"Notopteroidei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Notopteroidei"},{"link_name":"Gymnarchus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gymnarchus"},{"link_name":"Laeliichthys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Laeliichthys&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Lopadichthys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lopadichthys&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Ostariostoma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ostariostoma"},{"link_name":"Palaeonotopterus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Palaeonotopterus&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Sinoglossus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sinoglossus&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Notopteridae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Chitala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chitala"},{"link_name":"Notopterus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronze_featherback"},{"link_name":"Papyrocranus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papyrocranus"},{"link_name":"Xenomystus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_brown_knifefish"},{"link_name":"Mormyridae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mormyridae"},{"link_name":"Petrocephalus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petrocephalus"},{"link_name":"Mormyrinae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mormyrinae"},{"link_name":"Boulengeromyrus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boulengeromyrus"},{"link_name":"Brevimyrus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brevimyrus"},{"link_name":"Brienomyrus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brienomyrus"},{"link_name":"Campylomormyrus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campylomormyrus"},{"link_name":"Cryptomyrus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryptomyrus"},{"link_name":"Cyphomyrus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyphomyrus"},{"link_name":"Genyomyrus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genyomyrus"},{"link_name":"Gnathonemus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gnathonemus"},{"link_name":"Heteromormyrus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heteromormyrus"},{"link_name":"Hippopotamyrus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hippopotamyrus"},{"link_name":"Hyperopisus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperopisus"},{"link_name":"Isichthys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isichthys"},{"link_name":"Ivindomyrus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivindomyrus"},{"link_name":"Marcusenius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcusenius"},{"link_name":"Mormyrops","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mormyrops"},{"link_name":"Mormyrus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mormyrus"},{"link_name":"Myomyrus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myomyrus"},{"link_name":"Paramormyrops","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paramormyrops"},{"link_name":"Pollimyrus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pollimyrus"},{"link_name":"Stomatorhinus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stomatorhinus"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lycoptera_reconstruction.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hiodon_tergisus_NOAA.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:F_de_Castelnau-poissonsPl26_Osteoglossum_minus.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Campylomormyrus_curvirostris_(Boulenger,_1898).jpg"},{"link_name":"Taxon identifiers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Taxon_identifiers"},{"link_name":"Wikidata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikidata"},{"link_name":"Q446602","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q446602"},{"link_name":"Wikispecies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikispecies"},{"link_name":"Notopteridae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Notopteridae"},{"link_name":"ADW","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal_Diversity_Web"},{"link_name":"Notopteridae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//animaldiversity.org/accounts/Notopteridae/"},{"link_name":"BOLD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barcode_of_Life_Data_System"},{"link_name":"47309","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.boldsystems.org/index.php/TaxBrowser_TaxonPage?taxid=47309"},{"link_name":"CoL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catalogue_of_Life"},{"link_name":"DF3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/DF3"},{"link_name":"EoL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Life"},{"link_name":"5389","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//eol.org/pages/5389"},{"link_name":"GBIF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_Biodiversity_Information_Facility"},{"link_name":"4231","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.gbif.org/species/4231"},{"link_name":"iNaturalist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/INaturalist"},{"link_name":"85934","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//inaturalist.org/taxa/85934"},{"link_name":"IRMNG","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interim_Register_of_Marine_and_Nonmarine_Genera"},{"link_name":"114866","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.irmng.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=114866"},{"link_name":"ITIS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integrated_Taxonomic_Information_System"},{"link_name":"161908","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=161908"},{"link_name":"NCBI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Center_for_Biotechnology_Information"},{"link_name":"31091","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=31091"},{"link_name":"Open Tree of Life","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Tree_of_Life"},{"link_name":"816151","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//tree.opentreeoflife.org/taxonomy/browse?id=816151"},{"link_name":"Paleobiology Database","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleobiology_Database"},{"link_name":"53979","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//paleobiodb.org/classic/basicTaxonInfo?taxon_no=53979"},{"link_name":"WoRMS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Register_of_Marine_Species"},{"link_name":"154643","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=154643"}],"text":"Berra, Tim M. (2001). Freshwater Fish Distribution. San Diego: Academic Press. ISBN 0-12-093156-7\nThe historical biogeography of the freshwater knifefishes.vteOsteoglossomorpha\nKingdom: Animalia\nPhylum: Chordata\nClass: Actinopterygii\nSubclass: Neopterygii\nInfraclass: Teleostei\nActinopterygii\nsee Actinopterygii\nNeopterygii\nsee Neopterygii\nTeleostei\nsee Teleostei\nOsteoglossomorpha\nsee below↓\nOsteoglossomorphaOsteoglossomorpha\n†Chandlerichthys\n†Coriops\n†Harenaichthys\n†Jinanichthys\n†Paralycoptera?\n†Tanolepis?\n†Tongxinichthys\n†Xixiaichthys\n†Huashiidae\nHuashia\nKuntulunia\n†Lycopteridae\nJiuquanichthys\nKokuraichthys?\nKuyangichthys\nLycoptera\nHiodontiformes\nHiodon\n†Jiaohichthys\n†Kokuraichthys?\n†Plesiolycoptera\n†Yanbiania\nOsteoglossiformes\n†Archaeglossus\n†Furichthys\n†Joffrichthys\n†Kokenichthys\n†Shuleichthys\n†Tetoriichthys\n†Thaumaturus\n†Wakinoichthys\n†Wilsonichthys\n†Xixiaichthys?\nPantodontidae\n†Capassopiscis\n†Cretapantodon\n†Palaeopantodon\n†Pankowskipiscis\nPantodon\n†Petersichthys\n†Prognathoglossum\nOsteoglossidaesensu lato\n†Chanopsis\n†Chauliopareion\n†Singida\n†Phareodontinae\nBrychaetoides\nBrychaetus\nCretophareodus\nMagnigena\nMonopteros\nMusperia\nPhareodus\nPhareodusichthys\nPhareoides\nRidewoodichthys\nTaverneichthys\nXosteoglossid\nArapaiminae\nArapaima\nHeterotis\n†Joffrichthys?\n†Sinoglossus?\n†Thrissopterus\nOsteoglossinae\n†Foreyichthys\n†Heterosteoglossum\n†Opsithrissops\nOsteoglossum\nScleropages\nNotopteroidei\nGymnarchus\n†Laeliichthys\n†Lopadichthys?\n†Ostariostoma?\n†Palaeonotopterus\n†Sinoglossus?\nNotopteridae\nChitala\nNotopterus\nPapyrocranus\nXenomystus\nMormyridae\nPetrocephalus\nMormyrinae\nBoulengeromyrus\nBrevimyrus\nBrienomyrus\nCampylomormyrus\nCryptomyrus\nCyphomyrus\nGenyomyrus\nGnathonemus\nHeteromormyrus\nHippopotamyrus\nHyperopisus\nIsichthys\nIvindomyrus\nMarcusenius\nMormyrops\nMormyrus\nMyomyrus\nParamormyrops\nPollimyrus\nStomatorhinusTaxon identifiersNotopteridae\nWikidata: Q446602\nWikispecies: Notopteridae\nADW: Notopteridae\nBOLD: 47309\nCoL: DF3\nEoL: 5389\nGBIF: 4231\niNaturalist: 85934\nIRMNG: 114866\nITIS: 161908\nNCBI: 31091\nOpen Tree of Life: 816151\nPaleobiology Database: 53979\nWoRMS: 154643","title":"Further reading"}]
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[]
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[{"reference":"Nolf, Dirk; Rana, R. S.; Prasad, G. V. R. (2008). \"Late Cretaceous (Maastrichtian fish otoliths from the Deccan Intertrappean Beds, India: a revision\". Bulletin de l'Institut royal des Sciences naturelles de Belgique, Sciences de la Terre. 78: 239–259.","urls":[{"url":"https://biblio.naturalsciences.be/library-1/rbins-staff-publications/articlereference.2020-03-25.2086036848","url_text":"\"Late Cretaceous (Maastrichtian fish otoliths from the Deccan Intertrappean Beds, India: a revision\""}]},{"reference":"Greenwood, P. H. & Wilson, M. V. (1998). Paxton, J. R. & Eschmeyer, W. N. (eds.). Encyclopedia of Fishes. San Diego: Academic Press. pp. 82–83. ISBN 0-12-547665-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-12-547665-5","url_text":"0-12-547665-5"}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://biblio.naturalsciences.be/library-1/rbins-staff-publications/articlereference.2020-03-25.2086036848","external_links_name":"\"Late Cretaceous (Maastrichtian fish otoliths from the Deccan Intertrappean Beds, India: a revision\""},{"Link":"http://www.fishbase.org/Summary/FamilySummary.php?Family=Notopteridae","external_links_name":"\"Notopteridae\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140321081038/http://www.geocities.jp/ancientfishtree/Notopterus_Eng.html","external_links_name":"The historical biogeography of the freshwater knifefishes."},{"Link":"https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Notopteridae/","external_links_name":"Notopteridae"},{"Link":"http://www.boldsystems.org/index.php/TaxBrowser_TaxonPage?taxid=47309","external_links_name":"47309"},{"Link":"https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/DF3","external_links_name":"DF3"},{"Link":"https://eol.org/pages/5389","external_links_name":"5389"},{"Link":"https://www.gbif.org/species/4231","external_links_name":"4231"},{"Link":"https://inaturalist.org/taxa/85934","external_links_name":"85934"},{"Link":"https://www.irmng.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=114866","external_links_name":"114866"},{"Link":"https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=161908","external_links_name":"161908"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=31091","external_links_name":"31091"},{"Link":"https://tree.opentreeoflife.org/taxonomy/browse?id=816151","external_links_name":"816151"},{"Link":"https://paleobiodb.org/classic/basicTaxonInfo?taxon_no=53979","external_links_name":"53979"},{"Link":"https://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=154643","external_links_name":"154643"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_State_Route_273
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California State Route 273
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["1 Route description","2 Major intersections","3 See also","4 References","5 External links"]
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Route map: State highway in Shasta County, California, United States
State Route 273SR 273 highlighted in redRoute informationMaintained by CaltransLength16.23 mi (26.12 km)Major junctionsSouth end I-5 in AndersonNorth end I-5 in Redding
LocationCountryUnited StatesStateCaliforniaCountiesShasta
Highway system
State highways in California
Interstate
US
State
Scenic
History
Pre‑1964
Unconstructed
Deleted
Freeways
← SR 271→ SR 275
State Route 273 (SR 273) is a state highway in the U.S. state of California that serves as a business loop of Interstate 5 that travels directly through the downtown districts of Anderson and Redding in Shasta County.
SR 273 was part of former U.S. Route 99. In 2007 an effort was begun to have this segment signed as "Historic Route 99". Supporters hope to have black-and-white historical Route 99 signs up by October. They will be placed from North Market Street in Redding down to where Interstate 5 meets Highway 273 south of Anderson.
Route description
Historic U.S. Route 99 sign along SR 273
SR 273 begins just south of Anderson at an interchange with Interstate 5. The roadway then parallels I-5 northeast into central Anderson. Upon exiting a suburban area, the route enters farmland, while paralleling the Sacramento River. The roadway then enters suburban Redding, where it turns away from the Sacramento River and zigzags along local roads through downtown, where it meets State Route 299. Upon exiting downtown, SR 273 crosses the Sacramento River and meets its northern terminus at Interstate 5 in the suburbs of Redding.
SR 273 is part of the National Highway System, a network of highways that are considered essential to the country's economy, defense, and mobility by the Federal Highway Administration.
Major intersections
Except where prefixed with a letter, postmiles were measured on the road as it was in 1964, based on the alignment of U.S. Route 99 as it existed at that time, and do not necessarily reflect current mileage. R reflects a realignment in the route since then, M indicates a second realignment, L refers to an overlap due to a correction or change, and T indicates postmiles classified as temporary (for a full list of prefixes, see California postmile § Official postmile definitions). Segments that remain unconstructed or have been relinquished to local control may be omitted. The entire route is in Shasta County.
LocationPostmileDestinationsNotes
Anderson3.82 I-5 south – SacramentoInterchange; I-5 north exit 667A; former US 99 south; no direct access to I-5 north
4.29 Factory Outlets Drive to I-5 north / Deschutes Road – Redding, Coleman Fish Hatchery
Redding15.98 Cypress Avenue to I-5South end of one-way pair where southbound traffic stays on Market Street and northbound traffic diverts to Pine Street and then Eureka Way; former SR 44 east
R16.66R–R16.80L SR 44 east (Tehama Street) to I-5One-way street; south end of SR 44 overlap; former US 299 east
R16.73RShasta Street (SR 44)One-way street, inbound access only where SR 44 west traffic joins SR 273 north
16.83 SR 44 east / SR 273 south (Market Street south)North end of one-way pair where southbound traffic stays on Market Street and northbound traffic joins from Eureka Way east; north end of SR 44 overlap; western terminus of SR 44; south end of SR 299 overlap; former US 299 west
SR 299 west (Eureka Way west) – Weaverville, Eureka
18.62 SR 299 east (Lake Boulevard east) to I-5 southNorth end of SR 299 overlap
Lake Boulevard west (CR A18)Eastern terminus of CR A18
20.03 I-5 north – PortlandInterchange; I-5 south exit 681B; US 99 north; no direct access to I-5 south
1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi Concurrency terminus Incomplete access
See also
California Roads portal
References
^ a b California Department of Transportation (April 2018). "Log of Bridges on State Highways". Sacramento: California Department of Transportation.
^ Microsoft; Nokia. "SR 273" (Map). Bing Maps. Microsoft. Retrieved 2010-07-21.
^ Federal Highway Administration (March 25, 2015). National Highway System: Redding, CA (PDF) (Map). Scale not given. Washington, DC: Federal Highway Administration. Retrieved August 20, 2017.
^ Natzke, Stefan; Neathery, Mike & Adderly, Kevin (June 20, 2012). "What is the National Highway System?". National Highway System. Washington, DC: Federal Highway Administration. Retrieved July 1, 2012.
^ a b California Department of Transportation. "State Truck Route List". Sacramento: California Department of Transportation. Archived from the original (XLS file) on September 5, 2015. Retrieved June 30, 2015.
^ California Department of Transportation, All Traffic Volumes on CSHS, 2007
External links
KML file (edit • help)
Template:Attached KML/California State Route 273KML is from Wikidata
Wikimedia Commons has media related to California State Route 273.
Caltrans: State Route 273 highway conditions
Caltrans Traffic Conditions Map
California Highway Patrol Traffic Incidents
California Highways: Route 273
California @ AARoads.com - State Route 273
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[{"image_text":"Historic U.S. Route 99 sign along SR 273","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/California_State_Highway_273_%289088231869%29.jpg/220px-California_State_Highway_273_%289088231869%29.jpg"}]
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[{"title":"California Roads portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:California_Roads"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joel_Slater
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Joel Slater
|
["1 Renunciation of citizenship","2 Travels as a refugee","3 Return to the United States","4 Family and personal life","5 Death","6 References"]
|
Joel Laverne Slater (April 30, 1960 – March 26, 2008) was an American activist who renounced his U.S. citizenship in 1987 in Australia, voluntarily making himself stateless to protest U.S. foreign policy.
The Australian government soon afterward deported him back to the United States, and after six years of fruitless efforts aimed at finding another country to which he could be admitted as a refugee, Slater asked the State Department to reverse its earlier recognition of his renunciation, and had his U.S. citizenship restored.
Renunciation of citizenship
In December 1987, Slater appeared before the U.S. consul in Perth, Australia and renounced his citizenship; the State Department confirmed his renunciation and issued him with a Certificate of Loss of Nationality. At the time, roughly 300 Americans renounced their citizenship each year, but typically as part of the process of obtaining citizenship elsewhere. Slater had plans to marry an Australian woman and eventually obtain Australian citizenship through her, but that fell through, leaving him stateless. Slater's only travel document was a World Passport issued by Garry Davis' World Service Authority. He stated that he renounced his citizenship in protest of the foreign policy of the Ronald Reagan administration, in particular the 1986 bombing of Libya. He was quoted as saying, "I'm sick and tired of the United States. It's like belonging to a country club where you don't like the way the directors are behaving, and you cancel your membership."
Travels as a refugee
Australia deported Slater after his United States passport was revoked; he was readmitted to the U.S. on a humanitarian parole, which he stated that he did not want. Slater then made various attempts to find another country which would admit him for settlement, going back and forth into Mexico and at one point even hitchhiking across Canada to Newfoundland and then taking a ferry to the nearby French overseas territory of Saint Pierre and Miquelon in an effort to gain admission there. He chose a French territory as a destination because France was a signatory to the Convention Relating to the Status of Stateless Persons. However, the territorial prefect at the time would not permit him to remain. His Canadian lawyer Gary Botting was quoted as stating that there was a "mini riot ... everal fishermen went on a rampage".
Return to the United States
Slater returned to the United States, but his earlier work authorization had expired due to his departure, and his Social Security Number was no longer valid. By March 1991, after his return to the U.S. he was living in an abandoned building near the railroad tracks in Tucson, Arizona. He expressed interest in going to Norway, but the government there stated that he could not be admitted without a job. The U.S. also refused to issue him a refugee travel document.
Slater referred to his situation as "exile". In 1991, the U.S. Department of State stated that Slater could request his citizenship back, but Slater stated that he was not interested.
Despite his migration difficulties, in a 1992 interview he stated that he had no regrets, comparing his actions to those taken by Sons of Liberty in the Boston Tea Party.
By late 1992, he was quoted by the Santa Barbara News-Press as stating that he hoped Bill Clinton could restore his U.S. citizenship by executive order. He regained U.S. citizenship in 1993.
Family and personal life
Slater was born in Waterloo, Iowa to Jerry L. Slater and Shirley M. Rodery Slater. He had a sister Debra Slater, a younger brother Jerry L. Slater Jr., and another brother who died as an infant.
Slater's mother later married Robert G. Papach, also of Waterloo, with whom she had a son James, Slater's half brother; she died in 1999. Slater's brother Jerry lived in Moscow, Iowa; he died in 2006.
Death
Slater died at his home in Pocatello, Idaho on March 26, 2008, where his body was found five days later. Trent, Nancy, and Christine, as well as his father Jerry, sister Debra, and half-brother James, were his surviving children.
References
^ a b Cobb, Kim (1991-07-04). "Iowan prefers to be a man without a country". Houston Chronicle. Retrieved 2012-05-12.
^ "Man who renounced U.S. citizenship has nowhere to call home". Minneapolis Star Tribune. 1989-07-10. Retrieved 2012-05-12.
^ a b "Current Wisdom". American Spectator. April 1993. p. 76.
^ "Man without a country renounced U.S. citizenship". 1991-10-22. Retrieved 2012-07-05.
^ Boatman, Kim (1992-11-27). "A Man Without A Country, Literally". The Seattle Times. Retrieved 2012-05-14.
^ "Man gives up citizenship, without country". The Prescott Courier/Associated Press. 1991-03-18. Retrieved 2012-05-13.
^ "Out of State, Out of Country". Chicago Sun-Times. 1992-11-27. Retrieved 2012-05-12.
^ "Waterloo man's angry exile comes to an end". Waterloo Courier. 1993-03-05. Retrieved 2012-05-13.
^ a b "Joel Laverne Slater: Pocatello, Idaho". DeathRecord.com. Retrieved 2012-05-14.
^ a b c d e "Joel L. Slater (1961-2008)". Waterloo-Cedar Falls Courier. 2008-04-02. Retrieved 2012-07-05.
^ "Robert G. Papach". Waterloo-Cedar Falls Courier. 2012-05-13. Retrieved 2012-07-05.
^ "Jerry L. Slater, Jr. of Moscow, Iowa". Wittich Funeral Home. 2006-09-11. Retrieved 2012-07-06.
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"State Department","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_State"}],"text":"The Australian government soon afterward deported him back to the United States, and after six years of fruitless efforts aimed at finding another country to which he could be admitted as a refugee, Slater asked the State Department to reverse its earlier recognition of his renunciation, and had his U.S. citizenship restored.","title":"Joel Slater"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Perth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perth"},{"link_name":"State Department","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_State"},{"link_name":"Certificate of Loss of Nationality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Certificate_of_Loss_of_Nationality"},{"link_name":"Australian citizenship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_nationality_law"},{"link_name":"stateless","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statelessness"},{"link_name":"travel document","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Travel_document"},{"link_name":"World Passport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Passport"},{"link_name":"Garry Davis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garry_Davis"},{"link_name":"World Service Authority","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Service_Authority"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Chronicle19910704-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"foreign policy of the Ronald Reagan administration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_policy_of_the_Ronald_Reagan_administration"},{"link_name":"1986 bombing of Libya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombing_of_Libya_(1986)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Spectator199304-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"In December 1987, Slater appeared before the U.S. consul in Perth, Australia and renounced his citizenship; the State Department confirmed his renunciation and issued him with a Certificate of Loss of Nationality. At the time, roughly 300 Americans renounced their citizenship each year, but typically as part of the process of obtaining citizenship elsewhere. Slater had plans to marry an Australian woman and eventually obtain Australian citizenship through her, but that fell through, leaving him stateless. Slater's only travel document was a World Passport issued by Garry Davis' World Service Authority.[1][2] He stated that he renounced his citizenship in protest of the foreign policy of the Ronald Reagan administration, in particular the 1986 bombing of Libya.[3] He was quoted as saying, \"I'm sick and tired of the United States. It's like belonging to a country club where you don't like the way the directors are behaving, and you cancel your membership.\"[4]","title":"Renunciation of citizenship"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"United States passport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_passport"},{"link_name":"parole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parole_(United_States_immigration)"},{"link_name":"Mexico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico"},{"link_name":"Newfoundland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newfoundland_(island)"},{"link_name":"overseas territory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overseas_territory_(France)"},{"link_name":"Saint Pierre and Miquelon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Pierre_and_Miquelon"},{"link_name":"Convention Relating to the Status of Stateless Persons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convention_Relating_to_the_Status_of_Stateless_Persons"},{"link_name":"territorial prefect","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prefect_of_Saint_Pierre_and_Miquelon"},{"link_name":"Gary Botting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary_Botting"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SeattleTimes19921127-5"}],"text":"Australia deported Slater after his United States passport was revoked; he was readmitted to the U.S. on a humanitarian parole, which he stated that he did not want. Slater then made various attempts to find another country which would admit him for settlement, going back and forth into Mexico and at one point even hitchhiking across Canada to Newfoundland and then taking a ferry to the nearby French overseas territory of Saint Pierre and Miquelon in an effort to gain admission there. He chose a French territory as a destination because France was a signatory to the Convention Relating to the Status of Stateless Persons. However, the territorial prefect at the time would not permit him to remain. His Canadian lawyer Gary Botting was quoted as stating that there was a \"mini riot ... [s]everal fishermen went on a rampage\".[5]","title":"Travels as a refugee"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Social Security Number","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_Security_Number"},{"link_name":"Tucson, Arizona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tucson,_Arizona"},{"link_name":"refugee travel document","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refugee_travel_document"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"exile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exile"},{"link_name":"U.S. Department of State","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_State"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Chronicle19910704-1"},{"link_name":"Sons of Liberty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sons_of_Liberty"},{"link_name":"Boston Tea Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Tea_Party"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Bill Clinton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Clinton"},{"link_name":"executive order","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Executive_order"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Spectator199304-3"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"Slater returned to the United States, but his earlier work authorization had expired due to his departure, and his Social Security Number was no longer valid. By March 1991, after his return to the U.S. he was living in an abandoned building near the railroad tracks in Tucson, Arizona. He expressed interest in going to Norway, but the government there stated that he could not be admitted without a job. The U.S. also refused to issue him a refugee travel document.[6]Slater referred to his situation as \"exile\". In 1991, the U.S. Department of State stated that Slater could request his citizenship back, but Slater stated that he was not interested.[1]Despite his migration difficulties, in a 1992 interview he stated that he had no regrets, comparing his actions to those taken by Sons of Liberty in the Boston Tea Party.[7]By late 1992, he was quoted by the Santa Barbara News-Press as stating that he hoped Bill Clinton could restore his U.S. citizenship by executive order.[3] He regained U.S. citizenship in 1993.[8]","title":"Return to the United States"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Waterloo, Iowa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waterloo,_Iowa"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-death-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-death2-10"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-death2-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Moscow, Iowa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moscow,_Iowa"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-death2-10"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"text":"Slater was born in Waterloo, Iowa to Jerry L. Slater and Shirley M. Rodery Slater. He had a sister Debra Slater, a younger brother Jerry L. Slater Jr., and another brother who died as an infant.[9][10]Slater's mother later married Robert G. Papach, also of Waterloo, with whom she had a son James, Slater's half brother; she died in 1999.[10][11] Slater's brother Jerry lived in Moscow, Iowa; he died in 2006.[10][12]","title":"Family and personal life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pocatello, Idaho","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pocatello,_Idaho"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-death-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-death2-10"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-death2-10"}],"text":"Slater died at his home in Pocatello, Idaho on March 26, 2008, where his body was found five days later.[9][10] Trent, Nancy, and Christine, as well as his father Jerry, sister Debra, and half-brother James, were his surviving children.[10]","title":"Death"}]
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[]
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[{"reference":"Cobb, Kim (1991-07-04). \"Iowan prefers to be a man without a country\". Houston Chronicle. Retrieved 2012-05-12.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.chron.com/CDA/archives/archive.mpl/1991_792938/iowan-prefers-to-be-man-without-a-country.html","url_text":"\"Iowan prefers to be a man without a country\""}]},{"reference":"\"Man who renounced U.S. citizenship has nowhere to call home\". Minneapolis Star Tribune. 1989-07-10. Retrieved 2012-05-12.","urls":[{"url":"http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=MN&p_theme=mn&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=0EFE480A27C57263&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D&s_trackval=GooglePM","url_text":"\"Man who renounced U.S. citizenship has nowhere to call home\""}]},{"reference":"\"Current Wisdom\". American Spectator. April 1993. p. 76.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Man without a country renounced U.S. citizenship\". 1991-10-22. Retrieved 2012-07-05.","urls":[{"url":"https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/thestar/access/515055301.html?FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&type=current&date=Oct+22%2C+1991&author=&pub=The+Spectator&desc=Man+without+a+country+renounced+U.S.+citizenship&pqatl=google","url_text":"\"Man without a country renounced U.S. citizenship\""}]},{"reference":"Boatman, Kim (1992-11-27). \"A Man Without A Country, Literally\". The Seattle Times. Retrieved 2012-05-14.","urls":[{"url":"http://community.seattletimes.nwsource.com/archive/?date=19921127&slug=1526849","url_text":"\"A Man Without A Country, Literally\""}]},{"reference":"\"Man gives up citizenship, without country\". The Prescott Courier/Associated Press. 1991-03-18. Retrieved 2012-05-13.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=QUhNAAAAIBAJ&sjid=YYIDAAAAIBAJ&pg=5864,3122793","url_text":"\"Man gives up citizenship, without country\""}]},{"reference":"\"Out of State, Out of Country\". Chicago Sun-Times. 1992-11-27. Retrieved 2012-05-12.","urls":[{"url":"http://articles.philly.com/1992-11-27/news/26006931_1_sunny-day-citizenship-travel-agent","url_text":"\"Out of State, Out of Country\""}]},{"reference":"\"Waterloo man's angry exile comes to an end\". Waterloo Courier. 1993-03-05. Retrieved 2012-05-13.","urls":[{"url":"https://newspaperarchive.com/waterloo-courier/1993-03-05/","url_text":"\"Waterloo man's angry exile comes to an end\""}]},{"reference":"\"Joel Laverne Slater: Pocatello, Idaho\". DeathRecord.com. Retrieved 2012-05-14.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.death-record.com/l/160730048/Joel-Laverne-Slater","url_text":"\"Joel Laverne Slater: Pocatello, Idaho\""}]},{"reference":"\"Joel L. Slater (1961-2008)\". Waterloo-Cedar Falls Courier. 2008-04-02. Retrieved 2012-07-05.","urls":[{"url":"https://wcfcourier.com/lifestyles/announcements/obituaries/wednesday/joel-l-slater/article_7e3b7c89-b60a-5b36-8912-f129c6b29821.html","url_text":"\"Joel L. Slater (1961-2008)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Robert G. Papach\". Waterloo-Cedar Falls Courier. 2012-05-13. Retrieved 2012-07-05.","urls":[{"url":"https://wcfcourier.com/lifestyles/announcements/obituaries/robert-g-papach/article_75f7c144-9ab9-11e1-a560-0019bb2963f4.html","url_text":"\"Robert G. Papach\""}]},{"reference":"\"Jerry L. Slater, Jr. of Moscow, Iowa\". Wittich Funeral Home. 2006-09-11. Retrieved 2012-07-06.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.wittichfuneralhome.com/obituary/58548/Jerry-Slater-Jr-of-Moscow-Iowa/","url_text":"\"Jerry L. Slater, Jr. of Moscow, Iowa\""}]}]
|
[{"Link":"http://www.chron.com/CDA/archives/archive.mpl/1991_792938/iowan-prefers-to-be-man-without-a-country.html","external_links_name":"\"Iowan prefers to be a man without a country\""},{"Link":"http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=MN&p_theme=mn&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=0EFE480A27C57263&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D&s_trackval=GooglePM","external_links_name":"\"Man who renounced U.S. citizenship has nowhere to call home\""},{"Link":"https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/thestar/access/515055301.html?FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&type=current&date=Oct+22%2C+1991&author=&pub=The+Spectator&desc=Man+without+a+country+renounced+U.S.+citizenship&pqatl=google","external_links_name":"\"Man without a country renounced U.S. citizenship\""},{"Link":"http://community.seattletimes.nwsource.com/archive/?date=19921127&slug=1526849","external_links_name":"\"A Man Without A Country, Literally\""},{"Link":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=QUhNAAAAIBAJ&sjid=YYIDAAAAIBAJ&pg=5864,3122793","external_links_name":"\"Man gives up citizenship, without country\""},{"Link":"http://articles.philly.com/1992-11-27/news/26006931_1_sunny-day-citizenship-travel-agent","external_links_name":"\"Out of State, Out of Country\""},{"Link":"https://newspaperarchive.com/waterloo-courier/1993-03-05/","external_links_name":"\"Waterloo man's angry exile comes to an end\""},{"Link":"http://www.death-record.com/l/160730048/Joel-Laverne-Slater","external_links_name":"\"Joel Laverne Slater: Pocatello, Idaho\""},{"Link":"https://wcfcourier.com/lifestyles/announcements/obituaries/wednesday/joel-l-slater/article_7e3b7c89-b60a-5b36-8912-f129c6b29821.html","external_links_name":"\"Joel L. Slater (1961-2008)\""},{"Link":"https://wcfcourier.com/lifestyles/announcements/obituaries/robert-g-papach/article_75f7c144-9ab9-11e1-a560-0019bb2963f4.html","external_links_name":"\"Robert G. Papach\""},{"Link":"http://www.wittichfuneralhome.com/obituary/58548/Jerry-Slater-Jr-of-Moscow-Iowa/","external_links_name":"\"Jerry L. Slater, Jr. of Moscow, Iowa\""}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In_Pursuit_of_the_27th_Man
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In Pursuit of the 27th Man
|
["1 Reception","2 Track listing","3 Personnel","4 References"]
|
1973 studio album by Horace SilverIn Pursuit of the 27th ManStudio album by Horace SilverReleasedMid-March 1973RecordedOctober 6 & November 10, 1972StudioVan Gelder Studio, Englewood Cliffs, NJGenreJazzLength40:43LabelBlue NoteBN-LA054-FProducerGeorge ButlerHorace Silver chronology
All(1972)
In Pursuit of the 27th Man(1973)
Silver 'n Brass(1975)
Professional ratingsReview scoresSourceRatingAllmusicThe Penguin Guide to JazzThe Rolling Stone Jazz Record Guide
In Pursuit of the 27th Man is an album by jazz pianist Horace Silver released on the Blue Note label in 1973, featuring performances by Silver with David Friedman, Randy Brecker, Michael Brecker, Bob Cranshaw, and Mickey Roker.
Reception
The Allmusic review by Scott Yanow awarded the album 4 stars and describes it as "a very unusual sound for a Horace Silver set. But no matter what the instrumentation, the style is pure Silver, hard-driving and melodic hard bop with a strong dose of funky soul".
Track listing
All compositions by Horace Silver except where noted
"Liberated Brother" (Irvine) - 5:23
"Kathy" (Evans, Livingston, Santos) - 4:17
"Gregory Is Here" - 6:21
"Summer in Central Park" - 4:41
"Nothin' Can Stop Me Now" - 5:15
"In Pursuit of the 27th Man" - 9:44
"Strange Vibes" - 5:02
Recorded on October 6 (2, 4, 6 & 7) and November 10 (1, 3 & 5), 1972.
Personnel
Horace Silver - piano
Randy Brecker - trumpet, flugelhorn (1, 3 & 5)
Michael Brecker - tenor saxophone (1, 3 & 5)
David Friedman - vibes (2, 4, 6 & 7)
Bob Cranshaw - electric bass
Mickey Roker - drums
References
^ Billboard, March 24, 1973.
^ Allmusic Review
^ Cook, Richard; Morton, Brian (2008). The Penguin Guide to Jazz Recordings (9th ed.). Penguin. p. 1299. ISBN 978-0-141-03401-0.
^ Swenson, J., ed. (1985). The Rolling Stone Jazz Record Guide. USA: Random House/Rolling Stone. pp. 181. ISBN 0-394-72643-X.
^ Horace Silver discography, accessed November 24, 2009.
^ Yanow, S. Allmusic Review, accessed November 24, 2009.
vteHorace SilverYears indicated are for the recording(s), not first release.BlueNotealbums
New Faces New Sounds (Introducing the Horace Silver Trio) (1952)/Horace Silver Trio and Art Blakey-Sabu (1952–53)
Horace Silver and the Jazz Messengers (1954–55)
6 Pieces of Silver (1956–58)
The Stylings of Silver (1957)
Further Explorations (1958)
Live at Newport '58 (1958)
Finger Poppin' with the Horace Silver Quintet (1959)
Blowin' the Blues Away (1959)
Horace-Scope (1960)
Doin' the Thing (1961)
The Tokyo Blues (1962)
Silver's Serenade (1963)
Song for My Father (1963–64)
The Cape Verdean Blues (1965)
The Jody Grind (1966)
Serenade to a Soul Sister (1968)
You Gotta Take a Little Love (1969)
That Healin' Feelin', The United States of Mind, Phase 1 (1970)
Total Response, The United States of Mind, Phase 2 (1970–71)
All, The United States of Mind, Phase 3 (1972)
The United States of Mind (compilation of the 3 'Phase' albums, 1970–72)
In Pursuit of the 27th Man (1972)
Silver 'n Brass (1975)
Silver 'n Wood (1975–76)
Silver 'n Voices (1976)
Silver 'n Percussion (1977)
Silver 'n Strings Play the Music of the Spheres (1978–79)
Albumsreleasedonotherlabels
Silver's Blue (1956)
Live 1964 (1964)
Guides to Growing Up (1981)
Spiritualizing the Senses (1983)
There's No Need to Struggle (1983)
The Continuity of Spirit (1985)
Music to Ease Your Disease (1988)
Rockin' with Rachmaninoff (1991)
It's Got to Be Funky (1993)
Pencil Packin' Papa (1994)
The Hardbop Grandpop (1996)
A Prescription for the Blues (1997)
Jazz Has a Sense of Humor (1998)
ArtBlakey/TheJazzMessengers
A Night at Birdland Vol. 1 (1954)
A Night at Birdland Vol. 2 (1954)
A Night at Birdland Vol. 3 (1954)
At the Cafe Bohemia, Vol. 1 (1955)
At the Cafe Bohemia, Vol. 2 (1955)
The Jazz Messengers (1956)
The Cool Voice of Rita Reys (1956)
Originally (1956)
Withothers
Introducing Nat Adderley (1955)
Love and Peace: A Tribute to Horace Silver (Dee Dee Bridgewater, 1994)
Byrd's Eye View (Donald Byrd, 1955)
Whims of Chambers (Paul Chambers, 1956)
Bohemia After Dark (Kenny Clarke, 1955)
Al Cohn's Tones (Al Cohn, 1950)
Miles Davis, Volume 3 (1954)
Miles Davis Quartet/Blue Haze/Miles Davis Quintet/Miles Davis All-Star Sextet/Walkin' (1953/54)
Miles Davis with Sonny Rollins/Bags' Groove (1954)
Quartet/Quintet/Sextet (Lou Donaldson, 1952)
Afro-Cuban (Kenny Dorham, 1955)
The Art Farmer Septet (1953–54)
When Farmer Met Gryce (Art Farmer/Gigi Gryce, 1955)
The Complete Roost Recordings (Stan Getz, 1950–51)
Nica's Tempo (Gigi Gryce, 1955)
Disorder at the Border (Coleman Hawkins, 1952)
Milt Jackson Quartet (1955)
Plenty, Plenty Soul (Milt Jackson, 1957)
The Eminent Jay Jay Johnson Volume 2 (J.J. Johnson, 1955)
Blowing in from Chicago (Clifford Jordan & John Gilmore, 1957)
Hank Mobley Quartet (1955)
Hank Mobley Sextet (1956)
Hank Mobley and His All Stars (1957)
Hank Mobley Quintet (1957)
J. R. Monterose (1956)
Lee Morgan Indeed! (1956)
Lee Morgan Sextet (1956)
Sonny Rollins, Vol. 2 (1957)
Clark Terry (1955)
Selectedsingles
"Opus de Funk" (1953)
"The Preacher"/"Doodlin'" (1955/54)
"Señor Blues" (1956)
"Sister Sadie" (1959)
"Nica's Dream" (1960)
"Song for My Father" (1964)
Discography
Authority control databases
MusicBrainz release group
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"jazz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jazz"},{"link_name":"Horace Silver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horace_Silver"},{"link_name":"Blue Note","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_Note_Records"},{"link_name":"David Friedman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Friedman_(percussionist)"},{"link_name":"Randy Brecker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Randy_Brecker"},{"link_name":"Michael Brecker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Brecker"},{"link_name":"Bob Cranshaw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Cranshaw"},{"link_name":"Mickey Roker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mickey_Roker"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"In Pursuit of the 27th Man is an album by jazz pianist Horace Silver released on the Blue Note label in 1973, featuring performances by Silver with David Friedman, Randy Brecker, Michael Brecker, Bob Cranshaw, and Mickey Roker.[5]","title":"In Pursuit of the 27th Man"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Allmusic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allmusic"},{"link_name":"Scott Yanow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scott_Yanow"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"The Allmusic review by Scott Yanow awarded the album 4 stars and describes it as \"a very unusual sound for a Horace Silver set. But no matter what the instrumentation, the style is pure Silver, hard-driving and melodic hard bop with a strong dose of funky soul\".[6]","title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Irvine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weldon_Irvine"},{"link_name":"Evans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ray_Evans"},{"link_name":"Livingston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jay_Livingston"},{"link_name":"Santos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moacir_Santos"}],"text":"All compositions by Horace Silver except where noted\"Liberated Brother\" (Irvine) - 5:23\n\"Kathy\" (Evans, Livingston, Santos) - 4:17\n\"Gregory Is Here\" - 6:21\n\"Summer in Central Park\" - 4:41\n\"Nothin' Can Stop Me Now\" - 5:15\n\"In Pursuit of the 27th Man\" - 9:44\n\"Strange Vibes\" - 5:02Recorded on October 6 (2, 4, 6 & 7) and November 10 (1, 3 & 5), 1972.","title":"Track listing"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Horace Silver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horace_Silver"},{"link_name":"Randy Brecker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Randy_Brecker"},{"link_name":"trumpet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trumpet"},{"link_name":"flugelhorn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flugelhorn"},{"link_name":"Michael Brecker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Brecker"},{"link_name":"tenor saxophone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenor_saxophone"},{"link_name":"David Friedman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Friedman_(percussionist)"},{"link_name":"vibes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vibraphone"},{"link_name":"Bob Cranshaw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Cranshaw"},{"link_name":"electric bass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_bass"},{"link_name":"Mickey Roker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mickey_Roker"},{"link_name":"drums","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drum_kit"}],"text":"Horace Silver - piano\nRandy Brecker - trumpet, flugelhorn (1, 3 & 5)\nMichael Brecker - tenor saxophone (1, 3 & 5)\nDavid Friedman - vibes (2, 4, 6 & 7)\nBob Cranshaw - electric bass\nMickey Roker - drums","title":"Personnel"}]
|
[]
| null |
[{"reference":"Cook, Richard; Morton, Brian (2008). The Penguin Guide to Jazz Recordings (9th ed.). Penguin. p. 1299. ISBN 978-0-141-03401-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Cook_(journalist)","url_text":"Cook, Richard"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_Morton_(Scottish_writer)","url_text":"Morton, Brian"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penguin_Books","url_text":"Penguin"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-141-03401-0","url_text":"978-0-141-03401-0"}]},{"reference":"Swenson, J., ed. (1985). The Rolling Stone Jazz Record Guide. USA: Random House/Rolling Stone. pp. 181. ISBN 0-394-72643-X.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/rollingstonejazz00swen","url_text":"The Rolling Stone Jazz Record Guide"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/rollingstonejazz00swen/page/181","url_text":"181"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-394-72643-X","url_text":"0-394-72643-X"}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=yCcEAAAAMBAJ&dq=horace+silver+in+Pursuit&pg=PA60","external_links_name":"Billboard"},{"Link":"http://www.allmusic.com/album/r147583","external_links_name":"Allmusic Review"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/rollingstonejazz00swen","external_links_name":"The Rolling Stone Jazz Record Guide"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/rollingstonejazz00swen/page/181","external_links_name":"181"},{"Link":"http://www.jazzdisco.org/horace-silver/catalog/#blue-note-bn-la-054-f","external_links_name":"Horace Silver discography"},{"Link":"https://www.allmusic.com/album/r147583","external_links_name":"Allmusic Review"},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/release-group/980e99ac-7758-3ace-9e54-f8d510b8b0f8","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz release group"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holiday_Lemmings
|
Lemmings (video game)
|
["1 Gameplay","1.1 Two-player mode","2 Development","3 Music","4 Ports and sequels","4.1 Expansions","4.2 Sequels","5 Reception","6 Legacy","7 References","8 External links"]
|
1991 video game
1991 video gameLemmingsHome computer cover art by Adrian PowellDeveloper(s)
DMA Design
Sunsoft (SNES, SMD)
Probe (GG, SMS)
Psygnosis (CPC, 3DO, ZX)
Ocean Software (NES)
E&E Software (C64)
Publisher(s)
Psygnosis
Sunsoft (SNES, SMD, NES (USA))
Sega (GG, SMS)
Atari Corporation (LYNX)
Ocean Software (GB, NES (EU))
Philips Media (CD-i)
Designer(s)David JonesProgrammer(s)
David Jones
Russell Kay
Mike Dailly
Artist(s)
Gary Timmons
Scott Johnston
Mike Dailly
Composer(s)
Tim Wright
Brian Johnston
Platform(s)
Amiga
MS-DOS, Mac, Atari ST, ZX Spectrum, Amiga CDTV, Archimedes, PC-98, PC-88, MSX, FM Towns, X68000, Apple IIGS, SNES, PC Engine CD-ROM², Mega Drive, Game Gear, Amstrad CPC, Master System, NES, Commodore 64, 3DO, Lynx, SAM Coupé, Game Boy, CD-i, CD32, Windows, PlayStation, J2ME, Linux
Release
14 February 1991
AmigaEU: 14 February 1991NA: 1992
MS-DOSNA: 1991
MacNA: 1991
Atari STEU: 1991
ZX SpectrumEU: 1991
ArchimedesEU: 1991
PC-98JP: 1991
Amiga CDTVEU: 1992
FM TownsJP: 1992
X68000JP: 1992
PC Engine CD-ROM²NA: 1992JP: 1992
SNESJP: December 1991NA: March 1992EU: August 1992
Mega DriveNA: 1992EU: 1992
Game GearNA: 1992EU: 1992
Amstrad CPCEU: 1992
Master SystemEU: 1992
NESNA: November 1992EU: 19 May 1993
Commodore 64EU: 1992NA: 1993
3DONA: 1993
LynxNA: 1993
SAM CoupéEU: 1993
Game BoyEU: 1993NA: August 1994
CD-iEU: 1993NA: 1995
CD32EU: 1994
J2MENA: 2005
Genre(s)Puzzle, StrategyMode(s)Single-player, multiplayer
Lemmings is a puzzle–strategy video game originally developed by DMA Design and published by Psygnosis for the Amiga in 1991 and later ported for numerous other platforms. The game was programmed by Russell Kay, Mike Dailly and David Jones, and was inspired by a simple animation that Dailly created while experimenting with Deluxe Paint.
The objective of the game is to guide a group of anthropomorphised lemmings through a number of obstacles to a designated exit. In any given level, the player must save a specified number or percentage of the lemmings in order to advance. To this end, the player must decide how to assign limited quantities of eight different skills to individual lemmings, allowing them to alter the landscape and/or their own behaviour so that the entire group can reach the exit safely.
Lemmings was one of the best-received video games of the early 1990s. It was the second-highest-rated game in the history of Amstrad Action, and was considered the eighth-greatest game of all time by Next Generation in 1996. Lemmings is also one of the most widely ported video games, and is estimated to have sold around 20 million copies between its various ports. The popularity of the game also led to the creation of sequels, remakes and spin-offs, and has also inspired similar games. Despite its success, Lemmings lost considerable popularity by the late 1990s, which was attributed in part to the slow pace of gameplay compared to video games of later generations.
Gameplay
Lemmings cross a bridge and tunnel through a rock formation in the Amiga version.
Lemmings is divided into a number of levels, grouped into four difficulty categories. Each level begins with one or more trap doors opening from above, releasing a steady line of lemmings who all follow each other. Levels include a variety of obstacles that prevent lemmings from reaching the exit, such as large drops, booby traps and pools of lava.
The goal of each level is to guide at least a portion of the green-haired, blue-robed lemmings from the entrance to the exit by clearing or creating a safe passage through the landscape for the lemmings to use. Unless assigned a special task, each lemming will walk in one direction ignoring any other lemming in its way (except Blockers), falling off any edges and turning around if it hits an obstacle it cannot pass. A lemming can die in a number of ways: falling from too great a height, drowning or falling into lava, falling off the bottom edge of the screen, being caught in a trap or fire, or being assigned the Bomber skill. Every level has a time limit; if the timer expires, the level ends and the player is evaluated on the number of lemmings rescued.
To successfully complete the level, the player must assign specific skills to certain lemmings. Which skills and how many uses of each are available to the player varies from level to level, and the player must assign the skills carefully to successfully guide the lemmings. There are eight skills that can be assigned: Climbers climb vertically though fall down if they hit an overhang. Floaters use a parachute to fall safely from heights. Bombers explode after a five-second timer, destroying themselves and any destructible landscape in close proximity, though not damaging other lemmings or traps. Blockers stand still and prevent other lemmings from passing; lemmings that hit a Blocker simply reverse direction. Builders build a stairway of 12 steps. Bashers, Miners and Diggers tunnel horizontally, diagonally downwards or directly downwards respectively, but cannot break through steel barriers.
While the player is able to pause the game to inspect the level and status of the lemmings, skills can only be assigned in real-time. Lemmings are initially released at a rate predetermined by the level (from 1 to 99). The player can increase the rate as desired to a maximum of 99, and later decrease it down to, but not lower than, the initial rate. The player also has the option to "nuke" all the remaining lemmings on the screen, converting them to Bombers. This option can be used to abort a level when in a no-win situation, remove any Blockers that remain after the remaining lemmings have been rescued, or end a level quickly once the required percentage of saved lemmings has been reached.
The four difficulty groups – "Fun", "Tricky", "Taxing" and "Mayhem" – are used to organise the levels to reflect their overall difficulty. This rating reflects several factors, including the number of obstacles the player has to surpass, the limitation on the number of types of skills available to assign, the time limit, the minimum rate of lemming release, and the percentage of lemmings that must be saved. Some versions have additional difficulty ratings with more levels in each.
Two-player mode
In two-player mode, each player can only control lemmings of their own colour but attempt to guide any lemming to their own goal.
The original Lemmings also has 20 two-player levels. This took advantage of the Amiga's ability to support two mice simultaneously, and the Atari's ability to support a mouse and a joystick simultaneously. Each player is presented with their own view of the same map (on a vertically split screen), can only give orders to their own lemmings (green or blue), and has their own base. The goal is to get more lemmings (regardless of colour) into one's own base than the other player. Gameplay cycles through the 20 levels until neither player gets any lemmings home.
Development
Mike Dailly, the first employee of DMA Design and one of the programmers for Lemmings, provided a detailed history of the development of the game titled "The Lemmings Story" in 2006. David Jones, founder of DMA Design, has also commented on the development and success of Lemmings.
Gary Timmons improved Mike Dailly's lemming walking animation (left) to make it appear less stiff.
The inspiration for gameplay came as a result of a simple animated character sprite in an 8×8 pixel box created by Dailly using Deluxe Paint as part of development for Walker, then envisioned as a sequel to Blood Money. Dailly was able to quickly produce an animated graphic showing his creations moving endlessly, with additional graphical improvements made by Gary Timmons and other members of the DMA Design team to help remove the stiffness in the animation. One member, Russell Kay, observed that "There's a game in that!", and later coined the term "lemmings" for these creations, according to Dailly. Allowing the creatures to move across the landscape was based on a Salamander weapon concept for Blood Money and demonstrated with the animations.
Levels were designed based on a Deluxe Paint interface, which allowed several of the members to design levels, resulting in "hundreds of levels". There were several internal iterations of the levels, each designer challenging the others. Dailly pointed out that David Jones "used to try and beat us, and after proudly stabbing a finger at the screen and saying 'There! Beat that!', we'd calmly point out a totally new way of getting around all his traps, and doing it in a much simpler method. 'Oh...', he'd mutter, and scramble off to try and fix it." They also sent internally tested levels to Psygnosis, getting back the results of their testing via fax. While most were solved quickly, Dailly commented that "Every now and again though, the fax would be covered in scribbles with the time and comments crossed out again and again; this is what we were striving for while we were designing the levels, and it gave us all a warm fuzzy feeling inside."
Each of the designers had a somewhat different style in their levels: Dailly's levels often had titles containing clues to what to do (such as "It's Hero Time", suggesting that one lemming had to be separated from the crowd) and generally required the player to perform several actions at once; Gary Timmons's levels were minimalistic, with popular culture references in the titles; and Scott Johnston's (whose mother was the first voice of the lemmings) levels were generally tightly packed. Dailly was also responsible for the "custom" levels based on other Psygnosis and Reflections Interactive Amiga games, including Shadow of the Beast, Menace, Awesome and Shadow of the Beast II. These "crossover" levels also used music from those games, though in ports these levels have been removed or altered to remove such references. After they developed most of the hard levels, they then created several simple levels either by copying the existing ones or creating new layouts; as Dailly states, "This I believe is where many games fall down today, they do not spend the time making a good learning curve." Timmons is credited with the official drawings of the lemmings, as necessitated by the need of Psygnosis for box cover artwork.
The two-player option was inspired by then-current games Populous and Stunt Car Racer. DMA Design initially wanted to use a null-modem connection between two machines to allow competitive play, but ended up using the ability of the Amiga to have two mouse pointer devices usable at the same time and thus created the split-screen mode.
Music
Music was originally created by Brian Johnston (Scott's younger brother), who sampled bits of copyrighted music. This had been common practice, but at that point there was a growing awareness of music copyright. Psygnosis therefore asked Tim Wright to replace the offending tracks; he often used arrangements and reworkings of classical and traditional music to avoid copyright problems.
Music tracks in the game include:
"Galop Infernal" from Orpheus in the Underworld (the music by Offenbach often used for the can-can)
a variation of Pachelbel's Canon
"Rondo alla Turca" from Mozart's Piano Sonata No. 11
"Dance of the Reed Flutes" from Tchaikovsky's Nutcracker Suite
"Dance of the Little Swans" from Tchaikovsky's Swan Lake
"Ten Lemmings" (which uses melodies from traditional song "Ten Green Bottles")
Chopin's Piano Sonata No. 2 (the part used as funeral march)
Wagner's "Bridal Chorus"
"London Bridge is Falling Down"
"Forest Green" (which was adapted into the hymn "All Beautiful the March of Days" and the British version of "O Little Town of Bethlehem"), mixed with the melody from the film The Good, the Bad and the Ugly
"She'll Be Coming 'Round the Mountain"
"(How Much Is) That Doggie in the Window?"
Ports and sequels
The popularity of the game on the Amiga led to its rapid porting to many other platforms, and it is regarded as one of the most widely ported video games. Within a year of its release, the game had been ported to Atari ST, Sinclair Spectrum, PC and SNES. David Jones stated that after porting the game to 20 systems, he stopped keeping count of additional ports. Other commercial ports of the original game include 3DO, Acorn Archimedes, Apple IIGS, Macintosh, CDTV, Commodore 64, Nintendo Entertainment System, Master System, Mega Drive, PC Engine, CD-i, and X68000.
The license to the Lemmings intellectual property had remained with Psygnosis, which became part of Sony Computer Entertainment in 1993 but ultimately folded in 2012, leaving Lemmings as a Sony property. Sony has used that to craft more modern remakes. In early 2006, Sony released a remake of Lemmings for the PlayStation Portable, developed by Team17. It features all 120 levels from the original game, 36 brand-new levels as well as DataPack support (similar to the Extra Track system featured in Wipeout Pure), and a user-level editor. Every level in the game is a pre-rendered 3D landscape, although their gameplay is still 2D and remains faithful to the original game. User levels can be constructed from pre-rendered objects and distributed by uploading them to a PlayStation-specific Lemmings online community. The soundtrack also marks the final video game score created by longtime composer Tim Follin after he announced his retirement from the industry in mid-2005. In October 2006 the game was ported by developer Rusty Nutz for the PlayStation 2 with use of the EyeToy. The basic change in the concept is that the player must stretch and use their limbs in the recorded picture to aid the lemmings.
Platform
Released
Developer
Publisher
Note
Atari ST
1991
DMA Design
Psygnosis
MS-DOS
1991
DMA Design
Psygnosis
ZX Spectrum
1991
DMA Design
Psygnosis
PC-98
1991
DMA Design
Imagineer
Macintosh
1991
Presage, Inc
Psygnosis
SNES
1991
Sunsoft
Psygnosis
Commodore 64
1992
E&E Software
CDTV
1992
DMA Design
Psygnosis
FM Towns
1992
4000Do Inc.
Imagineer
Sharp X68000
1992
BANDIT Inc.
Imagineer
NES
1992
Ocean Software
Sunsoft
Game Gear
1992
Probe
Sega
Master System
1992
Probe
Sega
Amstrad CPC
1992
DMA Design
Psygnosis
Mega Drive
1992
Sunsoft
SunsoftNA/JPSegaPAL
PC Engine
1992
Sunsoft
Sunsoft
3DO
1993
DMA Design
PsygnosisNAElectronic Arts VictorJP
Atari Lynx
1993
DMA Design
Atari Corporation
Philips CD-i
1993
DMA Design
Philips
SAM Coupé
1993
Chris White
Fred Publishing
Game Boy
1993
Ocean Software
Imagineer
Amiga CD32
1994
DMA Design
Psygnosis
Windows 95
1995
Visual Sciences
Psygnosis
Included with Oh No! More Lemmings
OS/2
1995
Focus Studios
Demo only
Apple IIGS
1997
Brutal Deluxe
Unofficial
MSX2
1997
N.I.
N.I.
PlayStation
1998
Psygnosis
Psygnosis
Included with Oh No! More Lemmings
Game Boy Color
2000
J-Wing
Take-Two
Included with Oh No! More Lemmings
J2ME
2005
iFone
Commodore Plus/4
2023
TCFS (Tamás Sasvári)
Commodore Plus/4 World
Unofficial; Left unfinished in 1993.
A floppy disk containing Christmas Lemmings (1991) for the Amiga
Expansions
Lemmings received some expansion packs following its launch. Oh No! More Lemmings, originally released for the Amiga in 1991 both as a data disk or standalone game, added five varying difficulties – Tame, Crazy, Wild, Wicked and Havoc – each with 20 new levels. The game also features enhanced graphics and altered sound effects. The expansion was also ported to Acorn Archimedes, Atari ST, DOS, Macintosh, and SAM Coupé, and the levels were made available with the Game Boy Color, Microsoft Windows, PlayStation and Sega Mega Drive versions of Lemmings. Oh No! More Lemmings received generally positive reviews. Dan Slingsby of CU Amiga found the game addictive, calling the puzzles "ingenious", and Peter Lee of Amiga Action praised the quality and difficulty of the levels; Stuart Campbell of Amiga Power was disappointed by the lack of fixes from the original game, and Ed Ricketts of ST Format criticised the difficulty gradient of the levels and the price of the expansion, but both ultimately gave positive reviews nonetheless.
Christmas Lemmings, also known as Holiday Lemmings, was also released as a series of short games released between 1991 and 1994. The gameplay remains unchanged from the base game, which is not required. First released as Xmas Lemmings as two four-level demos in 1991 and 1992, there were two later full retail releases on the Amiga and Atari ST in 1993 and 1994, both with an additional 32 levels. The games were well-received; Rob Mead of Amiga Format described it as "funny, frustrating and incredibly addictive", despite being disappointed by the number of levels, and Will Greenwald of PC Magazine ranked it among the best Christmas video games in 2014.
Sequels
After releasing the Lemmings remake for the PSP, Team17 produced a sequel, bearing the same name, for the PlayStation 3 for download through PlayStation Network. The game features 40 levels, and has similar graphical improvements to those of the PSP remake, as well as online scoreboards and artwork developed for a high-definition display, but lacks the ability to create and share levels that the PSP title offers. Another sequel, Lemmings Touch, was released for PlayStation Vita on 27 May 2014, developed by D3T Ltd. Exient studio Sad Puppy released a mobile-friendly iteration of Lemmings for iOS and Android in December 2018.
Reception
ReceptionAggregate scoreAggregatorScoreGameRankingsSNES: 83%Review scoresPublicationScoreAllGame (NES) (GG) (SNES)Amstrad ActionAmstrad: 97%CrashSpectrum: 91%Computer and Video GamesMaster System: 92%Electronic Gaming MonthlyLynx: 6.8/10CD-i: 6.25/10FamitsuSuper Famicom: 35/40IGNLynx: 9/10Next Generation3DO: Your SinclairSpectrum: 91%Zzap!6497%MegaTechMega Drive: 92%MegaMega Drive: 90%Commodore ForceC64: 97%MikrobittiAmiga: 84%PC-pelitDOS: 84%AwardsPublicationAwardAmstrad Action2nd-best rated game in the history of the magazineAmiga Power2nd-best Amiga game of all time (1991)Mega23rd-best game of all time (1994)CGW12th-best game of all time (1996)Edge82nd-top game of all time (2007)Your Sinclair20th-top ZX Spectrum game of all time (1993, by readers)Wirtualna PolskaThe best Amiga game of all time (2011)Next Generation8th-top game of all time (1996)
The original sales for Lemmings on the Amiga topped 55,000 copies on the first day of sales; in comparison, Menace sold 20,000 copies and Blood Money sold 40,000 copies cumulatively. With all ports included, Mike Dailly estimated that 15 million copies of Lemmings were sold between 1991 and 2006. In 2011, Luke Plunkett from Kotaku placed the figure at over 20 million, a figure which has been quoted as far back as 1997.
At the time of its first release, Lemmings received several high scores from gaming magazines, with only the level of graphics and sound receiving some small amount of criticism. David Sears of Compute!, in his review of Lemmings for the PC, stated that "perhaps Psygnosis has tapped into the human instinct for survival in formulating this perfect blend of puzzle, strategy, and action." Amiga Computing stated that "Lemmings is absolutely brilliant. Psygnosis have managed to produce a game that is not only totally original, but also features the kind of addictive gameplay that will keep you coming back for more time and time again." A review from the Australian Commodore and Amiga Review (ACAR) stated that "above all, the concept is simple, and the game is a lot of fun." Computer Gaming World stated that "Not since Tetris has this reviewer been so addicted to, or completely fascinated with, a series of challenging puzzles ... follow the crowd and get Lemmings". In 1992 the magazine named it its Action Game of the Year. The game was reviewed in 1991 in Dragon by Hartley, Patricia, and Kirk Lesser in "The Role of Computers" column. The reviewers gave the game 5 out of 5 stars. The Lessers reviewed the Macintosh version of the game in 1993 in Dragon, also giving that version 5 stars.
In the Finnish magazine Mikrobitti, Jukka Tapanimäki gave the Amiga and DOS versions of Lemmings 84 points of 100. He praised the game's originality but expressed criticism for it being repetitive.
In 1994 Electronic Gaming Monthly complimented the Lynx version's large number of options and password feature, and remarked, "Lemmings has always been a good strategy game, and the Lynx version continues the tradition." The following year they reviewed the CD-i version, criticising that it has nothing but the obligatory full-motion video intro to set it apart from the numerous ports of the game that had already been released over the past four years. GamePro made the same criticisms, commenting that "this former 16-bit puzzler isn't going anywhere new on the CD-i."
Next Generation's review of the 3DO version assessed that "If you've played any version, you've played this one, too, but if you haven't tried it, this is one of the better ones, and it's still one game that's addictive as hell."
In 1996, Computer Gaming World declared Lemmings the 12th-best computer game ever released, and that same year, Next Generation declared it the 8th-greatest game of all time, and "second only to Tetris" in the puzzle genre. In 2004, readers of Retro Gamer voted Lemmings as the 21st-top retro game, with the editors calling it "perhaps Psygnosis' finest hour and a turning point in the puzzle genre." In 1991, PC Format named Lemmings one of the 50 best computer games ever. The editors wrote, "Yes, we know it sounds stupid, but you will like it – everyone else has." In 1994, PC Gamer US named Lemmings the 30th-best computer game ever. The editors called it "one of the biggest puzzlers ever released for PC" and "cleaner and less complicated" than its sequel. That same year, PC Gamer UK named it the 25th-best computer game of all time, calling it "a seminal title."
In 1998, PC Gamer declared it the 21st-best computer game ever released, and the editors called it "as fresh and addictive today as it was when it was first released". In 2018, Complex listed the game 70th on its "The Best Super Nintendo Games of All Time". In 1995, Total! ranked the game 81st on their Top 100 SNES Games summarizing: "The game that spawned a dozen imitators is still one of the best platform puzzlers available."
Legacy
Sculpture of Lemmings in Seabraes Park, Dundee, near the original office of DMA Design
Lemmings inspired several sequels, including the Christmas Lemmings short games that were released between 1991 and 1994, and the 1991 expansion Oh No! More Lemmings. Stand-alone sequels were Lemmings 2: The Tribes (1993), All New World of Lemmings (1994), 3D Lemmings (1995) and Lemmings Revolution (2000). By mid-1995, Lemmings and its sequels had accumulated combined sales of more than 4 million units worldwide. Two spin-off games were also made, both in 1996; Lemmings Paintball and The Adventures of Lomax. Pingus is an open source clone first released in 1998.
The intellectual property (IP) of Lemmings stayed with the initial publisher Psygnosis, who were acquired by Sony Computer Entertainment in 1993. Sony gained the IP for Lemmings from this acquisition, though only had two entries: the 2006 Lemmings for PlayStation consoles, and the mobile title Lemmings: The Puzzle Adventure in 2017. Sony eventually licensed the rights to Exient Entertainment, who published the mobile title. Exient produced a 30th anniversary documentary of the history of Lemmings, released in February 2022.
Numerous clones of Lemmings were made. One of the first was The Humans, released for the Amiga in 1992. General game concepts have been included in the open source Pingus, where the player is required to safely guide penguins across landscapes using a similar array of tools. Other similar games include Clones.
Yannick LeJacq of Kotaku, commenting on the 2014 game MouseCraft which incorporates elements of Lemmings and Tetris, speculated that games like Lemmings would not be very successful in the current gaming market, as the pace of the game is far too slow to satisfy most players.
In 2004, Graham Cormode proved that deciding whether it is possible to complete a level of Lemmings is NP-hard. Later, Giovanni Viglietta showed that the task is PSPACE-complete, even for levels where there is only one lemming to save.
In 2010, it was announced that Lemmings would be ported to the iOS operating system by developer Mobile 1UP. On 29 June 2010, Mobile 1UP reported that Sony Computer Entertainment Europe had presented them with a cease-and-desist letter, forcing them to halt development of the port. In April 2011, Mobile 1UP has released a re-worked version of the work done in 2010 with a prehistoric setting (new artwork, sound effects, music and levels) under the name Caveman, available for the iOS and webOS platforms. Brutal Deluxe, the developer who did the porting of the Apple IIGS version of Lemmings, has released the games' source code.
Lemmings has also been called a predecessor of the modern real-time strategy (RTS) video game genre. A 1991 Amiga Power article claimed that Lemmings "was the first major game to introduce the 'indirect-control' concept," an element that is now common in many RTS games. Blizzard Entertainment developer Bob Fitch said that part of the inspiration for the first Warcraft game, Warcraft: Orcs & Humans, was based on developing a competitive multiplayer RTS that combined elements of The Lost Vikings (which he had worked on) and Lemmings; Fitch said "We just went, 'Oh it's so cool when you see lots of Lemmings all over the place. Why don't we have lots of Vikings all over instead, and then the Vikings can fight each other." Lemmings' introduction of RTS elements has been noted by fantasy author Terry Pratchett; in his novel Interesting Times, an army of golems is controlled in a fashion reminiscent of the Lemmings user interface. When readers asked if this was deliberate, Pratchett responded: "Merely because the red army can fight, dig, march and climb and is controlled by little icons? Can't imagine how anyone thought that... Not only did I wipe Lemmings from my hard disk, I overwrote it so I couldn't get it back."
Lemmings was one of six games featured in a stamp series issued by the Royal Mail in 2020 to pay tribute to the United Kingdom's early video game industry.
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^ Nightingale, Ed (14 February 2022). "Two-hour documentary film celebrates 30th anniversary of Lemmings". Eurogamer. Archived from the original on 14 February 2022.
^ Anderson, Lee (20 December 2000). "Top 10 Linux games for the holidays". CNN. Archived from the original on 1 February 2011. Retrieved 10 December 2014.
^ Zimmerman, Conrad (20 March 2009). "Preview: Clones". Destructoid. Archived from the original on 28 July 2012. Retrieved 26 January 2015.
^ LeJacq, Yannick (9 July 2014). "Now I Know Why Lemmings Died". Kotaku. Archived from the original on 9 July 2014. Retrieved 10 December 2014.
^ Cormode, Graham (2004). "The hardness of the Lemmings game, or Oh no, more NP-completeness proofs" (PDF). In Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Fun with Algorithms: 65–76. Archived (PDF) from the original on 30 July 2016.
^ Viglietta, Giovanni (2015). "Lemmings Is PSPACE-Complete" (PDF). Theoretical Computer Science. 586: 120–134. arXiv:1202.6581. doi:10.1016/j.tcs.2015.01.055. S2CID 1682030. Archived (PDF) from the original on 12 August 2016.
^ Bell, Killian (25 June 2010). "Lemmings Coming to iPhone and iPod Touch For Free!". Cult of Mac. Archived from the original on 24 July 2012. Retrieved 10 December 2014.
^ Glasser, AJ (1 July 2010). "Lemmings iPhone port slapped with cease-and-desist letter". Macworld. Archived from the original on 28 January 2013. Retrieved 10 December 2014.
^ Caplan, Lisa (13 April 2011). "If It Walks Like A Lemming And Talks Like A Lemming It Must Be… Caveman?". AppAdvice. Archived from the original on 7 July 2012. Retrieved 10 December 2014.
^ "Download the complete source code of the award-winning game from Psygnosis". Brutal Deluxe. Archived from the original on 25 July 2015. Retrieved 7 October 2015.
^ "Buyers Guide". Amiga Power. No. 8. December 1991. pp. 111–112. Archived from the original on 13 March 2016. Retrieved 25 December 2014.
^ Bailey, Kat (15 August 2017). "WarCraft Was Originally Conceived in Part as "Lost Vikings Meets RTS"... And Lemmings". US Gamer. Archived from the original on 6 September 2017. Retrieved 6 September 2017.
^ Breebaart, Leo (1 July 2005). "Annotated Pratchett File v 9.0 - Interesting Times". LSpace. Archived from the original on 4 August 2012. Retrieved 10 December 2014.
^ Alex, Michael; er (15 January 2020). "FEATURE: Iconic Dundee-made video game Lemmings is first class in new Royal Mail postage stamp collection". The Courier. Archived from the original on 22 January 2021. Retrieved 3 June 2021.
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[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:EN-Lemmings(VideoGame).ogg"},{"link_name":"puzzle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puzzle_video_game"},{"link_name":"strategy video game","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strategy_video_game"},{"link_name":"DMA Design","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DMA_Design"},{"link_name":"Psygnosis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psygnosis"},{"link_name":"Amiga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amiga"},{"link_name":"Mike Dailly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Dailly_(game_designer)"},{"link_name":"David Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Jones_(video_game_developer)"},{"link_name":"Deluxe Paint","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deluxe_Paint"},{"link_name":"anthropomorphised","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthropomorphism"},{"link_name":"lemmings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lemming"},{"link_name":"Amstrad Action","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amstrad_Action"},{"link_name":"Next Generation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Next_Generation_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"ported","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porting"},{"link_name":"sequels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sequel"},{"link_name":"remakes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_game_remake"},{"link_name":"spin-offs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spin-off_(media)"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"text":"1991 video game1991 video gameLemmings is a puzzle–strategy video game originally developed by DMA Design and published by Psygnosis for the Amiga in 1991 and later ported for numerous other platforms. The game was programmed by Russell Kay, Mike Dailly and David Jones, and was inspired by a simple animation that Dailly created while experimenting with Deluxe Paint.The objective of the game is to guide a group of anthropomorphised lemmings through a number of obstacles to a designated exit. In any given level, the player must save a specified number or percentage of the lemmings in order to advance. To this end, the player must decide how to assign limited quantities of eight different skills to individual lemmings, allowing them to alter the landscape and/or their own behaviour so that the entire group can reach the exit safely.Lemmings was one of the best-received video games of the early 1990s. It was the second-highest-rated game in the history of Amstrad Action, and was considered the eighth-greatest game of all time by Next Generation in 1996. Lemmings is also one of the most widely ported video games, and is estimated to have sold around 20 million copies between its various ports. The popularity of the game also led to the creation of sequels, remakes and spin-offs, and has also inspired similar games. Despite its success, Lemmings lost considerable popularity by the late 1990s, which was attributed in part to the slow pace of gameplay compared to video games of later generations.[13][14]","title":"Lemmings (video game)"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Amiga_Lemmings.png"},{"link_name":"levels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Level_(video_games)"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-spectrum-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fox-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ysr-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-manual-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-eurogamer_review-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nytimes-20"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-eurogamer_review-19"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-manual-18"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-spectrum-15"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-spectrum-15"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-manual-18"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gs-21"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-eurogamer_review-19"}],"text":"Lemmings cross a bridge and tunnel through a rock formation in the Amiga version.Lemmings is divided into a number of levels, grouped into four difficulty categories.[15] Each level begins with one or more trap doors opening from above, releasing a steady line of lemmings who all follow each other.[16] Levels include a variety of obstacles that prevent lemmings from reaching the exit, such as large drops, booby traps and pools of lava.[17]The goal of each level is to guide at least a portion of the green-haired, blue-robed lemmings from the entrance to the exit by clearing or creating a safe passage through the landscape for the lemmings to use.[18][19] Unless assigned a special task, each lemming will walk in one direction ignoring any other lemming in its way (except Blockers), falling off any edges and turning around if it hits an obstacle it cannot pass.[20] A lemming can die in a number of ways: falling from too great a height, drowning or falling into lava, falling off the bottom edge of the screen, being caught in a trap or fire, or being assigned the Bomber skill. Every level has a time limit; if the timer expires, the level ends and the player is evaluated on the number of lemmings rescued.To successfully complete the level, the player must assign specific skills to certain lemmings. Which skills and how many uses of each are available to the player varies from level to level, and the player must assign the skills carefully to successfully guide the lemmings.[19] There are eight skills that can be assigned:[18] Climbers climb vertically though fall down if they hit an overhang. Floaters use a parachute to fall safely from heights. Bombers explode after a five-second timer, destroying themselves and any destructible landscape in close proximity, though not damaging other lemmings or traps. Blockers stand still and prevent other lemmings from passing; lemmings that hit a Blocker simply reverse direction. Builders build a stairway of 12 steps. Bashers, Miners and Diggers tunnel horizontally, diagonally downwards or directly downwards respectively, but cannot break through steel barriers.[15]While the player is able to pause the game to inspect the level and status of the lemmings, skills can only be assigned in real-time. Lemmings are initially released at a rate predetermined by the level (from 1 to 99). The player can increase the rate as desired to a maximum of 99, and later decrease it down to, but not lower than, the initial rate. The player also has the option to \"nuke\" all the remaining lemmings on the screen, converting them to Bombers.[15] This option can be used to abort a level when in a no-win situation, remove any Blockers that remain after the remaining lemmings have been rescued, or end a level quickly once the required percentage of saved lemmings has been reached.[18]The four difficulty groups – \"Fun\", \"Tricky\", \"Taxing\" and \"Mayhem\" – are used to organise the levels to reflect their overall difficulty.[21] This rating reflects several factors, including the number of obstacles the player has to surpass, the limitation on the number of types of skills available to assign, the time limit, the minimum rate of lemming release, and the percentage of lemmings that must be saved.[19] Some versions have additional difficulty ratings with more levels in each.","title":"Gameplay"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:SNES_Lemmings2Player.png"},{"link_name":"joystick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joystick"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-history-22"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-manual-18"}],"sub_title":"Two-player mode","text":"In two-player mode, each player can only control lemmings of their own colour but attempt to guide any lemming to their own goal.The original Lemmings also has 20 two-player levels. This took advantage of the Amiga's ability to support two mice simultaneously, and the Atari's ability to support a mouse and a joystick simultaneously.[22] Each player is presented with their own view of the same map (on a vertically split screen), can only give orders to their own lemmings (green or blue), and has their own base. The goal is to get more lemmings (regardless of colour) into one's own base than the other player. Gameplay cycles through the 20 levels until neither player gets any lemmings home.[18]","title":"Gameplay"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jones_recount-23"},{"link_name":"DMA Design","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DMA_Design"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-history-22"},{"link_name":"David Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Jones_(video_game_developer)"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jones_recount-23"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lemming_animation.gif"},{"link_name":"sprite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sprite_(computer_graphics)"},{"link_name":"Deluxe Paint","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deluxe_Paint"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jones_recount-23"},{"link_name":"Walker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walker_(video_game)"},{"link_name":"Blood Money","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_Money_(video_game)"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-history-22"},{"link_name":"Salamander","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salamander_(video_game)"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-history-22"},{"link_name":"Deluxe Paint","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deluxe_Paint"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jones_recount-23"},{"link_name":"Psygnosis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psygnosis"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-history-22"},{"link_name":"Reflections Interactive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reflections_Interactive"},{"link_name":"Shadow of the Beast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shadow_of_the_Beast_(1989_video_game)"},{"link_name":"Menace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menace_(video_game)"},{"link_name":"Awesome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Awesome_(video_game)"},{"link_name":"Shadow of the Beast II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shadow_of_the_Beast_II"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-history-22"},{"link_name":"Populous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Populous_(video_game)"},{"link_name":"Stunt Car Racer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stunt_Car_Racer"},{"link_name":"null-modem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Null_modem"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-history-22"}],"text":"Mike Dailly, the first employee[23] of DMA Design and one of the programmers for Lemmings, provided a detailed history of the development of the game titled \"The Lemmings Story\" in 2006.[22] David Jones, founder of DMA Design, has also commented on the development and success of Lemmings.[23]Gary Timmons improved Mike Dailly's lemming walking animation (left) to make it appear less stiff.The inspiration for gameplay came as a result of a simple animated character sprite in an 8×8 pixel box created by Dailly using Deluxe Paint[23] as part of development for Walker, then envisioned as a sequel to Blood Money.[22] Dailly was able to quickly produce an animated graphic showing his creations moving endlessly, with additional graphical improvements made by Gary Timmons and other members of the DMA Design team to help remove the stiffness in the animation. One member, Russell Kay, observed that \"There's a game in that!\", and later coined the term \"lemmings\" for these creations, according to Dailly. Allowing the creatures to move across the landscape was based on a Salamander weapon concept for Blood Money and demonstrated with the animations.[22]Levels were designed based on a Deluxe Paint interface, which allowed several of the members to design levels, resulting in \"hundreds of levels\".[23] There were several internal iterations of the levels, each designer challenging the others. Dailly pointed out that David Jones \"used to try and beat us, and after proudly stabbing a finger at the screen and saying 'There! Beat that!', we'd calmly point out a totally new way of getting around all his traps, and doing it in a much simpler method. 'Oh...', he'd mutter, and scramble off to try and fix it.\" They also sent internally tested levels to Psygnosis, getting back the results of their testing via fax. While most were solved quickly, Dailly commented that \"Every now and again though, the fax would be covered in scribbles with the time and comments crossed out again and again; this is what we were striving for while we were designing the levels, and it gave us all a warm fuzzy feeling inside.\"[22]Each of the designers had a somewhat different style in their levels: Dailly's levels often had titles containing clues to what to do (such as \"It's Hero Time\", suggesting that one lemming had to be separated from the crowd) and generally required the player to perform several actions at once; Gary Timmons's levels were minimalistic, with popular culture references in the titles; and Scott Johnston's (whose mother was the first voice of the lemmings) levels were generally tightly packed. Dailly was also responsible for the \"custom\" levels based on other Psygnosis and Reflections Interactive Amiga games, including Shadow of the Beast, Menace, Awesome and Shadow of the Beast II. These \"crossover\" levels also used music from those games, though in ports these levels have been removed or altered to remove such references. After they developed most of the hard levels, they then created several simple levels either by copying the existing ones or creating new layouts; as Dailly states, \"This I believe is where many games fall down today, they do not spend the time making a good learning curve.\" Timmons is credited with the official drawings of the lemmings, as necessitated by the need of Psygnosis for box cover artwork.[22]The two-player option was inspired by then-current games Populous and Stunt Car Racer. DMA Design initially wanted to use a null-modem connection between two machines to allow competitive play, but ended up using the ability of the Amiga to have two mouse pointer devices usable at the same time and thus created the split-screen mode.[22]","title":"Development"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"sampled","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sampling_(music)"},{"link_name":"Tim Wright","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tim_Wright_(Welsh_musician)"},{"link_name":"classical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classical_music"},{"link_name":"traditional","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_music"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-history-22"},{"link_name":"Orpheus in the Underworld","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orpheus_in_the_Underworld"},{"link_name":"Offenbach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques_Offenbach"},{"link_name":"can-can","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Can-can"},{"link_name":"Pachelbel's Canon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pachelbel%27s_Canon"},{"link_name":"Mozart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolfgang_Amadeus_Mozart"},{"link_name":"Piano Sonata No. 11","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piano_Sonata_No._11_(Mozart)"},{"link_name":"Tchaikovsky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyotr_Ilyich_Tchaikovsky"},{"link_name":"Nutcracker Suite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nutcracker_Suite"},{"link_name":"Dance of the Little Swans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danse_des_petits_cygnes"},{"link_name":"Swan Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swan_Lake"},{"link_name":"Ten Green Bottles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ten_Green_Bottles"},{"link_name":"Chopin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Chopin"},{"link_name":"Piano Sonata No. 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piano_Sonata_No._2_(Chopin)"},{"link_name":"Wagner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Wagner"},{"link_name":"Bridal Chorus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bridal_Chorus"},{"link_name":"London Bridge is Falling Down","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Bridge_is_Falling_Down"},{"link_name":"Forest Green","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/O_Little_Town_of_Bethlehem#Forest_Green"},{"link_name":"O Little Town of Bethlehem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/O_Little_Town_of_Bethlehem"},{"link_name":"The Good, the Bad and the Ugly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Good,_the_Bad_and_the_Ugly"},{"link_name":"She'll Be Coming 'Round the Mountain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/She%27ll_Be_Coming_%27Round_the_Mountain"},{"link_name":"(How Much Is) That Doggie in the Window?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/(How_Much_Is)_That_Doggie_in_the_Window%3F"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-history-22"}],"text":"Music was originally created by Brian Johnston (Scott's younger brother), who sampled bits of copyrighted music. This had been common practice, but at that point there was a growing awareness of music copyright. Psygnosis therefore asked Tim Wright to replace the offending tracks; he often used arrangements and reworkings of classical and traditional music to avoid copyright problems.[22]Music tracks in the game include:\"Galop Infernal\" from Orpheus in the Underworld (the music by Offenbach often used for the can-can)\na variation of Pachelbel's Canon\n\"Rondo alla Turca\" from Mozart's Piano Sonata No. 11\n\"Dance of the Reed Flutes\" from Tchaikovsky's Nutcracker Suite\n\"Dance of the Little Swans\" from Tchaikovsky's Swan Lake\n\"Ten Lemmings\" (which uses melodies from traditional song \"Ten Green Bottles\")\nChopin's Piano Sonata No. 2 (the part used as funeral march)\nWagner's \"Bridal Chorus\"\n\"London Bridge is Falling Down\"\n\"Forest Green\" (which was adapted into the hymn \"All Beautiful the March of Days\" and the British version of \"O Little Town of Bethlehem\"), mixed with the melody from the film The Good, the Bad and the Ugly\n\"She'll Be Coming 'Round the Mountain\"\n\"(How Much Is) That Doggie in the Window?\"[22]","title":"Music"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"porting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porting"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jones_recount-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"Atari ST","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atari_ST"},{"link_name":"Sinclair Spectrum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ZX_Spectrum"},{"link_name":"PC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM_PC_compatible"},{"link_name":"SNES","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super_Nintendo_Entertainment_System"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jones_recount-23"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jones_recount-23"},{"link_name":"3DO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3DO_Interactive_Multiplayer"},{"link_name":"Acorn Archimedes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acorn_Archimedes"},{"link_name":"Apple IIGS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_IIGS"},{"link_name":"Macintosh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classic_Mac_OS"},{"link_name":"CDTV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CDTV"},{"link_name":"Commodore 64","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commodore_64"},{"link_name":"Nintendo Entertainment System","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nintendo_Entertainment_System"},{"link_name":"Master System","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master_System"},{"link_name":"Mega Drive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mega_Drive"},{"link_name":"PC Engine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PC_Engine"},{"link_name":"CD-i","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CD-i"},{"link_name":"X68000","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X68000"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fox-16"},{"link_name":"Sony Computer Entertainment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sony_Computer_Entertainment"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"Sony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sony"},{"link_name":"remake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enhanced_remake"},{"link_name":"Lemmings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lemmings_(2006_video_game)"},{"link_name":"PlayStation Portable","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PlayStation_Portable"},{"link_name":"Team17","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Team17"},{"link_name":"DataPack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expansion_pack"},{"link_name":"Wipeout Pure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wipeout_Pure"},{"link_name":"uploading","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upload"},{"link_name":"PlayStation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PlayStation"},{"link_name":"online community","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtual_community"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gs-21"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ign-26"},{"link_name":"Tim Follin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tim_Follin"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"PlayStation 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PlayStation_2"},{"link_name":"EyeToy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EyeToy"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lemmings_Christmas_Demo,_for_Amiga,_1991.jpg"},{"link_name":"floppy disk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Floppy_disk"}],"text":"The popularity of the game on the Amiga led to its rapid porting to many other platforms, and it is regarded as one of the most widely ported video games.[23][24] Within a year of its release, the game had been ported to Atari ST, Sinclair Spectrum, PC and SNES.[23] David Jones stated that after porting the game to 20 systems, he stopped keeping count of additional ports.[23] Other commercial ports of the original game include 3DO, Acorn Archimedes, Apple IIGS, Macintosh, CDTV, Commodore 64, Nintendo Entertainment System, Master System, Mega Drive, PC Engine, CD-i, and X68000.[16]The license to the Lemmings intellectual property had remained with Psygnosis, which became part of Sony Computer Entertainment in 1993 but ultimately folded in 2012, leaving Lemmings as a Sony property. Sony has used that to craft more modern remakes.[25] In early 2006, Sony released a remake of Lemmings for the PlayStation Portable, developed by Team17. It features all 120 levels from the original game, 36 brand-new levels as well as DataPack support (similar to the Extra Track system featured in Wipeout Pure), and a user-level editor. Every level in the game is a pre-rendered 3D landscape, although their gameplay is still 2D and remains faithful to the original game. User levels can be constructed from pre-rendered objects and distributed by uploading them to a PlayStation-specific Lemmings online community.[21][26] The soundtrack also marks the final video game score created by longtime composer Tim Follin after he announced his retirement from the industry in mid-2005.[27] In October 2006 the game was ported by developer Rusty Nutz for the PlayStation 2 with use of the EyeToy.[28] The basic change in the concept is that the player must stretch and use their limbs in the recorded picture to aid the lemmings.[29]A floppy disk containing Christmas Lemmings (1991) for the Amiga","title":"Ports and sequels"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"expansion packs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expansion_pack"},{"link_name":"Oh No! More Lemmings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oh_No!_More_Lemmings"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-OhNo_CU_Amiga-39"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-OhNo_ST_Format-40"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-OhNo_IGN-41"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SAM-10"},{"link_name":"CU Amiga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CU_Amiga"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-OhNo_CU_Amiga-39"},{"link_name":"Amiga Action","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amiga_Action"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-OhNo_Amiga_Action-42"},{"link_name":"Amiga Power","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amiga_Power"},{"link_name":"ST Format","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ST_Format"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-OhNo_ST_Format-40"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-OhNo_Amiga_Power-43"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Christmas_Eurogamer-44"},{"link_name":"Amiga Format","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amiga_Format"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Christmas_Amiga_Format-45"},{"link_name":"PC Magazine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PC_Magazine"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Christmas_PCMag-46"}],"sub_title":"Expansions","text":"Lemmings received some expansion packs following its launch. Oh No! More Lemmings, originally released for the Amiga in 1991 both as a data disk or standalone game, added five varying difficulties – Tame, Crazy, Wild, Wicked and Havoc – each with 20 new levels.[39] The game also features enhanced graphics and altered sound effects.[40] The expansion was also ported to Acorn Archimedes, Atari ST, DOS, Macintosh, and SAM Coupé, and the levels were made available with the Game Boy Color, Microsoft Windows, PlayStation and Sega Mega Drive versions of Lemmings.[41][10] Oh No! More Lemmings received generally positive reviews. Dan Slingsby of CU Amiga found the game addictive, calling the puzzles \"ingenious\",[39] and Peter Lee of Amiga Action praised the quality and difficulty of the levels;[42] Stuart Campbell of Amiga Power was disappointed by the lack of fixes from the original game, and Ed Ricketts of ST Format criticised the difficulty gradient of the levels and the price of the expansion, but both ultimately gave positive reviews nonetheless.[40][43]Christmas Lemmings, also known as Holiday Lemmings, was also released as a series of short games released between 1991 and 1994. The gameplay remains unchanged from the base game, which is not required. First released as Xmas Lemmings as two four-level demos in 1991 and 1992, there were two later full retail releases on the Amiga and Atari ST in 1993 and 1994, both with an additional 32 levels.[44] The games were well-received; Rob Mead of Amiga Format described it as \"funny, frustrating and incredibly addictive\", despite being disappointed by the number of levels,[45] and Will Greenwald of PC Magazine ranked it among the best Christmas video games in 2014.[46]","title":"Ports and sequels"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"PlayStation 3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PlayStation_3"},{"link_name":"PlayStation Network","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PlayStation_Network"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kevin-48"},{"link_name":"PlayStation Vita","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PlayStation_Vita"},{"link_name":"D3T Ltd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D3T_Ltd"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"Exient","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exient_Entertainment"},{"link_name":"iOS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IOS"},{"link_name":"Android","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android_(operating_system)"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"}],"sub_title":"Sequels","text":"After releasing the Lemmings remake for the PSP, Team17 produced a sequel, bearing the same name, for the PlayStation 3 for download through PlayStation Network. The game features 40 levels,[47] and has similar graphical improvements to those of the PSP remake, as well as online scoreboards and artwork developed for a high-definition display, but lacks the ability to create and share levels that the PSP title offers.[48] Another sequel, Lemmings Touch, was released for PlayStation Vita on 27 May 2014, developed by D3T Ltd.[49] Exient studio Sad Puppy released a mobile-friendly iteration of Lemmings for iOS and Android in December 2018.[50]","title":"Ports and sequels"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"GameRankings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GameRankings"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"link_name":"AllGame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AllGame"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-73"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-74"},{"link_name":"[75]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-75"},{"link_name":"Amstrad 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Monthly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_Gaming_Monthly"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EGM56-54"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EGM69-55"},{"link_name":"Famitsu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Famitsu"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"},{"link_name":"IGN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IGN"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"},{"link_name":"Next Generation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Next_Generation_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NGen3-65"},{"link_name":"Your Sinclair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Your_Sinclair"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ysr-17"},{"link_name":"Zzap!64","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zzap!64"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-58"},{"link_name":"MegaTech","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MegaTech"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-59"},{"link_name":"Mega","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mega_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-60"},{"link_name":"Commodore Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commodore_Force"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-61"},{"link_name":"Mikrobitti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikrobitti"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mikrobitti-62"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pelit-63"},{"link_name":"PC-pelit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pelit"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pc-pelit-64"},{"link_name":"Amstrad Action","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amstrad_Action"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-amstrad-52"},{"link_name":"Amiga 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Generation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Next_Generation_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ng-72"},{"link_name":"[76]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-76"},{"link_name":"Kotaku","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kotaku"},{"link_name":"[77]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-77"},{"link_name":"[78]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-78"},{"link_name":"[79]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-79"},{"link_name":"[80]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-80"},{"link_name":"Compute!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compute!"},{"link_name":"[81]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-81"},{"link_name":"Amiga Computing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amiga_Computing"},{"link_name":"[82]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-82"},{"link_name":"[83]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-83"},{"link_name":"Computer Gaming World","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_Gaming_World"},{"link_name":"Tetris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetris"},{"link_name":"[84]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-greenberg199106-84"},{"link_name":"[85]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cgwgoty199211-85"},{"link_name":"Dragon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dragon_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[86]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dragon171-86"},{"link_name":"Macintosh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classic_Mac_OS"},{"link_name":"[87]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dragon193-87"},{"link_name":"Finnish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finland"},{"link_name":"Mikrobitti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikrobitti"},{"link_name":"Jukka Tapanimäki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jukka_Tapanim%C3%A4ki"},{"link_name":"Amiga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amiga"},{"link_name":"DOS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MS-DOS"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mikrobitti-62"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pelit-63"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pc-pelit-64"},{"link_name":"Electronic Gaming Monthly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_Gaming_Monthly"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EGM56-54"},{"link_name":"full-motion video","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Full_motion_video"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EGM69-55"},{"link_name":"GamePro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GamePro"},{"link_name":"[88]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-88"},{"link_name":"Next Generation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Next_Generation_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NGen3-65"},{"link_name":"[89]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cgw150-89"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ng-72"},{"link_name":"Retro Gamer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retro_Gamer"},{"link_name":"[90]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-90"},{"link_name":"PC Format","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PC_Format"},{"link_name":"[91]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pcformat50-91"},{"link_name":"PC Gamer US","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PC_Gamer_US"},{"link_name":"[92]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pcgamerustop40-92"},{"link_name":"PC Gamer UK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PC_Gamer_UK"},{"link_name":"[93]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pcgameruktop50-93"},{"link_name":"PC Gamer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PC_Gamer"},{"link_name":"[94]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pcgtop50-94"},{"link_name":"Complex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complex_Networks"},{"link_name":"[95]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-95"},{"link_name":"Total!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Total!"},{"link_name":"[96]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-96"}],"text":"ReceptionAggregate scoreAggregatorScoreGameRankingsSNES: 83%[51]Review scoresPublicationScoreAllGame (NES)[73] (GG)[74] (SNES)[75]Amstrad ActionAmstrad: 97%[52]CrashSpectrum: 91%[15]Computer and Video GamesMaster System: 92%[53]Electronic Gaming MonthlyLynx: 6.8/10[54]CD-i: 6.25/10[55]FamitsuSuper Famicom: 35/40[56]IGNLynx: 9/10[57]Next Generation3DO: [65]Your SinclairSpectrum: 91%[17]Zzap!6497%[58]MegaTechMega Drive: 92%[59]MegaMega Drive: 90%[60]Commodore ForceC64: 97%[61]MikrobittiAmiga: 84%[62][63]PC-pelitDOS: 84%[64]AwardsPublicationAwardAmstrad Action2nd-best rated game in the history of the magazine[52]Amiga Power2nd-best Amiga game of all time (1991)[66]Mega23rd-best game of all time (1994)[67]CGW12th-best game of all time (1996)[68]Edge82nd-top game of all time (2007)[69]Your Sinclair20th-top ZX Spectrum game of all time (1993, by readers)[70]Wirtualna PolskaThe best Amiga game of all time (2011)[71]Next Generation8th-top game of all time (1996)[72]The original sales for Lemmings on the Amiga topped 55,000 copies on the first day of sales; in comparison, Menace sold 20,000 copies and Blood Money sold 40,000 copies cumulatively. With all ports included, Mike Dailly estimated that 15 million copies of Lemmings were sold between 1991 and 2006.[76] In 2011, Luke Plunkett from Kotaku placed the figure at over 20 million,[77] a figure which has been quoted as far back as 1997.[78][79]At the time of its first release, Lemmings received several high scores from gaming magazines, with only the level of graphics and sound receiving some small amount of criticism.[80] David Sears of Compute!, in his review of Lemmings for the PC, stated that \"perhaps Psygnosis has tapped into the human instinct for survival in formulating this perfect blend of puzzle, strategy, and action.\"[81] Amiga Computing stated that \"Lemmings is absolutely brilliant. Psygnosis have managed to produce a game that is not only totally original, but also features the kind of addictive gameplay that will keep you coming back for more time and time again.\"[82] A review from the Australian Commodore and Amiga Review (ACAR) stated that \"above all, the concept is simple, and the game is a lot of fun.\"[83] Computer Gaming World stated that \"Not since Tetris has this reviewer been so addicted to, or completely fascinated with, a series of challenging puzzles ... follow the crowd and get Lemmings\".[84] In 1992 the magazine named it its Action Game of the Year.[85] The game was reviewed in 1991 in Dragon by Hartley, Patricia, and Kirk Lesser in \"The Role of Computers\" column. The reviewers gave the game 5 out of 5 stars.[86] The Lessers reviewed the Macintosh version of the game in 1993 in Dragon, also giving that version 5 stars.[87]In the Finnish magazine Mikrobitti, Jukka Tapanimäki gave the Amiga and DOS versions of Lemmings 84 points of 100. He praised the game's originality but expressed criticism for it being repetitive.[62][63][64]In 1994 Electronic Gaming Monthly complimented the Lynx version's large number of options and password feature, and remarked, \"Lemmings has always been a good strategy game, and the Lynx version continues the tradition.\"[54] The following year they reviewed the CD-i version, criticising that it has nothing but the obligatory full-motion video intro to set it apart from the numerous ports of the game that had already been released over the past four years.[55] GamePro made the same criticisms, commenting that \"this former 16-bit puzzler isn't going anywhere new on the CD-i.\"[88]Next Generation's review of the 3DO version assessed that \"If you've played any version, you've played this one, too, but if you haven't tried it, this is one of the better ones, and it's still one game that's addictive as hell.\"[65]In 1996, Computer Gaming World declared Lemmings the 12th-best computer game ever released,[89] and that same year, Next Generation declared it the 8th-greatest game of all time, and \"second only to Tetris\" in the puzzle genre.[72] In 2004, readers of Retro Gamer voted Lemmings as the 21st-top retro game, with the editors calling it \"perhaps Psygnosis' finest hour and a turning point in the puzzle genre.\"[90] In 1991, PC Format named Lemmings one of the 50 best computer games ever. The editors wrote, \"Yes, we know it sounds stupid, but you will like it – everyone else has.\"[91] In 1994, PC Gamer US named Lemmings the 30th-best computer game ever. The editors called it \"one of the biggest puzzlers ever released for PC\" and \"cleaner and less complicated\" than its sequel.[92] That same year, PC Gamer UK named it the 25th-best computer game of all time, calling it \"a seminal title.\"[93]In 1998, PC Gamer declared it the 21st-best computer game ever released, and the editors called it \"as fresh and addictive today as it was when it was first released\".[94] In 2018, Complex listed the game 70th on its \"The Best Super Nintendo Games of All Time\".[95] In 1995, Total! ranked the game 81st on their Top 100 SNES Games summarizing: \"The game that spawned a dozen imitators is still one of the best platform puzzlers available.\"[96]","title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%27Lemmings%27_(geograph_6299611).jpg"},{"link_name":"Lemmings 2: The Tribes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lemmings_2:_The_Tribes"},{"link_name":"[97]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-97"},{"link_name":"All New World of Lemmings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_New_World_of_Lemmings"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fox-16"},{"link_name":"3D Lemmings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3D_Lemmings"},{"link_name":"[98]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-paintball-98"},{"link_name":"Lemmings Revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lemmings_Revolution"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fox-16"},{"link_name":"[99]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-99"},{"link_name":"Lemmings Paintball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lemmings_Paintball"},{"link_name":"[98]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-paintball-98"},{"link_name":"The Adventures of Lomax","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Adventures_of_Lomax"},{"link_name":"[100]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-100"},{"link_name":"Pingus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pingus"},{"link_name":"open source","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_source"},{"link_name":"[101]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-101"},{"link_name":"intellectual property","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intellectual_property"},{"link_name":"Sony Computer Entertainment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sony_Computer_Entertainment"},{"link_name":"Lemmings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lemmings_(2006_video_game)"},{"link_name":"Exient Entertainment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exient_Entertainment"},{"link_name":"[102]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-102"},{"link_name":"[103]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-103"},{"link_name":"[104]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-104"},{"link_name":"clones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_game_clone"},{"link_name":"The Humans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Humans_(video_game)"},{"link_name":"open source","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open-source_software"},{"link_name":"Pingus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pingus_(video_game)"},{"link_name":"penguins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penguin"},{"link_name":"[105]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-105"},{"link_name":"Clones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clones_(video_game)"},{"link_name":"[106]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-clones-106"},{"link_name":"Kotaku","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kotaku"},{"link_name":"MouseCraft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MouseCraft"},{"link_name":"Tetris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetris"},{"link_name":"[107]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-107"},{"link_name":"NP-hard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NP-hard"},{"link_name":"[108]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-108"},{"link_name":"PSPACE-complete","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PSPACE-complete"},{"link_name":"[109]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-109"},{"link_name":"iOS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IOS"},{"link_name":"[110]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-110"},{"link_name":"Sony Computer Entertainment Europe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sony_Computer_Entertainment_Europe"},{"link_name":"cease-and-desist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cease-and-desist"},{"link_name":"[111]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-111"},{"link_name":"webOS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WebOS"},{"link_name":"[112]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-112"},{"link_name":"Apple IIGS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_IIGS"},{"link_name":"source code","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Source_code"},{"link_name":"[113]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-113"},{"link_name":"real-time strategy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real-time_strategy"},{"link_name":"Amiga Power","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amiga_Power"},{"link_name":"[114]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-114"},{"link_name":"Blizzard Entertainment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blizzard_Entertainment"},{"link_name":"Warcraft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warcraft"},{"link_name":"Warcraft: Orcs & Humans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warcraft:_Orcs_%26_Humans"},{"link_name":"The Lost Vikings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Lost_Vikings"},{"link_name":"[115]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-115"},{"link_name":"Terry Pratchett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terry_Pratchett"},{"link_name":"Interesting Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interesting_Times"},{"link_name":"army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terracotta_Army"},{"link_name":"golems","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golem"},{"link_name":"[116]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pratchett-116"},{"link_name":"Royal Mail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Mail"},{"link_name":"[117]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-117"}],"text":"Sculpture of Lemmings in Seabraes Park, Dundee, near the original office of DMA DesignLemmings inspired several sequels, including the Christmas Lemmings short games that were released between 1991 and 1994, and the 1991 expansion Oh No! More Lemmings. Stand-alone sequels were Lemmings 2: The Tribes (1993),[97] All New World of Lemmings (1994),[16] 3D Lemmings (1995)[98] and Lemmings Revolution (2000).[16] By mid-1995, Lemmings and its sequels had accumulated combined sales of more than 4 million units worldwide.[99] Two spin-off games were also made, both in 1996; Lemmings Paintball[98] and The Adventures of Lomax.[100] Pingus is an open source clone first released in 1998.[101]The intellectual property (IP) of Lemmings stayed with the initial publisher Psygnosis, who were acquired by Sony Computer Entertainment in 1993. Sony gained the IP for Lemmings from this acquisition, though only had two entries: the 2006 Lemmings for PlayStation consoles, and the mobile title Lemmings: The Puzzle Adventure in 2017. Sony eventually licensed the rights to Exient Entertainment,[102] who published the mobile title. Exient produced a 30th anniversary documentary of the history of Lemmings, released in February 2022.[103][104]\nNumerous clones of Lemmings were made. One of the first was The Humans, released for the Amiga in 1992. General game concepts have been included in the open source Pingus, where the player is required to safely guide penguins across landscapes using a similar array of tools.[105] Other similar games include Clones.[106] \nYannick LeJacq of Kotaku, commenting on the 2014 game MouseCraft which incorporates elements of Lemmings and Tetris, speculated that games like Lemmings would not be very successful in the current gaming market, as the pace of the game is far too slow to satisfy most players.[107]In 2004, Graham Cormode proved that deciding whether it is possible to complete a level of Lemmings is NP-hard.[108] Later, Giovanni Viglietta showed that the task is PSPACE-complete, even for levels where there is only one lemming to save.[109]In 2010, it was announced that Lemmings would be ported to the iOS operating system by developer Mobile 1UP.[110] On 29 June 2010, Mobile 1UP reported that Sony Computer Entertainment Europe had presented them with a cease-and-desist letter, forcing them to halt development of the port.[111] In April 2011, Mobile 1UP has released a re-worked version of the work done in 2010 with a prehistoric setting (new artwork, sound effects, music and levels) under the name Caveman, available for the iOS and webOS platforms.[112] Brutal Deluxe, the developer who did the porting of the Apple IIGS version of Lemmings, has released the games' source code.[113]Lemmings has also been called a predecessor of the modern real-time strategy (RTS) video game genre. A 1991 Amiga Power article claimed that Lemmings \"was the first major game to introduce the 'indirect-control' concept,\" an element that is now common in many RTS games.[114] Blizzard Entertainment developer Bob Fitch said that part of the inspiration for the first Warcraft game, Warcraft: Orcs & Humans, was based on developing a competitive multiplayer RTS that combined elements of The Lost Vikings (which he had worked on) and Lemmings; Fitch said \"We just went, 'Oh it's so cool when you see lots of Lemmings all over the place. Why don't we have lots of Vikings all over instead, and then the Vikings can fight each other.\"[115] Lemmings' introduction of RTS elements has been noted by fantasy author Terry Pratchett; in his novel Interesting Times, an army of golems is controlled in a fashion reminiscent of the Lemmings user interface. When readers asked if this was deliberate, Pratchett responded: \"Merely because the red army can fight, dig, march and climb and is controlled by little icons? Can't imagine how anyone thought that... Not only did I wipe Lemmings from my hard disk, I overwrote it so I couldn't get it back.\"[116]Lemmings was one of six games featured in a stamp series issued by the Royal Mail in 2020 to pay tribute to the United Kingdom's early video game industry.[117]","title":"Legacy"}]
|
[{"image_text":"Lemmings cross a bridge and tunnel through a rock formation in the Amiga version.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/89/Amiga_Lemmings.png/220px-Amiga_Lemmings.png"},{"image_text":"In two-player mode, each player can only control lemmings of their own colour but attempt to guide any lemming to their own goal.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/2/2b/SNES_Lemmings2Player.png/220px-SNES_Lemmings2Player.png"},{"image_text":"Gary Timmons improved Mike Dailly's lemming walking animation (left) to make it appear less stiff.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/a/a6/Lemming_animation.gif"},{"image_text":"A floppy disk containing Christmas Lemmings (1991) for the Amiga","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Lemmings_Christmas_Demo%2C_for_Amiga%2C_1991.jpg/200px-Lemmings_Christmas_Demo%2C_for_Amiga%2C_1991.jpg"},{"image_text":"Sculpture of Lemmings in Seabraes Park, Dundee, near the original office of DMA Design","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/%27Lemmings%27_%28geograph_6299611%29.jpg/220px-%27Lemmings%27_%28geograph_6299611%29.jpg"},{}]
| null |
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My Way Publishing. 10 October 2018. p. 64. ISBN 9784865119855.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9784865119855","url_text":"9784865119855"}]},{"reference":"\"The Release Schedule\". Computer Trade Weekly. No. 399. United Kingdom. 10 August 1992. p. 15.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"SAM Coupé ROM Archive\".","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/GoodSamCNonGood","url_text":"\"SAM Coupé ROM Archive\""}]},{"reference":"\"J2ME ROM Archive\".","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/1000_J2ME_Games_Pack","url_text":"\"J2ME ROM Archive\""}]},{"reference":"Lukowski, Andrzej (17 February 2022). \"'The sprites clearly do not look like actual lemmings': the inside story of an iconic video game\". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 17 December 2023. 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Retrieved 3 June 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thecourier.co.uk/fp/lifestyle/entertainment/gadgets-games/1079186/feature-iconic-dundee-made-video-game-lemmings-is-first-class-in-new-royal-mail-postage-stamp-collection/","url_text":"\"FEATURE: Iconic Dundee-made video game Lemmings is first class in new Royal Mail postage stamp collection\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210122104046/https://www.thecourier.co.uk/fp/lifestyle/entertainment/gadgets-games/1079186/feature-iconic-dundee-made-video-game-lemmings-is-first-class-in-new-royal-mail-postage-stamp-collection/","url_text":"Archived"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sam_Graddy
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Sam Graddy
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["1 Early years","2 Track and field","2.1 Personal bests","3 Professional career","4 References"]
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American football player (born 1964)
American football player
Sam GraddyNo. 83, 85Position:Wide receiverPersonal informationBorn: (1964-02-10) February 10, 1964 (age 60)Gaffney, South Carolina, U.S.Height:5 ft 10 in (1.78 m)Weight:175 lb (79 kg)Career informationHigh school:Northside High SchoolCollege:University of TennesseeUndrafted:1987Career history
Denver Broncos (1987–1988)
Los Angeles Raiders (1990–1992)
Player stats at PFR
Samuel Louis Graddy III (born February 10, 1964) is an American former athlete and American football player, winner of gold medal in 4 × 100 m relay at the 1984 Summer Olympics.
Early years
Born in Gaffney, South Carolina, Sam Graddy was second in the 100 m and was a member of gold medal winning American 4 × 100 m relay team at the 1983 Pan American Games.
Track and field
Sam Graddy
Medal record
Men's athletics
Representing the United States
Olympic Games
1984 Los Angeles
4 × 100 metres relay
1984 Los Angeles
100 metres
Pan American Games
1983 Caracas
4 × 100 metres relay
1983 Caracas
100 metres
Graddy was also a standout track athlete. In 1984, he won the gold medal at the 1984 USA Outdoor Track and Field Championships in the 100 meters with a time of 10.28 seconds, and as a University of Tennessee at Knoxville student, he also won the 100 meters title at the 1984 NCAA Division I Outdoor Track and Field Championships.
At the Los Angeles Olympics, Graddy was second behind Carl Lewis in 100 m and ran the first leg in the American 4 × 100 metres relay team, which won the gold medal with a new world record of 37.83 seconds.
Personal bests
Event
Time (seconds)
Venue
Date
60 meters
6.63
Paris, France
January 1, 1985
100 meters
10.09
Baton Rouge, Louisiana
May 12, 1984
200 meters
20.30
Knoxville, Tennessee
May 10, 1985
Professional career
After graduating from university of Tennessee, Graddy was signed by the Denver Broncos in 1987. He played in Denver during the 1987 and 1988 seasons catching one pass for 30 yards. After being out of football for the 1989 season, he signed with the Los Angeles Raiders where he played from 1990 to 1992. During his Raider career Graddy was plagued with dropped passes therefore moved down the depth chart and mainly limited to kick return duty. His career highlight was in 1991 when he caught an 80-yard touchdown pass against the Houston Oilers. Graddy ended his career with 18 catches, 477 yards, 26.5 average per reception and 3 touchdowns. He also returned 27 kicks for 458 yards.
References
^ "U.S. National Championships History 1876-2020". Track & Field News. Retrieved September 20, 2020.
^ Hill, E. Garry. "A History Of The NCAA Championships, 1921–2016: 100 Meters" (PDF). Track & Field News. Retrieved January 8, 2017.
vteOlympic champions in men's 4 × 100 metres relay
1912: David Jacobs, Henry Macintosh, Victor d'Arcy, Willie Applegarth (GBR)
1920: Charley Paddock, Jackson Scholz, Loren Murchison, Morris Kirksey (USA)
1924: Loren Murchison, Louis Clarke, Frank Hussey, Al LeConey (USA)
1928: Frank Wykoff, James Quinn, Charley Borah, Henry Russell (USA)
1932: Bob Kiesel, Emmett Toppino, Hector Dyer, Frank Wykoff (USA)
1936: Jesse Owens, Ralph Metcalfe, Foy Draper, Frank Wykoff (USA)
1948: Barney Ewell, Lorenzo Wright, Harrison Dillard, Mel Patton (USA)
1952: Dean Smith, Harrison Dillard, Lindy Remigino, Andy Stanfield (USA)
1956: Ira Murchison, Leamon King, Thane Baker, Bobby Morrow (USA)
1960: Bernd Cullmann, Armin Hary, Walter Mahlendorf, Martin Lauer (EUA)
1964: Paul Drayton, Gerry Ashworth, Richard Stebbins, Bob Hayes (USA)
1968: Charles Greene, Mel Pender, Ronnie Ray Smith, Jim Hines (USA)
1972: Larry Black, Robert Taylor, Gerald Tinker, Eddie Hart (USA)
1976: Harvey Glance, Lam Jones, Millard Hampton, Steve Riddick (USA)
1980: Vladimir Muravyov, Nikolay Sidorov, Aleksandr Aksinin, Andrey Prokofyev (URS)
1984: Sam Graddy, Ron Brown, Calvin Smith, Carl Lewis (USA)
1988: Viktor Bryzhin, Vladimir Krylov, Vladimir Muravyov, Vitaliy Savin (URS)
1992: Michael Marsh, Leroy Burrell, Dennis Mitchell, Carl Lewis, James Jett (USA)
1996: Robert Esmie, Glenroy Gilbert, Bruny Surin, Donovan Bailey, Carlton Chambers (CAN)
2000: Jon Drummond, Bernard Williams, Brian Lewis, Maurice Greene, Tim Montgomery, Kenny Brokenburr (USA)
2004: Jason Gardener, Darren Campbell, Marlon Devonish, Mark Lewis-Francis (GBR)
2008: Keston Bledman, Marc Burns, Emmanuel Callender, Richard Thompson, Aaron Armstrong (TTO)
2012: Nesta Carter, Michael Frater, Yohan Blake, Usain Bolt, Bailey-Cole (JAM)
2016: Asafa Powell, Yohan Blake, Nickel Ashmeade, Usain Bolt, Jevaughn Minzie, Kemar Bailey-Cole (JAM)
2020: Lorenzo Patta, Marcell Jacobs, Fausto Desalu, Filippo Tortu (ITA)
vtePan American Champions in men's 4 × 100 metres relay
1951: D. Campbell, A. Bragg, D. Attlesey, J. Voight (USA)
1955: R. Richard, W. Williams, C. Thomas, J. Bennett (USA)
1959: R. Norton, R. Poynter, B. Woodhouse, H. Jones (USA)
1963: E. Young, O. Cassell, B. Johnson, I. Murchison (USA)
1967: J. Bright, R. Copeland, W. Turner, E. McCullouch (USA)
1971: A. Daley, D. Quarrie, C. Lawson, L. Miller (JAM)
1975: B. Collins, C. Edwards, L. Brown, D. Merrick (USA)
1979: H. Glance, M. Roberson, C. Wiley, S. Riddick (USA)
1983: B. Jackson, K. Robinson, E. Quow, S. Graddy (USA)
1987: C. Lewis, L. McNeill, L. McRae, H. Glance (USA)
1991: L. Peñalver, F. Stevens, J. Aguilera, J. Lamela (CUB)
1995: J. Isasi, J. Aguilera, J. Lamela, A. García-Baró (CUB)
1999: E. Luciano, R. Oliveira, A. Domingos, C. Quirino (BRA)
2003: V. Lenilson, E. Luciano, A. Domingos, C. Quirino (BRA)
2007: V. Lenilson, R. Ribeiro, B. Moraes Jr., S. Viana (BRA)
2011: A. Feitosa, S. Viana, N. André, B. Lins (BRA)
2015: BJ Lee, W. Spearmon, K. Williams, R. McClain (USA)
2019: R. Nascimento, J. Vides, D. Silva, P. Oliveira (BRA)
2023: R. Nascimento, F. Bardi, E. Cardoso, R. Correa (BRA)
vteSummer Universiade champions in men's 4 × 100 metres relay
1959: Italy(De Murtas, Giannone, Mazza, Berruti)
1961: Soviet Union(Mikhailov, Ozolin, Bartenev, Chistyakov)
1963: Hungary(Csutorás, Rábai, Gyulai, Mihályfi)
1965: West Germany(Obersiebrasse, Metz, Felsen, Sundermann)
1967: Italy(Giani, Preatoni, Roscio, Berruti)
1970: Poland(Wagner, Werner, Gramse, Nowosz)
1973: United States(Brown, Riddick, Whatley, Gilbreath)
1975: Soviet Union(Zhidkikh, Silovs, Kolesnikov, Vladimirtsev)
1977: Soviet Union(Kolesnikov, Aksinin, Silovs, Ignatenko)
1979: Italy(Caravani, Grazioli, Lazzer, Mennea)
1981: United States(Lattany, Ketchum, Grimes, Smith)
1983: United States(Scott, Graddy, Robinson, Gault)
1985: Cuba(Querol, Simón, Chacón, Peñalver)
1987: United States(McRae, Heard, Daniel, Spearmon)
1989: United States(Watkins, Dees, Cason, Marsh)
1991: United States(Drummond, Goins, Bates, Trapp)
1993: United States(Bridgewater, Oaks, Miller, Jefferson)
1995: United States(Bowen, Oaks, Hargraves, Dopek)
1997: United States(Howard, Henderson, Carter, McCall)
1999: United States(Conwright, Trammell, Miller, Capel)
2001: Japan(Kawabata, Nara, Omae, Okusako)
2003: Japan(Ishikura, Takahira, Yoshino, Arai)
2005: Italy(Verdecchia, Rocco, Donati, Anceschi)
2007: Thailand(Autas, Sondee, Suwannarangsri, Suwonprateep)
2009: Russia(Mokrousov, Teplykh, Smirnov, Petryashov)
2011: South Africa(Dreyer, Magakwe, Sefanyetso, Mpuang)
2013: Ukraine(Perestiuk, Smelyk, Bodrov, Korzh)
2015: Japan(Ōseto, Nagata, Suwa, Taniguchi)
2017: Japan(Tanaka, Tada, Kitagawa, Yamashita)
2019: Japan(Miyamoto, Someya, Yamashita, Dede)
2021: China(Chen Jiapeng,Chen Guanfeng,Yan Haibin,Deng Zhijian)
vte1984 USA Olympic track and field teamQualification1984 United States Olympic trials (track and field)Men's trackand road athletes
Ray Armstead
Alonzo Babers
Kirk Baptiste
Ron Brown
Tonie Campbell
Don Clary
Paul Cummings
Brian Diemer
Marco Evoniuk
Greg Foster
Sam Graddy
Johnny Gray
John Gregorek
Danny Harris
Tranel Hawkins
Jim Heiring
Thomas Jefferson
Earl Jones
Roger Kingdom
Steve Lacy
Carl Lewis
Henry Marsh
John Marshall
Antonio McKay
Walter McCoy
Edwin Moses
Sunder Nix
Daniel O'Connor
Vince O'Sullivan
Doug Padilla
Pete Pfitzinger
Pat Porter
Alberto Salazar
Carl Schueler
Steve Scott
Calvin Smith
Willie Smith
Jim Spivey
John Tuttle
Craig Virgin
Men'sfield athletes
Duncan Atwood
Willie Banks
Earl Bell
Tim Bright
Ed Burke
Art Burns
Michael Carter
Mike Conley Sr.
John Crist
Milton Goode
Bill Green
Al Joyner
Dave Laut
Carl Lewis
Jud Logan
Doug Lytle
Mike McRae
Larry Myricks
Doug Nordquist
Tom Petranoff
John Powell
Steve Roller
Dwight Stones
Mike Tully
Mac Wilkins
Augie Wolf
Jim Wooding
Women's trackand road athletes
Evelyn Ashford
Sharrieffa Barksdale
Joan Benoit
Jeanette Bolden
Cindy Bremser
Valerie Brisco-Hooks
Alice Brown
Judi Brown
Julie Brown
Robin Campbell
Chandra Cheeseborough
Mary Decker
Diane Dixon
Benita Fitzgerald-Brown
Kim Gallagher
Randy Givens
Florence Griffith Joyner
Joan Hansen
Denean Howard
Sherri Howard
Julie Isphording
Missy Kane
Lillie Leatherwood
Pam Page
Diana Richburg
Kim Turner
Angela Wright-Scott
Ruth Wysocki
Women'sfield athletes
Jodi Anderson
Carol Cady
Laura De Snoo
Leslie Deniz
Cindy Greiner
Lorna Griffin
Joni Huntley
Jackie Joyner
Carol Lewis
Ramona Pagel
Louise Ritter
Karin Smith
Pam Spencer
Lynda Sutfin
Cathy Sulinski
Angela Thacker
Coaches—
vteUS National Championship winners in men's 100-meter dash1876–1878New York Athletic Club
1876: Charles McIvor
1877: William Wilmer
1878: Fred Saportas
1879–1888NAAAA
1879: Beverly Value
1880-81: Lon Myers
1882-83: Arthur Waldron
1884-86ro: Malcolm Ford
1887: Charles Sherrill
1888Note 1: Fred Westing
1888–1979Amateur Athletic Union
1888Note 1: Fred Westing
1889-90: John Owen
1891: Luther Cary
1892: Harry Jewett
1893: Charles Stage
1894: Tom Lee
1895-97: Bernie Wefers
1898: Frank Jarvis
1899: Arthur Duffey
1900: Maxie Long
1901: Frank Sears
1902: Pat Walsh
1903: Archie Hahn
1904: Lawson Robertson
1905: Charles Parsons
1906: Charles Seitz
1907: Harold Huff
1908: William Hamilton
1909: William Martin
1910: James Rosenberger
1911: Gwin Henry
1912-13: Howard Drew
1914-15: Jo Loomis
1916-17: Andy Ward
1918: Arthur Henke
1919: William Hayes
1920OT: Loren Murchison
1921: Charley Paddock
1922: Robert McAllister
1923: Loren Murchison
1924: Charley Paddock
1925: Frank Hussey
1926: Charley Borah
1927: Chester Bowman
1928OT: Frank Wykoff
1929-30: Eddie Tolan
1931: Frank Wykoff
1932OT: Ralph Metcalfe
1933-34: Ralph Metcalfe
1935: Eulace Peacock
1936: Jesse Owens
1937: Perrin Walker
1938: Ben Johnson
1939: Clyde Jeffrey
1940: Harold Davis
1941: Barney Ewell
1942-43: Harold Davis
1944: Buddy Young
1945: Barney Ewell
1946-47: Bill Mathis
1948: Barney Ewell
1949: Andy Stanfield
1950: Art Bragg
1951: Jim Golliday
1952: Dean Smith
1953-54: Art Bragg
1955-56: Bobby Morrow
1957: Leamon King
1958: Bobby Morrow
1959-60: Ray Norton
1961: Frank Budd
1962-64: Bob Hayes
1965: George Anderson
1966: Charles Greene
1967: Jim Hines
1968: Charles Greene
1969-70: Ivory Crockett
1971: Del Meriwether
1972: Robert Taylor
1973-74: Steve Williams
1975: Don Quarrie (JAM) * Steve Williams
1976: Chris Garpenborg (SWE) *Robert Woods
1977: Don Quarrie (JAM) * Steve Williams
1978: Clancy Edwards
1979: James Sanford
1980–1992The Athletics Congress
1980: Stanley Floyd
1981-83: Carl Lewis
1984: Sam Graddy
1985: Kirk Baptiste
1986: Carl Lewis
1987: Mark Witherspoon
1988: Emmit King
1989: Leroy Burrell
1990: Carl Lewis
1991: Leroy Burrell
1992OT: Dennis Mitchell
1993–presentUSA Track & Field
1993: Andre Cason
1994: Dennis Mitchell
1995: Michael Marsh
1996OT: Dennis Mitchell
1997: Maurice Greene
1998: Tim Harden
1999: Dennis Mitchell
2000OT: Maurice Greene
2001: Bernard Williams
2002: Maurice Greene
2003: Bernard Williams
2004OT: Maurice Greene
2005: Justin Gatlin
2006-08OT: Tyson Gay
2009: Mike Rodgers
2010-11: Walter Dix
2012OT-13: Justin Gatlin
2014: Mike Rodgers
2015: Tyson Gay
2016OT: Justin Gatlin
2017: Justin Gatlin
2018: Noah Lyles
2019: Christian Coleman
20212020 OT: Trayvon Bromell
2022: Fred Kerley
2023: Cravont Charleston
Notes
Note 1: In 1888 both the NAAAA and the AAU held championships
OT: The 1920, 1928, 1932, and since 1992, championships incorporated the Olympic Trials, otherwise held as a discrete event.
2020 OT: The 2020 Olympic Trials were delayed and held in 2021 due to the COVID-19 pandemic.
Distance:Until 1927 the event was over 100 yards, and again from 1929-31
ro:In 1886 the event was won after a run-off
Authority control databases: People
World Athletics
|
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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knowledge_graphs
|
Knowledge graph
|
["1 History","2 Definitions","2.1 Implementations","3 Using a knowledge graph for reasoning over data","3.1 Entity alignment","4 See also","5 References","6 External links"]
|
Type of knowledge base
For other uses, see Knowledge graph (disambiguation).
Example conceptual diagram
In knowledge representation and reasoning, a knowledge graph is a knowledge base that uses a graph-structured data model or topology to represent and operate on data. Knowledge graphs are often used to store interlinked descriptions of entities – objects, events, situations or abstract concepts – while also encoding the free-form semantics or relationships underlying these entities.
Since the development of the Semantic Web, knowledge graphs have often been associated with linked open data projects, focusing on the connections between concepts and entities. They are also historically associated with and used by search engines such as Google, Bing, Yext and Yahoo; knowledge-engines and question-answering services such as WolframAlpha, Apple's Siri, and Amazon Alexa; and social networks such as LinkedIn and Facebook.
Recent developments in data science and machine learning, particularly in graph neural networks and representation learning, have broadened the scope of knowledge graphs beyond their traditional use in search engines and recommender systems. They are increasingly used in scientific research, with notable applications in fields such as genomics, proteomics, and systems biology.
History
The term was coined as early as 1972 by the Austrian linguist Edgar W. Schneider, in a discussion of how to build modular instructional systems for courses. In the late 1980s, the University of Groningen and University of Twente jointly began a project called Knowledge Graphs, focusing on the design of semantic networks with edges restricted to a limited set of relations, to facilitate algebras on the graph. In subsequent decades, the distinction between semantic networks and knowledge graphs was blurred.
Some early knowledge graphs were topic-specific. In 1985, Wordnet was founded, capturing semantic relationships between words and meanings – an application of this idea to language itself. In 2005, Marc Wirk founded Geonames to capture relationships between different geographic names and locales and associated entities. In 1998 Andrew Edmonds of Science in Finance Ltd in the UK created a system called ThinkBase that offered fuzzy-logic based reasoning in a graphical context.
In 2007, both DBpedia and Freebase were founded as graph-based knowledge repositories for general-purpose knowledge. DBpedia focused exclusively on data extracted from Wikipedia, while Freebase also included a range of public datasets. Neither described themselves as a 'knowledge graph' but developed and described related concepts.
In 2012, Google introduced their Knowledge Graph, building on DBpedia and Freebase among other sources. They later incorporated RDFa, Microdata, JSON-LD content extracted from indexed web pages, including the CIA World Factbook, Wikidata, and Wikipedia. Entity and relationship types associated with this knowledge graph have been further organized using terms from the schema.org vocabulary. The Google Knowledge Graph became a successful complement to string-based search within Google, and its popularity online brought the term into more common use.
Since then, several large multinationals have advertised their knowledge graphs use, further popularising the term. These include Facebook, LinkedIn, Airbnb, Microsoft, Amazon, Uber and eBay.
In 2019, IEEE combined its annual international conferences on "Big Knowledge" and "Data Mining and Intelligent Computing" into the International Conference on Knowledge Graph.
Definitions
There is no single commonly accepted definition of a knowledge graph. Most definitions view the topic through a Semantic Web lens and include these features:
Flexible relations among knowledge in topical domains: A knowledge graph (i) defines abstract classes and relations of entities in a schema, (ii) mainly describes real world entities and their interrelations, organized in a graph, (iii) allows for potentially interrelating arbitrary entities with each other, and (iv) covers various topical domains.
General structure: A network of entities, their semantic types, properties, and relationships. To represent properties, categorical or numerical values are often used.
Supporting reasoning over inferred ontologies: A knowledge graph acquires and integrates information into an ontology and applies a reasoner to derive new knowledge.
There are, however, many knowledge graph representations for which some of these features are not relevant. For those knowledge graphs, this simpler definition may be more useful:
A digital structure that represents knowledge as concepts and the relationships between them (facts). A knowledge graph can include an ontology that allows both humans and machines to understand and reason about its contents.
Implementations
In addition to the above examples, the term has been used to describe open knowledge projects such as YAGO and Wikidata; federations like the Linked Open Data cloud; a range of commercial search tools, including Yahoo's semantic search assistant Spark, Google's Knowledge Graph, and Microsoft's Satori; and the LinkedIn and Facebook entity graphs.
The term is also used in the context of note-taking software applications that allow a user to build a personal knowledge graph.
The popularization of knowledge graphs and their accompanying methods have led to the development of graph databases such as Neo4j and GraphDB. These graph databases allow users to easily store data as entities their interrelationships, and facilitate operations such as data reasoning, node embedding, and ontology development on knowledge bases.
Using a knowledge graph for reasoning over data
Main article: Ontology (information science)
A knowledge graph formally represents semantics by describing entities and their relationships. Knowledge graphs may make use of ontologies as a schema layer. By doing this, they allow logical inference for retrieving implicit knowledge rather than only allowing queries requesting explicit knowledge.
In order to allow the use of knowledge graphs in various machine learning tasks, several methods for deriving latent feature representations of entities and relations have been devised. These knowledge graph embeddings allow them to be connected to machine learning methods that require feature vectors like word embeddings. This can complement other estimates of conceptual similarity.
Models for generating useful knowledge graph embeddings are commonly the domain of graph neural networks (GNNs). GNNs are deep learning architectures that comprise edges and nodes, which correspond well to the entities and relationships of knowledge graphs. The topology and data structures afforded by GNNS provides a convenient domain for semi-supervised learning, wherein the network is trained to predict the value of a node embedding (provided a group of adjacent nodes and their edges) or edge (provided a pair of nodes). These tasks serve as fundamental abstractions for more complex tasks such as knowledge graph reasoning and alignment.
Entity alignment
Two hypothetical knowledge graphs representing disparate topics contain a node that corresponds to the same entity in the real world. Entity alignment is the process of identifying such nodes across multiple graphs.
As new knowledge graphs are produced across a variety of fields and contexts, the same entity will inevitably be represented in multiple graphs. However, because no single standard for the construction or representation of knowledge graph exists, resolving which entities from disparate graphs correspond to the same real world subject is a non-trivial task. This task is known as knowledge graph entity alignment, and is an active area of research.
Strategies for entity alignment generally seek to identify similar substructures, semantic relationships, shared attributes, or combinations of all three between two distinct knowledge graphs. Entity alignment methods use these structural similarities between generally non-isomorphic graphs to predict which nodes corresponds to the same entity.
The recent successes of large language models (LLMs), in particular their effectiveness at producing syntactically meaningful embeddings, has spurred the use of LLMs in the task of entity alignment.
As the amount of data stored in knowledge graphs grows, developing dependable methods for knowledge graph entity alignment becomes an increasingly crucial step in the integration and cohesion of knowledge graph data.
See also
Concept map – Diagram showing relationships among concepts
Formal semantics (natural language) – Study of meaning in natural languages
Graph database – Database that uses mathematical graphs to store and search data
Knowledge graph embedding – Dimensionality reduction of graph-based semantic data objects
Logical graph – Type of diagrammatic or visual notation for logical expressionsPages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
Semantic integration – Interrelating info from diverse sources
Semantic technology – Technology to help machines understand data
Topic map – Knowledge organization system
Vadalog – Type of Knowledge Graph Management System
YAGO (database) – Open-source information repository
References
^ "What is a Knowledge Graph?". 2018.
^ "What defines a knowledge graph?". 2020.
^ a b c Ehrlinger, Lisa; Wöß, Wolfram (2016). Towards a Definition of Knowledge Graphs (PDF). SEMANTiCS2016. Leipzig: Joint Proceedings of the Posters and Demos Track of 12th International Conference on Semantic Systems – SEMANTiCS2016 and 1st International Workshop on Semantic Change & Evolving Semantics (SuCCESS16). pp. 13–16.
^ Soylu, Ahmet (2020). "Enhancing Public Procurement in the European Union Through Constructing and Exploiting an Integrated Knowledge Graph". The Semantic Web – ISWC 2020. Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Vol. 12507. pp. 430–446. doi:10.1007/978-3-030-62466-8_27. ISBN 978-3-030-62465-1. S2CID 226229398.
^ Mohamed, Sameh K.; Nounu, Aayah; Nováček, Vít (2021). "Biological applications of knowledge graph embedding models". Briefings in Bioinformatics. 22 (2): 1679–1693. doi:10.1093/bib/bbaa012. hdl:1983/919db5c6-6e10-4277-9ff9-f86bbcedcee8. PMID 32065227 – via Oxford Academic.
^ Edward W. Schneider. 1973. Course Modularization Applied: The Interface System and Its Implications For Sequence Control and Data Analysis. In Association for the Development of Instructional Systems (ADIS), Chicago, Illinois, April 1972
^ "US Trademark no 75589756".
^ a b Singhal, Amit (May 16, 2012). "Introducing the Knowledge Graph: things, not strings". Official Google Blog. Retrieved 21 March 2017.
^ Schwartz, Barry (December 17, 2014). "Google's Freebase To Close After Migrating To Wikidata: Knowledge Graph Impact?". Search Engine Roundtable. Retrieved December 10, 2017.
^ a b McCusker, James P.; McGuiness, Deborah L. "What is a Knowledge Graph?". www.authorea.com. Retrieved 21 March 2017.
^ "Knowledge Graph Enterprises". 2020.
^ "2021 IEEE International Conference on Knowledge Graph (ICKG)*". KMedu Hub. 2017-07-09. Retrieved 2021-03-22.
^ Hogan, Aidan; Blomqvist, Eva; Cochez, Michael; d'Amato, Claudia; de Melo, Gerard; Gutierrez, Claudio; Labra Gayo, José Emilio; Kirrane, Sabrina; Neumaier, Sebastian; Polleres, Axel; Navigli, Roberto; Ngonga Ngomo, Axel-Cyrille; Rashid, Sabbir M.; Rula, Anisa; Schmelzeisen, Lukas; Sequeda, Juan; Staab, Steffen; Zimmermann, Antoine (2021-01-24). "Knowledge Graphs". ACM Computing Surveys. 54 (4): 1–37. arXiv:2003.02320. doi:10.1145/3447772. ISSN 0360-0300. S2CID 235716181.
^ Paulheim, Heiko (2017). "Knowledge Graph Refinement: A Survey of Approaches and Evaluation Methods" (PDF). Semantic Web: 489–508. Retrieved 21 March 2017.
^ Krötsch, Markus; Weikum, Gerhard (March 2016). "Editorial of the Special Issue on Knowledge Graphs". Journal of Web Semantics. 37–38: 53–54. doi:10.1016/j.websem.2016.04.002. Retrieved 10 February 2021.
^ "What is a Knowledge Graph?|Ontotext". Ontotext. Retrieved 2020-07-01.
^ Peng, Ciyuan; Feng, Xia; Naseriparsa, Mehdi; Osborne, Francesco (2023). "Knowledge Graphs: Opportunities and Challenges". Artificial Intelligence Review. 56 (11): 13071–13102. arXiv:2303.13948. doi:10.1007/s10462-023-10465-9. ISSN 1573-7462. PMC 10068207. PMID 37362886.
^ "The Knowledge Graph about Knowledge Graphs". 2020.
^ "The Linked Open Data Cloud". lod-cloud.net. Retrieved 2020-06-30.
^ Pyne, Yvette; Stewart, Stuart (March 2022). "Meta-work: how we research is as important as what we research". British Journal of General Practice. 72 (716): 130–131. doi:10.3399/bjgp22X718757. PMC 8884432. PMID 35210247.
^ "Neo4j Graph Database & Analytics | Graph Database Management System". Neo4j. Retrieved 8 November 2023.
^ "Ontotext GraphDB". Ontotext. Retrieved 8 November 2023.
^ "How do knowledge graphs work?". Stardog. 2022-04-05. Retrieved 2022-04-05.
^ "Unlocking the Power of Google Knowledge Panel: How to Obtain and Claim Yours in 2023 – RH Razu". rhrazu.com. 2023-09-01. Retrieved 2023-09-05.
^ Hongwei Wang (October 2018). "RippleNet: Propagating User Preferences on the Knowledge Graph for Recommender Systems". Proceedings of the 27th ACM International Conference on Information and Knowledge Management. pp. 417–426. arXiv:1803.03467. doi:10.1145/3269206.3271739. ISBN 9781450360142. S2CID 3766110.
^ Ristoski, Petar; Paulheim, Heiko (2016), "RDF2Vec: RDF Graph Embeddings for Data Mining" (PDF), The Semantic Web – ISWC 2016, Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol. 9981, pp. 498–514, doi:10.1007/978-3-319-46523-4_30, ISBN 978-3-319-46522-7
^ Zhou, Jie; et al. (2020). "Graph neural networks: A review of methods and applications". AI Open. 1 (1): 57–81. arXiv:1812.08434. doi:10.1016/j.aiopen.2021.01.001. S2CID 56517517 – via Elsevier Science Direct.
^ Ye, Zi; Kumar, Yogan Jaya; Sing, Goh Ong; Song, Fengyan; Wang, Junsong (2022). "A comprehensive survey of graph neural networks for knowledge graphs". IEEE Access. 10: 75729–7574. Bibcode:2022IEEEA..1075729Y. doi:10.1109/ACCESS.2022.3191784. S2CID 250654689 – via IEEE Xplore.
^ Berrendorf, Max; Faerman, Evgeniy; Melnychuk, Valentyn; Tresp, Volker; Seidl, Thomas (April 14–17, 2020). Knowledge graph entity alignment with graph convolutional networks: lessons learned. Advances in Information Retrieval: 42nd European Conference on IR Research, ECIR 2020, Lisbon, Portugal. Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Vol. Proceedings, Part II. pp. 3–11. arXiv:1911.08342. doi:10.1007/978-3-030-45442-5_1. ISBN 978-3-030-45441-8. S2CID 208158314 – via Springer International Publishing.
^ Chaurasiya, Deepak; Surisetty, Anil; Kumar, Nitish; Singh, Alok; Dey, Vikrant; Malhotra, Aakarsh; Dhama, Gaurav; Arora, Ankur (2022). "Entity alignment for knowledge graphs: progress, challenges, and empirical studies". arXiv:2205.08777 .
^ Hogan, Aidan; Lippolis, Anna Sofia; Klironomos, Antonis; Milon-Flores, Daniela F.; Zheng, Heng; Jouglar, Alexane; Norouzi, Ebrahim (2023). "Enhancing Entity Alignment Between Wikidata and ArtGraph using LLMs" (PDF). Proceedings of the International Workshop on Semantic Web and Ontology Design for Cultural Heritage – via International Workshop on Semantic Web and Ontology Design for Cultural Heritage (SWODCH), Athens, Greece.
External links
Will Douglas Heaven (4 September 2020). "This know-it-all AI learns by reading the entire web nonstop". MIT Technology Review. Retrieved 5 September 2020. Diffbot is building the biggest-ever knowledge graph by applying image recognition and natural-language processing to billions of web pages.
Scholia has a topic profile for Knowledge graph.
Authority control databases: National
Czech Republic
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Knowledge graph (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knowledge_graph_(disambiguation)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Conceptual_Diagram_-_Example.svg"},{"link_name":"knowledge representation and reasoning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knowledge_representation_and_reasoning"},{"link_name":"knowledge base","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knowledge_base"},{"link_name":"graph","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graph_(discrete_mathematics)"},{"link_name":"data model","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_model"},{"link_name":"topology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topology"},{"link_name":"data","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data"},{"link_name":"entities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Named_entity"},{"link_name":"semantics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semantics"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Semantic Web","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semantic_Web"},{"link_name":"linked open data","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linked_data"},{"link_name":"concepts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concept"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ref1-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"search engines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Search_engine"},{"link_name":"Google","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Knowledge_Graph"},{"link_name":"Bing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bing_(search_engine)"},{"link_name":"Yext","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yext"},{"link_name":"Yahoo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yahoo"},{"link_name":"knowledge-engines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knowledge_Engine_(Wikimedia_Foundation)"},{"link_name":"WolframAlpha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WolframAlpha"},{"link_name":"Siri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siri"},{"link_name":"Alexa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_Alexa"},{"link_name":"social networks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_network"},{"link_name":"LinkedIn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn"},{"link_name":"Facebook","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"For other uses, see Knowledge graph (disambiguation).Example conceptual diagramIn knowledge representation and reasoning, a knowledge graph is a knowledge base that uses a graph-structured data model or topology to represent and operate on data. Knowledge graphs are often used to store interlinked descriptions of entities – objects, events, situations or abstract concepts – while also encoding the free-form semantics or relationships underlying these entities.[1][2]Since the development of the Semantic Web, knowledge graphs have often been associated with linked open data projects, focusing on the connections between concepts and entities.[3][4] They are also historically associated with and used by search engines such as Google, Bing, Yext and Yahoo; knowledge-engines and question-answering services such as WolframAlpha, Apple's Siri, and Amazon Alexa; and social networks such as LinkedIn and Facebook.Recent developments in data science and machine learning, particularly in graph neural networks and representation learning, have broadened the scope of knowledge graphs beyond their traditional use in search engines and recommender systems. They are increasingly used in scientific research, with notable applications in fields such as genomics, proteomics, and systems biology.[5]","title":"Knowledge graph"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"linguist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistics"},{"link_name":"Edgar W. Schneider","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgar_W._Schneider"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"University of Groningen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Groningen"},{"link_name":"University of Twente","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Twente"},{"link_name":"semantic networks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semantic_network"},{"link_name":"algebras on the graph","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graph_algebra"},{"link_name":"Wordnet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wordnet"},{"link_name":"Geonames","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geonames"},{"link_name":"fuzzy-logic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuzzy_logic"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"DBpedia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DBpedia"},{"link_name":"Freebase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freebase_(database)"},{"link_name":"repositories","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Repository_(version_control)"},{"link_name":"Knowledge Graph","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knowledge_Graph"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Singhal-2012-8"},{"link_name":"RDFa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RDFa"},{"link_name":"Microdata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microdata_(HTML)"},{"link_name":"JSON-LD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSON-LD"},{"link_name":"CIA World Factbook","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_World_Factbook"},{"link_name":"Wikidata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikidata"},{"link_name":"Wikipedia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Singhal-2012-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"schema.org","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schema.org"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-McCusker-10"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-McCusker-10"},{"link_name":"Airbnb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airbnb"},{"link_name":"Microsoft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft"},{"link_name":"Amazon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon.com"},{"link_name":"Uber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uber"},{"link_name":"eBay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EBay"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"IEEE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_of_Electrical_and_Electronics_Engineers"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"text":"The term was coined as early as 1972 by the Austrian linguist Edgar W. Schneider, in a discussion of how to build modular instructional systems for courses.[6] In the late 1980s, the University of Groningen and University of Twente jointly began a project called Knowledge Graphs, focusing on the design of semantic networks with edges restricted to a limited set of relations, to facilitate algebras on the graph. In subsequent decades, the distinction between semantic networks and knowledge graphs was blurred.Some early knowledge graphs were topic-specific. In 1985, Wordnet was founded, capturing semantic relationships between words and meanings – an application of this idea to language itself. In 2005, Marc Wirk founded Geonames to capture relationships between different geographic names and locales and associated entities. In 1998 Andrew Edmonds of Science in Finance Ltd in the UK created a system called ThinkBase that offered fuzzy-logic based reasoning in a graphical context.[7]In 2007, both DBpedia and Freebase were founded as graph-based knowledge repositories for general-purpose knowledge. DBpedia focused exclusively on data extracted from Wikipedia, while Freebase also included a range of public datasets. Neither described themselves as a 'knowledge graph' but developed and described related concepts.In 2012, Google introduced their Knowledge Graph,[8] building on DBpedia and Freebase among other sources. They later incorporated RDFa, Microdata, JSON-LD content extracted from indexed web pages, including the CIA World Factbook, Wikidata, and Wikipedia.[8][9] Entity and relationship types associated with this knowledge graph have been further organized using terms from the schema.org[10] vocabulary. The Google Knowledge Graph became a successful complement to string-based search within Google, and its popularity online brought the term into more common use.[10]Since then, several large multinationals have advertised their knowledge graphs use, further popularising the term. These include Facebook, LinkedIn, Airbnb, Microsoft, Amazon, Uber and eBay.[11]In 2019, IEEE combined its annual international conferences on \"Big Knowledge\" and \"Data Mining and Intelligent Computing\" into the International Conference on Knowledge Graph.[12]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"abstract classes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abstract_class"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ref1-3"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"}],"text":"There is no single commonly accepted definition of a knowledge graph. Most definitions view the topic through a Semantic Web lens and include these features:[13]Flexible relations among knowledge in topical domains: A knowledge graph (i) defines abstract classes and relations of entities in a schema, (ii) mainly describes real world entities and their interrelations, organized in a graph, (iii) allows for potentially interrelating arbitrary entities with each other, and (iv) covers various topical domains.[14]\nGeneral structure: A network of entities, their semantic types, properties, and relationships.[15][16] To represent properties, categorical or numerical values are often used.\nSupporting reasoning over inferred ontologies: A knowledge graph acquires and integrates information into an ontology and applies a reasoner to derive new knowledge.[3]There are, however, many knowledge graph representations for which some of these features are not relevant. For those knowledge graphs, this simpler definition may be more useful:A digital structure that represents knowledge as concepts and the relationships between them (facts). A knowledge graph can include an ontology that allows both humans and machines to understand and reason about its contents.[17][18]","title":"Definitions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"YAGO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YAGO_(database)"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Knowledge Graph","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knowledge_Graph"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ref1-3"},{"link_name":"note-taking software","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Note-taking_software"},{"link_name":"personal knowledge graph","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_knowledge_graph"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"}],"sub_title":"Implementations","text":"In addition to the above examples, the term has been used to describe open knowledge projects such as YAGO and Wikidata; federations like the Linked Open Data cloud;[19] a range of commercial search tools, including Yahoo's semantic search assistant Spark, Google's Knowledge Graph, and Microsoft's Satori; and the LinkedIn and Facebook entity graphs.[3]The term is also used in the context of note-taking software applications that allow a user to build a personal knowledge graph.[20]The popularization of knowledge graphs and their accompanying methods have led to the development of graph databases such as Neo4j[21] and GraphDB.[22] These graph databases allow users to easily store data as entities their interrelationships, and facilitate operations such as data reasoning, node embedding, and ontology development on knowledge bases.","title":"Definitions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"ontologies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontology_(information_science)"},{"link_name":"logical inference","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inference"},{"link_name":"implicit knowledge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Implicit_knowledge"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"word embeddings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Word_embedding"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"}],"text":"A knowledge graph formally represents semantics by describing entities and their relationships.[23] Knowledge graphs may make use of ontologies as a schema layer. By doing this, they allow logical inference for retrieving implicit knowledge rather than only allowing queries requesting explicit knowledge.[24]In order to allow the use of knowledge graphs in various machine learning tasks, several methods for deriving latent feature representations of entities and relations have been devised. These knowledge graph embeddings allow them to be connected to machine learning methods that require feature vectors like word embeddings. This can complement other estimates of conceptual similarity.[25][26]Models for generating useful knowledge graph embeddings are commonly the domain of graph neural networks (GNNs).[27] GNNs are deep learning architectures that comprise edges and nodes, which correspond well to the entities and relationships of knowledge graphs. The topology and data structures afforded by GNNS provides a convenient domain for semi-supervised learning, wherein the network is trained to predict the value of a node embedding (provided a group of adjacent nodes and their edges) or edge (provided a pair of nodes). These tasks serve as fundamental abstractions for more complex tasks such as knowledge graph reasoning and alignment.[28]","title":"Using a knowledge graph for reasoning over data"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Knowledge_graph_entity_alignment.png"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"}],"sub_title":"Entity alignment","text":"Two hypothetical knowledge graphs representing disparate topics contain a node that corresponds to the same entity in the real world. Entity alignment is the process of identifying such nodes across multiple graphs.As new knowledge graphs are produced across a variety of fields and contexts, the same entity will inevitably be represented in multiple graphs. However, because no single standard for the construction or representation of knowledge graph exists, resolving which entities from disparate graphs correspond to the same real world subject is a non-trivial task. This task is known as knowledge graph entity alignment, and is an active area of research.[29]Strategies for entity alignment generally seek to identify similar substructures, semantic relationships, shared attributes, or combinations of all three between two distinct knowledge graphs. Entity alignment methods use these structural similarities between generally non-isomorphic graphs to predict which nodes corresponds to the same entity.[30]The recent successes of large language models (LLMs), in particular their effectiveness at producing syntactically meaningful embeddings, has spurred the use of LLMs in the task of entity alignment.[31]As the amount of data stored in knowledge graphs grows, developing dependable methods for knowledge graph entity alignment becomes an increasingly crucial step in the integration and cohesion of knowledge graph data.","title":"Using a knowledge graph for reasoning over data"}]
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[{"image_text":"Example conceptual diagram","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Conceptual_Diagram_-_Example.svg/220px-Conceptual_Diagram_-_Example.svg.png"},{"image_text":"Two hypothetical knowledge graphs representing disparate topics contain a node that corresponds to the same entity in the real world. Entity alignment is the process of identifying such nodes across multiple graphs.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Knowledge_graph_entity_alignment.png/440px-Knowledge_graph_entity_alignment.png"}]
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[{"title":"Concept map","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concept_map"},{"title":"Formal semantics (natural language)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formal_semantics_(natural_language)"},{"title":"Graph database","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graph_database"},{"title":"Knowledge graph embedding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knowledge_graph_embedding"},{"title":"Logical graph","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logical_graph"},{"title":"Semantic integration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semantic_integration"},{"title":"Semantic technology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semantic_technology"},{"title":"Topic map","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topic_map"},{"title":"Vadalog","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vadalog"},{"title":"YAGO (database)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YAGO_(database)"}]
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[{"reference":"\"What is a Knowledge Graph?\". 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://ontotext.com/knowledgehub/fundamentals/what-is-a-knowledge-graph","url_text":"\"What is a Knowledge Graph?\""}]},{"reference":"\"What defines a knowledge graph?\". 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.atulhost.com/what-is-knowledge-graph","url_text":"\"What defines a knowledge graph?\""}]},{"reference":"Ehrlinger, Lisa; Wöß, Wolfram (2016). Towards a Definition of Knowledge Graphs (PDF). SEMANTiCS2016. Leipzig: Joint Proceedings of the Posters and Demos Track of 12th International Conference on Semantic Systems – SEMANTiCS2016 and 1st International Workshop on Semantic Change & Evolving Semantics (SuCCESS16). pp. 13–16.","urls":[{"url":"http://ceur-ws.org/Vol-1695/paper4.pdf","url_text":"Towards a Definition of Knowledge Graphs"}]},{"reference":"Soylu, Ahmet (2020). \"Enhancing Public Procurement in the European Union Through Constructing and Exploiting an Integrated Knowledge Graph\". The Semantic Web – ISWC 2020. Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Vol. 12507. pp. 430–446. doi:10.1007/978-3-030-62466-8_27. ISBN 978-3-030-62465-1. S2CID 226229398.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-62466-8_27","url_text":"\"Enhancing Public Procurement in the European Union Through Constructing and Exploiting an Integrated Knowledge Graph\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-030-62466-8_27","url_text":"10.1007/978-3-030-62466-8_27"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-030-62465-1","url_text":"978-3-030-62465-1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:226229398","url_text":"226229398"}]},{"reference":"Mohamed, Sameh K.; Nounu, Aayah; Nováček, Vít (2021). \"Biological applications of knowledge graph embedding models\". Briefings in Bioinformatics. 22 (2): 1679–1693. doi:10.1093/bib/bbaa012. hdl:1983/919db5c6-6e10-4277-9ff9-f86bbcedcee8. PMID 32065227 – via Oxford Academic.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fbib%2Fbbaa012","url_text":"\"Biological applications of knowledge graph embedding models\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fbib%2Fbbaa012","url_text":"10.1093/bib/bbaa012"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)","url_text":"hdl"},{"url":"https://hdl.handle.net/1983%2F919db5c6-6e10-4277-9ff9-f86bbcedcee8","url_text":"1983/919db5c6-6e10-4277-9ff9-f86bbcedcee8"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32065227","url_text":"32065227"}]},{"reference":"\"US Trademark no 75589756\".","urls":[{"url":"http://tmsearch.uspto.gov/bin/showfield?f=doc&state=4809:rjqm9h.2.1","url_text":"\"US Trademark no 75589756\""}]},{"reference":"Singhal, Amit (May 16, 2012). \"Introducing the Knowledge Graph: things, not strings\". Official Google Blog. Retrieved 21 March 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://googleblog.blogspot.com/2012/05/introducing-knowledge-graph-things-not.html","url_text":"\"Introducing the Knowledge Graph: things, not strings\""}]},{"reference":"Schwartz, Barry (December 17, 2014). \"Google's Freebase To Close After Migrating To Wikidata: Knowledge Graph Impact?\". Search Engine Roundtable. Retrieved December 10, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.seroundtable.com/google-freebase-wikidata-knowledge-graph-19591.html","url_text":"\"Google's Freebase To Close After Migrating To Wikidata: Knowledge Graph Impact?\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Search_Engine_Roundtable","url_text":"Search Engine Roundtable"}]},{"reference":"McCusker, James P.; McGuiness, Deborah L. \"What is a Knowledge Graph?\". www.authorea.com. Retrieved 21 March 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.authorea.com/users/6341/articles/107281-what-is-a-knowledge-graph/_show_article","url_text":"\"What is a Knowledge Graph?\""}]},{"reference":"\"Knowledge Graph Enterprises\". 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://kgkg.factnexus.com/@3782~167.html","url_text":"\"Knowledge Graph Enterprises\""}]},{"reference":"\"2021 IEEE International Conference on Knowledge Graph (ICKG)*\". KMedu Hub. 2017-07-09. Retrieved 2021-03-22.","urls":[{"url":"https://kmeducationhub.de/ieee-international-conference-big-knowledge-icbk/","url_text":"\"2021 IEEE International Conference on Knowledge Graph (ICKG)*\""}]},{"reference":"Hogan, Aidan; Blomqvist, Eva; Cochez, Michael; d'Amato, Claudia; de Melo, Gerard; Gutierrez, Claudio; Labra Gayo, José Emilio; Kirrane, Sabrina; Neumaier, Sebastian; Polleres, Axel; Navigli, Roberto; Ngonga Ngomo, Axel-Cyrille; Rashid, Sabbir M.; Rula, Anisa; Schmelzeisen, Lukas; Sequeda, Juan; Staab, Steffen; Zimmermann, Antoine (2021-01-24). \"Knowledge Graphs\". ACM Computing Surveys. 54 (4): 1–37. arXiv:2003.02320. doi:10.1145/3447772. ISSN 0360-0300. S2CID 235716181.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)","url_text":"arXiv"},{"url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2003.02320","url_text":"2003.02320"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1145%2F3447772","url_text":"10.1145/3447772"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0360-0300","url_text":"0360-0300"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:235716181","url_text":"235716181"}]},{"reference":"Paulheim, Heiko (2017). \"Knowledge Graph Refinement: A Survey of Approaches and Evaluation Methods\" (PDF). Semantic Web: 489–508. 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(2020). \"Graph neural networks: A review of methods and applications\". AI Open. 1 (1): 57–81. arXiv:1812.08434. doi:10.1016/j.aiopen.2021.01.001. S2CID 56517517 – via Elsevier Science Direct.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.aiopen.2021.01.001","url_text":"\"Graph neural networks: A review of methods and applications\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)","url_text":"arXiv"},{"url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/1812.08434","url_text":"1812.08434"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.aiopen.2021.01.001","url_text":"10.1016/j.aiopen.2021.01.001"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:56517517","url_text":"56517517"}]},{"reference":"Ye, Zi; Kumar, Yogan Jaya; Sing, Goh Ong; Song, Fengyan; Wang, Junsong (2022). \"A comprehensive survey of graph neural networks for knowledge graphs\". IEEE Access. 10: 75729–7574. Bibcode:2022IEEEA..1075729Y. doi:10.1109/ACCESS.2022.3191784. S2CID 250654689 – via IEEE Xplore.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1109%2FACCESS.2022.3191784","url_text":"\"A comprehensive survey of graph neural networks for knowledge graphs\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2022IEEEA..1075729Y","url_text":"2022IEEEA..1075729Y"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1109%2FACCESS.2022.3191784","url_text":"10.1109/ACCESS.2022.3191784"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:250654689","url_text":"250654689"}]},{"reference":"Berrendorf, Max; Faerman, Evgeniy; Melnychuk, Valentyn; Tresp, Volker; Seidl, Thomas (April 14–17, 2020). Knowledge graph entity alignment with graph convolutional networks: lessons learned. Advances in Information Retrieval: 42nd European Conference on IR Research, ECIR 2020, Lisbon, Portugal. Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Vol. Proceedings, Part II. pp. 3–11. arXiv:1911.08342. doi:10.1007/978-3-030-45442-5_1. ISBN 978-3-030-45441-8. S2CID 208158314 – via Springer International Publishing.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)","url_text":"arXiv"},{"url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/1911.08342","url_text":"1911.08342"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-030-45442-5_1","url_text":"10.1007/978-3-030-45442-5_1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-030-45441-8","url_text":"978-3-030-45441-8"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:208158314","url_text":"208158314"}]},{"reference":"Chaurasiya, Deepak; Surisetty, Anil; Kumar, Nitish; Singh, Alok; Dey, Vikrant; Malhotra, Aakarsh; Dhama, Gaurav; Arora, Ankur (2022). \"Entity alignment for knowledge graphs: progress, challenges, and empirical studies\". arXiv:2205.08777 [cs.AI].","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)","url_text":"arXiv"},{"url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2205.08777","url_text":"2205.08777"},{"url":"https://arxiv.org/archive/cs.AI","url_text":"cs.AI"}]},{"reference":"Hogan, Aidan; Lippolis, Anna Sofia; Klironomos, Antonis; Milon-Flores, Daniela F.; Zheng, Heng; Jouglar, Alexane; Norouzi, Ebrahim (2023). \"Enhancing Entity Alignment Between Wikidata and ArtGraph using LLMs\" (PDF). Proceedings of the International Workshop on Semantic Web and Ontology Design for Cultural Heritage – via International Workshop on Semantic Web and Ontology Design for Cultural Heritage (SWODCH), Athens, Greece.","urls":[{"url":"https://aidanhogan.com/docs/art_wikidata_kgs_llms.pdf","url_text":"\"Enhancing Entity Alignment Between Wikidata and ArtGraph using LLMs\""}]},{"reference":"Will Douglas Heaven (4 September 2020). \"This know-it-all AI learns by reading the entire web nonstop\". MIT Technology Review. Retrieved 5 September 2020. Diffbot is building the biggest-ever knowledge graph by applying image recognition and natural-language processing to billions of web pages.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.technologyreview.com/2020/09/04/1008156/knowledge-graph-ai-reads-web-machine-learning-natural-language-processing/","url_text":"\"This know-it-all AI learns by reading the entire web nonstop\""}]}]
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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercantile_Credit_Centenary_Trophy
|
Football League Centenary Trophy
|
["1 Background","2 Matches","2.1 Quarter-finals","2.2 Semi-finals","2.3 Final","3 Goalscorers","4 References"]
|
Football tournament season
Football League Centenary TrophyTournament detailsCountryEnglandDates29 August – 9 October 1988Teams8Final positionsChampionsArsenalRunner-upManchester UnitedTournament statisticsMatches played7Goals scored17 (2.43 per match)Attendance130,025 (18,575 per match)Top goal scorer(s)Brian Marwood(2 goals)
The Football League Centenary Trophy (also known as the Mercantile Credit Centenary Trophy for sponsorship reasons) was an English football tournament held during the 1988–89 season to celebrate the 100th birthday of The Football League. The competition was played on a knockout basis between the top eight sides from the Football League First Division the previous season, with the final between Arsenal and Manchester United taking place at the birthplace of League football, Aston Villa's home ground, Villa Park on 9 October 1988.
Goals from Paul Davis and Michael Thomas gave Arsenal a 2–1 victory, with Clayton Blackmore the scorer for United. Despite most of the country's leading clubs being involved, crowds for the Centenary Trophy were generally disappointing and only the semi-final match between Arsenal and Liverpool attracted more than 25,000.
Background
The Football League marked its centenary during the 1987–88 and 1988–89 seasons with a number of events; an exhibition game between a Football League XI and a World XI in August 1987, followed by a Centenary Friendly Tournament eight months later. The final centrepiece was the Football League Centenary Trophy, a one-off tournament which commenced at the start of the 1988–89 season. The clubs which qualified for the tournament were the previous season's top eight, as follows:
First Division table
Pos
Team
Pld
W
D
L
GF
GA
GD
Pts
1
Liverpool
40
26
12
2
87
24
+63
90
2
Manchester United
40
23
12
5
71
38
+33
81
3
Nottingham Forest
40
20
13
7
67
39
+28
73
4
Everton
40
19
13
8
53
27
+26
70
5
Queens Park Rangers
40
19
10
11
48
38
+10
67
6
Arsenal
40
18
12
10
58
39
+19
66
7
Wimbledon
40
14
15
11
58
47
+11
57
8
Newcastle United
40
14
14
12
55
53
+2
56
Matches
Quarter-finals
The quarter-finals were staged over three days in August 1988. Liverpool recorded the biggest win of the round, defeating Nottingham Forest 4–1 at a half-capacity Anfield. The home side rested striker John Aldridge and started Ian Rush who player-manager Kenny Dalglish said "...needed some matches. We might as well get him as fit as we can, as quickly as we can." All of Liverpool's four goals came in the second half; Barry Venison set them on their way to victory with a well-hit shot in the 50th minute. Manchester United meanwhile secured a place in the semi-finals with a 1–0 win against Everton. Gordon Strachan scored the game's only goal in the second half, heading in at the far post. It was his first goal for the club, much to the delight and amusement of manager Alex Ferguson: "You're waiting for your first goal of the season, you've got people like McClair and Hughes on the park and it comes from Gordon Strachan's head!" Newcastle United needed extra time to overcome their opponents Wimbledon; the tie was settled by Michael O'Neill's goal in the 109th minute. Arsenal completed the semi-final line up with a 2–0 win away at Queens Park Rangers.
29 August 198815:00 BST
Liverpool4–1Nottingham Forest
Venison 50'Mølby 70' (pen.)Houghton 75'Barnes 84'
Webb 90'
Anfield, LiverpoolAttendance: 20,141Referee: G.Tyson (Sunderland)
29 August 198815:00 BST
Manchester United1–0Everton
Strachan 66'
Old Trafford, ManchesterAttendance: 16,439Referee: G. Alpin (Westmorland County)
29 August 198819:30 BST
Newcastle United1–0 (a.e.t.)Wimbledon
O'Neill 109'
St James' Park, NewcastleAttendance: 17,141Referee: Keith Hackett (South Yorkshire)
31 August 198819:45 BST
Queens Park Rangers0–2Arsenal
Adams 3'Marwood 76'
Loftus Road, LondonAttendance: 10,019Referee: Roger Milford (Somerset)
Semi-finals
The semi-finals were played over two days in September 1988. Arsenal faced Liverpool at their home ground, Highbury. Injuries to eight first-team players, notably goalkeeper Bruce Grobbelaar, defender Alan Hansen, and winger John Barnes meant the visitors fielded an unfamiliar side, one which required the involvement of Dalglish towards the end of the tie. Arsenal took the lead just after the half-hour mark when a corner was flicked on by Alan Smith and Perry Groves was in space to nudge the ball past Mike Hooper. Liverpool equalised in the second half through Steve Staunton, but Brian Marwood's volley restored Arsenal's lead and they held on for a place in the final.
The second semi-final tie, between Manchester United and Newcastle United at Old Trafford was decided in extra time. A audience of just under 15,000 – "one of the smallest crowds to gather at Old Trafford for a senior fixture in many years" – saw two halves of insipid attacking football but stout defending. Newcastle came close to scoring the winner two minutes before normal time was up, only for substitute Mirandinha to miss. Defender Steve Bruce scored inside 44 seconds of extra time, and ten minutes later McClair headed in to give United a 2–0 win.
20 September 198819:45 BST
Arsenal2–1Liverpool
Groves 33'Marwood 82'
Staunton 80'
Highbury, LondonAttendance: 29,135Referee: John Martin (Wessex)
21 September 198819:30 BST
Manchester United2–0 (a.e.t.)Newcastle United
Bruce 91'McClair 101'
Old Trafford, ManchesterAttendance: 14,968Referee: John Key (South Yorkshire)
Final
The tournament reached its climax on 9 October 1988, when Arsenal competed against Manchester United. The match was held at Villa Park, considered the birthplace of the Football League. Before the match United captain Bryan Robson told a reporter there was "not so much pressure" on his teammates to win the competition, but noted the incentive of beating Arsenal as the winners stood to receive £50,000. The first half, played under drizzle, saw Arsenal score twice in four minutes to take a commanding lead before the break. Paul Davis broke the deadlock, before he turned provider and set Michael Thomas up to score their second. Once the rain stopped and United introduced Strachan on to the field, both sides played at a frantic pace. United ended the half strongly, and scored with six minutes of normal time remaining through Clayton Blackmore. Strachan almost equalised but for Lee Dixon's intervention on the goal line.
Journalist Ian Ridley praised the end-to-end nature of the final and felt it showcased the best of English football, writing in The Guardian: " illustrated perfectly the major development in the modern game; the swiftness that English supporters demand and that excites overseas viewers." In his match report, Steve Curry of the Daily Express summarised: "The League’s centenary celebrations have, overall, been a shambles, but this rousing finale at least left one worthwhile memory."
9 October 198815:00 BST
Arsenal2–1Manchester United
Davis 36'Thomas 40'
Blackmore 84'
Villa Park, BirminghamAttendance: 22,182Referee: George Courtney (County Durham)
Goalscorers
John Barnes (pictured in 2012), scored his only goal of the tournament for Liverpool against Nottingham Forest.
Rank
Name
Team
Goals
1
Brian Marwood
Arsenal
2
2
Tony Adams
Arsenal
1
John Barnes
Liverpool
Clayton Blackmore
Manchester United
Steve Bruce
Manchester United
Paul Davis
Arsenal
Perry Groves
Arsenal
Ray Houghton
Liverpool
Brian McClair
Manchester United
Jan Mølby
Liverpool
Michael O'Neill
Newcastle United
Gordon Strachan
Manchester United
Michael Thomas
Arsenal
Barry Venison
Liverpool
Neil Webb
Nottingham Forest
References
General
Rollin, Jack (1989). Rothmans Football Yearbook 1989–1990. London: Queen Anne Press. ISBN 0-356-17910-9.
Specific
^ Rollin (1989), p. 604.
^ a b c d e Pye, Steven (4 January 2017). "How Arsenal won the Centenary Trophy, the least celebrated title in their history". The Guardian. Retrieved 2 May 2017.
^ When the Football League took on the world… Archived 5 November 2019 at the Wayback Machine, England Memories, 7 August 2015
^ What on earth was the Mercantile Credit Football Festival?, The Guardian, 10 June 2015
^ "English Division One (old) table". Statto Organisation. Archived from the original on 3 April 2016. Retrieved 7 October 2017.
^ a b c Bateman, Cynthia (30 August 1988). "Rush in and out of luck". The Guardian. London. p. 10.
^ a b c d Ball, Peter (30 August 1988). "United's comfort drawn from an unlikely source". The Times. p. 33.
^ a b Lacey, David (30 August 1988). "O'Neill swings the balance back in Newcastle's favour". The Times. p. 33.
^ a b Lacey, David (1 September 1988). "Arsenal stay in credit". The Guardian. London. p. 14.
^ a b c "Today's fixtures". The Times. 29 August 1988. p. 29.
^ "Matchdetails from Liverpool – Nottingham Forest played on Monday 29 August 1988". LFCHistory.net. Retrieved 10 October 2017.
^ "Today's fixtures". The Times. 31 August 1988. p. 32.
^ a b c d Jones, Stuart (21 September 1988). "Arsenal chase away the pale shadow of League champions". The Times. p. 44.
^ a b c Bateman, Cynthia (22 September 1988). "Bruce at the second try". The Guardian. London. p. 18.
^ a b Ross, Ian (22 September 1988). "Late reward for the diehards". The Times. p. 44.
^ "Today's fixtures". The Times. 20 September 1988. p. 44.
^ "Matchdetails from Arsenal – Liverpool played on Tuesday 20 September 1988". LFCHistory.net. Retrieved 10 October 2017.
^ "Today's fixtures". The Times. 21 September 1988. p. 44.
^ Rosenthal, Jim (presenter), Moore, Brian (commentator) (9 October 1988). Soccer Highlights: Mercantile Credit Trophy Final (Television production). ITV. See also YouTube footage, from 40 seconds in.
^ a b c d e Jones, Stuart (10 October 1988). "Davis the villain departs the stage as a centenary hero". The Times. p. 40.
^ a b Ridley, Ian (10 October 1988). "Arsenal end League party with style and grace". The Guardian. London. p. 14.
^ "Tomorrow". The Times. 9 October 1988. p. 54.
vte1988–89 in English football « 1987–88 1989–90 » National teams
Bobby Robson
Rous Cup
1990 FIFA World Cup (qualification – UEFA Group 2)
LeaguecompetitionsLevels 1–4
Football League (First Division, Second Division, Third Division, Fourth Division, play-offs)
Level 5
Football Conference
Levels 6–7
Isthmian League (Premier, One)
Northern Premier League (Premier, One)
Southern League (Premier, Midland, Southern)
Levels 8–9
Isthmian League (Two North, Two South)
Combined Counties League (level 8 only)
Eastern Counties League (Premier, One)
Essex Senior League (level 8 only)
Hellenic League (Premier, One)
Kent League (level 8 only)
Midland Football Combination (level 8 only)
North West Counties League (One, Two)
Northern Counties East League (Premier, One)
Northern League (One, Two)
South Midlands League (Premier, One)
Spartan League (Premier, One)
Sussex County League (One, Two)
United Counties League (Premier, One)
Wessex League (level 8 only)
West Midlands (Regional) League (level 8 only)
Western League (Premier, One)
CupcompetitionsFA cups
FA Cup (Qualifying rounds, Final)
Charity Shield
FA Trophy (Final)
Football League cups
League Cup (Final)
Full Members' Cup (Final)
Associate Members' Cup (Final)
Football League Centenary Trophy
Club seasonsFirst Division
Arsenal
Aston Villa
Charlton Athletic
Coventry City
Derby County
Everton
Liverpool
Luton Town
Manchester United
Middlesbrough
Millwall
Newcastle United
Norwich City
Nottingham Forest
Queens Park Rangers
Sheffield Wednesday
Southampton
Tottenham Hotspur
West Ham United
Wimbledon
Second Division
Barnsley
Birmingham City
Blackburn Rovers
Bournemouth
Bradford City
Brighton & Hove Albion
Chelsea
Crystal Palace
Hull City
Ipswich Town
Leeds United
Leicester City
Manchester City
Oldham Athletic
Oxford United
Plymouth Argyle
Portsmouth
Shrewsbury Town
Sunderland
Swindon Town
Stoke City
Walsall
Watford
West Bromwich Albion
Third Division
Aldershot
Blackpool
Bolton Wanderers
Brentford
Bristol City
Bristol Rovers
Bury
Cardiff City
Chester City
Chesterfield
Fulham
Gillingham
Huddersfield Town
Mansfield Town
Northampton Town
Port Vale
Preston North End
Notts County
Reading
Sheffield United
Southend United
Swansea City
Wigan Athletic
Wolverhampton Wanderers
Fourth Division
Burnley
Cambridge United
Carlisle United
Colchester United
Crewe Alexandra
Darlington
Doncaster Rovers
Exeter City
Grimsby Town
Halifax Town
Hartlepool United
Hereford United
Leyton Orient
Lincoln City
Peterborough United
Rochdale
Rotherham United
Scarborough
Scunthorpe United
Stockport County
Torquay United
Tranmere Rovers
Wrexham
York City
Others
Newport County
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"1988–89","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1988%E2%80%9389_in_English_football"},{"link_name":"The Football League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_Football_League"},{"link_name":"Football League First Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football_League_First_Division"},{"link_name":"Arsenal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arsenal_F.C."},{"link_name":"Manchester United","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchester_United_F.C."},{"link_name":"Aston Villa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aston_Villa_F.C."},{"link_name":"Villa Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Villa_Park"},{"link_name":"Paul Davis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Davis_(footballer,_born_1961)"},{"link_name":"Michael Thomas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Thomas_(footballer,_born_1967)"},{"link_name":"Clayton Blackmore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clayton_Blackmore"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERollin1989604-1"},{"link_name":"Liverpool","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liverpool_F.C."},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Guardian-2"}],"text":"Football tournament seasonThe Football League Centenary Trophy (also known as the Mercantile Credit Centenary Trophy for sponsorship reasons) was an English football tournament held during the 1988–89 season to celebrate the 100th birthday of The Football League. The competition was played on a knockout basis between the top eight sides from the Football League First Division the previous season, with the final between Arsenal and Manchester United taking place at the birthplace of League football, Aston Villa's home ground, Villa Park on 9 October 1988.Goals from Paul Davis and Michael Thomas gave Arsenal a 2–1 victory, with Clayton Blackmore the scorer for United.[1] Despite most of the country's leading clubs being involved, crowds for the Centenary Trophy were generally disappointing and only the semi-final match between Arsenal and Liverpool attracted more than 25,000.[2]","title":"Football League Centenary Trophy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Football League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_Football_League"},{"link_name":"Football League XI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football_League_XI"},{"link_name":"World XI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_XI"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Centenary Friendly Tournament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football_League_Centenary_Tournament"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Guardian-2"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Guardian-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Guardian-2"}],"text":"The Football League marked its centenary during the 1987–88 and 1988–89 seasons with a number of events; an exhibition game between a Football League XI and a World XI in August 1987,[3] followed by a Centenary Friendly Tournament eight months later.[2][4] The final centrepiece was the Football League Centenary Trophy, a one-off tournament which commenced at the start of the 1988–89 season.[2] The clubs which qualified for the tournament were the previous season's top eight, as follows:[2]","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Matches"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Anfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anfield"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-livw-6"},{"link_name":"John Aldridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Aldridge"},{"link_name":"Ian Rush","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ian_Rush"},{"link_name":"player-manager","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Player-coach"},{"link_name":"Kenny Dalglish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenny_Dalglish"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-livw-6"},{"link_name":"Barry Venison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barry_Venison"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-livw-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mane-7"},{"link_name":"Gordon Strachan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gordon_Strachan"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mane-7"},{"link_name":"Alex Ferguson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alex_Ferguson"},{"link_name":"[Brian] McClair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_McClair"},{"link_name":"[Mark] Hughes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Hughes"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mane-7"},{"link_name":"Michael O'Neill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_O%27Neill_(footballer)"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-newcw-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-arsqpr-9"},{"link_name":"BST","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Summer_Time"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-todf-10"},{"link_name":"Liverpool","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liverpool_F.C."},{"link_name":"Nottingham Forest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nottingham_Forest_F.C."},{"link_name":"Venison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barry_Venison"},{"link_name":"Mølby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_M%C3%B8lby"},{"link_name":"pen.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penalty_kick_(association_football)"},{"link_name":"Houghton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ray_Houghton"},{"link_name":"Barnes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Barnes_(footballer)"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Webb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Webb"},{"link_name":"Anfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anfield_stadium"},{"link_name":"Sunderland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunderland,_Tyne_and_Wear"},{"link_name":"BST","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Summer_Time"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-todf-10"},{"link_name":"Manchester United","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchester_United_F.C."},{"link_name":"Everton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Everton_F.C."},{"link_name":"Strachan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gordon_Strachan"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mane-7"},{"link_name":"Old Trafford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Trafford"},{"link_name":"Westmorland County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westmorland_County_Football_Association"},{"link_name":"BST","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Summer_Time"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-todf-10"},{"link_name":"Newcastle United","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newcastle_United_F.C."},{"link_name":"a.e.t.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overtime_(sports)#Association_football_(soccer)"},{"link_name":"Wimbledon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wimbledon_F.C."},{"link_name":"O'Neill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_O%27Neill_(footballer)"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-newcw-8"},{"link_name":"St James' Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_James%27_Park"},{"link_name":"Keith Hackett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keith_Hackett"},{"link_name":"South Yorkshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheffield_%26_Hallamshire_County_Football_Association"},{"link_name":"BST","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Summer_Time"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Queens Park Rangers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queens_Park_Rangers_F.C."},{"link_name":"Arsenal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arsenal_F.C."},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-arsqpr-9"},{"link_name":"Adams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Adams"},{"link_name":"Marwood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_Marwood"},{"link_name":"Loftus Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loftus_Road"},{"link_name":"Roger Milford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Milford"},{"link_name":"Somerset","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somerset_Football_Association"}],"sub_title":"Quarter-finals","text":"The quarter-finals were staged over three days in August 1988. Liverpool recorded the biggest win of the round, defeating Nottingham Forest 4–1 at a half-capacity Anfield.[6] The home side rested striker John Aldridge and started Ian Rush who player-manager Kenny Dalglish said \"...needed some matches. We might as well get him as fit as we can, as quickly as we can.\"[6] All of Liverpool's four goals came in the second half; Barry Venison set them on their way to victory with a well-hit shot in the 50th minute.[6] Manchester United meanwhile secured a place in the semi-finals with a 1–0 win against Everton.[7] Gordon Strachan scored the game's only goal in the second half, heading in at the far post.[7] It was his first goal for the club, much to the delight and amusement of manager Alex Ferguson: \"You're waiting for your first goal of the season, you've got people like [Brian] McClair and [Mark] Hughes on the park and it comes from Gordon Strachan's head!\"[7] Newcastle United needed extra time to overcome their opponents Wimbledon; the tie was settled by Michael O'Neill's goal in the 109th minute.[8] Arsenal completed the semi-final line up with a 2–0 win away at Queens Park Rangers.[9]29 August 198815:00 BST[10]\nLiverpool4–1Nottingham Forest\nVenison 50'Mølby 70' (pen.)Houghton 75'Barnes 84'\n[11]\nWebb 90'\nAnfield, LiverpoolAttendance: 20,141Referee: G.Tyson (Sunderland)29 August 198815:00 BST[10]\nManchester United1–0Everton\nStrachan 66'\n[7]\n\nOld Trafford, ManchesterAttendance: 16,439Referee: G. Alpin (Westmorland County)29 August 198819:30 BST[10]\nNewcastle United1–0 (a.e.t.)Wimbledon\nO'Neill 109'\n[8]\n\nSt James' Park, NewcastleAttendance: 17,141Referee: Keith Hackett (South Yorkshire)31 August 198819:45 BST[12]\nQueens Park Rangers0–2Arsenal \n\n[9]\nAdams 3'Marwood 76'\nLoftus Road, LondonAttendance: 10,019Referee: Roger Milford (Somerset)","title":"Matches"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Highbury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arsenal_Stadium"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-arsl-13"},{"link_name":"Bruce Grobbelaar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruce_Grobbelaar"},{"link_name":"Alan Hansen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Hansen"},{"link_name":"John Barnes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Barnes_(footballer)"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-arsl-13"},{"link_name":"Alan Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Smith_(footballer,_born_1962)"},{"link_name":"Perry Groves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perry_Groves"},{"link_name":"Mike Hooper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Hooper_(footballer)"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-arsl-13"},{"link_name":"Steve Staunton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Staunton"},{"link_name":"Brian Marwood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_Marwood"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-arsl-13"},{"link_name":"Old Trafford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Trafford"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mueve-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-muevet-15"},{"link_name":"Mirandinha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mirandinha_(footballer,_born_1959)"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-muevet-15"},{"link_name":"Steve Bruce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Bruce"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mueve-14"},{"link_name":"BST","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Summer_Time"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Arsenal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arsenal_F.C."},{"link_name":"Liverpool","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liverpool_F.C."},{"link_name":"Groves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perry_Groves"},{"link_name":"Marwood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_Marwood"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Staunton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Staunton"},{"link_name":"Highbury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arsenal_Stadium"},{"link_name":"Wessex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wessex_Football_League"},{"link_name":"BST","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Summer_Time"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Manchester United","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchester_United_F.C."},{"link_name":"a.e.t.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overtime_(sports)#Association_football_(soccer)"},{"link_name":"Newcastle United","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newcastle_United_F.C."},{"link_name":"Bruce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Bruce"},{"link_name":"McClair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_McClair"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mueve-14"},{"link_name":"Old Trafford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Trafford"},{"link_name":"South Yorkshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheffield_%26_Hallamshire_County_Football_Association"}],"sub_title":"Semi-finals","text":"The semi-finals were played over two days in September 1988. Arsenal faced Liverpool at their home ground, Highbury.[13] Injuries to eight first-team players, notably goalkeeper Bruce Grobbelaar, defender Alan Hansen, and winger John Barnes meant the visitors fielded an unfamiliar side, one which required the involvement of Dalglish towards the end of the tie.[13] Arsenal took the lead just after the half-hour mark when a corner was flicked on by Alan Smith and Perry Groves was in space to nudge the ball past Mike Hooper.[13] Liverpool equalised in the second half through Steve Staunton, but Brian Marwood's volley restored Arsenal's lead and they held on for a place in the final.[13]The second semi-final tie, between Manchester United and Newcastle United at Old Trafford was decided in extra time.[14] A audience of just under 15,000 – \"one of the smallest crowds to gather at Old Trafford for a senior fixture in many years\" – saw two halves of insipid attacking football but stout defending.[15] Newcastle came close to scoring the winner two minutes before normal time was up, only for substitute Mirandinha to miss.[15] Defender Steve Bruce scored inside 44 seconds of extra time, and ten minutes later McClair headed in to give United a 2–0 win.[14]20 September 198819:45 BST[16]\nArsenal2–1Liverpool\nGroves 33'Marwood 82'\n[17]\nStaunton 80'\nHighbury, LondonAttendance: 29,135Referee: John Martin (Wessex)21 September 198819:30 BST[18]\nManchester United2–0 (a.e.t.)Newcastle United\nBruce 91'McClair 101'\n[14]\n\nOld Trafford, ManchesterAttendance: 14,968Referee: John Key (South Yorkshire)","title":"Matches"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Villa Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Villa_Park"},{"link_name":"Bryan Robson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bryan_Robson"},{"link_name":"£","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pound_sterling"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-finalt-20"},{"link_name":"Paul Davis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Davis_(footballer,_born_1961)"},{"link_name":"Michael Thomas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Thomas_(footballer,_born_1967)"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-finalg-21"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-finalt-20"},{"link_name":"Clayton Blackmore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clayton_Blackmore"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-finalt-20"},{"link_name":"Lee Dixon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lee_Dixon"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-finalt-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-finalg-21"},{"link_name":"Daily Express","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daily_Express"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Guardian-2"},{"link_name":"BST","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Summer_Time"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"Arsenal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arsenal_F.C."},{"link_name":"Manchester United","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchester_United_F.C."},{"link_name":"Davis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Davis_(footballer,_born_1961)"},{"link_name":"Thomas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Thomas_(footballer,_born_1967)"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-finalt-20"},{"link_name":"Blackmore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clayton_Blackmore"},{"link_name":"Villa Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Villa_Park"},{"link_name":"George Courtney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Courtney"},{"link_name":"County Durham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Durham_County_Football_Association"}],"sub_title":"Final","text":"The tournament reached its climax on 9 October 1988, when Arsenal competed against Manchester United. The match was held at Villa Park, considered the birthplace of the Football League. Before the match United captain Bryan Robson told a reporter there was \"not so much pressure\" on his teammates to win the competition, but noted the incentive of beating Arsenal as the winners stood to receive £50,000.[19] The first half, played under drizzle, saw Arsenal score twice in four minutes to take a commanding lead before the break.[20] Paul Davis broke the deadlock, before he turned provider and set Michael Thomas up to score their second.[21] Once the rain stopped and United introduced Strachan on to the field, both sides played at a frantic pace.[20] United ended the half strongly, and scored with six minutes of normal time remaining through Clayton Blackmore.[20] Strachan almost equalised but for Lee Dixon's intervention on the goal line.[20]Journalist Ian Ridley praised the end-to-end nature of the final and felt it showcased the best of English football, writing in The Guardian: \"[It] illustrated perfectly the major development in the modern game; the swiftness that English supporters demand and that excites overseas viewers.\"[21] In his match report, Steve Curry of the Daily Express summarised: \"The League’s centenary celebrations have, overall, been a shambles, but this rousing finale at least left one worthwhile memory.\"[2]9 October 198815:00 BST[22]\nArsenal2–1Manchester United\nDavis 36'Thomas 40'\n[20]\nBlackmore 84'\nVilla Park, BirminghamAttendance: 22,182Referee: George Courtney (County Durham)","title":"Matches"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:John_Barnes_in_Kristiansund,_Norway.jpg"}],"text":"John Barnes (pictured in 2012), scored his only goal of the tournament for Liverpool against Nottingham Forest.","title":"Goalscorers"}]
|
[{"image_text":"John Barnes (pictured in 2012), scored his only goal of the tournament for Liverpool against Nottingham Forest.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/John_Barnes_in_Kristiansund%2C_Norway.jpg/195px-John_Barnes_in_Kristiansund%2C_Norway.jpg"}]
| null |
[{"reference":"Rollin, Jack (1989). Rothmans Football Yearbook 1989–1990. London: Queen Anne Press. ISBN 0-356-17910-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-356-17910-9","url_text":"0-356-17910-9"}]},{"reference":"Pye, Steven (4 January 2017). \"How Arsenal won the Centenary Trophy, the least celebrated title in their history\". The Guardian. Retrieved 2 May 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/football/that-1980s-sports-blog/2017/jan/04/arsenal-centenary-trophy-title-football-league-history","url_text":"\"How Arsenal won the Centenary Trophy, the least celebrated title in their history\""}]},{"reference":"\"English Division One (old) table\". Statto Organisation. Archived from the original on 3 April 2016. Retrieved 7 October 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160403223243/http://www.statto.com/football/stats/england/division-one-old/1987-1988/table","url_text":"\"English Division One (old) table\""},{"url":"https://www.statto.com/football/stats/england/division-one-old/1987-1988/table","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Bateman, Cynthia (30 August 1988). \"Rush in and out of luck\". The Guardian. London. p. 10.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Ball, Peter (30 August 1988). \"United's comfort drawn from an unlikely source\". The Times. p. 33.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Lacey, David (30 August 1988). \"O'Neill swings the balance back in Newcastle's favour\". The Times. p. 33.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Lacey, David (1 September 1988). \"Arsenal stay in credit\". The Guardian. London. p. 14.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Today's fixtures\". The Times. 29 August 1988. p. 29.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Matchdetails from Liverpool – Nottingham Forest played on Monday 29 August 1988\". LFCHistory.net. Retrieved 10 October 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.lfchistory.net/SeasonArchive/Game/1642","url_text":"\"Matchdetails from Liverpool – Nottingham Forest played on Monday 29 August 1988\""}]},{"reference":"\"Today's fixtures\". The Times. 31 August 1988. p. 32.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Jones, Stuart (21 September 1988). \"Arsenal chase away the pale shadow of League champions\". The Times. p. 44.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Bateman, Cynthia (22 September 1988). \"Bruce at the second try\". The Guardian. London. p. 18.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Ross, Ian (22 September 1988). \"Late reward for the diehards\". The Times. p. 44.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Today's fixtures\". The Times. 20 September 1988. p. 44.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Matchdetails from Arsenal – Liverpool played on Tuesday 20 September 1988\". LFCHistory.net. Retrieved 10 October 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.lfchistory.net/SeasonArchive/Game/1646","url_text":"\"Matchdetails from Arsenal – Liverpool played on Tuesday 20 September 1988\""}]},{"reference":"\"Today's fixtures\". The Times. 21 September 1988. p. 44.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Rosenthal, Jim (presenter), Moore, Brian (commentator) (9 October 1988). Soccer Highlights: Mercantile Credit Trophy Final (Television production). ITV.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Jones, Stuart (10 October 1988). \"Davis the villain departs the stage as a centenary hero\". The Times. p. 40.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Ridley, Ian (10 October 1988). \"Arsenal end League party with style and grace\". The Guardian. London. p. 14.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Tomorrow\". The Times. 9 October 1988. p. 54.","urls":[]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://www.theguardian.com/football/that-1980s-sports-blog/2017/jan/04/arsenal-centenary-trophy-title-football-league-history","external_links_name":"\"How Arsenal won the Centenary Trophy, the least celebrated title in their history\""},{"Link":"https://englandmemories.com/2015/08/07/when-the-football-league-took-on-the-world/amp/","external_links_name":"When the Football League took on the world…"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20191105080919/https://englandmemories.com/2015/08/07/when-the-football-league-took-on-the-world/amp/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://amp.theguardian.com/football/2015/jun/10/what-on-earth-was-the-mercantile-credit-football-festival","external_links_name":"What on earth was the Mercantile Credit Football Festival?"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160403223243/http://www.statto.com/football/stats/england/division-one-old/1987-1988/table","external_links_name":"\"English Division One (old) table\""},{"Link":"https://www.statto.com/football/stats/england/division-one-old/1987-1988/table","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.lfchistory.net/SeasonArchive/Game/1642","external_links_name":"\"Matchdetails from Liverpool – Nottingham Forest played on Monday 29 August 1988\""},{"Link":"https://www.lfchistory.net/SeasonArchive/Game/1646","external_links_name":"\"Matchdetails from Arsenal – Liverpool played on Tuesday 20 September 1988\""},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=e7yKzFcwyiQ","external_links_name":"YouTube"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cr_mimetic
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Caloric restriction mimetic
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["1 References","2 External links"]
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Hypothetical anti-aging dietary supplement or drug candidate
Calorie restriction mimetics (CRM), also known as energy restriction mimetics, are a hypothetical class of dietary supplements or drug candidates that would, in principle, mimic the substantial anti-aging effects that calorie restriction (CR) has on many laboratory animals and humans. CR is defined as a reduction in calorie intake of 20% (mild CR) to 50% (severe CR) without incurring malnutrition or a reduction in essential nutrients. An effective CRM would alter the key metabolic pathways involved in the effects of CR itself, leading to preserved youthful health and longer lifespan without the need to reduce food intake. The term was coined by Lane, Ingram, Roth of the National Institute on Aging in a seminal 1998 paper in the Journal of Anti-Aging Medicine, the forerunner of Rejuvenation Research. A number of genes and pathways have been shown to be involved with the actions of CR in model organisms and these represent attractive targets for drug discovery and for developing CRM. However, no effective CRM have been identified to date.
Candidate compounds include:
Resveratrol (3,5,4'-trihydroxy-trans-stilbene) is a stilbenoid, a type of natural phenol, and a phytoalexin produced naturally by several plants, including grapes, and especially the roots of the Japanese Knotweed, from which it is extracted commercially. Resveratrol was proposed to be a CRM based on a series of early reports which found that it increased the lifespan of yeasts, the worm Caenorhabditis elegans, and fruit flies. Scientists involved in these studies went on to found Sirtris Pharmaceuticals, a company working to develop resveratrol analogs as proprietary drugs. This led many companies to produce and market resveratrol dietary supplements. However, studies by independent scientists have failed to replicate these results Moreover, in every experiment to date, resveratrol at several doses has failed to extend the lifespan of lean, genetically normal mice or rats.
The antidiabetic drug metformin was proposed as a possible CRM after it was found that mice administered the drug exhibit similar gene expression changes as CR mice. It is already clinically approved to treat diabetes, and has been used for this indication for the past 40 years. It enhances the sensitivity of insulin receptors on the surface of muscle and fat cells and activates genes that reduce the production of glucose by the liver, thus reducing the risk of non-enzymatic glycation and other age-related damage; these effects are also seen in CR. Subsequently, metformin was reported to extend the lifespan of short-lived or genetically cancer-prone mouse strains. However, two studies in rats and mice with normal genetics and longevity have found no effect of metformin on maximum lifespan, and only a very small effect on median lifespan.
Oxaloacetate is a metabolic intermediate of the citric acid cycle. In the short-lived roundworm Caenorhabditis elegans, supplementation with oxaloacetate increases the ratio of reduced to oxidized nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+:NADH) to activate AMPK and FOXO signaling pathways similar to what occurs in calorie restriction. The increase in the NAD+/NADH ratio is due to the reaction of oxaloacetate to malate in the cytoplasm via the enzyme malate dehydrogenase. In mitochondria that have been isolated out of cells and tested in oxaloacetate-enriched medium, this increase can be quite dramatic. Decreases in the NAD+/NADH ratio has been proposed as a carbohydrate metabolism-controlled cellular senescence mechanism.
Because of its parallel effects on these pathways, oxaloacetate was proposed as a CR mimetic. In the short-lived roundworm Caenorhabditis elegans, supplementing the medium with oxaloacetate does increase average life expectancy; it was unclear whether it had an effect on maximum lifespan. However, when tested by two independent groups of scientists across four university laboratories, oxaloacetate supplements had no effect on lifespan in healthy laboratory mice.
Rimonabant (Acomplia) is an anti-obesity drug initially approved for use in the European Union but later withdrawn due to psychiatric side effects including anxiety and depression. Rimonabant was never approved by the FDA for use in the United States. This is an endocannabinoid-1 receptor blocker. Endocannabinoids are cannabis-like chemicals that stimulate appetite and also regulate energy balance. Overstimulation of the endocannabinoid receptor in the hypothalamus promotes appetite and stimulates lipogenesis. It also blocks the beneficial actions of adiponectin. Rimonabant inhibits these and so it reduces appetite, balances energy, and increases adiponectin, which reduces intra-abdominal fat. It improves lipid profile, glucose tolerance, and waist measurement, and is therefore comparable in effect to calorie restriction (CR).
Lipoic Acid (α-Lipoic Acid, Alpha Lipoic Acid, or ALA) has failed to extend lifespan in normal mice or rats in numerous studies, either alone or as part of combination therapy.
2-deoxy-D-glucose, or 2DG. 2-Deoxyglucose was the first agent pursued as a possible CRM. This compound inhibits glycolysis, and can mimic some of the physiological effects of CR, in particular increased insulin sensitivity, reduced glucose levels, reduced body temperature, and other biochemical changes. It was reported to extend the lives of C. elegans worms; however, studies in different strains of rats found that 2DG did not extend lifespan at several tested doses, and exhibited toxic effects "Histopathological analysis of the hearts revealed increasing vacuolarization of cardiac myocytes with dose, and tissue staining revealed the vacuoles were free of both glycogen and lipid."
It has been suggested that rapamycin, a drug that inhibits the mechanistic Target Of Rapamycin (mTOR) pathway, might be a CR mimetic. based on the responsiveness of mTORC1 activity to nutrient availability; the fact that mTOR activity is inhibited by CR; the fact that genetically inhibiting mTOR signaling extends maximum lifespan in invertebrate animals, and pharmacologically inhibiting mTOR with rapamycin extends maximum lifespan in both invertebrates and mice. While knocking out elements of the mTOR cascade seems to block the lifespan effects of rapamycin in invertebrate animals, surprisingly the effects of CR and rapamycin on metabolism and gene expression exhibit substantial differences in mice, with evidence suggesting that the mechanisms of the two anti-aging therapies may be in large part distinct and possibly additive.
Other candidate CRM are:
Glucosamine or its derivative n-acetylglucosamine have extended the life of both nematodes and mice.
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma inhibitors, such as Rosiglitazone and Gugulipids, working as insulin sensitizers, making fat cells more responsive to insulin by binding to their PPAR receptors
Agents that modulate sirtuins (called STAC –sirtuin-activating compounds), for example, fisetin
Exanadin (exenatide), a glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1)modulator (originally discovered in the venom of the Gila monster) belongs to the group of incretin mimetics, facilitating glucose control.
Adiponectin (together with leptin, it regulates adipose tissue metabolism. It is activated by PPAR inhibitors such as rosiglitazone)
Acipimox
Hydroxycitrate
Dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP-4) inhibitors
Iodoacetate
Mannoheptulose (glycolytic inhibitor)
Modulators of neuropeptide Y (NPY)
4-Phenylbutyrate (PBA)
Gymnemoside (modulates glucose absorption)
Spermidine
References
^ a b Nikolai, Sibylle; Pallauf, Kathrin; Huebbe, Patricia; Rimbach, Gerald (22 September 2015). "Energy restriction and potential energy restriction mimetics". Nutrition Research Reviews. 28 (2): 100–120. doi:10.1017/S0954422415000062. PMID 26391585. Retrieved 8 November 2015.
^ a b c Lane MA; Ingram DK; Roth GS (Winter 1998). "2-Deoxy-D-glucose feeding in rats mimics physiologic effects of calorie restriction". J Anti-Aging Med. 1 (4): 327–37. doi:10.1089/rej.1.1998.1.327.
^ de Magalhaes, JP; Wuttke, D; Wood, SH; Plank, M; Vora, C (2012). "Genome-environment interactions that modulate aging: powerful targets for drug discovery". Pharmacol Rev. 64 (1): 88–101. doi:10.1124/pr.110.004499. PMC 3250080. PMID 22090473.
^ a b c d e Ingram, DK; Roth, GS (Feb–Mar 2011). "Glycolytic inhibition as a strategy for developing calorie restriction mimetics". Experimental Gerontology. 46 (2–3): 148–54. doi:10.1016/j.exger.2010.12.001. PMID 21167272. S2CID 5634847.
^ Bass TM, Weinkove D, Houthoofd K, Gems D, Partridge L (October 2007). "Effects of resveratrol on lifespan in Drosophila melanogaster and Caenorhabditis elegans". Mech. Ageing Dev. 128 (10): 546–52. doi:10.1016/j.mad.2007.07.007. PMID 17875315. S2CID 1780784.
^ Kaeberlein, Matt; Thomas McDonagh; Birgit Heltweg; Jeffrey Hixon; Eric A. Westman; Seth D. Caldwell; Andrew Napper; Rory Curtis; Peter S. DiStefano; Stanley Fields; Antonio Bedalov; Brian K. Kennedy (April 29, 2005). "Substrate specific activation of sirtuins by resveratrol". Journal of Biological Chemistry. 280 (17): 17038–17045. doi:10.1074/jbc.M500655200. PMID 15684413.
^ Zou, S; Carey JR; Liedo P; Ingram DK; Müller HG; Wang JL; Yao F; Yu B; Zhou A (Jun–Jul 2009). "The prolongevity effect of resveratrol depends on dietary composition and calorie intake in a tephritid fruit fly". Experimental Gerontology. 44 (6–7): 472–6. doi:10.1016/j.exger.2009.02.011. PMC 3044489. PMID 19264118.
^ Pearson KJ, Baur JA, Lewis KN, Peshkin L, Price NL, Labinskyy N, Swindell WR, Kamara D, Minor RK, Perez E, Jamieson HA, Zhang Y, Dunn SR, Sharma K, Pleshko N, Woollett LA, Csiszar A, Ikeno Y, Le Couteur D, Elliott PJ, Becker KG, Navas P, Ingram DK, Wolf NS, Ungvari Z, Sinclair DA, de Cabo R (August 2008). "Resveratrol delays age-related deterioration and mimics transcriptional aspects of dietary restriction without extending life span". Cell Metab. 8 (2): 157–68. doi:10.1016/j.cmet.2008.06.011. PMC 2538685. PMID 18599363.
^ a b Miller RA, Harrison DE, Astle CM, Baur JA, Boyd AR, de Cabo R, Fernandez E, Flurkey K, Javors MA, Nelson JF, Orihuela CJ, Pletcher S, Sharp ZD, Sinclair D, Starnes JW, Wilkinson JE, Nadon NL, Strong R (February 2011). "Rapamycin, but not resveratrol or simvastatin, extends life span of genetically heterogeneous mice". J. Gerontol. A Biol. Sci. Med. Sci. 66 (2): 191–201. doi:10.1093/gerona/glq178. PMC 3021372. PMID 20974732.
^ a b Strong, Randy; Richard A. Miller; Clinton M. Astle; Joseph A. Baur; Rafael de Cabo; Elizabeth Fernandez; Wen Guo; Martin Javors; James L. Kirkland; James F. Nelson; David A. Sinclair; Bruce Teter; David Williams; Nurulain Zaveri; Nancy L. Nadon; David E. Harrison (January 2013). "Evaluation of Resveratrol, Green Tea Extract, Curcumin, Oxaloacetic Acid, and Medium-Chain Triglyceride Oil on Life Span of Genetically Heterogeneous Mice". J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 68 (1): 6–16. doi:10.1093/gerona/gls070. PMC 3598361. PMID 22451473.
^ da Luz, PL; Tanaka L; Brum PC; Dourado PM; Favarato D; Krieger JE; Laurindo FR (September 2012). "Red wine and equivalent oral pharmacological doses of Resveratrol delay vascular aging but do not extend life span in rats". Atherosclerosis. 224 (1): 136–42. doi:10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2012.06.007. PMID 22818625.
^ Dhahbi, JM; Mote PL; Fahy GM; Spindler SR (Nov 17, 2005). "Identification of potential caloric restriction mimetics by microarray profiling". Physiol Genomics. 23 (3): 343–50. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.327.4892. doi:10.1152/physiolgenomics.00069.2005. PMID 16189280.
^ Arkad'eva, A.V.; Mamonov, A.A.; Popovich, I.G.; Anisimov, V.N.; Mikhel'son, V.M.; Spivak, I.M. (2011). "Metformin slows down ageing processes at the cellular level in SHR mice". Tsitologiia. 53 (2): 166–74. PMID 21516824.
^ Martin-Montalvo A, Mercken EM, Mitchell SJ, Palacios HH, Mote PL, Scheibye-Knudsen M, Gomes AP, Ward TM, Minor RK, Blouin MJ, Schwab M, Pollak M, Zhang Y, Yu Y, Becker KG, Bohr VA, Ingram DK, Sinclair DA, Wolf NS, Spindler SR, Bernier M, de Cabo R (Jul 31, 2013). "Metformin improves healthspan and lifespan in mice". Nature Communications. 4: 2192. Bibcode:2013NatCo...4.2192M. doi:10.1038/ncomms3192. PMC 3736576. PMID 23900241.
^ Smith, DL Jr; Elam CF Jr; Mattison JA; Lane MA; Roth GS; Ingram DK; Allison DB (May 2010). "Metformin supplementation and life span in Fischer-344 rats". J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 65 (5): 468–74. doi:10.1093/gerona/glq033. PMC 2854888. PMID 20304770.
^ a b c Williams, D.S.; Cash, A.; Hamadani, L.; Diemer, T. (2009). "Oxaloacetate supplementation increases lifespan in Caenorhabditis elegans through an AMPK/FOXO-dependent pathway". Aging Cell. 8 (6): 765–8. doi:10.1111/j.1474-9726.2009.00527.x. PMC 2988682. PMID 19793063.
^ Haslam, J.M.; Krebs, H.A. (1968). "The permeabiliity of mitochondria to oxaloacetate and malate". Biochem J. 107 (5): 659–67. doi:10.1042/bj1070659. PMC 1198718. PMID 16742587.
^ Lee, S.m.; Dho, S.H.; Maeng, J.S.; Kim, J.Y.; Kwon, K.S. (2012). "Cytosolic malate dehydrogenase regulates senescence in human fibroblasts". Biogerontology. 13 (5): 525–36. doi:10.1007/s10522-012-9397-0. PMID 22971926. S2CID 14068141.
^ Edwards, Clair B.; Copes, Neil; Brito, Andres G.; Canfield, John; Bradshaw, Patrick C. (2013). "Malate and Fumarate Extend Lifespan in Caenorhabditis elegans". PLOS ONE. 8 (3): e58345. Bibcode:2013PLoSO...858345E. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0058345. PMC 3589421. PMID 23472183.
^ Spindler, S. "Diet, Drugs, Supplements and Lifespan". 2012 Health Conference Series. HealthActivator. Archived from the original on 9 April 2015. Retrieved 9 April 2015.
^ Sam, Amir H.; Salem, Victoria; Ghatei, Mohammad A. (2011). "Rimonabant: From RIO to Ban". Journal of Obesity. 2011: 432607. doi:10.1155/2011/432607. ISSN 2090-0708. PMC 3136184. PMID 21773005.
^ Moreira, Fabrício A.; Crippa, José Alexandre S. (June 2009). "The psychiatric side-effects of rimonabant". Brazilian Journal of Psychiatry. 31 (2): 145–153. doi:10.1590/S1516-44462009000200012. ISSN 1516-4446. PMID 19578688.
^ Lee CK, Pugh TD, Klopp RG, Edwards J, Allison DB, Weindruch R, Prolla TA (Apr 15, 2004). "The impact of alpha-lipoic acid, coenzyme Q10 and caloric restriction on life span and gene expression patterns in mice". Free Radic Biol Med. 36 (8): 1043–57. doi:10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2004.01.015. PMID 15059645.
^ Merry BJ, Kirk AJ, Goyns MH (June 2008). "Dietary lipoic acid supplementation can mimic or block the effect of dietary restriction on life span". Mech Ageing Dev. 129 (6): 341–8. doi:10.1016/j.mad.2008.04.004. PMID 18486188. S2CID 29497185.
^ Spindler SR; Mote PL (2007). "Screening candidate longevity therapeutics using gene-expression arrays". Gerontology. 53 (5): 306–21. doi:10.1159/000103924. PMID 17570924. S2CID 42831700.
^ Spindler SR; Mote PL; Flegal JM (Dec 2013). "Lifespan effects of simple and complex nutraceutical combinations fed isocalorically to mice". Age (Dordr). 36 (2): 705–718. doi:10.1007/s11357-013-9609-9. PMC 4039264. PMID 24370781.
^ a b c d Minor RK, Smith DL, Sossong AM, Kaushik S, Poosala S, Spangler EL, Roth GS, Lane M, Allison DB, de Cabo R, Ingram DK, Mattison JA (Mar 15, 2010). "Chronic ingestion of 2-deoxy-D-glucose induces cardiac vacuolization and increases mortality in rats". Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 243 (3): 332–9. doi:10.1016/j.taap.2009.11.025. PMC 2830378. PMID 20026095.
^ Schulz TJ, Zarse K, Voigt A, Urban N, Birringer M, Ristow M (2007). "Glucose restriction extends Caenorhabditis elegans life span by inducing mitochondrial respiration and increasing oxidative stress". Cell Metab. 6 (4): 280–93. doi:10.1016/j.cmet.2007.08.011. PMID 17908557.
^ a b c Stanfel MN; Shamieh LS; Kaeberlein M; Kennedy BK (Oct 2009). "The TOR pathway comes of age". Biochim Biophys Acta. 1790 (10): 1067–74. doi:10.1016/j.bbagen.2009.06.007. PMC 3981532. PMID 19539012.
^ Harrison DE, Strong R, Sharp ZD, et al. (8 July 2009). "Rapamycin fed late in life extends lifespan in genetically heterogeneous mice". Nature. 460 (7253): 392–5. Bibcode:2009Natur.460..392H. doi:10.1038/nature08221. PMC 2786175. PMID 19587680.
^ Miller RA; Harrison DE; Astle CM; Fernandez E; Flurkey K; Han M; Javors MA; Li X; Nadon NL; Nelson JF; Pletcher S; Salmon AB; Sharp ZD; Van Roekel S; Winkleman L; Strong R (Jun 2014). "Rapamycin-Mediated Lifespan Increase in Mice is Dose and Sex-Dependent and Appears Metabolically Distinct from Dietary Restriction". Aging Cell. 13 (3): 468–77. doi:10.1111/acel.12194. PMC 4032600. PMID 24341993.
^ a b Yu Z; Wang R; Fok WC; Coles A; Salmon AB; Pérez VI (April 2014). "Rapamycin and Dietary Restriction Induce Metabolically Distinctive Changes in Mouse Liver". J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 70 (4): 410–20. doi:10.1093/gerona/glu053. PMC 4447794. PMID 24755936.
^ a b Fok WC; Bokov A; Gelfond J; Yu Z; Zhang Y; Doderer M; Chen Y; Javors M; Wood WH 3rd; Zhang Y; Becker KG; Richardson A; Pérez VI (Apr 2014). "Combined treatment of rapamycin and dietary restriction has a larger effect on the transcriptome and metabolome of liver". Aging Cell. 13 (2): 311–9. doi:10.1111/acel.12175. PMC 3989927. PMID 24304444.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
^ Denzel MS, Storm NJ, Gutschmidt A, Baddi A, Hinze Y, Jarosch E, Sommer T, Hoppe T, Antebi A (2014). "Hexosamine pathway metabolites enhance protein quality control and prolong life". Cell. 156 (6): 1167–1178. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2014.01.061. PMID 24630720.
^ Weimer S, Priebs J, Kuhlow D, Groth M, Priebe S, Mansfeld J, Merry TL, Dubuis S, Laube B, Pfeiffer AF, Schulz TJ, Guthke R, Platzer M, Zamboni N, Zarse K, Ristow M (2014). "D-Glucosamine supplementation extends life span of nematodes and of ageing mice". Nature Communications. 5: 3563. Bibcode:2014NatCo...5.3563W. doi:10.1038/ncomms4563. PMC 3988823. PMID 24714520.
^ Eisenberg, Tobias; Abdellatif, Mahmoud; Schroeder, Sabrina; Primessnig, Uwe; Stekovic, Slaven; Pendl, Tobias; Harger, Alexandra; Schipke, Julia; Zimmermann, Andreas (2016). "Cardioprotection and lifespan extension by the natural polyamine spermidine". Nature Medicine. 22 (12): 1428–1438. doi:10.1038/nm.4222. PMC 5806691. PMID 27841876.
External links
A List of Potential CR Mimetics
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"calorie restriction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calorie_restriction"},{"link_name":"malnutrition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malnutrition"},{"link_name":"essential nutrients","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Essential_nutrient"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rimbach2015-1"},{"link_name":"National Institute on Aging","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Institute_on_Aging"},{"link_name":"Rejuvenation Research","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rejuvenation_Research"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lane1998-2"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rimbach2015-1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ingram&Roth2011-4"},{"link_name":"Resveratrol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resveratrol"},{"link_name":"stilbenoid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stilbenoid"},{"link_name":"natural phenol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_phenol"},{"link_name":"phytoalexin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phytoalexin"},{"link_name":"Japanese Knotweed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_knotweed"},{"link_name":"lifespan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_expectancy"},{"link_name":"yeasts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yeast"},{"link_name":"Caenorhabditis elegans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caenorhabditis_elegans"},{"link_name":"fruit flies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drosophila"},{"link_name":"Sirtris Pharmaceuticals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sirtris_Pharmaceuticals"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bass2007-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kaeberlein2005-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Zou2009-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pearson2008-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Miller2010-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Strong2013-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-daLuz2112-11"},{"link_name":"metformin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metformin"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dhahbi2005-12"},{"link_name":"diabetes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diabetes"},{"link_name":"non-enzymatic glycation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glycation"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MartinMontalvo2013-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Smith2010-15"},{"link_name":"Oxaloacetate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxaloacetate"},{"link_name":"citric acid cycle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citric_acid_cycle"},{"link_name":"Caenorhabditis elegans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caenorhabditis_elegans"},{"link_name":"nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicotinamide_adenine_dinucleotide"},{"link_name":"AMPK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AMPK"},{"link_name":"FOXO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FOXO"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Williams2009-16"},{"link_name":"malate dehydrogenase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malate_dehydrogenase"},{"link_name":"mitochondria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitochondria"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Williams2009-16"},{"link_name":"maximum lifespan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maximum_lifespan"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Williams2009-16"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Strong2013-10"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Spindler2012-20"},{"link_name":"Rimonabant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rimonabant"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"adiponectin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adiponectin"},{"link_name":"Lipoic Acid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lipoic_Acid"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lee2004-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Merry2008-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Spindler2014-26"},{"link_name":"2-deoxy-D-glucose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2-deoxy-D-glucose"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lane1998-2"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ingram&Roth2011-4"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Minor2010-27"},{"link_name":"glycolysis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glycolysis"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lane1998-2"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Minor2010-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-glucose_restriction-28"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Minor2010-27"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Minor2010-27"},{"link_name":"rapamycin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rapamycin"},{"link_name":"mechanistic Target Of Rapamycin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mammalian_target_of_rapamycin"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ingram&Roth2011-4"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Stanfel2009-29"},{"link_name":"mTORC1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MTORC1"},{"link_name":"maximum lifespan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maximum_lifespan"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Miller2010-9"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Stanfel2009-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Harrison2009-30"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Stanfel2009-29"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Miller2014-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Yu2014-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fok2014-33"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Yu2014-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fok2014-33"},{"link_name":"Glucosamine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glucosamine"},{"link_name":"n-acetylglucosamine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N-acetylglucosamine"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Denzel2014-34"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peroxisome_proliferator-activated_receptor_gamma"},{"link_name":"Rosiglitazone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosiglitazone"},{"link_name":"sirtuins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sirtuin"},{"link_name":"sirtuin-activating compounds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sirtuin-activating_compound"},{"link_name":"fisetin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fisetin"},{"link_name":"exenatide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exenatide"},{"link_name":"glucagon-like peptide-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glucagon-like_peptide-1"},{"link_name":"Gila monster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gila_monster"},{"link_name":"Adiponectin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adiponectin"},{"link_name":"leptin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leptin"},{"link_name":"Acipimox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acipimox"},{"link_name":"Hydroxycitrate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydroxycitrate"},{"link_name":"Dipeptidyl peptidase 4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dipeptidyl_peptidase_4"},{"link_name":"Iodoacetate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iodoacetate"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ingram&Roth2011-4"},{"link_name":"Mannoheptulose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mannoheptulose"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ingram&Roth2011-4"},{"link_name":"neuropeptide Y","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuropeptide_Y"},{"link_name":"Spermidine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spermidine"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"}],"text":"Calorie restriction mimetics (CRM), also known as energy restriction mimetics, are a hypothetical class of dietary supplements or drug candidates that would, in principle, mimic the substantial anti-aging effects that calorie restriction (CR) has on many laboratory animals and humans. CR is defined as a reduction in calorie intake of 20% (mild CR) to 50% (severe CR) without incurring malnutrition or a reduction in essential nutrients.[1] An effective CRM would alter the key metabolic pathways involved in the effects of CR itself, leading to preserved youthful health and longer lifespan without the need to reduce food intake. The term was coined by Lane, Ingram, Roth of the National Institute on Aging in a seminal 1998 paper in the Journal of Anti-Aging Medicine, the forerunner of Rejuvenation Research.[2] A number of genes and pathways have been shown to be involved with the actions of CR in model organisms and these represent attractive targets for drug discovery and for developing CRM. However, no effective CRM have been identified to date.[1][3][4]Candidate compounds include:Resveratrol (3,5,4'-trihydroxy-trans-stilbene) is a stilbenoid, a type of natural phenol, and a phytoalexin produced naturally by several plants, including grapes, and especially the roots of the Japanese Knotweed, from which it is extracted commercially. Resveratrol was proposed to be a CRM based on a series of early reports which found that it increased the lifespan of yeasts, the worm Caenorhabditis elegans, and fruit flies. Scientists involved in these studies went on to found Sirtris Pharmaceuticals, a company working to develop resveratrol analogs as proprietary drugs. This led many companies to produce and market resveratrol dietary supplements. However, studies by independent scientists have failed to replicate these results[5][6][7] Moreover, in every experiment to date, resveratrol at several doses has failed to extend the lifespan of lean, genetically normal mice[8][9][10] or rats.[11]\nThe antidiabetic drug metformin was proposed as a possible CRM after it was found that mice administered the drug exhibit similar gene expression changes as CR mice.[12] It is already clinically approved to treat diabetes, and has been used for this indication for the past 40 years. It enhances the sensitivity of insulin receptors on the surface of muscle and fat cells and activates genes that reduce the production of glucose by the liver, thus reducing the risk of non-enzymatic glycation and other age-related damage; these effects are also seen in CR. Subsequently, metformin was reported to extend the lifespan of short-lived or genetically cancer-prone mouse strains.[13] However, two studies in rats and mice with normal genetics and longevity have found no effect of metformin on maximum lifespan, and only a very small effect on median lifespan.[14][15]\nOxaloacetate is a metabolic intermediate of the citric acid cycle. In the short-lived roundworm Caenorhabditis elegans, supplementation with oxaloacetate increases the ratio of reduced to oxidized nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+:NADH) to activate AMPK and FOXO signaling pathways similar to what occurs in calorie restriction.[16] The increase in the NAD+/NADH ratio is due to the reaction of oxaloacetate to malate in the cytoplasm via the enzyme malate dehydrogenase. In mitochondria that have been isolated out of cells and tested in oxaloacetate-enriched medium, this increase can be quite dramatic.[17] Decreases in the NAD+/NADH ratio has been proposed as a carbohydrate metabolism-controlled cellular senescence mechanism.[18]Because of its parallel effects on these pathways, oxaloacetate was proposed as a CR mimetic.[16] In the short-lived roundworm Caenorhabditis elegans, supplementing the medium with oxaloacetate does increase average life expectancy; it was unclear whether it had an effect on maximum lifespan.[16][19] However, when tested by two independent groups of scientists across four university laboratories, oxaloacetate supplements had no effect on lifespan in healthy laboratory mice.[10][20]Rimonabant (Acomplia) is an anti-obesity drug initially approved for use in the European Union but later withdrawn due to psychiatric side effects including anxiety and depression.[21] Rimonabant was never approved by the FDA for use in the United States.[22] This is an endocannabinoid-1 receptor blocker. Endocannabinoids are cannabis-like chemicals that stimulate appetite and also regulate energy balance. Overstimulation of the endocannabinoid receptor in the hypothalamus promotes appetite and stimulates lipogenesis. It also blocks the beneficial actions of adiponectin. Rimonabant inhibits these and so it reduces appetite, balances energy, and increases adiponectin, which reduces intra-abdominal fat. It improves lipid profile, glucose tolerance, and waist measurement, and is therefore comparable in effect to calorie restriction (CR).\nLipoic Acid (α-Lipoic Acid, Alpha Lipoic Acid, or ALA) has failed to extend lifespan in normal mice or rats in numerous studies, either alone[23][24] or as part of combination therapy.[25][26]\n2-deoxy-D-glucose, or 2DG. 2-Deoxyglucose was the first agent pursued as a possible CRM.[2][4][27] This compound inhibits glycolysis, and can mimic some of the physiological effects of CR, in particular increased insulin sensitivity, reduced glucose levels, reduced body temperature, and other biochemical changes.[2][27] It was reported to extend the lives of C. elegans worms;[28] however, studies in different strains of rats found that 2DG did not extend lifespan at several tested doses, and exhibited toxic effects[27] \"Histopathological analysis of the hearts revealed increasing vacuolarization of cardiac myocytes with dose, and tissue staining revealed the vacuoles were free of both glycogen and lipid.\"[27]\nIt has been suggested that rapamycin, a drug that inhibits the mechanistic Target Of Rapamycin (mTOR) pathway, might be a CR mimetic.[4][29] based on the responsiveness of mTORC1 activity to nutrient availability; the fact that mTOR activity is inhibited by CR; the fact that genetically inhibiting mTOR signaling extends maximum lifespan in invertebrate animals, and pharmacologically inhibiting mTOR with rapamycin extends maximum lifespan in both invertebrates and mice.[9][29][30] While knocking out elements of the mTOR cascade seems to block the lifespan effects of rapamycin in invertebrate animals,[29] surprisingly the effects of CR and rapamycin on metabolism and gene expression exhibit substantial differences in mice,[31][32][33] with evidence suggesting that the mechanisms of the two anti-aging therapies may be in large part distinct and possibly additive.[32][33]Other candidate CRM are:Glucosamine or its derivative n-acetylglucosamine have extended the life of both nematodes and mice.[34][35]\nPeroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma inhibitors, such as Rosiglitazone and Gugulipids, working as insulin sensitizers, making fat cells more responsive to insulin by binding to their PPAR receptors\nAgents that modulate sirtuins (called STAC –sirtuin-activating compounds), for example, fisetin\nExanadin (exenatide), a glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1)modulator (originally discovered in the venom of the Gila monster) belongs to the group of incretin mimetics, facilitating glucose control.\nAdiponectin (together with leptin, it regulates adipose tissue metabolism. It is activated by PPAR inhibitors such as rosiglitazone)\nAcipimox\nHydroxycitrate\nDipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP-4) inhibitors\nIodoacetate[4]\nMannoheptulose (glycolytic inhibitor)[4]\nModulators of neuropeptide Y (NPY)\n4-Phenylbutyrate (PBA)\nGymnemoside (modulates glucose absorption)\nSpermidine[36]","title":"Caloric restriction mimetic"}]
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[{"reference":"Nikolai, Sibylle; Pallauf, Kathrin; Huebbe, Patricia; Rimbach, Gerald (22 September 2015). \"Energy restriction and potential energy restriction mimetics\". Nutrition Research Reviews. 28 (2): 100–120. doi:10.1017/S0954422415000062. PMID 26391585. Retrieved 8 November 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://journals.cambridge.org/download.php?file=%2FNRR%2FS0954422415000062a.pdf&code=be4c8fe053e9278f589a28152cc6112a","url_text":"\"Energy restriction and potential energy restriction mimetics\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0954422415000062","url_text":"10.1017/S0954422415000062"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26391585","url_text":"26391585"}]},{"reference":"Lane MA; Ingram DK; Roth GS (Winter 1998). \"2-Deoxy-D-glucose feeding in rats mimics physiologic effects of calorie restriction\". 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/This_Is_Menace
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This Is Menace
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["1 History","2 Members","3 Discography","4 Artwork","5 References","6 External links"]
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British metalcore band
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This Is MenaceOriginUnited KingdomGenres
Metalcore
alternative metal
nu metal
Years active
2004–2008
2020
LabelsPSI, Fourth WallSpinoff ofPitchshifterPast membersJason BowldMark ClaydenLee ErinmezPaul FletcherGerald WaltonOwen Packard
This Is Menace was a British metalcore supergroup formed in 2004. Metal Hammer has called the band "the most underrated metal supergroup of the 2000s".
History
The band was formed by bassist Mark Clayden and drummer Jason Bowld during the hiatus of their previous band, Pitchshifter. The group released their limited EP, Collusion in 2005. Shortly after that the band released their debut album No End in Sight in April 2005 through J.S. Clayden's PSI Records, receiving generally positive reviews. In December 2005, the band performed with 12 vocalists at the Mean Fiddler in London. In 2006, the band performed at the Download Festival at Donington Park.
The band released their second album, The Scene Is Dead, in 2007, along with the Emotion Sickness DVD, featuring live shows and a "making of" segment. In October 2007, the band embarked on a eight-date tour of the United Kingdom. In 2008, the project was terminated.
In 2020, Pitchshifter's social media accounts announced a final This Is Menace album entitled isM; the album is a compilation of songs from the two previous albums, with one additional unreleased song called "Redisposed".
Members
Last line-up
Jason Bowld – drums, lead guitar, rhythm guitar vocals
Mark Clayden – bass, lead guitar, rhythm guitar, vocals
Lee Erinmez – bass
Paul Fletcher – guitar
Gerald Walton – guitar
Owen Packard – guitar
Guest vocalists
Jaz Coleman of Killing Joke
B'Hellmouth of Send More Paramedics
Charlie Simpson of Fightstar
J.S. Clayden of Pitchshifter
Ben Woosnam of Hondo Maclean
Colin Doran of Hundred Reasons
Matt Davies of Funeral for a Friend
Justin Hill of SikTh
Mikee Goodman of SikTh
Casey Chaos of Amen
Paul McCallion of Hiding Place
Jeffrey Walker of Carcass
Andy Cairns of Therapy?
Tom Lacey of The Ghost of a Thousand
Karl Middleton of earthtone9
Paul Catten of Murder One
Mark Greenway of Napalm Death
Justin Sullivan of New Model Army
Anthony Giles of Here There Be Monsters
Discography
Studio albums
No End in Sight (2005)
The Scene Is Dead (2007)
Compilations
isM (2020)
EP
Collusion (2005)
DVD
Emotion Sickness (2007)
Artwork
This Is Menace album and DVD artwork by DOSE-productions.
References
^ Daly, Joe (6 February 2024). "18 all-star singers, two cult albums and one personalised gravestone: The story of This Is Menace, the most underrated metal supergroup of the 2000s". Metal Hammer. Retrieved 11 May 2024 – via loudersound.
^ Blabbermouth (7 August 2004). "PITCHSHIFTER Singer Talks About Upcoming Tour And DVD". BLABBERMOUTH.NET. Retrieved 11 May 2024.
^ Blabbermouth (30 January 2005). "THIS IS MENACE: PITCHSHIFTER Offshoot Project To Release Debut Album In April". BLABBERMOUTH.NET. Retrieved 11 May 2024.
^ Rauf, Raziq (25 April 2005). "Album Review: This Is Menace - No End In Sight". Drowned in Sound. Retrieved 11 May 2024.
^ Kupetz, Arne (June–July 2005). "Review - This Is Menace - No End in Sight CD". Ox-Fanzine (in German). Retrieved 11 May 2024.
^ McKeating, Scott (9 May 2005). "This is Menace - No End in Sight - Review". Stylus Magazine. Archived from the original on 5 February 2010. Retrieved 11 May 2024.
^ Blabbermouth (29 September 2005). "THIS IS MENACE To Play Special Gig In London". BLABBERMOUTH.NET. Retrieved 11 May 2024.
^ Rauf, Raziq (7 June 2006). "Festival Preview: Download 2006". DrownedInSound. Retrieved 11 May 2024.
^ Blabbermouth (14 June 2006). "Former CARCASS Frontman Performs At DOWNLOAD Festival With Broken Shoulder". BLABBERMOUTH.NET. Retrieved 11 May 2024.
^ Blabbermouth (9 April 2007). "THIS IS MENACE Announces U.K. Tour". BLABBERMOUTH.NET. Retrieved 11 May 2024.
^ "Metal Supergroup This is Menace Release Final Record and Bury Their DNA". 28 October 2020.
External links
Official website (Defunct)
Authority control databases: Artists
MusicBrainz
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Clayden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JS_Clayden"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Mean Fiddler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mean_Fiddler"},{"link_name":"London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Download Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Download_Festival"},{"link_name":"Donington Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donington_Park"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"The Scene Is Dead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Scene_Is_Dead"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"text":"The band was formed by bassist Mark Clayden and drummer Jason Bowld during the hiatus of their previous band, Pitchshifter. The group released their limited EP, Collusion in 2005. Shortly after that the band released their debut album No End in Sight in April 2005 through J.S. Clayden's PSI Records,[2][3] receiving generally positive reviews.[4][5][6] In December 2005, the band performed with 12 vocalists at the Mean Fiddler in London.[7] In 2006, the band performed at the Download Festival at Donington Park.[8][9]The band released their second album, The Scene Is Dead, in 2007, along with the Emotion Sickness DVD, featuring live shows and a \"making of\" segment. In October 2007, the band embarked on a eight-date tour of the United Kingdom.[10] In 2008, the project was terminated.In 2020, Pitchshifter's social media accounts announced a final This Is Menace album entitled isM; the album is a compilation of songs from the two previous albums, with one additional unreleased song called \"Redisposed\".[11]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jason Bowld","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jason_Bowld"},{"link_name":"Jaz Coleman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaz_Coleman"},{"link_name":"Killing Joke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Killing_Joke"},{"link_name":"Send More Paramedics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Send_More_Paramedics"},{"link_name":"Charlie Simpson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlie_Simpson"},{"link_name":"Fightstar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fightstar"},{"link_name":"J.S. Clayden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J.S._Clayden"},{"link_name":"Pitchshifter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pitchshifter"},{"link_name":"Hondo Maclean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hondo_Maclean"},{"link_name":"Hundred Reasons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hundred_Reasons"},{"link_name":"Funeral for a Friend","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Funeral_for_a_Friend"},{"link_name":"SikTh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SikTh"},{"link_name":"Mikee Goodman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikee_Goodman"},{"link_name":"SikTh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SikTh"},{"link_name":"Casey Chaos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casey_Chaos"},{"link_name":"Amen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amen_(American_band)"},{"link_name":"Hiding Place","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiding_Place_(band)"},{"link_name":"Jeffrey Walker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeff_Walker_(musician)"},{"link_name":"Carcass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carcass_(band)"},{"link_name":"Andy Cairns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andy_Cairns"},{"link_name":"Therapy?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Therapy%3F"},{"link_name":"The Ghost of a Thousand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Ghost_of_a_Thousand"},{"link_name":"earthtone9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earthtone9"},{"link_name":"Mark Greenway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Greenway"},{"link_name":"Napalm Death","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napalm_Death"},{"link_name":"Justin Sullivan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justin_Sullivan"},{"link_name":"New Model Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Model_Army_(band)"}],"text":"Last line-upJason Bowld – drums, lead guitar, rhythm guitar vocals\nMark Clayden – bass, lead guitar, rhythm guitar, vocals\nLee Erinmez – bass\nPaul Fletcher – guitar\nGerald Walton – guitar\nOwen Packard – guitarGuest vocalistsJaz Coleman of Killing Joke\nB'Hellmouth of Send More Paramedics\nCharlie Simpson of Fightstar\nJ.S. Clayden of Pitchshifter\nBen Woosnam of Hondo Maclean\nColin Doran of Hundred Reasons\nMatt Davies of Funeral for a Friend\nJustin Hill of SikTh\nMikee Goodman of SikTh\nCasey Chaos of Amen\nPaul McCallion of Hiding Place\nJeffrey Walker of Carcass\nAndy Cairns of Therapy?\nTom Lacey of The Ghost of a Thousand\nKarl Middleton of earthtone9\nPaul Catten of Murder One\nMark Greenway of Napalm Death\nJustin Sullivan of New Model Army\nAnthony Giles of Here There Be Monsters","title":"Members"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Scene Is Dead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Scene_Is_Dead"}],"text":"Studio albumsNo End in Sight (2005)\nThe Scene Is Dead (2007)CompilationsisM (2020)EPCollusion (2005)DVDEmotion Sickness (2007)","title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"This Is Menace album and DVD artwork by DOSE-productions.","title":"Artwork"}]
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1821_in_Canada
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1821 in Canada
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["1 Incumbents","1.1 Federal government","1.2 Governors","2 Events","3 Births","4 Deaths","5 References"]
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Historical event
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Part of a series on theHistory of CanadaBenjamin West's The Death of General Wolfe
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Canada portalvte
Events from the year 1821 in Canada.
Incumbents
Monarch: George IV
Federal government
Parliament of Lower Canada: 11th
Parliament of Upper Canada: 8th
Governors
Governor of the Canadas: Robert Milnes
Governor of New Brunswick: George Stracey Smyth
Governor of Nova Scotia: John Coape Sherbrooke
Commodore-Governor of Newfoundland: Richard Goodwin Keats
Governor of Prince Edward Island: Charles Douglass Smith
Events
July 17 – Construction of the Lachine Canal in Montreal begins.
July – The Hudson's Bay Company merges with archrivals, the Montreal-based North West Company, creating unemployment for a substantial proportion of their Métis workforce.
No foreigners allowed in Russian-American waters, except at regular ports of call.
John Abbott
Births
February 21 – John Beverley Robinson, politician (d.1896)
March 12 – John Abbott, politician and 3rd Prime Minister of Canada (d.1893)
Charles Tupper
July 2 – Charles Tupper, politician, Premier of Nova Scotia and 6th Prime Minister of Canada (d.1915)
July 6 – Henri Bernier, politician, businessman and manufacturer (d.1893)
August 13 – Philip Carteret Hill, politician and Premier of Nova Scotia (d.1894)
August 18 – Maurice Laframboise, lawyer, judge and politician (d.1882)
Deaths
This section is empty. You can help by adding to it. (January 2011)
References
^ "King George IV". Official website of the British monarchy. Retrieved 18 April 2016.
^ "Biography – ABBOTT, Sir JOHN JOSEPH CALDWELL – Volume XII (1891-1900) – Dictionary of Canadian Biography". www.biographi.ca. Retrieved 2022-08-12.
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unemployment for a substantial proportion of their Métis workforce.\nNo foreigners allowed in Russian-American waters, except at regular ports of call.John Abbott","title":"Events"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"John Beverley Robinson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Beverley_Robinson"},{"link_name":"1896","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1896_in_Canada"},{"link_name":"John Abbott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Abbott"},{"link_name":"Prime Minister of Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Canada"},{"link_name":"1893","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1893_in_Canada"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tupper_Portrait.jpg"},{"link_name":"Charles Tupper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Tupper"},{"link_name":"Premier of Nova Scotia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premier_of_Nova_Scotia"},{"link_name":"Prime Minister of 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Bernier, politician, businessman and manufacturer (d.1893)\nAugust 13 – Philip Carteret Hill, politician and Premier of Nova Scotia (d.1894)\nAugust 18 – Maurice Laframboise, lawyer, judge and politician (d.1882)","title":"Births"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Deaths"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatomical_Sciences_Education
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Anatomical Sciences Education
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["1 References","2 External links"]
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Academic journalAnatomical Sciences EducationDisciplineAnatomy, EducationLanguageEnglishEdited byWojciech Pawlina, MDPublication detailsHistory2007-presentPublisherWiley (USA)FrequencyBimonthlyImpact factor5.958 (2020)Standard abbreviationsISO 4 (alt) · Bluebook (alt1 · alt2)NLM (alt) · MathSciNet (alt )ISO 4Anat. Sci. Educ.IndexingCODEN (alt · alt2) · JSTOR (alt) · LCCN (alt)MIAR · NLM (alt) · ScopusISSN1935-9772 (print)1935-9780 (web)LCCN2007214218OCLC no.83979651Links
Journal homepage
Online access
Online archive
Anatomical Sciences Education is a peer-reviewed journal that provides an international forum for the exchange of ideas, opinions, innovations and research on topics related to education in the anatomical sciences of gross anatomy, embryology, histology, and neurosciences at all levels of anatomical sciences education including, undergraduate, graduate, post-graduate, allied health, medical (both allopathic and osteopathic), and dental. It is the official publication of the American Association of Anatomists.
According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal has a 2020 impact factor of 5.958, ranking it 3rd out of 45 journals in the category "Education, Scientific Disciplines".
References
^ "Anatomical Sciences Education - Wiley Online Library". onlinelibrary.wiley.com. doi:10.1002/(ISSN)1935-9780. Retrieved 2019-06-25.
^ "Overview - Anatomical Sciences Education - Wiley Online Library". onlinelibrary.wiley.com. doi:10.1002/(issn)1935-9780. Retrieved 2019-06-25.
^ "Journals". American Association for Anatomy | Rockville, MD. Retrieved 2019-06-25.
External links
Official website
American Association for Anatomy
PubMed Journal Info Page
|
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pidpolkovnyk
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Podpolkovnik
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["1 Russia","1.1 Russian Empire","1.2 USSR","1.3 Russian Federation","2 Lieutenant colonel's insignia","3 See also","4 References"]
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Military rank
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Countries which use the Eastern European variant
Podpolkovnik (Russian: подполко́вник, lit. 'sub –, junior – , or lower regimentary') is a military rank in Slavic and nearby countries which corresponds to the lieutenant colonel in the English-speaking states and military.
In different languages the exact name of this rank maintains a variety of spellings. The transliteration is also in common usage for the sake of tradition dating back to the Old Slavonic word "polk" (literally: regiment sized unit), and include the following names in alphabetical order:
Belarus — падпалкоўнік (padpalkownik)
Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Montenegro and Serbia — потпуковник / potpukovnik (Serbo-Croatian: )
Bulgaria — подполковник
Czech Republic — podplukovník (Czech: )
Georgia — ვიცე-პოლკოვნიკი (Georgian: )
North Macedonia — потполковник (podpolkovnik)
Poland — podpułkownik (Polish: )
Russia — подполко́вник (podpolkovnik) (Russian: )
Slovenia — podpolkovnik
Slovakia — podplukovník
Ukraine — підполковник (pidpolkovnyk)
Russia
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Lieutenant colonelПодполко́вник(Podpolkovnik) Army and air force insigniaCountry RussiaService branch Russian Ground Forces Russian Air ForceNon-NATO rankOF-4FormationEarly 16th centuryNext higher rankPolkovnikNext lower rankMajórEquivalent ranksKapitan 2-go ranga
In Russia, the rank of lieutenant colonel is called podpolkovnik (Russian: подполко́вник, lit. 'sub-colonel'). First it appeared in Russia as appointment or assignment to the assistant or deputy commander of a regiment sized military formation at the end of the 15th — early 16th centuries.
In the Streltsy formations, as a general role, the podpolkovnik was responsible for all administrative tasks and functions. Normally it was of nobility or boyar origin.
From the 17th - to early 17th century, there was a rank and an appointment under the designation polupolkovnik (Russian: полуполко́вник, IPA: ). Beyond its normal responsibilities, he was in charge to command the second half of the regiment, the rear -, reserve -, and other regular units (until the introduction of the battalion structure).
Russian Empire
From the introduction of the Russian table of ranks to the abolishment in 1917, podpolkovnik was quoted to rank positioned VII, and until 1856, it was privileged by hereditary nobility.
In 1884, as the mayor rank in the Russian army was suppressed, all mayors, by exemption of retirement, loss of civil rights, or mercilessly, were converted to podpolkovnik. From this moment, the rank podpolkovnik was equivalent to the rank armed forces' starshina (Russian: войскова́я старшина́, romanized: voyskovaja starshina, lit. 'head of the armed forces', pronounced ). Before 1884, the armed forces' starshina was adequate to mayor. In line to this reform, the shoulder board rank insignia had been changed from two big stars to three smaller ones.
To the formations of the so-called leyb-guard (Russian: лейб гва́рдия, romanized: leyb-gvardija, IPA: ), the rank podpolkovnik had not been introduced. Normally, kapitan officers might have been promoted to polkovnik immediately, by skipping the ranks major and podpolkovnik.
In the Imperial Russian Navy, the rank Kapitan 2nd rank was equivalent to podpolkovnik, in the civil administration it was corresponding to privy councillor (Russian: надво́рный сове́тник, romanized: nadvornjy sovetnik, IPA: ). The rank podpolkovnik was abolished 16 December 1917, together with all previous ranks and rank insignia of the former Russian imperial army.
In the white voluntary army, the rank was in the period from December 1917 to November 1918. Then it was abolished as well, and harmonized to the Kapitan ranks of the guard and other officers of the other formations. However, in the Russian army of general Pyotr Nikolayevich Wrangel the podpolkovnik rank was reestablished in April 1920.
Epaulette Podpolkovnik of Imperial Russian Army (by 1911)
Shoulder board
USSR
By foundation of the Soviet Union, the rank designation and rank insignia of the Imperial Russian Army were suppressed. An equivalent rank to podpolkovnik was created in 1924, by the introduction of the so-called status category 8 rank – (English: 'assistant commander of the regiment and equivalent personnel'; Russian: помо́щник команди́ра полка́ и ему́ ра́вные, IPA: ). However, this was overtaken by the introduction of individual ranks in 1935.
Podpolkovnik as a military rank was reintroduced on September 1, 1939, by disposal of the Central Executive Committee of the Soviet Union (from September 2, 1939), and the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR No. 2690 (article 41, pertaining the law of universal compulsory military service), published by the order No. 226 of the People's Commissar of Defence (from July 26, 1940).
The Red Army used this rank together with a number of other former Russian ranks, and it has been used in many ex-USSR countries, including Russia, to the present day.
By the first promotion to that particular rank the hitherto (old) polkovnik collar distinction insignia with three parallel bars had to be used. The new polkovnik rank was from now on characterized by four bars. This insignia had to be worn until the introduction of shoulder boards, and were finally replaced in 1943.
In the Soviet navy, the rank kapitan 2nd rank was equivalent to podpolkovnik. In the civil administration it was corresponding to privy councillor (Russian: надво́рный сове́тник). The rank podpolkovnik was abolished 16 December 1917, together with all previous ranks and rank insignia of the former Russian imperial army. In the military political organization, it was equivalent to starshy battalion commissar (Russian: ста́рший батальо́нный комисса́р, IPA: ), another corresponding rank designation was Specialist 1st rank (pertaining to: military engineers, surgeons, commissionaires, veterinary surgeons, and legal personnel).
1943—1992
In late 1943, shoulder boards were reintroduced as rank designation. From this moment in the podpolkovnik rank of the Red Army was specified by two big horizontal stars, on shoulder boards, with parallel piping (two straps). The stars had to be established on a distance of 35 mm from the lower end of the shoulder board (Rules to wear military uniforms in the Soviet Army and the Navy). From 7 November 1944, the stars were pinned direct (symmetrically to the piping) on piping.
Collar tab of the Red Army (1940-1943)
... Soviet Air Force (1940-1943)
Shoulder board of Red Army engineers (1943-1946)/Soviet Army (1946-55)
Parade uniform, Soviet Army (1955-1994, reused in 2010)
... Airborne Force, Air Force, Aviation of the Defence Force (1955-1994), and since 2010
Russian Federation
If military personnel serves in a guards formation, or on a guards war ship, to the rank designation will be placed in front the noun guards (e.g. "Gurds podpolkovnik"). Civil – or military personnel with a specific defined level of expertise or knowledge in medical or judicial professions, to the military rank will be added the noun "legal or the wording "medical service". Further adding to the military rank designation might be "retired" or "on retirement".
Personnel serving in the executive of the Russian Federation might be specified by rank designation as follows.
Podpolkovnik of the Police (until March 1, 2011 Podpolkovnik of the Militsiya)
Podpolkovnik of the Internal Troops
Podpolkovnik Investigation of Tax Offence
Parade uniform, Russian Ground Forces (1994-2010)
Parade uniform, Russian Ground Forces (2010-present)
Office uniform, Russian Ground Forces
Office uniform, Russian Air Force
Field uniform
Podpolkovnik of the Russian Police (until 2011 — Militsiya), also Internal Troops
Lieutenant colonel's insignia
ПадпалкоўнікPadpalkoŭnik(Belarusian Ground Forces)
ПодполковникPodpolkovnik(Bulgarian Land Forces)
Podplukovník(Czech Land Forces)
ПодполковникPodpolkovnïk(Kazakh Ground Forces)
ПодполковникPodpolkovnik(Kyrgyz Army)
ПотполковникPotpolkovnik(North Macedonia Ground Forces)
Potpukovnik(Montenegrin Ground Army)
Podpułkownik(Polish Land Forces)
Подполко́вникPodpolkóvnik(Russian Ground Forces)
ПотпуковникPotpukovnik(Serbian Army)
Podplukovník(Slovak Ground Forces)
Podpolkovnik(Slovenian Ground Force)
ПодполковникPodpolkovnik(Tajik National Army)
Podpolkownik(Turkmen Ground Forces)
ПідполковникPidpolkovnyk(Ukrainian Ground Forces)
Podpolkovnik(Uzbek Ground Forces)
See also
Lieutenant (Eastern Europe)
Colonel (Eastern Europe)
Lieutenant colonel general
Comparative army officer ranks of Europe
References
^ a b Sławomir Kułacz, University of Gdańsk, Poland (2012). "Conceptualization of selected army ranks in English, German, Polish and Czech". Lublin Studies in Modern Languages and Literature. UMCS Lublin: Studies in Modern Languages and Literature, vol. 36: 27. Retrieved 12 February 2016.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
^ "Подполковник". Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary: In 86 Volumes (82 Volumes and 4 Additional Volumes). St. Petersburg. 1890–1907.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
^ Decree of the Central Executive Committee of the Soviet Union and the Council of People's Commissars, from September 22, 1935, on introduction of individual military rank designation to commanding personnel of the Workers' and Peasants' Red Army.
^ Decree of the Central Executive Committee of the Soviet Union and the Council of People's Commissars, from September 2, 1939, on introduction of the rank/ rank designation Podpolkovnik in the Workers' and Peasants' Red Army.
^ "Указ Президента Республики Беларусь от 21.07.2009 N 388 "О военной форме одежды, знаках различия по воинским званиям и внесении дополнений в Указ Президента Республики Беларусь от 9 июня 2006 г. N 383"". pravo.levonevsky.org/ (in Russian). Government of Belarus. Retrieved 30 May 2021.
^ "ЗАКОН ЗА ОТБРАНАТА И ВЪОРЪЖЕНИТЕ СИЛИ НА РЕПУБЛИКА БЪЛГАРИЯ". lex.bg (in Bulgarian). Глава седма. ВОЕННА СЛУЖБА. 12 May 2009. Retrieved 25 May 2021.
^ "Ranks". army.cz. Ministry of Defence of the Czech Republic. 2018. Retrieved 26 May 2021.
^ "Қазақстан Республикасының Қарулы Күштері, басқа да әскерлері мен әскери құралымдары әскери қызметшілерінің әскери киім нысаны және айырым белгілері туралы". adilet.zan.kz (in Kazakh). Ministry of Justice (Kazakhstan). 25 August 2011. Retrieved 29 May 2021.
^ "Кыргыз Республикасынын жарандарынын жалпыга бирдей аскердик милдети жөнүндө, аскердик жана альтернативдик кызматтар жөнүндө". cbd.minjust.gov.kg/ (in Kyrgyz). Ministry of Justice (Kyrgyzstan). 9 February 2009. Retrieved 3 June 2021.
^ "УРЕДБА ЗА ОЗНАКИТЕ ЗА УНИФОРМИТЕ НА АРМИЈАТА НА РЕПУБЛИКА СЕВЕРНА МАКЕДОНИЈА" . dejure.mk (in Macedonian). 12 November 2020. Retrieved 24 May 2021.
^ "IV. Izgled Činova u Vojsci". Official Gazette of Montenegro (in Montenegrin). 50/10: 22–28. 16 August 2010. Retrieved 17 September 2021.
^ "Sposób noszenia odznak stopni wojskowych na umundurowaniu wojsk Lądowych i sił Powietrznych" (PDF). wojsko-polskie.pl (in Polish). Armed Forces Support Inspectorate. Retrieved 7 June 2021.
^ "Указ Президента Российской Федерации от 11 марта 2010 года № 293 "О военной форме одежды, знаках различия военнослужащих и ведомственных знаках отличия"". rg.ru (in Russian). Российской газеты. 12 March 2010. Retrieved 26 May 2021.
^ "ЧИНОВИ У ВОЈСЦИ СРБИЈЕ". vs.rs (in Serbian). Serbian Armed Forces. Retrieved 7 June 2021.
^ "Označenie vojenských hodností príslušníkov Ozbrojených síl Slovenskej republiky od 1.1.2016" . vhu.sk (in Slovak). Military History Institute. Retrieved 12 April 2021.
^ "Čini in razredi". slovenskavojska.si (in Slovenian). Slovenian Armed Forces. Retrieved 26 May 2021.
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^ "TÜRKMENISTANYŇ KANUNY Harby borçlulyk we harby gulluk hakynda (Türkmenistanyň Mejlisiniň Maglumatlary 2010 ý., № 3, 58-nji madda) (Türkmenistanyň 01.10.2011 ý. № 234-IV Kanuny esasynda girizilen üýtgetmeler we goşmaçalar bilen)" (PDF). milligosun.gov.tm (in Turkmen). Ministry of Defense (Turkmenistan). pp. 28–29. Retrieved 2 June 2021.
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^ "O'zbekiston Respublikasi fuqarolarining harbiy xizmatni o'tash tartibi to'g'risida". lex.uz (in Uzbek). Ministry of Justice of the Republic of Uzbekistan. 12 September 2019. Retrieved 3 June 2021.
vte Polish officer ranks StudentOF(D)OF-1OF-2OF-3OF-4OF-5OF-6OF-7OF-8OF-9OF-10
Army
Navy
Air Force
Historical
por. / ppor.
por.mar. / ppor.mar.
por. / ppor.
kpt.
kpt.mar.
kpt.
rtm.
mjr
kmdr ppor.
mjr
ppłk
kmdr por.
ppłk
płk
kmdr
płk
gen.bryg.
kadm.
gen.bryg.
gen.dyw.
wadm.
gen.dyw.
gen.broni
adm.fl.
gen.broni
gen.
adm.
gen.
gen.armii
marsz.
vteMilitary ranks and insignia by country
List of comparative military ranks
Africa
Algeria
Angola
Benin
Botswana
Burkina Faso
Burundi
Cameroon
Cape Verde
Central African Republic
Chad
Comoros
DR Congo
Republic of the Congo
Djibouti
Egypt
Equatorial Guinea
Eritrea
Eswatini
Ethiopia
Gabon
Gambia
Ghana
Guinea
Guinea-Bissau
Ivory Coast
Kenya
Lesotho
Liberia
Libya
Madagascar
Malawi
Mali
Mauritania
Morocco
Mozambique
Namibia
Niger
Nigeria
Rwanda
São Tomé and Príncipe
Senegal
Seychelles
Sierra Leone
Somalia
South Africa
South Sudan
Sudan
Tanzania
Togo
Tunisia
Uganda
Zambia
Zimbabwe
States withlimited recognition
Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic
Somaliland
Former
People's Republic of Angola
Biafra
Bophuthatswana
Ciskei
Kingdom of Egypt
Ethiopian Empire
Katanga
People's Republic of Mozambique
Rhodesia
South West Africa
Transkei
Venda
Zaire
Comparative
Army
Officers
Enlisted
Navy
Officers
Enlisted
Air force
Officers
Enlisted
Apartheid States in Southern Africa
Americas
Antigua and Barbuda
Argentina
Bahamas
Barbados
Belize
Bolivia
Brazil
Canada
Chile
Colombia
Cuba
Dominican Republic
Ecuador
El Salvador
Guatemala
Guyana
Haiti
Honduras
Jamaica
Mexico
Nicaragua
Paraguay
Peru
Saint Kitts and Nevis
Suriname
Trinidad and Tobago
United States
Officers:
Army
Navy
Air Force
Coast Guard
Enlisted:
Army
Navy
Air Force
Coast Guard
Other:
Marine Corps
Space Force
Warrant officer
Opposing forces
Uruguay
Venezuela
Former
Canada (pre-Unification)
Confederate States of America
Union
Army
Navy
Costa Rica
Empire of Brazil
Panama
Republic of Texas
Army
Navy
United States Army enlisted
World War I
World War II
Comparative
Army
Officers
Enlisted
Navy
Officers
Enlisted
Air force
Officers
Enlisted
Asia
Afghanistan
Bahrain
Bangladesh
Bhutan
Brunei
Cambodia
PR of China
Army
Navy
Air Force
East Timor
India
Army
Air Force
Navy
Coast Guard
Border Roads Organisation
Paramilitary forces
Indonesia
Iran
Iraq
Israel
Japan
Jordan
Kazakhstan
Korea
North
South
Kuwait
Kyrgyzstan
Laos
Lebanon
Malaysia
Maldives
Mongolia
Myanmar
Nepal
Oman
Pakistan
Army
Navy
Air Force
Marines
Civil Armed Forces
Maritime Security Agency
Philippines
Qatar
Saudi Arabia
Singapore
Sri Lanka
Army
Navy
Air Force
Coast Guard
Syria
Tajikistan
Thailand
Turkmenistan
United Arab Emirates
Uzbekistan
Vietnam
Yemen
States withlimited recognition
Abkhazia
Artsakh
Palestine
South Ossetia
Taiwan (Republic of China)
Former
China
Empire
Republic (1912–1949)
Dutch East Indies
East Turkestan (Second Republic)
People's Republic of Kampuchea
Imperial Iran
Imperial Japan
Army
Navy
Korea
Empire
Liberation Army
Kingdom of Laos
Manchukuo
Mengjiang
Mongolian People's Republic
Vietnam
State
South
South Yemen
Tibet
Tuva
Comparative
Army
Officers
Enlisted
Navy
Officers
Enlisted
Air force
Officers
Enlisted
Europe
Albania
Armenia
Austria
Azerbaijan
Belarus
Belgium
Bosnia and Herzegovina
Bulgaria
Croatia
Cyprus
Czech Republic
Denmark
Army
Navy
Air Force
Home Guard
Estonia
Finland
France
Army
Navy
Gendarmerie
Air and Space Force
Foresters
Germany
Georgia
Greece
Hungary
Iceland
Land Forces
Coast Guard
Ireland
Italy
Army
Navy
Air Force
Carabinieri
Finance Guard
Latvia
Lithuania
Luxembourg
North Macedonia
Malta
Moldova
Monaco
Montenegro
Netherlands
Norway
Poland
Portugal
Romania
Russia
Army
Navy
Air Force
Cossacks
Between 1994 and 2010
San Marino
Serbia
Slovakia
Slovenia
Spain
Sweden
Switzerland
Turkey
Ukraine
United Kingdom
Army officers
Army other ranks
Navy officers
Navy ratings
Air Force officers
Air Force other ranks
Vatican
States withlimited recognition
Kosovo
Northern Cyprus
Transnistria
Former
Albania
Kingdom
People's Socialist Republic
Austria–Hungary
Army
Navy
Bulgaria
Kingdom
People's Republic
Independent State of Croatia
Czechoslovakia
German Empire
Weimar Republic
Nazi Germany
Army
Navy
Air Force
East Germany
Kingdom of Greece
Army
Navy
Air Force
France
Napoleonic Grand Army
Hungary
Kingdom
People's Republic
Italy
Kingdom
Social Republic
Ottoman Empire
Polish People's Republic
Republika Srpska
Romania
Kingdom
Socialist Republic
Russian Empire
White Movement
Slovakia (First Republic)
Soviet Union
1918–35
1935–40
1940–43
1943–55
1955–91
Spain
2nd Republic
Army
Navy
Air Force
State
Yugoslavia
Kingdom
Socialist Federal Republic
Federal Republic
Comparative
Army
Officers
Enlisted
Navy
Officers
Enlisted
Air force
Officers
Enlisted
Oceania
Australia
Fiji
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Papua New Guinea
Tonga
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Comparative
Army
Officers
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Enlisted
LanguageAnglophone
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Officers
Enlisted
Air force
Officers
Enlisted
Arabophone
Army
Officers
Enlisted
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Officers
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Officers
Enlisted
Francophone
Army
Officers
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Navy
Officers
Enlisted
Air force
Officers
Enlisted
Hispanophone
Army
Officers
Enlisted
Navy
Officers
Enlisted
Air force
Officers
Enlisted
Lusophone
Army
Officers
Enlisted
Navy
Officers
Enlisted
Air force
Officers
Enlisted
Military police
Officers
Enlisted
Post-Soviet states
Army
Officers
Enlisted
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Officers
Enlisted
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Officers
Enlisted
Commonwealth of Nations
Army
Officers
Enlisted
Navy
Officers
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Officers
Enlisted
European Union
Army
Officers
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Officers
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Officers
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NATO
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Officers
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Comparative ranks of
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Women's Services in World War II
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UK and US
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[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Use_of_the_Podpolk%C3%B3vnik_rank.svg"},{"link_name":"Russian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_language"},{"link_name":"lit.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literal_translation"},{"link_name":"regimentary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polkovnik"},{"link_name":"military rank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_rank"},{"link_name":"Slavic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slavic_peoples"},{"link_name":"lieutenant colonel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lieutenant_colonel"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SK-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SK-1"},{"link_name":"Belarus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belarus"},{"link_name":"Bosnia and Herzegovina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina"},{"link_name":"Croatia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croatia"},{"link_name":"Montenegro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montenegro"},{"link_name":"Serbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbia"},{"link_name":"[pôtpukoːʋniːk]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Serbo-Croatian"},{"link_name":"Bulgaria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgaria"},{"link_name":"Czech Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czech_Republic"},{"link_name":"[ˈpotplukovɲiːk]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Czech"},{"link_name":"Georgia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_(country)"},{"link_name":"[vitse pʼolkʼovnikʼi]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Georgian"},{"link_name":"North Macedonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Macedonia"},{"link_name":"Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland"},{"link_name":"[pɔtpuwˈkɔvɲik]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Polish"},{"link_name":"Russia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia"},{"link_name":"[pətpɐlˈkovnʲɪk]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Russian"},{"link_name":"Slovenia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovenia"},{"link_name":"Slovakia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovakia"},{"link_name":"Ukraine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukraine"}],"text":"Countries which use the Eastern European variantPodpolkovnik (Russian: подполко́вник, lit. 'sub –, junior – , or lower regimentary') is a military rank in Slavic and nearby countries which corresponds to the lieutenant colonel in the English-speaking states and military.[1]In different languages the exact name of this rank maintains a variety of spellings.[1] The transliteration is also in common usage for the sake of tradition dating back to the Old Slavonic word \"polk\" (literally: regiment sized unit), and include the following names in alphabetical order:Belarus — падпалкоўнік (padpalkownik)\nBosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Montenegro and Serbia — потпуковник / potpukovnik (Serbo-Croatian: [pôtpukoːʋniːk])\nBulgaria — подполковник\nCzech Republic — podplukovník (Czech: [ˈpotplukovɲiːk])\nGeorgia — ვიცე-პოლკოვნიკი (Georgian: [vitse pʼolkʼovnikʼi])\nNorth Macedonia — потполковник (podpolkovnik)\nPoland — podpułkownik (Polish: [pɔtpuwˈkɔvɲik])\nRussia — подполко́вник (podpolkovnik) (Russian: [pətpɐlˈkovnʲɪk])\nSlovenia — podpolkovnik\nSlovakia — podplukovník\nUkraine — підполковник (pidpolkovnyk)","title":"Podpolkovnik"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Russian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_language"},{"link_name":"lit.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literal_translation"},{"link_name":"regiment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regiment"},{"link_name":"Streltsy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Streltsy"},{"link_name":"nobility","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobility"},{"link_name":"boyar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boyar"},{"link_name":"rank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_rank"},{"link_name":"[polʊpɐlˈkovnʲɪk]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Russian"},{"link_name":"battalion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battalion"}],"text":"In Russia, the rank of lieutenant colonel is called podpolkovnik (Russian: подполко́вник, lit. 'sub-colonel'). First it appeared in Russia as appointment or assignment to the assistant or deputy commander of a regiment sized military formation at the end of the 15th — early 16th centuries.In the Streltsy formations, as a general role, the podpolkovnik was responsible for all administrative tasks and functions. Normally it was of nobility or boyar origin.From the 17th - to early 17th century, there was a rank and an appointment under the designation polupolkovnik (Russian: полуполко́вник, IPA: [polʊpɐlˈkovnʲɪk]). Beyond its normal responsibilities, he was in charge to command the second half of the regiment, the rear -, reserve -, and other regular units (until the introduction of the battalion structure).","title":"Russia"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Russian table of ranks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Russian_military_ranks"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"starshina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Starshina"},{"link_name":"Russian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_language"},{"link_name":"romanized","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanization_of_Russian"},{"link_name":"lit.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literal_translation"},{"link_name":"[vəjskɐˈvajə stərʂɨˈna]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Russian"},{"link_name":"romanized","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanization_of_Russian"},{"link_name":"[lʲejb ˈɡvardʲɪjə]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Russian"},{"link_name":"Imperial Russian Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_Russian_Navy"},{"link_name":"privy councillor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Privy_councillor"},{"link_name":"romanized","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanization_of_Russian"},{"link_name":"[nɐˈdvornɨj sɐˈvʲetʲnʲɪk]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Russian"},{"link_name":"Pyotr Nikolayevich Wrangel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyotr_Nikolayevich_Wrangel"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1911-ab46-e14.png"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Imperial_Russian_Army_LtCol_1917_v.png"}],"sub_title":"Russian Empire","text":"From the introduction of the Russian table of ranks to the abolishment in 1917, podpolkovnik was quoted to rank positioned VII, and until 1856, it was privileged by hereditary nobility.[2]In 1884, as the mayor rank in the Russian army was suppressed, all mayors, by exemption of retirement, loss of civil rights, or mercilessly, were converted to podpolkovnik. From this moment, the rank podpolkovnik was equivalent to the rank armed forces' starshina (Russian: войскова́я старшина́, romanized: voyskovaja starshina, lit. 'head of the armed forces', pronounced [vəjskɐˈvajə stərʂɨˈna]). Before 1884, the armed forces' starshina was adequate to mayor. In line to this reform, the shoulder board rank insignia had been changed from two big stars to three smaller ones.To the formations of the so-called leyb-guard (Russian: лейб гва́рдия, romanized: leyb-gvardija, IPA: [lʲejb ˈɡvardʲɪjə]), the rank podpolkovnik had not been introduced. Normally, kapitan officers might have been promoted to polkovnik immediately, by skipping the ranks major and podpolkovnik.In the Imperial Russian Navy, the rank Kapitan 2nd rank was equivalent to podpolkovnik, in the civil administration it was corresponding to privy councillor (Russian: надво́рный сове́тник, romanized: nadvornjy sovetnik, IPA: [nɐˈdvornɨj sɐˈvʲetʲnʲɪk]). The rank podpolkovnik was abolished 16 December 1917, together with all previous ranks and rank insignia of the former Russian imperial army.In the white voluntary army, the rank was in the period from December 1917 to November 1918. Then it was abolished as well, and harmonized to the Kapitan ranks of the guard and other officers of the other formations. However, in the Russian army of general Pyotr Nikolayevich Wrangel the podpolkovnik rank was reestablished in April 1920.Epaulette Podpolkovnik of Imperial Russian Army (by 1911)\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tShoulder board","title":"Russia"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Imperial Russian Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_Russian_Army"},{"link_name":"[pɐˈmoʂnʲɪk kəmɐnʲˈdʲirə pɐlˈka i jɪˈmu ˈravnɨje]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Russian"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Red Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Army"},{"link_name":"USSR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USSR"},{"link_name":"Russia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia"},{"link_name":"privy councillor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Privy_councillor"},{"link_name":"[ˈstarʂɨj bətɐˈlʲjɵnːɨj kəmʲɪˈsar]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Russian"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Red_Army_Polkovnik-1940_%26_Podpolkovnik-1943v.png"},{"link_name":"Collar tab","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gorget_patch"},{"link_name":"Red Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Army"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Red_Air_Force_Polkovnik-1940_%26Podpolkovnik-1943v.png"},{"link_name":"Soviet Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Air_Force"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:RA-SA_A-engin_F4LtCol_1955.png"},{"link_name":"Red Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Army"},{"link_name":"Soviet Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Army"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:RAF_A_F4LtCol_since_2010par.svg"},{"link_name":"Soviet Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Army"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:RAF_AF_F4LtCol_since_2010par.svg"},{"link_name":"Airborne Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Airborne_Forces"},{"link_name":"Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"Aviation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aviation"},{"link_name":"Defence Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Air_Defence_Forces"}],"sub_title":"USSR","text":"By foundation of the Soviet Union, the rank designation and rank insignia of the Imperial Russian Army were suppressed. An equivalent rank to podpolkovnik was created in 1924, by the introduction of the so-called status category 8 rank – (English: 'assistant commander of the regiment and equivalent personnel'; Russian: помо́щник команди́ра полка́ и ему́ ра́вные, IPA: [pɐˈmoʂnʲɪk kəmɐnʲˈdʲirə pɐlˈka i jɪˈmu ˈravnɨje]). However, this was overtaken by the introduction of individual ranks in 1935.[3]Podpolkovnik as a military rank was reintroduced on September 1, 1939, by disposal of the Central Executive Committee of the Soviet Union (from September 2, 1939), and the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR No. 2690 (article 41, pertaining the law of universal compulsory military service), published by the order No. 226 of the People's Commissar of Defence (from July 26, 1940).\n[4]The Red Army used this rank together with a number of other former Russian ranks, and it has been used in many ex-USSR countries, including Russia, to the present day.By the first promotion to that particular rank the hitherto (old) polkovnik collar distinction insignia with three parallel bars had to be used. The new polkovnik rank was from now on characterized by four bars. This insignia had to be worn until the introduction of shoulder boards, and were finally replaced in 1943.In the Soviet navy, the rank kapitan 2nd rank was equivalent to podpolkovnik. In the civil administration it was corresponding to privy councillor (Russian: надво́рный сове́тник). The rank podpolkovnik was abolished 16 December 1917, together with all previous ranks and rank insignia of the former Russian imperial army. In the military political organization, it was equivalent to starshy battalion commissar (Russian: ста́рший батальо́нный комисса́р, IPA: [ˈstarʂɨj bətɐˈlʲjɵnːɨj kəmʲɪˈsar]), another corresponding rank designation was Specialist 1st rank (pertaining to: military engineers, surgeons, commissionaires, veterinary surgeons, and legal personnel).1943—1992In late 1943, shoulder boards were reintroduced as rank designation. From this moment in the podpolkovnik rank of the Red Army was specified by two big horizontal stars, on shoulder boards, with parallel piping (two straps). The stars had to be established on a distance of 35 mm from the lower end of the shoulder board (Rules to wear military uniforms in the Soviet Army and the Navy). From 7 November 1944, the stars were pinned direct (symmetrically to the piping) on piping.Collar tab of the Red Army (1940-1943)\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t... Soviet Air Force (1940-1943)\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tShoulder board of Red Army engineers (1943-1946)/Soviet Army (1946-55)\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tParade uniform, Soviet Army (1955-1994, reused in 2010)\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t... Airborne Force, Air Force, Aviation of the Defence Force (1955-1994), and since 2010","title":"Russia"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Russia-Army-OF-4-1994-parade.svg"},{"link_name":"Russian Ground Forces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Ground_Forces"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:RAF_A_F4LtCol_since_2010par.svg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Russia-Army-OF-4-2010.svg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Russia-Airforce-OF-4-2010.svg"},{"link_name":"Russian Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Air_Force"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Russia-Army-OF-4.svg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Russia-Police-OF-4-2013.svg"},{"link_name":"Russian Police","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Police_of_Russia"},{"link_name":"Militsiya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Militsiya"},{"link_name":"Internal Troops","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal_Troops_of_Russia"}],"sub_title":"Russian Federation","text":"If military personnel serves in a guards formation, or on a guards war ship, to the rank designation will be placed in front the noun guards (e.g. \"Gurds podpolkovnik\"). Civil – or military personnel with a specific defined level of expertise or knowledge in medical or judicial professions, to the military rank will be added the noun \"legal or the wording \"medical service\". Further adding to the military rank designation might be \"retired\" or \"on retirement\".Personnel serving in the executive of the Russian Federation might be specified by rank designation as follows.Podpolkovnik of the Police (until March 1, 2011 Podpolkovnik of the Militsiya)\nPodpolkovnik of the Internal Troops\nPodpolkovnik Investigation of Tax OffenceParade uniform, Russian Ground Forces (1994-2010)\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tParade uniform, Russian Ground Forces (2010-present)\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tOffice uniform, Russian Ground Forces\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tOffice uniform, Russian Air Force\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tField uniform\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tPodpolkovnik of the Russian Police (until 2011 — Militsiya), also Internal Troops","title":"Russia"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Post-Soviet-Army-OF-4.svg"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Belarus-5"},{"link_name":"Belarusian Ground Forces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belarusian_Ground_Forces"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Rank_insignia_of_%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA_of_the_Bulgarian_Army.png"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bulgaria-6"},{"link_name":"Bulgarian Land Forces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgarian_Land_Forces"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:CzArmy_2011_OF4-Podplukovnik_shoulder.svg"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Czech_Republic-7"},{"link_name":"Czech Land Forces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czech_Land_Forces"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:15-RKGF-LTC.svg"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kazakhstan-8"},{"link_name":"Kazakh Ground Forces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazakh_Ground_Forces"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:12.Kyrgyzstan_Army-LTC.svg"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kyrgyzstan-9"},{"link_name":"Kyrgyz Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyrgyz_Army"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:13-APM-LTC.svg"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NorthMacedonia-10"},{"link_name":"North Macedonia Ground Forces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1st_Mechanized_Infantry_Brigade_(North_Macedonia)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:14-Montenegro_Army-LTC.svg"},{"link_name":"Montenegrin Ground Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montenegrin_Ground_Army"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Montenegro-11"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Army-POL-OF-04.svg"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Poland_Army&AirForce-12"},{"link_name":"Polish Land Forces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_Land_Forces"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Russia-Army-OF-4-2010.svg"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Russia_Army-13"},{"link_name":"Russian Ground Forces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Ground_Forces"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:13-Serbian_Army-LTC.svg"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Serbia-14"},{"link_name":"Serbian Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbian_Army"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Army-SVK-OF-04.svg"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Slovakia-15"},{"link_name":"Slovak Ground Forces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ground_Forces_of_the_Slovak_Republic"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:16-Slovenian_Army-LTC.svg"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Slovenia-16"},{"link_name":"Slovenian Ground Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovenian_Ground_Force"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Post-Soviet-Army-OF-4.svg"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Tajikistan-17"},{"link_name":"Tajik National Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tajik_National_Army"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Post-Soviet-Army-OF-4.svg"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Turkmenistan-18"},{"link_name":"Turkmen Ground Forces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmen_Ground_Forces"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:UA_shoulder_mark_16.svg"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ukraine-19"},{"link_name":"Ukrainian Ground Forces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian_Ground_Forces"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Uzbekistan-army-OF-4.svg"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Uzbekistan-20"},{"link_name":"Uzbek Ground Forces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uzbek_Ground_Forces"}],"text":"ПадпалкоўнікPadpalkoŭnik[5](Belarusian Ground Forces)\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tПодполковникPodpolkovnik[6](Bulgarian Land Forces)\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tPodplukovník[7](Czech Land Forces)\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tПодполковникPodpolkovnïk[8](Kazakh Ground Forces)\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tПодполковникPodpolkovnik[9](Kyrgyz Army)\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tПотполковникPotpolkovnik[10](North Macedonia Ground Forces)\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tPotpukovnik(Montenegrin Ground Army)[11]\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tPodpułkownik[12](Polish Land Forces)\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tПодполко́вникPodpolkóvnik[13](Russian Ground Forces)\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tПотпуковникPotpukovnik[14](Serbian Army)\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tPodplukovník[15](Slovak Ground Forces)\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tPodpolkovnik[16](Slovenian Ground Force)\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tПодполковникPodpolkovnik[17](Tajik National Army)\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tPodpolkownik[18](Turkmen Ground Forces)\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tПідполковникPidpolkovnyk[19](Ukrainian Ground Forces)\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tPodpolkovnik[20](Uzbek Ground Forces)","title":"Lieutenant colonel's insignia"}]
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[{"image_text":"Countries which use the Eastern European variant","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Use_of_the_Podpolk%C3%B3vnik_rank.svg/220px-Use_of_the_Podpolk%C3%B3vnik_rank.svg.png"}]
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[{"title":"Lieutenant (Eastern Europe)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lieutenant_(Eastern_Europe)"},{"title":"Colonel (Eastern Europe)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonel_(Eastern_Europe)"},{"title":"Lieutenant colonel general","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lieutenant_colonel_general"},{"title":"Comparative army officer ranks of Europe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparative_army_officer_ranks_of_Europe"}]
|
[{"reference":"Sławomir Kułacz, University of Gdańsk, Poland (2012). \"Conceptualization of selected army ranks in English, German, Polish and Czech\". Lublin Studies in Modern Languages and Literature. UMCS Lublin: Studies in Modern Languages and Literature, vol. 36: 27. Retrieved 12 February 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.academia.edu/3335870","url_text":"\"Conceptualization of selected army ranks in English, German, Polish and Czech\""}]},{"reference":"\"Подполковник\". Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary: In 86 Volumes (82 Volumes and 4 Additional Volumes). St. Petersburg. 1890–1907.","urls":[{"url":"https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/s:%D0%AD%D0%A1%D0%91%D0%95/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA","url_text":"Подполковник"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brockhaus_and_Efron_Encyclopedic_Dictionary","url_text":"Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary"}]},{"reference":"\"Указ Президента Республики Беларусь от 21.07.2009 N 388 \"О военной форме одежды, знаках различия по воинским званиям и внесении дополнений в Указ Президента Республики Беларусь от 9 июня 2006 г. N 383\"\". pravo.levonevsky.org/ (in Russian). Government of Belarus. Retrieved 30 May 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://pravo.levonevsky.org/bazaby11/republic09/text814.htm","url_text":"\"Указ Президента Республики Беларусь от 21.07.2009 N 388 \"О военной форме одежды, знаках различия по воинским званиям и внесении дополнений в Указ Президента Республики Беларусь от 9 июня 2006 г. N 383\"\""}]},{"reference":"\"ЗАКОН ЗА ОТБРАНАТА И ВЪОРЪЖЕНИТЕ СИЛИ НА РЕПУБЛИКА БЪЛГАРИЯ\". lex.bg (in Bulgarian). Глава седма. ВОЕННА СЛУЖБА. 12 May 2009. Retrieved 25 May 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.lex.bg/bg/laws/ldoc/2135631954","url_text":"\"ЗАКОН ЗА ОТБРАНАТА И ВЪОРЪЖЕНИТЕ СИЛИ НА РЕПУБЛИКА БЪЛГАРИЯ\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ranks\". army.cz. Ministry of Defence of the Czech Republic. 2018. Retrieved 26 May 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.army.cz/scripts/detail.php?id=49065","url_text":"\"Ranks\""}]},{"reference":"\"Қазақстан Республикасының Қарулы Күштері, басқа да әскерлері мен әскери құралымдары әскери қызметшілерінің әскери киім нысаны және айырым белгілері туралы\". adilet.zan.kz (in Kazakh). Ministry of Justice (Kazakhstan). 25 August 2011. Retrieved 29 May 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://adilet.zan.kz/kaz/docs/U1100000144","url_text":"\"Қазақстан Республикасының Қарулы Күштері, басқа да әскерлері мен әскери құралымдары әскери қызметшілерінің әскери киім нысаны және айырым белгілері туралы\""}]},{"reference":"\"Кыргыз Республикасынын жарандарынын жалпыга бирдей аскердик милдети жөнүндө, аскердик жана альтернативдик кызматтар жөнүндө\". cbd.minjust.gov.kg/ (in Kyrgyz). Ministry of Justice (Kyrgyzstan). 9 February 2009. Retrieved 3 June 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://cbd.minjust.gov.kg/act/view/ky-kg/202536","url_text":"\"Кыргыз Республикасынын жарандарынын жалпыга бирдей аскердик милдети жөнүндө, аскердик жана альтернативдик кызматтар жөнүндө\""}]},{"reference":"\"УРЕДБА ЗА ОЗНАКИТЕ ЗА УНИФОРМИТЕ НА АРМИЈАТА НА РЕПУБЛИКА СЕВЕРНА МАКЕДОНИЈА\" [Regulation on the Markings for the Uniforms of the Army of the Republic Northern of Macedonia]. dejure.mk (in Macedonian). 12 November 2020. Retrieved 24 May 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://dejure.mk/zakon/uredba-za-oznakite-za-uniformite-na-armijata-na-republika-severna-makedonija-1","url_text":"\"УРЕДБА ЗА ОЗНАКИТЕ ЗА УНИФОРМИТЕ НА АРМИЈАТА НА РЕПУБЛИКА СЕВЕРНА МАКЕДОНИЈА\""}]},{"reference":"\"IV. Izgled Činova u Vojsci\". Official Gazette of Montenegro (in Montenegrin). 50/10: 22–28. 16 August 2010. Retrieved 17 September 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://wapi.gov.me/download-preview/f21585eb-2399-4cf3-ab40-7f0e245093be?version=1.0","url_text":"\"IV. Izgled Činova u Vojsci\""}]},{"reference":"\"Sposób noszenia odznak stopni wojskowych na umundurowaniu wojsk Lądowych i sił Powietrznych\" (PDF). wojsko-polskie.pl (in Polish). Armed Forces Support Inspectorate. Retrieved 7 June 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.wojsko-polskie.pl/iwsp/u/14/fc/14fc23f7-28a0-4a42-9ac0-287d512ffcb9/08b_oznaki_stopni_wojskowych_na_umundurowaniu_wl_i_sp_ok.pdf","url_text":"\"Sposób noszenia odznak stopni wojskowych na umundurowaniu wojsk Lądowych i sił Powietrznych\""}]},{"reference":"\"Указ Президента Российской Федерации от 11 марта 2010 года № 293 \"О военной форме одежды, знаках различия военнослужащих и ведомственных знаках отличия\"\". rg.ru (in Russian). Российской газеты. 12 March 2010. Retrieved 26 May 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://rg.ru/2010/03/12/forma-dok.html","url_text":"\"Указ Президента Российской Федерации от 11 марта 2010 года № 293 \"О военной форме одежды, знаках различия военнослужащих и ведомственных знаках отличия\"\""}]},{"reference":"\"ЧИНОВИ У ВОЈСЦИ СРБИЈЕ\". vs.rs (in Serbian). Serbian Armed Forces. 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Retrieved 26 May 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.slovenskavojska.si/o-vojski/cini-in-razredi/","url_text":"\"Čini in razredi\""}]},{"reference":"\"ҚОНУНИ ҶУМҲУРИИ ТОҶИКИСТОН ДАР БОРАИ ЎҲДАДОРИИ УМУМИИ ҲАРБӢ ВА ХИЗМАТИ ҲАРБӢ\". majmilli.tj (in Tajik). The National Assembly of the Republic of Tajikistan. 13 April 2017. Retrieved 2 June 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://majmilli.tj/%D2%9B%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B8-%D2%B7%D1%83%D0%BC%D2%B3%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B8-%D1%82%D0%BE%D2%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD-%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80-%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B8-35/","url_text":"\"ҚОНУНИ ҶУМҲУРИИ ТОҶИКИСТОН ДАР БОРАИ ЎҲДАДОРИИ УМУМИИ ҲАРБӢ ВА ХИЗМАТИ ҲАРБӢ\""}]},{"reference":"\"TÜRKMENISTANYŇ KANUNY Harby borçlulyk we harby gulluk hakynda (Türkmenistanyň Mejlisiniň Maglumatlary 2010 ý., № 3, 58-nji madda) (Türkmenistanyň 01.10.2011 ý. № 234-IV Kanuny esasynda girizilen üýtgetmeler we goşmaçalar bilen)\" [LAW OF TURKMENISTAN On military service and military service (Information of the Mejlis of Turkmenistan, 2010, No. 3, Article 58) (as amended by the Law of Turkmenistan of October 1, 2011 No. 234-IV)] (PDF). milligosun.gov.tm (in Turkmen). Ministry of Defense (Turkmenistan). pp. 28–29. Retrieved 2 June 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://milligosun.gov.tm/storage/file/04-harby-borclulyk-we-harby-gulluk-hakynda-ky9J0pKxTQ.pdf","url_text":"\"TÜRKMENISTANYŇ KANUNY Harby borçlulyk we harby gulluk hakynda (Türkmenistanyň Mejlisiniň Maglumatlary 2010 ý., № 3, 58-nji madda) (Türkmenistanyň 01.10.2011 ý. № 234-IV Kanuny esasynda girizilen üýtgetmeler we goşmaçalar bilen)\""}]},{"reference":"\"НАКАЗ 20.11.2017 № 606\". zakon.rada.gov.ua (in Ukrainian). Ministry of Justice of Ukraine. 13 December 2017. Retrieved 2 June 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/z1502-17#Text","url_text":"\"НАКАЗ 20.11.2017 № 606\""}]},{"reference":"\"O'zbekiston Respublikasi fuqarolarining harbiy xizmatni o'tash tartibi to'g'risida\". lex.uz (in Uzbek). Ministry of Justice of the Republic of Uzbekistan. 12 September 2019. Retrieved 3 June 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://lex.uz/docs/-4513434","url_text":"\"O'zbekiston Respublikasi fuqarolarining harbiy xizmatni o'tash tartibi to'g'risida\""}]}]
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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamochaeta_stagnalis
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Gamochaeta stagnalis
|
["1 References"]
|
Species of flowering plant
Gamochaeta stagnalis
Scientific classification
Kingdom:
Plantae
Clade:
Tracheophytes
Clade:
Angiosperms
Clade:
Eudicots
Clade:
Asterids
Order:
Asterales
Family:
Asteraceae
Genus:
Gamochaeta
Species:
G. stagnalis
Binomial name
Gamochaeta stagnalis(I.M.Johnst.) Anderb. 1991
Synonyms
Synonymy
Gnaphalium stagnale I.M. Johnst. 1923
Gamochaeta stagnale Anderb.
Gamochaeta falcata (Lam.) Cabrera
Gnaphalium falcatum Lam.
Gnaphalium heteroides Klatt
Gnaphalium purpureum var. falcatum (Lam.) Torr. & A.Gray
Gnaphalium stachydifolium var. falcatum (Lam.) Klatt
Gamochaeta stagnalis, the desert cudweed, is a species of flowering plant in the family Asteraceae. It is native to Mexico, Guatemala, and the southwestern United States (California, Arizona, New Mexico).
Gamochaeta stagnalis is an annual herb up to 35 cm (14 in) tall, producing a slender taproot. Leaves are up to 3 cm (1.2 in) long. The plant forms many small flower heads in tightly packed clumps. Each head contains 3–4 purple disc flowers but no ray flowers.
Gamochaeta stagnalis is very similar to G. purpureum and some G. stagnalis specimens (especially from Arizona) have been misidentified as that species.
References
^ Tropicos, Gamochaeta stagnalis (I.M. Johnst.) Anderb.
^ The Plant List, Gamochaeta stagnalis (I.M.Johnst.) Anderb.
^ a b c Guy L. Nesom 2004. New distribution records for Gamochaeta (Asteraceae: Gnaphalieae) in the United States. Sida 21(2): 1175–1185.
^ Biota of North America Program 2014 county distribution map
^ Calflora taxon report, University of California, Gamochaeta stagnalis (I.M. Johnst.) Anderb.
^ Flora of North America, Gamochaeta stagnalis (I. M. Johnston) Anderberg, 1991. Desert cudweed
Taxon identifiersGamochaeta stagnalis
Wikidata: Q15600844
Calflora: 11712
CoL: 3F8RH
EPPO: GMKST
FNA: 250066794
GBIF: 3139714
iNaturalist: 77223
IPNI: 963078-1
ITIS: 780349
Open Tree of Life: 3898951
Plant List: gcc-80820
POWO: urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:963078-1
Tropicos: 50187006
WFO: wfo-0000119527
WoRMS: 1097033
Gnaphalium stagnale
Wikidata: Q38734370
CoL: 3GKRD
IPNI: 111321-2
POWO: urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:111321-2
Tropicos: 50187005
WFO: wfo-0000045470
WoRMS: 1213616
This Gnaphalieae article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"flowering plant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flowering_plant"},{"link_name":"Asteraceae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asteraceae"},{"link_name":"California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California"},{"link_name":"Arizona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arizona"},{"link_name":"New Mexico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Mexico"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gln-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gln-3"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"G. purpureum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gnaphalium_purpureum"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gln-3"}],"text":"Gamochaeta stagnalis, the desert cudweed, is a species of flowering plant in the family Asteraceae. It is native to Mexico, Guatemala, and the southwestern United States (California, Arizona, New Mexico).[3][4][5]Gamochaeta stagnalis is an annual herb up to 35 cm (14 in) tall, producing a slender taproot. Leaves are up to 3 cm (1.2 in) long. The plant forms many small flower heads in tightly packed clumps. Each head contains 3–4 purple disc flowers but no ray flowers.[3][6]Gamochaeta stagnalis is very similar to G. purpureum and some G. stagnalis specimens (especially from Arizona) have been misidentified as that species.[3]","title":"Gamochaeta stagnalis"}]
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[]
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[{"Link":"http://www.tropicos.org/Name/50187006","external_links_name":"Tropicos, Gamochaeta stagnalis (I.M. Johnst.) Anderb."},{"Link":"http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/gcc-80820","external_links_name":"The Plant List, Gamochaeta stagnalis (I.M.Johnst.) Anderb."},{"Link":"http://www.guynesom.com/Gamochaetarecords.pdf","external_links_name":"Guy L. Nesom 2004. New distribution records for Gamochaeta (Asteraceae: Gnaphalieae) in the United States. Sida 21(2): 1175–1185."},{"Link":"http://bonap.net/MapGallery/County/Gamochaeta%20stagnalis.png","external_links_name":"Biota of North America Program 2014 county distribution map"},{"Link":"http://www.calflora.org/cgi-bin/species_query.cgi?where-calrecnum=11712","external_links_name":"Calflora taxon report, University of California, Gamochaeta stagnalis (I.M. Johnst.) Anderb."},{"Link":"http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=250066794","external_links_name":"Flora of North America, Gamochaeta stagnalis (I. M. Johnston) Anderberg, 1991. Desert cudweed"},{"Link":"https://www.calflora.org/cgi-bin/species_query.cgi?where-calrecnum=11712","external_links_name":"11712"},{"Link":"https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/3F8RH","external_links_name":"3F8RH"},{"Link":"https://gd.eppo.int/taxon/GMKST","external_links_name":"GMKST"},{"Link":"http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=250066794","external_links_name":"250066794"},{"Link":"https://www.gbif.org/species/3139714","external_links_name":"3139714"},{"Link":"https://inaturalist.org/taxa/77223","external_links_name":"77223"},{"Link":"https://www.ipni.org/n/963078-1","external_links_name":"963078-1"},{"Link":"https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=780349","external_links_name":"780349"},{"Link":"https://tree.opentreeoflife.org/taxonomy/browse?id=3898951","external_links_name":"3898951"},{"Link":"http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/gcc-80820","external_links_name":"gcc-80820"},{"Link":"https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn%3Alsid%3Aipni.org%3Anames%3A963078-1","external_links_name":"urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:963078-1"},{"Link":"http://legacy.tropicos.org/Name/50187006","external_links_name":"50187006"},{"Link":"https://list.worldfloraonline.org/wfo-0000119527","external_links_name":"wfo-0000119527"},{"Link":"https://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=1097033","external_links_name":"1097033"},{"Link":"https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/3GKRD","external_links_name":"3GKRD"},{"Link":"https://www.ipni.org/n/111321-2","external_links_name":"111321-2"},{"Link":"https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn%3Alsid%3Aipni.org%3Anames%3A111321-2","external_links_name":"urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:111321-2"},{"Link":"http://legacy.tropicos.org/Name/50187005","external_links_name":"50187005"},{"Link":"https://list.worldfloraonline.org/wfo-0000045470","external_links_name":"wfo-0000045470"},{"Link":"https://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=1213616","external_links_name":"1213616"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gamochaeta_stagnalis&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friederike_Vohs
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Friederike Vohs
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["1 Life","2 Further reading","3 External links","4 References"]
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German actress, singer and opera singer
Friederike Vohs, 1799
Friederike Margarethe Vohs, née Friederike Margarethe Porth (1777 – 10 June 1860) was a German actress and operatic soprano.
Life
Born in Halberstadt, Porth came with her parents to the theater in Weimar in 1793 where she married the actor Heinrich Vohs on 29 June 1793. With him she had five children.
Vohs was the first actress to impersonate the title role in Schiller's drama Maria Stuart in the world premiere on 14 June 1800 at the Deutsches Nationaltheater and Staatskapelle Weimar. She was also the first Thekla in Schiller's Wallenstein in Bad Lauchstädt. Further roles she created were Kreusa in Ion by August Wilhelm Schlegel in 1801, Turandot in the eponymous drama by Schiller as well as Iphigenie in Goethe's drama Iphigenia in Tauris, namely in the new production of 1802. Thanks to her singing talent she also found recognition in opera roles, but went with her husband to Stuttgart in 1802. As his widow she became the mother of an illegitimate daughter of the Prince Paul of Württemberg in 1805. Through this daughter, Karoline, Vohs is an ancestor of British Prime Minister Boris Johnson.
She became a member of the Vienna Hoftheater in 1808, was engaged in Frankfurt from 1805 to 1817 and at the Morettisches Opernhaus from 1818 to 1839. In 1818 she married in second marriage the Dresden court actor Friedrich August Werdy (1770–1847).
A portrait previously thought to be of Goethe's wife Christiane Vulpius, a chalk drawing by Friedrich Bury from the year 1800, in fact shows Friederike Vohs.
Vohs died in Frankfurt.
Further reading
Ulrike Müller-Harang, Das Bildnis der Friederike Voß und seine Umdeutung zu Christiane Vulpius. Untersucht anhand der Quellen, 2007 (PDF-Datei).
Birgit Himmelseher, Friederike Margarete Porth, verw. Vohs, verh. Keer, verh. Werdy (1776–1860), in Stefanie Freyer, Katrin Horn and Nicole Grochowina (edit.), FrauenGestalten Weimar-Jena um 1800. Ein biobibliografisches Lexikon (Ereignis Weimar-Jena. Kultur um 1800, volume 22). Winter, Heidelberg, 2009, pp. 260–263.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Friederike Vohs.
Frau Goethe hat ihr Gesicht verloren, in BZ, 16 April 2007
References
^ Die vertauschten Gesichter – Christiane von Goethe und Friedrike Vohs
^ Das Bildnis der Friederike Voß und seine Umdeutung zu Christiane Vulpius : untersucht anhand der Quellen on WorldCat
^ FrauenGestalten Weimar-Jena um 1800. Ein bio-bibliografisches Lexikon on WorldCat
Authority control databases International
VIAF
WorldCat
National
Germany
People
Deutsche Biographie
Portals: Opera Theatre Germany
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Johnson_and_slavery
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Andrew Johnson and slavery
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["1 Personal ownership of slaves","2 Paternity of Dolly Johnson's children","3 Emancipation Day","4 From Moses to Pharaoh","5 Andrew Johnson and civil rights","6 Previous condition of servitude","7 See also","8 Notes","9 References"]
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Aspect of U.S. history
This article is part of a series aboutAndrew Johnson
Early life
Andrew Johnson and slavery
Legacy
Bibliography
15th Governor of Tennessee
Governorship
16th Vice President of the United States
Vice presidency
Drunk V.P. inaugural address
Assassination of Abraham Lincoln
17th President of the United States
Presidency
Inauguration
Foreign policy
Cabinet appointment
Judicial appointment
Conclusion of Civil War
Reconstruction era
Reconstruction Acts
Civil Rights Act (1866)
Swing Around the Circle
Impeachment
First inquiry
Second inquiry
Trial
Managers investigation
Efforts
Timeline
Articles of impeachment
Vice presidential and Presidential campaigns
1864
National Union national convention
election
1868
Democratic National Convention
Post-presidency
Return to Senate
Death
Cemetery
Historic Site
Family
Eliza McCardle Johnson
Martha Johnson Patterson
Charles Johnson
Mary Johnson Stover
Robert Johnson
Frank Johnson
vte
A now-outdated 1928 biography of Johnson by white Southerner Robert W. Winston described Sam Johnson as Andrew Johnson's "favorite slave"
Bill of sale, for a slave girl named Dolly, from John W. Gragg to Andrew Johnson, dated January 2, 1843 (Gilder Lehrman Collection #GLC02041)
Andrew Johnson, who became the 17th U.S. president following the assassination of Abraham Lincoln, was one of the last U.S. Presidents to personally own slaves. Johnson also oversaw the first years of the Reconstruction era as the head of the executive branch of the U.S. government. This professional obligation clashed with Johnson's long-held personal resentments: "Johnson's attitudes showed much consistency. All of his life he held deep-seated Jacksonian convictions along with prejudices against blacks, sectionalists, and the wealthy." Johnson's engagement with Southern Unionism and Abraham Lincoln is summarized by his statement, "Damn the negroes; I am fighting these traitorous aristocrats, their masters!"
According to Reconstruction historian Manisha Sinha, Johnson is remembered today for making white supremacy the overriding principle of his presidency through "his obdurate opposition to Reconstruction, the project to establish an interracial democracy in the United States after the destruction of slavery. He wanted to prevent, as he put it, the 'Africanization' of the country. Under the guise of strict constructionism, states' rights and opposition to big government, previously deployed by Southern slaveholders to defend slavery, Johnson vetoed all federal laws intended to protect former slaves from racial terror and from the Black Codes passed in the old Confederate states. This reduced African-Americans to a state of semi-servitude. Johnson peddled the racist myth that Southern whites were victimized by black emancipation and citizenship, which became an article of faith among Lost Cause proponents in the postwar South."
"Tennessee" Greenfield (Mass.) Recorder, March 6, 1865
In 1935, W. E. B. DuBois included an essay called "Transubstantiation of a Poor White" in his book Black Reconstruction in America. The topic was Johnson's Presidential Reconstruction, about which DuBois wrote: "Andrew Johnson could not include Negroes in any conceivable democracy. He tried to, but as a poor white, steeped in the limitations, prejudices, and ambitions of his social class, he could not; and this is the key to his career...For Negroes...he had nothing...except the bare possibility that, if given freedom, they might continue to exist and not die out."
Personal ownership of slaves
Andrew Johnson typically said he owned between eight and 10 slaves, although the exact number is "surprisingly difficult to determine." Eight people enslaved by Johnson are listed below; Liz, Florence, and William Johnson were born enslaved. Additional people enslaved by Johnson may be Sam Johnson's wife Margaret and their first three children, Dora, Robert, and Hattie, although their inclusion from a legal standpoint is entirely speculative, as the documentary record of Johnson's slave holdings is scant. Other possible candidates are an unnamed child who may have been born to Dolly between Florence and William Andrew but who died young, and possibly the wife of Henry Brown.
When meeting with Frederick Douglass and other African-American leaders about the prospects for black male suffrage, Andrew Johnson's counterargument to black empowerment was a feigned victimhood. He told the group of visitors: "'I might say, however, that practically, so far as my connection with slaves has gone, I have been their slave instead of their being mine. Some have even followed me here, while others are occupying and enjoying my property with my consent.'" Similarly, in March 1869, shortly after the end of his term in the White House, a newspaperman from Cincinnati found the ex-president at his home in Greeneville and conducted an interview. When asked about slavery, Johnson's reply was rich in me, my, and I statements, as was typical for him: "I never bought but two or three slaves in my life, and I never sold one. The fact is I was always more of a slave than any I owned. Slavery existed here among us, and those that I bought I bought because they wanted me to." The most charitable possible interpretation of this statement, which implies a number of shocking presumptions, is that on some level Johnson understood that his slaves had substantially more character than he himself, a man who has been described as "all in all one of the most unlovable characters in U.S. presidential history," and "in some respects...the most pitiful figure of American history. A man who, despite great power and great ideas, became a puppet, played upon by mighty fingers and selfish, subtle minds; groping, self-made, unlettered and alone; drunk, not so much with liquor, as with the heady wine of sudden and accidental success."
Image
Name
Slave name
Purchase date
Purchase price
Freedom date
Born
Died
Family
Notes
Sam Johnson
Sam
1842-11-29
US$549 (equivalent to $17,333 in 2023)
1863-08-08
1835
after 1883
Married, children
Emancipation Day traditions
Dolly Johnson
Dolly
1843-01-02
US$500 (equivalent to $16,350 in 2023)
1863-08-08
1825–1830 (est.)
after 1886
Married, children
Emancipation Day traditions
Elizabeth Johnson Forby
Liz
Born enslaved under U.S. law because Johnson owned her mother
1863-08-08
1846-03
1905-10-03
Married, children
Florence Johnson Smith
Florence
Born enslaved under U.S. law because Johnson owned her mother
1863-08-08
1850-05
1920-09-20
Married, children; she was survived by her son Edgar Smith;
Worked as a maid at the White House during Johnson's presidency; died at Knoxville
William Andrew Johnson
William Andrew
Born enslaved under U.S. law because Johnson owned her mother
1863-08-08
1858
1943
No spouse, no children
Henry Brown
Unknown, Henry is implied or presumed to have been a former slave, and has likely been historically conflated with Henry Johnson; his exact legal status before the Civil War is unknown
Unknown
1866-10-25
Married
Worked at the White House during Andrew Johnson's presidency, and died there of cholera; had previously been a family servant for a long time
Henry Johnson
1857-05-06
US$1,050 (equivalent to $34,335 in 2023)
1863-08-08
about 1844
1890
Unknown
Worked at the White House during Andrew Johnson's presidency, later worked at the post office; died at Knoxville
Bill
Unknown
Unknown
1863-08-08
Married, children
Robert W. Winston, an early 20th century biographer, describes Bill as a "manservant" whose wife worked as the Johnson family cook
Paternity of Dolly Johnson's children
Since the late 20th century historians have begun to speculate or insinuate that Andrew Johnson may have been the father of two, if not all three, of Dolly Johnson's children. Dolly was enslaved by Johnson from 1843 until 1863. Robert Johnson, Andrew Johnson's second-born son, was listed as father on William Andrew Johnson's death certificate in 1943. There is no concrete evidence either proving or disproving paternity, and there have been no suggested alternate candidates over the last 175 years. The National Park Service, which operates the Andrew Johnson National Historic Site, notes "questionable paternity," and dedicates a page on their website to "Dolly's Children" but goes no further. The father of Dolly Johnson's children could have been "anybody in Greeneville" and yet the relationship between the white and black Johnsons led "Tennessee whites to speculate that Andrew Johnson maintained a 'colored concubine.'" Interestingly, writes historian Annette Gordon-Reed:
fixated on the 'problem' of interracial sex. In fact, he believed that slavery promoted it because it brought blacks and whites into such intimate and daily contact with one another. In the days when the writing was on the wall, and he knew that slavery would die at the hands of the Civil War, Johnson adopted an antislavery stance and began to denounce the institution. All his speeches on the subject 'dwell almost obsessively on racial miscegenation as the institution's main evil.'...the slaveholding Johnson may have used all this hard talk against racial mixture as a cover for his own circumstances. He would not have been the first, or the last, southern white man to travel this tortured psychological route."
If Johnson did have a shadow family with Dolly while hypocritically upholding a race-based caste system, it would have put him in the company of U.S. President Thomas Jefferson, Supreme Court Justice John Catron, sexual-predator U.S. Senator James Henry Hammond, and in the 20th century, U.S. Senator Strom Thurmond. Johnson's possibly having fathered several multiracial children would have been part of a widespread "racial and sexual double standard...in the slaveholding states gave elite white men a free pass for their sexual relationships with black women, as long as the men neither flaunted nor legitimated such unions." American national leaders in less-hypocritical interracial relationships included U.S. Vice President Richard Mentor Johnson and most likely Thaddeus Stevens (chair of the House Ways and Means committee and one of President Johnson's fiercest Congressional opponents). Andrew Johnson lectured newly emancipated blacks on the necessity of avoiding "licentiousness" and the importance of learning the "laws of marriage," but, hypocritically, he himself may not have followed those laws. In addition to suspicions about his sexual exploitation of Dolly, he was accused twice in separate sworn testimonies of being familiar with sex workers; in 1872, he was accused of seducing his neighbor's wife; and he was posthumously described as the source of a "canker" in his wife's heart "fed or created, as the gossips have said, by the marital infidelity of her graceless lord." In 1856 a Knoxville newspaper argued, "Honor conferred upon him is like a jewel put into the nose of a hog—it can escape no possible defilement."
Emancipation Day
Main article: Emancipation Day § Kentucky and Tennessee – August 8
Areas colored in teal were exempted from the effect of Lincoln's Emancipation Proclamation, which only applied to areas considered to be in effective rebellion against the U.S. government
"Celebration at Greeneville" (Knoxville Daily Chronicle, August 9, 1871)
According to family and historical records, Andrew Johnson freed his personal slaves on August 8, 1863, a date that falls between Abraham Lincoln's January 1863 Emancipation Proclamation, from which Tennessee was exempted, and mass emancipation in Tennessee occurred on October 24, 1864, by declaration of military governor Johnson. A new Tennessee constitution abolished slavery in the state as of February 22, 1865. The Thirteenth Amendment of the United States Constitution was ratified in December 1865. According to University of Virginia history professor Elizabeth Maron, "Fearing that emancipation by federal edict would alienate Tennessee's slaveholding Unionists, Johnson urged that the state be exempted from the Emancipation Proclamation, so he could promote the issue from the inside: in August 1863, Johnson freed his own slaves, seeking to set an example for his fellow Tennesseans."
The August 8 date eventually become known as Freedom Day in Tennessee, and was also eventually celebrated in some neighboring communities in Kentucky, Missouri, and southern Illinois. Andrew Johnson himself attended a Freedom Day celebration organized by Sam Johnson in 1871. For the many decades between emancipation and desegregation, the annual August 8 picnic was the only day of the year that blacks were allowed to be in Knoxville's Chilhowee Park. In 1938, William Andrew Johnson, then 80 years old, spoke at a Tennessee Emancipation Day celebration at Chilhowee Park.
Johnson is one of the last surviving slaves in this section. January 1 was designated as Emancipation day but Andrew Johnson freed his slaves August 8 and Negroes of East Tennessee have always observed that date as Emancipation day. The celebration this year has been changed to August 9 because August 8 is on Sunday.— The Knoxville Journal, August 8, 1938
From Moses to Pharaoh
Prior to the summer of 1863, Johnson had staunchly opposed general emancipation, but beginning in August of that year, he made a sharp heel-turn in favor of freeing the slaves. Historians find that "his opinion changed with little warning. Flattery by Northern politicians during a tour of Northern states may have swayed him; loyalty to Lincoln's war policy and ambitions to serve on a presidential ticket in 1864 assuredly influenced him as well."Andrew Johnson vetoed a bill extending funding for the Freedmen's Bureau (editorial cartoon by Thomas Nast, Harper's Weekly, April 14, 1866)
Andrew Johnson made what is remembered as the Moses speech, on October 24, 1864, in Nashville, Tennessee, when he was military governor of Tennessee and a candidate for vice president on the Lincoln Unionist ticket. "Before an audience of ten thousand colored men...amidst cheers which shook the sky," Johnson proclaimed that he would act for their benefit and advancement as a race now that the slaves of the United States had been emancipated.
I will indeed be your Moses, and lead you through the Red Sea of war and bondage, to a fairer future of liberty and peace. I speak, too, as a citizen of Tennessee. I am here on my own soil, and here I mean to stay and fight this great battle of truth and justice to a triumphant end. Rebellion and slavery shall, by God's good help, no longer pollute our State. Loyal men, whether white or black, shall alone control her destinies: and when this strife in which we are all engaged is past, I trust, I know, we shall have a better state of things, and shall all rejoice that honest labor reaps the fruit of its own industry, and that every man has a fair chance in the race of life.— Andrew Johnson
Johnson refers to the Biblical figure Moses from the book of Exodus, who led the enslaved Jews of ancient Egypt out of bondage with the aid of his god, who parts the Red Sea so that they may pass, and then releases the waters upon their pursuers.
Brownlow's Knoxville Whig resurfaced some of Johnson's past vows on July 4, 1866
Johnson betrayed those who trusted in this campaign promise. As a 1989 book review put it, "Nowhere was Johnson's duplicitous nature more cruelly evident than on questions of race." Per historian Robert S. Levine, "...Johnson worked to undermine the Freedmen's Bureau, to dismantle other Reconstruction initiatives, and to prevent African Americans from attaining equal rights through federal legislation." The betrayal, which contributed to the failure of Reconstruction and another 100 years of racial oppression, continues to be a central focus of historians, but was recognized and criticized in his own time. Johnson's turn from staunch Unionist to Confederate apologist, and his centrality to the diminishment of the goals of Reconstruction, was also gratefully lauded by his fellow white supremacists of the legacy South:
To show the great change effected in Mr. Johnson, no further proof is needed than extracts from Southern papers. The Memphis Argus, one of the most uncompromising rebel sheets published, said in 1862:
"We should to like to see Andrew Johnson's lying tongue torn from his foul mouth, and his miserable carcass thrown to the dogs, or hung on a gibbet as high as Haman to feed the carrion buzzards."
The same paper, edited by the same man, says in 1866:
"The iron firmness, the undismayed soul of a single man (Andrew Johnson) is all that stands between us and the fatal vortex of anarchy and resultant despotism which has engulphed the lives and fortunes of many millions before us.—Let us rally to the side of that man, determined to save or perish with the Republic."
In a report about Johnson's supposed tears over superficial gestures of national comity at the pro-Johnson 1866 National Union Convention in Philadelphia: "There is good reason to believe, that when Miss Columbia, in imitation of Miss Pharaoh, fished among the bulrushes and slimy waters of Southern plebeianism for a little Moses, she slung out a young crocodile instead. He is a crocodile by nature, although he calls himself Moses. He craunches and gulps down whatever stands in his way, without any signs of mercy, yet is always prepared to shed tears to order." The image that Johnson provided of himself-as-Moses was sufficiently rich that it continues to be applied with grim irony to present day.
Thomas Nast depicted the supposed crocodile tears of "Moses" in this cartoon about the 1866 National Union Convention in Philadelphia.
Congressmen, including U.S. Senator Sumner, referenced the Moses speech during the Andrew Johnson impeachment hearings:
Andrew Johnson is the impersonation of the tyrannical slave power. In him it lives again. He is the lineal successor of John C. Calhoun and Jefferson Davis; and he gathers about him the same supporters. Original partisans of slavery north and south; habitual compromisers of great principles; maligners of the Declaration of Independence; politicians without heart; lawyers, for whom a technicality is everything, and a promiscuous company who at every stage of the battle have set their faces against equal rights; these are his allies. It is the old troop of slavery, with a few recruits, ready as of old for violence...With the President at their head, they are now entrenched in the Executive Mansion. Not to dislodge them is to leave the country a prey to one of the most hateful tyrannies of history...Not a month, not a week, not day should be lost. The safety of the Republic requires action at once. The lives of innocent men must be rescued from sacrifice. I would not in this judgment depart from that moderation which belongs to the occasion; but God forbid that, when called to deal with so great an offender, should affect a coldness which I cannot feel. Slavery has been our worst enemy, assailing all, murdering our children, filling our homes with mourning, and darkening the land with tragedy; and now it rears its crest anew, with Andrew Johnson as its representative. Through him assumes once more to rule the Republic and to impose its cruel law. The enormity of his conduct is aggravated by his bare faced treachery. He once declared himself the Moses of the colored race. Behold him now the Pharaoh.— U.S. Senator Charles Sumner (R-Massachusetts), written statement regarding impeachment vote
Andrew Johnson and civil rights
Illustration from David Ross Locke's book about Johnson's 1866 presidential trip
Johnson vetoed several pieces of Congressional legislation that were designed to improve the humanitarian conditions of recently emancipated slaves and/or provide black men with rights that had previously been held only by white men. Johnson would typically "claim that the future status of freed people was not an issue of racism, but an issue of constitutionality." He thus opposed almost all aspects of Congressional Reconstruction, including the Fourteenth Amendment. He argued that improvements in the status of black Americans would only be legitimate if passed on the state, rather than federal level, but he also vetoed the D.C. Franchise Bill, and the District of Columbia is constitutionally defined as the jurisdiction of no state but solely of the U.S. Congress. In American Heritage magazine, historian David Herbert Donald retold a colorful story about Johnson's use of whataboutism in discussions with Sumner about the necessity of the Freedmen's Bureau:
The Senator was depressed by Johnson's 'prejudice, ignorance, and perversity' on the Negro suffrage issue. Far from listening amiably to Sumner's argument that the South was still torn by violence and not yet ready tor readmission, Johnson attacked him with cheap analogies. 'Are there no murders in Massachusetts?' the President asked.
'Unhappily yes,' Sumner replied, 'sometimes.'
'Are there no assaults in Boston? Do not men there sometimes knock each other down, so that the police is obliged to interfere?'
'Unhappily yes.'
'Would you consent that Massachusetts, on this account, should be excluded from Congress?' Johnson triumphantly queried. In the excitement of the argument, the President unconsciously used Sumner's hat, which the Senator had placed on the floor beside his chair, as a spittoon!
Andrew Johnson presidential vetoes (partial list)
Veto date
Bill
February 19, 1866
Freedmen's Bureau Bill
During his Swing Around the Circle Tour he complained about "the cost of the Freedmen's Bureau and of re-enslavement of the Negro by its agents"
March 27, 1866
Civil Rights Bill
July 16, 1866
Freedmen's Bureau Bill
January 5, 1867
District of Columbia Suffrage Act
March 2, 1867
First Military Reconstruction Act (see Reconstruction Acts)
March 23, 1867
Second Military Reconstruction Act
July 19, 1867
Third Military Reconstruction Act
July 25, 1868
Freedmen's Bureau Bill
Previous condition of servitude
This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (January 2024)"Andrew Johnson's Indenture" (Asheville News, August 20, 1869, Page 4)
Andrew Johnson was probably experientially closer to chattel slavery than any other U.S. president. At age 10 he was indentured by his mother and stepfather to a tailor, to whom he was legally bound until age 21. He was required to work incessantly, and a traditional education was out of the question. He ran away at age 15. His master, James Selby, put a "runaway servant" ad in the newspaper. White supremacist writer, magazine editor, and librarian/archivist John Trotwood Moore described teenage Johnson in a 1929 Saturday Evening Post article as a "slave-bound boy." One study of presidential rhetorical styles argued, "no amount of success could fully compensate for the needs left from his traumatic childhood."
See also
List of United States presidential vetoes § Andrew Johnson
Voting rights in the United States
Bibliography of Andrew Johnson
Presidency of Andrew Johnson
Reconstruction era
Freedmen's Bureau bills
Freedmen massacres
Reconstruction Amendments
Nadir of American race relations
Andrew Johnson alcoholism debate
African Americans in Tennessee
Woodrow Wilson and race
Notes
^ Ulysses S. Grant married into slave ownership, briefly.
^ Anecdotes attributed to Bill bear a distinct resemblance to later quotes from William Andrew Johnson.
References
^ "Bill of sale to Andrew Johnson for a slave girl named Dolly". Gilder Lehrman Institute of American History. Greene County, Tenn. 1843. GLC02041. Retrieved 2023-05-03.
^ a b Cimprich, John (1980). "Military Governor Johnson and Tennessee Blacks, 1862-65". Tennessee Historical Quarterly. 39 (4): 459–470. ISSN 0040-3261. JSTOR 42626128.
^ Sinha, Manisha (November 29, 2019). "Donald Trump, Meet Your Precursor". Opinion. The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2023-07-30.
^ a b DuBois, W.E.B. (1935). "Transubstantiation of a Poor White". Black Reconstruction: An Essay Toward a History of the Part Which Black Folk Played in the Attempt to Reconstruct Democracy in America, 1860-1888. New York: Russell. pp. 242–244 – via Internet Archive.
^ Bowen, David Warren (1989). Andrew Johnson and the Negro. Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press. pp. 51–57. ISBN 978-0-87049-584-7. LCCN 88009668. OCLC 17764213.
^ a b c d e "Slaves of Andrew Johnson". Andrew Johnson National Historic Site (nps.gov). Retrieved 2023-06-23.
^ a b "Washington: By Telegraph to the Tribune". New York Tribune. October 29, 1866. p. 10. Retrieved 2023-06-26 – via NewspaperArchive.com.
^ a b c d Fling, Sarah (2020). "The Formerly Enslaved Households of President Andrew Johnson". WHHA (en-US). Retrieved 2023-08-01.
^ a b Browne, Stephen Howard (2008). "Andrew Johnson and the Politics of Character". In Medhurst, Martin J. (ed.). Before the Rhetorical Presidency. College Station: Texas A&M University Press. pp. 194–212. ISBN 978-1-60344-626-6. Retrieved 2023-07-30 – via Project MUSE.
^ a b "Interviewed: A Confab with Andrew Johnson, What the ex-President Says About Matters and Things". Republican Banner. March 28, 1869. p. 1. Retrieved 2023-08-03.
^ "Negro Woman, Served as White House Maid, Dies Here at Age of 80 Years". The Journal and Tribune. September 16, 1920. p. 4. Retrieved 2023-06-24.
^ "Johnson's Housemaid". Chattanooga Daily Times. September 16, 1920. p. 3. Retrieved 2023-06-24.
^ Holland, Jesse J. (January 2016). The Invisibles: The Untold Story of African American Slaves in the White House. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 196. ISBN 978-1-4930-2419-3.
^ Winston, Robert W. (1928). Andrew Johnson, Plebeian and Patriot. New York: Henry Holt & Company. LCCN 28007534. OCLC 475518. OL 6712742M – via HathiTrust.
^ Boren, Rance A. (September 2022). "A case of neglect". Cortex. 154: 254–258. doi:10.1016/j.cortex.2022.06.003. ISSN 0010-9452. PMID 35810499. S2CID 249650951.
^ Wineapple, Brenda (2020). The Impeachers: The Trial of Andrew Johnson and the Dream of a Just Nation. Random House Publishing Group. p. 52. ISBN 9780812987911 – via Libby.
^ a b c Gordon-Reed, Annette (2011). Andrew Johnson. The American Presidents Series. New York: Times Books/Henry Holt. pp. 16, 41–42, 128–129. ISBN 978-0-8050-6948-8. LCCN 2010032595. OCLC 154806758.
^ Holland, Jesse J. (2016). The Invisibles: The Untold Story of African American Slaves in the White House. Guilford, Conn.: Lyons Press. pp. 193–201. ISBN 978-1-4930-0846-9. LCCN 2015034010. OCLC 926105956.
^ Bowen, David Warren (2005) . "Chapter 3: The Defender of Slavery". Andrew Johnson and the Negro. Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press. pp. 54–55. ISBN 978-0-87049-584-7. LCCN 88009668. OCLC 17764213. Originally published as a thesis: ProQuest 7710753.
^ a b Miller, Zachary A. (August 2022). False Idol: The Memory of Andrew Johnson and Reconstruction in Greeneville, Tennessee 1869-2022 (Master of Arts thesis). Eastern Tennessee State University. p. 117. Paper 4096.
^ "William A. Johnson, 16 May 1943; Death, Knox, Tennessee, United States", Tennessee Deaths, 1914-1966, Tennessee State Library and Archives, Nashville – via FamilySearch
^ Greeneville, Mailing Address: Andrew Johnson National Historic Site 121 Monument Ave; Us, TN 37743 Phone: 423 638-3551 Contact. "Slaves of Andrew Johnson - Andrew Johnson National Historic Site (U.S. National Park Service)". www.nps.gov. Retrieved 2023-08-01.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
^ Greeneville, Mailing Address: Andrew Johnson National Historic Site 121 Monument Ave; Us, TN 37743 Phone: 423 638-3551 Contact. "Dolly's Children - Andrew Johnson National Historic Site (U.S. National Park Service)". www.nps.gov. Retrieved 2023-08-01.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
^ Egerton, Douglas R. (2014). The Wars of Reconstruction: The Brief, Violent History of America's Most Progressive Era. Bloomsbury Publishing USA. p. 59. ISBN 978-1-60819-566-4.
^ a b Clinton, Catherine (2010), Brooten, Bernadette J. (ed.), "Breaking the Silence: Sexual Hypocrisies from Thomas Jefferson to Strom Thurmond", Beyond Slavery, New York: Palgrave Macmillan US, pp. 213–228, doi:10.1057/9780230113893_13, ISBN 978-0-230-10017-6, retrieved 2023-08-01
^ Potter, Leslie (February 20, 2020). "The Lost Story of Julia Chinn > KET". KET. Retrieved 2023-08-01.
^ "Thaddeus Stevens, Relationship with Lydia Hamilton Smith (Trefousse, 1997) | House Divided". hd.housedivided.dickinson.edu. Retrieved 2023-08-01.
^ a b c d e Schroeder-Lein, Glenna R.; Zuczek, Richard (June 22, 2001). Andrew Johnson: A Biographical Companion. Santa Barbara, Calif.: ABC-CLIO. pp. 32–35 (Blacks, Johnson's attitude toward), 269–270 (Slaves, owned by Johnson), 305 (vetoes). ISBN 978-1-57607-030-7.
^ "The Impeachment Case". The Pittsburgh Daily Commercial. July 27, 1867. p. 1. Retrieved 2023-08-05.
^ "Lucy Cobb & Lafayette Baker". Semi-Weekly Wisconsin. November 30, 1867. p. 4. Retrieved 2023-08-05.
^ "The Greenville, Tenn. Scandal: A Libel on Ex-President Johnson". New York Daily Herald. May 29, 1872. p. 7. Retrieved 2023-08-05.
^ "A. Johnson, Tailor - The Curtain Raises and Delusions as to His Real Character Dispelled". Public Ledger. August 17, 1891. p. 1. Retrieved 2023-08-05.
^ "Andrew Johnson—Still in the Gutter". The Knoxville Register. October 9, 1856. p. 2. Retrieved 2023-08-05.
^ "Celebration at Greeneville ". Knoxville Daily Chronicle. August 9, 1871. p. 4. Retrieved 2023-06-24 – via Newspapers.com.
^ a b "The Emancipation Proclamation in Tennessee". tnmuseum.org. Retrieved 2023-08-05.
^ a b Brown, Fred (June 24, 2023). "Significance of this date recorded mainly in hearts; Researchers seek more (Part 1 of 1)". Local section, Appalachian Journal column. The Knoxville News-Sentinel. p. B1. Page image 22. Retrieved 2023-06-24 – via Newspapers.com. & "Journal (Part 2 of 2)". August 10, 2003. p. B2.
^ Varon, Elizabeth (October 4, 2016). "Andrew Johnson: Life Before the Presidency". Miller Center. University of Virginia. Archived from the original on 2023-03-21. Retrieved 2023-05-08.
^ "Knoxville Daily Chronicle 09 Aug 1871, page Page 4". Newspapers.com. Retrieved 2023-06-24.
^ a b "William Andrew Johnson speaks at August 8th Event, 1937". The Knoxville Journal. August 6, 1937. p. 3. Retrieved 2023-05-17.
^ Astor, Aaron (August 9, 2013). "When Andrew Johnson Freed His Slaves". Opinionator. The New York Times. Retrieved 2024-02-10.
^ Nast, Thomas (April 14, 1866). "Untitled caricature collage". Harper's Weekly: A Journal of Civilization. Vol. X, no. 485. p. 232 – via Internet Archive.
^ ""The Moses of the Colored Men" Speech". Andrew Johnson National Historic Site (U.S. National Park Service). Retrieved 2023-07-09.
^ "The Modern Moses". Cleveland Daily Leader. February 26, 1866. p. 2. Retrieved 2023-07-09.
^ "Book review of Trefousse biography of Andrew Johnson". American Heritage. Vol. 40, no. 5. July–August 1989. Retrieved 2023-07-09.
^ a b Levine, Robert S. (2021). The Failed Promise: Reconstruction, Frederick Douglass, and the Impeachment of Andrew Johnson. W.W. Norton & Company. p. 208. ISBN 9781324004769. LCCN 2021005132.
^ Varon, Elizabeth R. (March 3, 2016). "Andrew Johnson and the Legacy of the Civil War". Oxford Research Encyclopedia of American History. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/acrefore/9780199329175.013.11. ISBN 978-0-19-932917-5. Retrieved 2023-07-09.
^ a b "President Johnson". The Baltimore County Union, The Towson News. September 1, 1866. p. 2. Retrieved 2023-07-19.
^ "Tears". White Cloud Kansas Chief. August 30, 1866. p. 2. Retrieved 2023-07-19.
^ Reynolds, David S. "He Was No Moses". ISSN 0028-7504. Retrieved 2023-07-19.
^ Rothera, Evan (January 27, 2020). ""Moses in Retirement": Andrew Johnson, 1869-1876". The Gettysburg Historical Journal. 7 (1). ISSN 2327-3917.
^ Fleming, Walter Lynwood (1906). Documentary History of Reconstruction: Political, Military, Social, Religious, Educational & Industrial, 1865 to the Present Time. A.H. Clark Company. p. 471.
^ a b "Why They Impeached Andrew Johnson". AMERICAN HERITAGE. Retrieved 2024-01-05.
^ Phifer, Gregg (1952). "Andrew Johnson Argues a Case". Tennessee Historical Quarterly. 11 (2): 148–170. ISSN 0040-3261. JSTOR 42621106.
^ Bailey, Fred Arthur (1999). "John Trotwood Moore and the Patrician Cult of the New South". Tennessee Historical Quarterly. 58 (1): 16–33. ISSN 0040-3261. JSTOR 42627447.
^ Moore, John Trotwood (March 30, 1929). "Andrew Johnson—The Rail-Splitter's Running Mate". Saturday Evening Post. Vol. 201, no. 39. pp. 24–25, 162, 165, 166, 169.
^ Barber, James D. (1968). "Adult Identity and Presidential Style: The Rhetorical Emphasis". Daedalus. 97 (3): 938–968. ISSN 0011-5266. JSTOR 20023846.
vteAndrew Johnson
17th President of the United States (1865–1869)
16th Vice President of the United States (1865)
Senator from Tennessee (1857–1862, 1875)
15th Governor of Tennessee (1853–1857, 1862–1865)
Life
Homestead Acts
Southern Unionist
War Democrat
1864 United States presidential election
1864 National Union National Convention
Drunk vice-presidential inaugural address
Kirkwood House
Presidency
Inauguration of Andrew Johnson
1865 State of the Union Address
1866 State of the Union Address
1867 State of the Union Address
Foreign policy
Reconstruction era
Civil Rights Act of 1866
National Union Party
1866 National Union Convention
Swing Around the Circle
1866 and 1867 United States House of Representatives elections
Colorado Territory
Reconstruction Acts
Pardons for ex-Confederates
Tenure of Office Act (1867)
Impeachment of Andrew Johnson
Impeachment trial of Andrew Johnson
First impeachment inquiry into Andrew Johnson
Second impeachment inquiry into Andrew Johnson
Efforts to impeach Andrew Johnson
1868 impeachment managers investigation
Command of Army Act
Alaska Purchase
List of federal judges appointed by Andrew Johnson
Judicial Circuits Act
Southern Homestead Act of 1866
1868 Democratic National Convention
Public image
Andrew Johnson National Cemetery
Andrew Johnson National Historic Site
President Andrew Johnson Museum and Library
Tennessee Johnson
Amphitheatrum Johnsonianum
Andy's Trip
Family
Eliza McCardle Johnson (wife)
Martha Johnson Patterson (daughter)
David T. Patterson (son-in-law)
Charles Johnson (son)
Mary Johnson Stover (daughter)
Daniel Stover (son-in-law)
Robert Johnson (son)
Frank Johnson (son)
Slaves
Andrew Johnson and slavery
Henry Brown
Elizabeth J. Forby
Dolly Johnson
Henry Johnson
Sam Johnson
William A. Johnson
Florence J. Smith
Related
Alcoholism debate
Mrs. Harold
Ledger-removal allegation
Buell Commission records
← Abraham Lincoln
Ulysses S. Grant →
← Hannibal Hamlin
Schuyler Colfax →
Category
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sam_Johnson_(Tennessee).jpg"},{"link_name":"Robert W. Winston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_W._Winston"},{"link_name":"Sam Johnson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sam_Johnson_(Tennessee)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:GLC02041_captioned_page_1.jpg"},{"link_name":"Dolly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dolly_Johnson"},{"link_name":"Gilder Lehrman Collection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilder_Lehrman_Institute_of_American_History"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Andrew Johnson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Johnson"},{"link_name":"U.S. president","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._president"},{"link_name":"assassination of Abraham Lincoln","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assassination_of_Abraham_Lincoln"},{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Reconstruction era","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reconstruction_era"},{"link_name":"Jacksonian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacksonian_democracy"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:5-3"},{"link_name":"Southern Unionism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Unionist"},{"link_name":"Abraham Lincoln","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln"},{"link_name":"their masters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planter_class"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:5-3"},{"link_name":"Manisha Sinha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manisha_Sinha"},{"link_name":"white supremacy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_supremacy"},{"link_name":"strict constructionism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strict_constructionism"},{"link_name":"states' rights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/States%27_rights"},{"link_name":"big government","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_government"},{"link_name":"Black Codes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Codes_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"Confederate states","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confederate_States_of_America"},{"link_name":"Lost Cause","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lost_Cause_of_the_Confederacy"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%22Tennessee_%22_Greenfield_(Mass.)_Recorder,_March_6,_1865.jpg"},{"link_name":"W. E. B. DuBois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W._E._B._DuBois"},{"link_name":"Black Reconstruction in America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Reconstruction_in_America"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-5"}],"text":"A now-outdated 1928 biography of Johnson by white Southerner Robert W. Winston described Sam Johnson as Andrew Johnson's \"favorite slave\"Bill of sale, for a slave girl named Dolly, from John W. Gragg to Andrew Johnson, dated January 2, 1843 (Gilder Lehrman Collection #GLC02041)[1]Andrew Johnson, who became the 17th U.S. president following the assassination of Abraham Lincoln, was one of the last U.S. Presidents to personally own slaves.[a] Johnson also oversaw the first years of the Reconstruction era as the head of the executive branch of the U.S. government. This professional obligation clashed with Johnson's long-held personal resentments: \"Johnson's attitudes showed much consistency. All of his life he held deep-seated Jacksonian convictions along with prejudices against blacks, sectionalists, and the wealthy.\"[2] Johnson's engagement with Southern Unionism and Abraham Lincoln is summarized by his statement, \"Damn the negroes; I am fighting these traitorous aristocrats, their masters!\"[2]According to Reconstruction historian Manisha Sinha, Johnson is remembered today for making white supremacy the overriding principle of his presidency through \"his obdurate opposition to Reconstruction, the project to establish an interracial democracy in the United States after the destruction of slavery. He wanted to prevent, as he put it, the 'Africanization' of the country. Under the guise of strict constructionism, states' rights and opposition to big government, previously deployed by Southern slaveholders to defend slavery, Johnson vetoed all federal laws intended to protect former slaves from racial terror and from the Black Codes passed in the old Confederate states. This reduced African-Americans to a state of semi-servitude. Johnson peddled the racist myth that Southern whites were victimized by black emancipation and citizenship, which became an article of faith among Lost Cause proponents in the postwar South.\"[3]\"Tennessee\" Greenfield (Mass.) Recorder, March 6, 1865In 1935, W. E. B. DuBois included an essay called \"Transubstantiation of a Poor White\" in his book Black Reconstruction in America. The topic was Johnson's Presidential Reconstruction, about which DuBois wrote: \"Andrew Johnson could not include Negroes in any conceivable democracy. He tried to, but as a poor white, steeped in the limitations, prejudices, and ambitions of his social class, he could not; and this is the key to his career...For [the future of the] Negroes...he had nothing...except the bare possibility that, if given freedom, they might continue to exist and not die out.\"[4]","title":"Andrew Johnson and slavery"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:6-7"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:6-7"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:7-8"},{"link_name":"Frederick Douglass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_Douglass"},{"link_name":"black male suffrage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voting_rights_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-9"},{"link_name":"Cincinnati","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cincinnati"},{"link_name":"Greeneville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greeneville,_Tennessee"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:20-10"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Republican_Banner-11"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:20-10"},{"link_name":"drunk, not so much with liquor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Johnson_alcoholism_debate"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-5"}],"text":"Andrew Johnson typically said he owned between eight and 10 slaves, although the exact number is \"surprisingly difficult to determine.\"[5] Eight people enslaved by Johnson are listed below; Liz, Florence, and William Johnson were born enslaved. Additional people enslaved by Johnson may be Sam Johnson's wife Margaret and their first three children, Dora, Robert, and Hattie, although their inclusion from a legal standpoint is entirely speculative, as the documentary record of Johnson's slave holdings is scant.[6] Other possible candidates are an unnamed child who may have been born to Dolly between Florence and William Andrew but who died young,[6] and possibly the wife of Henry Brown.[7]When meeting with Frederick Douglass and other African-American leaders about the prospects for black male suffrage, Andrew Johnson's counterargument to black empowerment was a feigned victimhood. He told the group of visitors: \"'I might say, however, that practically, so far as my connection with slaves has gone, I have been their slave instead of their being mine. Some have even followed me here, while others are occupying and enjoying my property with my consent.'\"[8] Similarly, in March 1869, shortly after the end of his term in the White House, a newspaperman from Cincinnati found the ex-president at his home in Greeneville and conducted an interview. When asked about slavery, Johnson's reply was rich in me, my, and I statements, as was typical for him:[9] \"I never bought but two or three slaves in my life, and I never sold one. The fact is [laughs] I was always more of a slave than any I owned. Slavery existed here among us, and those that I bought I bought because they wanted me to.\"[10] The most charitable possible interpretation of this statement, which implies a number of shocking presumptions, is that on some level Johnson understood that his slaves had substantially more character than he himself, a man who has been described as \"all in all one of the most unlovable characters in U.S. presidential history,\"[9] and \"in some respects...the most pitiful figure of American history. A man who, despite great power and great ideas, became a puppet, played upon by mighty fingers and selfish, subtle minds; groping, self-made, unlettered and alone; drunk, not so much with liquor, as with the heady wine of sudden and accidental success.\"[4]","title":"Personal ownership of slaves"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dolly Johnson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dolly_Johnson"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-9"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-19"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:9-21"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:12-22"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-9"},{"link_name":"Robert Johnson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Johnson_(Tennessee)"},{"link_name":"William Andrew Johnson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Andrew_Johnson"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:10-23"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-9"},{"link_name":"National Park Service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Park_Service"},{"link_name":"Andrew Johnson National Historic Site","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Johnson_National_Historic_Site"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"Greeneville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greeneville,_Tennessee"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"Annette Gordon-Reed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annette_Gordon-Reed"},{"link_name":"interracial sex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Race_and_sexuality"},{"link_name":"Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"miscegenation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miscegenation"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-19"},{"link_name":"shadow family","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shadow_family"},{"link_name":"Thomas Jefferson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson"},{"link_name":"John Catron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Catron"},{"link_name":"James Henry Hammond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_H._Hammond"},{"link_name":"Strom Thurmond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strom_Thurmond"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-27"},{"link_name":"slaveholding states","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slave_states_and_free_states"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-27"},{"link_name":"Richard Mentor Johnson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Mentor_Johnson"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"Thaddeus Stevens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thaddeus_Stevens"},{"link_name":"House Ways and Means committee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_House_Committee_on_Ways_and_Means"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:8-30"},{"link_name":"sex workers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sex_worker"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"seducing his neighbor's wife","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emily_Harold"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"}],"text":"Since the late 20th century historians have begun to speculate or insinuate that Andrew Johnson may have been the father of two, if not all three, of Dolly Johnson's children.[8][15][16][17][18][19][20] Dolly was enslaved by Johnson from 1843 until 1863.[8] Robert Johnson, Andrew Johnson's second-born son, was listed as father on William Andrew Johnson's death certificate in 1943.[21] There is no concrete evidence either proving or disproving paternity, and there have been no suggested alternate candidates over the last 175 years.[8] The National Park Service, which operates the Andrew Johnson National Historic Site, notes \"questionable paternity,\"[22] and dedicates a page on their website to \"Dolly's Children\" but goes no further.[23] The father of Dolly Johnson's children could have been \"anybody in Greeneville\" and yet the relationship between the white and black Johnsons led \"Tennessee whites to speculate that Andrew Johnson maintained a 'colored concubine.'\"[24] Interestingly, writes historian Annette Gordon-Reed:[Johnson] fixated on the 'problem' of interracial sex. In fact, he believed that slavery promoted it because it brought blacks and whites into such intimate and daily contact with one another. In the days when the writing was on the wall, and he knew that slavery would die at the hands of the Civil War, Johnson adopted an antislavery stance and began to denounce the institution. All his speeches on the subject 'dwell almost obsessively on racial miscegenation as the institution's main evil.'...the slaveholding Johnson may have used all this hard talk against racial mixture as a cover for his own circumstances. He would not have been the first, or the last, southern white man to travel this tortured psychological route.\"[17]If Johnson did have a shadow family with Dolly while hypocritically upholding a race-based caste system, it would have put him in the company of U.S. President Thomas Jefferson, Supreme Court Justice John Catron, sexual-predator U.S. Senator James Henry Hammond, and in the 20th century, U.S. Senator Strom Thurmond.[25] Johnson's possibly having fathered several multiracial children would have been part of a widespread \"racial and sexual double standard...in the slaveholding states [that] gave elite white men a free pass for their sexual relationships with black women, as long as the men neither flaunted nor legitimated such unions.\"[25] American national leaders in less-hypocritical interracial relationships included U.S. Vice President Richard Mentor Johnson[26] and most likely Thaddeus Stevens (chair of the House Ways and Means committee and one of President Johnson's fiercest Congressional opponents).[27] Andrew Johnson lectured newly emancipated blacks on the necessity of avoiding \"licentiousness\" and the importance of learning the \"laws of marriage,\"[28] but, hypocritically, he himself may not have followed those laws. In addition to suspicions about his sexual exploitation of Dolly, he was accused twice in separate sworn testimonies of being familiar with sex workers;[29][30] in 1872, he was accused of seducing his neighbor's wife;[31] and he was posthumously described as the source of a \"canker\" in his wife's heart \"fed or created, as the gossips have said, by the marital infidelity of her graceless lord.\"[32] In 1856 a Knoxville newspaper argued, \"Honor conferred upon him is like a jewel put into the nose of a hog—it can escape no possible defilement.\"[33]","title":"Paternity of Dolly Johnson's children"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Emancipation_Proclamation.PNG"},{"link_name":"Emancipation Proclamation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emancipation_Proclamation"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Celebration_at_Greeneville.jpg"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"Emancipation Proclamation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emancipation_Proclamation"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Republican_Banner-11"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:11-37"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:11-37"},{"link_name":"Thirteenth Amendment of the United States Constitution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thirteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TNfreedomday-38"},{"link_name":"University of Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Elizabeth Maron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Elizabeth_Maron&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Emancipation Proclamation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emancipation_Proclamation"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:12-22"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:6-7"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"desegregation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desegregation_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Knoxville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knoxville,_Tennessee"},{"link_name":"Chilhowee Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chilhowee_Park"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TNfreedomday-38"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-emancipation1937-41"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-emancipation1937-41"}],"text":"Areas colored in teal were exempted from the effect of Lincoln's Emancipation Proclamation, which only applied to areas considered to be in effective rebellion against the U.S. government\"Celebration at Greeneville\" (Knoxville Daily Chronicle, August 9, 1871)[34]According to family and historical records, Andrew Johnson freed his personal slaves on August 8, 1863, a date that falls between Abraham Lincoln's January 1863 Emancipation Proclamation, from which Tennessee was exempted, and mass emancipation in Tennessee occurred on October 24, 1864, by declaration of military governor Johnson.[10][35] A new Tennessee constitution abolished slavery in the state as of February 22, 1865.[35] The Thirteenth Amendment of the United States Constitution was ratified in December 1865.[36] According to University of Virginia history professor Elizabeth Maron, \"Fearing that emancipation by federal edict would alienate Tennessee's slaveholding Unionists, Johnson urged that the state be exempted from the Emancipation Proclamation, so he could promote the issue from the inside: in August 1863, Johnson freed his own slaves, seeking to set an example for his fellow Tennesseans.\"[37]The August 8 date eventually become known as Freedom Day in Tennessee, and was also eventually celebrated in some neighboring communities in Kentucky, Missouri, and southern Illinois.[20] Andrew Johnson himself attended a Freedom Day celebration organized by Sam Johnson in 1871.[6][38] For the many decades between emancipation and desegregation, the annual August 8 picnic was the only day of the year that blacks were allowed to be in Knoxville's Chilhowee Park.[36] In 1938, William Andrew Johnson, then 80 years old, spoke at a Tennessee Emancipation Day celebration at Chilhowee Park.[39]Johnson is one of the last surviving slaves in this section. January 1 was designated as Emancipation day but Andrew Johnson freed his slaves August 8 and Negroes of East Tennessee have always observed that date as Emancipation day. The celebration this year has been changed to August 9 because August 8 is on Sunday.— The Knoxville Journal, August 8, 1938[39]","title":"Emancipation Day"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nast_on_Andrew_Johnson.jpg"},{"link_name":"vetoed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veto_power_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Freedmen's Bureau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedmen%27s_Bureau_bills"},{"link_name":"Thomas Nast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Nast"},{"link_name":"Harper's Weekly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harper%27s_Weekly"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"Lincoln Unionist ticket","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1864_National_Union_National_Convention"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"Biblical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bible"},{"link_name":"Moses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moses"},{"link_name":"book of Exodus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_of_Exodus"},{"link_name":"Red Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Sea"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Treason_must_be_made_odious.jpg"},{"link_name":"Brownlow's Knoxville Whig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brownlow%27s_Knoxville_Whig"},{"link_name":"campaign promise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Election_promise"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"Robert S. Levine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_S._Levine"},{"link_name":"Freedmen's Bureau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedmen%27s_Bureau"},{"link_name":"Reconstruction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reconstruction_era"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-47"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-47"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MDpaper1866-49"},{"link_name":"Memphis Argus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Memphis_Argus&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"gibbet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gibbet"},{"link_name":"Haman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haman"},{"link_name":"carrion buzzards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_World_vulture"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MDpaper1866-49"},{"link_name":"1866 National Union Convention","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1866_National_Union_Convention"},{"link_name":"Miss Columbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_(personification)"},{"link_name":"Miss Pharaoh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pharaoh%27s_daughter_(Exodus)"},{"link_name":"bulrushes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulrush"},{"link_name":"plebeianism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plebeians"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tearful_convention_Andrew_Johnson_Thomas_Nast_1866.jpg"},{"link_name":"crocodile tears","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crocodile_tears"},{"link_name":"1866 National Union Convention","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1866_National_Union_Convention"},{"link_name":"Andrew Johnson impeachment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impeachment_of_Andrew_Johnson"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"},{"link_name":"John C. Calhoun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_C._Calhoun"},{"link_name":"Jefferson Davis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jefferson_Davis"},{"link_name":"Declaration of Independence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Declaration_of_Independence"},{"link_name":"Executive Mansion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_House"},{"link_name":"Pharaoh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pharaoh"},{"link_name":"Charles Sumner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Sumner"}],"text":"Prior to the summer of 1863, Johnson had staunchly opposed general emancipation, but beginning in August of that year, he made a sharp heel-turn in favor of freeing the slaves. Historians find that \"his opinion changed with little warning. Flattery by Northern politicians during a tour of Northern states may have swayed him; loyalty to Lincoln's war policy and ambitions to serve on a presidential ticket in 1864 assuredly influenced him as well.\"[40]Andrew Johnson vetoed a bill extending funding for the Freedmen's Bureau (editorial cartoon by Thomas Nast, Harper's Weekly, April 14, 1866)[41]Andrew Johnson made what is remembered as the Moses speech, on October 24, 1864, in Nashville, Tennessee,[42] when he was military governor of Tennessee and a candidate for vice president on the Lincoln Unionist ticket. \"Before an audience of ten thousand colored men...amidst cheers which shook the sky,\" Johnson proclaimed that he would act for their benefit and advancement as a race now that the slaves of the United States had been emancipated.[43]I will indeed be your Moses, and lead you through the Red Sea of war and bondage, to a fairer future of liberty and peace. I speak, too, as a citizen of Tennessee. I am here on my own soil, and here I mean to stay and fight this great battle of truth and justice to a triumphant end. Rebellion and slavery shall, by God's good help, no longer pollute our State. Loyal men, whether white or black, shall alone control her destinies: and when this strife in which we are all engaged is past, I trust, I know, we shall have a better state of things, and shall all rejoice that honest labor reaps the fruit of its own industry, and that every man has a fair chance in the race of life.— Andrew JohnsonJohnson refers to the Biblical figure Moses from the book of Exodus, who led the enslaved Jews of ancient Egypt out of bondage with the aid of his god, who parts the Red Sea so that they may pass, and then releases the waters upon their pursuers.Brownlow's Knoxville Whig resurfaced some of Johnson's past vows on July 4, 1866Johnson betrayed those who trusted in this campaign promise. As a 1989 book review put it, \"Nowhere was Johnson's duplicitous nature more cruelly evident than on questions of race.\"[44] Per historian Robert S. Levine, \"...Johnson worked to undermine the Freedmen's Bureau, to dismantle other Reconstruction initiatives, and to prevent African Americans from attaining equal rights through federal legislation.\"[45] The betrayal, which contributed to the failure of Reconstruction and another 100 years of racial oppression,[45] continues to be a central focus of historians, but was recognized and criticized in his own time.[46] Johnson's turn from staunch Unionist to Confederate apologist, and his centrality to the diminishment of the goals of Reconstruction, was also gratefully lauded by his fellow white supremacists of the legacy South:[47]To show the great change effected in Mr. Johnson, no further proof is needed than extracts from Southern papers. The Memphis Argus, one of the most uncompromising rebel sheets published, said in 1862:\n\"We should to like to see Andrew Johnson's lying tongue torn from his foul mouth, and his miserable carcass thrown to the dogs, or hung on a gibbet as high as Haman to feed the carrion buzzards.\"\nThe same paper, edited by the same man, says in 1866:\n\n\"The iron firmness, the undismayed soul of a single man (Andrew Johnson) is all that stands between us and the fatal vortex of anarchy and resultant despotism which has engulphed the lives and fortunes of many millions before us.—Let us rally to the side of that man, determined to save or perish with the Republic.\"[47]In a report about Johnson's supposed tears over superficial gestures of national comity at the pro-Johnson 1866 National Union Convention in Philadelphia: \"There is good reason to believe, that when Miss Columbia, in imitation of Miss Pharaoh, fished among the bulrushes and slimy waters of Southern plebeianism for a little Moses, she slung out a young crocodile instead. He is a crocodile by nature, although he calls himself Moses. He craunches and gulps down whatever stands in his way, without any signs of mercy, yet is always prepared to shed tears to order.\"[48] The image that Johnson provided of himself-as-Moses was sufficiently rich that it continues to be applied with grim irony to present day.[49][50]Thomas Nast depicted the supposed crocodile tears of \"Moses\" in this cartoon about the 1866 National Union Convention in Philadelphia.Congressmen, including U.S. Senator Sumner, referenced the Moses speech during the Andrew Johnson impeachment hearings:[51]Andrew Johnson is the impersonation of the tyrannical slave power. In him it lives again. He is the lineal successor of John C. Calhoun and Jefferson Davis; and he gathers about him the same supporters. Original partisans of slavery north and south; habitual compromisers of great principles; maligners of the Declaration of Independence; politicians without heart; lawyers, for whom a technicality is everything, and a promiscuous company who at every stage of the battle have set their faces against equal rights; these are his allies. It is the old troop of slavery, with a few recruits, ready as of old for violence...With the President at their head, they are now entrenched in the Executive Mansion. Not to dislodge them is to leave the country a prey to one of the most hateful tyrannies of history...Not a month, not a week, not day should be lost. The safety of the Republic requires action at once. The lives of innocent men must be rescued from sacrifice. I would not in this judgment depart from that moderation which belongs to the occasion; but God forbid that, when called to deal with so great an offender, should affect a coldness which I cannot feel. Slavery has been our worst enemy, assailing all, murdering our children, filling our homes with mourning, and darkening the land with tragedy; and now it rears its crest anew, with Andrew Johnson as its representative. Through him assumes once more to rule the Republic and to impose its cruel law. The enormity of his conduct is aggravated by his bare faced treachery. He once declared himself the Moses of the colored race. Behold him now the Pharaoh.— U.S. Senator Charles Sumner (R-Massachusetts), written statement regarding impeachment vote","title":"From Moses to Pharaoh"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Image_from_Swingin%27_Round_the_Cirkle,_or_Andy%27s_trip_to_the_West,_together_with_a_life_of_its_hero_07.jpg"},{"link_name":"David Ross Locke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Ross_Locke"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:8-30"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:8-30"},{"link_name":"Fourteenth Amendment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fourteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:8-30"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:8-30"},{"link_name":"D.C. Franchise Bill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/District_of_Columbia_Suffrage_Act"},{"link_name":"District of Columbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/District_of_Columbia"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-19"},{"link_name":"American Heritage magazine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Heritage_magazine"},{"link_name":"David Herbert Donald","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Herbert_Donald"},{"link_name":"whataboutism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whataboutism"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:13-54"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:13-54"}],"text":"Illustration from David Ross Locke's book about Johnson's 1866 presidential tripJohnson vetoed several pieces of Congressional legislation that were designed to improve the humanitarian conditions of recently emancipated slaves and/or provide black men with rights that had previously been held only by white men.[28] Johnson would typically \"claim that the future status of freed people was not an issue of racism, but an issue of constitutionality.\"[28] He thus opposed almost all aspects of Congressional Reconstruction, including the Fourteenth Amendment.[28] He argued that improvements in the status of black Americans would only be legitimate if passed on the state, rather than federal level,[28] but he also vetoed the D.C. Franchise Bill, and the District of Columbia is constitutionally defined as the jurisdiction of no state but solely of the U.S. Congress.[17] In American Heritage magazine, historian David Herbert Donald retold a colorful story about Johnson's use of whataboutism in discussions with Sumner about the necessity of the Freedmen's Bureau:[52]The Senator was depressed by Johnson's 'prejudice, ignorance, and perversity' on the Negro suffrage issue. Far from listening amiably to Sumner's argument that the South was still torn by violence and not yet ready tor readmission, Johnson attacked him with cheap analogies. 'Are there no murders in Massachusetts?' the President asked.\n\n'Unhappily yes,' Sumner replied, 'sometimes.'\n\n'Are there no assaults in Boston? Do not men there sometimes knock each other down, so that the police is obliged to interfere?'\n\n'Unhappily yes.'\n\n'Would you consent that Massachusetts, on this account, should be excluded from Congress?' Johnson triumphantly queried. In the excitement of the argument, the President unconsciously used Sumner's hat, which the Senator had placed on the floor beside his chair, as a spittoon![52]","title":"Andrew Johnson and civil rights"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Andrew_Johnson_s_Indenture_(Asheville_News,_August_20,_1869,_Page_4).jpg"},{"link_name":"chattel slavery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chattel_slavery"},{"link_name":"indentured","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indentured_servitude"},{"link_name":"\"runaway servant\" ad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fugitive_slave_advertisements_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"},{"link_name":"John Trotwood Moore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Trotwood_Moore"},{"link_name":"Saturday Evening Post","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Saturday_Evening_Post"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-58"}],"text":"\"Andrew Johnson's Indenture\" (Asheville News, August 20, 1869, Page 4)Andrew Johnson was probably experientially closer to chattel slavery than any other U.S. president. At age 10 he was indentured by his mother and stepfather to a tailor, to whom he was legally bound until age 21. He was required to work incessantly, and a traditional education was out of the question. He ran away at age 15. His master, James Selby, put a \"runaway servant\" ad in the newspaper. White supremacist[54] writer, magazine editor, and librarian/archivist John Trotwood Moore described teenage Johnson in a 1929 Saturday Evening Post article as a \"slave-bound boy.\"[55] One study of presidential rhetorical styles argued, \"no amount of success could fully compensate for the needs left from his traumatic childhood.\"[56]","title":"Previous condition of servitude"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-16"}],"text":"^ Ulysses S. Grant married into slave ownership, briefly.\n\n^ Anecdotes attributed to Bill bear a distinct resemblance to later quotes from William Andrew Johnson.","title":"Notes"}]
|
[{"image_text":"A now-outdated 1928 biography of Johnson by white Southerner Robert W. Winston described Sam Johnson as Andrew Johnson's \"favorite slave\"","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Sam_Johnson_%28Tennessee%29.jpg/220px-Sam_Johnson_%28Tennessee%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Bill of sale, for a slave girl named Dolly, from John W. Gragg to Andrew Johnson, dated January 2, 1843 (Gilder Lehrman Collection #GLC02041)[1]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/GLC02041_captioned_page_1.jpg/220px-GLC02041_captioned_page_1.jpg"},{"image_text":"\"Tennessee\" Greenfield (Mass.) Recorder, March 6, 1865","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/%22Tennessee_%22_Greenfield_%28Mass.%29_Recorder%2C_March_6%2C_1865.jpg/220px-%22Tennessee_%22_Greenfield_%28Mass.%29_Recorder%2C_March_6%2C_1865.jpg"},{"image_text":"Areas colored in teal were exempted from the effect of Lincoln's Emancipation Proclamation, which only applied to areas considered to be in effective rebellion against the U.S. government","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Emancipation_Proclamation.PNG/220px-Emancipation_Proclamation.PNG"},{"image_text":"\"Celebration at Greeneville\" (Knoxville Daily Chronicle, August 9, 1871)[34]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Celebration_at_Greeneville.jpg/220px-Celebration_at_Greeneville.jpg"},{"image_text":"Andrew Johnson vetoed a bill extending funding for the Freedmen's Bureau (editorial cartoon by Thomas Nast, Harper's Weekly, April 14, 1866)[41]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Nast_on_Andrew_Johnson.jpg/220px-Nast_on_Andrew_Johnson.jpg"},{"image_text":"Brownlow's Knoxville Whig resurfaced some of Johnson's past vows on July 4, 1866","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Treason_must_be_made_odious.jpg/220px-Treason_must_be_made_odious.jpg"},{"image_text":"Thomas Nast depicted the supposed crocodile tears of \"Moses\" in this cartoon about the 1866 National Union Convention in Philadelphia.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Tearful_convention_Andrew_Johnson_Thomas_Nast_1866.jpg/220px-Tearful_convention_Andrew_Johnson_Thomas_Nast_1866.jpg"},{"image_text":"Illustration from David Ross Locke's book about Johnson's 1866 presidential trip","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Image_from_Swingin%27_Round_the_Cirkle%2C_or_Andy%27s_trip_to_the_West%2C_together_with_a_life_of_its_hero_07.jpg/220px-Image_from_Swingin%27_Round_the_Cirkle%2C_or_Andy%27s_trip_to_the_West%2C_together_with_a_life_of_its_hero_07.jpg"},{"image_text":"\"Andrew Johnson's Indenture\" (Asheville News, August 20, 1869, Page 4)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Andrew_Johnson_s_Indenture_%28Asheville_News%2C_August_20%2C_1869%2C_Page_4%29.jpg/220px-Andrew_Johnson_s_Indenture_%28Asheville_News%2C_August_20%2C_1869%2C_Page_4%29.jpg"}]
|
[{"title":"List of United States presidential vetoes § Andrew Johnson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_presidential_vetoes#Andrew_Johnson"},{"title":"Voting rights in the United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voting_rights_in_the_United_States"},{"title":"Bibliography of Andrew Johnson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibliography_of_Andrew_Johnson"},{"title":"Presidency of Andrew Johnson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidency_of_Andrew_Johnson"},{"title":"Reconstruction era","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reconstruction_era"},{"title":"Freedmen's Bureau bills","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedmen%27s_Bureau_bills"},{"title":"Freedmen massacres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedmen_massacres"},{"title":"Reconstruction Amendments","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reconstruction_Amendments"},{"title":"Nadir of American race relations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nadir_of_American_race_relations"},{"title":"Andrew Johnson alcoholism debate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Johnson_alcoholism_debate"},{"title":"African Americans in Tennessee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_Americans_in_Tennessee"},{"title":"Woodrow Wilson and race","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson_and_race"}]
|
[{"reference":"\"Bill of sale to Andrew Johnson for a slave girl named Dolly\". Gilder Lehrman Institute of American History. Greene County, Tenn. 1843. GLC02041. Retrieved 2023-05-03.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gilderlehrman.org/collection/glc02041","url_text":"\"Bill of sale to Andrew Johnson for a slave girl named Dolly\""}]},{"reference":"Cimprich, John (1980). \"Military Governor Johnson and Tennessee Blacks, 1862-65\". Tennessee Historical Quarterly. 39 (4): 459–470. ISSN 0040-3261. JSTOR 42626128.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/42626128","url_text":"\"Military Governor Johnson and Tennessee Blacks, 1862-65\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0040-3261","url_text":"0040-3261"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/42626128","url_text":"42626128"}]},{"reference":"Sinha, Manisha (November 29, 2019). \"Donald Trump, Meet Your Precursor\". Opinion. The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2023-07-30.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2019/11/29/opinion/sunday/andrew-johnson-donald-trump.html","url_text":"\"Donald Trump, Meet Your Precursor\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331","url_text":"0362-4331"}]},{"reference":"DuBois, W.E.B. (1935). \"Transubstantiation of a Poor White\". Black Reconstruction: An Essay Toward a History of the Part Which Black Folk Played in the Attempt to Reconstruct Democracy in America, 1860-1888. New York: Russell. pp. 242–244 – via Internet Archive.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W.E.B._DuBois","url_text":"DuBois, W.E.B."},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/transubstantiation-of-a-poor-white/mode/2up","url_text":"\"Transubstantiation of a Poor White\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Reconstruction_in_America","url_text":"Black Reconstruction: An Essay Toward a History of the Part Which Black Folk Played in the Attempt to Reconstruct Democracy in America, 1860-1888"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Archive","url_text":"Internet Archive"}]},{"reference":"Bowen, David Warren (1989). Andrew Johnson and the Negro. Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press. pp. 51–57. ISBN 978-0-87049-584-7. LCCN 88009668. OCLC 17764213.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87049-584-7","url_text":"978-0-87049-584-7"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)","url_text":"LCCN"},{"url":"https://lccn.loc.gov/88009668","url_text":"88009668"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/17764213","url_text":"17764213"}]},{"reference":"\"Slaves of Andrew Johnson\". Andrew Johnson National Historic Site (nps.gov). Retrieved 2023-06-23.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nps.gov/anjo/learn/historyculture/slaves.htm","url_text":"\"Slaves of Andrew Johnson\""}]},{"reference":"\"Washington: By Telegraph to the Tribune\". New York Tribune. October 29, 1866. p. 10. Retrieved 2023-06-26 – via NewspaperArchive.com.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.newspaperarchive.com/us/new-york/new-york/new-york-tribune/1866/10-29/page-10/","url_text":"\"Washington: By Telegraph to the Tribune\""}]},{"reference":"Fling, Sarah (2020). \"The Formerly Enslaved Households of President Andrew Johnson\". WHHA (en-US). Retrieved 2023-08-01.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.whitehousehistory.org/the-formerly-enslaved-households-of-president-andrew-johnson","url_text":"\"The Formerly Enslaved Households of President Andrew Johnson\""}]},{"reference":"Browne, Stephen Howard (2008). \"Andrew Johnson and the Politics of Character\". In Medhurst, Martin J. (ed.). Before the Rhetorical Presidency. College Station: Texas A&M University Press. pp. 194–212. ISBN 978-1-60344-626-6. Retrieved 2023-07-30 – via Project MUSE.","urls":[{"url":"https://muse.jhu.edu/pub/174/monograph/book/2701","url_text":"Before the Rhetorical Presidency"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60344-626-6","url_text":"978-1-60344-626-6"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_MUSE","url_text":"Project MUSE"}]},{"reference":"\"Interviewed: A Confab with Andrew Johnson, What the ex-President Says About Matters and Things\". Republican Banner. March 28, 1869. p. 1. Retrieved 2023-08-03.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/article/republican-banner-interviewed-a-confab/129338261/","url_text":"\"Interviewed: A Confab with Andrew Johnson, What the ex-President Says About Matters and Things\""}]},{"reference":"\"Negro Woman, Served as White House Maid, Dies Here at Age of 80 Years\". The Journal and Tribune. September 16, 1920. p. 4. Retrieved 2023-06-24.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-journal-and-tribune-negro-woman-ser/127000951/","url_text":"\"Negro Woman, Served as White House Maid, Dies Here at Age of 80 Years\""}]},{"reference":"\"Johnson's Housemaid\". Chattanooga Daily Times. September 16, 1920. p. 3. Retrieved 2023-06-24.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/article/chattanooga-daily-times-johnsons-housem/127000837/","url_text":"\"Johnson's Housemaid\""}]},{"reference":"Holland, Jesse J. (January 2016). The Invisibles: The Untold Story of African American Slaves in the White House. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 196. ISBN 978-1-4930-2419-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4930-2419-3","url_text":"978-1-4930-2419-3"}]},{"reference":"Winston, Robert W. (1928). Andrew Johnson, Plebeian and Patriot. New York: Henry Holt & Company. LCCN 28007534. OCLC 475518. OL 6712742M – via HathiTrust.","urls":[{"url":"https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uc1.b4432643&view=1up&seq=8","url_text":"Andrew Johnson, Plebeian and Patriot"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)","url_text":"LCCN"},{"url":"https://lccn.loc.gov/28007534","url_text":"28007534"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/475518","url_text":"475518"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OL_(identifier)","url_text":"OL"},{"url":"https://openlibrary.org/books/OL6712742M","url_text":"6712742M"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HathiTrust","url_text":"HathiTrust"}]},{"reference":"Boren, Rance A. (September 2022). \"A case of neglect\". Cortex. 154: 254–258. doi:10.1016/j.cortex.2022.06.003. ISSN 0010-9452. PMID 35810499. S2CID 249650951.","urls":[{"url":"https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S001094522200171X","url_text":"\"A case of neglect\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cortex.2022.06.003","url_text":"10.1016/j.cortex.2022.06.003"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0010-9452","url_text":"0010-9452"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35810499","url_text":"35810499"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:249650951","url_text":"249650951"}]},{"reference":"Wineapple, Brenda (2020). The Impeachers: The Trial of Andrew Johnson and the Dream of a Just Nation. Random House Publishing Group. p. 52. ISBN 9780812987911 – via Libby.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brenda_Wineapple","url_text":"Wineapple, Brenda"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780812987911","url_text":"9780812987911"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libby","url_text":"Libby"}]},{"reference":"Gordon-Reed, Annette (2011). Andrew Johnson. The American Presidents Series. New York: Times Books/Henry Holt. pp. 16, 41–42, 128–129. ISBN 978-0-8050-6948-8. LCCN 2010032595. OCLC 154806758.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annette_Gordon-Reed","url_text":"Gordon-Reed, Annette"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8050-6948-8","url_text":"978-0-8050-6948-8"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)","url_text":"LCCN"},{"url":"https://lccn.loc.gov/2010032595","url_text":"2010032595"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/154806758","url_text":"154806758"}]},{"reference":"Holland, Jesse J. (2016). The Invisibles: The Untold Story of African American Slaves in the White House. Guilford, Conn.: Lyons Press. pp. 193–201. ISBN 978-1-4930-0846-9. LCCN 2015034010. OCLC 926105956.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesse_Holland","url_text":"Holland, Jesse J."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4930-0846-9","url_text":"978-1-4930-0846-9"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)","url_text":"LCCN"},{"url":"https://lccn.loc.gov/2015034010","url_text":"2015034010"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/926105956","url_text":"926105956"}]},{"reference":"Bowen, David Warren (2005) [1976, 1989]. \"Chapter 3: The Defender of Slavery\". Andrew Johnson and the Negro. Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press. pp. 54–55. ISBN 978-0-87049-584-7. LCCN 88009668. OCLC 17764213. Originally published as a thesis: ProQuest 7710753.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87049-584-7","url_text":"978-0-87049-584-7"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)","url_text":"LCCN"},{"url":"https://lccn.loc.gov/88009668","url_text":"88009668"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/17764213","url_text":"17764213"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ProQuest_(identifier)","url_text":"ProQuest"},{"url":"https://search.proquest.com/docview/7710753","url_text":"7710753"}]},{"reference":"Miller, Zachary A. (August 2022). False Idol: The Memory of Andrew Johnson and Reconstruction in Greeneville, Tennessee 1869-2022 (Master of Arts thesis). Eastern Tennessee State University. p. 117. Paper 4096.","urls":[{"url":"https://dc.etsu.edu/etd/4096","url_text":"False Idol: The Memory of Andrew Johnson and Reconstruction in Greeneville, Tennessee 1869-2022"}]},{"reference":"\"William A. Johnson, 16 May 1943; Death, Knox, Tennessee, United States\", Tennessee Deaths, 1914-1966, Tennessee State Library and Archives, Nashville – via FamilySearch","urls":[{"url":"https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:NSQL-VZG","url_text":"\"William A. Johnson, 16 May 1943; Death, Knox, Tennessee, United States\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FamilySearch","url_text":"FamilySearch"}]},{"reference":"Greeneville, Mailing Address: Andrew Johnson National Historic Site 121 Monument Ave; Us, TN 37743 Phone: 423 638-3551 Contact. \"Slaves of Andrew Johnson - Andrew Johnson National Historic Site (U.S. National Park Service)\". www.nps.gov. Retrieved 2023-08-01.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nps.gov/anjo/learn/historyculture/slaves.htm","url_text":"\"Slaves of Andrew Johnson - Andrew Johnson National Historic Site (U.S. National Park Service)\""}]},{"reference":"Greeneville, Mailing Address: Andrew Johnson National Historic Site 121 Monument Ave; Us, TN 37743 Phone: 423 638-3551 Contact. \"Dolly's Children - Andrew Johnson National Historic Site (U.S. National Park Service)\". www.nps.gov. Retrieved 2023-08-01.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nps.gov/anjo/learn/historyculture/dollys-children.htm","url_text":"\"Dolly's Children - Andrew Johnson National Historic Site (U.S. National Park Service)\""}]},{"reference":"Egerton, Douglas R. (2014). The Wars of Reconstruction: The Brief, Violent History of America's Most Progressive Era. Bloomsbury Publishing USA. p. 59. ISBN 978-1-60819-566-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=zSXBAgAAQBAJ&dq=%22anybody+in+greeneville%22+dolly+johnson&pg=PA59","url_text":"The Wars of Reconstruction: The Brief, Violent History of America's Most Progressive Era"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60819-566-4","url_text":"978-1-60819-566-4"}]},{"reference":"Clinton, Catherine (2010), Brooten, Bernadette J. (ed.), \"Breaking the Silence: Sexual Hypocrisies from Thomas Jefferson to Strom Thurmond\", Beyond Slavery, New York: Palgrave Macmillan US, pp. 213–228, doi:10.1057/9780230113893_13, ISBN 978-0-230-10017-6, retrieved 2023-08-01","urls":[{"url":"http://link.springer.com/10.1057/9780230113893_13","url_text":"\"Breaking the Silence: Sexual Hypocrisies from Thomas Jefferson to Strom Thurmond\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1057%2F9780230113893_13","url_text":"10.1057/9780230113893_13"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-230-10017-6","url_text":"978-0-230-10017-6"}]},{"reference":"Potter, Leslie (February 20, 2020). \"The Lost Story of Julia Chinn > KET\". KET. 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The Pittsburgh Daily Commercial. July 27, 1867. p. 1. Retrieved 2023-08-05.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-pittsburgh-daily-commercial-the-impe/129465300/","url_text":"\"The Impeachment Case\""}]},{"reference":"\"Lucy Cobb & Lafayette Baker\". Semi-Weekly Wisconsin. November 30, 1867. p. 4. Retrieved 2023-08-05.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/article/semi-weekly-wisconsin-lucy-cobb-lafaye/129465285/","url_text":"\"Lucy Cobb & Lafayette Baker\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Greenville, Tenn. Scandal: A Libel on Ex-President Johnson\". New York Daily Herald. May 29, 1872. p. 7. Retrieved 2023-08-05.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/article/new-york-daily-herald-the-greenville-te/126207848/","url_text":"\"The Greenville, Tenn. Scandal: A Libel on Ex-President Johnson\""}]},{"reference":"\"A. Johnson, Tailor - The Curtain Raises and Delusions as to His Real Character Dispelled\". Public Ledger. August 17, 1891. p. 1. Retrieved 2023-08-05.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/article/public-ledger-a-johnson-tailor-the-c/128018346/","url_text":"\"A. Johnson, Tailor - The Curtain Raises and Delusions as to His Real Character Dispelled\""}]},{"reference":"\"Andrew Johnson—Still in the Gutter\". The Knoxville Register. October 9, 1856. p. 2. Retrieved 2023-08-05.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-knoxville-register-andrew-johnsonst/129466138/","url_text":"\"Andrew Johnson—Still in the Gutter\""}]},{"reference":"\"Celebration at Greeneville [Sam Johnson and Emancipation Day addressed by ex-President Johnson]\". Knoxville Daily Chronicle. August 9, 1871. p. 4. Retrieved 2023-06-24 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/article/knoxville-daily-chronicle-sam-johnson-an/67519881/","url_text":"\"Celebration at Greeneville [Sam Johnson and Emancipation Day addressed by ex-President Johnson]\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Emancipation Proclamation in Tennessee\". tnmuseum.org. Retrieved 2023-08-05.","urls":[{"url":"https://tnmuseum.org/junior-curators/posts/the-emancipation-proclamation-in-tennessee","url_text":"\"The Emancipation Proclamation in Tennessee\""}]},{"reference":"Brown, Fred (June 24, 2023). \"Significance of this date recorded mainly in hearts; Researchers seek more (Part 1 of 1)\". Local section, Appalachian Journal column. The Knoxville News-Sentinel. p. B1. Page image 22. Retrieved 2023-06-24 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-knoxville-news-sentinel-significance/127016623/","url_text":"\"Significance of this date recorded mainly in hearts; Researchers seek more (Part 1 of 1)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Journal (Part 2 of 2)\". August 10, 2003. p. B2.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-knoxville-news-sentinel-journal-fro/127016822/","url_text":"\"Journal (Part 2 of 2)\""}]},{"reference":"Varon, Elizabeth (October 4, 2016). \"Andrew Johnson: Life Before the Presidency\". Miller Center. University of Virginia. Archived from the original on 2023-03-21. Retrieved 2023-05-08.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_R._Varon","url_text":"Varon, Elizabeth"},{"url":"https://millercenter.org/president/johnson/life-before-the-presidency","url_text":"\"Andrew Johnson: Life Before the Presidency\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230321025401/https://millercenter.org/president/johnson/life-before-the-presidency","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Knoxville Daily Chronicle 09 Aug 1871, page Page 4\". Newspapers.com. Retrieved 2023-06-24.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/image/83305593/","url_text":"\"Knoxville Daily Chronicle 09 Aug 1871, page Page 4\""}]},{"reference":"\"William Andrew Johnson speaks at August 8th Event, 1937\". The Knoxville Journal. August 6, 1937. p. 3. Retrieved 2023-05-17.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-knoxville-journal-william-andrew-joh/78863484/","url_text":"\"William Andrew Johnson speaks at August 8th Event, 1937\""}]},{"reference":"Astor, Aaron (August 9, 2013). \"When Andrew Johnson Freed His Slaves\". Opinionator. The New York Times. Retrieved 2024-02-10.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.nytimes.com/opinionator.blogs.nytimes.com/2013/08/09/when-andrew-johnson-freed-his-slaves/","url_text":"\"When Andrew Johnson Freed His Slaves\""}]},{"reference":"Nast, Thomas (April 14, 1866). \"Untitled caricature collage\". Harper's Weekly: A Journal of Civilization. Vol. X, no. 485. p. 232 – via Internet Archive.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Nast","url_text":"Nast, Thomas"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/harpersweeklyv10bonn/page/232/mode/2up","url_text":"\"Untitled caricature collage\""}]},{"reference":"\"\"The Moses of the Colored Men\" Speech\". Andrew Johnson National Historic Site (U.S. National Park Service). Retrieved 2023-07-09.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nps.gov/anjo/learn/historyculture/moses-speech.htm","url_text":"\"\"The Moses of the Colored Men\" Speech\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Modern Moses\". Cleveland Daily Leader. February 26, 1866. p. 2. Retrieved 2023-07-09.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/article/cleveland-daily-leader-the-modern-moses/127891786/","url_text":"\"The Modern Moses\""}]},{"reference":"\"Book review of Trefousse biography of Andrew Johnson\". American Heritage. Vol. 40, no. 5. July–August 1989. Retrieved 2023-07-09.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.americanheritage.com/andrew-johnson","url_text":"\"Book review of Trefousse biography of Andrew Johnson\""}]},{"reference":"Levine, Robert S. (2021). The Failed Promise: Reconstruction, Frederick Douglass, and the Impeachment of Andrew Johnson. W.W. Norton & Company. p. 208. ISBN 9781324004769. LCCN 2021005132.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781324004769","url_text":"9781324004769"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)","url_text":"LCCN"},{"url":"https://lccn.loc.gov/2021005132","url_text":"2021005132"}]},{"reference":"Varon, Elizabeth R. (March 3, 2016). \"Andrew Johnson and the Legacy of the Civil War\". Oxford Research Encyclopedia of American History. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/acrefore/9780199329175.013.11. ISBN 978-0-19-932917-5. Retrieved 2023-07-09.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_R._Varon","url_text":"Varon, Elizabeth R."},{"url":"https://oxfordre.com/americanhistory/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780199329175.001.0001/acrefore-9780199329175-e-11","url_text":"\"Andrew Johnson and the Legacy of the Civil War\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Facrefore%2F9780199329175.013.11","url_text":"10.1093/acrefore/9780199329175.013.11"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-932917-5","url_text":"978-0-19-932917-5"}]},{"reference":"\"President Johnson\". The Baltimore County Union, The Towson News. September 1, 1866. p. 2. Retrieved 2023-07-19.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-baltimore-county-union-the-towson-n/128513815/","url_text":"\"President Johnson\""}]},{"reference":"\"Tears\". White Cloud Kansas Chief. August 30, 1866. p. 2. Retrieved 2023-07-19.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/article/white-cloud-kansas-chief-tears/128516643/","url_text":"\"Tears\""}]},{"reference":"Reynolds, David S. \"He Was No Moses\". ISSN 0028-7504. Retrieved 2023-07-19.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nybooks.com/articles/2021/12/16/andrew-johnson-was-no-moses/","url_text":"\"He Was No Moses\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0028-7504","url_text":"0028-7504"}]},{"reference":"Rothera, Evan (January 27, 2020). \"\"Moses in Retirement\": Andrew Johnson, 1869-1876\". The Gettysburg Historical Journal. 7 (1). ISSN 2327-3917.","urls":[{"url":"https://cupola.gettysburg.edu/ghj/vol7/iss1/8","url_text":"\"\"Moses in Retirement\": Andrew Johnson, 1869-1876\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/2327-3917","url_text":"2327-3917"}]},{"reference":"Fleming, Walter Lynwood (1906). Documentary History of Reconstruction: Political, Military, Social, Religious, Educational & Industrial, 1865 to the Present Time. A.H. Clark Company. p. 471.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=mkUTAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA471","url_text":"Documentary History of Reconstruction: Political, Military, Social, Religious, Educational & Industrial, 1865 to the Present Time"}]},{"reference":"\"Why They Impeached Andrew Johnson\". AMERICAN HERITAGE. Retrieved 2024-01-05.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.americanheritage.com/why-they-impeached-andrew-johnson","url_text":"\"Why They Impeached Andrew Johnson\""}]},{"reference":"Phifer, Gregg (1952). \"Andrew Johnson Argues a Case\". Tennessee Historical Quarterly. 11 (2): 148–170. ISSN 0040-3261. JSTOR 42621106.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/42621106","url_text":"\"Andrew Johnson Argues a Case\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0040-3261","url_text":"0040-3261"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/42621106","url_text":"42621106"}]},{"reference":"Bailey, Fred Arthur (1999). \"John Trotwood Moore and the Patrician Cult of the New South\". Tennessee Historical Quarterly. 58 (1): 16–33. ISSN 0040-3261. JSTOR 42627447.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/42627447","url_text":"\"John Trotwood Moore and the Patrician Cult of the New South\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0040-3261","url_text":"0040-3261"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/42627447","url_text":"42627447"}]},{"reference":"Moore, John Trotwood (March 30, 1929). \"Andrew Johnson—The Rail-Splitter's Running Mate\". Saturday Evening Post. Vol. 201, no. 39. pp. 24–25, 162, 165, 166, 169.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Trotwood_Moore","url_text":"Moore, John Trotwood"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturday_Evening_Post","url_text":"Saturday Evening Post"}]},{"reference":"Barber, James D. (1968). \"Adult Identity and Presidential Style: The Rhetorical Emphasis\". Daedalus. 97 (3): 938–968. ISSN 0011-5266. JSTOR 20023846.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/20023846","url_text":"\"Adult Identity and Presidential Style: The Rhetorical Emphasis\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0011-5266","url_text":"0011-5266"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/20023846","url_text":"20023846"}]}]
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Johnson, 16 May 1943; Death, Knox, Tennessee, United States\""},{"Link":"https://www.nps.gov/anjo/learn/historyculture/slaves.htm","external_links_name":"\"Slaves of Andrew Johnson - Andrew Johnson National Historic Site (U.S. National Park Service)\""},{"Link":"https://www.nps.gov/anjo/learn/historyculture/dollys-children.htm","external_links_name":"\"Dolly's Children - Andrew Johnson National Historic Site (U.S. National Park Service)\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=zSXBAgAAQBAJ&dq=%22anybody+in+greeneville%22+dolly+johnson&pg=PA59","external_links_name":"The Wars of Reconstruction: The Brief, Violent History of America's Most Progressive Era"},{"Link":"http://link.springer.com/10.1057/9780230113893_13","external_links_name":"\"Breaking the Silence: Sexual Hypocrisies from Thomas Jefferson to Strom Thurmond\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1057%2F9780230113893_13","external_links_name":"10.1057/9780230113893_13"},{"Link":"https://ket.org/the-lost-story-of-julia-chinn/","external_links_name":"\"The Lost Story of Julia Chinn > KET\""},{"Link":"https://hd.housedivided.dickinson.edu/node/19753","external_links_name":"\"Thaddeus Stevens, Relationship with Lydia Hamilton Smith (Trefousse, 1997) | House Divided\""},{"Link":"https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-pittsburgh-daily-commercial-the-impe/129465300/","external_links_name":"\"The Impeachment Case\""},{"Link":"https://www.newspapers.com/article/semi-weekly-wisconsin-lucy-cobb-lafaye/129465285/","external_links_name":"\"Lucy Cobb & Lafayette Baker\""},{"Link":"https://www.newspapers.com/article/new-york-daily-herald-the-greenville-te/126207848/","external_links_name":"\"The Greenville, Tenn. Scandal: A Libel on Ex-President Johnson\""},{"Link":"https://www.newspapers.com/article/public-ledger-a-johnson-tailor-the-c/128018346/","external_links_name":"\"A. Johnson, Tailor - The Curtain Raises and Delusions as to His Real Character Dispelled\""},{"Link":"https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-knoxville-register-andrew-johnsonst/129466138/","external_links_name":"\"Andrew Johnson—Still in the Gutter\""},{"Link":"https://www.newspapers.com/article/knoxville-daily-chronicle-sam-johnson-an/67519881/","external_links_name":"\"Celebration at Greeneville [Sam Johnson and Emancipation Day addressed by ex-President Johnson]\""},{"Link":"https://tnmuseum.org/junior-curators/posts/the-emancipation-proclamation-in-tennessee","external_links_name":"\"The Emancipation Proclamation in Tennessee\""},{"Link":"https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-knoxville-news-sentinel-significance/127016623/","external_links_name":"\"Significance of this date recorded mainly in hearts; Researchers seek more (Part 1 of 1)\""},{"Link":"https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-knoxville-news-sentinel-journal-fro/127016822/","external_links_name":"\"Journal (Part 2 of 2)\""},{"Link":"https://millercenter.org/president/johnson/life-before-the-presidency","external_links_name":"\"Andrew Johnson: Life Before the Presidency\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230321025401/https://millercenter.org/president/johnson/life-before-the-presidency","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.newspapers.com/image/83305593/","external_links_name":"\"Knoxville Daily Chronicle 09 Aug 1871, page Page 4\""},{"Link":"https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-knoxville-journal-william-andrew-joh/78863484/","external_links_name":"\"William Andrew Johnson speaks at August 8th Event, 1937\""},{"Link":"https://archive.nytimes.com/opinionator.blogs.nytimes.com/2013/08/09/when-andrew-johnson-freed-his-slaves/","external_links_name":"\"When Andrew Johnson Freed His Slaves\""},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/harpersweeklyv10bonn/page/232/mode/2up","external_links_name":"\"Untitled caricature collage\""},{"Link":"https://www.nps.gov/anjo/learn/historyculture/moses-speech.htm","external_links_name":"\"\"The Moses of the Colored Men\" Speech\""},{"Link":"https://www.newspapers.com/article/cleveland-daily-leader-the-modern-moses/127891786/","external_links_name":"\"The Modern Moses\""},{"Link":"https://www.americanheritage.com/andrew-johnson","external_links_name":"\"Book review of Trefousse biography of Andrew Johnson\""},{"Link":"https://lccn.loc.gov/2021005132","external_links_name":"2021005132"},{"Link":"https://oxfordre.com/americanhistory/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780199329175.001.0001/acrefore-9780199329175-e-11","external_links_name":"\"Andrew Johnson and the Legacy of the Civil War\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Facrefore%2F9780199329175.013.11","external_links_name":"10.1093/acrefore/9780199329175.013.11"},{"Link":"https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-baltimore-county-union-the-towson-n/128513815/","external_links_name":"\"President Johnson\""},{"Link":"https://www.newspapers.com/article/white-cloud-kansas-chief-tears/128516643/","external_links_name":"\"Tears\""},{"Link":"https://www.nybooks.com/articles/2021/12/16/andrew-johnson-was-no-moses/","external_links_name":"\"He Was No Moses\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0028-7504","external_links_name":"0028-7504"},{"Link":"https://cupola.gettysburg.edu/ghj/vol7/iss1/8","external_links_name":"\"\"Moses in Retirement\": Andrew Johnson, 1869-1876\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/2327-3917","external_links_name":"2327-3917"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=mkUTAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA471","external_links_name":"Documentary History of Reconstruction: Political, Military, Social, Religious, Educational & Industrial, 1865 to the Present Time"},{"Link":"https://www.americanheritage.com/why-they-impeached-andrew-johnson","external_links_name":"\"Why They Impeached Andrew Johnson\""},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/42621106","external_links_name":"\"Andrew Johnson Argues a Case\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0040-3261","external_links_name":"0040-3261"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/42621106","external_links_name":"42621106"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/42627447","external_links_name":"\"John Trotwood Moore and the Patrician Cult of the New South\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0040-3261","external_links_name":"0040-3261"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/42627447","external_links_name":"42627447"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/20023846","external_links_name":"\"Adult Identity and Presidential Style: The Rhetorical Emphasis\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0011-5266","external_links_name":"0011-5266"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/20023846","external_links_name":"20023846"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grant_Singer
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Grant Singer
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["1 Filmography","1.1 Films","1.2 Music videos","2 References","3 External links"]
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American music video and commercial director
An editor has performed a search and found that sufficient sources exist to establish the subject's notability. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Grant Singer" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (July 2019) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Grant SingerBornGrant Taylor Singer (1985-07-23) July 23, 1985 (age 38)OccupationDirectorYears active2012–presentWebsitegrantsinger.com
Grant Taylor Singer (born July 23, 1985) is an American filmmaker, and music video and commercial director known for working with artists such as the Weeknd, Taylor Swift, Troye Sivan, Sky Ferreira, Lorde, Sam Smith, Travis Scott, Ariel Pink and Skrillex.
Known as a top music video director, Singer made his feature film directorial debut with Reptile, starring Benicio del Toro and Justin Timberlake, released on Netflix in 2023.
Filmography
Films
Year
Title
Director
Writer
Notes
2023
Reptile
Yes
Yes
Directorial debut
Short films
Mania (2016)
Documentary
Shawn Mendes: In Wonder (2020)
Youth Museum (2013)
Music videos
Year
Title
Artist(s)
Ref.
2020
"To Die For"
Sam Smith
2019
"How Do You Sleep?"
"No Idea"
Don Toliver
2018
"Call Out My Name"
The Weeknd
"Never Be the Same"
Camila Cabello
"My My My!"
Troye Sivan
2017
"Perfect Places"
Lorde
"Green Light"
"I Don't Wanna Live Forever"
Taylor Swift and Zayn
"Don't Know Why"
Slowdive
2016
"Wicked"
Future
"Starboy"
The Weeknd
"Safari"
J Balvin feat. Pharrell Williams, Bia, Sky
"Let Me Love You"
Ariana Grande
2015
"Red Lips" Remix
Skrillex
"Tell Your Friends"
The Weeknd
"Can't Feel My Face"
"Burial"
Skrillex with Yogi featuring Pusha T, Moody Good and TrollPhace
"The Hills"
The Weeknd
"Dayzed Inn Daydreamz"
Ariel Pink
2014
"Put Your Number In My Phone"
"My Molly"
"I Blame Myself"
Sky Ferreira
"Night Time, My Time"
"You're Not the One"
"Lost in My Bedroom"
"Sad Dream"
"Everything Is Embarrassing"
"Mamacita"
Travi$ Scott
References
^ a b Putrino, Matt. "Grant Singer / Features / Nothing Major". Dossier. Pitchfork. Retrieved 26 July 2023.
^ Fleming, Mike Jr. (August 28, 2023). "LBI Signs Grant Singer, Ace Music Video Helmer Making Feature Bow On Toronto Premiere 'Reptile'". Deadline Hollywood. Retrieved Jan 14, 2024.
^ "Benicio Del Toro Will Executive Produce, Star in Reptile, Directorial Debut From Music Video Helmer Grant Singer (exclusive)". Variety.
^ a b "Watch The Weeknd's New Short Film Mania". Pitchfork. 23 November 2016. Retrieved 23 November 2016.
^ Rania, Aniftos (November 20, 2020). "How Shawn Mendes' In Wonder Doc Strips Away the 'Mythology' of a Star & Reveals the Human Underneath". Billboard. Retrieved November 28, 2022.
^ "Sam Smith Announces New Album To Die For, Shares New Song". Pitchfork. Retrieved 2020-02-15.
^ Bloom, Madison (February 14, 2020). "Sam Smith Announces New Album To Die For, Shares New Song: Listen". Pitchfork. Retrieved February 14, 2020.
^ BridgeDeliboy (2019-05-29). "Don Toliver - No Idea". SoMuZay. Retrieved 2021-10-05.
^ Kim, Michelle (April 12, 2018). "Watch the Weeknd's Bizarre New "Call Out My Name" Video". Pitchfork. Retrieved April 12, 2018.
^ Maher, Natalie (March 8, 2018). "Camila Cabello Wears Couture and Hangs in Hotel Rooms in Artful 'Never Be the Same' Video". Billboard. Retrieved March 9, 2018.
^ Nied, Mike (9 January 2018). "Troye Sivan Teases A Dramatic Music Video For New Single "My My My!"". Idolator. Retrieved 11 January 2018.
^ Wicks, Amanda (3 August 2017). "Lorde Takes One Hell of a Vacation in New "Perfect Places" Video: Watch". Pitchfork. Retrieved 13 August 2017.
^ "Lorde Releases New Song "Green Light" and Video: Watch | Pitchfork". Pitchfork. Retrieved 2017-03-02.
^ "How Troye Sivan, Lorde & The Weeknd Collaborator Grant Singer Became Pop's Go-To Music Video Auteur". Billboard. Retrieved 2019-04-16.
^ "Slowdive – 'Don't Know Why' Video". Stereogum. October 11, 2017. Retrieved November 28, 2022.
^ "Watch Future's Video for "Wicked"". Complex. June 3, 2016. Retrieved June 4, 2016.
^ a b c "HYPEBEAST interviews "Starboy" music video director Grant Singer". Hypebeast. Retrieved 2019-04-16.
^ Carley, Brennan (April 16, 2016). "Ariana Grande and Lil Wayne Go Low Tech in Their Sultry 'Let Me Love You' Video". Spin. Retrieved June 7, 2016.
^ a b c d Ducker, Eric. "How This Glam Rock OG Became the Weeknd's Video Muse | Pitchfork". Pitchfork. Retrieved October 7, 2017.
^ "Grant Singer". IMVDb. Retrieved 2019-04-20.
^ "Travi$ Scott Mamacita". Videostatic. Retrieved 2020-06-25.
External links
Official website
Grant Singer on Anonymous Content official website
Grant Singer at IMDb
Authority control databases: Artists
MusicBrainz
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dossier-1"},{"link_name":"music video","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_video"},{"link_name":"commercial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Television_advertisement"},{"link_name":"the Weeknd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Weeknd"},{"link_name":"Taylor Swift","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taylor_Swift"},{"link_name":"Troye Sivan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Troye_Sivan"},{"link_name":"Sky Ferreira","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sky_Ferreira"},{"link_name":"Lorde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lorde"},{"link_name":"Sam Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sam_Smith_(singer)"},{"link_name":"Travis Scott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Travis_Scott"},{"link_name":"Ariel Pink","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ariel_Pink"},{"link_name":"Skrillex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skrillex"},{"link_name":"Reptile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reptile_(film)"},{"link_name":"Benicio del Toro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benicio_del_Toro"},{"link_name":"Justin Timberlake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justin_Timberlake"},{"link_name":"Netflix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netflix"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Grant Taylor Singer (born July 23, 1985)[1] is an American filmmaker, and music video and commercial director known for working with artists such as the Weeknd, Taylor Swift, Troye Sivan, Sky Ferreira, Lorde, Sam Smith, Travis Scott, Ariel Pink and Skrillex.Known as a top music video director, Singer made his feature film directorial debut with Reptile, starring Benicio del Toro and Justin Timberlake, released on Netflix in 2023.[2]","title":"Grant Singer"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TheWeeknd-4"},{"link_name":"Shawn Mendes: In Wonder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shawn_Mendes:_In_Wonder"},{"link_name":"Youth Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.moma.org/calendar/events/3204"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"sub_title":"Films","text":"Short filmsMania (2016)[4]DocumentaryShawn Mendes: In Wonder (2020)\nYouth Museum (2013)[5]","title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Music videos","title":"Filmography"}]
|
[]
| null |
[{"reference":"Putrino, Matt. \"Grant Singer / Features / Nothing Major\". Dossier. Pitchfork. Retrieved 26 July 2023.","urls":[{"url":"http://nothingmajor.com/features/70-grant-singer/","url_text":"\"Grant Singer / Features / Nothing Major\""}]},{"reference":"Fleming, Mike Jr. (August 28, 2023). \"LBI Signs Grant Singer, Ace Music Video Helmer Making Feature Bow On Toronto Premiere 'Reptile'\". Deadline Hollywood. Retrieved Jan 14, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://deadline.com/2023/08/grant-singer-signs-lbi-entertainment-feature-debut-toronto-premiere-reptile-1235529633/","url_text":"\"LBI Signs Grant Singer, Ace Music Video Helmer Making Feature Bow On Toronto Premiere 'Reptile'\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deadline_Hollywood","url_text":"Deadline Hollywood"}]},{"reference":"\"Benicio Del Toro Will Executive Produce, Star in Reptile, Directorial Debut From Music Video Helmer Grant Singer (exclusive)\". Variety.","urls":[{"url":"https://variety.com/2020/film/news/benicio-del-toro-black-label-media-reptile-1234851958/","url_text":"\"Benicio Del Toro Will Executive Produce, Star in Reptile, Directorial Debut From Music Video Helmer Grant Singer (exclusive)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Watch The Weeknd's New Short Film Mania\". Pitchfork. 23 November 2016. Retrieved 23 November 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://pitchfork.com/news/69997-watch-the-weeknds-new-short-film-mania/","url_text":"\"Watch The Weeknd's New Short Film Mania\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pitchfork_(website)","url_text":"Pitchfork"}]},{"reference":"Rania, Aniftos (November 20, 2020). \"How Shawn Mendes' In Wonder Doc Strips Away the 'Mythology' of a Star & Reveals the Human Underneath\". Billboard. Retrieved November 28, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.billboard.com/music/pop/grant-singer-shawn-mendes-in-wonder-documentary-9487905/","url_text":"\"How Shawn Mendes' In Wonder Doc Strips Away the 'Mythology' of a Star & Reveals the Human Underneath\""}]},{"reference":"\"Sam Smith Announces New Album To Die For, Shares New Song\". Pitchfork. Retrieved 2020-02-15.","urls":[{"url":"https://pitchfork.com/news/sam-smith-announces-new-album-to-die-for/","url_text":"\"Sam Smith Announces New Album To Die For, Shares New Song\""}]},{"reference":"Bloom, Madison (February 14, 2020). \"Sam Smith Announces New Album To Die For, Shares New Song: Listen\". Pitchfork. Retrieved February 14, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://pitchfork.com/news/sam-smith-announces-new-album-to-die-for/","url_text":"\"Sam Smith Announces New Album To Die For, Shares New Song: Listen\""}]},{"reference":"BridgeDeliboy (2019-05-29). \"Don Toliver - No Idea\". SoMuZay. Retrieved 2021-10-05.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.somuzay.com/mv-don-toliver-no-idea/","url_text":"\"Don Toliver - No Idea\""}]},{"reference":"Kim, Michelle (April 12, 2018). \"Watch the Weeknd's Bizarre New \"Call Out My Name\" Video\". Pitchfork. Retrieved April 12, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://pitchfork.com/news/watch-the-weeknds-bizarre-new-call-out-my-name-video/","url_text":"\"Watch the Weeknd's Bizarre New \"Call Out My Name\" Video\""}]},{"reference":"Maher, Natalie (March 8, 2018). \"Camila Cabello Wears Couture and Hangs in Hotel Rooms in Artful 'Never Be the Same' Video\". Billboard. Retrieved March 9, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/pop/8238403/camila-cabello-never-be-the-same-video","url_text":"\"Camila Cabello Wears Couture and Hangs in Hotel Rooms in Artful 'Never Be the Same' Video\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)","url_text":"Billboard"}]},{"reference":"Nied, Mike (9 January 2018). \"Troye Sivan Teases A Dramatic Music Video For New Single \"My My My!\"\". Idolator. Retrieved 11 January 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.idolator.com/7673342/troye-sivan-teases-my-my-my-music-video","url_text":"\"Troye Sivan Teases A Dramatic Music Video For New Single \"My My My!\"\""}]},{"reference":"Wicks, Amanda (3 August 2017). \"Lorde Takes One Hell of a Vacation in New \"Perfect Places\" Video: Watch\". Pitchfork. Retrieved 13 August 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://pitchfork.com/news/lorde-takes-one-hell-of-a-vacation-in-new-perfect-places-video-watch/","url_text":"\"Lorde Takes One Hell of a Vacation in New \"Perfect Places\" Video: Watch\""}]},{"reference":"\"Lorde Releases New Song \"Green Light\" and Video: Watch | Pitchfork\". Pitchfork. Retrieved 2017-03-02.","urls":[{"url":"http://pitchfork.com/news/68382-lorde-releases-new-song-green-light-and-video-watch/","url_text":"\"Lorde Releases New Song \"Green Light\" and Video: Watch | Pitchfork\""}]},{"reference":"\"How Troye Sivan, Lorde & The Weeknd Collaborator Grant Singer Became Pop's Go-To Music Video Auteur\". Billboard. Retrieved 2019-04-16.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.billboard.com/articles/news/lifestyle/8094872/taylor-swift-troye-sivan-lorde-the-weeknd-collaborator-grant-singer-director-music-video-interview","url_text":"\"How Troye Sivan, Lorde & The Weeknd Collaborator Grant Singer Became Pop's Go-To Music Video Auteur\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)","url_text":"Billboard"}]},{"reference":"\"Slowdive – 'Don't Know Why' Video\". Stereogum. October 11, 2017. Retrieved November 28, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.stereogum.com/1966701/slowdive-dont-know-why-video/news/","url_text":"\"Slowdive – 'Don't Know Why' Video\""}]},{"reference":"\"Watch Future's Video for \"Wicked\"\". Complex. June 3, 2016. Retrieved June 4, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.complex.com/music/2016/06/future-new-video-wicked","url_text":"\"Watch Future's Video for \"Wicked\"\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complex_(magazine)","url_text":"Complex"}]},{"reference":"\"HYPEBEAST interviews \"Starboy\" music video director Grant Singer\". Hypebeast. Retrieved 2019-04-16.","urls":[{"url":"https://hypebeast.com/zh/2018/6/the-weeknd-starboy-mv-director-grant-singer","url_text":"\"HYPEBEAST interviews \"Starboy\" music video director Grant Singer\""}]},{"reference":"Carley, Brennan (April 16, 2016). \"Ariana Grande and Lil Wayne Go Low Tech in Their Sultry 'Let Me Love You' Video\". Spin. Retrieved June 7, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.spin.com/2016/05/ariana-grande-let-me-love-you-music-video-lil-wayne-watch/","url_text":"\"Ariana Grande and Lil Wayne Go Low Tech in Their Sultry 'Let Me Love You' Video\""}]},{"reference":"Ducker, Eric. \"How This Glam Rock OG Became the Weeknd's Video Muse | Pitchfork\". Pitchfork. Retrieved October 7, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://pitchfork.com/thepitch/917-how-this-glam-rock-og-became-the-weeknds-video-muse/","url_text":"\"How This Glam Rock OG Became the Weeknd's Video Muse | Pitchfork\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pitchfork_(website)","url_text":"Pitchfork"}]},{"reference":"\"Grant Singer\". IMVDb. Retrieved 2019-04-20.","urls":[{"url":"https://imvdb.com/n/grant-singer","url_text":"\"Grant Singer\""}]},{"reference":"\"Travi$ Scott Mamacita\". Videostatic. Retrieved 2020-06-25.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.videostatic.com/watch-it/2014/12/02/travi-scott-mamacita-grant-singer-dir","url_text":"\"Travi$ Scott Mamacita\""}]}]
|
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No Idea\""},{"Link":"https://pitchfork.com/news/watch-the-weeknds-bizarre-new-call-out-my-name-video/","external_links_name":"\"Watch the Weeknd's Bizarre New \"Call Out My Name\" Video\""},{"Link":"https://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/pop/8238403/camila-cabello-never-be-the-same-video","external_links_name":"\"Camila Cabello Wears Couture and Hangs in Hotel Rooms in Artful 'Never Be the Same' Video\""},{"Link":"https://www.idolator.com/7673342/troye-sivan-teases-my-my-my-music-video","external_links_name":"\"Troye Sivan Teases A Dramatic Music Video For New Single \"My My My!\"\""},{"Link":"http://pitchfork.com/news/lorde-takes-one-hell-of-a-vacation-in-new-perfect-places-video-watch/","external_links_name":"\"Lorde Takes One Hell of a Vacation in New \"Perfect Places\" Video: Watch\""},{"Link":"http://pitchfork.com/news/68382-lorde-releases-new-song-green-light-and-video-watch/","external_links_name":"\"Lorde Releases New Song \"Green Light\" and Video: Watch | Pitchfork\""},{"Link":"https://www.billboard.com/articles/news/lifestyle/8094872/taylor-swift-troye-sivan-lorde-the-weeknd-collaborator-grant-singer-director-music-video-interview","external_links_name":"\"How Troye Sivan, Lorde & The Weeknd Collaborator Grant Singer Became Pop's Go-To Music Video Auteur\""},{"Link":"https://www.stereogum.com/1966701/slowdive-dont-know-why-video/news/","external_links_name":"\"Slowdive – 'Don't Know Why' Video\""},{"Link":"http://www.complex.com/music/2016/06/future-new-video-wicked","external_links_name":"\"Watch Future's Video for \"Wicked\"\""},{"Link":"https://hypebeast.com/zh/2018/6/the-weeknd-starboy-mv-director-grant-singer","external_links_name":"\"HYPEBEAST interviews \"Starboy\" music video director Grant Singer\""},{"Link":"http://www.spin.com/2016/05/ariana-grande-let-me-love-you-music-video-lil-wayne-watch/","external_links_name":"\"Ariana Grande and Lil Wayne Go Low Tech in Their Sultry 'Let Me Love You' Video\""},{"Link":"https://pitchfork.com/thepitch/917-how-this-glam-rock-og-became-the-weeknds-video-muse/","external_links_name":"\"How This Glam Rock OG Became the Weeknd's Video Muse | Pitchfork\""},{"Link":"https://imvdb.com/n/grant-singer","external_links_name":"\"Grant Singer\""},{"Link":"https://www.videostatic.com/watch-it/2014/12/02/travi-scott-mamacita-grant-singer-dir","external_links_name":"\"Travi$ Scott Mamacita\""},{"Link":"https://grantsinger.com/","external_links_name":"Official website"},{"Link":"https://www.anonymouscontent.com/work/commercials/anonymous/grant-singer/","external_links_name":"Grant Singer on Anonymous Content official website"},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/name/nm3026537/","external_links_name":"Grant Singer"},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/artist/67f9048b-14b1-4ef3-b62f-0cc7b593870f","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tercan_District
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Tercan District
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["1 Composition","2 Demographics","3 References"]
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Coordinates: 39°47′N 40°23′E / 39.783°N 40.383°E / 39.783; 40.383District of Erzincan Province, Turkey
District in Erzincan, TurkeyTercan DistrictDistrictMap showing Tercan District in Erzincan ProvinceTercan DistrictLocation in TurkeyCoordinates: 39°47′N 40°23′E / 39.783°N 40.383°E / 39.783; 40.383CountryTurkeyProvinceErzincanSeatTercanArea1,614 km2 (623 sq mi)Population (2021)16,110 • Density10.0/km2 (26/sq mi)Time zoneUTC+3 (TRT)Websitewww.tercan.gov.tr
Tercan District is a district of Erzincan Province in Turkey. The municipality of Tercan is the seat and the district had a population of 16,110 in 2021. Its area is 1,614 km2.
Composition
There are four municipalities in Tercan District:
Çadırkaya
Kargın
Mercan
Tercan
There are 71 villages in Tercan District:
Ağören
Aktaş
Akyurt
Altınkaya
Armutluk
Bağpınar
Balyayla
Başbudak
Beğendik
Beşgöze
Beşkaya
Beykonak
Bulmuş
Büklümdere
Çalkışla
Çatakdere
Çayırdüzü
Çukuryurt
Dallıca
Darıtepe
Doluca
Edebük
Elaldı
Elmalı
Esenevler
Fındıklı
Gafurefendi
Gedikdere
Gevenlik
Gökçe
Gökdere
Gökpınar
Göktaş
Güzbulak
Hacıbayram
Ilısu
İkizler
Kalecik
Karacakışlak
Karacaören
Karahüseyin
Kavaklık
Kemerçam
Kızılca
Konarlı
Köprübaşı
Kurukol
Kuzören
Küçükağa
Küllüce
Mantarlı
Mustafabey
Müftüoğlu
Oğulveren
Ortaköy
Sağlıca
Sarıkaya
Şengül
Tepebaşı
Topalhasan
Üçpınar
Yalınkaş
Yamanlar
Yastıkköy
Yaylacık
Yaylayolu
Yaylım
Yazıören
Yenibucak
Yeşilyayla
Yuvalı
Furthermore, the district encompasses 122 hamlets.
Demographics
In 1989, anthropologist Andrews counted 68 villages in the district of which Kurds were present in 54 villages and Turks in 24 villages. Same study noted that Alevis were present in 57 villages, Hanafi Muslims in 23 villages and Shafi'i Muslims in one village.
References
^ a b c d "Türkiye Mülki İdare Bölümleri Envanteri". T.C. İçişleri Bakanlığı (in Turkish). Retrieved 19 December 2022.
^ "31 ARALIK 2021 TARİHLİ ADRESE DAYALI NÜFUS KAYIT SİSTEMİ (ADNKS) SONUÇLARI" (XLS). TÜİK (in Turkish). Retrieved 16 December 2022.
^ "İl ve İlçe Yüz ölçümleri". General Directorate of Mapping. Retrieved 1 March 2023.
^ a b Peter Alfred, Andrews; Benninghaus, Rüdiger, eds. (1989). Ethnic Groups in the Republic of Turkey. p. 185.
vteTercan District in Erzincan Province of TurkeyDistricts
Çayırlı
Erzincan
İliç
Kemah
Kemaliye
Otlukbeli
Refahiye
Tercan
Üzümlü
Districts of ErzincanList of provinces by regionIstanbul
Istanbul
West Marmara
Balıkesir
Çanakkale
Edirne
Kırklareli
Tekirdağ
Aegean
Afyonkarahisar
Aydın
Denizli
İzmir
Kütahya
Manisa
Muğla
Uşak
East Marmara
Bilecik
Bolu
Bursa
Düzce
Eskişehir
Kocaeli
Sakarya
Yalova
West Anatolia
Ankara
Karaman
Konya
Mediterranean
Adana
Antalya
Burdur
Hatay
Isparta
Kahramanmaraş
Mersin
Osmaniye
Central Anatolia
Aksaray
Kayseri
Kırıkkale
Kırşehir
Nevşehir
Niğde
Sivas
Yozgat
West Black Sea
Amasya
Bartın
Çankırı
Çorum
Karabük
Kastamonu
Samsun
Sinop
Tokat
Zonguldak
East Black Sea
Artvin
Giresun
Gümüşhane
Ordu
Rize
Trabzon
Northeast Anatolia
Ağrı
Ardahan
Bayburt
Erzincan
Erzurum
Iğdır
Kars
Central East Anatolia
Bingöl
Bitlis
Elazığ
Hakkâri
Malatya
Muş
Tunceli
Van
Southeast Anatolia
Adıyaman
Batman
Diyarbakır
Gaziantep
Kilis
Mardin
Siirt
Şanlıurfa
Şırnak
Metropolitan municipalities are bolded.
vteTercan DistrictMunicipalities
Çadırkaya
Kargın
Mercan
Tercan
Villages
Ağören
Aktaş
Akyurt
Altınkaya
Armutluk
Bağpınar
Balyayla
Başbudak
Beğendik
Beşgöze
Beşkaya
Beykonak
Bulmuş
Büklümdere
Çalkışla
Çatakdere
Çayırdüzü
Çukuryurt
Dallıca
Darıtepe
Doluca
Edebük
Elaldı
Elmalı
Esenevler
Fındıklı
Gafurefendi
Gedikdere
Gevenlik
Gökçe
Gökdere
Gökpınar
Göktaş
Güzbulak
Hacıbayram
Ilısu
İkizler
Kalecik
Karacakışlak
Karacaören
Karahüseyin
Kavaklık
Kemerçam
Kızılca
Konarlı
Köprübaşı
Kurukol
Kuzören
Küçükağa
Küllüce
Mantarlı
Mustafabey
Müftüoğlu
Oğulveren
Ortaköy
Sağlıca
Sarıkaya
Şengül
Tepebaşı
Topalhasan
Üçpınar
Yalınkaş
Yamanlar
Yastıkköy
Yaylacık
Yaylayolu
Yaylım
Yazıören
Yenibucak
Yeşilyayla
Yuvalı
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Erzincan Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erzincan_Province"},{"link_name":"Turkey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey"},{"link_name":"Tercan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tercan"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tuik-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"District of Erzincan Province, TurkeyDistrict in Erzincan, TurkeyTercan District is a district of Erzincan Province in Turkey. The municipality of Tercan is the seat and the district had a population of 16,110 in 2021.[1][2] Its area is 1,614 km2.[3]","title":"Tercan District"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"municipalities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Municipality"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-1"},{"link_name":"Çadırkaya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87ad%C4%B1rkaya,_Tercan"},{"link_name":"Kargın","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karg%C4%B1n,_Tercan"},{"link_name":"Mercan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercan,_Tercan"},{"link_name":"Tercan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tercan"},{"link_name":"villages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Villages_of_Turkey"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-1"},{"link_name":"Ağören","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%C4%9F%C3%B6ren,_Tercan"},{"link_name":"Aktaş","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akta%C5%9F,_Tercan"},{"link_name":"Akyurt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akyurt,_Tercan"},{"link_name":"Altınkaya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alt%C4%B1nkaya,_Tercan"},{"link_name":"Armutluk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armutluk,_Tercan"},{"link_name":"Bağpınar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ba%C4%9Fp%C4%B1nar,_Tercan"},{"link_name":"Balyayla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balyayla,_Tercan"},{"link_name":"Başbudak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ba%C5%9Fbudak,_Tercan"},{"link_name":"Beğendik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Be%C4%9Fendik,_Tercan"},{"link_name":"Beşgöze","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Be%C5%9Fg%C3%B6ze,_Tercan"},{"link_name":"Beşkaya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Be%C5%9Fkaya,_Tercan"},{"link_name":"Beykonak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beykonak,_Tercan"},{"link_name":"Bulmuş","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulmu%C5%9F,_Tercan"},{"link_name":"Büklümdere","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%BCkl%C3%BCmdere,_Tercan"},{"link_name":"Çalkışla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87alk%C4%B1%C5%9Fla,_Tercan"},{"link_name":"Çatakdere","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87atakdere,_Tercan"},{"link_name":"Çayırdüzü","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87ay%C4%B1rd%C3%BCz%C3%BC,_Tercan"},{"link_name":"Çukuryurt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87ukuryurt,_Tercan"},{"link_name":"Dallıca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dall%C4%B1ca,_Tercan"},{"link_name":"Darıtepe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dar%C4%B1tepe,_Tercan"},{"link_name":"Doluca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doluca,_Tercan"},{"link_name":"Edebük","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edeb%C3%BCk,_Tercan"},{"link_name":"Elaldı","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elald%C4%B1,_Tercan"},{"link_name":"Elmalı","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elmal%C4%B1,_Tercan"},{"link_name":"Esenevler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esenevler,_Tercan"},{"link_name":"Fındıklı","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C4%B1nd%C4%B1kl%C4%B1,_Tercan"},{"link_name":"Gafurefendi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gafurefendi,_Tercan"},{"link_name":"Gedikdere","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gedikdere,_Tercan"},{"link_name":"Gevenlik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gevenlik,_Tercan"},{"link_name":"Gökçe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%B6k%C3%A7e,_Tercan"},{"link_name":"Gökdere","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%B6kdere,_Tercan"},{"link_name":"Gökpınar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%B6kp%C4%B1nar,_Tercan"},{"link_name":"Göktaş","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%B6kta%C5%9F,_Tercan"},{"link_name":"Güzbulak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%BCzbulak,_Tercan"},{"link_name":"Hacıbayram","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hac%C4%B1bayram,_Tercan"},{"link_name":"Ilısu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Il%C4%B1su,_Tercan"},{"link_name":"İkizler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0kizler,_Tercan"},{"link_name":"Kalecik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalecik,_Tercan"},{"link_name":"Karacakışlak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karacak%C4%B1%C5%9Flak,_Tercan"},{"link_name":"Karacaören","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karaca%C3%B6ren,_Tercan"},{"link_name":"Karahüseyin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karah%C3%BCseyin,_Tercan"},{"link_name":"Kavaklık","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kavakl%C4%B1k,_Tercan"},{"link_name":"Kemerçam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kemer%C3%A7am,_Tercan"},{"link_name":"Kızılca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C4%B1z%C4%B1lca,_Tercan"},{"link_name":"Konarlı","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konarl%C4%B1,_Tercan"},{"link_name":"Köprübaşı","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6pr%C3%BCba%C5%9F%C4%B1,_Tercan"},{"link_name":"Kurukol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurukol,_Tercan"},{"link_name":"Kuzören","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuz%C3%B6ren,_Tercan"},{"link_name":"Küçükağa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%BC%C3%A7%C3%BCka%C4%9Fa,_Tercan"},{"link_name":"Küllüce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%BCll%C3%BCce,_Tercan"},{"link_name":"Mantarlı","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mantarl%C4%B1,_Tercan"},{"link_name":"Mustafabey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mustafabey,_Tercan"},{"link_name":"Müftüoğlu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%BCft%C3%BCo%C4%9Flu,_Tercan"},{"link_name":"Oğulveren","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/O%C4%9Fulveren,_Tercan"},{"link_name":"Ortaköy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ortak%C3%B6y,_Tercan"},{"link_name":"Sağlıca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sa%C4%9Fl%C4%B1ca,_Tercan"},{"link_name":"Sarıkaya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sar%C4%B1kaya,_Tercan"},{"link_name":"Şengül","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Eeng%C3%BCl,_Tercan"},{"link_name":"Tepebaşı","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tepeba%C5%9F%C4%B1,_Tercan"},{"link_name":"Topalhasan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topalhasan,_Tercan"},{"link_name":"Üçpınar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9C%C3%A7p%C4%B1nar,_Tercan"},{"link_name":"Yalınkaş","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yal%C4%B1nka%C5%9F,_Tercan"},{"link_name":"Yamanlar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yamanlar,_Tercan&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Yastıkköy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yast%C4%B1kk%C3%B6y,_Tercan"},{"link_name":"Yaylacık","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yaylac%C4%B1k,_Tercan"},{"link_name":"Yaylayolu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yaylayolu,_Tercan"},{"link_name":"Yaylım","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yayl%C4%B1m,_Tercan"},{"link_name":"Yazıören","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yaz%C4%B1%C3%B6ren,_Tercan"},{"link_name":"Yenibucak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yenibucak,_Tercan"},{"link_name":"Yeşilyayla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ye%C5%9Filyayla,_Tercan"},{"link_name":"Yuvalı","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuval%C4%B1,_Tercan"},{"link_name":"hamlets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamlet_(place)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-1"}],"text":"There are four municipalities in Tercan District:[1]Çadırkaya\nKargın\nMercan\nTercanThere are 71 villages in Tercan District:[1]Ağören\nAktaş\nAkyurt\nAltınkaya\nArmutluk\nBağpınar\nBalyayla\nBaşbudak\nBeğendik\nBeşgöze\nBeşkaya\nBeykonak\nBulmuş\nBüklümdere\nÇalkışla\nÇatakdere\nÇayırdüzü\nÇukuryurt\nDallıca\nDarıtepe\nDoluca\nEdebük\nElaldı\nElmalı\nEsenevler\nFındıklı\nGafurefendi\nGedikdere\nGevenlik\nGökçe\nGökdere\nGökpınar\nGöktaş\nGüzbulak\nHacıbayram\nIlısu\nİkizler\nKalecik\nKaracakışlak\nKaracaören\nKarahüseyin\nKavaklık\nKemerçam\nKızılca\nKonarlı\nKöprübaşı\nKurukol\nKuzören\nKüçükağa\nKüllüce\nMantarlı\nMustafabey\nMüftüoğlu\nOğulveren\nOrtaköy\nSağlıca\nSarıkaya\nŞengül\nTepebaşı\nTopalhasan\nÜçpınar\nYalınkaş\nYamanlar\nYastıkköy\nYaylacık\nYaylayolu\nYaylım\nYazıören\nYenibucak\nYeşilyayla\nYuvalıFurthermore, the district encompasses 122 hamlets.[1]","title":"Composition"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kurds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurds"},{"link_name":"Turks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish_people"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-4"},{"link_name":"Alevis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alevism"},{"link_name":"Hanafi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanafi_school"},{"link_name":"Shafi'i","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shafi%27i_school"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-4"}],"text":"In 1989, anthropologist Andrews counted 68 villages in the district of which Kurds were present in 54 villages and Turks in 24 villages.[4] Same study noted that Alevis were present in 57 villages, Hanafi Muslims in 23 villages and Shafi'i Muslims in one village.[4]","title":"Demographics"}]
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[{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/NUTS_Map_of_Turkey.png/100px-NUTS_Map_of_Turkey.png"},{"image_text":"Districts of Erzincan","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Erzincan_districts.png/100px-Erzincan_districts.png"}]
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[{"reference":"\"Türkiye Mülki İdare Bölümleri Envanteri\". T.C. İçişleri Bakanlığı (in Turkish). Retrieved 19 December 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.e-icisleri.gov.tr/Anasayfa/MulkiIdariBolumleri.aspx","url_text":"\"Türkiye Mülki İdare Bölümleri Envanteri\""}]},{"reference":"\"31 ARALIK 2021 TARİHLİ ADRESE DAYALI NÜFUS KAYIT SİSTEMİ (ADNKS) SONUÇLARI\" (XLS). TÜİK (in Turkish). Retrieved 16 December 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.tuik.gov.tr/indir/duyuru/favori_raporlar.xlsx","url_text":"\"31 ARALIK 2021 TARİHLİ ADRESE DAYALI NÜFUS KAYIT SİSTEMİ (ADNKS) SONUÇLARI\""}]},{"reference":"\"İl ve İlçe Yüz ölçümleri\". General Directorate of Mapping. Retrieved 1 March 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.harita.gov.tr/uploads/files-folder/il_ilce_alanlari.xlsx","url_text":"\"İl ve İlçe Yüz ölçümleri\""}]},{"reference":"Peter Alfred, Andrews; Benninghaus, Rüdiger, eds. (1989). Ethnic Groups in the Republic of Turkey. p. 185.","urls":[]}]
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[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Tercan_District¶ms=39_47_N_40_23_E_region:TR_type:adm1st_dim:100000","external_links_name":"39°47′N 40°23′E / 39.783°N 40.383°E / 39.783; 40.383"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Tercan_District¶ms=39_47_N_40_23_E_region:TR_type:adm1st_dim:100000","external_links_name":"39°47′N 40°23′E / 39.783°N 40.383°E / 39.783; 40.383"},{"Link":"http://www.tercan.gov.tr/","external_links_name":"www.tercan.gov.tr"},{"Link":"https://www.e-icisleri.gov.tr/Anasayfa/MulkiIdariBolumleri.aspx","external_links_name":"\"Türkiye Mülki İdare Bölümleri Envanteri\""},{"Link":"https://www.tuik.gov.tr/indir/duyuru/favori_raporlar.xlsx","external_links_name":"\"31 ARALIK 2021 TARİHLİ ADRESE DAYALI NÜFUS KAYIT SİSTEMİ (ADNKS) SONUÇLARI\""},{"Link":"https://www.harita.gov.tr/uploads/files-folder/il_ilce_alanlari.xlsx","external_links_name":"\"İl ve İlçe Yüz ölçümleri\""}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sony_Cyber-shot_DSC-S700
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List of Sony Cyber-shot cameras
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["1 D series","2 F series","3 G series","4 H series","5 HX series","6 L series","7 M series","8 MD series","9 N series","10 P series","11 QX series","12 R series","13 RX series","14 S series","15 T series","16 U series","17 V series","18 W series","19 WX Series","19.1 3D cameras","20 Sony Ericsson mobile phones","21 References","22 External links"]
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This list is incomplete; you can help by adding missing items. (June 2009)
Sony DSC-F1, the first camera of the series, released in 1996.
Notes:
DSC is an abbreviation for Digital Still Camera
Models without a “V” suffix do not include built-in GPS functionality
D series
High-end series
Product
Production
Sensor specifications
Lens
Size WxHxD (mm)
LCD Screen
DSC-D700
Since 1998
1.5 MP
1344×1024
1/2" CCD
28-140mm f/2-2.4
130×100×150
2.5" 180,000
DSC-D770
June 1999
F series
Sony Cyber-shot DSC-F3 (1997)
Sony Cyber-shot DSC-F717 (2002)
High-end series with swivelling lens and digital viewfinder
Product
Production
Sensor specifications
Lens
Size WxHxD (mm)
LCD Screen
Video specifications
Infrared night vision
DSC-F1
Since 1996
0.3 MP
640×480
1/3" CCD
35mm f/2
108×78×45
1.8" 61,380
n/a
No
DSC-F3
Since 1997
0.3 MP
640×4801/4" CCD
46mm f/2
102×78×41
5s
DSC-F505
August 1999
2.1 MP
1600×12001/2" CCD
38-190mm f/2.8-3.3
107×62×136
2" 123,000
320×240 8.333fps 15s
160×112 8.333fps 60s
DSC-F505V
April 2000
2.6 MP
1856×13921/1.8" CCD
DSC-F55
Feb 1999
2.1 MP
1600×12001/2" CCD
37mm f/2.8
103×79×48
DSC-F55V
April 2000
2.6 MP
1856×13921/1.8" CCD
DSC-F707
August 2001
5 MP
2560×19202/3" CCD
38-190mm f/2.0-2.4
120×67×148
1.8" 123,000
320×240 16.666fps 15s320×240 8.333fps unlimited
Yes
DSC-F717
September 2002
320×240 16.666fps320×240 8.333fps
DSC-F828
August 2003
8 MP
3264×24482/3" CCD RGBE
28-200mm f/2.0-2.8
134×91×156
1.8" 134,000
640×480 30fps320×240 16.666fps160×112 8.333fps
Yes (with modifications)
DSC-F88
May 2004
5 MP
2592×19441/2.4" CCD
38-114mm f/3.5-4.2
97.8×74.4×25.6
640×480 16.666fps160×112 8.333fps
No
G series
Sony Cyber-shot DSC-G3 (2009)
G series
Product
Production
Sensor specifications
Storage
Connectivity
Video
Lens
Screen
DSC-G1
April 2007
6 MP
2816×2112
1/2.5" CCD
2 GB internal storage
No
640×480 30fps
38-114mm f/3.5-4.3
3.5" 921,000
DSC-G3
January 2009
10 MP
3648×2736
1/2.3" CCD
4 GB internal storage
Integrated Wi-Fi and web browsing
35 -140mm f/3.5-4.6
H series
Sony Cyber-shot DSC-H3 used a compact format
Sony Cyber-shot DSC-H50 bridge camera with lens hood attached.
Sony Cyber-shot DSC-H90
All cameras used CCD sensors and had optical image stabilization. The series included bridge cameras and compact cameras.
Product
Production
Screen
Resolution
Zoom
Lens
Video
Size (WxHxD) mm
FPS
DSC-H1
(bridge)
February 2005
2.5" LCD
115,200
5.1 MP
1/2.5" CCD
12×
36-432mm f/2.8-3.7
640×480 30fps
108×82×91
1.3fps (9 frames)
DSC-H2
(bridge)
February 2006
2" LCD
85,000
6 MP
1/2.5" CCD
640×480 30fps with optical zoom
107.8×81.4×91.2
1.3fps (7 frames)
DSC-H3(compact)
August 2007
HDTV output
2.5" LCD
115,000
8.1 MP
1/2.5" CCD
10×
38-380mm f/3.5-4.4
106×68.5×47.5
2fps
DSC-H5
(bridge)
February 2006
3" LCD
230,000
7.2 MP
1/2.5" CCD
12×
36-432mm f/2.8-3.7
113.2×83×94
1.1fps (7.2 MP 7 shots)
1.4fps (640×480 100 shots)
DSC-H7
(bridge)
February 2007
2.5" LCD
115,000
8.1 MP
1/2.5" CCD
15×
31-465mm
f/2.7-4.5
109.5×83.4×85.7
2.2fps (100 shots)
DSC-H9
(bridge)
3.0" tilting LCD
230,000
113.2×83×94
DSC-H10(compact)
January 2008
3.0" LCD
230,000
10×
38-380mm f/3.5-4.4
106×68.5×47.5
2fps
DSC-H20
(compact)
February 2009
10.1 MP
1/2.5" CCD
720p 30fps with optical zoom
107×69×47
1.8fps (100 shots)
DSC-H50
(bridge)
February 2008
3.0" tilting LCD
230,000
9.1 MP
1/2.3" CCD
15×
31-465mm
f/2.7-4.5
640×480 30fps with optical zoom
116.1×81.4×86.0
1.6fps (100 shots)
DSC-H55
(compact)
February 2010
3" LCD
230,000
14.1 MP
1/2.3" CCD
10×
25-250mm f/3.5-5.5
720p 30fps with optical zoom
103×58×29
1.84fps (4 shots)
DSC-H70
(compact)
January 2011
16.2 MP
1/2.3" CCD
102×58×29
1fps (3 shots)
DSC-H90
(compact)
February 2012
3" LCD
461,000
16×
24-384mm f/3.3-5.9
105×60×34
1fps
DSC-H200(compact)
January 2013
20 MP
1/2.3" CCD
26.4×
24-633mm
f/3.1-5.9
123×83×87
0.80fps (100 shots)
DSC-H300
(compact)
February 2014
35×
25-875mm
f/3.4-6.5
130×95×122
DSC-H400
(bridge)
63×
24.5-1550mm
f/3.4-6.5
130×93×103
0.71fps (100 shots)
HX series
Sony Cyber-shot DSC-HX5V (2010)
Sony Cyber-shot DSC-HX400V (2014) with 50X zoom and GPS
Sony Cyber-shot HyperXoom 50
Sony Cyber-shot DSC-HX300
Note: HX is an abbreviation for HyperXoom
All cameras used CMOS sensors, could zoom optically while filming, and had optical image stabilization. The series included bridge cameras and Compact cameras with Superzoom.
Product
Production
Resolution
Zoom
Screen
Lens
Video
Connectivity
FPS
Accessories
DSC-HX1
March 2009
9.1 MP
1/2.4" CMOS
20×
3" tilting LCD
230,000
28-560mm f/2.8-5.2
1080p 30fps
10fps (10 shots)
Built-in EVF
DSC-HX5/V
January 2010
10.2 MP
1/2.4"
BSI-CMOS
10×
3" LCD
230,000
25-250mm f/3.5-5.5
1080i 60/50
GPS
DSC-HX7V
January 2011
16.2 MP
1/2.3"
BSI-CMOS
3" LCD
921,600
DSC-HX9V
February 2011
16×
24-384mm f/3.3-5.9
DSC-HX10V
February 2012
18.2 MP
1/2.3"
BSI-CMOS
DSC-HX20V
July 2012
18.2 MP
1/2.3"
BSI-CMOS
20×
25-500mm f/3.2-5.8
1080p 60fps / 50fps
DSC-HX30V
February 2012
Wi-Fi and GPS
DSC-HX50V
April 2013
20 MP
1/2.3"
BSI-CMOS
30×
24-720mm f/3.5-6.3
Versatile hot shoe for optional accessories (EVF, flash, external mic)
DSC-HX60/V
Since 2014
26-780mm
f/3.5-6.3
Wi-Fi and NFC, V variant has GPS
DSC-HX80
March 2016
18.2 MP
1/2.3"
BSI-CMOS
3" tilting LCD
921,600
24-720mm f/3.5-6.4
Built in EVF
DSC-HX90/V
April 2015
DSC-HX95
September 2018
4K 30fps
1080p 120fps
NFC, Bluetooth, and Wi-Fi
DSC-HX99
3" tilting touch LCD
921,600
DSC-HX100V
October 2011
16.2 MP
1/2.3"
BSI-CMOS
30×
3" tilting LCD
921,600
27-810mm f/2.8-5.6
1080p 60fps / 50fps
GPS
DSC-HX200V
March 2012
18.2 MP
1/2.3"
BSI-CMOS
DSC-HX300/V
February 2013
20.4 MP
1/2.3"
BSI-CMOS
50×
24-1200mm
f/2.8-6.3
DSC-HX350/V
Since 2016
DSC-HX400/V
February 2014
Wi-Fi, GPS, and NFC
Built in EVF and hotshoe
L series
DSC-L1 (2004, 4.0 MP, 3× optical zoom)
Product
Production
Sensor specifications
LCD Screen
Lens
Video
Size WxHxD (mm)
Battery
DSC-L1
August 2004
4.3 MP
2304×1728
1/2.7" CCD
1.5" 78,000
32-96mm
f/2.8-5.1
640×480 30fps
95×44.3×25.7
NP-FT1
M series
Compact cameras with a unique vertical-grip design and an articulated screen
DSC-M1 (2004, 5.0 MP, 3× optical zoom)
DSC-M2 (2005, 5.0 MP, 3× optical zoom)
Product
Production
Sensor specifications
LCD Screen
Lens
Video
Size WxHxD (mm)
Battery
DSC-M1
September 2004
5 MP
2592×1944
1/2.4" CCD
2.5" 123,000
Articulated
38-114mm
f/3.5-4.4
640×480 30fps
51×114×28
NP-FT1
DSC-M2
September 2005
5 MP
2592×1944
1/2.3" CCD
51×123×32
NP-FR1
MD series
Compact camera using MiniDiscs.
Sony CyberShot DSC-MD1
Product
Production
Sensor specifications
LCD Screen
Lens
Video
Size WxHxD (mm)
Battery
DSC-MD1
640×4801/3" CCD
2.5"
38-114mmf/3.5-4.4
87×116×56
NP-F100
N series
Sony Cyber-shot DSC-N2 (2006)
DSC-N1 (2005, 3" LCD touch screen, 8.1 MP, 3× optical zoom)
DSC-N2 (2006, 3" LCD touch screen, 10.1 MP, 3× optical zoom)
Product
Production
Sensor specifications
LCD Screen
Lens
Video
Size WxHxD (mm)
Battery
DSC-N1
October 2005
8 MP
3264×2448
1/1.8" CCD
3.0" 230,000
38-114mm
f/2.8-5.4
640×480 30fps
94×60×20
NP-BG1
DSC-N2
September 2006
10 MP
3264×2448
1/1.7" CCD
P series
Sony Cyber-Shot DSC-P9 (2002)
Sony Cyber-Shot DSC-P31 (2002)
Sony Cyber-Shot DSC-P200 (2005)
Ultra-compact cameras with distinctive rounded edge on one side
DSC-P1 (2000, 1.5" LCD, 3 MP, 3× optical zoom)
DSC-P2 (1.9 MP, 3× optical zoom)
DSC-P3 (2.8 MP)
DSC-P5 (1.5" LCD, 3.1 MP, 3× optical zoom)
DSC-P7 (1.5" LCD, 3.1 MP, 3× optical zoom)
DSC-P8 (2003, 1.5" LCD, 3.1 MP, 3× optical zoom)
DSC-P9 (2002, 1.5" LCD, 4.0 MP, 3× optical zoom)
DSC-P10 (2003, 1.5" LCD, 5.0 MP, 3× optical zoom)
DSC-P12 (Same as DSC-P10, packaged with more accessories)
DSC-P20 (2001–2002, 1.1 MP, 3× digital zoom)
DSC-P30 (2002–2003, 1.2 MP)
DSC-P31 (2002–2003, 2 MP, 3× digital zoom)
DSC-P32 (2003, 3.2 MP, 1.6× digital zoom)
DSC-P41 (2004, 4.1 MP, fixed lens)
DSC-P43 (2004, 4.1 MP, fixed lens)
DSC-P50 (2001, 2.1 MP, 3× optical zoom)
DSC-P51 (2002, 2.1 MP, 2× optical zoom)
DSC-P52 (2003, 3.2 MP, 2× optical zoom)
DSC-P71 (2002, 3.2 MP, 3× optical zoom)
DSC-P72 (2003, 3.2 MP, 3× optical zoom)
DSC-P73 (2004, 4.1 MP, 3× optical zoom)
DSC-P92 (2003, 5 MP, 3× optical zoom)
DSC-P93 (2004, 5.0 MP, 3× optical zoom)
DSC-P100 (2004, 5.1 MP, 3× optical zoom)
DSC-P120 (special edition version of DSC-P100)
DSC-P150 (2004, 7.2 MP, 3× optical zoom)
DSC-P200 (2005, 7.2 MP, 3× optical zoom)
QX series
Lens-style compact cameras designed exclusively for use with smartphones.
DSC-QX10 (2013, 18.2 MP, 1/2.3 inch (7.76 mm) Exmor R™ CMOS sensor, 10× optical zoom, f/3.3–5.9 Sony G Lens)
DSC-QX30 (2014, 20.4 MP, 1/2.3 inch (7.82 mm) Exmor R™ CMOS sensor, 30× optical zoom, ƒ/3.5–6.3 Sony G Lens)
DSC-QX100 (2014, 20.2 MP, 1-inch (13.2×8.8 mm) Exmor R™ CMOS sensor, 3.6× optical zoom, f/1.8–4.9 Carl ZEISS® Vario-Sonnar T* lens)
ILCE-QX1 (2014, 20.1 MP, APS-C (23.2×15.4 mm) CMOS sensor, interchangeable E-mount lens)
R series
Sony Cyber-shot DSC-R1 (2005)
Bridge camera with large sensor
DSC-R1 (2005–2006, 10.3-MP APS-C. 5× 24–120 mm equivalent optical zoom, first Cyber-shot to use CMOS)
Sony Cyber-shot DSC-RX10 (2014)
RX series
See also: Sony RX
RX100 series – compact cameras with 1.0" type 20.2-MP sensors
DSC-RX100 (2012, Exmor CMOS sensor with 28-100mm f1.8–4.9 Carl Zeiss Vario-Sonnar T* lens)
DSC-RX100 II (2013, Exmor R CMOS sensor with 28-100mm f1.8–4.9 Carl Zeiss Vario-Sonnar T* lens)
DSC-RX100 III (2014, Exmor R CMOS sensor with 24-70mm f1.8-2.8 Carl Zeiss Vario-Sonnar T* lens)
DSC-RX100 IV (2015, Exmor RS CMOS sensor with 24-70mm f1.8-2.8 Carl Zeiss Vario-Sonnar T* lens)
DSC-RX100 V (2016, Exmor RS CMOS sensor with 24-70mm f1.8-2.8 Carl Zeiss Vario-Sonnar T* lens)
DSC-RX100 VI (2018, Exmor RS CMOS sensor with 24-200mm f2.8-4.5 Carl Zeiss Vario-Sonnar T* lens)
DSC-RX100 VII (2019, Exmor RS CMOS sensor with 24-200mm f2.8-4.5 Carl Zeiss Vario-Sonnar T* lens)
RX10 series – bridge cameras with 1.0" sensors
DSC-RX10 (2013, 1.0" type 20-MP BSI-CMOS sensor with fixed zoom lens Carl Zeiss Sonnar T* 24–200mm (equivalent 35mm) F2.8 along the zoom range), BIONZ X processor as Sony α7, has 3 EV built-in ND filter, 10fps, Wi-Fi, and NFC. Capable for high video quality shoot with stepless aperture control, headphone and mic sockets, focus peaking, zebra exposure warning, and uncompressed video output.
DSC-RX10 II (2015, 20-MP BSI-CMOS sensor, BIONZ X processor)
DSC-RX10 III (2016)
DSC-RX10 IV (2017)
RX1 series – compact full-frame cameras with a fixed 35mm f/2.0 Carl Zeiss Sonnar T* lenses
DSC-RX1 / DSC-RX1R (2012, 24-MP Exmor CMOS sensor)
DSC-RX1R II (2015, 42.4-MP Exmor R CMOS sensor)
S series
Sony Cyber-shot DSC-S85 (2001)
The DSC-S85 (released in 2001), was the first 4-MP consumer-level digital camera.
DSC-S30 (2000, 1.3 MP, 3× optical zoom)
DSC-S40 (2005, 4.0 MP, 3× optical zoom)
DSC-S45
DSC-S50 (2000, 2.1 MP, 3× optical zoom)
DSC-S60 (2005, 2" LCD, 4.0 MP)
DSC-S70 (2000, 3.3 MP)
DSC-S75 (2001, 3.3 MP)
DSC-S80 (2005, 4.1 MP, 3× optical zoom)
DSC-S85 (2001, 4.1 MP, 3× optical zoom)
DSC-S90 (2005, 4.1 MP, 3× optical zoom)
DSC-S500 (6.0 MP. 3× optical zoom)
DSC-S600 (2006, 6.0 MP. 3× optical zoom)
DSC-S650 (2007, 7.2 MP, 3× optical zoom)
DSC-S700 (2007, 7.2 MP, 3× optical zoom)
DSC-S730 (2008, 7.2 MP. 3× optical zoom)
DSC-S750 (2008, 7.2 MP. 3× optical zoom)
DSC-S780 (2008, 8.1 MP. 3× optical zoom)
DSC-S800 (2007, 8.1 MP. 6× optical zoom)
DSC-S930 (2009, 10.1 MP. 3× optical zoom)
DSC-S950 (2009, 10.1 MP. 4× optical zoom)
DSC-S980 (2009, 12.1 MP. 4× optical zoom)
DSC-S2000 (2010, 10.1 MP. 3× optical zoom)
DSC-S2100 (2010, 12.1 MP. 3× optical zoom)
DSC-S3000 (2011, 10.1 MP, 3× optical zoom)
Product
Production
Sensor specifications
Lens
Size WxHxD (mm)
LCD Screen
Video specifications
Removable media format
Battery
High-end S series
DSC-S30
February 2000
1.3 MP
1280×960
1/2.7" CCD
39-117mm
f/2.8-2.9
113×68×69
2" 123,000 tilting 180 degree
No
Original memory stick
NP-FM50
DSC-S50
2 MP
1600×1200
1/2.7" CCD
320×240 8.333fps 15s
160×112 8.333fps 60s
DSC-S70
3.2 MP
2048×1536
1/1.8" CCD
34-102mm
f/2-2.5
117×70×65
1.8" 123,000
DSC-S75
February 2001
120×74×63
320×240 16.666fps 15s
320×240 8.333fps
DSC-S85
June 2001
3.8 MP
2272×1704
1/1.8" CCD
Mid-end S series
DSC-S40
February 2005
4.1 MP
2034×1728
1/2.7" CCD
32-96mm
f/2.8-5.2
99×52×34
1.5" 77,000
640×480 30fps
640×480 16.666fps
160×112 8.333fps
Original memory stick
2× AA
DSC-S60 / S80 (Has manual mode)
May 2005
4.1 MP
2304×1728
1/2.7" CCD
39-117mm
f/2.8-5.2
97×64×40
2" 115,000
DSC-S90 (Has manual mode)
97×64×40
2.5" 115,000
DSC-S600
January 2006
6 MP
2816×2112
1/2.5" CCD
31-93mm
f/2.8-5.1
99.9×52×36.8 mm
2" 85,000
Memory Stick Duo
Low-end S series
DSC-S45
???
5.2 MP
2592×1944
1/2.5" CCD
32-96mm
f/2.8-4.8
91.4×66×33
2.4" 110,000
320×240 30fps
Memory Stick Duo
2× AA
DSC-S500
June 2006
6 MP
2816×2112
1/2.5" CCD
93×63×32
DSC-S650
January 2007
7.2 MP
3072×2304
1/2.5" CCD
35-105mm
f/2.8-4.8
91×61×27
2" 115,000
DSC-S700
2.4" 112,000
DSC-S800
May 2007
8 MP
3264×2448
1/1.8"
37-222mm
f/2.8-4.8
93×63×39
2.5" 230,000
DSC-S730
December 2007
7.2 MP
3072×2304
1/2.5" CCD
35-105mm
f/2.8-4.8
91×61×29
2.4" 112,000
DSC-S750
January 2008
90.8×56×26.5
2.5" 153,000
DSC-S780
8 MP
3264×2448
1/2.5" CCD
DSC-S930
January 2009
10 MP
3648×2736
1/2.3" CCD
38-108mm
f/2.9-5.4
90×61×26
2.4" 112,000
DSC-S950
February 2009
33-132mm
f/2.5-5.6
93×56×24
2.7" 230,000
NP-BK1
DSC-S980
12 MP
4000×3000
1/2.3" CCD
DSC-S2000
January 2010
10 MP
3456×2592
1/2.3" CCD
35-105mm
f/3.1-5.6
97.6×61×27.2
2.5" 230,000
640×480 30fps
Memory Stick Duo / SD
2×AA
DSC-S2100
12 MP
4000×3000
1/2.3" CCD
3" 230,000
DSC-S3000
2011
10 MP
3456×2592
1/2.3" CCD
28-112mm
f/3-5.7
99×61×29.3
2.7" 230,000
T series
Ultra-thin compact cameras
Sony Cyber-shot DSC-T3 (2004)
2007 Sony Cyber-shot DSC-T200 .
Sony Cyber-shot DCS-T90 (2009)
DSC-T1 (Jan 2004, 5.1 MP. 3× optical zoom)
DSC-T1C (2004, 7.2 MP. 3× optical zoom)
DSC-T2 (Dec 2007, 2.7" LCD touch screen, 8.1 MP. 3× optical zoom, 4 GB internal storage)
DSC-T3 (2004, 2.5" LCD, 5.1 MP, 3× optical zoom)
DSC-T5 (Sep 2005, 2.5" LCD, 5 MP, 3× optical zoom)
DSC-T7 (May 2005, 2.5" LCD, 5.1 MP, 3× optical zoom)
DSC-T9 (Jan 2006, 2.5" LCD, 6 MP, 3× optical zoom)
DSC-T10 (Aug 2006, 2.5" LCD, 7.2 MP, 3× optical zoom)
DSC-T11 (2004, 5.0 MP, 3× optical zoom)
DSC-T20 (Apr 2007, 8.0 MP, 3× optical zoom)
DSC-T30 (May 2006, 3" LCD, 7.2 MP, 3× optical zoom)
DSC-T33 (Mar 2005, 5.1 MP, 3× optical zoom)
DSC-T50 (Oct 2006, 3.0" LCD touch screen, 7.2 MP. 3× optical zoom)
DSC-T70 (Sep 2007, 3.0-inch LCD touch screen, 8.1 MP, 3× optical zoom)
DSC-T75 (2007, 3.0-inch LCD touch screen, 8.1 MP, 3× optical zoom)
DSC-T77 (Sep 2008, 3.0-inch LCD touch screen, 10.1 MP, 4× optical zoom)
DSC-T90 (Mar 2009, 3.0-inch LCD touch screen, 12.1 MP, 4× optical zoom, 720p HD Movies)
DSC-T99 (Aug 2010, 3.0-inch touch screen 14.1 MP, 720p HD Movies, Sweep Panorama, 4× optical zoom, personalisation)
DSC-T100 (Mar 2007, 3.0-inch LCD, 8.0 MP. 5× optical zoom)
DSC-T110 (Mar 2011, 3.0-inch touch screen, 16.2 MP, 720p HD movie, Intelligent Sweep Panorama, 4× optical zoom)
DSC-T200 (Sep 2007, 3.5-inch touch screen LCD, 8.1 MP, 5× optical zoom)
DSC-T300 (Mar 2008, 3.5-inch touch screen LCD, 10.1 MP, 5× optical zoom)
DSC-T500 (Oct 2008, 3.5-inch touch screen LCD, 10.1 MP, 5× optical zoom, 720p HD Movies)
DSC-T700 (Sep 2008, 3.5-inch touch screen LCD, 4 GB internal memory, 10.1 MP, 4× optical zoom)
DSC-T900 (Mar 2009, 3.5-inch touch screen LCD, 12.1 MP, 4× optical zoom, 720p HD Movies)
DSC-TF1 (Jan 2013, 2.7-inch LCD (not touch-screen), 16.1 MP)
DSC-TX1 (Sep 2009, 3.0-inch touch screen, 10.2 MP, 720p HD Movies, Sweep Panorama, 4× optical zoom, personalisation)
DSC-TX5 (Mar 2010, 3.0-inch touch screen, 10.2 MP, 720p HD Movies, Sweep Panorama, 4× optical zoom, personalisation, waterproof, dustproof, shockproof, freeze-proof)
DSC-TX7 (Jan 2010, 3.5-inch touch screen, 10.2 MP, 1080i Full HD Movies, Sweep Panorama, 4× optical zoom, personalisation)
DSC-TX9 (Aug 2010, 3.5-inch touch screen, 12.2 MP, 1080i Full HD Movies, 3D Sweep Panorama, 4× optical zoom, personalisation)
DSC-TX10 (Mar 2011, 3.0-inch touch screen, 16.2 MP, Full HD 1080i movie, 3D Sweep Panorama, 3D stills, 4× optical zoom, personalisation, waterproof, dustproof, shockproof, freeze-proof)
DSC-TX20 (May 2012, 3.0-inch touch screen, 16.2 MP Exmor R CMOS, 4× optical zoom, full HD 1080p, waterproof, shockproof)
DSC-TX30 (Mar 2013, 3.3-inch OLED touch screen, 18.2-MP, 5× optical zoom, waterproof, shockproof, freezeproof, dustproof)
DSC-TX55 (Sep 2011, 3.3-inch OLED, 16.2-MP Exmor R CMOS, 5× optical zoom, 10× Clear Image zoom / 26 mm wide angle, AVCHD Full HD, OLED, Sweep Panorama)
DSC-TX66 (Mar 2012, 3.3-inch OLED touch screen, 18.2 MP, Exmor R CMOS sensor, slim as an AA battery, Full HD 1080/60i video, high speed AF, 5× optical zoom, 10× Clear Image zoom, up to 10fps)
DSC-TX100V (Mar 2011，3.5-inch touch screen, 16.2-MP CMOS sensor, 4× optical zoom, Full HD 1080i movie, 3D Sweep Panorama, 3D stills, transfer jet technology, HDMI output, GPS, Compass)
DSC-TX200V (Mar 2012, 3.3-inch OLED touch screen, 18.2 MP, Full HD 1080p60 movie)
DSC-TX300V (Mar 2012, 3.3-inch OLED touch screen, 18.2 MP, Japan release only)
U series
Sony Cyber-shot DSC-U20 (2002)
Sub-miniature cameras using 2×AAA batteries
DSC-U10 (Jul 2002, 1.3 MP)
DSC-U20 (Dec 2002, 2.0 MP)
DSC-U30 (Jun 2003, 2.0 MP)
DSC-U40 (Oct 2003, 2.0 MP)
DSC-U50 (Aug 2003, 2.0 MP)
DSC-U60 (Jun 2003, 2.0 MP, waterproof)
Product
Production
Sensor specifications
Lens
Size WxHxD (mm)
LCD Screen
Video specifications
Specialty
Removable media format
DSC-U10
August 2002
1.3 MP
1280×960
1/2.7" CCD
33mm f/2.8
113×68×69
1" 64,000
160×112 8.33fps 15s
Lens cap that acts like a power switch
Original memory stick
DSC-U20
September 2002
2 MP
1632×1224
1/2.7" CCD
85×48 29
DSC-U30
May 2003
85×40×29
DSC-U60
60×117×43
Waterproof
DSC-U50
August 2003
100×41×25
Tilting lens
Memory Stick Duo
DSC-U40
October 2003
83×39×26
320×240 8.333fps
Lens cap that acts like a power switch
V series
Sony Cyber-shot DSC-V3 (2004)
'Prosumer' level Bridge cameras
DSC-V1 (2003, 1.5" LCD, 5.0 MP, 4× optical zoom)
DSC-V3 (2004, 2.5" LCD, 7.1 MP, 4× optical zoom)
W series
Sony Cyber-shot DSC-W30 (2006)
A Grey Sony Cyber-Shot DSC-W800 (2014)
Sony Cyber-shot DSC-W170 (2008)Cameras using a CCD Sensor and wide angle lens with a special coating.
Black Sony Cyber-shot DSC-W800 (2014)
With point-and-shoot camera sales decreasing, Sony has not made a new model since 2014 and is likely to discontinue the lineup.
DSC-W1 (2004, 5.1 MP, Manual mode, 3× optical zoom)
DSC-W5/W15 (2005, 5.1 MP, Manual mode, 3× optical zoom)
DSC-W7/W17 (2005, 7.1 MP, Manual mode, 3× optical zoom)
DSC-W12 (2004, 5.1 MP, Manual mode, 3× optical zoom)
DSC-W30 (2006, 6.0 MP, no Manual mode, 3× optical zoom)
DSC-W35 (2007, 7.2 MP, no Manual mode, 3× optical zoom)
DSC-W40 (2006, 6.0 MP, no Manual mode, 3× optical zoom)
DSC-W50 (2006, 6.0 MP, no Manual mode, 3× optical zoom)
DSC-W55 (2007, 7.2 MP, no Manual mode, 3× optical zoom)
DSC-W70 (2006, 7.2 MP, no Manual mode, 3× optical zoom)
DSC-W80 (2007, 7.2 MP, no Manual mode, 3× optical zoom, HDTV output)
DSC-W90 (2007, 8.1 MP, 3× optical zoom)
DSC-W100 (2006, 8.1 MP, Manual Mode, 3× optical zoom)
DSC-W110 (2008, 7.2 MP, no Manual mode, 4× optical zoom)
DSC-W115 (2008, 7.2 MP, no Manual mode, 4× optical zoom)
DSC-W120 (2008, 7.2 MP, no Manual mode, 4× optical zoom)
DSC-W130 (2008, 8.1 MP, no Manual mode, 4× optical zoom)
DSC-W150 (2008, 8.1 MP, no Manual mode, 5× optical zoom)
DSC-W170 (2008, 10.1 MP, no Manual mode, 5× optical zoom)
DSC-W180 (2009, 10.1 MP, 3× optical zoom)
DSC-W190 (2009, 12.1 MP, 3× optical zoom)
DSC-W200 (2007, 12.1 MP, Manual Mode, 3× optical zoom)
DSC-W210 (2009, 12.1 MP, no Manual mode, 4× optical zoom)
DSC-W215 (2007, 12.1 MP, no Manual mode, 4× optical zoom)
DSC-W220 (2009, 12.1 MP, no Manual mode, 4× optical zoom)
DSC-W230 (2009, 12.1 MP, no Manual mode, 4× optical zoom)
DSC-W270 (2009, 12.1 MP, no Manual mode, 5× optical zoom, HD Movie 720p)
DSC-W290 (2009, 12.1 MP, no Manual mode, 5× optical zoom, HD Movie 720p)
DSC-W300 (2008, 13.6 MP, Manual Mode, 3× optical zoom, 2.7" LCD)
DSC-W310 (2010, 12.1 MP, 4× optical zoom, 2.7˝ LCD)
DSC-W320 (2010, 14.1 MP, 4× optical zoom, 2.7˝ LCD)
DSC-W330 (2010, 14.1 MP, 4× optical zoom, Full VGA Movie, 3.0˝ LCD)
DSC-W350 (2010, 14.1 MP, 4× optical zoom, HD Movie 720p, 2.7˝ LCD)
DSC-W360 (2010, 14.1 MP, 4× optical zoom, HD Movie 720p, 3.0˝ LCD)
DSC-W370 (2010, 14.1 MP, 7× optical zoom, HD Movie 720p, 3.0˝ LCD)
DSC-W380 (2010, 14.1 MP, 5× optical zoom, HD Movie 720p, 2.7˝ LCD)
DSC-W390 (2010, 14.1 MP, 5× optical zoom, HD Movie 720p, 3.0˝ LCD)
DSC-W510 (2011, 12.1 MP, 4× optical zoom, 2.7" LCD)
DSC-W520 (2011, 14.1 MP, 5× optical zoom, 2.7" LCD)
DSC-W530 (2011, 14.1 MP, 4× optical zoom, 2.7" LCD)
DSC-W550 (2011, 14.1 MP, 4× optical zoom, 3.0" LCD)
DSC-W560 (2011, 14.1 MP, 4× optical zoom, HD Movie 720p, 3.0" LCD)
DSC-W570 (2011, 16.1 MP, 5× optical zoom, HD Movie 720p, 2.7" LCD)
DSC-W580 (2011, 16.1 MP, 5× optical zoom, HD Movie 720p, 3.0" LCD)
DSC-W610 (2012, 14.1 MP, 4× optical zoom, 2.6" LCD)
DSC-W620 (2012, 14.1 MP, 5× optical zoom, HD Movie 720p, 2.6" LCD)
DSC-W630 (2012, 16.1 MP, 5× optical zoom, HD Movie 720p, 2.6" LCD)
DSC-W650 (2012, 16.1 MP, 5× optical zoom, HD Movie 720p, 3.0" LCD)
DSC-W670 (2012, 16.1 MP, 6× optical zoom, HD Movie 720p, 2.6" LCD)
DSC-W690 (2012, 16.1 MP, 10× optical zoom, HD Movie 720p, 3.0" LCD)
DSC-W710 (2013, 16.1 MP, 5× optical zoom, HD Movie 720p, 2.7" LCD)
DSC-W730 (2013, 16.1 MP, 8× optical zoom, HD Movie 720p, 2.7" LCD)
DSC-W800 (2014, 20.1 MP, 5× optical zoom, HD Movie 720p, 2.7" LCD)
DSC-W810 (2014, 20.1 MP, 6× optical zoom, HD Movie 720p, 2.7" LCD)
DSC-W830 (2014, 20.1 MP, 8× optical zoom, HD Movie 720p, 2.7" LCD)
Model
Release Date
Sensor specifications
Video functionalities
Lens (35mm equiv.) aperture
Optical zoom
Optical Image stabilization
LCD specifications
Removable media format
Battery
Dimensions
WxHxD (mm)
Weight (with batteries)
Manual mode
DSC-W1 / W12
Feb 2004
1/1.8" 5 MP 2592×1944
640×480
30 / 16fps
38-114mm
f/2.8-5.2
3×
No
2.5"
123,000
Memory Stick / Pro
2× AA
91×60×36
250g
Yes
DSC-W5 / W15
Feb 2005
DSC-W7 / W17
1/1.8 7.2 MP
3072×2304
91×60×37
253g
DSC-W30 / W40
Feb 2006
1/2.5" 6 MP
2816×2112
2,5"
85,000
NP-BG1
89×59×23
123g (no batteries)
No
DSC-W50
2.5"
115,000
89×57×23
127g (no batteries)
DSC-W70
1/2.5" 7.2 MP
3072×2304
DSC-W100
1/1.8" 8.1 MP
3264×2448
94.2×60.6×24.8
161g (no batteries)
Yes
DSC-W35
Feb 2007
1/2.5" 7.2 MP
3072×2304
2"
85,000
Memory Stick Pro DUO
90×59×23
149g
No
DSC-W55
2.5"
115,000
89×57×23
147g
DSC-W80
35-105mm
f/2.8-5.2
Yes
91×58×22.9
124g (no batteries)
DSC-W90
1/2.5" 8.1 MP
3264×2448
DSC-W200
1/1.7" 12.1 MP
4000×3000
35-105mm
f/2.8-5.5
91×58.5×27.3
142g (no batteries)
Yes
DSC-W110 / W115 / W120
Jan 2008
1/2.5" 7.2 MP
3072×2304
32-128mm
f/2.8-5.8
4×
88.2×57.2×22.9
123g (no batteries)
No
DSC-W130
1/2.5" 8.1 MP
3264×2448
DSC-W150
30-150mm
f/3.3-5.2
5×
2.7"
230,000
93.7×58×24
142g (no batteries)
DSC-W170
1/2.3" 10.1 MP
3648×2736
28-140mm
f/3.3-5.2
DSC-W300
1/1.7" 13.6 MP
4224×3168
35-105mm
f/2.8-5.5
3×
94.3×59×26.8
187g
Yes
DSC-W180
May 2009
1/2.3" 10.1 MP
3648×2736
320×240 30fps
35-105mm
f/3.1-5.6
No
NP-BK1
91×55×19
140g
No
DSC-W190
1/2.3" 12.1 MP
4000×3000
DSC-W220 / W230
640×480 30fps
30-120mm
f/2.8-5.8
4×
Yes
3"
230,000
NP-BG1
95×57×22
127g (no batteries)
DSC-W270
720p 30fps
28-140mm
f/3.3-5.2
5×
2.7"
230,000
98×57×23
145g (no batteries)
DSC-W290
3"
230,000
DSC-W310
Jan 2010
640×480
30fps
28-112mm
f/3-5.8
4×
No
2.7"
230,000
SD / SDHC / SDXC / Memory Stick DUO
NP-BN1
95×55×19
137g
DSC-W320
1/2.3" 14 MP
4320×3240
26-105mm
f/2.7-5.7
93×52×17
117g
DSC-W330
3"
230,000
96×57×17
128g
DSC-W350
720p 30fps with optical zoom
Yes
2.7"
230,000
91×52×17
117g
DSC-W360
3"
230,000
94×55.9×17.8
109g (no batteries)
DSC-W370
34-238mm
f/3.6-7.1
7×
99.1×55.9×25.4
158.8g
DSC-W380
24-120mm
f/2.4-5.9
5×
2.7"
230,000
91.7×51.9×19.
108g (no batteries)
DSC-W390
3"
230,000
94×55.9×20.3
117g (no batteries)
DSC-W510
Jan 2011
1/2.3" 12 MP
4000×3000
640×480
30fps
26 -104mm
f/2.8-5.9
4×
No
2.7"
230,000
96×54×20
119g
DSC-W520
1/2.3" 14 MP
4320×3240
25-125mm
f/3.3-5.8
5×
96.5×55.9× 20.3
108g
DSC-W530
26 -104mm
f/2.7-5.7
4×
93×53×19
113g
DSC-W550
3"
230,000
94×56×19
110g
DSC-W560
720p 30fps with optical zoom
Yes
DSC-W570
1/2.3" 16 MP
4608×3456
25-125mm
f/2.6-5.3
5×
2.7"
230,000
91×52×19
116g
DSC-W580
3"
230,000
94×56×19.1
127g
DSC-W610
Jan 2012
1/2.3" 14 MP
4320×3240
640×480 30fps
26 -104mm
f/2.8-5.9
4×
No
2.7"
230,000
93×52×19
113g
DSC-W620
720p 30fps with optical zoom
28-140mm f/3.2-6.5
5×
98×56×20
116g
DSC-W630
1/2.3" 16 MP
4608×3456
28-140mm f/2.6-6.3
Yes
91×52.2×19.1
100g
DSC-W650
25-125mm
f/2.6-6.3
3"
230,000
94×56×19
124g
DSC-W670
28-168mm f/3.5-6.5
6×
2.7"
230,000
97.6×58.1×20.4
125g
DSC-W690
25-250mm f/3.3-5.9
10×
3"
230,000
94×56×22
142g
DSC-W710
Jan 2013
28-140mm f/3.2-6.5
5×
2.7"
230,000
97×55×20
114g
DSC-W730
25-224mm f/3.3-6.3
9×
93×52×22
122g
DSC-W810
Jan 2014
1/2.3" 20 MP
5152×3864
26-156mm f/3.5-6.5
6×
97×56×21
111g
DSC-W830
25-200mm f/3.3-6.3
8×
93×52×23
122g
DSC-W800
Feb 2014
26 -130mm f/3.2-6.4
5×
90×22×54
125g
WX Series
Cameras using a CMOS Sensor, designed for faster auto-focus and low light capability. All cameras have optical image stabilization and can zoom optically while filming.
DSC-WX1 (2009, 10.2 MP, no Manual mode, 5× optical zoom, G Lens, Sweep Panorama, HD Movie 720p)
DSC-WX5 (2010, 12.2 MP, 5× optical zoom, G Lens, 3D Sweep Panorama, HD Movie 1080i, 2.8˝ LCD)
DSC-WX7 (2011, 16.2 MP, 5× zoom, 3D Sweep Panorama, Full HD Movie 1080/60i 2.3˝ LCD)
DSC-WX9 (2011, 16.2 MP, 5× optical zoom, 3D Sweep Panorama, Full HD 1080/60i video, 3.0˝ LCD)
DSC-WX10 (2011, 16.2 MP, 7× optical zoom, G Lens, 3D Sweep Panorama, HD Movie 1080i, 2.8˝ LCD)
DSC-WX30 (2011, 16.2 MP, 5× optical zoom, 3D Sweep Panorama, HD Movie 1080p, 3.0˝ LCD)
DSC-WX50 (2012, 16.2 MP, 5× optical zoom, 3D Sweep Panorama, HD Movie 1080p, 2.6˝ LCD)
DSC-WX60 (2013, 16.2 MP, 8× optical zoom, Zeiss Lens, 3D Sweep Panorama, HD Movie 1080i, 2.7˝ LCD)
DSC-WX70 (2012, 16.2 MP, 5× optical zoom, 3D Sweep Panorama, HD Movie 1080p, 3.0˝ LCD)
DSC-WX80 (2013, Wi-Fi, 16.2 MP, 8× optical zoom, Zeiss Lens, 3D Sweep Panorama, HD Movie 1080i, 2.7˝ LCD)
DSC-WX100 (2012, 18.2 MP, 10× optical zoom, G Lens, 3D Sweep Panorama, HD Movie 1080i, 2.7˝ LCD)
DSC-WX150 (2012, 18.2 MP, 10× optical zoom, G Lens, 3D Sweep Panorama, HD Movie 1080i, 3.0˝ LCD)
DSC-WX170 (2012, 18.2 MP, 10× optical zoom, G Lens, 3D Sweep Panorama, HD Movie 1080i, 3.0˝ LCD)
DSC-WX200 (2013, Wi-Fi, 18.2 MP, 10× optical zoom, G Lens, 3D Sweep Panorama, HD Movie 1080i, 3.0˝ LCD)
DSC-WX220 (2014, Wi-Fi, NFC, 18.2 MP, 10× optical zoom, G Lens, Exmor R CMOS Sensor, HD Movie 1080i with AVCHD, available to connect to 4K TV, 2.7˝ LCD)
DSC-WX300 (2013, Wi-Fi, 18.2 MP, 20× optical zoom, G Lens, 3D Sweep Panorama, HD Movie 1080i, 3.0˝ LCD)
DSC-WX350 (2014, Wi-Fi, NFC, Remote control with smartphone, 18.2 MP, 20× optical zoom, G Lens, Exmor R CMOS Sensor, HD Movie 1080i with AVCHD, available to connect to 4K TV, 3.0˝ LCD)
DSC-WX500 (2015, 18.2 MP, 30× optical zoom, 180° Tilt LCD)
DSC-WX800 (2018, 20 MP, 30× optical zoom, 180° Tilt LCD, 4K video, Eye-AF)
Model
Release date
Sensor specifications
Video specifications
Lens (35mm equivalent) and aperture
Optical zoom
LCD Specifications
Card
Battery
Dimensions
WxHxD (mm)
Weight (include batteries)
Manual Exposure
DSC-WX1
Aug 2009
1/2.4" 10 MP
3648×2736
720p 30fps
24-120mm
f/2.4-5.9
5×
2.8" 230,000
Memory Stick DUO
NP-BG1
91×52×20
149g
No
DSC-WX5
Jul 2010
1/2.3" 12 MP
4000×3000
1080i 60 / 50
3" 230,000
SD / SDHC / SDXC / Memory Stick DUO
NP-BN1
92×52×22
130g (no batteries)
DSC-WX7
Jan 2011
1/2.3" 16 MP
4608×3456
25 -125mm
f/2.6-6.3
2.8" 460,000
92.2×51.9×19.1
120g (no batteries)
DSC-WX9
3" 921,000
95×56×20
123g (no batteries)
DSC-WX10
24-168mm f/2.4-5.9
7×
2.8" 460,000
NP-BG1
95×54×23
161g
Yes
DSC-WX30
Jul 2011
25 -125mm
f/2.6-6.3
5×
3" touch 921,000
NP-BN1
92×52×19
117g
No
DSC-WX50
Jan 2012
2.8" 460,000
117g
DSC-WX70
3" touch 921,000
114g
DSC-WX100
Feb 2012
1/2.3" 18 MP 4896×3672
25-250mm f/3.3-5.9
10×
2.8" 460,000
92.3×52.4×21.6
124g
DSC-WX150
3" 460,000
95×56×22
133g
DSC-WX170
27.5-275mm f/3.3-5.9
3" touch 921,000
92.3×52.4×21.6
103g (no batteries)
DSC-WX60 / WX80
Feb 2013
1/2.3" 16 MP
4608×3456
25-200mm f/3.3-6.3
8×
2.8" 230,000
92.3×52.5×22.5
124g
DSC-WX200
1/2.3" 18 MP 4896×3672
25-250mm f/3.3-5.9
10×
2.8" 460,000
92.3×52.4×21.6
121g
DSC-WX300
25-500mm f/3.5-6.5
20×
3" 460,000
NP-BX1
96×55×25
166g
DSC-WX220
Feb 2014
1080p 60fps / 50fps
25-250mm f/3.3-5.9
10×
2.8" 460,000
NP-BN1
92.3×52.4×21.6
121g
DSC-WX350
25-500mm f/3.5-6.5
20×
3" 460,000
NP-BX1
96×55×26
137g
DSC-WX500
April 2015
24-720mm f/3.5-6.4
30×
3" tilting 921,000
102×58×36
236g
Yes
DSC-WX800
October 2018
4K 30fps
1080p 120fps
3" tilting touch
921,000
micro SD / Memory Stick micro
101.6×58.1×35.5
233g
3D cameras
On July 7, 2010, Sony unveiled the Sony DSC-TX9 and DSC-WX5, which were the world's smallest 3D cameras and capture 3D images with a single lens system using a sweeping motion. Sony also introduced the DSC-T99 14.1 MP CCD camera for about $250. The three cameras above offered a 3D Sweep Panorama feature, which let one take panoramic pictures in a single press-and-sweep motion. The high-speed burst of frames is digitally stitched together to automatically create a detail-packed 3D panorama. These images can be viewed in 2D or 3D on compatible 3D televisions.
Sony Ericsson mobile phones
Sony Ericsson K800i (2006)
In 2006, the now-defunct Sony Mobile (then known as Sony Ericsson Mobile Communications, a joint venture between Sony and Ericsson) launched a mobile phone using the Cyber-shot branding for the Sony Ericsson K800i, featuring a 3.2-MP Cyber-shot digital camera and a xenon flash.
On February 6, 2007, Sony Ericsson announced the K810 Cyber-shot phone. Building on the success of the K800, the K810 added a number of features that made its 3.2-MP autofocus camera even more camera-like. Sony Ericsson also expanded its Cyber-shot branding to a mid-range handset, the K550, which had a 2.0-MP camera bundled with autofocus and LED flash.
Sony Ericsson announced its flagship K850 on June 14, 2007, and its Candy-bar K770 on February 3, 2008.
In Japan, Sony Ericsson used the Cyber-shot name on the SO905iCS, 'CS' standing for Cyber-shot. The handset featured an Exmor CMOS sensor, as well as a smile shutter, BRAVIA Screen and a 3× optical zoom mechanism.
As a successor to the popular K Series, Sony Ericsson introduced the 'C' Series in 2008. The initial handset released under this category was the 5-MP C902, with the C905 announced shortly thereafter. The C905 signalled Sony Ericsson's entry into the 8-MP camera phone market. The last Cyber-shot phone to be released in Japan was the Sony Ericsson S006 in October 2010.
All Cyber-shot phones featured the following:
(Features marked with an asterisk (*) are not included with every model, but belong to high-end releases (As of 13 January 2009))
A camera look-alike overall design
Digital zoom
Auto focus
Flash (xenon or LED) with red-eye reduction
Image stabiliser*
Photo Fix (for a quick correction of photos)
PhotoDJ (for enhancing photos)
BestPic (Sony Ericsson's brand name for burst mode)*
Photo blogging
Video player
Video recording
Video stabilizer*
Video streaming*
After Sony's mobile division ceased to be a joint venture in 2012, all production of new Cyber-shot phones have currently stopped.
References
^ Digital Still Camera: Operating Instructions, DSC-F1. Sony Corporation. 1996. p. 55.
^ "Sony DSC-F505 digital camera specifications: Digital Photography Review". Archived from the original on January 14, 2011.
^ "Sony DSC-F505V digital camera specifications: Digital Photography Review". Archived from the original on January 19, 2011.
^ "Sony DSC-F55V digital camera specifications: Digital Photography Review". Archived from the original on December 21, 2010.
^ "Sony DSC-F707 digital camera specifications: Digital Photography Review". Archived from the original on January 21, 2011.
^ "Sony DSC-F717 digital camera specifications: Digital Photography Review". Archived from the original on December 29, 2010.
^ Sony Electronics, Inc. "Sony eSupport - DSC-F828 - Support". Retrieved 10 May 2015.
^ "Sony DSC-F88 digital camera specifications: Digital Photography Review". Archived from the original on April 12, 2010.
^ Sony Cyber-Shot DSC-G3 digital camera specifications Archived 2010-02-04 at the Wayback Machine, Obsessable
^ Sony DSC-H1 digital camera specifications Archived 2010-10-10 at the Wayback Machine, Digital Photography Review
^ Sony DSC-H3 digital camera specifications Archived 2010-12-26 at the Wayback Machine, Digital Photography Review
^ Sony DSC-H3 digital camera specifications Archived 2010-12-11 at the Wayback Machine, Digital Photography Review
^ Sony DSC-H5 digital camera specifications Archived 2010-10-18 at the Wayback Machine, Digital Photography Review
^ Sony DSC-H7 digital camera specifications Archived 2010-12-06 at the Wayback Machine, Digital Photography Review
^ Sony DSC-H9 digital camera specifications Archived 2011-01-03 at the Wayback Machine, Digital Photography Review
^ Sony DSC-H10 digital camera specifications Archived 2010-12-20 at the Wayback Machine, Digital Photography Review
^ "Sony Cyber-shot DSC-H200: Digital Photography Review". www.dpreview.com. Retrieved 2019-10-21.
^ Sony DSC-L1 Archived 2010-12-27 at the Wayback Machine, Digital Photography Review
^ Sony DSC-N1 digital camera specifications Archived 2010-10-10 at the Wayback Machine, Digital Photography Review
^ Sony DSC-N2 digital camera specifications Archived 2010-12-20 at the Wayback Machine, Digital Photography Review
^ Sony DSC-P1 review, September 2000, Digital Photography Review
^ Sony Cyber-shot DSC-P2, Digital Photography Review
^ Sony Cyber-shot DSC-P3, Digital Photography Review
^ Sony Cyber-shot DSC-P5, Digital Photography Review
^ Sony DSC-P7 digital camera specifications Archived 2010-12-02 at the Wayback Machine, Digital Photography Review
^ Sony DSC-P8 digital camera specifications Archived 2009-05-26 at the Wayback Machine, Digital Photography Review
^ "Sony DSC-P20". Retrieved 10 May 2015.
^ Sony DSC-P30 digital camera specifications Archived 2011-02-16 at the Wayback Machine, Digital Photography Review
^ Sony DSC-P31 digital camera specifications Archived 2010-12-21 at the Wayback Machine, Digital Photography Review
^ Sony DSC-P32 digital camera specifications Archived 2010-05-21 at the Wayback Machine, Digital Photography Review
^ "Amazon.com : Sony DSCP71 Cyber-shot 3 MP Digital Camera w/ 3× Optical Zoom : Point And Shoot Digital Cameras : Camera & Photo". Amazon. Retrieved 10 May 2015.
^ "Amazon.com : Sony DSCP72 Cyber-shot 3.2 MP Digital Camera w/ 3× Optical Zoom : Point And Shoot Digital Cameras : Camera & Photo". Amazon. Retrieved 10 May 2015.
^ Sony DSC-P73 digital camera specifications Archived 2011-01-14 at the Wayback Machine, Digital Photography Review
^ Sony DSC-P92 digital camera specifications Archived 2010-12-28 at the Wayback Machine, Digital Photography Review
^ Sony DSC-P93 digital camera specifications Archived 2010-04-12 at the Wayback Machine, Digital Photography Review
^ Sony DSC-P100 digital camera specifications Archived 2011-03-11 at the Wayback Machine, Digital Photography Review
^ "Sony Cyber-shot DSC-P200 digital camera specifications: Digital Photography Review". Archived from the original on 2011-02-23. Retrieved 2010-12-20., Digital Photography Review
^ Sony Cyber-shot DSC-QX10, Digital Photography Review
^ Sony Cyber-shot DSC-QX30, Digital Photography Review
^ Sony Cyber-shot DSC-QX100, Digital Photography Review
^ Sony Cyber-shot DSC-R1 Technical Specifications Archived 2019-01-04 at the Wayback Machine, Sony DSC-R1 Technical specifications
^ Digital Photography Review, Digital Photography Review
^ R Butler. "Sony Cyber-shot DSC RX10 First Impressions Review". Retrieved January 19, 2014.
^ "Sony Cyber-shot DSC-RX10 II". DPReview. Retrieved September 14, 2017.
^ Sony DSC-S60 digital camera specifications Archived 2010-03-29 at the Wayback Machine, Digital Photography Review
^ Sony DSC-S70 Review, Phil Askey, June 2000 Digital Photography Review
^ Sony DSC-S75 Review, Phil Askey, February 2001 Digital Photography Review
^ "Sony Cyber-shot DSC-S80". dpreview.com. Retrieved 10 May 2015.
^ Sony DSC-S85 Review, Phil Askey, May 2001 Digital Photography Review
^ Sony DSC-S90 digital camera specifications Archived 2010-07-15 at the Wayback Machine, Digital Photography Review
^ Sony Cyber-shot DSC-S500 Official profile
^ Sony Cyber-shot DSC-S600 Official profile
^ Sony Cyber-shot DSC-T1 Review Steve's DigiCams
^ Sony Cyber-shot DSC-T3 Review Steve's DigiCams
^ Sony Cyber-shot DSC-T5 Review Steve's DigiCams
^ Sony Cyber-shot DSC-T7 Review Steve's DigiCams
^ Sony Cyber-shot DSC-T9 Review Steve's DigiCams
^ a b Sony DSC-T100/T20 digital camera specifications Digital Photography Review
^ Sony DSC-T30 digital camera specifications Archived 2011-01-03 at the Wayback Machine Digital Photography Review
^ Sony DSC-T50 digital camera specifications Archived 2010-11-18 at the Wayback Machine Digital Photography Review
^ "Sony DSC-T700 review". DigitalVersus.com. September 2008. Archived from the original on 2008-09-19. Retrieved 2008-09-16.
^ "Support for Sony product - Technical Support". Retrieved 10 May 2015.
^ "Consumer Electronics - Sony US". store.sony.com. Retrieved 7 April 2018.
^ Phil Askey (July 2003). "Sony Cybershot DSC-V1 Review". Digital Photography Review. Retrieved 2008-02-08.
^ Phil Askey (December 2004). "Sony Cybershot DSC-V3 Review". Digital Photography Review. Retrieved 2008-02-08.
^ "Sony DSC-W30 Review". Retrieved 10 May 2015.
^ "DSC-W40 Specifications - Sony UK". www.sony.co.uk. Retrieved 7 April 2018.
^ Sony Cyber-shot DSC-W50 review — from digital Photography Review
^ "Consumer Electronics". Sonystyle. Retrieved November 15, 2018.
^ "DSC-W180" (PDF). sony.com. Archived from the original (PDF) on 16 July 2011. Retrieved 7 April 2018.
^ "DSC-W190 Specifications | Sony UK".
^ Sony Cyber-shot DSC-W200 Archived 2008-12-01 at the Wayback Machine Official site
^ Sony Cyber-shot DSC-W210 Archived 2018-11-16 at the Wayback Machine Review
^ "Sony DSC-W300 review". DigitalVersus.com. September 2008. Archived from the original on 2008-09-19. Retrieved 2008-09-16.
^ Learn More
^ World's Smallest 3D Digital Still Cameras Introduced by Sony :: Smile and Say 3D at Imaging Insider
^ Sandra Vogel (5 February 2011). "Trusted Reviews". Retrieved 10 May 2015.
External links
Best Bridge Camera
Sony DSC W830
|
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The series included bridge cameras and compact cameras.","title":"H series"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:SONY_HX5v.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sony_Cybershot_HX400V.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:SONY_DSC_(Digital_Still_Camera)_HX_(HyperXoom)_50_(Series)_3.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sony_Cyber-shot_DSC-HX300.jpg"},{"link_name":"abbreviation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abbreviation"},{"link_name":"bridge cameras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bridge_camera"},{"link_name":"Compact cameras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compact_camera"},{"link_name":"Superzoom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superzoom"}],"text":"Sony Cyber-shot DSC-HX5V (2010)Sony Cyber-shot DSC-HX400V (2014) with 50X zoom and GPSSony Cyber-shot HyperXoom 50Sony Cyber-shot DSC-HX300Note: HX is an abbreviation for HyperXoomAll cameras used CMOS sensors, could zoom optically while filming, and had optical image stabilization. The series included bridge cameras and Compact cameras with Superzoom.","title":"HX series"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"MP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megapixel"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"}],"text":"DSC-L1 (2004, 4.0 MP, 3× optical zoom)[18]","title":"L series"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Compact cameras with a unique vertical-grip design and an articulated screenDSC-M1 (2004, 5.0 MP, 3× optical zoom)\nDSC-M2 (2005, 5.0 MP, 3× optical zoom)","title":"M series"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"MiniDiscs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MiniDisc"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sony_CyberShot_DSC-MD1_CP%2B_2011.jpg"}],"text":"Compact camera using MiniDiscs.Sony CyberShot DSC-MD1","title":"MD series"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sony_DSC-N2.jpg"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"}],"text":"Sony Cyber-shot DSC-N2 (2006)DSC-N1 (2005, 3\" LCD touch screen, 8.1 MP, 3× optical zoom)[19]\nDSC-N2 (2006, 3\" LCD touch screen, 10.1 MP, 3× optical zoom)[20]","title":"N series"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cyber-shot_DSC-P9_(2).JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:P-31_Front_View.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sony_DSC-P200.jpg"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"}],"text":"Sony Cyber-Shot DSC-P9 (2002)Sony Cyber-Shot DSC-P31 (2002)Sony Cyber-Shot DSC-P200 (2005)Ultra-compact cameras with distinctive rounded edge on one sideDSC-P1 (2000, 1.5\" LCD, 3 MP, 3× optical zoom)[21]\nDSC-P2 (1.9 MP, 3× optical zoom)[22]\nDSC-P3 (2.8 MP)[23]\nDSC-P5 (1.5\" LCD, 3.1 MP, 3× optical zoom)[24]\nDSC-P7 (1.5\" LCD, 3.1 MP, 3× optical zoom)[25]\nDSC-P8 (2003, 1.5\" LCD, 3.1 MP, 3× optical zoom)[26]\nDSC-P9 (2002, 1.5\" LCD, 4.0 MP, 3× optical zoom)\nDSC-P10 (2003, 1.5\" LCD, 5.0 MP, 3× optical zoom)\nDSC-P12 (Same as DSC-P10, packaged with more accessories)\nDSC-P20 (2001–2002, 1.1 MP, 3× digital zoom)[27]\nDSC-P30 (2002–2003, 1.2 MP)[28]\nDSC-P31 (2002–2003, 2 MP, 3× digital zoom)[29]\nDSC-P32 (2003, 3.2 MP, 1.6× digital zoom)[30]\nDSC-P41 (2004, 4.1 MP, fixed lens)\nDSC-P43 (2004, 4.1 MP, fixed lens)\nDSC-P50 (2001, 2.1 MP, 3× optical zoom)\nDSC-P51 (2002, 2.1 MP, 2× optical zoom)\nDSC-P52 (2003, 3.2 MP, 2× optical zoom)\nDSC-P71 (2002, 3.2 MP, 3× optical zoom)[31]\nDSC-P72 (2003, 3.2 MP, 3× optical zoom)[32]\nDSC-P73 (2004, 4.1 MP, 3× optical zoom)[33]\nDSC-P92 (2003, 5 MP, 3× optical zoom)[34]\nDSC-P93 (2004, 5.0 MP, 3× optical zoom)[35]\nDSC-P100 (2004, 5.1 MP, 3× optical zoom)[36]\nDSC-P120 (special edition version of DSC-P100)\nDSC-P150 (2004, 7.2 MP, 3× optical zoom)\nDSC-P200 (2005, 7.2 MP, 3× optical zoom)[37]","title":"P series"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lens-style","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_camera#Modular_cameras"},{"link_name":"smartphones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smartphone"},{"link_name":"DSC-QX10","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DSC-QX10"},{"link_name":"Exmor R","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exmor_R"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"DSC-QX30","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sony_DSC-QX30"},{"link_name":"Exmor R","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exmor_R"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"DSC-QX100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DSC-QX100"},{"link_name":"Exmor R","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exmor_R"},{"link_name":"Carl ZEISS®","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Zeiss_AG"},{"link_name":"Vario-Sonnar T*","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zeiss_Vario-Sonnar"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"ILCE-QX1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ILCE-QX1"}],"text":"Lens-style compact cameras designed exclusively for use with smartphones.DSC-QX10 (2013, 18.2 MP, 1/2.3 inch (7.76 mm) Exmor R™ CMOS sensor, 10× optical zoom, f/3.3–5.9 Sony G Lens)[38]\nDSC-QX30 (2014, 20.4 MP, 1/2.3 inch (7.82 mm) Exmor R™ CMOS sensor, 30× optical zoom, ƒ/3.5–6.3 Sony G Lens)[39]\nDSC-QX100 (2014, 20.2 MP, 1-inch (13.2×8.8 mm) Exmor R™ CMOS sensor, 3.6× optical zoom, f/1.8–4.9 Carl ZEISS® Vario-Sonnar T* lens)[40]\nILCE-QX1 (2014, 20.1 MP, APS-C (23.2×15.4 mm) CMOS sensor, interchangeable E-mount lens)","title":"QX series"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sony_Cyber-shot_DSC-R1_CP%2B_2011.jpg"},{"link_name":"Bridge camera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bridge_camera"},{"link_name":"DSC-R1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sony_Cyber-shot_DSC-R1"},{"link_name":"APS-C","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/APS-C"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sony_Cyber-shot_DSC-RX10.jpg"}],"text":"Sony Cyber-shot DSC-R1 (2005)Bridge camera with large sensorDSC-R1 (2005–2006, 10.3-MP APS-C. 5× 24–120 mm equivalent optical zoom, first Cyber-shot to use CMOS)[41][42]Sony Cyber-shot DSC-RX10 (2014)","title":"R series"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sony RX","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sony_RX"},{"link_name":"DSC-RX100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sony_Cyber-shot_DSC-RX100"},{"link_name":"Exmor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exmor"},{"link_name":"DSC-RX100 II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sony_Cyber-shot_DSC-RX100_II"},{"link_name":"Exmor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exmor"},{"link_name":"DSC-RX100 III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sony_Cyber-shot_DSC-RX100_II"},{"link_name":"Exmor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exmor"},{"link_name":"DSC-RX100 IV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sony_Cyber-shot_DSC-RX100_II"},{"link_name":"Exmor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exmor"},{"link_name":"Exmor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exmor"},{"link_name":"Exmor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exmor"},{"link_name":"Exmor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exmor"},{"link_name":"bridge cameras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bridge_camera"},{"link_name":"DSC-RX10","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sony_Cyber-shot_DSC-RX10"},{"link_name":"BIONZ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BIONZ_X"},{"link_name":"Sony α7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sony_%CE%B17"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"DSC-RX10 II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sony_Cyber-shot_DSC-RX10_II"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rx10-2-44"},{"link_name":"full-frame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Full-frame_digital_SLR"},{"link_name":"DSC-RX1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sony_Cyber-shot_DSC-RX1"},{"link_name":"DSC-RX1R","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sony_Cyber-shot_DSC-RX1R"},{"link_name":"DSC-RX1R II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sony_Cyber-shot_DSC-RX1R_II"},{"link_name":"Exmor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exmor"}],"text":"See also: Sony RXRX100 series – compact cameras with 1.0\" type 20.2-MP sensors\nDSC-RX100 (2012, Exmor CMOS sensor with 28-100mm f1.8–4.9 Carl Zeiss Vario-Sonnar T* lens)\nDSC-RX100 II (2013, Exmor R CMOS sensor with 28-100mm f1.8–4.9 Carl Zeiss Vario-Sonnar T* lens)\nDSC-RX100 III (2014, Exmor R CMOS sensor with 24-70mm f1.8-2.8 Carl Zeiss Vario-Sonnar T* lens)\nDSC-RX100 IV (2015, Exmor RS CMOS sensor with 24-70mm f1.8-2.8 Carl Zeiss Vario-Sonnar T* lens)\nDSC-RX100 V (2016, Exmor RS CMOS sensor with 24-70mm f1.8-2.8 Carl Zeiss Vario-Sonnar T* lens)\nDSC-RX100 VI (2018, Exmor RS CMOS sensor with 24-200mm f2.8-4.5 Carl Zeiss Vario-Sonnar T* lens)\nDSC-RX100 VII (2019, Exmor RS CMOS sensor with 24-200mm f2.8-4.5 Carl Zeiss Vario-Sonnar T* lens)\nRX10 series – bridge cameras with 1.0\" sensors\nDSC-RX10 (2013, 1.0\" type 20-MP BSI-CMOS sensor with fixed zoom lens Carl Zeiss Sonnar T* 24–200mm (equivalent 35mm) F2.8 along the zoom range), BIONZ X processor as Sony α7, has 3 EV built-in ND filter, 10fps, Wi-Fi, and NFC. Capable for high video quality shoot with stepless aperture control, headphone and mic sockets, focus peaking, zebra exposure warning, and uncompressed video output.[43]\nDSC-RX10 II (2015, 20-MP BSI-CMOS sensor, BIONZ X processor)[44]\nDSC-RX10 III (2016)\nDSC-RX10 IV (2017)\nRX1 series – compact full-frame cameras with a fixed 35mm f/2.0 Carl Zeiss Sonnar T* lenses\nDSC-RX1 / DSC-RX1R (2012, 24-MP Exmor CMOS sensor)\nDSC-RX1R II (2015, 42.4-MP Exmor R CMOS sensor)","title":"RX series"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:SonyCyberShotDSC-S85.JPG"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"}],"text":"Sony Cyber-shot DSC-S85 (2001)The DSC-S85 (released in 2001), was the first 4-MP consumer-level digital camera.DSC-S30 (2000, 1.3 MP, 3× optical zoom)\nDSC-S40 (2005, 4.0 MP, 3× optical zoom)\nDSC-S45\nDSC-S50 (2000, 2.1 MP, 3× optical zoom)\nDSC-S60 (2005, 2\" LCD, 4.0 MP)[45]\nDSC-S70 (2000, 3.3 MP)[46]\nDSC-S75 (2001, 3.3 MP)[47]\nDSC-S80 (2005, 4.1 MP, 3× optical zoom)[48]\nDSC-S85 (2001, 4.1 MP, 3× optical zoom)[49]\nDSC-S90 (2005, 4.1 MP, 3× optical zoom)[50]\nDSC-S500 (6.0 MP. 3× optical zoom)[51]\nDSC-S600 (2006, 6.0 MP. 3× optical zoom)[52]\nDSC-S650 (2007, 7.2 MP, 3× optical zoom)\nDSC-S700 (2007, 7.2 MP, 3× optical zoom)\nDSC-S730 (2008, 7.2 MP. 3× optical zoom)\nDSC-S750 (2008, 7.2 MP. 3× optical zoom)\nDSC-S780 (2008, 8.1 MP. 3× optical zoom)\nDSC-S800 (2007, 8.1 MP. 6× optical zoom)\nDSC-S930 (2009, 10.1 MP. 3× optical zoom)\nDSC-S950 (2009, 10.1 MP. 4× optical zoom)\nDSC-S980 (2009, 12.1 MP. 4× optical zoom)\nDSC-S2000 (2010, 10.1 MP. 3× optical zoom)\nDSC-S2100 (2010, 12.1 MP. 3× optical zoom)\nDSC-S3000 (2011, 10.1 MP, 3× optical zoom)","title":"S series"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:JVBA_Sony_Cyber-shot_DCS-T3.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sonyjf.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dsc-t90picture.JPG"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"},{"link_name":"LCD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LCD"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dpreview.com-58"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-59"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-60"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dpreview.com-58"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-61"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-62"},{"link_name":"AF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autofocus"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-63"}],"text":"Ultra-thin compact camerasSony Cyber-shot DSC-T3 (2004)2007 Sony Cyber-shot DSC-T200 [Compact Sensor – 5× optical zoom – CCD – built-in flash – ISO 3200 – Carl Zeiss 3× optical zoom and the Sony Double Anti-Blur Solution, 3.5-inch touch screen LCD, 8.1 MP].Sony Cyber-shot DCS-T90 (2009)DSC-T1 (Jan 2004, 5.1 MP. 3× optical zoom)[53]\nDSC-T1C (2004, 7.2 MP. 3× optical zoom)\nDSC-T2 (Dec 2007, 2.7\" LCD touch screen, 8.1 MP. 3× optical zoom, 4 GB internal storage)\nDSC-T3 (2004, 2.5\" LCD, 5.1 MP, 3× optical zoom)[54]\nDSC-T5 (Sep 2005, 2.5\" LCD, 5 MP, 3× optical zoom)[55]DSC-T7 (May 2005, 2.5\" LCD, 5.1 MP, 3× optical zoom)[56]\nDSC-T9 (Jan 2006, 2.5\" LCD, 6 MP, 3× optical zoom)[57]\nDSC-T10 (Aug 2006, 2.5\" LCD, 7.2 MP, 3× optical zoom)\nDSC-T11 (2004, 5.0 MP, 3× optical zoom)\nDSC-T20 (Apr 2007, 8.0 MP, 3× optical zoom)[58]\nDSC-T30 (May 2006, 3\" LCD, 7.2 MP, 3× optical zoom)[59]\nDSC-T33 (Mar 2005, 5.1 MP, 3× optical zoom)\nDSC-T50 (Oct 2006, 3.0\" LCD touch screen, 7.2 MP. 3× optical zoom)[60]\nDSC-T70 (Sep 2007, 3.0-inch LCD touch screen, 8.1 MP, 3× optical zoom)\nDSC-T75 (2007, 3.0-inch LCD touch screen, 8.1 MP, 3× optical zoom)\nDSC-T77 (Sep 2008, 3.0-inch LCD touch screen, 10.1 MP, 4× optical zoom)\nDSC-T90 (Mar 2009, 3.0-inch LCD touch screen, 12.1 MP, 4× optical zoom, 720p HD Movies)\nDSC-T99 (Aug 2010, 3.0-inch touch screen 14.1 MP, 720p HD Movies, Sweep Panorama, 4× optical zoom, personalisation)\nDSC-T100 (Mar 2007, 3.0-inch LCD, 8.0 MP. 5× optical zoom)[58]\nDSC-T110 (Mar 2011, 3.0-inch touch screen, 16.2 MP, 720p HD movie, Intelligent Sweep Panorama, 4× optical zoom)\nDSC-T200 (Sep 2007, 3.5-inch touch screen LCD, 8.1 MP, 5× optical zoom)\nDSC-T300 (Mar 2008, 3.5-inch touch screen LCD, 10.1 MP, 5× optical zoom)\nDSC-T500 (Oct 2008, 3.5-inch touch screen LCD, 10.1 MP, 5× optical zoom, 720p HD Movies)\nDSC-T700 (Sep 2008, 3.5-inch touch screen LCD, 4 GB internal memory, 10.1 MP, 4× optical zoom)[61]\nDSC-T900 (Mar 2009, 3.5-inch touch screen LCD, 12.1 MP, 4× optical zoom, 720p HD Movies)\nDSC-TF1 (Jan 2013, 2.7-inch LCD (not touch-screen), 16.1 MP)\nDSC-TX1 (Sep 2009, 3.0-inch touch screen, 10.2 MP, 720p HD Movies, Sweep Panorama, 4× optical zoom, personalisation)\nDSC-TX5 (Mar 2010, 3.0-inch touch screen, 10.2 MP, 720p HD Movies, Sweep Panorama, 4× optical zoom, personalisation, waterproof, dustproof, shockproof, freeze-proof)\nDSC-TX7 (Jan 2010, 3.5-inch touch screen, 10.2 MP, 1080i Full HD Movies, Sweep Panorama, 4× optical zoom, personalisation)\nDSC-TX9 (Aug 2010, 3.5-inch touch screen, 12.2 MP, 1080i Full HD Movies, 3D Sweep Panorama, 4× optical zoom, personalisation)\nDSC-TX10 (Mar 2011, 3.0-inch touch screen, 16.2 MP, Full HD 1080i movie, 3D Sweep Panorama, 3D stills, 4× optical zoom, personalisation, waterproof, dustproof, shockproof, freeze-proof)\nDSC-TX20 (May 2012, 3.0-inch touch screen, 16.2 MP Exmor R CMOS, 4× optical zoom, full HD 1080p, waterproof, shockproof)\nDSC-TX30 (Mar 2013, 3.3-inch OLED touch screen, 18.2-MP, 5× optical zoom, waterproof, shockproof, freezeproof, dustproof)\nDSC-TX55 (Sep 2011, 3.3-inch OLED, 16.2-MP Exmor R CMOS, 5× optical zoom, 10× Clear Image zoom / 26 mm wide angle, AVCHD Full HD, OLED, Sweep Panorama)[62]\nDSC-TX66 (Mar 2012, 3.3-inch OLED touch screen, 18.2 MP, Exmor R CMOS sensor, slim as an AA battery, Full HD 1080/60i video, high speed AF, 5× optical zoom, 10× Clear Image zoom, up to 10fps)[63]\nDSC-TX100V (Mar 2011，3.5-inch touch screen, 16.2-MP CMOS sensor, 4× optical zoom, Full HD 1080i movie, 3D Sweep Panorama, 3D stills, transfer jet technology, HDMI output, GPS, Compass)\nDSC-TX200V (Mar 2012, 3.3-inch OLED touch screen, 18.2 MP, Full HD 1080p60 movie)\nDSC-TX300V (Mar 2012, 3.3-inch OLED touch screen, 18.2 MP, Japan release only)","title":"T series"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sony_Cybershot_DSC_U20.JPG"}],"text":"Sony Cyber-shot DSC-U20 (2002)Sub-miniature cameras using 2×AAA batteriesDSC-U10 (Jul 2002, 1.3 MP)\nDSC-U20 (Dec 2002, 2.0 MP)\nDSC-U30 (Jun 2003, 2.0 MP)\nDSC-U40 (Oct 2003, 2.0 MP)\nDSC-U50 (Aug 2003, 2.0 MP)\nDSC-U60 (Jun 2003, 2.0 MP, waterproof)","title":"U series"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sony_DSC-V3.jpg"},{"link_name":"Prosumer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/prosumer#Etymology_2"},{"link_name":"Bridge cameras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bridge_camera"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-64"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-65"}],"text":"Sony Cyber-shot DSC-V3 (2004)'Prosumer' level Bridge camerasDSC-V1 (2003, 1.5\" LCD, 5.0 MP, 4× optical zoom)[64]\nDSC-V3 (2004, 2.5\" LCD, 7.1 MP, 4× optical zoom)[65]","title":"V series"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sony_Cyber-shot_DSC-W30_-2.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sony_Cyber-Shot_W800.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sony_DSC-W170.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sony_DSC-W800_front.jpg"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-66"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-67"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-68"},{"link_name":"HDTV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HDTV"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-69"},{"link_name":"failed verification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-70"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-71"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-72"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-73"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-74"}],"text":"Sony Cyber-shot DSC-W30 (2006)A Grey Sony Cyber-Shot DSC-W800 (2014)Sony Cyber-shot DSC-W170 (2008)Cameras using a CCD Sensor and wide angle lens with a special coating.Black Sony Cyber-shot DSC-W800 (2014)With point-and-shoot camera sales decreasing, Sony has not made a new model since 2014 and is likely to discontinue the lineup.[citation needed]DSC-W1 (2004, 5.1 MP, Manual mode, 3× optical zoom)\nDSC-W5/W15 (2005, 5.1 MP, Manual mode, 3× optical zoom)\nDSC-W7/W17 (2005, 7.1 MP, Manual mode, 3× optical zoom)\nDSC-W12 (2004, 5.1 MP, Manual mode, 3× optical zoom)\nDSC-W30 (2006, 6.0 MP, no Manual mode, 3× optical zoom)[66]\nDSC-W35 (2007, 7.2 MP, no Manual mode, 3× optical zoom)\nDSC-W40 (2006, 6.0 MP, no Manual mode, 3× optical zoom)[67]\nDSC-W50 (2006, 6.0 MP, no Manual mode, 3× optical zoom)[68]\nDSC-W55 (2007, 7.2 MP, no Manual mode, 3× optical zoom)\nDSC-W70 (2006, 7.2 MP, no Manual mode, 3× optical zoom)\nDSC-W80 (2007, 7.2 MP, no Manual mode, 3× optical zoom, HDTV output)\nDSC-W90 (2007, 8.1 MP, 3× optical zoom)\nDSC-W100 (2006, 8.1 MP, Manual Mode, 3× optical zoom)[69][failed verification]\nDSC-W110 (2008, 7.2 MP, no Manual mode, 4× optical zoom)\nDSC-W115 (2008, 7.2 MP, no Manual mode, 4× optical zoom)\nDSC-W120 (2008, 7.2 MP, no Manual mode, 4× optical zoom)\nDSC-W130 (2008, 8.1 MP, no Manual mode, 4× optical zoom)\nDSC-W150 (2008, 8.1 MP, no Manual mode, 5× optical zoom)\nDSC-W170 (2008, 10.1 MP, no Manual mode, 5× optical zoom)\nDSC-W180 (2009, 10.1 MP, 3× optical zoom)[70]\nDSC-W190 (2009, 12.1 MP, 3× optical zoom)[71]\nDSC-W200 (2007, 12.1 MP, Manual Mode, 3× optical zoom)[72]\nDSC-W210 (2009, 12.1 MP, no Manual mode, 4× optical zoom)[73]\nDSC-W215 (2007, 12.1 MP, no Manual mode, 4× optical zoom)\nDSC-W220 (2009, 12.1 MP, no Manual mode, 4× optical zoom)\nDSC-W230 (2009, 12.1 MP, no Manual mode, 4× optical zoom)\nDSC-W270 (2009, 12.1 MP, no Manual mode, 5× optical zoom, HD Movie 720p)\nDSC-W290 (2009, 12.1 MP, no Manual mode, 5× optical zoom, HD Movie 720p)\nDSC-W300 (2008, 13.6 MP, Manual Mode, 3× optical zoom, 2.7\" LCD)[74]\nDSC-W310 (2010, 12.1 MP, 4× optical zoom, 2.7˝ LCD)\nDSC-W320 (2010, 14.1 MP, 4× optical zoom, 2.7˝ LCD)\nDSC-W330 (2010, 14.1 MP, 4× optical zoom, Full VGA Movie, 3.0˝ LCD)\nDSC-W350 (2010, 14.1 MP, 4× optical zoom, HD Movie 720p, 2.7˝ LCD)\nDSC-W360 (2010, 14.1 MP, 4× optical zoom, HD Movie 720p, 3.0˝ LCD)\nDSC-W370 (2010, 14.1 MP, 7× optical zoom, HD Movie 720p, 3.0˝ LCD)\nDSC-W380 (2010, 14.1 MP, 5× optical zoom, HD Movie 720p, 2.7˝ LCD)\nDSC-W390 (2010, 14.1 MP, 5× optical zoom, HD Movie 720p, 3.0˝ LCD)\nDSC-W510 (2011, 12.1 MP, 4× optical zoom, 2.7\" LCD)\nDSC-W520 (2011, 14.1 MP, 5× optical zoom, 2.7\" LCD)\nDSC-W530 (2011, 14.1 MP, 4× optical zoom, 2.7\" LCD)\nDSC-W550 (2011, 14.1 MP, 4× optical zoom, 3.0\" LCD)\nDSC-W560 (2011, 14.1 MP, 4× optical zoom, HD Movie 720p, 3.0\" LCD)\nDSC-W570 (2011, 16.1 MP, 5× optical zoom, HD Movie 720p, 2.7\" LCD)\nDSC-W580 (2011, 16.1 MP, 5× optical zoom, HD Movie 720p, 3.0\" LCD)\nDSC-W610 (2012, 14.1 MP, 4× optical zoom, 2.6\" LCD)\nDSC-W620 (2012, 14.1 MP, 5× optical zoom, HD Movie 720p, 2.6\" LCD)\nDSC-W630 (2012, 16.1 MP, 5× optical zoom, HD Movie 720p, 2.6\" LCD)\nDSC-W650 (2012, 16.1 MP, 5× optical zoom, HD Movie 720p, 3.0\" LCD)\nDSC-W670 (2012, 16.1 MP, 6× optical zoom, HD Movie 720p, 2.6\" LCD)\nDSC-W690 (2012, 16.1 MP, 10× optical zoom, HD Movie 720p, 3.0\" LCD)\nDSC-W710 (2013, 16.1 MP, 5× optical zoom, HD Movie 720p, 2.7\" LCD)\nDSC-W730 (2013, 16.1 MP, 8× optical zoom, HD Movie 720p, 2.7\" LCD)\nDSC-W800 (2014, 20.1 MP, 5× optical zoom, HD Movie 720p, 2.7\" LCD)\nDSC-W810 (2014, 20.1 MP, 6× optical zoom, HD Movie 720p, 2.7\" LCD)\nDSC-W830 (2014, 20.1 MP, 8× optical zoom, HD Movie 720p, 2.7\" LCD)","title":"W series"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[75]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-75"},{"link_name":"DSC-WX500","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sony_Cyber-shot_DSC-WX500"}],"text":"Cameras using a CMOS Sensor, designed for faster auto-focus and low light capability. All cameras have optical image stabilization and can zoom optically while filming.DSC-WX1 (2009, 10.2 MP, no Manual mode, 5× optical zoom, G Lens, Sweep Panorama, HD Movie 720p)[75]\nDSC-WX5 (2010, 12.2 MP, 5× optical zoom, G Lens, 3D Sweep Panorama, HD Movie 1080i, 2.8˝ LCD)\nDSC-WX7 (2011, 16.2 MP, 5× zoom, 3D Sweep Panorama, Full HD Movie 1080/60i 2.3˝ LCD)\nDSC-WX9 (2011, 16.2 MP, 5× optical zoom, 3D Sweep Panorama, Full HD 1080/60i video, 3.0˝ LCD)\nDSC-WX10 (2011, 16.2 MP, 7× optical zoom, G Lens, 3D Sweep Panorama, HD Movie 1080i, 2.8˝ LCD)\nDSC-WX30 (2011, 16.2 MP, 5× optical zoom, 3D Sweep Panorama, HD Movie 1080p, 3.0˝ LCD)\nDSC-WX50 (2012, 16.2 MP, 5× optical zoom, 3D Sweep Panorama, HD Movie 1080p, 2.6˝ LCD)\nDSC-WX60 (2013, 16.2 MP, 8× optical zoom, Zeiss Lens, 3D Sweep Panorama, HD Movie 1080i, 2.7˝ LCD)\nDSC-WX70 (2012, 16.2 MP, 5× optical zoom, 3D Sweep Panorama, HD Movie 1080p, 3.0˝ LCD)\nDSC-WX80 (2013, Wi-Fi, 16.2 MP, 8× optical zoom, Zeiss Lens, 3D Sweep Panorama, HD Movie 1080i, 2.7˝ LCD)\nDSC-WX100 (2012, 18.2 MP, 10× optical zoom, G Lens, 3D Sweep Panorama, HD Movie 1080i, 2.7˝ LCD)\nDSC-WX150 (2012, 18.2 MP, 10× optical zoom, G Lens, 3D Sweep Panorama, HD Movie 1080i, 3.0˝ LCD)\nDSC-WX170 (2012, 18.2 MP, 10× optical zoom, G Lens, 3D Sweep Panorama, HD Movie 1080i, 3.0˝ LCD)\nDSC-WX200 (2013, Wi-Fi, 18.2 MP, 10× optical zoom, G Lens, 3D Sweep Panorama, HD Movie 1080i, 3.0˝ LCD)\nDSC-WX220 (2014, Wi-Fi, NFC, 18.2 MP, 10× optical zoom, G Lens, Exmor R CMOS Sensor, HD Movie 1080i with AVCHD, available to connect to 4K TV, 2.7˝ LCD)\nDSC-WX300 (2013, Wi-Fi, 18.2 MP, 20× optical zoom, G Lens, 3D Sweep Panorama, HD Movie 1080i, 3.0˝ LCD)\nDSC-WX350 (2014, Wi-Fi, NFC, Remote control with smartphone, 18.2 MP, 20× optical zoom, G Lens, Exmor R CMOS Sensor, HD Movie 1080i with AVCHD, available to connect to 4K TV, 3.0˝ LCD)\nDSC-WX500 (2015, 18.2 MP, 30× optical zoom, 180° Tilt LCD)\nDSC-WX800 (2018, 20 MP, 30× optical zoom, 180° Tilt LCD, 4K video, Eye-AF)","title":"WX Series"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sony"},{"link_name":"[76]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-76"}],"sub_title":"3D cameras","text":"On July 7, 2010, Sony unveiled the Sony DSC-TX9 and DSC-WX5, which were the world's smallest 3D cameras and capture 3D images with a single lens system using a sweeping motion. Sony also introduced the DSC-T99 14.1 MP CCD camera for about $250. The three cameras above offered a 3D Sweep Panorama feature, which let one take panoramic pictures in a single press-and-sweep motion. The high-speed burst of frames is digitally stitched together to automatically create a detail-packed 3D panorama. These images can be viewed in 2D or 3D on compatible 3D televisions.[76]","title":"WX Series"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:K800i-back.jpg"},{"link_name":"Sony Mobile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sony_Mobile"},{"link_name":"joint venture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joint_venture"},{"link_name":"Sony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sony"},{"link_name":"Ericsson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ericsson"},{"link_name":"Sony Ericsson K800i","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K800"},{"link_name":"xenon flash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xenon_flash"},{"link_name":"Sony Ericsson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sony_Ericsson"},{"link_name":"K810","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K810"},{"link_name":"K800","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K800"},{"link_name":"K810","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K810"},{"link_name":"K550","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sony_Ericsson_K550"},{"link_name":"LED","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LED"},{"link_name":"K850","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K850"},{"link_name":"K770","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K770"},{"link_name":"[77]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-77"},{"link_name":"CMOS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CMOS"},{"link_name":"BRAVIA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BRAVIA"},{"link_name":"C902","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C902"},{"link_name":"C905","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C905"},{"link_name":"C905","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C905"},{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Sony_Cyber-shot_cameras&action=edit"},{"link_name":"burst mode","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burst_mode_(photography)"}],"text":"Sony Ericsson K800i (2006)In 2006, the now-defunct Sony Mobile (then known as Sony Ericsson Mobile Communications, a joint venture between Sony and Ericsson) launched a mobile phone using the Cyber-shot branding for the Sony Ericsson K800i, featuring a 3.2-MP Cyber-shot digital camera and a xenon flash.On February 6, 2007, Sony Ericsson announced the K810 Cyber-shot phone. Building on the success of the K800, the K810 added a number of features that made its 3.2-MP autofocus camera even more camera-like. Sony Ericsson also expanded its Cyber-shot branding to a mid-range handset, the K550, which had a 2.0-MP camera bundled with autofocus and LED flash.Sony Ericsson announced its flagship K850 on June 14, 2007, and its Candy-bar K770 on February 3, 2008.[77]In Japan, Sony Ericsson used the Cyber-shot name on the SO905iCS, 'CS' standing for Cyber-shot. The handset featured an Exmor CMOS sensor, as well as a smile shutter, BRAVIA Screen and a 3× optical zoom mechanism.As a successor to the popular K Series, Sony Ericsson introduced the 'C' Series in 2008. The initial handset released under this category was the 5-MP C902, with the C905 announced shortly thereafter. The C905 signalled Sony Ericsson's entry into the 8-MP camera phone market. The last Cyber-shot phone to be released in Japan was the Sony Ericsson S006 in October 2010.All Cyber-shot phones featured the following:(Features marked with an asterisk (*) are not included with every model, but belong to high-end releases (As of 13 January 2009[update]))A camera look-alike overall design\nDigital zoom\nAuto focus\nFlash (xenon or LED) with red-eye reduction\nImage stabiliser*\nPhoto Fix (for a quick correction of photos)\nPhotoDJ (for enhancing photos)\nBestPic (Sony Ericsson's brand name for burst mode)*\nPhoto blogging\nVideo player\nVideo recording\nVideo stabilizer*\nVideo streaming*After Sony's mobile division ceased to be a joint venture in 2012, all production of new Cyber-shot phones have currently stopped.","title":"Sony Ericsson mobile phones"}]
|
[{"image_text":"Sony DSC-F1, the first camera of the series, released in 1996.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Sony_Cyber-shot_DSC-F1_CP%2B_2011.jpg/220px-Sony_Cyber-shot_DSC-F1_CP%2B_2011.jpg"},{"image_text":"Sony Cyber-shot DSC-F3 (1997)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/SONY_Cyber-shot_DSC-F3_-_2372667595.jpg/220px-SONY_Cyber-shot_DSC-F3_-_2372667595.jpg"},{"image_text":"Sony Cyber-shot DSC-F717 (2002)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Sony_Cyber-shot_DSC-F717.jpg/220px-Sony_Cyber-shot_DSC-F717.jpg"},{"image_text":"Sony Cyber-shot DSC-G3 (2009)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Sony_Cyber-shot_DSC-G3_CP%2B_2011.jpg/220px-Sony_Cyber-shot_DSC-G3_CP%2B_2011.jpg"},{"image_text":"Sony Cyber-shot DSC-H3 used a compact format","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Sony_DSC-H3.jpg/220px-Sony_DSC-H3.jpg"},{"image_text":"Sony Cyber-shot DSC-H50 bridge camera with lens hood attached.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Sony_DSC-H50_front_with_lens_hood.jpg/220px-Sony_DSC-H50_front_with_lens_hood.jpg"},{"image_text":"Sony Cyber-shot DSC-H90","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Sony_DSC-H90_by_TeamJonalynViray.jpg/220px-Sony_DSC-H90_by_TeamJonalynViray.jpg"},{"image_text":"Sony Cyber-shot DSC-HX5V (2010)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/SONY_HX5v.jpg/220px-SONY_HX5v.jpg"},{"image_text":"Sony Cyber-shot DSC-HX400V (2014) with 50X zoom and GPS","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Sony_Cybershot_HX400V.jpg/220px-Sony_Cybershot_HX400V.jpg"},{"image_text":"Sony Cyber-shot HyperXoom 50","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/SONY_DSC_%28Digital_Still_Camera%29_HX_%28HyperXoom%29_50_%28Series%29_3.JPG/220px-SONY_DSC_%28Digital_Still_Camera%29_HX_%28HyperXoom%29_50_%28Series%29_3.JPG"},{"image_text":"Sony Cyber-shot DSC-HX300","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Sony_Cyber-shot_DSC-HX300.jpg/220px-Sony_Cyber-shot_DSC-HX300.jpg"},{"image_text":"Sony CyberShot DSC-MD1","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Sony_CyberShot_DSC-MD1_CP%2B_2011.jpg/170px-Sony_CyberShot_DSC-MD1_CP%2B_2011.jpg"},{"image_text":"Sony Cyber-shot DSC-N2 (2006)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Sony_DSC-N2.jpg/220px-Sony_DSC-N2.jpg"},{"image_text":"Sony Cyber-Shot DSC-P9 (2002)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Cyber-shot_DSC-P9_%282%29.JPG/220px-Cyber-shot_DSC-P9_%282%29.JPG"},{"image_text":"Sony Cyber-Shot DSC-P31 (2002)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/P-31_Front_View.jpg/220px-P-31_Front_View.jpg"},{"image_text":"Sony Cyber-Shot DSC-P200 (2005)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Sony_DSC-P200.jpg/220px-Sony_DSC-P200.jpg"},{"image_text":"Sony Cyber-shot DSC-R1 (2005)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Sony_Cyber-shot_DSC-R1_CP%2B_2011.jpg/220px-Sony_Cyber-shot_DSC-R1_CP%2B_2011.jpg"},{"image_text":"Sony Cyber-shot DSC-RX10 (2014)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Sony_Cyber-shot_DSC-RX10.jpg/220px-Sony_Cyber-shot_DSC-RX10.jpg"},{"image_text":"Sony Cyber-shot DSC-S85 (2001)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/SonyCyberShotDSC-S85.JPG/220px-SonyCyberShotDSC-S85.JPG"},{"image_text":"Sony Cyber-shot DSC-T3 (2004)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/JVBA_Sony_Cyber-shot_DCS-T3.JPG/220px-JVBA_Sony_Cyber-shot_DCS-T3.JPG"},{"image_text":"2007 Sony Cyber-shot DSC-T200 [Compact Sensor – 5× optical zoom – CCD – built-in flash – ISO 3200 – Carl Zeiss 3× optical zoom and the Sony Double Anti-Blur Solution, 3.5-inch touch screen LCD, 8.1 MP].","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Sonyjf.JPG/220px-Sonyjf.JPG"},{"image_text":"Sony Cyber-shot DCS-T90 (2009)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Dsc-t90picture.JPG/220px-Dsc-t90picture.JPG"},{"image_text":"Sony Cyber-shot DSC-U20 (2002)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Sony_Cybershot_DSC_U20.JPG/220px-Sony_Cybershot_DSC_U20.JPG"},{"image_text":"Sony Cyber-shot DSC-V3 (2004)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Sony_DSC-V3.jpg/220px-Sony_DSC-V3.jpg"},{"image_text":"Sony Cyber-shot DSC-W30 (2006)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Sony_Cyber-shot_DSC-W30_-2.JPG/220px-Sony_Cyber-shot_DSC-W30_-2.JPG"},{"image_text":"A Grey Sony Cyber-Shot DSC-W800 (2014)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Sony_Cyber-Shot_W800.jpg/220px-Sony_Cyber-Shot_W800.jpg"},{"image_text":"Sony Cyber-shot DSC-W170 (2008)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Sony_DSC-W170.jpg/220px-Sony_DSC-W170.jpg"},{"image_text":"Black Sony Cyber-shot DSC-W800 (2014)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Sony_DSC-W800_front.jpg/220px-Sony_DSC-W800_front.jpg"},{"image_text":"Sony Ericsson K800i (2006)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/K800i-back.jpg/220px-K800i-back.jpg"}]
| null |
[{"reference":"Digital Still Camera: Operating Instructions, DSC-F1. Sony Corporation. 1996. p. 55.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Sony DSC-F505 digital camera specifications: Digital Photography Review\". Archived from the original on January 14, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110114010709/http://www.dpreview.com/reviews/specs/Sony/sony_dscf505.asp","url_text":"\"Sony DSC-F505 digital camera specifications: Digital Photography Review\""},{"url":"http://www.dpreview.com/reviews/specs/Sony/sony_dscf505.asp","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Sony DSC-F505V digital camera specifications: Digital Photography Review\". Archived from the original on January 19, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110119205408/http://www.dpreview.com/reviews/specs/sony/sony_dscf505v.asp","url_text":"\"Sony DSC-F505V digital camera specifications: Digital Photography Review\""},{"url":"http://www.dpreview.com/reviews/specs/Sony/sony_dscf505v.asp","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Sony DSC-F55V digital camera specifications: Digital Photography Review\". Archived from the original on December 21, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20101221230535/http://www.dpreview.com/reviews/specs/Sony/sony_dscf55v.asp","url_text":"\"Sony DSC-F55V digital camera specifications: Digital Photography Review\""},{"url":"http://www.dpreview.com/reviews/specs/Sony/sony_dscf55v.asp","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Sony DSC-F707 digital camera specifications: Digital Photography Review\". Archived from the original on January 21, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110121132831/http://www.dpreview.com/reviews/specs/sony/sony_dscf707.asp","url_text":"\"Sony DSC-F707 digital camera specifications: Digital Photography Review\""},{"url":"http://www.dpreview.com/reviews/specs/Sony/sony_dscf707.asp","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Sony DSC-F717 digital camera specifications: Digital Photography Review\". Archived from the original on December 29, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20101229131456/http://www.dpreview.com/reviews/specs/sony/sony_dscf717.asp","url_text":"\"Sony DSC-F717 digital camera specifications: Digital Photography Review\""},{"url":"http://www.dpreview.com/reviews/specs/Sony/sony_dscf717.asp","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Sony Electronics, Inc. \"Sony eSupport - DSC-F828 - Support\". Retrieved 10 May 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://esupport.sony.com/US/perl/model-documents.pl?mdl=DSCF828&LOC=3","url_text":"\"Sony eSupport - DSC-F828 - Support\""}]},{"reference":"\"Sony DSC-F88 digital camera specifications: Digital Photography Review\". Archived from the original on April 12, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100412023540/http://www.dpreview.com/reviews/specs/Sony/sony_dscf88.asp","url_text":"\"Sony DSC-F88 digital camera specifications: Digital Photography Review\""},{"url":"http://www.dpreview.com/reviews/specs/Sony/sony_dscf88.asp","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Sony Cyber-shot DSC-H200: Digital Photography Review\". www.dpreview.com. Retrieved 2019-10-21.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dpreview.com/products/sony/compacts/sony_dsch200","url_text":"\"Sony Cyber-shot DSC-H200: Digital Photography Review\""}]},{"reference":"\"Sony DSC-P20\". Retrieved 10 May 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dcviews.com/_sony/p20.htm","url_text":"\"Sony DSC-P20\""}]},{"reference":"\"Amazon.com : Sony DSCP71 Cyber-shot 3 MP Digital Camera w/ 3× Optical Zoom : Point And Shoot Digital Cameras : Camera & Photo\". Amazon. Retrieved 10 May 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.amazon.com/dp/B000063S4J","url_text":"\"Amazon.com : Sony DSCP71 Cyber-shot 3 MP Digital Camera w/ 3× Optical Zoom : Point And Shoot Digital Cameras : Camera & Photo\""}]},{"reference":"\"Amazon.com : Sony DSCP72 Cyber-shot 3.2 MP Digital Camera w/ 3× Optical Zoom : Point And Shoot Digital Cameras : Camera & Photo\". Amazon. Retrieved 10 May 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.amazon.com/dp/B00008L3HY","url_text":"\"Amazon.com : Sony DSCP72 Cyber-shot 3.2 MP Digital Camera w/ 3× Optical Zoom : Point And Shoot Digital Cameras : Camera & Photo\""}]},{"reference":"\"Sony Cyber-shot DSC-P200 digital camera specifications: Digital Photography Review\". Archived from the original on 2011-02-23. Retrieved 2010-12-20.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110223210306/http://www.dpreview.com/reviews/specs/Sony/sony_dscp200.asp","url_text":"\"Sony Cyber-shot DSC-P200 digital camera specifications: Digital Photography Review\""},{"url":"http://www.dpreview.com/reviews/specs/Sony/sony_dscp200.asp","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"R Butler. \"Sony Cyber-shot DSC RX10 First Impressions Review\". Retrieved January 19, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dpreview.com/previews/sony-cybershot-dsc-rx10","url_text":"\"Sony Cyber-shot DSC RX10 First Impressions Review\""}]},{"reference":"\"Sony Cyber-shot DSC-RX10 II\". DPReview. Retrieved September 14, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dpreview.com/products/sony/compacts/sony_dscrx10ii","url_text":"\"Sony Cyber-shot DSC-RX10 II\""}]},{"reference":"\"Sony Cyber-shot DSC-S80\". dpreview.com. Retrieved 10 May 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dpreview.com/news/0502/05022201sony_dscs80.asp","url_text":"\"Sony Cyber-shot DSC-S80\""}]},{"reference":"\"Sony DSC-T700 review\". DigitalVersus.com. September 2008. Archived from the original on 2008-09-19. Retrieved 2008-09-16.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080919225728/http://www.digitalversus.com/article-360-3795-16.html","url_text":"\"Sony DSC-T700 review\""},{"url":"http://www.digitalversus.com/article-360-3795-16.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Support for Sony product - Technical Support\". Retrieved 10 May 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.sony.co.uk/product/dsc-t-series/dsc-tx55","url_text":"\"Support for Sony product - Technical Support\""}]},{"reference":"\"Consumer Electronics - Sony US\". store.sony.com. Retrieved 7 April 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://store.sony.com/webapp/wcs/stores/servlet/ProductDisplay?catalogId=10551&storeId=10151&langId=-1&partNumber=DSCTX66","url_text":"\"Consumer Electronics - Sony US\""}]},{"reference":"Phil Askey (July 2003). \"Sony Cybershot DSC-V1 Review\". Digital Photography Review. Retrieved 2008-02-08.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dpreview.com/reviews/sonydscv1/","url_text":"\"Sony Cybershot DSC-V1 Review\""}]},{"reference":"Phil Askey (December 2004). \"Sony Cybershot DSC-V3 Review\". Digital Photography Review. Retrieved 2008-02-08.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dpreview.com/reviews/sonydscv3/","url_text":"\"Sony Cybershot DSC-V3 Review\""}]},{"reference":"\"Sony DSC-W30 Review\". Retrieved 10 May 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.imaging-resource.com/PRODS/W30/W30A.HTM","url_text":"\"Sony DSC-W30 Review\""}]},{"reference":"\"DSC-W40 Specifications - Sony UK\". www.sony.co.uk. Retrieved 7 April 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.sony.co.uk/support/en/content/cnt-specs/DSC-W40/list","url_text":"\"DSC-W40 Specifications - Sony UK\""}]},{"reference":"\"Consumer Electronics\". Sonystyle. Retrieved November 15, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.sonystyle.com/is-bin/INTERSHOP.enfinity/eCS/Store/en/-/USD/SY_DisplayProductInformation-Start?CategoryName=dcc_DIDigitalCameras_style_pointandshoot&ProductSKU=DSCW100&Dept=cameras&INT=sstyle-dcc_DIDigitalCameras-deptfeature-DSCW100{%7Csstyle:sy_cat_content_p:dcc_didigitalcameras","url_text":"\"Consumer Electronics\""}]},{"reference":"\"DSC-W180\" (PDF). sony.com. Archived from the original (PDF) on 16 July 2011. Retrieved 7 April 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110716105157/http://www.docs.sony.com/release/specs/DSCW180R_mksp.pdf","url_text":"\"DSC-W180\""},{"url":"http://www.docs.sony.com/release/specs/DSCW180R_mksp.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"DSC-W190 Specifications | Sony UK\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.sony.co.uk/electronics/support/compact-cameras-dsc-w-series/dsc-w190/specifications","url_text":"\"DSC-W190 Specifications | Sony UK\""}]},{"reference":"\"Sony DSC-W300 review\". DigitalVersus.com. September 2008. Archived from the original on 2008-09-19. Retrieved 2008-09-16.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080919225723/http://www.digitalversus.com/article-360-3794-16.html","url_text":"\"Sony DSC-W300 review\""},{"url":"http://www.digitalversus.com/article-360-3794-16.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Sandra Vogel (5 February 2011). \"Trusted Reviews\". Retrieved 10 May 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.trustedreviews.com/mobile-phones/review/2008/02/03/Sony-Ericsson-K770i/p1","url_text":"\"Trusted Reviews\""}]}]
|
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zapin
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Zapin
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["1 Instruments","2 Distributions","3 Types","4 See also","5 References","6 External links"]
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Malay dance
ZafinSchoolchildren performing Zapin in Batu Pahat, Johor.Native nameZafin, Japin, Jepin, JepenEtymologyArabic: الزفن, romanized: Al-ZafnInstrument(s)Gambus, Gendang, Marawis, RebanaInventorPersian, Arabs, MalaysOriginHadramaut, Yemen.Malay World
Zapin
Part of a series on Dance-drama of Southeast Asia Topography of Southeast Asia.
Burma
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vte
Zapin (Jawi: زافين) is one of the most popular dance and musical forms in traditional Malay performing arts. Dance movements are choreographed to melodies, which are performed using musical instruments such as the gambus (short-necked lute), accordion, and rebana.
It is believed to have been introduced by Persian and Arab Muslim missionaries from the Middle East to the Malay Archipelago around the fourteenth century, where back then only males were allowed to perform; nowadays, female dancers are included. It used to be performed exclusively for religious ceremonies but through the years it has become a form of traditional entertainment, hence the participation of female dancers is allowed.
Instruments
Zapin instruments played among the Pontianak Malays of West Kalimantan.
The dancers usually perform in pairs and are accompanied by musicians playing the Accordion, Violin, Gambus, Gendang, Marwas/Marawis, and Rebana.
Distributions
Presently, zapin remains an integral part of the regional Malay performing arts scene, particularly in Brunei Darussalam, Malaysia and Singapore.
In Malaysia, Zapin is mostly associated with the Malaysian southern state of Johor.
In Indonesia, Zapin is mostly associated and classified as part of Malay cultures especially in terms of traditional dances and traditions in Malay-populated areas in Sumatra, Riau Islands, Bangka Belitung Islands, and Kalimantan.
Types
There are numerous types of Zapin, and each type varies by the movement and style of dance:
Zapin 12 Kuala Kampar (Pelalawan and Penyalai)
Zapin Api (Riau)
Zapin Anak Ayam (North Sumatra)
Zapin Arab (Pontianak and Johor)
Zapin Asli (North Sumatra)
Zapin Balumpa (South East Sulawesi)
Zapin Banjar (Banjarmasin)
Zapin Batuah (South Kalimantan)
Zapin Bedana (Lampung)
Zapin Bengkalis (Bengkalis, Riau)
Zapin Betawi (Jakarta)
Zapin Brunei (Brunei and North Borneo)
Zapin Bujang (Riau)
Zapin Bujang Marindu (South Kalimantan)
Zapin Carita (Banjarmasin)
Zapin Cek Esah (Riau Islands)
Zapin Dana (Jambi, South Sumatra and Bengkulu)
Zapin Dana-Dana (Gorontalo)
Zapin Dana-Dani (Nusa Tenggara)
Zapin Dana Sarah (Jambi)
Zapin Dara (Riau and West Sumatra)
Zapin Deli (Deli Serdang, North Sumatra)
Zapin Diang Marindu (South Kalimantan)
Zapin Dua Saudara (South Kalimantan)
Zapin Duo (Riau)
Zapin Empat-Empat (West Kalimantan)
Zapin Eroh (Kutai Kartanegara, East Kalimantan)
Zapin Galuh Langkar South Kalimantan
Zapin Gambus (Perak)
Zapin Genjoh (Mahakam)
Zapin Ghalet (Kedah)
Zapin Hadrah (South Kalimantan)
Zapin Istana (Siak)
Zapin Jambi (Jambi)
Zapin Kaltara (North Kalimantan)
Zapin Kamang (West Sumatra)
Zapin Kampong Bolak (Riau)
Zapin Kampung Manggis (Jambi)
Zapin Kasih dan Budi (South Sumatra and Riau)
Zapin Kepri (Riau Islands)
Zapin Kerinci (Kerinci, Jambi)
Zapin Keris (West Kalimantan)
Zapin Kinsat Suara Siam (North Kalimantan)
Zapin Kipas (West Kalimantan and Riau)
Zapin Kores (Johor)
Zapin Kuala (Banjar Kuala, South Kalimantan)
Zapin Kute (Riau Islands)
Zapin Lancang Kuning (Riau)
Zapin Langkah (West Kalimantan)
Zapin Langkah Bujur Serong (Pontianak, West Kalimantan)
Zapin Langkah Penghibur Pengantin (West Kalimantan)
Zapin Langkah Simpang (Pontianak, West Kalimantan)
Zapin Lapis Batu Putih (Johor)
Zapin Lembut (West Kalimantan)
Zapin Lenga (Johor)
Zapin Lenggang Banua (South Kalimantan)
Zapin Lenggok Gambus (Pekan Labuhan, North Sumatra)
Zapin Mabuk Kepayang (North Sumatra)
Zapin Maharani (Pelalawan)
Zapin Mandiling (Bawean)
Zapin Massal (West Kalimantan)
Zapin Melayu (Riau)
Zapin Melayu Johor (Johor)
Zapin Melayu Pontianak (Pontianak)
Zapin Meskom (Bengkalis, Riau)
Zapin Nelayan (Riau)
Zapin Padang Changkat (Perak)
Zapin Padang Sari (Johor)
Zapin Palembang (Palembang)
Zapin Parit Lengkong (West Kalimantan)
Zapin Parit Mastar (Johor)
Zapin Pasanggrahan (South Kalimantan)
Zapin Pat Lipat (Johor)
Zapin Payung (West Kalimantan)
Zapin Pecah Dua Belas (Pelalawan)
Zapin Pekajang (Johor)
Zapin Pekan (Riau, Sumatra)
Zapin Penyengat (Penyengat)
Zapin Pesisir (Riau Islands)
Zapin Pintal Tali Sukadana (West Kalimantan)
Zapin Pisau (Pontianak, West Kalimantan)
Zapin Pulau (Johor)
Zapin Putar Alam (Johor)
Zapin Rantauan (South Kalimantan)
Zapin Rao (Rao, Pasaman, West Sumatra)
Zapin Rindu-Rindu (South Kalimantan)
Zapin Rotan (West Kalimantan)
Zapin Salor (Kelantan)
Zapin Sebat (Sarawak)
Zapin Seberang (Jambi)
Zapin Sekaki (North Sumatera)
Zapin Selat Panjang (Selat Panjang)
Zapin Selendang (West Kalimantan)
Zapin Sengarong (Sanggau, West Kalimantan)
Zapin Senggayong (North Kayong, West Kalimantan)
Zapin Sentak Kamang (Padangpanjang, West Sumatra)
Zapin Serdang (Serdang, North Sumatra)
Zapin Seri Bunian (Pekalongan and Johor)
Zapin Siak (Siak)
Zapin Siak Bermadah (Siak)
Zapin Siak Sri Indrapura (Siak)
Zapin Sigam (Sigam, South Kalimantan)
Zapin Sindang (Sarawak)
Zapin Singapura (Singapore)
Zapin Sisit (South Kalimantan)
Zapin Susun Sirih (West Kalimantan)
Zapin Tahtul (South Kalimantan)
Zapin Tali (West Kalimantan)
Zapin Tali Bui (West Kalimantan)
Zapin Tamiang (Aceh Tamiang)
Zapin Tanjung Labuh (Johor)
Zapin Tembung (West Kalimantan)
Zapin Tembung Pendek (Pontianak, West Kalimantan)
Zapin Tempurung (Melawi, West Kalimantan)
Zapin Tenglu (Johor)
Zapin Tidung Ulu (Tana Tidung, North Kalimantan)
Zapin Tuan Haji (South Kalimantan)
Zapin Tuan Syarif (South Kalimantan)
Zapin Tongga (Minangkabau)
See also
Zaffa
References
^ "Zafin". jakarta.go.id. The Official Communications, Informatics and Statistics Province's Exclusive Capital Government of Jakarta (eng). 12 December 2019. Retrieved 29 December 2020.
^ "Japin / Zafin Dance (eng)". jakarta-tourism.go.id. Jakarta Tourism Service. Retrieved 29 December 2020.
^ "Zafin". warisanbudaya.kemdikbud.go.id. Directorate of Cultural and Heritage Diplomacy, Directorate General of Culture of The Republic of Indonesia. 2010–2020. Retrieved 29 December 2020.
^ "Japin / Zafin Dance (eng)". jakarta-tourism.go.id. Jakarta Tourism Service. Retrieved 29 December 2020.
^ "Japin". warisanbudaya.kemdikbud.go.id. Directorate of Cultural and Heritage Diplomacy, Directorate General of Culture of The Republic of Indonesia. 2015–2020. Retrieved 29 December 2020.
^ "Jepin". warisanbudaya.kemdikbud.go.id. Directorate of Cultural and Heritage Diplomacy, Directorate General of Culture of The Republic of Indonesia. 2010–2020. Retrieved 29 December 2020.
^ "Jepen". warisanbudaya.kemdikbud.go.id. Directorate of Cultural and Heritage Diplomacy, Directorate General of Culture of The Republic of Indonesia. 2015–2020. Retrieved 29 December 2020.
^ "Zapin INTANGIBLE CULTURAL HERITAGE". Retrieved 2 April 2021.
^ Muhd Noramin. "Joget: the Popular, Ever-Evolving Music of Dance". Retrieved 7 July 2019.
^ "Zapin dance still popular in Johor". Bernama. Retrieved 22 September 2020 – via The Star.
^ Halim Said (28 September 2017). "Johor to seek Unesco recognition for traditional zapin dance". New Straits Times. Retrieved 22 September 2020.
External links
Information on Zapin characteristics
The gambus (lutes) of the Malay world: its origins and significance in zapin Music, Larry Hilarian, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 6 July 2004
Charles Capwell, Contemporary Manifestations of Yemeni-Derived Song and Dance in Indonesia, Yearbook for Traditional Music, Vol. 27, (1995), pp. 76–89
Mohd Anis Md Nor, Zapin: Folk Dance of the Malay World, Singapore: Oxford University Press, 1993
uyepedia
vteDance in Indonesia (list)Balinese dance • Javanese dance • Sundanese danceAcehnese
Likok Pulo
Rodat
Saman
Balinese
Arja
Baris
Barong
Cendrawasih
Condong
Gambuh
Janger
Joged
Kebyar duduk
Kecak
Legong
Oleg
Panyembrama
Pendet
Rejang
Sanghyang
Topeng
Banjarese
Baksa kembang
Topeng Banjar
Batak
Sigale Gale
Tandok
Tor-tor
Betawi
Ondel-ondel
Ronggeng
Topeng
Topeng Betawi
Yapong
Buginese andMakassarese
Pajoge
Paraga
Pepe-Pepeka ri Makka
Cirebonese
Topeng
Topeng Cirebon
Dayak
Hudoq
Kancet Papatai
Kuyang
Javanese
Bambangan Cakil
Bedhaya
Gambyong
Gandrung
Jurit ampil kridha warastra
Kuda Lumping
Lengger
Lengger lanang
Reog
Ronggeng
Singo Ulung
Srimpi
Topeng Ireng
Topeng Malang
Wayang wong
Wayang gedog
Lampung
Melinting
Malay
Bangsawan
Joget
Makyong
Zapin
Zapin Api
Minangkabau
Indang
Lilin
Pasambahan
Payung
Piring
Randai
Minahasan
Kabasaran
Palembangese
Gending Sriwijaya
Kebagh
Tanggai
Sasak
Gendang Beleq
Rudat
Sundanese
Bajidor Kahot
Jaipongan
Sandiwara
Sisingaan
Timorese
Tebe
Moluccan andPapuan
Cakalele
Poco-poco
|
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It used to be performed exclusively for religious ceremonies but through the years it has become a form of traditional entertainment, hence the participation of female dancers is allowed.","title":"Zapin"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Iringan_Tari_Jepin.jpg"},{"link_name":"Pontianak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pontianak"},{"link_name":"Malays","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malay_people"},{"link_name":"West Kalimantan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Kalimantan"},{"link_name":"Accordion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accordion"},{"link_name":"Gambus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qanb%C5%ABs"},{"link_name":"Gendang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kendang"},{"link_name":"Marwas/Marawis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mirwas"},{"link_name":"Rebana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rebana"}],"text":"Zapin instruments played among the Pontianak Malays of West Kalimantan.The dancers usually perform in pairs and are accompanied by musicians playing the Accordion, Violin, Gambus, Gendang, Marwas/Marawis, and Rebana.","title":"Instruments"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Brunei Darussalam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brunei_Darussalam"},{"link_name":"Malaysia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysia"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Indonesia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia"},{"link_name":"Malay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malay_People"},{"link_name":"Malay-populated areas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malay_Indonesians"},{"link_name":"Sumatra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumatra"},{"link_name":"Riau Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riau_Islands"},{"link_name":"Bangka Belitung 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Kalimantan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Kalimantan"},{"link_name":"Riau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riau"},{"link_name":"Johor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor"},{"link_name":"Pontianak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pontianak"},{"link_name":"Bengkalis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengkalis"},{"link_name":"Riau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riau"},{"link_name":"Riau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riau"},{"link_name":"Perak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perak"},{"link_name":"Johor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor"},{"link_name":"Palembang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palembang"},{"link_name":"West Kalimantan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Kalimantan"},{"link_name":"Johor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor"},{"link_name":"South Kalimantan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Kalimantan"},{"link_name":"Johor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor"},{"link_name":"West Kalimantan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Kalimantan"},{"link_name":"Pelalawan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pelalawan_Regency"},{"link_name":"Johor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor"},{"link_name":"Riau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riau"},{"link_name":"Sumatra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumatra"},{"link_name":"Penyengat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penyengat_Island"},{"link_name":"Riau Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riau_Islands_Province"},{"link_name":"West Kalimantan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Kalimantan"},{"link_name":"Pontianak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pontianak"},{"link_name":"West Kalimantan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Kalimantan"},{"link_name":"Johor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor"},{"link_name":"Johor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor"},{"link_name":"South Kalimantan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Kalimantan"},{"link_name":"Rao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pasaman_Regency"},{"link_name":"Pasaman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pasaman_Regency"},{"link_name":"West Sumatra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Sumatra"},{"link_name":"South Kalimantan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Kalimantan"},{"link_name":"West Kalimantan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Kalimantan"},{"link_name":"Kelantan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelantan"},{"link_name":"Sarawak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarawak"},{"link_name":"Jambi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jambi"},{"link_name":"North Sumatera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Sumatera"},{"link_name":"Selat Panjang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selat_Panjang"},{"link_name":"West Kalimantan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Kalimantan"},{"link_name":"Sanggau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanggau_Regency"},{"link_name":"West Kalimantan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Kalimantan"},{"link_name":"North Kayong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Kayong_Regency"},{"link_name":"West Kalimantan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Kalimantan"},{"link_name":"Padangpanjang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Padangpanjang"},{"link_name":"West Sumatra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Sumatra"},{"link_name":"Serdang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deli_Serdang_Regency"},{"link_name":"North Sumatra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Sumatra"},{"link_name":"Pekalongan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pekalongan"},{"link_name":"Johor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor"},{"link_name":"Siak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siak_Regency"},{"link_name":"Siak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siak_Regency"},{"link_name":"Siak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siak_Regency"},{"link_name":"Sigam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kotabaru_Regency"},{"link_name":"South Kalimantan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Kalimantan"},{"link_name":"Sarawak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarawak"},{"link_name":"South Kalimantan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Kalimantan"},{"link_name":"West Kalimantan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Kalimantan"},{"link_name":"South Kalimantan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Kalimantan"},{"link_name":"West Kalimantan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Kalimantan"},{"link_name":"West Kalimantan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Kalimantan"},{"link_name":"Aceh Tamiang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aceh_Tamiang_Regency"},{"link_name":"Johor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor"},{"link_name":"West Kalimantan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Kalimantan"},{"link_name":"Pontianak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pontianak"},{"link_name":"West Kalimantan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Kalimantan"},{"link_name":"Melawi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melawi_Regency"},{"link_name":"West Kalimantan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Kalimantan"},{"link_name":"Johor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor"},{"link_name":"Tana Tidung","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tana_Tidung_Regency"},{"link_name":"North Kalimantan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Kalimantan"},{"link_name":"South Kalimantan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Kalimantan"},{"link_name":"South Kalimantan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Kalimantan"},{"link_name":"Minangkabau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minangkabau_Highlands"}],"text":"There are numerous types of Zapin, and each type varies by the movement and style of dance:Zapin 12 Kuala Kampar (Pelalawan and Penyalai)\nZapin Api (Riau)\nZapin Anak Ayam (North Sumatra)\nZapin Arab (Pontianak and Johor)\nZapin Asli (North Sumatra)\nZapin Balumpa (South East Sulawesi)\nZapin Banjar (Banjarmasin)\nZapin Batuah (South Kalimantan)\nZapin Bedana (Lampung)\nZapin Bengkalis (Bengkalis, Riau)\nZapin Betawi (Jakarta)\nZapin Brunei (Brunei and North Borneo)\nZapin Bujang (Riau)\nZapin Bujang Marindu (South Kalimantan)\nZapin Carita (Banjarmasin)\nZapin Cek Esah (Riau Islands)\nZapin Dana (Jambi, South Sumatra and Bengkulu)\nZapin Dana-Dana (Gorontalo)\nZapin Dana-Dani (Nusa Tenggara)\nZapin Dana Sarah (Jambi)\nZapin Dara (Riau and West Sumatra)\nZapin Deli (Deli Serdang, North Sumatra)\nZapin Diang Marindu (South Kalimantan)\nZapin Dua Saudara (South Kalimantan)\nZapin Duo (Riau)\nZapin Empat-Empat (West Kalimantan)\nZapin Eroh (Kutai Kartanegara, East Kalimantan)\nZapin Galuh Langkar South Kalimantan\nZapin Gambus (Perak)\nZapin Genjoh (Mahakam)\nZapin Ghalet (Kedah)\nZapin Hadrah (South Kalimantan)\nZapin Istana (Siak)\nZapin Jambi (Jambi)\nZapin Kaltara (North Kalimantan)\nZapin Kamang (West Sumatra)\nZapin Kampong Bolak (Riau)\nZapin Kampung Manggis (Jambi)\nZapin Kasih dan Budi (South Sumatra and Riau)\nZapin Kepri (Riau Islands)\nZapin Kerinci (Kerinci, Jambi)\nZapin Keris (West Kalimantan)\nZapin Kinsat Suara Siam (North Kalimantan)\nZapin Kipas (West Kalimantan and Riau)\nZapin Kores (Johor)\nZapin Kuala (Banjar Kuala, South Kalimantan)\nZapin Kute (Riau Islands)\nZapin Lancang Kuning (Riau)\nZapin Langkah (West Kalimantan)\nZapin Langkah Bujur Serong (Pontianak, West Kalimantan)\nZapin Langkah Penghibur Pengantin (West Kalimantan)\nZapin Langkah Simpang (Pontianak, West Kalimantan)\nZapin Lapis Batu Putih (Johor)\nZapin Lembut (West Kalimantan)\nZapin Lenga (Johor)\nZapin Lenggang Banua (South Kalimantan)\nZapin Lenggok Gambus (Pekan Labuhan, North Sumatra)\nZapin Mabuk Kepayang (North Sumatra)\nZapin Maharani (Pelalawan)\nZapin Mandiling (Bawean)\nZapin Massal (West Kalimantan)\nZapin Melayu (Riau)\nZapin Melayu Johor (Johor)\nZapin Melayu Pontianak (Pontianak)\nZapin Meskom (Bengkalis, Riau)\nZapin Nelayan (Riau)\nZapin Padang Changkat (Perak)\nZapin Padang Sari (Johor)\nZapin Palembang (Palembang)\nZapin Parit Lengkong (West Kalimantan)\nZapin Parit Mastar (Johor)\nZapin Pasanggrahan (South Kalimantan)\nZapin Pat Lipat (Johor)\nZapin Payung (West Kalimantan)\nZapin Pecah Dua Belas (Pelalawan)\nZapin Pekajang (Johor)\nZapin Pekan (Riau, Sumatra)\nZapin Penyengat (Penyengat)\nZapin Pesisir (Riau Islands)\nZapin Pintal Tali Sukadana (West Kalimantan)\nZapin Pisau (Pontianak, West Kalimantan)\nZapin Pulau (Johor)\nZapin Putar Alam (Johor)\nZapin Rantauan (South Kalimantan)\nZapin Rao (Rao, Pasaman, West Sumatra)\nZapin Rindu-Rindu (South Kalimantan)\nZapin Rotan (West Kalimantan)\nZapin Salor (Kelantan)\nZapin Sebat (Sarawak)\nZapin Seberang (Jambi)\nZapin Sekaki (North Sumatera)\nZapin Selat Panjang (Selat Panjang)\nZapin Selendang (West Kalimantan)\nZapin Sengarong (Sanggau, West Kalimantan)\nZapin Senggayong (North Kayong, West Kalimantan)\nZapin Sentak Kamang (Padangpanjang, West Sumatra)\nZapin Serdang (Serdang, North Sumatra)\nZapin Seri Bunian (Pekalongan and Johor)\nZapin Siak (Siak)\nZapin Siak Bermadah (Siak)\nZapin Siak Sri Indrapura (Siak)\nZapin Sigam (Sigam, South Kalimantan)\nZapin Sindang (Sarawak)\nZapin Singapura (Singapore)\nZapin Sisit (South Kalimantan)\nZapin Susun Sirih (West Kalimantan)\nZapin Tahtul (South Kalimantan)\nZapin Tali (West Kalimantan)\nZapin Tali Bui (West Kalimantan)\nZapin Tamiang (Aceh Tamiang)\nZapin Tanjung Labuh (Johor)\nZapin Tembung (West Kalimantan)\nZapin Tembung Pendek (Pontianak, West Kalimantan)\nZapin Tempurung (Melawi, West Kalimantan)\nZapin Tenglu (Johor)\nZapin Tidung Ulu (Tana Tidung, North Kalimantan)\nZapin Tuan Haji (South Kalimantan)\nZapin Tuan Syarif (South Kalimantan)\nZapin Tongga (Minangkabau)","title":"Types"}]
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[{"image_text":"Topography of Southeast Asia.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Southeast_Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/100px-Southeast_Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png"},{"image_text":"Zapin instruments played among the Pontianak Malays of West Kalimantan.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Iringan_Tari_Jepin.jpg/220px-Iringan_Tari_Jepin.jpg"}]
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[{"title":"Zaffa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zaffa"}]
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[{"reference":"\"Zafin\". jakarta.go.id. The Official Communications, Informatics and Statistics Province's Exclusive Capital Government of Jakarta (eng). 12 December 2019. Retrieved 29 December 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.jakarta.go.id/artikel/konten/5844/zapin","url_text":"\"Zafin\""}]},{"reference":"\"Japin / Zafin Dance (eng)\". jakarta-tourism.go.id. Jakarta Tourism Service. Retrieved 29 December 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://jakarta-tourism.go.id/visit/blog/2018/01/tari-japin-zafin","url_text":"\"Japin / Zafin Dance (eng)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Zafin\". warisanbudaya.kemdikbud.go.id. Directorate of Cultural and Heritage Diplomacy, Directorate General of Culture of The Republic of Indonesia. 2010–2020. Retrieved 29 December 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://warisanbudaya.kemdikbud.go.id/?cari=Zafin","url_text":"\"Zafin\""}]},{"reference":"\"Japin / Zafin Dance (eng)\". jakarta-tourism.go.id. Jakarta Tourism Service. Retrieved 29 December 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://jakarta-tourism.go.id/visit/blog/2018/01/tari-japin-zafin","url_text":"\"Japin / Zafin Dance (eng)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Japin\". warisanbudaya.kemdikbud.go.id. Directorate of Cultural and Heritage Diplomacy, Directorate General of Culture of The Republic of Indonesia. 2015–2020. Retrieved 29 December 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://warisanbudaya.kemdikbud.go.id/?cari=Japin","url_text":"\"Japin\""}]},{"reference":"\"Jepin\". warisanbudaya.kemdikbud.go.id. Directorate of Cultural and Heritage Diplomacy, Directorate General of Culture of The Republic of Indonesia. 2010–2020. Retrieved 29 December 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://warisanbudaya.kemdikbud.go.id/?cari=Jepin","url_text":"\"Jepin\""}]},{"reference":"\"Jepen\". warisanbudaya.kemdikbud.go.id. Directorate of Cultural and Heritage Diplomacy, Directorate General of Culture of The Republic of Indonesia. 2015–2020. Retrieved 29 December 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://warisanbudaya.kemdikbud.go.id/?cari=Jepen","url_text":"\"Jepen\""}]},{"reference":"\"Zapin INTANGIBLE CULTURAL HERITAGE\". Retrieved 2 April 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.roots.gov.sg/ich-landing/ich/zapin","url_text":"\"Zapin INTANGIBLE CULTURAL HERITAGE\""}]},{"reference":"Muhd Noramin. \"Joget: the Popular, Ever-Evolving Music of Dance\". Retrieved 7 July 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.esplanade.com/learn/in-depth/theatre-music-and-dance/joget-the-popular-ever-evolving-music-of-dance","url_text":"\"Joget: the Popular, Ever-Evolving Music of Dance\""}]},{"reference":"\"Zapin dance still popular in Johor\". Bernama. Retrieved 22 September 2020 – via The Star.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2019/06/09/zapin-dance-still-popular-in-johor/","url_text":"\"Zapin dance still popular in Johor\""}]},{"reference":"Halim Said (28 September 2017). \"Johor to seek Unesco recognition for traditional zapin dance\". New Straits Times. Retrieved 22 September 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nst.com.my/news/nation/2017/09/285298/johor-seek-unesco-recognition-traditional-zapin-dance","url_text":"\"Johor to seek Unesco recognition for traditional zapin dance\""}]}]
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[{"Link":"https://www.jakarta.go.id/artikel/konten/5844/zapin","external_links_name":"\"Zafin\""},{"Link":"https://jakarta-tourism.go.id/visit/blog/2018/01/tari-japin-zafin","external_links_name":"\"Japin / Zafin Dance (eng)\""},{"Link":"https://warisanbudaya.kemdikbud.go.id/?cari=Zafin","external_links_name":"\"Zafin\""},{"Link":"https://jakarta-tourism.go.id/visit/blog/2018/01/tari-japin-zafin","external_links_name":"\"Japin / Zafin Dance (eng)\""},{"Link":"https://warisanbudaya.kemdikbud.go.id/?cari=Japin","external_links_name":"\"Japin\""},{"Link":"https://warisanbudaya.kemdikbud.go.id/?cari=Jepin","external_links_name":"\"Jepin\""},{"Link":"https://warisanbudaya.kemdikbud.go.id/?cari=Jepen","external_links_name":"\"Jepen\""},{"Link":"https://www.roots.gov.sg/ich-landing/ich/zapin","external_links_name":"\"Zapin INTANGIBLE CULTURAL HERITAGE\""},{"Link":"https://www.esplanade.com/learn/in-depth/theatre-music-and-dance/joget-the-popular-ever-evolving-music-of-dance","external_links_name":"\"Joget: the Popular, Ever-Evolving Music of Dance\""},{"Link":"https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2019/06/09/zapin-dance-still-popular-in-johor/","external_links_name":"\"Zapin dance still popular in Johor\""},{"Link":"https://www.nst.com.my/news/nation/2017/09/285298/johor-seek-unesco-recognition-traditional-zapin-dance","external_links_name":"\"Johor to seek Unesco recognition for traditional zapin dance\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20060907172934/http://www.musicmall-asia.com/malaysia/folk/zapin.html","external_links_name":"Information on Zapin characteristics"},{"Link":"http://portal.unesco.org/culture/en/files/21757/10891257253hilarian.pdf/hilarian.pdf","external_links_name":"The gambus (lutes) of the Malay world: its origins and significance in zapin Music"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/pss/768104","external_links_name":"Contemporary Manifestations of Yemeni-Derived Song and Dance in Indonesia"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/sici?sici=0041-977X(1995)58%3A1%3C205%3AZFDOTM%3E2.0.CO%3B2-Z&cookieSet=1","external_links_name":"[1]"},{"Link":"https://www.uyepedia.net/","external_links_name":"uyepedia"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulichi
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Ulichs
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["1 Ethnonym","2 History","3 See also","4 References"]
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Tribe of Early East Slavs
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Ulichs" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (December 2006) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
European territory inhabited by East Slavic tribes in 8th and 9th century.
The Uliches or Ugliches (Romanian: Ulici or Uglici; Russian: Уличи or Угличи, Ulichi or Uglichi; Ukrainian: Уличі Угличі, Ulychi or Uhlychi) were a tribe of Early East Slavs who, between the eighth and the tenth centuries, inhabited (along with the Tivertsi) Bessarabia, and the territories along the Lower Dnieper, Bug River and the Black Sea littoral.
Ethnonym
The tribal name comes from a location called Oglos or Onglos by the Byzantine chroniclers Theophanes the Confessor and Nikephoros I of Constantinople, possibly to be identified with Peuce Island. The word may derive from Slavic âgul 'corner', or, according to Steven Runciman, from agul 'enclosure'.
History
They were mentioned as Unlizi by the Bavarian Geographer, described as "populus multus" and having 418 gords-settlements. The Uliches long struggled against the Kievan princes Oleg, Igor and Sviatoslav Igorevich for their independence, until a Kievan commander Sveneld captured their capital, Peresechen (near Orhei, in present-day Moldova), around 940. In the mid-10th century the Ulich lands paid tribute to Sveneld. The Uliches were last mentioned in the 970s.
See also
Hutsuls
List of Medieval Slavic tribes
References
^ Koncha, S. (2012). "Bavarian Geographer On Slavic Tribes From Ukraine" (PDF). Ukrainian Studies. 12. Bulletin of Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv: 15–21.
Runciman, Steven (1930). "Emperor of the Bulgars and the Romans". A history of the First Bulgarian Empire. London: George Bell & Sons. OCLC 832687.
vteEarly Slavic ethnic groups (7th–12th centuries)East Slavs
Carpathian Croats
Radimichs
Severians
Tivertsi
Ulichs
Vyatichi
Don Slavs
Zeriuani1
Bolokhovians1
Dulebes
Buzhans
Volhynians
Drevlians
Polans
Dregoviches
Narevyans
Northern tribal union
Krivichs
Polochans
Pskov's
Tver's
Smolensk's
Slovenes
Merya2
Muroma2
West SlavsPolish tribes
Goplans
Lendians
Lubuszans
Masovians
Polans
Sieradzans
Vistulans
Kujawians
Wiercans
Thafnezi
Pomeranians
Kashubians
Prissani
Wolinians
Slovincians
Silesian tribes3
Bezunzans
Bobrzans
Silesian Croats
Dadosesani
Golensizi
Opolans
Selpoli
Silesians
Polabian tribesVeleti and Lutici
Brizans
Circipania
Kessinians
Tollensians
Doxani
Morzyczans
Neletyches
Rujani
Redariers
Rechans
Sprevane
Hevelli
Ukrani
Zamcici
Zemcici
Obotrites
Bethenici
Drevani
Linons
Reregs
Smeldingi
Wagri
Warnabi
Polabians
Lusatians
Khutices
Glomatians
Koledices
Lusatians
Milceni
Suslowi
Zhirmunts
Zhitices
Neletiches
Nizhices
Nishans
Sorbs (White Serbs)
Czech tribes
Bohemian Croats
Czechs
Dechans
Bohemian Dulebes
Lemuzi
Litomerici
Luchans
Moravians
Merehani
Pshovans
Sedlichans
Zlicans
Hbans
Domazhlici
Lupiglians
Znetalici
Slovak tribes
Nitrians 5
Slovaks
South SlavsBulgarian tribes
Union of the Seven Slavic tribes
Southern Severians
Smolyani
Strymonites
Moratsi
Milcovci
in Greece and Macedonia
Drougoubitai
Ezeritai
Melingoi
Sagudates
Baiounitai
Belegezites
Berziti
Rhynchinoi
Alpine Slavs (Carantanians)
Asia Minor Slavs
Pannonian Slavs (Pannonian Dulebes)
Croats
Guduscani
Narentines
Zachlumians
Travunians
Kanalites
Diokletlians
Serbs
Moravens
Timochans
Branichevci
Praedenecenti
Notes (ethnicity is undefined): 1 = supposedly Eastern Slavic tribes
2 = supposedly Finno-Ugric tribes
3 = some of the Silesian tribes are Germanic, for example Silings
5 = generally considered synonym for early medieval Slovaks
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[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:East_Slavic_tribes_peoples_8th_9th_century.jpg"},{"link_name":"Romanian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanian_language"},{"link_name":"Russian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_language"},{"link_name":"Ukrainian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian_language"},{"link_name":"tribe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tribe"},{"link_name":"Early East Slavs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_East_Slavs"},{"link_name":"Tivertsi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tivertsi"},{"link_name":"Bessarabia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bessarabia"},{"link_name":"Dnieper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dnieper"},{"link_name":"Bug River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Bug"},{"link_name":"Black Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Sea"}],"text":"European territory inhabited by East Slavic tribes in 8th and 9th century.The Uliches or Ugliches (Romanian: Ulici or Uglici; Russian: Уличи or Угличи, Ulichi or Uglichi; Ukrainian: Уличі Угличі, Ulychi or Uhlychi) were a tribe of Early East Slavs who, between the eighth and the tenth centuries, inhabited (along with the Tivertsi) Bessarabia, and the territories along the Lower Dnieper, Bug River and the Black Sea littoral.","title":"Ulichs"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Byzantine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantine"},{"link_name":"Theophanes the Confessor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theophanes_the_Confessor"},{"link_name":"Nikephoros I of Constantinople","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikephoros_I_of_Constantinople"},{"link_name":"Peuce Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peuce_Island"},{"link_name":"Steven Runciman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steven_Runciman"}],"text":"The tribal name comes[citation needed] from a location called Oglos or Onglos by the Byzantine chroniclers Theophanes the Confessor and Nikephoros I of Constantinople, possibly to be identified with Peuce Island. The word may derive from Slavic âgul 'corner', or, according to Steven Runciman, from agul 'enclosure'.","title":"Ethnonym"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bavarian Geographer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bavarian_Geographer"},{"link_name":"gords","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gord_(archaeology)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Koncha-1"},{"link_name":"Kievan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kievan_Rus%27"},{"link_name":"princes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince"},{"link_name":"Oleg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oleg_of_Novgorod"},{"link_name":"Igor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Igor_of_Kiev"},{"link_name":"Sviatoslav Igorevich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sviatoslav_I,_Prince_of_Kiev"},{"link_name":"independence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independence"},{"link_name":"Sveneld","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sveneld"},{"link_name":"Peresechen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peresecina"},{"link_name":"Orhei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orhei"},{"link_name":"Moldova","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moldova"},{"link_name":"Sveneld","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sveneld"}],"text":"They were mentioned as Unlizi by the Bavarian Geographer, described as \"populus multus\" and having 418 gords-settlements.[1] The Uliches long struggled against the Kievan princes Oleg, Igor and Sviatoslav Igorevich for their independence, until a Kievan commander Sveneld captured their capital, Peresechen (near Orhei, in present-day Moldova), around 940. In the mid-10th century the Ulich lands paid tribute to Sveneld. The Uliches were last mentioned in the 970s.","title":"History"}]
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[{"image_text":"European territory inhabited by East Slavic tribes in 8th and 9th century.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/East_Slavic_tribes_peoples_8th_9th_century.jpg/200px-East_Slavic_tribes_peoples_8th_9th_century.jpg"}]
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[{"title":"Hutsuls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hutsuls"},{"title":"List of Medieval Slavic tribes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Medieval_Slavic_tribes"}]
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[{"reference":"Koncha, S. (2012). \"Bavarian Geographer On Slavic Tribes From Ukraine\" (PDF). Ukrainian Studies. 12. Bulletin of Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv: 15–21.","urls":[{"url":"http://ukrbulletin.univ.kiev.ua/Visnyk-16-en/Koncha.pdf","url_text":"\"Bavarian Geographer On Slavic Tribes From Ukraine\""}]},{"reference":"Runciman, Steven (1930). \"Emperor of the Bulgars and the Romans\". A history of the First Bulgarian Empire. London: George Bell & Sons. OCLC 832687.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steven_Runciman","url_text":"Runciman, Steven"},{"url":"http://www.promacedonia.org/en/sr/sr_3_1.htm","url_text":"\"Emperor of the Bulgars and the Romans\""},{"url":"http://www.promacedonia.org/en/sr/index.html","url_text":"A history of the First Bulgarian Empire"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London","url_text":"London"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Bell_%26_Sons","url_text":"George Bell & Sons"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/832687","url_text":"832687"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rovi_Corporation
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TiVo Corporation
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["1 History","1.1 As Rovi","1.2 As TiVo Corporation","2 Products","2.1 Guides","2.2 Data","2.3 Search and Recommendations","2.4 Advertising","2.5 Rovi Audience Management","3 Legacy products","3.1 RipGuard","3.2 Analog Protection System","3.3 As Macrovision","3.4 As Rovi","4 See also","5 References","6 Additional sources","7 External links"]
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American technology company (1983–2020)
"Macrovision" redirects here. For the VHS and DVD copy protection system, see Analog Protection System.
"Rovi" redirects here. For the Welsh magician, see Rovi (magician).
TiVo CorporationFormerly
Macrovision Solutions Corporation (1983–2009)
Rovi Corporation (2009–2016)
Company typePublicTraded asNasdaq: TIVOIndustry
Digital entertainment technology
Digital video recorders
PredecessorTiVo Inc.Founded1983; 41 years ago (1983)FoundersVictor FarrowJohn O. RyanDefunctMay 29, 2020; 4 years ago (2020-05-29)FateMerged with XperiSuccessorXperiHeadquartersSan Jose, California, U.S.Net incomeUS$826,456,000 (December 31, 2017)Total assets US$3,163,678,000 (2017-12-31)Number of employees1,700+ (2017)Websitetivo.com
TiVo Corporation, formerly known as the Rovi Corporation and Macrovision Solutions Corporation, was an American technology company. Headquartered in San Jose, California, the company is primarily involved in licensing its intellectual property within the consumer electronics industry, including digital rights management, electronic program guide software, and metadata. The company holds over 6,000 pending and registered patents. The company also provides analytics and recommendation platforms for the video industry.
In 2016, Rovi acquired digital video recorder maker TiVo Inc., and renamed itself TiVo Corporation. On May 30, 2019, TiVo announced the appointment of Dave Shull as the company's new president and CEO.
On December 19, 2019, TiVo merged with Xperi; the combined firm operates as Xperi.
History
Macrovision Corporation logo
Macrovision Corporation was established in 1983 by Victor Farrow and John O. Ryan. The 1984 film The Cotton Club was the first video to be encoded with Macrovision technology when it was released in 1985. The technology was subsequently extended to DVD players and other consumer electronic recording and playback devices such as digital cable and satellite set-top boxes, digital video recorders, and portable media players. By the end of the 1980s, most major Hollywood studios were utilizing their services.
In the 1990s, Macrovision acquired companies with expertise in managing access control and secure distribution of other forms of digital media, including music, video games, internet content, and computer software.
Ryan (founder and CEO of Macrovision from June 1995 to October 2001) and William A. Krepick (president of Macrovision Corporation from July 1995 to July 2005 and CEO from October 2001 to July 2005) led the company through an IPO in 1997 priced at $9.00 a share. Under their leadership, the company went from a private company with sales of under $20 million to a global, publicly traded corporation with annual sales of $220 million and market cap exceeding $1 billion.
In July 2005, the company hired Alfred J. Amoroso as chief executive officer and president to succeed William A. Krepick, who announced his retirement earlier in the year.
Macrovision acquired Gemstar-TV Guide on May 2, 2008, in a cash-and-stock deal worth about $2.8 billion. The combined company would seek to be “the homepage for the TV experience,” said Mr. Amoroso.
After the announcement of its intent to buy Gemstar-TV Guide, Macrovision made other changes in order to focus on entertainment technology, including selling its software business unit, valued at approximately $200 million, to private equity firm Thoma Cressey Bravo. The divestiture of the software business unit closed on April 1, 2008, becoming Acresso Software. Macrovision also ultimately sold off parts of Gemstar-TV Guide not focused on digital entertainment, including TryMedia, eMeta, TV Guide Magazine, TV Guide Network and the TV Games Network.
The company also bought two companies providing entertainment metadata: All Media Guide on November 6, 2007, and substantially all the assets of Muze, Inc. on April 15, 2009.
As Rovi
Rovi Corporation logo
On July 16, 2009, Macrovision Solutions Corporation announced the official change of its name to Rovi Corporation.
Rovi announced its first product on January 7, 2010 – TotalGuide, an interactive media guide that incorporated entertainment data, to search, browse and provide recommendations. On March 16, 2010, Rovi acquired MediaUnbound for an undisclosed amount. MediaUnbound had helped build static and dynamic personalization and recommendation engines for clients such as Napster, eMusic and MTV Networks. On June 16, 2010, the company announced the Rovi Advertising Network which bundled guide advertising and third-party interactive TV platforms.
On December 23, 2010, the company announced its intention to acquire Sonic Solutions and its DivX video software in a deal valued at $720 million. Sonic provided digital video processing, playback and distribution technologies and owned RoxioNow (formerly CinemaNow) an OTT technology provider.
On March 1, 2011, Rovi announced its acquisition of online video guide SideReel.
The company announced Amoroso's intention to retire on May 26, 2011. Tom Carson, formerly the executive vice president of sales and marketing, was appointed CEO and President in December 2011. Under Carson the company shifted its focus on "growth opportunities related to its core enabling technology and services" and it announced that it intended to sell the Rovi Entertainment Store business. It entered into separate agreements to sell the Rovi Entertainment Store to Reliance Majestic Holdings, a private equity-backed company; and its consumer websites to All Media Networks, a new company, in July 2013. Continuing on this path, the company made a similar announcement in January 2014 indicating its intent to sell the DivX and MainConcept businesses.
On April 1, 2013, Rovi acquired Integral Reach, a provider of predictive analysis services. The technology would be integrated into Rovi's audience analysis services.
In April 2013, Facebook began licensing Rovi metadata for use within the service.
As TiVo Corporation
On April 29, 2016, Rovi Corporation announced that it had acquired TiVo Inc. for $1.1 billion. The combined company operated under the TiVo brand, and held over 6,000 pending and registered patents. Rovi plans to discontinue in-house hardware production, and focus primarily on licensing its technologies and the TiVo brand to third-party companies.
In December 2019, TiVo Corporation announced their intent to merge with Xperi. The surviving entity will operate under the Xperi name and have a combined value of $3 billion. TiVo had previously considered splitting out its hardware operations from its licensing operations. The merger was completed on June 1, 2020.
In August 2022, TiVo announced the TiVo OS for smart TVs launching in 2023 in Europe with Vestel.
Products
Guides
Rovi provides guides for service providers and CE manufacturers.
TotalGuide xD, a white-label media guide for mobile devices for finding, managing, and watching TV shows and movies. This also controlled the set top boxes.
TotalGuide CE, a media guide for CE manufacturers that gives access to broadcast programming, premium over-the-top (OTT) entertainment, and catch-up TV
Passport Guide and i-Guide, interactive program guides for service providers
G-Guide, an HTML5-based program guide for digital terrestrial, broadcast satellite, and commercial satellite services
TotalTV, an online guide enabling websites for news and entertainment organizations to incorporate local TV listings
Rovi DTA Guide, an interactive program guide designed for households installed with Digital terminal adapters
Data
Rovi provides entertainment metadata for consumer electronics manufacturers, service providers, retailers, online portals and application developers around the world. The company has over 50 years of metadata for video, music, books, and games covering more than 5 million movies and TV programs, 3.2 million album releases and 30 million song tracks, 9 million in-print and out-of-print book titles, and 70,000 video games. The metadata includes basic facts, local TV listings and channel line-ups for interactive program guides, original editorial, imagery, and other features.
Search and Recommendations
Rovi Search Service allows consumer electronics manufacturers, service providers, and developers to provide solutions that enable consumers to search for and access desired content. Rovi Recommendations Service is a cloud-based service that offers consumers entertainment choices similar to their chosen program, movie, album, track, musician or band.
Advertising
Rovi Advertising Service enables the monetization of entertainment platforms. It places ads that appear as content choices in application menus and user interfaces for set-top boxes, connected TVs, smartphones, tablets, Blu-ray players, game consoles and other devices.
Rovi Audience Management
Rovi Audience Management is a suite of products (Advertising Optimizer and Promotion Optimizer) combining big data with predictive analytics to provide TV audience insights and advertising campaign management. Ad Optimizer allows provides campaign management and media planning capabilities to TV networks and multichannel video programming distributors (MVPDs). Promo Optimizer uses past viewing data to enable cable and broadcast networks to create plans for on-air promos.
Legacy products
The company historically developed technologies and products that helped protect content from being pirated. Its two core legacy products were called RipGuard and the Analog Protection System (APS).
RipGuard
Macrovision introduced its RipGuard technology in February 2005. It was designed to prevent or reduce digital DVD copying by altering the format of the DVD content to disrupt the ripping software. Although the technology could be circumvented by several current DVD rippers such as AnyDVD or DVDFab, Macrovision claimed that 95% of casual users lack the knowledge and/or determination to be able to copy a DVD with RipGuard technology.
Analog Protection System
Main article: Analog Protection System
The Analog Protection System (APS), also known as Analog Copy Protection (ACP), Copyguard or Macrovision, was the Macrovision Corporation's flagship product, a copy protection system for both VHS and DVD. Video tapes copied from DVDs encoded with APS become garbled and unwatchable. The process works by adding pulses to analog video signals to negatively impact the AGC circuit of a recording device. In digital devices, changes to the analog video signal are created by a chip that converts the digital video to analog within the device. In DVD players, trigger bits are created during DVD authoring to inform the APS that it should be applied to DVD players' analog outputs or analog video outputs on a PC while playing back a protected DVD-Video disc. In set top boxes trigger bits are incorporated into Conditional Access Entitlement Control Messages (ECM) in the stream delivered to the STB. In VHS, alterations to the analog video signal are added in a Macrovision-provided "processor box" used by duplicators.
As Macrovision
In 2000, Macrovision acquired Globetrotter, creators of the FLEXlm, which was subsequently renamed Flexnet.
In 2002, Macrovision acquired Israeli company Midbar Technologies, developers of the Cactus Data Shield music copy protection solution for $17 million. Additionally the same year, Macrovision acquired all the music copy protection and digital rights management (DRM) assets of TTR Technologies (formerly NASDAQ listed under the ticker TTRE).
In 2004, Macrovision acquired InstallShield, creators of installation authoring software (later divested to private equity).
In 2005, Macrovision acquired the intellectual property rights to DVD Decrypter from its developer.
In 2005, Macrovision acquired ZeroG Software, creators of InstallAnywhere (direct competition to InstallShield MP (MultiPlatform)), and Trymedia Systems.
In 2006, Macrovision acquired eMeta.
On January 1, 2007, Macrovision acquired Mediabolic, Inc.
On November 6, 2007, Macrovision announced its intention to acquire All Media Guide.
On December 7, 2007, Macrovision announced an agreement to acquire Gemstar-TV Guide and completed the purchase on August 5, 2008.
On December 19, 2007, Macrovision purchased BD+ DRM technology from Cryptography Research, Inc.
On April 15, 2009, Macrovision announced that it has acquired substantially all of the assets of Muze, Inc.
As Rovi
On March 16, 2010, Rovi acquired Recommendations Service MediaUnbound.
On December 23, 2010, Rovi announced its intention to acquire Sonic Solutions.
On March 1, 2011, Rovi acquired SideReel.
On May 5, 2011, Rovi acquired DigiForge.
In 2012, Rovi acquired Snapstick.
In February 2012, Rovi sold Roxio to Corel.
On April 1, 2013, Rovi acquired Integral Reach.
On February 25, 2014, Rovi acquired Veveo.
On November 3, 2014, Rovi acquired Fanhattan, a company that ran the Fan TV service, and owners of The Movie Database, for $12.0 million in cash.
On April 29, 2016, Rovi confirmed that it would acquire TiVo for approximately $1.1 billion.
See also
TiVo digital video recorders
DCS Copy Protection
Automatic content recognition
Tivoization
References
^ "XNAS:ROVI Rovi Corp Annual Report 8-K Filling". www.snl.com. December 31, 2017. Archived from the original on May 25, 2018. Retrieved May 25, 2018.
^ a b "From TV trailblazer to IP afterthought: TiVo bought for $1.1 billion". Ars Technica. Conde Nast Digital. April 29, 2016. Archived from the original on April 30, 2016. Retrieved April 29, 2016.
^ Gartenberg, Chaim (December 19, 2019). "TiVo to merge with Xperi to create "one of the largest licensing companies in the world"". The Verge. Archived from the original on December 25, 2019. Retrieved December 27, 2019.
^ Dec. 2019/completed June 2020 Todd Spangler (December 19, 2019). "TiVo to Merge With Entertainment-Tech Firm Xperi in $3 Billion Deal".
^ De Atley, Richard (September 7, 1985). "VCRs put entertainment industry into fast-forward frenzy". The Free Lance-Star. Associated Press. pp. 12–TV. Archived from the original on April 4, 2020. Retrieved January 25, 2015.
^ Decherney, Peter (2012). "Hollywood's Copyright Wars: From Edison to the Internet" (PDF). Columbia University Press. p. 180.
^ "John Ryan: Executive Profile & Biography". Businessweek. Archived from the original on March 5, 2014. Retrieved April 29, 2016.
^ "William A. Krepick: Executive Profile & Biography – Businessweek". Bloomberg. Retrieved April 29, 2016.
^ "Macrovision Appoints Alfred J. Amoroso as President and Chief Executive Officer; William A. Krepick Appointed Vice-Chairman of the Board | Business Wire". Businesswire.com (Press release). Archived from the original on May 13, 2016. Retrieved April 29, 2016.
^ Stelter, Brian (December 8, 2007). "Macrovision Agrees to Buy Gemstar-TV Guide for $2.8 Billion in Stock and Cash". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on March 27, 2016. Retrieved April 29, 2016.
^ "Rovi Showcases Early Version of Media Guide and Solutions Portfolio for Digital Home Entertainment Products during CES 2010". Rovicorp.com. Archived from the original on March 7, 2016. Retrieved April 29, 2016.
^ Lawler, Ryan (March 16, 2010). "Rovi Acquires Media Recommendation Firm MediaUnbound". gigaom.com. Archived from the original on March 5, 2016. Retrieved April 29, 2016.
^ "Rovi Launches Advertising Network with Broad Reach into Multiple Platforms". Rovicorp.com. Archived from the original on March 4, 2016. Retrieved April 29, 2016.
^ "Rovi announces agreement to acquire Sonic Solutions for $720 million". Engadget. Archived from the original on May 6, 2016. Retrieved April 29, 2016.
^ "Rovi to buy Sonic for $720 million". CNET. Archived from the original on March 5, 2014. Retrieved April 29, 2016.
^ Roettgers, Janko (March 1, 2011). "Rovi Buys Sidereel, Expands to the Web". gigaom.com. Archived from the original on March 6, 2016. Retrieved April 29, 2016.
^ "Rovi Corp. (ROVI) CEO Amoroso to Retire". StreetInsider.com. Archived from the original on March 3, 2016. Retrieved April 29, 2016.
^ "Rovi Promotes Thomas Carson to CEO | InteractiveTV Today". itvt.com. Archived from the original on March 5, 2016. Retrieved April 29, 2016.
^ "Rovi Announces Intent to Pursue Sale of Rovi Entertainment Store Business and Narrows Estimates Range for Fiscal 2012". GlobeNewswire News Room (Press release). January 3, 2013. Archived from the original on March 5, 2016. Retrieved April 29, 2016.
^ "Rovi Corporation Reports Second Quarter 2013 Financial Performance". MarketWatch. Archived from the original on March 4, 2016. Retrieved April 29, 2016.
^ "5 Notable Rovi Acquisitions Before TiVo". Broadcasting and Cable. April 29, 2016. Archived from the original on November 9, 2016. Retrieved November 9, 2016.
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^ Brodkin, Jon (June 6, 2016). "TiVo's new owner isn't that interested in making set-top boxes". Ars Technica. Archived from the original on June 7, 2016. Retrieved June 6, 2016.
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^ "Xperi and TiVo Complete Merger". www.businesswire.com. June 1, 2020. Archived from the original on July 19, 2020. Retrieved July 19, 2020.
^ Fletcher, Bevin (August 31, 2022). "Xperi reveals Europe's Vestel as first TiVo smart TV OS customer". Fierce Video. Retrieved May 22, 2023.
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^ Fields, Anna. "Rovi To Acquire TiVo. Strategic Fit Or A Synergy Play?". Forbes. Archived from the original on October 9, 2019. Retrieved October 9, 2019.
^ "RipGuard DVD – DVD Copy Protection and DVD Encryption Software Protection – Rovi". Rovicorp.com. Archived from the original on May 29, 2010. Retrieved May 24, 2010.
^ "Macrovision Completes Acquisition of GLOBEtrotter Software". Business Wire. September 1, 2000. Archived from the original on July 25, 2013. Retrieved January 13, 2012.
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^ "Press Releases – Next Generation Media Guide – Rovi". Rovicorp.com. Archived from the original on October 8, 2011. Retrieved January 14, 2012.
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^ Kaplan, David (April 15, 2009). "Macrovision Buys Metadata Provider Muze For $16.5 Million". paidContent. Archived from the original on December 14, 2011. Retrieved January 14, 2012.
^ Ali, Rafat (March 16, 2010). "Rovi Acquires Recommendations Service MediaUnbound". paidContent. Archived from the original on December 30, 2011. Retrieved January 14, 2012.
^ "Rovi announces agreement to acquire Sonic Solutions for $720 million". Engadget. Archived from the original on February 4, 2012. Retrieved January 14, 2012.
^ "Rovi Acquires SideReel.com – Launches AllRovi.com: An Immersive and Interactive Film and Music Site for Entertainment Fans". Appmarket.tv. March 1, 2011. Archived from the original on March 5, 2011. Retrieved January 14, 2012.
^ Jim Barthold (May 6, 2011). "Rovi acquires DigiForge, reportedly to improve cable visibility". FierceCable. Archived from the original on November 27, 2011. Retrieved January 14, 2012.
^ "Corel completes acquisition of Roxio from Rovi Corporation". Private Equity Wire. Global Fund Media Ltd. Archived from the original on December 3, 2019. Retrieved December 3, 2019.
^ "Rovi Debuts Entertainment Analytics, Big Data for Multiscreen". Streaming Media Magazine. June 3, 2013. Retrieved November 28, 2023.
^ "Video Discovery Specialist Rovi Acquires Voice Search Startup Veveo For Up To $69 Million". TechCrunch. Archived from the original on March 24, 2021. Retrieved March 5, 2021.
^ Schonfeld, Erick (December 16, 2010). "Fanhattan Promises Better Internet TV Through The Power Of Data (TCTV)". TechCrunch. Retrieved January 4, 2024.
^ "Rovi Acquires Content Discovery and Navigation Innovator Fanhattan". rovi.com. November 3, 2014. Archived from the original on November 6, 2014. Retrieved November 3, 2014.
^ Snider, Mike (April 29, 2016). "Rovi acquires DVR company TiVo". USA TODAY. Archived from the original on April 30, 2016. Retrieved April 29, 2016.
Additional sources
Fil's FAQ-Link-In Corner: MacroVision FAQ Archived 2003-02-07 at the Wayback Machine
MPAA | DVD Frequently Asked Questions Archived 2006-09-03 at the Wayback Machine
Columbia ISA: Macrovision Details Archived 2007-09-29 at the Wayback Machine
Macrovision Agrees to Sell Software Unit Archived 2021-03-24 at the Wayback Machine (expired link)
Realnetworks Acquires Game Distributor From Macrovision Archived 2008-03-02 at the Wayback Machine
Adobe LM Service – Adobelmsvc.exe – Program Information (archive)
Rovi Acquires DigiForge Archived 2011-05-08 at the Wayback Machine
Rovi Corporation Appoints Thomas Carson as President and Chief Executive Officer Archived 2018-09-15 at the Wayback Machine
External links
Official website
Historical business data for TiVO Corporation:
SEC filings
Macrovision page at the Wayback Machine (archived March 26, 2008)
Howstuffworks: "How does copy protection on a video tape work?"
Ars Technica: "Digitizing video signals might violate the DMCA"
Authority control databases International
VIAF
National
Czech Republic
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Analog Protection System","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analog_Protection_System"},{"link_name":"Rovi (magician)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rovi_(magician)"},{"link_name":"San Jose, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Jose,_California"},{"link_name":"intellectual property","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intellectual_property"},{"link_name":"consumer electronics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consumer_electronics"},{"link_name":"digital rights management","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_rights_management"},{"link_name":"electronic program guide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_program_guide"},{"link_name":"metadata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metadata"},{"link_name":"patents","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patent"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ars-tivobuy-2"},{"link_name":"digital video recorder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_video_recorder"},{"link_name":"TiVo Inc.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TiVo_Inc."},{"link_name":"TiVo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TiVo"},{"link_name":"Xperi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xperi"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"\"Macrovision\" redirects here. For the VHS and DVD copy protection system, see Analog Protection System.\"Rovi\" redirects here. For the Welsh magician, see Rovi (magician).TiVo Corporation, formerly known as the Rovi Corporation and Macrovision Solutions Corporation, was an American technology company. Headquartered in San Jose, California, the company is primarily involved in licensing its intellectual property within the consumer electronics industry, including digital rights management, electronic program guide software, and metadata. The company holds over 6,000 pending and registered patents.[2] The company also provides analytics and recommendation platforms for the video industry.In 2016, Rovi acquired digital video recorder maker TiVo Inc., and renamed itself TiVo Corporation. On May 30, 2019, TiVo announced the appointment of Dave Shull as the company's new president and CEO.On December 19, 2019, TiVo merged with Xperi;[3] the combined firm operates as Xperi.[4]","title":"TiVo Corporation"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Macrovision_logo_1984_color.svg"},{"link_name":"The Cotton Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Cotton_Club_(film)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-deatley19850907-5"},{"link_name":"DVD players","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD_player"},{"link_name":"set-top boxes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Set-top_boxes"},{"link_name":"digital video recorders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_video_recorder"},{"link_name":"portable media players","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portable_media_player"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"IPO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPO"},{"link_name":"market cap","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Market_capitalization"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Gemstar-TV Guide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gemstar-TV_Guide"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Gemstar-TV Guide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gemstar%E2%80%93TV_Guide_International"},{"link_name":"Thoma Cressey Bravo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thoma_Cressey_Bravo"},{"link_name":"Acresso Software","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acresso_Software"},{"link_name":"TryMedia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TryMedia"},{"link_name":"eMeta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EMeta"},{"link_name":"TV Guide Magazine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TV_Guide_Magazine"},{"link_name":"TV Guide Network","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TV_Guide_Network"},{"link_name":"TV Games Network","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TVG_Network"},{"link_name":"All Media Guide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_Media_Guide"},{"link_name":"Muze, Inc.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muze,_Inc."}],"text":"Macrovision Corporation logoMacrovision Corporation was established in 1983 by Victor Farrow and John O. Ryan. The 1984 film The Cotton Club was the first video to be encoded with Macrovision technology when it was released in 1985.[5] The technology was subsequently extended to DVD players and other consumer electronic recording and playback devices such as digital cable and satellite set-top boxes, digital video recorders, and portable media players. By the end of the 1980s, most major Hollywood studios were utilizing their services.[6]In the 1990s, Macrovision acquired companies with expertise in managing access control and secure distribution of other forms of digital media, including music, video games, internet content, and computer software.Ryan (founder and CEO of Macrovision from June 1995 to October 2001) and William A. Krepick (president of Macrovision Corporation from July 1995 to July 2005 and CEO from October 2001 to July 2005)[7] led the company through an IPO in 1997 priced at $9.00 a share. Under their leadership, the company went from a private company with sales of under $20 million to a global, publicly traded corporation with annual sales of $220 million and market cap exceeding $1 billion.[8]In July 2005, the company hired Alfred J. Amoroso as chief executive officer and president to succeed William A. Krepick, who announced his retirement earlier in the year.[9]Macrovision acquired Gemstar-TV Guide on May 2, 2008, in a cash-and-stock deal worth about $2.8 billion. The combined company would seek to be “the homepage for the TV experience,” said Mr. Amoroso.[10]After the announcement of its intent to buy Gemstar-TV Guide, Macrovision made other changes in order to focus on entertainment technology, including selling its software business unit, valued at approximately $200 million, to private equity firm Thoma Cressey Bravo. The divestiture of the software business unit closed on April 1, 2008, becoming Acresso Software. Macrovision also ultimately sold off parts of Gemstar-TV Guide not focused on digital entertainment, including TryMedia, eMeta, TV Guide Magazine, TV Guide Network and the TV Games Network.The company also bought two companies providing entertainment metadata: All Media Guide on November 6, 2007, and substantially all the assets of Muze, Inc. on April 15, 2009.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Rovi_Corporation_logo.svg"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Sonic Solutions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonic_Solutions"},{"link_name":"DivX","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DivX"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"SideReel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SideReel"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bandc-notable-21"},{"link_name":"Facebook","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"}],"sub_title":"As Rovi","text":"Rovi Corporation logoOn July 16, 2009, Macrovision Solutions Corporation announced the official change of its name to Rovi Corporation.Rovi announced its first product on January 7, 2010 – TotalGuide, an interactive media guide that incorporated entertainment data, to search, browse and provide recommendations.[11] On March 16, 2010, Rovi acquired MediaUnbound for an undisclosed amount. MediaUnbound had helped build static and dynamic personalization and recommendation engines for clients such as Napster, eMusic and MTV Networks.[12] On June 16, 2010, the company announced the Rovi Advertising Network which bundled guide advertising and third-party interactive TV platforms.[13]On December 23, 2010, the company announced its intention to acquire Sonic Solutions and its DivX video software in a deal valued at $720 million. Sonic provided digital video processing, playback and distribution technologies and owned RoxioNow (formerly CinemaNow) an OTT technology provider.[14][15]On March 1, 2011, Rovi announced its acquisition of online video guide SideReel.[16]The company announced Amoroso's intention to retire on May 26, 2011.[17] Tom Carson, formerly the executive vice president of sales and marketing, was appointed CEO and President in December 2011.[18] Under Carson the company shifted its focus on \"growth opportunities related to its core enabling technology and services\" and it announced that it intended to sell the Rovi Entertainment Store business.[19] It entered into separate agreements to sell the Rovi Entertainment Store to Reliance Majestic Holdings, a private equity-backed company; and its consumer websites to All Media Networks, a new company, in July 2013.[20] Continuing on this path, the company made a similar announcement in January 2014 indicating its intent to sell the DivX and MainConcept businesses.On April 1, 2013, Rovi acquired Integral Reach, a provider of predictive analysis services. The technology would be integrated into Rovi's audience analysis services.[21]In April 2013, Facebook began licensing Rovi metadata for use within the service.[22]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"TiVo Inc.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TiVo_Inc."},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ars-tivobuy-2"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nyt-tivobuy-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ars-rovinomoredtc-24"},{"link_name":"Xperi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xperi"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"Vestel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vestel"}],"sub_title":"As TiVo Corporation","text":"On April 29, 2016, Rovi Corporation announced that it had acquired TiVo Inc. for $1.1 billion. The combined company operated under the TiVo brand, and held over 6,000 pending and registered patents.[2][23] Rovi plans to discontinue in-house hardware production, and focus primarily on licensing its technologies and the TiVo brand to third-party companies.[24]In December 2019, TiVo Corporation announced their intent to merge with Xperi. The surviving entity will operate under the Xperi name and have a combined value of $3 billion. TiVo had previously considered splitting out its hardware operations from its licensing operations.[25] The merger was completed on June 1, 2020.[26]In August 2022, TiVo announced the TiVo OS for smart TVs[27] launching in 2023 in Europe[28] with Vestel.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Products"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"over-the-top","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Over-the-top_media_service"},{"link_name":"catch-up TV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catch-up_TV"},{"link_name":"HTML5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTML5"},{"link_name":"Digital terminal adapters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_terminal_adapter"}],"sub_title":"Guides","text":"Rovi provides guides for service providers and CE manufacturers.TotalGuide xD, a white-label media guide for mobile devices for finding, managing, and watching TV shows and movies. This also controlled the set top boxes.\nTotalGuide CE, a media guide for CE manufacturers that gives access to broadcast programming, premium over-the-top (OTT) entertainment, and catch-up TV\nPassport Guide and i-Guide, interactive program guides for service providers\nG-Guide, an HTML5-based program guide for digital terrestrial, broadcast satellite, and commercial satellite services\nTotalTV, an online guide enabling websites for news and entertainment organizations to incorporate local TV listings\nRovi DTA Guide, an interactive program guide designed for households installed with Digital terminal adapters","title":"Products"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-29"}],"sub_title":"Data","text":"Rovi provides entertainment metadata for consumer electronics manufacturers, service providers, retailers, online portals and application developers around the world. The company has over 50 years of metadata for video, music, books, and games covering more than 5 million movies and TV programs, 3.2 million album releases and 30 million song tracks, 9 million in-print and out-of-print book titles, and 70,000 video games.[citation needed] The metadata includes basic facts, local TV listings and channel line-ups for interactive program guides, original editorial, imagery, and other features.[29]","title":"Products"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Search and Recommendations","text":"Rovi Search Service allows consumer electronics manufacturers, service providers, and developers to provide solutions that enable consumers to search for and access desired content. Rovi Recommendations Service is a cloud-based service that offers consumers entertainment choices similar to their chosen program, movie, album, track, musician or band.","title":"Products"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Blu-ray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blu-ray"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"Advertising","text":"Rovi Advertising Service enables the monetization of entertainment platforms. It places ads that appear as content choices in application menus and user interfaces for set-top boxes, connected TVs, smartphones, tablets, Blu-ray players, game consoles and other devices.[citation needed]","title":"Products"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"predictive analytics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Predictive_analytics"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"}],"sub_title":"Rovi Audience Management","text":"Rovi Audience Management is a suite of products (Advertising Optimizer and Promotion Optimizer) combining big data with predictive analytics to provide TV audience insights and advertising campaign management. Ad Optimizer allows provides campaign management and media planning capabilities to TV networks and multichannel video programming distributors (MVPDs). Promo Optimizer uses past viewing data to enable cable and broadcast networks to create plans for on-air promos.[30]","title":"Products"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"The company historically developed technologies and products that helped protect content from being pirated. Its two core legacy products were called RipGuard and the Analog Protection System (APS).","title":"Legacy products"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"AnyDVD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AnyDVD"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"}],"sub_title":"RipGuard","text":"Macrovision introduced its RipGuard technology in February 2005. It was designed to prevent or reduce digital DVD copying by altering the format of the DVD content to disrupt the ripping software. Although the technology could be circumvented by several current DVD rippers such as AnyDVD or DVDFab, Macrovision claimed that 95% of casual users lack the knowledge and/or determination to be able to copy a DVD with RipGuard technology.[31]","title":"Legacy products"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"copy protection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copy_protection"},{"link_name":"VHS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VHS"},{"link_name":"DVD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD"},{"link_name":"DVDs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD"},{"link_name":"AGC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automatic_gain_control"},{"link_name":"video signal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_signal"},{"link_name":"DVD players","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD_player"},{"link_name":"DVD authoring","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD_authoring"},{"link_name":"PC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_computer"},{"link_name":"set top boxes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Set_top_box"},{"link_name":"Conditional Access","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conditional_Access"},{"link_name":"Macrovision","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macrovision"}],"sub_title":"Analog Protection System","text":"The Analog Protection System (APS), also known as Analog Copy Protection (ACP), Copyguard or Macrovision, was the Macrovision Corporation's flagship product, a copy protection system for both VHS and DVD. Video tapes copied from DVDs encoded with APS become garbled and unwatchable. The process works by adding pulses to analog video signals to negatively impact the AGC circuit of a recording device. In digital devices, changes to the analog video signal are created by a chip that converts the digital video to analog within the device. In DVD players, trigger bits are created during DVD authoring to inform the APS that it should be applied to DVD players' analog outputs or analog video outputs on a PC while playing back a protected DVD-Video disc. In set top boxes trigger bits are incorporated into Conditional Access Entitlement Control Messages (ECM) in the stream delivered to the STB. In VHS, alterations to the analog video signal are added in a Macrovision-provided \"processor box\" used by duplicators.","title":"Legacy products"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"FLEXlm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FLEXlm"},{"link_name":"Flexnet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flexnet"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"Israeli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel"},{"link_name":"Cactus Data Shield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cactus_Data_Shield"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"InstallShield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/InstallShield"},{"link_name":"divested","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divestment"},{"link_name":"private equity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Private_equity_firm"},{"link_name":"intellectual property","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intellectual_property"},{"link_name":"DVD Decrypter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD_Decrypter"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-afterdawn.com-34"},{"link_name":"InstallAnywhere","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/InstallAnywhere"},{"link_name":"Trymedia Systems","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trymedia_Systems"},{"link_name":"eMeta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EMeta"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"All Media Guide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_Media_Guide"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"Gemstar-TV Guide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gemstar-TV_Guide"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"BD+","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BD%2B"},{"link_name":"DRM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_rights_management"},{"link_name":"Cryptography Research","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryptography_Research"},{"link_name":"Muze","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muze"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"}],"sub_title":"As Macrovision","text":"In 2000, Macrovision acquired Globetrotter, creators of the FLEXlm, which was subsequently renamed Flexnet.[32]\nIn 2002, Macrovision acquired Israeli company Midbar Technologies, developers of the Cactus Data Shield music copy protection solution for $17 million. Additionally the same year, Macrovision acquired all the music copy protection and digital rights management (DRM) assets of TTR Technologies (formerly NASDAQ listed under the ticker TTRE).[33]\nIn 2004, Macrovision acquired InstallShield, creators of installation authoring software (later divested to private equity).\nIn 2005, Macrovision acquired the intellectual property rights to DVD Decrypter from its developer.[34]\nIn 2005, Macrovision acquired ZeroG Software, creators of InstallAnywhere (direct competition to InstallShield MP (MultiPlatform)), and Trymedia Systems.\nIn 2006, Macrovision acquired eMeta.\nOn January 1, 2007, Macrovision acquired Mediabolic, Inc.[35]\nOn November 6, 2007, Macrovision announced its intention to acquire All Media Guide.[36]\nOn December 7, 2007, Macrovision announced an agreement to acquire Gemstar-TV Guide[37] and completed the purchase on August 5, 2008.\nOn December 19, 2007, Macrovision purchased BD+ DRM technology from Cryptography Research, Inc.\nOn April 15, 2009, Macrovision announced that it has acquired substantially all of the assets of Muze, Inc.[38]","title":"Legacy products"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"Sonic Solutions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonic_Solutions"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"SideReel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SideReel"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"Roxio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roxio"},{"link_name":"Corel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corel"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"Veveo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veveo"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"TiVo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TiVo_Inc."},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-48"}],"sub_title":"As Rovi","text":"On March 16, 2010, Rovi acquired Recommendations Service MediaUnbound.[39]\nOn December 23, 2010, Rovi announced its intention to acquire Sonic Solutions.[40]\nOn March 1, 2011, Rovi acquired SideReel.[41]\nOn May 5, 2011, Rovi acquired DigiForge.[42]\nIn 2012, Rovi acquired Snapstick.\nIn February 2012, Rovi sold Roxio to Corel.[43]\nOn April 1, 2013, Rovi acquired Integral Reach.[44]\nOn February 25, 2014, Rovi acquired Veveo.[45]\nOn November 3, 2014, Rovi acquired Fanhattan, a company that ran the Fan TV service, and owners of The Movie Database,[46] for $12.0 million in cash.[47]\nOn April 29, 2016, Rovi confirmed that it would acquire TiVo for approximately $1.1 billion.[48]","title":"Legacy products"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Fil's FAQ-Link-In Corner: MacroVision FAQ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.repairfaq.org/filipg/LINK/F_MacroVision.html"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20030207084230/http://www.repairfaq.org/filipg/LINK/F_MacroVision.html"},{"link_name":"Wayback Machine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine"},{"link_name":"MPAA | DVD Frequently Asked Questions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.mpaa.org/DVD_FAQ.asp"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20060903025458/http://www.mpaa.org/DVD_FAQ.asp"},{"link_name":"Wayback Machine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine"},{"link_name":"Columbia ISA: Macrovision Details","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//columbiaisa.freespaces.com/dvd_macrovision2.htm"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20070929102941/http://columbiaisa.freespaces.com/dvd_macrovision2.htm"},{"link_name":"Wayback Machine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine"},{"link_name":"Macrovision Agrees to Sell Software Unit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//biz.yahoo.com/ap/080214/macrovision_acquisition.html?.v=1"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20210324070814/https://finance.yahoo.com/"},{"link_name":"Wayback Machine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine"},{"link_name":"Realnetworks Acquires Game Distributor From Macrovision","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//news.yahoo.com/s/cmp/20080223/tc_cmp/206801470"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20080302185314/http://news.yahoo.com/s/cmp/20080223/tc_cmp/206801470"},{"link_name":"Wayback Machine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine"},{"link_name":"Adobe LM Service – Adobelmsvc.exe – Program Information","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.bleepingcomputer.com/startups/Adobelmsvc.exe-7345.html"},{"link_name":"archive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20180915083600/https://www.bleepingcomputer.com/startups/Adobelmsvc.exe-7345.html"},{"link_name":"Rovi Acquires DigiForge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.multichannel.com/article/467860-Rovi_Buys_Cable_Engineering_Firm_DigiForge_Sources.php"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20110508071509/http://www.multichannel.com/article/467860-Rovi_Buys_Cable_Engineering_Firm_DigiForge_Sources.php"},{"link_name":"Wayback Machine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine"},{"link_name":"Rovi Corporation Appoints Thomas Carson as President and Chief Executive Officer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//ir.rovicorp.com/irweblinkx/file.aspx?IID=4206196&FID=12310900"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20180915083557/http://ir.rovicorp.com/irweblinkx/file.aspx?IID=4206196&FID=12310900"},{"link_name":"Wayback Machine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine"}],"text":"Fil's FAQ-Link-In Corner: MacroVision FAQ Archived 2003-02-07 at the Wayback Machine\nMPAA | DVD Frequently Asked Questions Archived 2006-09-03 at the Wayback Machine\nColumbia ISA: Macrovision Details Archived 2007-09-29 at the Wayback Machine\nMacrovision Agrees to Sell Software Unit Archived 2021-03-24 at the Wayback Machine (expired link)\nRealnetworks Acquires Game Distributor From Macrovision Archived 2008-03-02 at the Wayback Machine\nAdobe LM Service – Adobelmsvc.exe – Program Information (archive)\nRovi Acquires DigiForge Archived 2011-05-08 at the Wayback Machine\nRovi Corporation Appoints Thomas Carson as President and Chief Executive Officer Archived 2018-09-15 at the Wayback Machine","title":"Additional sources"}]
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[{"image_text":"Macrovision Corporation logo","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Macrovision_logo_1984_color.svg/220px-Macrovision_logo_1984_color.svg.png"},{"image_text":"Rovi Corporation logo","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Rovi_Corporation_logo.svg/220px-Rovi_Corporation_logo.svg.png"}]
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[{"title":"TiVo digital video recorders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TiVo_digital_video_recorders"},{"title":"DCS Copy Protection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DCS_Copy_Protection"},{"title":"Automatic content recognition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automatic_content_recognition"},{"title":"Tivoization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tivoization"}]
|
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Retrieved March 5, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://social.techcrunch.com/2014/02/24/video-discovery-specialist-rovi-acquires-voice-search-startup-veveo-for-up-to-69-million/","url_text":"\"Video Discovery Specialist Rovi Acquires Voice Search Startup Veveo For Up To $69 Million\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210324070742/https://techcrunch.com/2014/02/24/video-discovery-specialist-rovi-acquires-voice-search-startup-veveo-for-up-to-69-million/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Schonfeld, Erick (December 16, 2010). \"Fanhattan Promises Better Internet TV Through The Power Of Data (TCTV)\". TechCrunch. Retrieved January 4, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://techcrunch.com/2010/12/16/fanhattan/","url_text":"\"Fanhattan Promises Better Internet TV Through The Power Of Data (TCTV)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Rovi Acquires Content Discovery and Navigation Innovator Fanhattan\". rovi.com. November 3, 2014. Archived from the original on November 6, 2014. Retrieved November 3, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.rovicorp.com/company/press-releases/2014/11/3/rovi-acquires-content-discovery-and-navigation-innovator-fanhatt.html","url_text":"\"Rovi Acquires Content Discovery and Navigation Innovator Fanhattan\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141106174914/http://www.rovicorp.com/company/press-releases/2014/11/3/rovi-acquires-content-discovery-and-navigation-innovator-fanhatt.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Snider, Mike (April 29, 2016). \"Rovi acquires DVR company TiVo\". USA TODAY. Archived from the original on April 30, 2016. Retrieved April 29, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.usatoday.com/story/tech/news/2016/04/29/rovi-acquires-dvr-company-tivo/83692332/","url_text":"\"Rovi acquires DVR company TiVo\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160430235939/http://www.usatoday.com/story/tech/news/2016/04/29/rovi-acquires-dvr-company-tivo/83692332/","url_text":"Archived"}]}]
|
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Louis_Borloo
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Jean-Louis Borloo
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["1 Early life","2 Political career","3 References"]
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French politician
Jean-Louis BorlooPresident of theUnion of Democrats and IndependentsIn office18 September 2012 – 6 April 2014Preceded byPosition establishedSucceeded byJean-Christophe LagardePresident of the UDI and Independents group in the National AssemblyIn office26 June 2012 – 14 April 2014Preceded byPosition establishedSucceeded byPhilippe VigierMinister of Ecology, Energy, Sustainable Development and the SeaIn office19 June 2007 – 13 November 2010Prime MinisterFrançois FillonPreceded byAlain JuppéSucceeded byNathalie Kosciusko-MorizetMinister of the Economy, Finance and EmploymentIn office18 May 2007 – 19 June 2007Prime MinisterFrançois FillonPreceded byThierry BretonSucceeded byChristine LagardePresident of the Radical PartyIn office11 December 2005 – 6 April 2014Serving with André Rossinot (2005–2007)Preceded byAndré RossinotSucceeded byLaurent HénartMember of the National Assemblyfor Nord's 21st constituencyIn office14 December 2010 – 30 April 2014Preceded byCécile GallezSucceeded byLaurent DegallaixIn office2 April 1993 – 8 June 2002Preceded byFabien ThiéméSucceeded byCécile GallezMember of the European ParliamentIn office25 July 1989 – 4 September 1992ConstituencyFranceMayor of ValenciennesIn office24 March 1989 – 7 May 2002Preceded byOlivier MarlièreSucceeded byDominique Riquet
Personal detailsBornJean-Louis Marie Borloo (1951-04-07) 7 April 1951 (age 73)Paris, FrancePolitical partyUnion of Democrats and Independents (2012–present)Other politicalaffiliationsUnion for French Democracy (1990–2002)Union for a Popular Movement (2002–2012)Radical Party (2002–2014)Spouse
Béatrice Szabo Schönberg
(m. 2005)Alma materPantheon-Sorbonne UniversityHEC Paris
Jean-Louis Marie Borloo (French pronunciation: ; born 7 April 1951) is a French politician who served as president of the Union of Democrats and Independents (UDI) from 2012 to 2014. He also was Minister of the Economy, Finance and Employment in 2007 and Minister of Ecology, Energy, Sustainable Development and the Sea from 2007 until 2010 under President Nicolas Sarkozy.
Early life
Jean-Louis Marie Borloo was born in Paris, his parents were Lucien Borloo born in Guéméné-sur-Scorff and Mauricette Acquaviva from Marseille of Corsican origin. Borloo gained his Baccalauréat in 1969, in the Philosophy stream. In 1972 he took a first degree in Law and Philosophy at the Pantheon-Sorbonne University, in 1974 a further degree in History and Economics at Paris X Nanterre, and in 1976 an MBA at HEC Paris.
Political career
Of Picard origin, Borloo began his career as a lawyer in the 1980s. He became president of the Valenciennes Football Club in 1986. In 1989, he was elected mayor of Valenciennes as an Independent, winning over 76 per cent of the vote.
In the June 1989 European elections, Borloo was elected to the European Parliament as the second candidate on Simone Veil's list. He held this seat until his election as regional councillor for the Nord-Pas-de-Calais in 1992.
Borloo was elected to the French National Assembly as a Miscellaneous Right candidate representing the Nord's 21st constituency in 1993. Joining the caucus of the UDF, he was re-elected in 1997, two years after his re-election as Mayor of Valenciennes.
He was a founding member of Ecology Generation in 1990, but he later joined the Union for French Democracy led by François Bayrou. However, in 2002 he joined the Radical Party, associated with the new Union for a Popular Movement. He was co-president of the Radical Party alongside André Rossinot between 2005 and 2007, when he became sole President of the party.
It was on the Radical-UMP ticket that Borloo was re-elected as a deputy in 2002 and 2007. He was Minister for the City and Urban Renewal in the Jean-Pierre Raffarin governments between 2002 and 2004, Minister of Labor, Employment and Social Cohesion under Raffarin between 2004 and 2005, and finally Minister for Employment, Social Cohesion and Housing in the Dominique de Villepin government between 2005 and 2007. In that role, he introduced a five-year plan of social cohesion, which was centered around three axes: equal opportunity, housing and employment.
On 21 July 2005 Borloo married news anchorwoman Béatrice Schönberg at Rueil-Malmaison, Hauts-de-Seine.
From 18 May to 19 June 2007, he was Minister of the Economy and Finance in the François Fillon cabinet. Between 19 June 2007 and November 2010, he was the French minister of State for Energy, Ecology and Sustainable Development. In this capacity, he was a major player in the 2007–2008 Grenelle de l'environnement. He quit the government allegedly after being passed over for premiership in a cabinet reshuffle.
In April 2011, Borloo left the UMP in protest at Sarkozy's rightward swing. He announced plans to set up a "republican, ecologist, and social alliance", with a view to becoming a candidate in the 2012 presidential election. However, he decided not to run as President of France.
In September 2012, he created the Union of Democrats and Independents (UDI), trying to unify all the Centrist parties, while the UDI still allies with the UMP.
Despite being a leader in the UDI, Borloo was not involved in the 2014 local elections, mentioning health reasons, such as frontal acute pneumonia and sepsis. On 6 April 2014, Borloo announced in a letter to the executives of the UDI that he would resign immediately from "every political term and position" due to his health concerns.
Governmental functions
Minister of State, Minister for Ecology, Energy and Sustainable Development: 2007–2010.
Minister of Economy, Finance and Industry: May–June 2007.
Minister for Employment, Social Cohesion and Housing: 2005–2007.
Minister of Labour, Employment and Social Cohesion: 2004–2005.
Minister of the City and Urban Renewal: 2002–2004.
Electoral mandates
European Parliament
Member of European Parliament : 1989–1992.
National Assembly of France
President of the Union of Democrats and Independents Group in the National Assembly : 2012–2014.
Member of the National Assembly of France for Nord (French department) (21st constituency) : 1993–2002 (Became minister in 2002) / Reelected in 2007 but he remains minister in 2007 / And 2010–2014. Elected in 1993, reelected in 1997, 2002, 2007, and 2012.
Regional Council
Regional councillor of Nord-Pas-de-Calais : 1992–1993 (Resignation) / March–November 1998 (Resignation).
Municipal Council
Mayor of Valenciennes : 1989–2002 (Resignation).
Deputy-mayor of Valenciennes : 2002–2008.
Municipal councillor of Valenciennes : 1989–2014.
Agglomeration community Council
President of the Agglomeration community of Valenciennes : 2001–2008.
Member of the Agglomeration community of Valenciennes : 2001–2014.
Political functions
President of Union of Democrats and Independents : 2012–2014.
President of the Radical Party (France) : 2007–2012.
Vice-president of the Union for a Popular Movement : 2009–2012.
References
^ A Directory of World Leaders & Cabinet Members of Foreign Governments: 2008–2009 Edition. Rockville, MD: Arc Manor, 2008. 154.
^ HEC alumni figure among New Cabinet Faces
^ Ben Hall (15 November 2010). "Centrists attack Sarkozy's shift to right". Financial Times. Retrieved 15 April 2011.
^ Peggy Hollinger (8 April 2011). "Centrists defect over Sarkozy swerve right". Financial Times. Retrieved 15 April 2011.
^ The Europe World Year Book 2004, Volume I. London, UK: Europa, 2004. 1685.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Jean-Louis Borloo.
Political offices
Preceded byThierry Breton
Minister of Finance 2007
Succeeded byChristine Lagarde
Preceded byAlain Juppé
Minister of Ecology, Energy, Sustainable Development, Territorial Development and for the Elderly 2007–2010
Succeeded byNathalie Kosciusko-Morizet
vteFirst Fillon government
François Fillon
Alain Juppé
Bernard Kouchner
Hervé Morin
Michèle Alliot-Marie
Brice Hortefeux
Rachida Dati
Jean-Louis Borloo
Éric Wœrth
Xavier Bertrand
Christine Boutin
Christine Lagarde
Xavier Darcos
Valérie Pécresse
Christine Albanel
Roselyne Bachelot
Coat of Arms of France
vteSecond Fillon government
François Fillon
François Baroin
Alain Juppé
Jean-Louis Borloo
Michèle Alliot-Marie
Bernard Kouchner
Hervé Morin
Brice Hortefeux
Xavier Darcos
Christine Lagarde
Éric Wœrth
Éric Besson
Luc Chatel
Bruno Le Maire
Valérie Pécresse
Frédéric Mitterrand
Roselyne Bachelot
Michel Mercier
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In 1972 he took a first degree in Law and Philosophy at the Pantheon-Sorbonne University, in 1974 a further degree in History and Economics at Paris X Nanterre, and in 1976 an MBA at HEC Paris.[2]","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Picard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Picardy"},{"link_name":"Valenciennes Football Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valenciennes_FC"},{"link_name":"Valenciennes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valenciennes"},{"link_name":"Independent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independent_(politician)"},{"link_name":"European elections","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1989_European_Parliament_election_in_France"},{"link_name":"European Parliament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Parliament"},{"link_name":"Simone Veil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simone_Veil"},{"link_name":"Nord-Pas-de-Calais","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nord-Pas-de-Calais"},{"link_name":"French National 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Movement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_for_a_Popular_Movement"},{"link_name":"André Rossinot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Rossinot"},{"link_name":"2002","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2002_French_legislative_election"},{"link_name":"2007","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007_French_legislative_election"},{"link_name":"Jean-Pierre Raffarin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Pierre_Raffarin"},{"link_name":"Dominique de Villepin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominique_de_Villepin"},{"link_name":"social cohesion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_cohesion"},{"link_name":"equal opportunity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equal_opportunity"},{"link_name":"Béatrice Schönberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A9atrice_Sch%C3%B6nberg"},{"link_name":"Rueil-Malmaison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rueil-Malmaison"},{"link_name":"Minister of the Economy and Finance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minister_of_the_Economy,_Finance_and_Industry_(France)"},{"link_name":"François Fillon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Fillon"},{"link_name":"minister of State for Energy, Ecology and Sustainable Development","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minister_of_the_Environment_(France)"},{"link_name":"Grenelle de l'environnement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grenelle_Environnement"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Union of Democrats and Independents","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_of_Democrats_and_Independents"},{"link_name":"pneumonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pneumonia"},{"link_name":"sepsis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sepsis"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"European Parliament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Parliament"},{"link_name":"Union of Democrats and Independents","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_of_Democrats_and_Independents"},{"link_name":"National Assembly of France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Assembly_of_France"},{"link_name":"Nord (French department)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nord_(French_department)"},{"link_name":"Nord-Pas-de-Calais","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nord-Pas-de-Calais"},{"link_name":"Valenciennes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valenciennes"},{"link_name":"Valenciennes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valenciennes"},{"link_name":"Valenciennes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valenciennes"},{"link_name":"Valenciennes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valenciennes"},{"link_name":"Valenciennes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valenciennes"},{"link_name":"Radical Party (France)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radical_Party_(France)"},{"link_name":"Union for a Popular Movement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_for_a_Popular_Movement"}],"text":"Of Picard origin, Borloo began his career as a lawyer in the 1980s. He became president of the Valenciennes Football Club in 1986. In 1989, he was elected mayor of Valenciennes as an Independent, winning over 76 per cent of the vote.In the June 1989 European elections, Borloo was elected to the European Parliament as the second candidate on Simone Veil's list. He held this seat until his election as regional councillor for the Nord-Pas-de-Calais in 1992.Borloo was elected to the French National Assembly as a Miscellaneous Right candidate representing the Nord's 21st constituency in 1993. Joining the caucus of the UDF, he was re-elected in 1997, two years after his re-election as Mayor of Valenciennes.He was a founding member of Ecology Generation in 1990, but he later joined the Union for French Democracy led by François Bayrou. However, in 2002 he joined the Radical Party, associated with the new Union for a Popular Movement. He was co-president of the Radical Party alongside André Rossinot between 2005 and 2007, when he became sole President of the party.It was on the Radical-UMP ticket that Borloo was re-elected as a deputy in 2002 and 2007. He was Minister for the City and Urban Renewal in the Jean-Pierre Raffarin governments between 2002 and 2004, Minister of Labor, Employment and Social Cohesion under Raffarin between 2004 and 2005, and finally Minister for Employment, Social Cohesion and Housing in the Dominique de Villepin government between 2005 and 2007. In that role, he introduced a five-year plan of social cohesion, which was centered around three axes: equal opportunity, housing and employment.On 21 July 2005 Borloo married news anchorwoman Béatrice Schönberg at Rueil-Malmaison, Hauts-de-Seine.From 18 May to 19 June 2007, he was Minister of the Economy and Finance in the François Fillon cabinet. Between 19 June 2007 and November 2010, he was the French minister of State for Energy, Ecology and Sustainable Development. In this capacity, he was a major player in the 2007–2008 Grenelle de l'environnement. He quit the government allegedly after being passed over for premiership in a cabinet reshuffle.[3]In April 2011, Borloo left the UMP in protest at Sarkozy's rightward swing. He announced plans to set up a \"republican, ecologist, and social alliance\", with a view to becoming a candidate in the 2012 presidential election.[4] However, he decided not to run as President of France.In September 2012, he created the Union of Democrats and Independents (UDI), trying to unify all the Centrist parties, while the UDI still allies with the UMP.Despite being a leader in the UDI, Borloo was not involved in the 2014 local elections, mentioning health reasons, such as frontal acute pneumonia and sepsis. On 6 April 2014, Borloo announced in a letter to the executives of the UDI that he would resign immediately from \"every political term and position\" due to his health concerns.[citation needed]Governmental functionsMinister of State, Minister for Ecology, Energy and Sustainable Development: 2007–2010.Minister of Economy, Finance and Industry: May–June 2007.Minister for Employment, Social Cohesion and Housing: 2005–2007.Minister of Labour, Employment and Social Cohesion: 2004–2005.[5]Minister of the City and Urban Renewal: 2002–2004.Electoral mandatesEuropean ParliamentMember of European Parliament : 1989–1992.National Assembly of FrancePresident of the Union of Democrats and Independents Group in the National Assembly : 2012–2014.Member of the National Assembly of France for Nord (French department) (21st constituency) : 1993–2002 (Became minister in 2002) / Reelected in 2007 but he remains minister in 2007 / And 2010–2014. Elected in 1993, reelected in 1997, 2002, 2007, and 2012.Regional CouncilRegional councillor of Nord-Pas-de-Calais : 1992–1993 (Resignation) / March–November 1998 (Resignation).Municipal CouncilMayor of Valenciennes : 1989–2002 (Resignation).Deputy-mayor of Valenciennes : 2002–2008.Municipal councillor of Valenciennes : 1989–2014.Agglomeration community CouncilPresident of the Agglomeration community of Valenciennes : 2001–2008.Member of the Agglomeration community of Valenciennes : 2001–2014.Political functionsPresident of Union of Democrats and Independents : 2012–2014.President of the Radical Party (France) : 2007–2012.Vice-president of the Union for a Popular Movement : 2009–2012.","title":"Political career"}]
|
[{"image_text":"Coat of Arms of France","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Armoiries_r%C3%A9publique_fran%C3%A7aise.svg/50px-Armoiries_r%C3%A9publique_fran%C3%A7aise.svg.png"},{"image_text":"Coat of Arms of France","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Armoiries_r%C3%A9publique_fran%C3%A7aise.svg/50px-Armoiries_r%C3%A9publique_fran%C3%A7aise.svg.png"}]
| null |
[{"reference":"Ben Hall (15 November 2010). \"Centrists attack Sarkozy's shift to right\". Financial Times. Retrieved 15 April 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/e6221fbc-f0e9-11df-bf4b-00144feab49a.html#axzz1JYpdLj6z","url_text":"\"Centrists attack Sarkozy's shift to right\""}]},{"reference":"Peggy Hollinger (8 April 2011). \"Centrists defect over Sarkozy swerve right\". Financial Times. Retrieved 15 April 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/a32ff88e-6216-11e0-8ee4-00144feab49a.html#axzz1JYpdLj6z","url_text":"\"Centrists defect over Sarkozy swerve right\""}]}]
|
[{"Link":"http://www.hec.fr/newsletter/7/pages/people1.html","external_links_name":"HEC alumni figure among New Cabinet Faces"},{"Link":"https://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/e6221fbc-f0e9-11df-bf4b-00144feab49a.html#axzz1JYpdLj6z","external_links_name":"\"Centrists attack Sarkozy's shift to right\""},{"Link":"https://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/a32ff88e-6216-11e0-8ee4-00144feab49a.html#axzz1JYpdLj6z","external_links_name":"\"Centrists defect over Sarkozy swerve right\""},{"Link":"http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1497085/","external_links_name":"FAST"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/000000007830323X","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/79056830","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJqkbbh99cQR6cmRJFgR8C","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12078423k","external_links_name":"France"},{"Link":"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12078423k","external_links_name":"BnF data"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/12427336X","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n90694889","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://www2.assemblee-nationale.fr/sycomore/fiche/(num_dept)/980","external_links_name":"Sycomore"},{"Link":"https://www.idref.fr/029084881","external_links_name":"IdRef"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bud_Stewart
|
Bud Stewart
|
["1 See also","2 Sources"]
|
American baseball player (1916-2000)
Baseball player
Bud StewartOutfielderBorn: (1916-06-15)June 15, 1916Sacramento, California, U.S.Died: June 21, 2000(2000-06-21) (aged 84)Palo Alto, California, U.S.Batted: LeftThrew: RightMLB debutApril 19, 1941, for the Pittsburgh PiratesLast MLB appearanceJune 2, 1954, for the Chicago White SoxMLB statisticsBatting average.268Hits547Home runs32Runs batted in260
Teams
Pittsburgh Pirates (1941–1942)
New York Yankees (1948)
Washington Senators (1948–1950)
Chicago White Sox (1951–1954)
Edward Perry "Bud" Stewart (June 15, 1916 – June 21, 2000) was an American professional baseball player. He had a nine-season (1941–1942; 1948–1954) career in Major League Baseball as an outfielder and pinch hitter for the Pittsburgh Pirates, New York Yankees, Washington Senators and Chicago White Sox. Stewart batted left-handed, threw right-handed, stood 5 feet 11 inches (1.80 m) tall and weighed 160 pounds (73 kg).
Stewart was born in Sacramento, California, and attended UCLA from 1934–1937. In the summer of 1937, he signed with the San Diego Padres of the Pacific Coast League. He was a teammate of Ted Williams on the 1937 Padres, who won the PCL championship. While Williams moved on to a Hall of Fame career in the Majors, Stewart remained with the Padres until October 1, 1940, when he was purchased by the Pirates. He debuted for manager Frankie Frisch's 1941 Pirates on April 19.
A speedy and versatile defensive outfielder, Stewart also led the National League in pinch hits, with ten in 1941. He remained with the Pirates until June 1942, when he enlisted in the United States Army, serving until December 1945. Stewart then spent 1946 with the Hollywood Stars of the PCL until March 1947, when he was traded to the Yankee organization. After spending 1947 with the Kansas City Blues of the American Association, he began the 1948 season with the Yankees as a teammate of Joe DiMaggio. But on May 13, Stewart was traded to the Washington Senators, where he placed second in the American League in triples (13) in 1948. On December 11, 1950, Stewart was traded to the White Sox, and ended his career as a pinch hitter, retiring on June 9, 1954.
In 773 games over nine seasons, Stewart posted a .268 batting average (547-For-2041) with 288 runs, 32 home runs, 260 RBI and 252 bases on balls. He recorded a .980 fielding percentage playing at all three outfield positions and several games at second and third base.
During and after his playing days, he was a physical education instructor in Hawthorne, California, and appeared as an extra in several Hollywood films. A story, told by Stewart himself, had him facing legendary pitcher Satchel Paige in a 1948 game—and hitting a triple through Paige's legs.
Bud Stewart died in Palo Alto, California, at the age of 84.
See also
Chicago White Sox all-time roster
Sources
Career statistics and player information from Baseball Reference, or Baseball Reference (Minors)
|
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He had a nine-season (1941–1942; 1948–1954) career in Major League Baseball as an outfielder and pinch hitter for the Pittsburgh Pirates, New York Yankees, Washington Senators and Chicago White Sox. Stewart batted left-handed, threw right-handed, stood 5 feet 11 inches (1.80 m) tall and weighed 160 pounds (73 kg).Stewart was born in Sacramento, California, and attended UCLA from 1934–1937. In the summer of 1937, he signed with the San Diego Padres of the Pacific Coast League. He was a teammate of Ted Williams on the 1937 Padres, who won the PCL championship. While Williams moved on to a Hall of Fame career in the Majors, Stewart remained with the Padres until October 1, 1940, when he was purchased by the Pirates. He debuted for manager Frankie Frisch's 1941 Pirates on April 19.A speedy and versatile defensive outfielder, Stewart also led the National League in pinch hits, with ten in 1941. He remained with the Pirates until June 1942, when he enlisted in the United States Army, serving until December 1945. Stewart then spent 1946 with the Hollywood Stars of the PCL until March 1947, when he was traded to the Yankee organization. After spending 1947 with the Kansas City Blues of the American Association, he began the 1948 season with the Yankees as a teammate of Joe DiMaggio. But on May 13, Stewart was traded to the Washington Senators, where he placed second in the American League in triples (13) in 1948. On December 11, 1950, Stewart was traded to the White Sox, and ended his career as a pinch hitter, retiring on June 9, 1954.In 773 games over nine seasons, Stewart posted a .268 batting average (547-For-2041) with 288 runs, 32 home runs, 260 RBI and 252 bases on balls. He recorded a .980 fielding percentage playing at all three outfield positions and several games at second and third base.During and after his playing days, he was a physical education instructor in Hawthorne, California, and appeared as an extra in several Hollywood films. A story, told by Stewart himself, had him facing legendary pitcher Satchel Paige in a 1948 game—and hitting a triple through Paige's legs.Bud Stewart died in Palo Alto, California, at the age of 84.","title":"Bud Stewart"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Baseball Reference","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.baseball-reference.com/players/s/stewabu01.shtml"},{"link_name":"Baseball Reference (Minors)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.baseball-reference.com/minors/player.cgi?id=stewar005edw"}],"text":"Career statistics and player information from Baseball Reference, or Baseball Reference (Minors)","title":"Sources"}]
|
[]
|
[{"title":"Chicago White Sox all-time roster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_White_Sox_all-time_roster"}]
|
[]
|
[{"Link":"https://www.baseball-reference.com/players/s/stewabu01.shtml","external_links_name":"Baseball Reference"},{"Link":"https://www.baseball-reference.com/minors/player.cgi?id=stewar005edw","external_links_name":"Baseball Reference (Minors)"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mehar_Taluka
|
Mehar Tehsil
|
["1 History","2 Administrative divisions","2.1 Union Councils","3 Locality","4 References"]
|
Taluka in Sindh's Dadu District
Mehar Tehsil
Taluka Mehar (Sindhi: ميهڙ تعلقو ,Urdu: میہڑ) is an administrative subdivision (tehsil) of Dadu District in the Sindh province of Pakistan. It is famous for the production of Henna or Mehndi. Coordinates 27.1795221°N 67.8210557°E
The Tehsil has a population of 460,000 (2017 census). Major markets in the city include Shahi Bazaar, Resham Galli
, Sonaarki Bazaar and Ghanta Ghar market. The Kakul Waah runs through the city; an old canal which is still used for the irrigation.
Mehar
تعلقا ميھڙMehar, Dadu District, Sindh
...CitizenshipPakistan
Town in SindhTaluka Mehar
Sindhi: تعلقا ميھڙTownتعلقا ميھڙCoordinates: 27°10′46″N 67°49′16″E / 27.1795221°N 67.8210557°E / 27.1795221; 67.8210557Country PakistanProvince SindhDistrictDadu DistrictPopulation • Total64,000Time zoneUTC+5 (PST) • Summer (DST)PDT
History
According to records, in 1848 Mehar Taluka was created as a subdivision of Dadu District during British rule with the town of Mehar as the headquarters. The taluka, along with the rest of Sindh, was for a time part of the Bombay Presidency of British India.
The Imperial Gazetteer of India, written over a century ago during British rule, describes the taluka as follows:
"Mehar.- Tāluka of Lārkāna District, Sindh, Bombay, lying between elev 162ft, with an area of 328 square miles. The population in 1901 was 58,434, compared with 48,320 in 1891. The tāluka contains 64 villages, of which Mehar is the headquarters. The density, 178 persons per square mile, greatly exceeds the District average. The land revenue and cesses in 1903-4 amounted to 2.8 lakhs. The tāluka is irrigated by the Western Nāra and one of its feeders, the stable crop is jowār and rice. Prior to the floods of 1874 Mehar was fertile, but the water has now become brackish and all gardens have perished. Cultivation near the hills on the west depends entirely on rainfall."
Administrative divisions
Mehar (Sindhi: ميهڙ) Tehsil is administratively subdivided into 20 Union Councils.
Union Councils
Mehar
Balishah(including old ancient Village Kothi Khokhar)
Bothro(Sardar Mehboob Ali Dahar)
Baledai
Thariri Mohabat
Fareedabad
Charo
Gahi Mahessar
Kolachi
Khan Jo Goth
Mandwani
Mureed Lakhier
Nau Goth (saint saedi mosani tomb)
Qazi Aarif (Sher Muhammad Chandio member district council and vice chairman of district Dadu)
Radhan (railway station)
Saeedpur
Shah Panjo
Betto
Sobho Khan Magsi (1st Chairman late Rais Mumtaz Ali Khan Magsi)
Sindhi Butra
Locality
Mehar is a town in Dadu District. It is administrated by the Government of Sindh. It is divided in 20 Union Councils.
References
^ a b Taluka Municipal Administration Mehar
^ "Mehndi Designs". Anmol Ideas. Retrieved 28 April 2021.
^ Mehar Tāluka - Imperial Gazetteer of India, v. 16, p. 144.
vte Tehsils (Talukas) of SindhBanbhoreBadin
Badin
Matli
Shaheed Fazal Rahu
Talhar
Tando Bago
Sujawal
Jati
Kharo Chan
Mirpur Bathoro
Shah Bunder
Sujawal
Thatta
Ghorabari
Keti Bunder
Mirpur Sakro
Thatta
HyderabadDadu
Dadu
Johi
Khairpur Nathan Shah
Mehar
Hyderabad
Hyderabad City
Hyderabad Saddar
Latifabad
Qasimabad
Jamshoro
Jamshoro
Kotri
Manjhand
Sehwan
Thano Bula Khan
Matiari
Hala
Matiari
Saeedabad
Tando Allahyar
Chamber
Jhando Mari
Tando Allahyar
Tando Muhammad Khan
Bulri Shah Karim
Tando Ghulam Hyder
Tando Muhammad Khan
KarachiKarachi Central
Gulberg Town
Liaquatabad Town
New Karachi Town
North Nazimabad Town
Karachi East
Gulshan Town
Jamshed Town
Ferozabad
Gulshan-E-Iqbal
Gulzar-E-Hijri
Karachi South
Lyari Town
Saddar Town
Aram Bahg
Civil Line
Garden
Karachi West
Baldia Town
Kiamari Town
S.I.T.E. Town
Orangi Town
Harbour
Manghopir
Mauripur
Mominabad
Korangi
Korangi Town
Landhi Town
Shah Faisal Town
Madol Colony
Malir
Bin Qasim Town
Gadap Town
Malir Town
Jinnah
Ibrahim Hyderi
Murad Memon
Shah Murad
LarkanaJacobabad
Garhi Khairo
Jacobabad
Thul
Kashmore
Kandhkot
Kashmore
Tangwani
Larkana
Bakrani
Dokri
Larkana
Rato Dero
Qambar-Shahdadkot
Miro Khan
Nasirabad
Qambar
Kubo Saeed Khan
Shahdadkot
Sijawal Junejo
Warah
Shikarpur
Garhi Yasin
Khanpur
Lakhi
Shikarpur
Mirpur KhasMirpur Khas
Digri
Hussain Bux Marri
Jhuddo
Kot Ghulam Mohammad
Mirpur Khas
Shujabad
Sindhri
Sanghar
Jam Nawaz Ali
Khipro
Sanghar
Shahdadpur
Sinjhoro
Tando Adam
Tharparkar
Chachro
Dhali
Diplo
Islamkot
Mithi
Nagarparkar
Umerkot
Kunri
Pithoro
Samaro
Umerkot
Uthman Kot
SukkurGhotki
Daharki
Ghotki
Khangarh (Khanpur)
Mirpur Mathelo
Ubauro
Khairpur
Faiz Ganj
Gambat
Khairpur
Kingri
Kot Diji
Nara
Sobho Dero
Thari Mirwah
Sukkur
New Sukkur
Pano Akil
Rohri
Salehpat
Sukkur
Shaheed Benazir AbadNaushahro Feroze
Bhiria
Kandioro
Mehrabpur
Moro
Naushahro Feroze
Shaheed Benazir Abad
Daulatpur (Qazi Ahmed)
Daur
Nawabshah
Sakrand
Sub-Divisions are listed in italics
This Sindh location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sindhi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sindhi_language"},{"link_name":"Urdu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urdu_language"},{"link_name":"tehsil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tehsil"},{"link_name":"Dadu District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dadu_District"},{"link_name":"Sindh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sindh"},{"link_name":"Pakistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mehar-1"},{"link_name":"460,000","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.citypopulation.de/en/pakistan/distr/admin/dadu/80204__mehar/"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Mehar Tehsil\nTaluka Mehar (Sindhi: ميهڙ تعلقو ,Urdu: میہڑ) is an administrative subdivision (tehsil) of Dadu District in the Sindh province of Pakistan.[1] It is famous for the production of Henna or Mehndi. Coordinates 27.1795221°N 67.8210557°EThe Tehsil has a population of 460,000 (2017 census). Major markets in the city include Shahi Bazaar, Resham Galli\n, Sonaarki Bazaar and Ghanta Ghar market. The Kakul Waah runs through the city; an old canal which is still used for the irrigation.[2]Town in Sindh","title":"Mehar Tehsil"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dadu District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dadu_District"},{"link_name":"British rule","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Raj"},{"link_name":"Mehar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mehar,_Pakistan&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Bombay Presidency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombay_Presidency"},{"link_name":"Imperial Gazetteer of India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_Gazetteer_of_India"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"lakhs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lakh"}],"text":"According to records, in 1848 Mehar Taluka was created as a subdivision of Dadu District during British rule with the town of Mehar as the headquarters. The taluka, along with the rest of Sindh, was for a time part of the Bombay Presidency of British India.The Imperial Gazetteer of India, written over a century ago during British rule, describes the taluka as follows:[3]\"Mehar.- Tāluka of Lārkāna District, Sindh, Bombay, lying between elev 162ft, with an area of 328 square miles. The population in 1901 was 58,434, compared with 48,320 in 1891. The tāluka contains 64 villages, of which Mehar is the headquarters. The density, 178 persons per square mile, greatly exceeds the District average. The land revenue and cesses in 1903-4 amounted to 2.8 lakhs. The tāluka is irrigated by the Western Nāra and one of its feeders, the stable crop is jowār and rice. Prior to the floods of 1874 Mehar was fertile, but the water has now become brackish and all gardens have perished. Cultivation near the hills on the west depends entirely on rainfall.\"","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sindhi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sindhi_language"},{"link_name":"Tehsil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tehsil"},{"link_name":"Union Councils","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_Councils_of_Pakistan"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mehar-1"}],"text":"Mehar (Sindhi: ميهڙ) Tehsil is administratively subdivided into 20 Union Councils.[1]","title":"Administrative divisions"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Union Councils","text":"Mehar\nBalishah(including old ancient Village Kothi Khokhar)\nBothro(Sardar Mehboob Ali Dahar)\nBaledai\nThariri Mohabat\nFareedabad\nCharo\nGahi Mahessar\nKolachi\nKhan Jo Goth\nMandwani\nMureed Lakhier\nNau Goth (saint saedi mosani tomb)\nQazi Aarif (Sher Muhammad Chandio member district council and vice chairman of district Dadu)\nRadhan (railway station)\nSaeedpur\nShah Panjo\nBetto\nSobho Khan Magsi (1st Chairman late Rais Mumtaz Ali Khan Magsi)\nSindhi Butra","title":"Administrative divisions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dadu District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dadu_District"}],"text":"Mehar is a town in Dadu District. It is administrated by the Government of Sindh. It is divided in 20 Union Councils.","title":"Locality"}]
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[]
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[{"reference":"\"Mehndi Designs\". Anmol Ideas. Retrieved 28 April 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://anmolideas.com/mehndi-designs","url_text":"\"Mehndi Designs\""}]}]
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[{"Link":"https://www.citypopulation.de/en/pakistan/distr/admin/dadu/80204__mehar/","external_links_name":"460,000"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Mehar_Tehsil¶ms=27.1795221_N_67.8210557_E_type:city(64000)_region:PK-SD","external_links_name":"27°10′46″N 67°49′16″E / 27.1795221°N 67.8210557°E / 27.1795221; 67.8210557"},{"Link":"http://www.lgdsindh.com.pk/tmamehar6.htm","external_links_name":"Taluka Municipal Administration Mehar"},{"Link":"https://anmolideas.com/mehndi-designs","external_links_name":"\"Mehndi Designs\""},{"Link":"https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/pager.html?objectid=DS405.1.I34_V17_274.gif","external_links_name":"Mehar Tāluka - Imperial Gazetteer of India, v. 16, p. 144."},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mehar_Tehsil&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_George_Washington_articles
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List of George Washington articles
|
["1 Ancestry and childhood","2 Private life","3 Military career","3.1 French and Indian War","3.2 American Revolution","4 Presidency","5 Legacy","6 See also"]
|
George Washington1732–1799
The following is a list of articles about and largely involving George Washington.
Ancestry and childhood
Coat of Armsof the Washington family
Augustine Washington and Mary Ball Washington – father and mother of George Washington
Lawrence Washington (1718–1752) – George Washington's half-brother and mentor
Lawrence Augustine Washington (1774–1824) – nephew of George Washington
Lawrence Washington (1659–1698) – Grandfather
Lawrence Washington (1602–1653) – Great grandfather
George Reade (colonial governor) – Great-great grandfather
Coat of arms of the Washington family
Washington Old Hall – Ancestral residence in England
George Washington's birthplace
Ferry Farm – Boyhood home of Washington
Private life
Martha Dandridge Custis – Washington's wife
Religious views of George Washington
James Abercrombie (Episcopal priest) – Pastor who criticized Washington
Mississippi Land Company
Mountain Road Lottery
Mount Vernon
George Washington's Gristmill
Woodlawn (Alexandria, Virginia)
The Papers of George Washington
George Washington and slavery
Potomac Company – Washington as president of the company
Military career
Military career of George Washington
French and Indian War
George Washington in the French and Indian War
Virginia Regiment – Washington's first military commission
Battle of Fort Necessity – Washington's first military battle experience
Fort Necessity
Braddock Expedition
Forbes Expedition
Battle of Jumonville Glen
Battle of Fort Necessity
Conotocaurius (Town Destroyer)
American Revolution
American Revolution
George Washington in the American Revolution
American Revolutionary War
Timeline of the American Revolution
Continental Army
Continental Navy
List of Washington's Headquarters during the Revolutionary War
Siege of Boston
Evacuation Day (Massachusetts)
New York and New Jersey campaign
Battle of Long Island
Battle of Harlem Heights – Washington's first battlefield success of the Revolutionary War.
Knowlton's Rangers – An espionage detachment of the Continental Army established by George Washington.
George Washington's crossing of the Delaware River
Battle of Trenton
Battle of the Assunpink Creek – Second Battle of Trenton
Battle of Princeton
Valley Forge
Battle of Brandywine
Philadelphia campaign
Southern theater of the American Revolutionary War
List of American Revolutionary War battles
Culper Ring – Washington's spy ring
Newburgh letter
George Washington's tent
Washington's Life Guard
Society of the Cincinnati – Military fraternal organization, Washington its first president
Conway Cabal – group of Washington's critics
Siege of Yorktown – Final major battle of the Revolution
Washington–Rochambeau Revolutionary Route – Route taken by Washington during his march to Yorktown.
Evacuation Day (New York)
Fraunces Tavern – served as Washington's headquarters at various times before, during and after the Revolution.
George Washington's resignation as commander-in-chief – of the Continental Army, and return to civilian life
Constitutional Convention (United States) – Presided over by Washington
Presidency
George Washington's political evolution
Presidency of George Washington
1788–89 United States presidential election
George Washington's reception at Trenton – during his journey to the first inauguration
Electoral history of George Washington
Robert R. Livingston – Administered Oath of office to Washington, first term
Tobias Lear – personal secretary to General/President George Washington, serving him from 1784 until the former-President's death in 1799.
Slave Trade Act of 1794 – Signed by Washington
George Washington Inaugural Bible
1792 United States presidential election
William Cushing – Administered Oath of office to Washington, second term
Quasi-War
George Washington's Farewell Address
Post-presidency of George Washington
The Washington cabinetOfficeNameTermPresidentGeorge Washington1789–1797Vice PresidentJohn Adams1789–1797Secretary of StateJohn Jay1789–1790Thomas Jefferson1790–1793Edmund Randolph1794–1795Timothy Pickering1795–1797Secretary of the TreasuryAlexander Hamilton1789–1795Oliver Wolcott Jr.1795–1797Secretary of WarHenry Knox1789–1794Timothy Pickering1794–1796James McHenry1796–1797Attorney GeneralEdmund Randolph1789–1794William Bradford1794–1795Charles Lee1795–1797
Legacy
Legacy of George Washington
George Washington Masonic National Memorial
Cultural depictions of George Washington
List of memorials to George Washington
Electoral history of George Washington
Washington's Birthday
Washington Monument
Mount Rushmore
Parson Weems – Author of the 'Cherry Tree' account
The Apotheosis of Washington – 1865 fresco of Washington on the ceiling of the U.S. Capitol Building
Attempted theft of George Washington's skull
See also
Bibliography of George Washington
Timeline of the American Revolution
List of presidents of the United States
List of American Revolutionary War battles
British Army during the American War of Independence
List of bibliographies on American history
vteGeorge Washington
1st President of the United States (1789–1797)
Senior Officer of the Army (1798–1799)
Commander-in-Chief of the Continental Army (1775–1783)
Delegate to the Second Continental Congress (1775)
Delegate to the First Continental Congress (1774)
Military careerRevolutionary War
Military career
French and Indian War
Jumonville Glen
Battle of Fort Necessity
Battle of the Monongahela
Forbes Expedition
Washington in the American Revolution
Commander-in-chief, Continental Army
Aides-de-camp
Washington's headquarters
office and sleeping tent
Boston campaign
Siege of Boston
New York and New Jersey campaign
Delaware River crossing
Battle of Trenton
Battle of the Assunpink Creek
Battle of Princeton
Philadelphia campaign
Battle of Brandywine
Battle of Germantown
Battle of White Marsh
Valley Forge
Battle of Monmouth
Battles of Saratoga
Sullivan Expedition
Yorktown campaign
Siege of Yorktown
Culper Spy Ring
Newburgh Conspiracy
Newburgh letter
Asgill Affair
Evacuation Day
Resignation as commander-in-chief
Badge of Military Merit
Purple Heart
Washington Before Boston Medal
Horses
Nelson
Blueskin
Other U.S.founding events
Initiated, co-wrote, 1769 Virginia Association
Initiated, 1774 Fairfax Resolves
Continental Association
Court of Appeals in Cases of Capture
1785 Mount Vernon Conference
Chairman, 1787 Constitutional Convention
George Washington's political evolution
Presidency(timeline)
1788–89 United States presidential election
First inauguration
inaugural bible
1792 presidential election
Second inauguration
Reception at Trenton
Title of "Mr. President"
Cabinet of the United States
Secretary of State
Attorney General
Secretary of the Treasury
Secretary of War
Judiciary Act of 1789
Oath Administration Act
Nonintercourse Act
Whiskey Rebellion
Militia Acts of 1792
Coinage Act of 1792
United States Mint
Presidential Succession Act of 1792
United States Capitol cornerstone laying
Proclamation of Neutrality
Neutrality Act of 1794
Jay Treaty
Pinckney's Treaty
Slave Trade Act of 1794
Residence Act
Thanksgiving Proclamation
Farewell Address
State of the Union Address 1790
1791
1792
1793
1796
Cabinet
Federal judicial appointments
John Rutledge Supreme Court nominations
Views andpublic image
Presidential library
The Washington Papers
Religious views
Washington and slavery
Town Destroyer
Legacy
Life and homes
Early life
Birthplace
Ferry Farm boyhood home
Mount Vernon
Fishery
Gristmill
Whiskey distillery
Woodlawn Plantation
Longfellow House–Washington's Headquarters National Historic Site
Hasbrouck House
First Presidential Mansion
Second Presidential Mansion
President's House, Philadelphia
Germantown White House
Custis estate
Washington's relations with the Iroquois Confederacy
Potomac Company
James River and Kanawha Canal
Mountain Road Lottery
Congressional Gold Medal
Thanks of Congress
President General of the Society of the Cincinnati
Washington College
Washington and Lee University
Electoral history of George Washington
Post-presidency of George Washington
Memorialsand depictions
Washington, D.C.
Washington state
Washington Monument
Mount Rushmore
Washington's Birthday
Purple Heart
The Apotheosis of Washington
Washington Monument (Boonsboro, Maryland)
Washington Monument (Baltimore)
George Washington (Houdon)
plaster copy
George Washington (Ceracchi)
George Washington (Canova)
George Washington (Greenough)
George Washington (Trumbull)
George Washington and the Revolutionary War Door
Revolutionary War Door
Washington Crossing the Delaware
The Passage of the Delaware
General George Washington at Trenton
Washington at Verplanck's Point
General George Washington Resigning His Commission
Surrender of Lord Cornwallis
Unfinished portrait
Lansdowne portrait
The Washington Family portrait
Washington at Princeton paintings
George Washington Taking the Salute at Trenton
Reception at Trenton painting
Statues
Trenton Battle Monument
Princeton Battle Monument
Point of View sculpture
George Washington on Horseback
Austin statue
Baltimore statue
Boston statue
Mexico City statue
Morristown statue
Newark statue
New York City statue
Wall Street statue
Paris statue
Perth Amboy statue
Philadelphia statue
Portland statue
Washington, D.C. statue
West Point monument
George Washington University
Washington University in St. Louis
Washington Masonic National Memorial
George Washington Memorial Parkway
George Washington Bridge
Washington and Jefferson National Forests
Washington Square Park
Arch
U.S. Postage stamps
Washington-Franklin Issues
1932 bicentennial
Currency
Washington quarter
50 State Quarters
D.C. and territories quarters
America the Beautiful quarters
American Women quarters
Washington dollar
Lafayette dollar
Silver bullion coins
Washington nickel
Washington half eagle
250th Anniversary half dollar
Mount Rushmore Anniversary coins
Mount Washington
Cultural depictions
George Washington (1984 miniseries
1986 sequel)
A More Perfect Union (1989 film)
The Crossing (2000 film)
We Fight to Be Free (2006 film)
Turn: Washington's Spies (2014–2017 series)
The War that Made America (2006 miniseries)
Washington (2020 miniseries)
Hamilton (film)
Related
Bibliography
List of articles
Founders Online
Founding Fathers of the United States
Republicanism
Federalist Party
Federalist Era
Virginia dynasty
Coat of arms
Cherry-tree anecdote
River Farm
Washington's Crossing
Washington–Rochambeau Revolutionary Route
1751 Barbados trip
Category
Syng inkstand
General of the Armies
Conway Cabal
American Foxhound
American Philosophical Society
American Revolution
patriots
Betsy Ross flag
Mount Vernon Ladies' Association
Mount Vernon replicas
George Washington Memorial Building
Attempted theft of Washington's skull
Family
Martha Washington (wife)
John Parke Custis (stepson)
George Washington Parke Custis (step-grandson, adopted son)
Eleanor Parke Custis (step-granddaughter, adopted daughter)
Augustine Washington (father)
Mary Ball Washington (mother)
Lawrence Washington (half-brother)
Augustine Washington Jr. (half-brother)
Betty Washington Lewis (sister)
Samuel Washington (brother)
John A. Washington (brother)
Charles Washington (brother)
Lawrence Washington (grandfather)
John Washington (great-grandfather)
George Reade (2nd great-grandfather)
Bushrod Washington (nephew)
John Adams →
Category
Portals: Biography Virginia
|
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George Washington\nLawrence Washington (1718–1752) – George Washington's half-brother and mentor\nLawrence Augustine Washington (1774–1824) – nephew of George Washington\nLawrence Washington (1659–1698) – Grandfather\nLawrence Washington (1602–1653) – Great grandfather\nGeorge Reade (colonial governor) – Great-great grandfather\nCoat of arms of the Washington family\nWashington Old Hall – Ancestral residence in England\nGeorge Washington's birthplace\nFerry Farm – Boyhood home of Washington","title":"Ancestry and childhood"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Martha Dandridge Custis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martha_Dandridge_Custis"},{"link_name":"Religious views of George Washington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religious_views_of_George_Washington"},{"link_name":"James Abercrombie (Episcopal priest)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Abercrombie_(Episcopal_priest)"},{"link_name":"Mississippi Land Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mississippi_Land_Company"},{"link_name":"Mountain Road Lottery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mountain_Road_Lottery"},{"link_name":"Mount Vernon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Vernon"},{"link_name":"George Washington's Gristmill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Washington%27s_Gristmill"},{"link_name":"Woodlawn (Alexandria, Virginia)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woodlawn_(Alexandria,_Virginia)"},{"link_name":"The Papers of George Washington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Papers_of_George_Washington"},{"link_name":"George Washington and slavery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Washington_and_slavery"},{"link_name":"Potomac Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potomac_Company"}],"text":"Martha Dandridge Custis – Washington's wife\nReligious views of George Washington\nJames Abercrombie (Episcopal priest) – Pastor who criticized Washington\nMississippi Land Company\nMountain Road Lottery\nMount Vernon\nGeorge Washington's Gristmill\nWoodlawn (Alexandria, Virginia)\nThe Papers of George Washington\nGeorge Washington and slavery\nPotomac Company – Washington as president of the company","title":"Private life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Military career of George Washington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_career_of_George_Washington"}],"text":"Military career of George Washington","title":"Military career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"George Washington in the French and Indian War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Washington_in_the_French_and_Indian_War"},{"link_name":"Virginia Regiment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia_Regiment"},{"link_name":"Battle of Fort Necessity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Fort_Necessity"},{"link_name":"Fort Necessity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Necessity_National_Battlefield"},{"link_name":"Braddock Expedition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Braddock_Expedition"},{"link_name":"Forbes Expedition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forbes_Expedition"},{"link_name":"Battle of Jumonville Glen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Jumonville_Glen"},{"link_name":"Battle of Fort Necessity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Fort_Necessity"},{"link_name":"Conotocaurius (Town Destroyer)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Town_Destroyer"}],"sub_title":"French and Indian War","text":"George Washington in the French and Indian War\nVirginia Regiment – Washington's first military commission\nBattle of Fort Necessity – Washington's first military battle experience\nFort Necessity\nBraddock Expedition\nForbes Expedition\nBattle of Jumonville Glen\nBattle of Fort Necessity\nConotocaurius (Town Destroyer)","title":"Military career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"American Revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Revolution"},{"link_name":"George 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campaign","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_and_New_Jersey_campaign"},{"link_name":"Battle of Long Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Long_Island"},{"link_name":"Battle of Harlem Heights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Harlem_Heights"},{"link_name":"Knowlton's Rangers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knowlton%27s_Rangers"},{"link_name":"George Washington's crossing of the Delaware River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Washington%27s_crossing_of_the_Delaware_River"},{"link_name":"Battle of Trenton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Trenton"},{"link_name":"Battle of the Assunpink Creek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Assunpink_Creek"},{"link_name":"Battle of Princeton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Princeton"},{"link_name":"Valley Forge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valley_Forge"},{"link_name":"Battle of Brandywine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Brandywine"},{"link_name":"Philadelphia campaign","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philadelphia_campaign"},{"link_name":"Southern theater of the American Revolutionary War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_theater_of_the_American_Revolutionary_War"},{"link_name":"List of American Revolutionary War battles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_American_Revolutionary_War_battles"},{"link_name":"Culper Ring","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culper_Ring"},{"link_name":"Newburgh letter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newburgh_letter"},{"link_name":"George Washington's tent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Washington%27s_tent"},{"link_name":"Washington's Life Guard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commander-in-Chief%27s_Guard"},{"link_name":"Society of the Cincinnati","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society_of_the_Cincinnati"},{"link_name":"Conway 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Revolution\nWashington–Rochambeau Revolutionary Route – Route taken by Washington during his march to Yorktown.\nEvacuation Day (New York)\nFraunces Tavern – served as Washington's headquarters at various times before, during and after the Revolution.\nGeorge Washington's resignation as commander-in-chief – of the Continental Army, and return to civilian life\nConstitutional Convention (United States) – Presided over by Washington","title":"Military career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"George Washington's political evolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Washington%27s_political_evolution"},{"link_name":"Presidency of George Washington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidency_of_George_Washington"},{"link_name":"1788–89 United States presidential election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1788%E2%80%9389_United_States_presidential_election"},{"link_name":"George Washington's reception at Trenton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Washington%27s_reception_at_Trenton"},{"link_name":"Electoral history of George Washington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electoral_history_of_George_Washington"},{"link_name":"Robert R. 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Livingston – Administered Oath of office to Washington, first term\nTobias Lear – personal secretary to General/President George Washington, serving him from 1784 until the former-President's death in 1799.\nSlave Trade Act of 1794 – Signed by Washington\nGeorge Washington Inaugural Bible\n1792 United States presidential election\nWilliam Cushing – Administered Oath of office to Washington, second term\nQuasi-War\nGeorge Washington's Farewell Address\nPost-presidency of George Washington","title":"Presidency"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Legacy of George Washington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legacy_of_George_Washington"},{"link_name":"George Washington Masonic National Memorial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Washington_Masonic_National_Memorial"},{"link_name":"Cultural depictions of George Washington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultural_depictions_of_George_Washington"},{"link_name":"List of memorials to George Washington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_memorials_to_George_Washington"},{"link_name":"Electoral history of George Washington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electoral_history_of_George_Washington"},{"link_name":"Washington's Birthday","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington%27s_Birthday"},{"link_name":"Washington Monument","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_Monument"},{"link_name":"Mount Rushmore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Rushmore"},{"link_name":"Parson Weems","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parson_Weems"},{"link_name":"The Apotheosis of Washington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Apotheosis_of_Washington"},{"link_name":"Attempted theft of George Washington's skull","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attempted_theft_of_George_Washington%27s_skull"}],"text":"Legacy of George Washington\nGeorge Washington Masonic National Memorial\nCultural depictions of George Washington\nList of memorials to George Washington\nElectoral history of George Washington\nWashington's Birthday\nWashington Monument\nMount Rushmore\nParson Weems – Author of the 'Cherry Tree' account\nThe Apotheosis of Washington – 1865 fresco of Washington on the ceiling of the U.S. Capitol Building\nAttempted theft of George Washington's skull","title":"Legacy"}]
|
[{"image_text":" George Washington1732–1799","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Gilbert_Stuart_Williamstown_Portrait_of_George_Washington.jpg/220px-Gilbert_Stuart_Williamstown_Portrait_of_George_Washington.jpg"},{"image_text":" Coat of Armsof the Washington family","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/COA_George_Washington.svg/150px-COA_George_Washington.svg.png"}]
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campaign","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_and_New_Jersey_campaign"},{"title":"Delaware River crossing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Washington%27s_crossing_of_the_Delaware_River"},{"title":"Battle of Trenton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Trenton"},{"title":"Battle of the Assunpink Creek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Assunpink_Creek"},{"title":"Battle of Princeton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Princeton"},{"title":"Philadelphia campaign","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philadelphia_campaign"},{"title":"Battle of Brandywine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Brandywine"},{"title":"Battle of Germantown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Germantown"},{"title":"Battle of White Marsh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_White_Marsh"},{"title":"Valley Forge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valley_Forge"},{"title":"Battle of Monmouth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Monmouth"},{"title":"Battles of Saratoga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battles_of_Saratoga"},{"title":"Sullivan Expedition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sullivan_Expedition"},{"title":"Yorktown campaign","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yorktown_campaign"},{"title":"Siege of Yorktown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Yorktown"},{"title":"Culper Spy Ring","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culper_Ring"},{"title":"Newburgh Conspiracy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newburgh_Conspiracy"},{"title":"Newburgh letter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newburgh_letter"},{"title":"Asgill Affair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asgill_Affair"},{"title":"Evacuation Day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evacuation_Day_(New_York)"},{"title":"Resignation as commander-in-chief","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Washington%27s_resignation_as_commander-in-chief"},{"title":"Badge of 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Conference","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Vernon_Conference"},{"title":"Chairman, 1787 Constitutional Convention","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitutional_Convention_(United_States)"},{"title":"George Washington's political evolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Washington%27s_political_evolution"},{"title":"Presidency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidency_of_George_Washington"},{"title":"timeline)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_George_Washington_presidency"},{"title":"1788–89 United States presidential election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1788%E2%80%9389_United_States_presidential_election"},{"title":"First inauguration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_inauguration_of_George_Washington"},{"title":"inaugural bible","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Washington_Inaugural_Bible"},{"title":"1792 presidential 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stenotic_valve
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Stenosis
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["1 Examples","2 Types","2.1 In heart valves","2.2 Elsewhere","3 Causes","4 Diagnosis","5 See also","6 References","7 External links"]
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Abnormal narrowing of a blood vessel or other tubular organ or structure
Medical conditionStenosisOther namesStenosesCT scan of a bronchial stenosis (arrow) that resulted from tracheobronchial injuryPronunciation/stəˈnoʊsɪs/
Stenosis (from Ancient Greek στενός (stenós) 'narrow') is the abnormal narrowing of a blood vessel or other tubular organ or structure such as foramina and canals. It is also sometimes called a stricture (as in urethral stricture).
Stricture as a term is usually used when narrowing is caused by contraction of smooth muscle (e.g. achalasia, prinzmetal angina); stenosis is usually used when narrowing is caused by lesion that reduces the space of lumen (e.g. atherosclerosis). The term coarctation is another synonym, but is commonly used only in the context of aortic coarctation.
Restenosis is the recurrence of stenosis after a procedure.
Examples
Examples of vascular stenotic lesions include:
Intermittent claudication (peripheral artery stenosis)
Angina (coronary artery stenosis)
Carotid artery stenosis which predispose to (strokes and transient ischaemic episodes)
Renal artery stenosis
Types
In heart valves
The types of stenoses in heart valves are:
Pulmonary valve stenosis, which is the thickening of the pulmonary valve, therefore causing narrowing
Mitral valve stenosis, which is the thickening of the mitral valve (of the left heart), therefore causing narrowing
Tricuspid valve stenosis, which is the thickening of the tricuspid valve (of the right heart), therefore causing narrowing
Aortic valve stenosis, which is the thickening of the aortic valve, therefore causing narrowing
Elsewhere
Stenoses/strictures of other bodily structures/organs include:
Pyloric stenosis (gastric outflow obstruction)
Lumbar, cervical or thoracic spinal stenosis
Subglottic stenosis (SGS)
Tracheal stenosis
Obstructive jaundice (biliary tract stenosis)
Bowel obstruction
Phimosis
Non-communicating hydrocephalus due to aqueductal stenosis
Stenosing tenosynovitis
Atherosclerosis
Esophageal stricture
Achalasia
Prinzmetal angina
Vaginal stenosis
Meatal stenosis
Causes
This section needs expansion with: user-friendly content beyond a simple list. You can help by adding to it. (October 2023)This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (September 2022) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
alcohol
atherosclerosis
birth defects
calcification
diabetes
headbanging
iatrogenic
infection
inflammation
ischemia
neoplasm
smoking
ureteral
urethral
Diagnosis
Stenoses of the vascular type are often associated with unusual blood sounds resulting from turbulent flow over the narrowed blood vessel. This sound can be made audible by a stethoscope, but diagnosis is generally made or confirmed with some form of medical imaging (such as ultrasound).
See also
Atresia
Spinal stenosis
References
^ OED 2nd edition, 1989, as /stɪˈnəʊsɪs/.
^ "Definition of STENOSIS". www.merriam-webster.com. Retrieved 2023-02-16.
^ "Dorlands Medical Dictionary:stenosis". www.mercksource.com. Retrieved 2010-05-05.
^ "Atherosclerosis - What Is Atherosclerosis?". National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute. 24 March 2022.
^ "coarctation" at Dorland's Medical Dictionary
^ "Coarctation of the Aorta (CoA)". American Heart Association.
^ Groenemeijer, B. E.; Bakker, A.; Slis, H. W.; Waalewijn, R. A.; Heijmen, R. H. (July 2008). "An unexpected finding late after repair of coarctation of the aorta". Netherlands Heart Journal. 16 (7): 260–263. doi:10.1007/bf03086158. PMC 2516290. PMID 18711614.
^ Forgos, Richard N. (August 2004). "Restenosis After Angioplasty and Stenting".
^ "Carotid Artery Stenosis". The Lecturio Medical Concept Library. 15 March 2021. Retrieved 6 July 2021.
^ Takekawa, Hidehiro; Tsukui, Daisuke; Kobayasi, Saro; Suzuki, Keisuke; Hamaguchi, Hirotoshi (October 2022). "Ultrasound diagnosis of carotid artery stenosis and occlusion". Journal of Medical Ultrasonics. 49 (4): 675–687. doi:10.1007/s10396-022-01259-7. PMID 36175716. S2CID 252622616.
External links
"Tracheal Stenosis Audio and Video". Archived from the original on 2007-01-12.
"Symptoms of Urethral Stricture". 20 May 2011. Archived from the original on July 17, 2016.
ClassificationDMeSH: D003251
vteCardiovascular disease (vessels)Arteries, arterioles and capillariesInflammation
Arteritis
Aortitis
Buerger's disease
Peripheral artery diseaseArteriosclerosis
Atherosclerosis
Foam cell
Fatty streak
Atheroma
Intermittent claudication
Critical limb ischemia
Monckeberg's arteriosclerosis
Arteriolosclerosis
Hyaline
Hyperplastic
Cholesterol
LDL
Oxycholesterol
Trans fat
Stenosis
Carotid artery stenosis
Renal artery stenosis
Other
Aortoiliac occlusive disease
Degos disease
Erythromelalgia
Fibromuscular dysplasia
Raynaud's phenomenon
Aneurysm / dissection / pseudoaneurysm
torso: Aortic aneurysm
Abdominal aortic aneurysm
Thoracic aortic aneurysm
Aneurysm of sinus of Valsalva
Aortic dissection
Aortic rupture
Coronary artery aneurysm
head / neck
Intracranial aneurysm
Intracranial berry aneurysm
Carotid artery dissection
Vertebral artery dissection
Familial aortic dissection
Vascular malformation
Arteriovenous fistula
Arteriovenous malformation
Telangiectasia
Hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia
Generalized essential telangiectasia
Vascular nevus
Cherry hemangioma
Halo nevus
Spider angioma
VeinsInflammation
Phlebitis
Venous thrombosis / Thrombophlebitis
primarily lower limb
Deep vein thrombosis
abdomen
Hepatic veno-occlusive disease
Budd–Chiari syndrome
May–Thurner syndrome
Portal vein thrombosis
Renal vein thrombosis
upper limb / torso
Mondor's disease
Paget–Schroetter disease
head
Cerebral venous sinus thrombosis
Post-thrombotic syndrome
Varicose veins
Gastric varices
Portacaval anastomosis
Caput medusae
Esophageal varices
Hemorrhoid
Varicocele
Other
Chronic venous insufficiency
Chronic cerebrospinal venous insufficiency
Superior vena cava syndrome
Inferior vena cava syndrome
Venous ulcer
Arteries or veins
Angiopathy
Macroangiopathy
Microangiopathy
Embolism
Pulmonary embolism
Cholesterol embolism
Paradoxical embolism
Thrombosis
Hepatic artery thrombosis
Vasculitis
Blood pressureHypertension
Hypertensive heart disease
Hypertensive emergency
Hypertensive nephropathy
Essential hypertension
Secondary hypertension
Renovascular hypertension
Benign hypertension
Pulmonary hypertension
Systolic hypertension
White coat hypertension
Hypotension
Orthostatic hypotension
Authority control databases: National
France
BnF data
Germany
Israel
United States
Czech Republic
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It is also sometimes called a stricture (as in urethral stricture).[3]Stricture as a term is usually used when narrowing is caused by contraction of smooth muscle (e.g. achalasia, prinzmetal angina); stenosis is usually used when narrowing is caused by lesion that reduces the space of lumen (e.g. atherosclerosis).[4] The term coarctation is another synonym,[5] but is commonly used only in the context of aortic coarctation.[6][7]Restenosis is the recurrence of stenosis after a procedure.[8]","title":"Stenosis"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Intermittent claudication","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intermittent_claudication"},{"link_name":"Angina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angina_pectoris"},{"link_name":"coronary artery stenosis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coronary_artery_disease"},{"link_name":"Carotid artery 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stenosis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaginal_stenosis"},{"link_name":"Meatal stenosis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meatal_stenosis"}],"sub_title":"Elsewhere","text":"Stenoses/strictures of other bodily structures/organs include:Pyloric stenosis (gastric outflow obstruction)\nLumbar, cervical or thoracic spinal stenosis\nSubglottic stenosis (SGS)\nTracheal stenosis\nObstructive jaundice (biliary tract stenosis)\nBowel obstruction\nPhimosis\nNon-communicating hydrocephalus due to aqueductal stenosis\nStenosing tenosynovitis\nAtherosclerosis\nEsophageal stricture\nAchalasia\nPrinzmetal angina\nVaginal stenosis\nMeatal stenosis","title":"Types"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"alcohol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcohol_(drug)"},{"link_name":"atherosclerosis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atherosclerosis"},{"link_name":"birth defects","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birth_defect"},{"link_name":"calcification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcification"},{"link_name":"diabetes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diabetes"},{"link_name":"headbanging","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Headbanging"},{"link_name":"iatrogenic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iatrogenic"},{"link_name":"infection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infection"},{"link_name":"inflammation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inflammation"},{"link_name":"ischemia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ischemia"},{"link_name":"neoplasm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neoplasm"},{"link_name":"smoking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smoking"},{"link_name":"ureteral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ureter"},{"link_name":"urethral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urethra"}],"text":"alcohol\natherosclerosis\nbirth defects\ncalcification\ndiabetes\nheadbanging\niatrogenic\ninfection\ninflammation\nischemia\nneoplasm\nsmoking\nureteral\nurethral","title":"Causes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"vascular","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_vessel"},{"link_name":"unusual blood sounds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruit"},{"link_name":"stethoscope","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stethoscope"},{"link_name":"medical imaging","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_imaging"},{"link_name":"ultrasound","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultrasound"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"Stenoses of the vascular type are often associated with unusual blood sounds resulting from turbulent flow over the narrowed blood vessel. This sound can be made audible by a stethoscope, but diagnosis is generally made or confirmed with some form of medical imaging (such as ultrasound).[10]","title":"Diagnosis"}]
|
[]
|
[{"title":"Atresia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atresia"},{"title":"Spinal stenosis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spinal_stenosis"}]
|
[{"reference":"\"Definition of STENOSIS\". www.merriam-webster.com. Retrieved 2023-02-16.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/stenosis","url_text":"\"Definition of STENOSIS\""}]},{"reference":"\"Dorlands Medical Dictionary:stenosis\". www.mercksource.com. Retrieved 2010-05-05.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.mercksource.com/pp/us/cns/cns_hl_dorlands_split.jsp?pg=/ppdocs/us/common/dorlands/dorland/seven/000100588.htm#000100588","url_text":"\"Dorlands Medical Dictionary:stenosis\""}]},{"reference":"\"Atherosclerosis - What Is Atherosclerosis?\". National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute. 24 March 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/atherosclerosis","url_text":"\"Atherosclerosis - What Is Atherosclerosis?\""}]},{"reference":"\"Coarctation of the Aorta (CoA)\". American Heart Association.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.heart.org/en/health-topics/congenital-heart-defects/about-congenital-heart-defects/coarctation-of-the-aorta-coa","url_text":"\"Coarctation of the Aorta (CoA)\""}]},{"reference":"Groenemeijer, B. E.; Bakker, A.; Slis, H. W.; Waalewijn, R. A.; Heijmen, R. H. (July 2008). \"An unexpected finding late after repair of coarctation of the aorta\". Netherlands Heart Journal. 16 (7): 260–263. doi:10.1007/bf03086158. PMC 2516290. PMID 18711614.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2516290","url_text":"\"An unexpected finding late after repair of coarctation of the aorta\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fbf03086158","url_text":"10.1007/bf03086158"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2516290","url_text":"2516290"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18711614","url_text":"18711614"}]},{"reference":"Forgos, Richard N. (August 2004). \"Restenosis After Angioplasty and Stenting\".","urls":[{"url":"http://heartdisease.about.com/cs/angioplastystents/a/restenosis.htm","url_text":"\"Restenosis After Angioplasty and Stenting\""}]},{"reference":"\"Carotid Artery Stenosis\". The Lecturio Medical Concept Library. 15 March 2021. Retrieved 6 July 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.lecturio.com/concepts/carotid-artery-stenosis/","url_text":"\"Carotid Artery Stenosis\""}]},{"reference":"Takekawa, Hidehiro; Tsukui, Daisuke; Kobayasi, Saro; Suzuki, Keisuke; Hamaguchi, Hirotoshi (October 2022). \"Ultrasound diagnosis of carotid artery stenosis and occlusion\". Journal of Medical Ultrasonics. 49 (4): 675–687. doi:10.1007/s10396-022-01259-7. PMID 36175716. S2CID 252622616.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10396-022-01259-7","url_text":"10.1007/s10396-022-01259-7"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36175716","url_text":"36175716"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:252622616","url_text":"252622616"}]},{"reference":"\"Tracheal Stenosis Audio and Video\". Archived from the original on 2007-01-12.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070112051244/http://homepage.mac.com/changcy/voicebreathing.htm","url_text":"\"Tracheal Stenosis Audio and Video\""},{"url":"http://homepage.mac.com/changcy/voicebreathing.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Symptoms of Urethral Stricture\". 20 May 2011. Archived from the original on July 17, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.uretra.it/sintomi-generici-pazienti/?lang=en","url_text":"\"Symptoms of Urethral Stricture\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160717174226/http://www.uretra.it/sintomi-generici-pazienti/?lang=en","url_text":"Archived"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aison
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Aeson
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["1 Family","2 Mythology","3 Gallery","4 Notes","5 References","6 External links"]
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For other uses, see Aeson (disambiguation).
King of Iolcus
AesonKing of IolcusMedea rejuvenates Aeson by Nicolas-André MonsiauReigncirca 15th century BCSuccessorPeliasBornunknownSpousePolymele or PolymedeIssueJason and PromachusFatherCretheusMotherTyro
In Greek mythology, Aeson (/ˈiːsɒn/; Ancient Greek: Αἴσων Aísōn) was a king of Iolcus in Thessaly. He was the father of the hero Jason. According to one version of the story, he was imprisoned by his half-brother Pelias, and when Pelias intended to kill him he committed suicide. In another story, he was killed by Jason's wife Medea, who brought him back to life as a young man.
Family
Aeson was the son of Cretheus and Tyro. He had two brothers Pheres and Amythaon. Through his mother Tyro who consorted with the sea god Poseidon, he had two half-brothers, Neleus and Pelias.
Aeson was the father of Jason and Promachus with Alcimede, daughter of Phylacus and Clymene. Other sources say the mother of his children was (1) Polymede or Polymele, or Polypheme a daughter of Autolycus, (2) Amphinome, (3) Theognete, daughter of Laodicus, (4) Rhoeo or (5) Arne or (6) Scarphe.
Comparative table of Aeson's family
Relation
Name
Source
(Sch. on) Homer
(Sch. on) Apollonius
Diodorus
Valerius
Apollodorus
Hyginus
Tzetzes
Parentage
Cretheus and Tyro
✓
✓
Siblings
Amythaon
✓
Pheres
✓
Wife
Polymele or
✓
✓
Polypheme or
✓
Polymede
✓
✓
Alcimede
✓
✓
✓
Theognete
✓
Amphinome
✓
Rhoe
✓
Arne
✓
Scarphe
✓
Children
Jason
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
Promachus
✓
✓
Mythology
Pelias was power-hungry and he wished to gain dominion over all of Thessaly. To this end, he banished Neleus and Pheres and locked Aeson in the dungeons in Iolcus. Aeson sent Jason to Chiron to be educated while Pelias, afraid that he would be overthrown, was warned by an oracle to beware of a man wearing one sandal.
Many years later, Pelias was holding the Olympics in honor of Poseidon when Jason, rushing to Iolcus, lost one of his sandals in a river while helping Hera, in the form of an old woman, cross. When Jason entered Iolcus, he was announced as a man wearing one sandal. Suspicious, Pelias asked him what he (Jason) would do if confronted with the man who would be his downfall. Jason responded that he would send that man after the Golden Fleece. Pelias took that advice and sent Jason to retrieve the Golden Fleece.
During Jason's absence, Pelias intended to kill Aeson. However, Aeson committed suicide by drinking bull's blood. His wife killed herself as well, and Pelias murdered their infant son Promachus.
Alternatively, he survived until Jason and his new wife, Medea, came back to Iolcus. She slit Aeson's throat, then put his corpse in a pot and Aeson came to life as a young man. She then told Pelias' daughters she would do the same for their father. They slit his throat and Medea refused to raise him, so Pelias stayed dead.
Gallery
Medea draining the blood of Aeson in order to rejuvenate him
Medea rejuvenates Aeson by Giuseppe Asioli (1811)
Medea rejuvenates Aeson by Bartolomeo Guidobono (c. 1700)
Medea Rejuvenating Eson by Domenicus van Wijnen (17th century)
Medea Rejuvenating Aeson by Corrado Giaquinto (1760)
Notes
^ Smith, Benjamin E. (1895). Century Cyclopedia of Names. Vol. i. New York: Century. p. 17.
^ Hesiod. Catalogue of Women frr. 30–33(a).
^ Apollonius Rhodius, 1.47
^ Apollonius Rhodius, 233 & 251ff.; Hyginus, Fabulae 3, 13 & 14; Valerius Flaccus, 1.297
^ Apollodorus, 1.9.16; Tzetzes ad Lycophron, 175 & 872
^ Scholia ad Homer, Odyssey 12.69; Tzetzes, Chiliades 6.979
^ a b Scholia ad Apollonius Rhodius, 1.45
^ Diodorus Siculus, 4.50.2
^ Tzetzes, Chiliades 6.979
^ a b Tzetzes ad Lycophron, 872
^ Apollodorus, 1.9.27
^ Ovid, Metamorphoses 7
References
Apollodorus, The Library with an English Translation by Sir James George Frazer, F.B.A., F.R.S. in 2 Volumes, Cambridge, MA, Harvard University Press; London, William Heinemann Ltd. 1921. ISBN 0-674-99135-4. Online version at the Perseus Digital Library. Greek text available from the same website.
Apollonius Rhodius, Argonautica translated by Robert Cooper Seaton (1853-1915), R. C. Loeb Classical Library Volume 001. London, William Heinemann Ltd, 1912. Online version at the Topos Text Project.
Apollonius Rhodius, Argonautica. George W. Mooney. London. Longmans, Green. 1912. Greek text available at the Perseus Digital Library.
Diodorus Siculus, The Library of History translated by Charles Henry Oldfather. Twelve volumes. Loeb Classical Library. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press; London: William Heinemann, Ltd. 1989. Vol. 3. Books 4.59–8. Online version at Bill Thayer's Web Site
Diodorus Siculus, Bibliotheca Historica. Vol 1-2. Immanel Bekker. Ludwig Dindorf. Friedrich Vogel. in aedibus B. G. Teubneri. Leipzig. 1888–1890. Greek text available at the Perseus Digital Library.
Gaius Julius Hyginus, Fabulae from The Myths of Hyginus translated and edited by Mary Grant. University of Kansas Publications in Humanistic Studies. Online version at the Topos Text Project.
Gaius Valerius Flaccus, Argonautica translated by Mozley, J H. Loeb Classical Library Volume 286. Cambridge, MA, Harvard University Press; London, William Heinemann Ltd. 1928. Online version at theio.com.
Gaius Valerius Flaccus, Argonauticon. Otto Kramer. Leipzig. Teubner. 1913. Latin text available at the Perseus Digital Library.
Hesiod, Catalogue of Women from Homeric Hymns, Epic Cycle, Homerica translated by Evelyn-White, H G. Loeb Classical Library Volume 57. London: William Heinemann, 1914. Online version at theio.com
Publius Ovidius Naso, Metamorphoses translated by Brookes More (1859-1942). Boston, Cornhill Publishing Co. 1922. Online version at the Perseus Digital Library.
Publius Ovidius Naso, Metamorphoses. Hugo Magnus. Gotha (Germany). Friedr. Andr. Perthes. 1892. Latin text available at the Perseus Digital Library.
External links
Media related to Aeson at Wikimedia Commons
vteJason and the ArgonautsCharactersand topics
Aeson (father)
Alcimede (mother)
Medea (spouse)
Creusa of Corinth (2nd wife)
Argus
Aeëtes (father-in-law)
Pelias (uncle)
Phineus (oracle)
Cheiron (trainer)
Argo (ship)
Golden Fleece
Clashing Rocks
Talos (protector of Crete)
Illustrious Argonauts
Herakles
Laertes (father of Odysseus) (father of Odysseus)
Iolaus (friend of Herakles)
Castor and Pollux
Nestor (younger years)
Orpheus (legendary musician)
Ancient sources
Medea by Euripides
Argonautica by Apollonius of Rhodes
Medea by Seneca
Argonautica (Latin) by Gaius Valerius Flaccus
Orphic Argonautica
Film/TV
Jason and the Argonauts (1963 film)
Medea (1969 film)
Young Hercules (1998)
Jason and the Argonauts (2000 miniseries)
Atlantis (2013)
Epic Tails (2023 animated film)
Opera
Giasone (1649)
La toison d'or (1789)
Other
The Golden Fleecing (comic book story)
Jason with the Golden Fleece (sculpture)
Jason et Médée (ballet)
Jason and Medea (painting)
Rise of the Argonauts (video game)
Related articles
The Golden Fleece and the Heroes Who Lived Before Achilles
Jason in popular culture
Authority control databases International
VIAF
National
France
BnF data
Other
IdRef
|
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He had two brothers Pheres and Amythaon. Through his mother Tyro who consorted with the sea god Poseidon, he had two half-brothers, Neleus and Pelias.[2]Aeson was the father of Jason and Promachus with Alcimede, daughter of Phylacus[3] and Clymene.[4] Other sources say the mother of his children was (1) Polymede[5] or Polymele,[6] or Polypheme[7] a daughter of Autolycus, (2) Amphinome,[8] (3) Theognete, daughter of Laodicus,[7] (4) Rhoeo[9] or (5) Arne[10] or (6) Scarphe.[10]","title":"Family"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Thessaly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thessaly"},{"link_name":"Iolcus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iolcus"},{"link_name":"Chiron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiron"},{"link_name":"oracle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oracle"},{"link_name":"Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Olympic_Games"},{"link_name":"Hera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hera"},{"link_name":"Golden Fleece","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_Fleece"},{"link_name":"bull's blood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bull%27s_blood"},{"link_name":"Promachus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Promachus"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:9-11"},{"link_name":"Medea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medea"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:10-12"}],"text":"Pelias was power-hungry and he wished to gain dominion over all of Thessaly. To this end, he banished Neleus and Pheres and locked Aeson in the dungeons in Iolcus. Aeson sent Jason to Chiron to be educated while Pelias, afraid that he would be overthrown, was warned by an oracle to beware of a man wearing one sandal.Many years later, Pelias was holding the Olympics in honor of Poseidon when Jason, rushing to Iolcus, lost one of his sandals in a river while helping Hera, in the form of an old woman, cross. When Jason entered Iolcus, he was announced as a man wearing one sandal. Suspicious, Pelias asked him what he (Jason) would do if confronted with the man who would be his downfall. Jason responded that he would send that man after the Golden Fleece. Pelias took that advice and sent Jason to retrieve the Golden Fleece.During Jason's absence, Pelias intended to kill Aeson. However, Aeson committed suicide by drinking bull's blood. His wife killed herself as well, and Pelias murdered their infant son Promachus.[11]Alternatively, he survived until Jason and his new wife, Medea, came back to Iolcus. She slit Aeson's throat, then put his corpse in a pot and Aeson came to life as a young man. She then told Pelias' daughters she would do the same for their father. They slit his throat and Medea refused to raise him, so Pelias stayed dead.[12]","title":"Mythology"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Medea_draining_the_blood_of_Aeson_in_order_to_rejuvenate_him_Wellcome_V0025848.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pellegrino_Tibaldi_-_Medea_ringiovanisce_Esone.jpg"},{"link_name":"Giuseppe Asioli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giuseppe_Asioli"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bartolomeo_Guidobono_-_Medea_rejuvenates_Aeson.jpg"},{"link_name":"Bartolomeo Guidobono","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bartolomeo_Guidobono"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wijnen,_Dominicus_van_-_Medea_Rejuvenating_Eson.jpg"},{"link_name":"Domenicus van Wijnen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domenicus_van_Wijnen"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Medea_Rejuvenating_Aeson,_Corrado_Giaquinto,_MET_DP268767.jpg"},{"link_name":"Corrado Giaquinto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corrado_Giaquinto"}],"text":"Medea draining the blood of Aeson in order to rejuvenate him\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tMedea rejuvenates Aeson by Giuseppe Asioli (1811)\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tMedea rejuvenates Aeson by Bartolomeo Guidobono (c. 1700)\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tMedea Rejuvenating Eson by Domenicus van Wijnen (17th century)\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tMedea Rejuvenating Aeson by Corrado Giaquinto (1760)","title":"Gallery"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"Century Cyclopedia of Names","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/centurycyclopedi09smituoft/page/16/mode/2up"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-:1_2-0"},{"link_name":"Hesiod","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hesiod"},{"link_name":"Catalogue of Women","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catalogue_of_Women"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"Apollonius Rhodius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollonius_Rhodius"},{"link_name":"1.47","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//topostext.org/work/126#1.45"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-:2_4-0"},{"link_name":"14","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//topostext.org/work/206#14"},{"link_name":"Valerius Flaccus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaius_Valerius_Flaccus"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-:5_5-0"},{"link_name":"Apollodorus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudo-Apollodorus"},{"link_name":"Tzetzes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tzetzes"},{"link_name":"Lycophron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lycophron"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-:7_6-0"},{"link_name":"Scholia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scholia"},{"link_name":"Homer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homer"},{"link_name":"Odyssey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odyssey"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Sch._Ap._Rh._1._45_7-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Sch._Ap._Rh._1._45_7-1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-:8_8-0"},{"link_name":"Diodorus Siculus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diodorus_Siculus"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Tzetz._Chil._9-0"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-:0_10-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-:0_10-1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-:9_11-0"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-:10_12-0"},{"link_name":"Ovid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ovid"},{"link_name":"Metamorphoses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metamorphoses"}],"text":"^ Smith, Benjamin E. (1895). Century Cyclopedia of Names. Vol. i. New York: Century. p. 17.\n\n^ Hesiod. Catalogue of Women frr. 30–33(a).\n\n^ Apollonius Rhodius, 1.47\n\n^ Apollonius Rhodius, 233 & 251ff.; Hyginus, Fabulae 3, 13 & 14; Valerius Flaccus, 1.297\n\n^ Apollodorus, 1.9.16; Tzetzes ad Lycophron, 175 & 872\n\n^ Scholia ad Homer, Odyssey 12.69; Tzetzes, Chiliades 6.979\n\n^ a b Scholia ad Apollonius Rhodius, 1.45\n\n^ Diodorus Siculus, 4.50.2\n\n^ Tzetzes, Chiliades 6.979\n\n^ a b Tzetzes ad Lycophron, 872\n\n^ Apollodorus, 1.9.27\n\n^ Ovid, Metamorphoses 7","title":"Notes"}]
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[{"reference":"Smith, Benjamin E. (1895). Century Cyclopedia of Names. Vol. i. New York: Century. p. 17.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/centurycyclopedi09smituoft/page/16/mode/2up","url_text":"Century Cyclopedia of Names"}]}]
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[{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/centurycyclopedi09smituoft/page/16/mode/2up","external_links_name":"Century Cyclopedia of Names"},{"Link":"https://topostext.org/work/126#1.45","external_links_name":"1.47"},{"Link":"https://topostext.org/work/206#14","external_links_name":"14"},{"Link":"http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.01.0022","external_links_name":"Online version at the Perseus Digital Library."},{"Link":"http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.01.0021","external_links_name":"Greek text available from the same website"},{"Link":"https://topostext.org/work/126","external_links_name":"Online version at the Topos Text Project."},{"Link":"http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.01.0227","external_links_name":"Greek text available at the Perseus Digital Library"},{"Link":"http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Diodorus_Siculus/home.html","external_links_name":"Online version at Bill Thayer's Web Site"},{"Link":"http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:2008.01.0540","external_links_name":"Greek text available at the Perseus Digital Library"},{"Link":"https://topostext.org/work/206","external_links_name":"Online version at the Topos Text Project."},{"Link":"http://www.theoi.com/Text/ValeriusFlaccus1.html","external_links_name":"Online version at theio.com."},{"Link":"http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:2007.01.0058","external_links_name":"Latin text available at the Perseus Digital Library."},{"Link":"http://www.theoi.com/Text/HesiodCatalogues.html","external_links_name":"Online version at theio.com"},{"Link":"http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.02.0028","external_links_name":"Online version at the Perseus Digital Library."},{"Link":"http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.02.0029","external_links_name":"Latin text available at the Perseus Digital Library"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/149158124947814930031","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb16260279d","external_links_name":"France"},{"Link":"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb16260279d","external_links_name":"BnF data"},{"Link":"https://www.idref.fr/241855179","external_links_name":"IdRef"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cecil_Collins_(American_football)
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Cecil Collins (American football)
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["1 Early years","2 College career","3 NFL career","3.1 Career statistics","4 Burglary case","5 Personal","6 References","7 External links"]
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American football player (born 1976)
American football player
Cecil CollinsNo. 34Position:Running backPersonal informationBorn: (1976-11-19) November 19, 1976 (age 47)Fort Knox, KentuckyHeight:5 ft 10 in (1.78 m)Weight:207 lb (94 kg)Career informationHigh school:Leesville (LA)College:McNeese StateNFL draft:1999 / Round: 5 / Pick: 134Career history
Miami Dolphins (1999)
Career NFL statisticsRushing att–yards:131–414Receptions-yards:6–32Touchdowns:2
Cecil J. P. Collins (born November 19, 1976) is a former American football running back for the Miami Dolphins of the National Football League (NFL).
Early years
Collins attended Leesville High School in Leesville in Vernon Parish in western Louisiana. There, he amassed 99 touchdowns and 7,833 yards over his high school football career including 3,079 yards during his senior season. Leesville was the 4A state runner-up that year and Cecil was selected as Louisiana's very first "Mr. Football".
Collin's struggles began during his senior season at Leesville when the NCAA Clearinghouse declared that he would be required to retake his ACT Test. Cecil had taken the test during his Junior year and had not scored well enough to qualify for Division I schools. At the beginning of his Senior season he retook the exam and improved five points giving him an acceptable score. After reviewing his case however, the NCAA Clearinghouse notified his family that this improvement was unusual and that it would be necessary for him to retest. On his third attempt, Collins failed to make the required score by one point and was forced to sit out his first year at LSU.
College career
After sitting out his freshman year he began his football career at LSU in less than grand fashion, sitting out the first game of the season serving a suspension for breaking team rules. After this ignoble beginning, however, Collins compiled 596 yards in his first four games before breaking his leg in the game against Vanderbilt.
He was kicked off of the LSU squad before the start of his second season after having been twice arrested for illegally entering dwellings. He claimed he was sleepwalking and had no recollection of entering the girls' rooms. He received probation as his sentence and made a second attempt at college football at Division I-AA (FCS) McNeese State University in Lake Charles, Louisiana but violated his probation when he failed a drug screen and was kicked off of the McNeese squad as well.
NFL career
Collins was selected as the first pick in the fifth round of the 1999 NFL Draft by the Dolphins out of McNeese State University by then coach-general manager Jimmy Johnson. Signing a three-year contract, His nickname with the Dolphins was 'Cecil the Diesel'. He appeared in eight games in the 1999 season, accumulating 414 yards and two touchdowns. Collins was suspended indefinitely after his burglary arrest, then released shortly afterward.
Career statistics
Year
Team
Games
Rushing
Receiving
Fumbles
GP
GS
Att
Yds
Avg
Lng
TD
Rec
Yds
Avg
Lng
TD
Fum
Lost
1999
MIA
8
6
131
414
3.2
25
2
6
32
5.3
12
0
2
1
Total
8
6
131
414
3.2
25
2
6
32
5.3
12
0
2
1
Burglary case
On December 16, 1999, Collins committed burglary in Palm Trace Landings, an apartment complex in Davie, Florida. He admitted that he broke into the home of a married woman that he knew from the gym, but said he only wanted to watch her sleep. After conviction on the charge, he was sentenced to 15 years in prison on March 27, 2001, and released on May 1, 2013.
Personal
Collins has three children. During his prison sentence, Collins said he found God and married a woman he met while she was visiting another inmate.
References
^ a b c d e f g Desk, Scott Branson National. "Ex-LSU star Cecil Collins is close to freedom after more than 13 years in jail". NOLA.com.
^ Bradley, John Ed. "Heavy Freight Cecil Collins comes with lots of baggage and little college experience but enough talent to be one of the first running backs taken in the NFL draft". Vault.
^ "1999 NFL Draft Listing". Pro-Football-Reference.com. Retrieved 2023-03-29.
^ "Dolphins Show J.J. The Money". cbsnews.com.
^ Freeman, Mike (9 January 2000). "Stains From the Police Blotter Leave N.F.L. Embarrassed". The New York Times.
^ "Police charge Collins with burglary". UPI.
^ Benjamin, Jody A. "Neighbor Says Collins Often Harassed Her". Sun-Sentinel.com.
^ "Appeals court throws out Collins' 15-year sentence". a.espncdn.com.
^ "Cecil "The Diesel" Collins out of prison after more than 13 years". wafb.com.
^ "SportingNews.com - NFL : Behind bars, Cecil the Diesel remains upbeat". 11 March 2007. Archived from the original on 11 March 2007.
^ "After 13 years in prison, ex-Dolphin Cecil Collins has no regrets". 11 November 2012.
External links
Florida Department of Corrections
Collins statistics
vteMiami Dolphins 1999 NFL draft selections
J. J. Johnson
Rob Konrad
Grey Ruegamer
Cecil Collins
Bryan Jones
Brent Bartholomew
Jermaine Haley
Joe Wong
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"American football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_football"},{"link_name":"running back","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Running_back"},{"link_name":"Miami Dolphins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miami_Dolphins"},{"link_name":"National Football League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Football_League"}],"text":"American football playerCecil J. P. Collins (born November 19, 1976) is a former American football running back for the Miami Dolphins of the National Football League (NFL).","title":"Cecil Collins (American football)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Leesville High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leesville_High_School"},{"link_name":"Leesville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leesville,_Louisiana"},{"link_name":"Vernon Parish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vernon_Parish,_Louisiana"},{"link_name":"Louisiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louisiana"},{"link_name":"high school football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_school_football"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-REF-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-REF-1"}],"text":"Collins attended Leesville High School in Leesville in Vernon Parish in western Louisiana. There, he amassed 99 touchdowns and 7,833 yards over his high school football career including 3,079 yards during his senior season. Leesville was the 4A state runner-up that year and Cecil was selected as Louisiana's very first \"Mr. Football\".Collin's struggles began during his senior season at Leesville when the NCAA Clearinghouse declared that he would be required to retake his ACT Test.[1] Cecil had taken the test during his Junior year and had not scored well enough to qualify for Division I schools. At the beginning of his Senior season he retook the exam and improved five points giving him an acceptable score. After reviewing his case however, the NCAA Clearinghouse notified his family that this improvement was unusual and that it would be necessary for him to retest. On his third attempt, Collins failed to make the required score by one point and was forced to sit out his first year at LSU.[1]","title":"Early years"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"LSU","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louisiana_State_University"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-REF-1"},{"link_name":"Vanderbilt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanderbilt_Commodores_football"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-REF-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-REF-1"},{"link_name":"McNeese State University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McNeese_State_University"},{"link_name":"Lake Charles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Charles,_Louisiana"},{"link_name":"drug screen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drug_screen"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-REF-1"}],"text":"After sitting out his freshman year he began his football career at LSU in less than grand fashion, sitting out the first game of the season serving a suspension for breaking team rules.[1] After this ignoble beginning, however, Collins compiled 596 yards in his first four games before breaking his leg in the game against Vanderbilt.He was kicked off of the LSU squad before the start of his second season after having been twice arrested for illegally entering dwellings.[1][2] He claimed he was sleepwalking and had no recollection of entering the girls' rooms.[1] He received probation as his sentence and made a second attempt at college football at Division I-AA (FCS) McNeese State University in Lake Charles, Louisiana but violated his probation when he failed a drug screen and was kicked off of the McNeese squad as well.[1]","title":"College career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"1999 NFL Draft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1999_NFL_Draft"},{"link_name":"coach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coach_(sport)"},{"link_name":"general manager","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_manager"},{"link_name":"Jimmy Johnson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimmy_Johnson_(American_football_coach)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"1999 season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1999_Miami_Dolphins_season"},{"link_name":"touchdowns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Touchdown"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"Collins was selected as the first pick in the fifth round of the 1999 NFL Draft by the Dolphins out of McNeese State University by then coach-general manager Jimmy Johnson.[3] Signing a three-year contract,[4] His nickname with the Dolphins was 'Cecil the Diesel'. He appeared in eight games in the 1999 season, accumulating 414 yards and two touchdowns. Collins was suspended indefinitely after his burglary arrest, then released shortly afterward.[5]","title":"NFL career"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Career statistics","title":"NFL career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"burglary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burglary"},{"link_name":"Davie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Davie,_Florida"},{"link_name":"Florida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florida"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-REF-1"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"On December 16, 1999, Collins committed burglary in Palm Trace Landings, an apartment complex in Davie, Florida.[6][7] He admitted that he broke into the home of a married woman that he knew from the gym, but said he only wanted to watch her sleep.[8] After conviction on the charge, he was sentenced to 15 years in prison on March 27, 2001, and released on May 1, 2013.[1][9]","title":"Burglary case"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"text":"Collins has three children.[10] During his prison sentence, Collins said he found God and married a woman he met while she was visiting another inmate.[11]","title":"Personal"}]
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[{"reference":"Desk, Scott Branson National. \"Ex-LSU star Cecil Collins is close to freedom after more than 13 years in jail\". NOLA.com.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nola.com/lsu/index.ssf/2013/07/ex-lsu_star_cecil_collins_awai.html","url_text":"\"Ex-LSU star Cecil Collins is close to freedom after more than 13 years in jail\""}]},{"reference":"Bradley, John Ed. \"Heavy Freight Cecil Collins comes with lots of baggage and little college experience but enough talent to be one of the first running backs taken in the NFL draft\". Vault.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.si.com/vault/1999/04/05/258498/heavy-freight-cecil-collins-comes-with-lots-of-baggage-and-little-college-experience-but-enough-talent-to-be-one-of-the-first-running-backs-taken-in-the-nfl-draft","url_text":"\"Heavy Freight Cecil Collins comes with lots of baggage and little college experience but enough talent to be one of the first running backs taken in the NFL draft\""}]},{"reference":"\"1999 NFL Draft Listing\". Pro-Football-Reference.com. Retrieved 2023-03-29.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.pro-football-reference.com/years/1999/draft.htm","url_text":"\"1999 NFL Draft Listing\""}]},{"reference":"\"Dolphins Show J.J. The Money\". cbsnews.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cbsnews.com/news/dolphins-show-jj-the-money/","url_text":"\"Dolphins Show J.J. The Money\""}]},{"reference":"Freeman, Mike (9 January 2000). \"Stains From the Police Blotter Leave N.F.L. Embarrassed\". The New York Times.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2000/01/09/sports/pro-football-stains-from-the-police-blotter-leave-nfl-embarrassed.html","url_text":"\"Stains From the Police Blotter Leave N.F.L. Embarrassed\""}]},{"reference":"\"Police charge Collins with burglary\". UPI.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.upi.com/Archives/1999/12/16/Police-charge-Collins-with-burglary/9792945320400/","url_text":"\"Police charge Collins with burglary\""}]},{"reference":"Benjamin, Jody A. \"Neighbor Says Collins Often Harassed Her\". Sun-Sentinel.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.sun-sentinel.com/news/fl-xpm-1999-12-19-9912190081-story.html","url_text":"\"Neighbor Says Collins Often Harassed Her\""}]},{"reference":"\"Appeals court throws out Collins' 15-year sentence\". a.espncdn.com.","urls":[{"url":"http://a.espncdn.com/nfl/news/2003/0313/1522897.html","url_text":"\"Appeals court throws out Collins' 15-year sentence\""}]},{"reference":"\"Cecil \"The Diesel\" Collins out of prison after more than 13 years\". wafb.com.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.wafb.com/story/22820338/cecil-the-diesel-collins-out-of-prison-after-more-than-13-years","url_text":"\"Cecil \"The Diesel\" Collins out of prison after more than 13 years\""}]},{"reference":"\"SportingNews.com - NFL : Behind bars, Cecil the Diesel remains upbeat\". 11 March 2007. Archived from the original on 11 March 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070311201610/http://archive.sportingnews.com/nfl/articles/20020720/416836-p.html","url_text":"\"SportingNews.com - NFL : Behind bars, Cecil the Diesel remains upbeat\""},{"url":"http://archive.sportingnews.com/nfl/articles/20020720/416836-p.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"After 13 years in prison, ex-Dolphin Cecil Collins has no regrets\". 11 November 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://profootballtalk.nbcsports.com/2012/11/11/after-13-years-in-prison-ex-dolphin-cecil-collins-has-no-regrets/","url_text":"\"After 13 years in prison, ex-Dolphin Cecil Collins has no regrets\""}]}]
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[{"Link":"http://www.nola.com/lsu/index.ssf/2013/07/ex-lsu_star_cecil_collins_awai.html","external_links_name":"\"Ex-LSU star Cecil Collins is close to freedom after more than 13 years in jail\""},{"Link":"https://www.si.com/vault/1999/04/05/258498/heavy-freight-cecil-collins-comes-with-lots-of-baggage-and-little-college-experience-but-enough-talent-to-be-one-of-the-first-running-backs-taken-in-the-nfl-draft","external_links_name":"\"Heavy Freight Cecil Collins comes with lots of baggage and little college experience but enough talent to be one of the first running backs taken in the NFL draft\""},{"Link":"https://www.pro-football-reference.com/years/1999/draft.htm","external_links_name":"\"1999 NFL Draft Listing\""},{"Link":"https://www.cbsnews.com/news/dolphins-show-jj-the-money/","external_links_name":"\"Dolphins Show J.J. The Money\""},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/2000/01/09/sports/pro-football-stains-from-the-police-blotter-leave-nfl-embarrassed.html","external_links_name":"\"Stains From the Police Blotter Leave N.F.L. Embarrassed\""},{"Link":"https://www.upi.com/Archives/1999/12/16/Police-charge-Collins-with-burglary/9792945320400/","external_links_name":"\"Police charge Collins with burglary\""},{"Link":"https://www.sun-sentinel.com/news/fl-xpm-1999-12-19-9912190081-story.html","external_links_name":"\"Neighbor Says Collins Often Harassed Her\""},{"Link":"http://a.espncdn.com/nfl/news/2003/0313/1522897.html","external_links_name":"\"Appeals court throws out Collins' 15-year sentence\""},{"Link":"http://www.wafb.com/story/22820338/cecil-the-diesel-collins-out-of-prison-after-more-than-13-years","external_links_name":"\"Cecil \"The Diesel\" Collins out of prison after more than 13 years\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070311201610/http://archive.sportingnews.com/nfl/articles/20020720/416836-p.html","external_links_name":"\"SportingNews.com - NFL : Behind bars, Cecil the Diesel remains upbeat\""},{"Link":"http://archive.sportingnews.com/nfl/articles/20020720/416836-p.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://profootballtalk.nbcsports.com/2012/11/11/after-13-years-in-prison-ex-dolphin-cecil-collins-has-no-regrets/","external_links_name":"\"After 13 years in prison, ex-Dolphin Cecil Collins has no regrets\""},{"Link":"http://www.dc.state.fl.us/ActiveInmates/detail.asp?Bookmark=1&From=list&SessionID=247635080","external_links_name":"Florida Department of Corrections"},{"Link":"https://www.pro-football-reference.com/players/CollCe00.htm","external_links_name":"Collins statistics"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89migr%C3%A9_(album)
|
Émigré (album)
|
["1 Background","2 Track listing","3 Personnel","4 Charts","5 Certifications","6 References"]
|
Album by Wendy Matthews discography
ÉmigréStudio album by Wendy MatthewsReleased2 November 1990RecordedMay–July 1990GenrePopLabelrooArtProducerRicky FataarWendy Matthews chronology
You've Always Got the Blues(1988)
Émigré(1990)
The Way It Has to Be(1991)
Singles from Émigré
"Token Angels"Released: 2 September 1990
"Woman's Gotta Have It"Released: 20 January 1991
"Let's Kiss (Like Angels Do)"Released: 14 April 1991
Professional ratingsReview scoresSourceRatingAllmusic(?)
Émigré is the debut solo studio album by Australian singer-songwriter Wendy Matthews released by rooArt in Australia in November 1990. It was produced by Ricky Fataar and reached No. 11 on the Australian Albums Chart. It yielded three singles: "Token Angels", "Woman's Gotta Have It" and "Let's Kiss (Like Angels Do)". Matthews won the ARIA Award for Best Female Artist at the ARIA Music Awards of 1991.
Background
Wendy Matthews completed her touring commitments for the new wave group Absent Friends in mid-1990. She went into the studio with producer Ricky Fataar (ex-Beach Boys, Rutles) to record her debut solo album, Émigré. Her session musicians included Absent Friends' members Garry Gary Beers (also in INXS) on bass guitar, Andrew Duffield on keyboards, Sean Kelly on guitar, Roger Mason on keyboards, James Valentine on saxophone, and Mick King on guitar. She also enlisted Tim Finn (Crowded House) and Peter Blakeley on backing vocals. The album peaked at No. 11 on the Australian Recording Industry Association Albums Charts. It spawned the hit singles "Token Angels" (No. 18 in November 1990), Bobby Womack's "Woman's Gotta Have It" (No. 34 in February 1991) and "Let's Kiss (Like Angels Do)" (No. 14 in June). Matthews won 'Best Female Artist' and 'Breakthrough Artist – Single' ("Token Angels") at the ARIA Music Awards of 1991. Matthews was also voted 'Best Female Singer' in the 1990 Australian Rolling Stone readers poll.
For touring in support of the album, Matthews used Paul Abrahams on bass guitar, Amanda Brown on oboe, violin (ex-The Go-Betweens), Robbie James on guitar (Gang Gajang), King on guitar, Lisa Maxwell on backing vocals, Mark Meyer on drums (Mark Gillespie Band, Moving Pictures), Mark O'Connor on keyboards and Valentine on saxophone. In October 1991, she issued a live mini-album The Way It Has to Be and toured as support to US R&B group, The Neville Brothers. At the end of 1991, Matthews recorded her second full-length album Lily, which was produced by T-Bone Burnett and released in late 1992.
Track listing
All songwriters as listed.
"Token Angels" (Roger Mason) – 4:53
"As We Speak" (Robbie James, Paul Abrahams) – 4:17
"Won't Let Me Be (Georgia's Song)" (James Valentine, Wendy Matthews, Andrew Duffield) – 5:01
"Taking My Heart Around" (Danny Peck) – 4:35
"Square Moon" (Robbie James, Geoff Stapleton, K Govett) – 3:53
"Woman's Gotta Have It" (Bobby Womack) – 4:19
"State of Mind" (J Williams, B Cook) – 4:25
"Doomsday Lullaby" (Peck) – 4:38
"Goin' Back to My Roots" (Lamont Dozier) – 6:04
"Long Way from Home" (Matthews) – 3:12
"Let's Kiss (Like Angels Do)" (J Friedman, C Curtis) – 3:29
Note, track 10 "Long Way from Home" appears to be a cover of the Sandy Denny song "The Music Weaver" but Denny is not credited.
Personnel
Wendy Matthews – vocals
Peter Blakeley – backing vocals
Garry Gary Beers – bass guitar
Andrew Duffield – keyboards
Tim Finn – backing vocals
Sean Kelly – guitar
Mick King – guitar
Robbie James – guitar
Mark O'Connor – keyboards
Roger Mason – keyboards
James Valentine – saxophone
Charts
Chart (1990/91)
Peakposition
Australian Albums (ARIA)
11
Certifications
Region
Certification
Certified units/sales
Australia (ARIA)
Platinum
70,000^
^ Shipments figures based on certification alone.
References
General
McFarlane, Ian (1999). "Whammo Homepage". Encyclopedia of Australian Rock and Pop. St Leonards, NSW: Allen & Unwin. ISBN 1-86508-072-1. Archived from the original on 5 April 2004. Retrieved 22 July 2010.{{cite encyclopedia}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link) Note: Archived on-line copy has limited functionality.
Specific
^ Allmusic review
^ a b c McFarlane 'Wendy Matthews' entry. Retrieved 6 November 2010.
^ a b "Discography Wendy Matthews". Australian charts portal. Hung Medien. Retrieved 6 November 2010.
^ "APRA search engine". Australasian Performing Right Association (APRA). Retrieved 6 November 2010. Note: requires user to enter song title, e.g. Token Angels
^ "Australiancharts.com – Wendy Matthews – Émigré". Hung Medien. Retrieved 14 October 2017.
^ "ARIA Charts – Accreditations – 1991 Albums" (PDF). Australian Recording Industry Association. Retrieved 27 November 2021.
vteWendy Matthews
Discography
Albums
Émigré (1990)
The Way It Has to Be (1991)
Lily (1992)
The Witness Tree (1994)
Ghosts (1997)
Beautiful View (2001)
Café Naturale (2004)
She (2008)
The Welcome Fire (2013)
Soundtracks
Dancing Daze (1986)
Illusion (1986)
You've Always Got The Blues (1988)
Compilations
Stepping Stones: The Best of Wendy Matthews (1999)
Notable singles
"Dancing Daze"
"I Don't Want to Be with Nobody but You" (with Absent Friends)
"Token Angels"
"Woman's Gotta Have It"
"Let's Kiss (Like Angels Do)"
"The Day You Went Away"
"Friday's Child"
"If Only I Could"
"Standing Strong"
"Love Will Keep Me Alive"
"Then I Walked Away"
"Beloved"
"I've Got to Have You"
"Day by Day"
Related articles
Models (Out of Mind, Out of Sight)
Absent Friends (Here's Looking Up Your Address)
Authority control databases
MusicBrainz release group
|
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It was produced by Ricky Fataar and reached No. 11 on the Australian Albums Chart. It yielded three singles: \"Token Angels\", \"Woman's Gotta Have It\" and \"Let's Kiss (Like Angels Do)\". Matthews won the ARIA Award for Best Female Artist at the ARIA Music Awards of 1991.","title":"Émigré (album)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"new wave","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_wave_music"},{"link_name":"Absent Friends","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Absent_Friends_(band)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-McF-2"},{"link_name":"Ricky Fataar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ricky_Fataar"},{"link_name":"Garry Gary Beers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garry_Gary_Beers"},{"link_name":"INXS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/INXS"},{"link_name":"Sean Kelly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sean_Kelly_(Australian_musician)"},{"link_name":"Roger Mason","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Mason_(musician)"},{"link_name":"James Valentine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Valentine_(journalist)"},{"link_name":"Tim Finn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tim_Finn"},{"link_name":"Crowded House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crowded_House"},{"link_name":"Peter Blakeley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Blakeley"},{"link_name":"Australian Recording Industry Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Recording_Industry_Association"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AusCharts-3"},{"link_name":"Token Angels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Token_Angels"},{"link_name":"Let's Kiss (Like Angels Do)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Let%27s_Kiss_(Like_Angels_Do)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AusCharts-3"},{"link_name":"ARIA Music Awards of 1991","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARIA_Music_Awards_of_1991"},{"link_name":"Rolling Stone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rolling_Stone_Australia"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-McF-2"},{"link_name":"Amanda Brown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amanda_Brown_(musician)"},{"link_name":"The Go-Betweens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Go-Betweens"},{"link_name":"Gang Gajang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gang_Gajang"},{"link_name":"Lisa Maxwell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisa_Maxwell_(singer,_songwriter)"},{"link_name":"Moving Pictures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moving_Pictures_(band)"},{"link_name":"The Neville Brothers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Neville_Brothers"},{"link_name":"Lily","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lily_(Wendy_Matthews_album)"},{"link_name":"T-Bone Burnett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T-Bone_Burnett"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-McF-2"}],"text":"Wendy Matthews completed her touring commitments for the new wave group Absent Friends in mid-1990.[2] She went into the studio with producer Ricky Fataar (ex-Beach Boys, Rutles) to record her debut solo album, Émigré. Her session musicians included Absent Friends' members Garry Gary Beers (also in INXS) on bass guitar, Andrew Duffield on keyboards, Sean Kelly on guitar, Roger Mason on keyboards, James Valentine on saxophone, and Mick King on guitar. She also enlisted Tim Finn (Crowded House) and Peter Blakeley on backing vocals. The album peaked at No. 11 on the Australian Recording Industry Association Albums Charts.[3] It spawned the hit singles \"Token Angels\" (No. 18 in November 1990), Bobby Womack's \"Woman's Gotta Have It\" (No. 34 in February 1991) and \"Let's Kiss (Like Angels Do)\" (No. 14 in June).[3] Matthews won 'Best Female Artist' and 'Breakthrough Artist – Single' (\"Token Angels\") at the ARIA Music Awards of 1991. Matthews was also voted 'Best Female Singer' in the 1990 Australian Rolling Stone readers poll.[2]For touring in support of the album, Matthews used Paul Abrahams on bass guitar, Amanda Brown on oboe, violin (ex-The Go-Betweens), Robbie James on guitar (Gang Gajang), King on guitar, Lisa Maxwell on backing vocals, Mark Meyer on drums (Mark Gillespie Band, Moving Pictures), Mark O'Connor on keyboards and Valentine on saxophone. In October 1991, she issued a live mini-album The Way It Has to Be and toured as support to US R&B group, The Neville Brothers. At the end of 1991, Matthews recorded her second full-length album Lily, which was produced by T-Bone Burnett and released in late 1992.[2]","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-APRA-4"},{"link_name":"Token Angels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Token_Angels"},{"link_name":"Roger Mason","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Mason_(musician)"},{"link_name":"James Valentine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Valentine_(journalist)"},{"link_name":"Wendy Matthews","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wendy_Matthews"},{"link_name":"Woman's Gotta Have It","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woman%27s_Gotta_Have_It_(song)"},{"link_name":"Bobby Womack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bobby_Womack"},{"link_name":"Let's Kiss (Like Angels Do)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Let%27s_Kiss_(Like_Angels_Do)"}],"text":"All songwriters as listed.[4]\"Token Angels\" (Roger Mason) – 4:53\n\"As We Speak\" (Robbie James, Paul Abrahams) – 4:17\n\"Won't Let Me Be (Georgia's Song)\" (James Valentine, Wendy Matthews, Andrew Duffield) – 5:01\n\"Taking My Heart Around\" (Danny Peck) – 4:35\n\"Square Moon\" (Robbie James, Geoff Stapleton, K Govett) – 3:53\n\"Woman's Gotta Have It\" (Bobby Womack) – 4:19\n\"State of Mind\" (J Williams, B Cook) – 4:25\n\"Doomsday Lullaby\" (Peck) – 4:38\n\"Goin' Back to My Roots\" (Lamont Dozier) – 6:04\n\"Long Way from Home\" (Matthews) – 3:12\n\"Let's Kiss (Like Angels Do)\" (J Friedman, C Curtis) – 3:29Note, track 10 \"Long Way from Home\" appears to be a cover of the Sandy Denny song \"The Music Weaver\" but Denny is not credited.","title":"Track listing"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Wendy Matthews","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wendy_Matthews"},{"link_name":"Peter Blakeley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Blakeley"},{"link_name":"Garry Gary Beers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garry_Gary_Beers"},{"link_name":"Tim Finn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tim_Finn"},{"link_name":"Sean Kelly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sean_Kelly_(Australian_musician)"},{"link_name":"Roger Mason","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Mason_(musician)"},{"link_name":"James Valentine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Valentine_(journalist)"}],"text":"Wendy Matthews – vocals\nPeter Blakeley – backing vocals\nGarry Gary Beers – bass guitar\nAndrew Duffield – keyboards\nTim Finn – backing vocals\nSean Kelly – guitar\nMick King – guitar\nRobbie James – guitar\nMark O'Connor – keyboards\nRoger Mason – keyboards\nJames Valentine – saxophone","title":"Personnel"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Charts"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Certifications"}]
|
[]
| null |
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|
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WBC_Dynamo_Novosibirsk
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WBC Dynamo Novosibirsk
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["1 Titles","1.1 Record in European competitions","2 References"]
|
Russian basketball team
WBC Dynamo-GUVD Novosibirsk (ЖБК «Динамо-ГУВД» Новосибирск) is a Russian women's basketball club, currently competing in the Russian Women's Basketball Premier League. Founded in 1955 as Burevestnik Novosibirsk, it was transferred into the Dynamo SS in 1966.
The team won the 1985-86 Ronchetti Cup and three Soviet Championships in a row until 1988. Dynamo reached the final of the European Cup in 1987 and 1988, losing both times to AS Vicenza.
Following the collapse of the Soviet Union, Dynamo Novosibirsk was the runner-up of the new Russian League in 1993 and 1994. The team declined in subsequent years, with its best standings being two 3rd spots in 1999 and 2003; in 2011 it finished 7th. Dynamo has appeared three times in the Eurocup, the successor of the Ronchetti Cup.
Titles
1 Ronchetti Cup (1986)
3 Soviet Leagues (1986, 1987, 1988)
Record in European competitions
European Cup / Euroleague
1987: Runner-up
1988: Runner-up
1989: 3rd
Ronchetti Cup / Eurocup
1986: Champion
2005: FIBA Conference South Semifinals
2011: Quarter-Finals
2012: Group Stage (3/4)
References
^ Profile in Eurobasket.com
^ Profile in FIBA Europe's website
|
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[]
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[]
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[{"Link":"http://www.eurobasket.com/team.asp?Cntry=RUS&Team=7632&women=1","external_links_name":"Profile"},{"Link":"http://www.fibaeurope.com/cid_KNce8jInH7Qj1EsyH5rjn2.teamID_96291.compID_Rn2Om4j3HOcXtTFwJWFsh3.season_2005.roundID_4112.html","external_links_name":"Profile"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norforce
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NORFORCE
|
["1 History","1.1 Operation Resolute","2 Current organisation","3 Freedoms of Entry","4 See also","5 Notes","6 References","7 Further reading"]
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Infantry regiment of the Australian Army Reserve
North-West Mobile ForceCap badge of the North-West Mobile ForceActive1 July 1981 – presentCountryAustraliaBranchArmyRoleRegional force surveillanceSizeOne battalionPart ofRegional Force Surveillance GroupGarrison/HQLarrakeyahNickname(s)NackaroosGreen skinsMotto(s)Ever VigilantMarchQuick – The VedetteSlow – The Never-NeverCommandersCurrentcommanderLTCOL Gavin WareColonel of the RegimentHugh HeggieInsigniaUnit colour patchAbbreviationNORFORCEMilitary unit
The NORFORCE (North-West Mobile Force) is an infantry regiment of the Australian Army Reserve. Formed in 1981, the regiment is one of three Regional Force Surveillance Units (RFSUs) employed in surveillance and reconnaissance of the remote areas of Northern Australia. It consists of a regimental headquarters, four surveillance squadrons, and an operational support squadron and training squadron.
History
In the late 1970s and early 1980s the need for a military presence in the north of Australia was recognised, with an integrated land, sea and air surveillance network developed in response. Part of this involved the raising of Australian Army Reserve infantry units known as Regional Force Surveillance Units (RFSUs) that would act as "eyes and ears" in the north. NORFORCE was raised for operations in the Northern Territory and the Kimberley region of Northern Australia and was formed as an independent company on 1 July 1981, from the 7th Independent Rifle Company, and was based in Darwin under the command of Lieutenant Colonel John George. This unit was renamed as the North-West Mobile Force, or NORFORCE, in 1981. Meanwhile, in 1985 two more RFSUs were raised, with the Pilbara Regiment established in Western Australia, and the 51st Battalion, Far North Queensland Regiment established in Far North Queensland.
The regiment's lineage goes back to 2/1st North Australia Observer Unit (2/1 NAOU) (also known as the "Nackaroos"), which were formed in 1942 as part of the defence of northern Australia from the Japanese during the Second World War, performing reconnaissance, scouting and coastal surveillance tasks across the Kimberley and the Northern Territory's sea and air approaches. Patrols were reduced in July 1943 as the Japanese threat subsided, and the unit was disbanded in 1945. Due to the similarities between the two units and in order to give NORFORCE an identity it was decided that it would perpetuate the 2/1 NAOU traditions, and as such NORFORCE officially adopted the 2/1 NAOU's orange and green 'double diamond' colour patch and its unit heritage upon formation.
NORFORCE also shares its heritage with a number of other units raised during the Second World War, including the Darwin Mobile Force, from which NORFORCE derives its name, and the Northern Territory Special Reconnaissance Unit which performed a similar role to the 2/1 NAOU and pioneered the enlistment and training of regionally based Australian soldiers, mainly from Arnhem Land. The Darwin Mobile Force was raised in 1939, originally as an artillery unit due to restrictions of the Defence Act (1903) which prohibited the establishment of permanent infantry forces, and was the first Permanent Military Force unit to be raised in the Army. The unit was tasked with the surveillance and protection of the Darwin region. It was renamed the Darwin Infantry Battalion in 1942 and the 19th Battalion in 1943, and subsequently saw service during the New Guinea campaign.
During its formative years between 1981 and 1985 the regiment consisted of two reconnaissance squadrons, with the 1st Reconnaissance Squadron responsible for the Northern Territory and the 2nd Reconnaissance Squadron responsible for the Kimberley region in Western Australia. In early 1986 the alpha-numeric designations gave way to geographic names, with 1 Squadron being re-designated Darwin Squadron and 2 Squadron becoming Kimberley Squadron. Further growth of the unit saw Centre Squadron and Arnhem Squadron also being raised in 1986. Each of the regional reconnaissance squadrons has its own Area of Responsibility, and is further divided into a number of "troops", each of which consists of a number of "patrols".
Darwin Squadron is based at Larrakeyah Barracks in Darwin and has maintained a presence in Daly River, Jabiru, Katherine, Maningrida and Port Keats/Wadeye, and on Bathurst, Crocker, Goulburn and Melville islands. Kimberley Squadron is headquartered in Broome, with elements based in Lake Argyle, Derby, Kalumburu, Kununarra, Bidyadanga and Wyndham. Arnhem Squadron is responsible for the eastern Northern Territory with its headquarters in Nhulunbuy, and elements at Lake Evella, Milingimbi, Ngukurr, Numbulwar and Ramingining, and on Elcho Island and Groote Eylandt. Centre Squadron operates from the South Australian border northwards, including the main regional centres of Alice Springs and Tennant Creek, the sparse Barkly Tableland, and north to the Robinson River and Borroloola.
NORFORCE Area of Operations
The regiment is now a fully integrated unit consisting of a cadre of about 65 regular personnel supporting 435 Reservists. Regimental Headquarters is at Larrakeyah Barracks in Darwin, while its area of operation (AO) covers 1.8 million square kilometres, encompassing the entire Northern Territory and the Kimberley region of Western Australia; the largest of any military unit in the world today. An Operational Support Squadron and Training Squadron are also based in Darwin.
Borrowing the concept of different "skin" groups to differentiate clans, members of NORFORCE are also known as "Green skins". The primary role of the regiment is reconnaissance, observation and the collection of military intelligence. In the event of an invasion of northern Australia, NORFORCE and the other RFSUs would operate in a "stay-behind" capacity. Sixty percent of NORFORCE personnel are Aboriginal soldiers, recruited mainly from the area they patrol in order to draw upon local knowledge. This has resulted in great trust for the Regiment among Aboriginal communities.
Patrols can be inserted and extracted from the area of operations by small boat, airlifted by helicopter or light aircraft, drive in using a range of vehicles, or on foot. Due to their operational role the RFSUs have a high priority for allocation of equipment. Equipment includes Enhanced F88 (EF88) Austeyr rifles, F-89 Minimi light support weapons, grenades, M18-A1 Claymore anti-personnel mines, Harris radios, specialised binoculars and telescopes, night vision equipment, cameras and advanced GPS satellite navigation systems. Vehicles include a variant of the Mercedes-Benz G-Wagon 6×6 Surveillance Reconnaissance Vehicles (SRV), motorcycles, Zodiac inflatable boats, and Regional Patrol Craft (aluminium boats).
NORFORCE has the distinction of being granted the Freedom of Entry to a city or town on nine occasions, the most of any unit, ship or establishment in the Australian Defence Force. Freedoms of Entry have been granted for Darwin in 1982, Derby in 1983, Alice Springs in 1984, Katherine in 1986, Wyndham in 1986, Broome in 1987, Kununurra in 1990, Tennant Creek in 1994 and most recently Darwin again in 2016. In 2006, the regiment celebrated its 25th birthday by being presented with its first stand of colours.
Operation Resolute
NORFORCE has continuously contributed Force Elements to Operation Resolute as part of the wider Whole of Government response to border protection. As one of three RFSUs involved, NORFORCE routinely trains and certifies personnel for the Australian Defence Force's contribution to patrolling Australia's Exclusive Economic Zone and coastline. On 1 March 2010, NORFORCE became part of the re-raised 6th Brigade.
On 1 September 2014, NORFORCE came under the command of the 2nd Division. On 4 October 2018, all three RFSUs were grouped together as part of a new formation headquarters, the Regional Force Surveillance Group. The new formation came into being at a parade held at Larrakeyah Barracks in Darwin.
Current organisation
As of 2021, NORFORCE comprised:
Regimental Headquarters – Larrakeyah Barracks, Darwin, NT
Arnhem Squadron – Nhulunbuy, NT
Centre Squadron – Alice Springs, NT
Darwin Squadron – Larrakeyah Barracks, Darwin, NT
Kimberley Squadron – Broome, WA
Training Support Squadron – Larrakeyah Barracks, Darwin, NT
Operational Support Squadron – Larrakeyah Barracks, Darwin, NT
Freedoms of Entry
NORFORCE has the distinction of being granted the Freedom of Entry to a city or town on nine occasions, the most of any unit, ship or establishment in the Australian Defence Force.
Alice Springs: 1984
Broome: 1987
Darwin: 1982 and 2016
Derby: 1983
Katherine: 1986
Kununurra: 1990
Tennant Creek: 1994
Wyndham: 1986
In 2006, the regiment celebrated its 25th birthday by being presented with its first stand of colours.
See also
Northern Command (Australia)
Notes
^ "Unit History—the Pilbara Regiment". Department of Defence. 2009. Archived from the original on 8 June 2011. Retrieved 11 June 2010.
^ a b Kuring 2004, p. 390.
^ Rosenzweig 2001, p. 33.
^ a b c d "Unit History—North West Mobile Force". Department of Defence. 2009. Archived from the original on 27 September 2011. Retrieved 12 June 2010.
^ a b "Norforce". Message Stick (Transcript). Australian Broadcasting Commission. 22 October 2004. Retrieved 29 January 2016.
^ a b "Operation OUTREACH NT". Department of Defence. Retrieved 8 June 2009.
^ Grey 2008, p. 141.
^ a b c Rosenzweig 2001, pp. 230–252.
^ Rosenzweig 2001, pp. 72–73.
^ Macrae 1994, pp. 8–12.
^ a b "Border Security in Australia: NORFORCE Patrols Australia's Top End". Naval Forces Magazine. Farnborough, England: Moench. 12 February 2015. ISSN 0722-8880. Archived from the original on 6 May 2016.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
^ a b Hancock 2010.
^ Langtry & Ball 1991, p. 235.
^ Rosenzweig 2001, p. 68.
^ "New Australian Army G-Wagon 6X6 Reconnaissance Vehicle Fitted With Weapons Suite". Ottawa Citizen. 2 October 2013. Retrieved 11 June 2010.
^ Rosenzweig 2001, pp. 74–78.
^ a b Rosenzweig 2001, p. 227.
^ a b Hartigan, Brian (9 August 2016). "NORFORCE to exercise Freedom of Entry – 13 August". Contact Air, Land and Sea. Dickson, Australian Capital Territory. ISSN 1449-2385. Retrieved 12 November 2016.
^ a b McSweeney 2006.
^ "Global Operations: Border Protection". Department of Defence. 2013. Retrieved 11 June 2010.
^ Gaze 2010.
^ "North West Mobile Force". Australian Army. Department of Defence. Retrieved 27 May 2015.
^ Beurich, Sebastian (1 November 2018). "Power of three as spears go on parade". Army News (1431 ed.). p. 3.
^ "North West Mobile Force". Australian Army. Department of Defence. Archived from the original on 18 September 2011. Retrieved 21 January 2012.
References
Gaze, Jillian (18 March 2010). "Key to Adaptability". Army News. Australian Army. Retrieved 20 March 2010.
Grey, Jeffrey (2008). A Military History of Australia (3rd ed.). Melbourne: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-69791-0.
Hancock, David (7 July 2010). "Green Skin: Australia's Indigenous Army". Australian Geographic. Retrieved 9 August 2010.
Kuring, Ian (2004). Redcoats to Cams: A History of Australian Infantry 1788–2001. Loftus: Australian Military Historical Publications. ISBN 1-876439-99-8.
Langtry, J. O.; Ball, Desmond, eds. (1991). The Northern Territory in the Defence of Australia: Strategic and Operational Considerations. Canberra Papers on Strategy and Defence. Vol. 73. Strategic and Defence Studies Centre, Research School of Pacific Studies, Australian National University. ISBN 9780731511563.
Macrae, Ian (1994). "Dreamtime Diggers". Army Magazine. 19 (Winter): 8–12. ISSN 1034-3695.
McSweeney, Mike (13 July 2006). "True Colours for NORFORCE". Army: The Soldiers' Newspaper (1147 ed.). Canberra: Department of Defence. ISSN 0729-5685. Archived from the original on 10 November 2012. Retrieved 8 June 2009.
Rosenzweig, Paul A (2001). Ever Vigilant: The Regimental History of the North West Mobile Force (NORFORCE) 1981–2001. Darwin: North West Mobile Force. ISBN 1-876248-61-0.
Further reading
Rosenzweig, Paul (1996). "Northern Vedettes: A History of Military Defences in Northern Australia". Sabretache. 37 (3, July/September). Military Historical Society of Australia: 3–10. ISSN 0048-8933.
vteAustralian Army Infantry RegimentsReserve Infantry
Royal Queensland Regiment
Royal New South Wales Regiment
Royal Victoria Regiment
Royal South Australia Regiment
Royal Western Australia Regiment
Royal Tasmania Regiment
Sydney University Regiment
Melbourne University Regiment
Queensland University Regiment
Adelaide Universities Regiment
Western Australia University Regiment
University of New South Wales Regiment
Regular Infantry
Royal Australian Regiment
Regional Force Surveillance
NORFORCE
Pilbara Regiment
Far North Queensland Regiment
Special Forces
1st Commando Regiment
2nd Commando Regiment
Special Air Service Regiment
|
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Part of this involved the raising of Australian Army Reserve infantry units known as Regional Force Surveillance Units (RFSUs) that would act as \"eyes and ears\" in the north.[1] NORFORCE was raised for operations in the Northern Territory and the Kimberley region of Northern Australia[2] and was formed as an independent company on 1 July 1981, from the 7th Independent Rifle Company, and was based in Darwin under the command of Lieutenant Colonel John George. This unit was renamed as the North-West Mobile Force, or NORFORCE, in 1981.[2][3] Meanwhile, in 1985 two more RFSUs were raised, with the Pilbara Regiment established in Western Australia, and the 51st Battalion, Far North Queensland Regiment established in Far North Queensland.[4]The regiment's lineage goes back to 2/1st North Australia Observer Unit (2/1 NAOU) (also known as the \"Nackaroos\"), which were formed in 1942 as part of the defence of northern Australia from the Japanese during the Second World War, performing reconnaissance, scouting and coastal surveillance tasks across the Kimberley and the Northern Territory's sea and air approaches.[5] Patrols were reduced in July 1943 as the Japanese threat subsided, and the unit was disbanded in 1945.[4][6] Due to the similarities between the two units and in order to give NORFORCE an identity it was decided that it would perpetuate the 2/1 NAOU traditions, and as such NORFORCE officially adopted the 2/1 NAOU's orange and green 'double diamond' colour patch and its unit heritage upon formation.[4]NORFORCE also shares its heritage with a number of other units raised during the Second World War, including the Darwin Mobile Force, from which NORFORCE derives its name, and the Northern Territory Special Reconnaissance Unit which performed a similar role to the 2/1 NAOU and pioneered the enlistment and training of regionally based Australian soldiers, mainly from Arnhem Land. The Darwin Mobile Force was raised in 1939, originally as an artillery unit due to restrictions of the Defence Act (1903) which prohibited the establishment of permanent infantry forces, and was the first Permanent Military Force unit to be raised in the Army. The unit was tasked with the surveillance and protection of the Darwin region. It was renamed the Darwin Infantry Battalion in 1942 and the 19th Battalion in 1943, and subsequently saw service during the New Guinea campaign.[4][7]During its formative years between 1981 and 1985 the regiment consisted of two reconnaissance squadrons, with the 1st Reconnaissance Squadron responsible for the Northern Territory and the 2nd Reconnaissance Squadron responsible for the Kimberley region in Western Australia. In early 1986 the alpha-numeric designations gave way to geographic names, with 1 Squadron being re-designated Darwin Squadron and 2 Squadron becoming Kimberley Squadron. Further growth of the unit saw Centre Squadron and Arnhem Squadron also being raised in 1986. Each of the regional reconnaissance squadrons has its own Area of Responsibility, and is further divided into a number of \"troops\", each of which consists of a number of \"patrols\".[8]Darwin Squadron is based at Larrakeyah Barracks in Darwin and has maintained a presence in Daly River, Jabiru, Katherine, Maningrida and Port Keats/Wadeye, and on Bathurst, Crocker, Goulburn and Melville islands. Kimberley Squadron is headquartered in Broome, with elements based in Lake Argyle, Derby, Kalumburu, Kununarra, Bidyadanga and Wyndham. Arnhem Squadron is responsible for the eastern Northern Territory with its headquarters in Nhulunbuy, and elements at Lake Evella, Milingimbi, Ngukurr, Numbulwar and Ramingining, and on Elcho Island and Groote Eylandt. Centre Squadron operates from the South Australian border northwards, including the main regional centres of Alice Springs and Tennant Creek, the sparse Barkly Tableland, and north to the Robinson River and Borroloola.[9]NORFORCE Area of OperationsThe regiment is now a fully integrated unit consisting of a cadre of about 65 regular personnel supporting 435 Reservists.[10] Regimental Headquarters is at Larrakeyah Barracks in Darwin, while its area of operation (AO) covers 1.8 million square kilometres, encompassing the entire Northern Territory and the Kimberley region of Western Australia; the largest of any military unit in the world today.[6] An Operational Support Squadron and Training Squadron are also based in Darwin.[11]Borrowing the concept of different \"skin\" groups to differentiate clans, members of NORFORCE are also known as \"Green skins\".[12] The primary role of the regiment is reconnaissance, observation and the collection of military intelligence. In the event of an invasion of northern Australia, NORFORCE and the other RFSUs would operate in a \"stay-behind\" capacity.[13] Sixty percent of NORFORCE personnel are Aboriginal soldiers, recruited mainly from the area they patrol in order to draw upon local knowledge.[5] This has resulted in great trust for the Regiment among Aboriginal communities.[12]Patrols can be inserted and extracted from the area of operations by small boat, airlifted by helicopter or light aircraft, drive in using a range of vehicles, or on foot.[14] Due to their operational role the RFSUs have a high priority for allocation of equipment. Equipment includes Enhanced F88 (EF88) Austeyr rifles, F-89 Minimi light support weapons, grenades, M18-A1 Claymore anti-personnel mines, Harris radios, specialised binoculars and telescopes, night vision equipment, cameras and advanced GPS satellite navigation systems. Vehicles include a variant of the Mercedes-Benz G-Wagon 6×6 Surveillance Reconnaissance Vehicles (SRV),[15] motorcycles, Zodiac inflatable boats, and Regional Patrol Craft (aluminium boats).[16]NORFORCE has the distinction of being granted the Freedom of Entry to a city or town on nine occasions, the most of any unit, ship or establishment in the Australian Defence Force.[17] Freedoms of Entry have been granted for Darwin in 1982, Derby in 1983, Alice Springs in 1984, Katherine in 1986, Wyndham in 1986, Broome in 1987, Kununurra in 1990, Tennant Creek in 1994 and most recently Darwin again in 2016.[8][18] In 2006, the regiment celebrated its 25th birthday by being presented with its first stand of colours.[19]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Operation Resolute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Resolute"},{"link_name":"Exclusive Economic Zone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exclusive_Economic_Zone"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"6th Brigade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/6th_Brigade_(Australia)"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGaze2010-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"Regional Force Surveillance Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regional_Force_Surveillance_Group"},{"link_name":"Larrakeyah Barracks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larrakeyah_Barracks"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"}],"sub_title":"Operation Resolute","text":"NORFORCE has continuously contributed Force Elements to Operation Resolute as part of the wider Whole of Government response to border protection. As one of three RFSUs involved, NORFORCE routinely trains and certifies personnel for the Australian Defence Force's contribution to patrolling Australia's Exclusive Economic Zone and coastline.[20] On 1 March 2010, NORFORCE became part of the re-raised 6th Brigade.[21]On 1 September 2014, NORFORCE came under the command of the 2nd Division.[22] On 4 October 2018, all three RFSUs were grouped together as part of a new formation headquarters, the Regional Force Surveillance Group. The new formation came into being at a parade held at Larrakeyah Barracks in Darwin.[23]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NAFOMAG-11"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"Larrakeyah Barracks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larrakeyah_Barracks"},{"link_name":"Darwin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darwin,_Northern_Territory"},{"link_name":"Nhulunbuy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nhulunbuy"},{"link_name":"Alice Springs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alice_Springs"},{"link_name":"Broome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broome,_Western_Australia"}],"text":"As of 2021, NORFORCE comprised:[11][24]Regimental Headquarters – Larrakeyah Barracks, Darwin, NT\nArnhem Squadron – Nhulunbuy, NT\nCentre Squadron – Alice Springs, NT\nDarwin Squadron – Larrakeyah Barracks, Darwin, NT\nKimberley Squadron – Broome, WA\nTraining Support Squadron – Larrakeyah Barracks, Darwin, NT\nOperational Support Squadron – Larrakeyah Barracks, Darwin, NT","title":"Current organisation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Freedom of Entry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_of_Entry"},{"link_name":"Australian Defence Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Defence_Force"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERosenzweig2001227-17"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERosenzweig2001230%E2%80%93252-8"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-18"},{"link_name":"Alice Springs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alice_Springs"},{"link_name":"Broome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broome,_Western_Australia"},{"link_name":"Darwin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darwin,_Northern_Territory"},{"link_name":"Derby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derby,_Western_Australia"},{"link_name":"Katherine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katherine"},{"link_name":"Kununurra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kununurra,_Western_Australia"},{"link_name":"Tennant Creek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennant_Creek"},{"link_name":"Wyndham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wyndham,_Western_Australia"},{"link_name":"colours","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colours,_standards_and_guidons"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcSweeney2006-19"}],"text":"NORFORCE has the distinction of being granted the Freedom of Entry to a city or town on nine occasions, the most of any unit, ship or establishment in the Australian Defence Force.[17][8][18]Alice Springs: 1984\nBroome: 1987\nDarwin: 1982 and 2016\nDerby: 1983\nKatherine: 1986\nKununurra: 1990\nTennant Creek: 1994\nWyndham: 1986In 2006, the regiment celebrated its 25th birthday by being presented with its first stand of colours.[19]","title":"Freedoms of Entry"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"\"Unit History—the Pilbara Regiment\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20110608093509/http://www.army.gov.au/pilbara/Unit_History.asp"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.defence.gov.au/ARMY/PILBARA/Unit_History.asp"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKuring2004390_2-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKuring2004390_2-1"},{"link_name":"Kuring 2004","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFKuring2004"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERosenzweig200133_3-0"},{"link_name":"Rosenzweig 2001","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFRosenzweig2001"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-NORFORCE_4-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-NORFORCE_4-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-NORFORCE_4-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-NORFORCE_4-3"},{"link_name":"\"Unit History—North West Mobile Force\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20110927162337/http://www.army.gov.au/norforce/Unit_History.asp"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.army.gov.au/norforce/Unit_History.asp"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-MessageStick_5-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-MessageStick_5-1"},{"link_name":"\"Norforce\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.abc.net.au/tv/messagestick/stories/s1222121.htm"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-outreach_6-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-outreach_6-1"},{"link_name":"\"Operation OUTREACH NT\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.defence.gov.au/opEx/global/opoutreach/norforce.htm"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrey2008141_7-0"},{"link_name":"Grey 2008","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFGrey2008"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERosenzweig2001230%E2%80%93252_8-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERosenzweig2001230%E2%80%93252_8-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERosenzweig2001230%E2%80%93252_8-2"},{"link_name":"Rosenzweig 2001","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFRosenzweig2001"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERosenzweig200172%E2%80%9373_9-0"},{"link_name":"Rosenzweig 2001","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFRosenzweig2001"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacrae19948%E2%80%9312_10-0"},{"link_name":"Macrae 1994","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFMacrae1994"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-NAFOMAG_11-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-NAFOMAG_11-1"},{"link_name":"\"Border Security in Australia: NORFORCE Patrols Australia's Top End\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20160506131208/http://www.nafomag.com/2015/02/border-security-in-australia-norforce.html"},{"link_name":"ISSN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0722-8880","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/issn/0722-8880"},{"link_name":"cite news","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_news"},{"link_name":"link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_bot:_original_URL_status_unknown"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHancock2010_12-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHancock2010_12-1"},{"link_name":"Hancock 2010","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFHancock2010"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELangtryBall1991235_13-0"},{"link_name":"Langtry & Ball 1991","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFLangtryBall1991"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERosenzweig200168_14-0"},{"link_name":"Rosenzweig 2001","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFRosenzweig2001"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-15"},{"link_name":"\"New Australian Army G-Wagon 6X6 Reconnaissance Vehicle Fitted With Weapons Suite\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//blogs.ottawacitizen.com/2013/10/02/photo-new-australian-army-g-wagon-6x6-reconnaissance-vehicle-fitted-with-weapons-suite/"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERosenzweig200174%E2%80%9378_16-0"},{"link_name":"Rosenzweig 2001","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFRosenzweig2001"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERosenzweig2001227_17-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERosenzweig2001227_17-1"},{"link_name":"Rosenzweig 2001","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFRosenzweig2001"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-:0_18-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-:0_18-1"},{"link_name":"\"NORFORCE to exercise Freedom of Entry – 13 August\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.contactairlandandsea.com/2016/08/09/norforce-2/"},{"link_name":"ISSN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1449-2385","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/issn/1449-2385"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcSweeney2006_19-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcSweeney2006_19-1"},{"link_name":"McSweeney 2006","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFMcSweeney2006"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-20"},{"link_name":"\"Global Operations: Border Protection\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.defence.gov.au/op/borderprotection/general.htm"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGaze2010_21-0"},{"link_name":"Gaze 2010","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFGaze2010"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-22"},{"link_name":"\"North West Mobile Force\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.army.gov.au/Our-people/Units/Forces-Command/2nd-Division/North-West-Mobile-Force"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-23"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-24"},{"link_name":"\"North West Mobile Force\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20110918071710/http://www.army.gov.au/norforce/default.asp"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.army.gov.au/norforce/default.asp"}],"text":"^ \"Unit History—the Pilbara Regiment\". Department of Defence. 2009. Archived from the original on 8 June 2011. Retrieved 11 June 2010.\n\n^ a b Kuring 2004, p. 390.\n\n^ Rosenzweig 2001, p. 33.\n\n^ a b c d \"Unit History—North West Mobile Force\". Department of Defence. 2009. Archived from the original on 27 September 2011. Retrieved 12 June 2010.\n\n^ a b \"Norforce\". Message Stick (Transcript). Australian Broadcasting Commission. 22 October 2004. Retrieved 29 January 2016.\n\n^ a b \"Operation OUTREACH NT\". Department of Defence. Retrieved 8 June 2009.\n\n^ Grey 2008, p. 141.\n\n^ a b c Rosenzweig 2001, pp. 230–252.\n\n^ Rosenzweig 2001, pp. 72–73.\n\n^ Macrae 1994, pp. 8–12.\n\n^ a b \"Border Security in Australia: NORFORCE Patrols Australia's Top End\". Naval Forces Magazine. Farnborough, England: Moench. 12 February 2015. ISSN 0722-8880. Archived from the original on 6 May 2016.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)\n\n^ a b Hancock 2010.\n\n^ Langtry & Ball 1991, p. 235.\n\n^ Rosenzweig 2001, p. 68.\n\n^ \"New Australian Army G-Wagon 6X6 Reconnaissance Vehicle Fitted With Weapons Suite\". Ottawa Citizen. 2 October 2013. Retrieved 11 June 2010.\n\n^ Rosenzweig 2001, pp. 74–78.\n\n^ a b Rosenzweig 2001, p. 227.\n\n^ a b Hartigan, Brian (9 August 2016). \"NORFORCE to exercise Freedom of Entry – 13 August\". Contact Air, Land and Sea. Dickson, Australian Capital Territory. ISSN 1449-2385. Retrieved 12 November 2016.\n\n^ a b McSweeney 2006.\n\n^ \"Global Operations: Border Protection\". Department of Defence. 2013. Retrieved 11 June 2010.\n\n^ Gaze 2010.\n\n^ \"North West Mobile Force\". Australian Army. Department of Defence. Retrieved 27 May 2015.\n\n^ Beurich, Sebastian (1 November 2018). \"Power of three as spears go on parade\". Army News (1431 ed.). p. 3.\n\n^ \"North West Mobile Force\". Australian Army. Department of Defence. Archived from the original on 18 September 2011. Retrieved 21 January 2012.","title":"Notes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISSN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0048-8933","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/issn/0048-8933"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Royal_Australian_Infantry_Corps_Regiments"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Royal_Australian_Infantry_Corps_Regiments"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Royal_Australian_Infantry_Corps_Regiments"},{"link_name":"Australian Army Infantry Regiments","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Australian_Infantry_Corps"},{"link_name":"Reserve Infantry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Army_Reserve"},{"link_name":"Royal Queensland Regiment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Queensland_Regiment"},{"link_name":"Royal New South Wales Regiment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_New_South_Wales_Regiment"},{"link_name":"Royal Victoria Regiment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Victoria_Regiment"},{"link_name":"Royal South Australia Regiment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_South_Australia_Regiment"},{"link_name":"Royal Western Australia Regiment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Western_Australia_Regiment"},{"link_name":"Royal Tasmania Regiment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Tasmania_Regiment"},{"link_name":"Sydney University Regiment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sydney_University_Regiment"},{"link_name":"Melbourne University Regiment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melbourne_University_Regiment"},{"link_name":"Queensland University Regiment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queensland_University_Regiment"},{"link_name":"Adelaide Universities Regiment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adelaide_Universities_Regiment"},{"link_name":"Western Australia University Regiment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Australia_University_Regiment"},{"link_name":"University of New South Wales Regiment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_New_South_Wales_Regiment"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Australian_Army_Emblem.svg"},{"link_name":"Royal Australian Regiment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Australian_Regiment"},{"link_name":"Regional Force Surveillance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regional_Force_Surveillance_Units"},{"link_name":"NORFORCE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Pilbara Regiment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pilbara_Regiment"},{"link_name":"Far North Queensland Regiment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/51st_Battalion,_Far_North_Queensland_Regiment"},{"link_name":"Special Forces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_forces_of_Australia"},{"link_name":"1st Commando Regiment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1st_Commando_Regiment_(Australia)"},{"link_name":"2nd Commando Regiment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2nd_Commando_Regiment_(Australia)"},{"link_name":"Special Air Service Regiment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_Air_Service_Regiment"}],"text":"Rosenzweig, Paul (1996). \"Northern Vedettes: A History of Military Defences in Northern Australia\". Sabretache. 37 (3, July/September). Military Historical Society of Australia: 3–10. ISSN 0048-8933.vteAustralian Army Infantry RegimentsReserve Infantry\nRoyal Queensland Regiment\nRoyal New South Wales Regiment\nRoyal Victoria Regiment\nRoyal South Australia Regiment\nRoyal Western Australia Regiment\nRoyal Tasmania Regiment\nSydney University Regiment\nMelbourne University Regiment\nQueensland University Regiment\nAdelaide Universities Regiment\nWestern Australia University Regiment\nUniversity of New South Wales Regiment\nRegular Infantry\nRoyal Australian Regiment\nRegional Force Surveillance\nNORFORCE\nPilbara Regiment\nFar North Queensland Regiment\nSpecial Forces\n1st Commando Regiment\n2nd Commando Regiment\nSpecial Air Service Regiment","title":"Further reading"}]
|
[{"image_text":"NORFORCE Area of Operations","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/12/NorforceAO.PNG"}]
|
[{"title":"Northern Command (Australia)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Command_(Australia)"}]
|
[{"reference":"\"Unit History—the Pilbara Regiment\". Department of Defence. 2009. Archived from the original on 8 June 2011. Retrieved 11 June 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110608093509/http://www.army.gov.au/pilbara/Unit_History.asp","url_text":"\"Unit History—the Pilbara Regiment\""},{"url":"http://www.defence.gov.au/ARMY/PILBARA/Unit_History.asp","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Unit History—North West Mobile Force\". Department of Defence. 2009. Archived from the original on 27 September 2011. Retrieved 12 June 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110927162337/http://www.army.gov.au/norforce/Unit_History.asp","url_text":"\"Unit History—North West Mobile Force\""},{"url":"http://www.army.gov.au/norforce/Unit_History.asp","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Norforce\". Message Stick (Transcript). Australian Broadcasting Commission. 22 October 2004. Retrieved 29 January 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.abc.net.au/tv/messagestick/stories/s1222121.htm","url_text":"\"Norforce\""}]},{"reference":"\"Operation OUTREACH NT\". Department of Defence. Retrieved 8 June 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.defence.gov.au/opEx/global/opoutreach/norforce.htm","url_text":"\"Operation OUTREACH NT\""}]},{"reference":"\"Border Security in Australia: NORFORCE Patrols Australia's Top End\". Naval Forces Magazine. Farnborough, England: Moench. 12 February 2015. ISSN 0722-8880. Archived from the original on 6 May 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160506131208/http://www.nafomag.com/2015/02/border-security-in-australia-norforce.html","url_text":"\"Border Security in Australia: NORFORCE Patrols Australia's Top End\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0722-8880","url_text":"0722-8880"}]},{"reference":"\"New Australian Army G-Wagon 6X6 Reconnaissance Vehicle Fitted With Weapons Suite\". Ottawa Citizen. 2 October 2013. Retrieved 11 June 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://blogs.ottawacitizen.com/2013/10/02/photo-new-australian-army-g-wagon-6x6-reconnaissance-vehicle-fitted-with-weapons-suite/","url_text":"\"New Australian Army G-Wagon 6X6 Reconnaissance Vehicle Fitted With Weapons Suite\""}]},{"reference":"Hartigan, Brian (9 August 2016). \"NORFORCE to exercise Freedom of Entry – 13 August\". Contact Air, Land and Sea. Dickson, Australian Capital Territory. ISSN 1449-2385. Retrieved 12 November 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.contactairlandandsea.com/2016/08/09/norforce-2/","url_text":"\"NORFORCE to exercise Freedom of Entry – 13 August\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1449-2385","url_text":"1449-2385"}]},{"reference":"\"Global Operations: Border Protection\". Department of Defence. 2013. Retrieved 11 June 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.defence.gov.au/op/borderprotection/general.htm","url_text":"\"Global Operations: Border Protection\""}]},{"reference":"\"North West Mobile Force\". Australian Army. Department of Defence. Retrieved 27 May 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.army.gov.au/Our-people/Units/Forces-Command/2nd-Division/North-West-Mobile-Force","url_text":"\"North West Mobile Force\""}]},{"reference":"Beurich, Sebastian (1 November 2018). \"Power of three as spears go on parade\". Army News (1431 ed.). p. 3.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"North West Mobile Force\". Australian Army. Department of Defence. Archived from the original on 18 September 2011. Retrieved 21 January 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110918071710/http://www.army.gov.au/norforce/default.asp","url_text":"\"North West Mobile Force\""},{"url":"http://www.army.gov.au/norforce/default.asp","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Gaze, Jillian (18 March 2010). \"Key to Adaptability\". Army News. Australian Army. Retrieved 20 March 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://digital.realviewtechnologies.com/default.aspx?xml=defencenews_army.xml","url_text":"\"Key to Adaptability\""}]},{"reference":"Grey, Jeffrey (2008). A Military History of Australia (3rd ed.). Melbourne: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-69791-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeffrey_Grey","url_text":"Grey, Jeffrey"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-69791-0","url_text":"978-0-521-69791-0"}]},{"reference":"Hancock, David (7 July 2010). \"Green Skin: Australia's Indigenous Army\". Australian Geographic. Retrieved 9 August 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.australiangeographic.com.au/journal/green-skin-australias-indigenous-army.htm","url_text":"\"Green Skin: Australia's Indigenous Army\""}]},{"reference":"Kuring, Ian (2004). Redcoats to Cams: A History of Australian Infantry 1788–2001. Loftus: Australian Military Historical Publications. ISBN 1-876439-99-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-876439-99-8","url_text":"1-876439-99-8"}]},{"reference":"Langtry, J. O.; Ball, Desmond, eds. (1991). The Northern Territory in the Defence of Australia: Strategic and Operational Considerations. Canberra Papers on Strategy and Defence. Vol. 73. Strategic and Defence Studies Centre, Research School of Pacific Studies, Australian National University. ISBN 9780731511563.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780731511563","url_text":"9780731511563"}]},{"reference":"Macrae, Ian (1994). \"Dreamtime Diggers\". Army Magazine. 19 (Winter): 8–12. ISSN 1034-3695.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1034-3695","url_text":"1034-3695"}]},{"reference":"McSweeney, Mike (13 July 2006). \"True Colours for NORFORCE\". Army: The Soldiers' Newspaper (1147 ed.). Canberra: Department of Defence. ISSN 0729-5685. Archived from the original on 10 November 2012. Retrieved 8 June 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121110154737/http://www.defence.gov.au/news/armynews/editions/1147/topstories/story05.htm","url_text":"\"True Colours for NORFORCE\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0729-5685","url_text":"0729-5685"},{"url":"http://www.defence.gov.au/news/armynews/editions/1147/topstories/story05.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Rosenzweig, Paul A (2001). Ever Vigilant: The Regimental History of the North West Mobile Force (NORFORCE) 1981–2001. Darwin: North West Mobile Force. ISBN 1-876248-61-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-876248-61-0","url_text":"1-876248-61-0"}]},{"reference":"Rosenzweig, Paul (1996). \"Northern Vedettes: A History of Military Defences in Northern Australia\". Sabretache. 37 (3, July/September). Military Historical Society of Australia: 3–10. ISSN 0048-8933.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0048-8933","url_text":"0048-8933"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Agency_for_Prevention_of_Corruption
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National Agency on Corruption Prevention
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["1 Heads of the agency","2 See also","3 References"]
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Ukrainian government agency
National Agency on Corruption Prevention (Національне агентство з питань запобігання корупції)Nacionaľne ahenctvo z pytań zapobihanńa korupcijiAgency overviewFormed2016Jurisdiction Ukraine governmentAgency executiveViktor Pavlushchyk, HeadWebsitenazk.gov.ua
Politics of Ukraine
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President
Volodymyr Zelenskyy
Office of the President
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Denys Shmyhal
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Shmyhal Government
Legislature
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Chairman: Ruslan Stefanchuk
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Minister: Dmytro Kuleba
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Diplomatic missions of Ukrainein Ukraine
See also
Ukrainian nationalism
Declaration of Independence
Proclamation of Independence
Cassette Scandal
Ukraine without Kuchma
Orange Revolution
Russia–Ukraine gas disputes
Universal of National Unity
Political crises of 200620072008
Kharkiv Pact
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Ukraine portal
Other countries
vte
The National Agency on Corruption Prevention (Ukrainian: Національне агентство з питань запобігання корупції, Nacionaľne ahenctvo z pytań zapobihanńa korupciji) or NACP is a national anti-corruption agency of the Ukrainian government which is responsible for shaping and implementing anti-corruption policy, while creating an environment conducive to corruption prevention. It has been functioning since 2016.
The agency is one of the three anti-corruption pillars of Ukraine, created after the Euromaidan revolution, along with the National Anti-Corruption Bureau of Ukraine (NABU) and the Specialized Anti-Corruption Prosecutor's Office (SAPO).
In contrast to the NABU, which is a law-enforcement institution, the NACP has a preventive function. As such, the Agency develops regulations that help prevent corruption and ensures compliance with them.
The candidates of the 2019 Ukrainian presidential election were required submit a declaration of income for the year preceding the year of the beginning of the election. These documents will be scrutinized by the National Agency on Corruption Prevention who will subsequently publish the results of the audit.
As one of its major services, the agency runs an anti-corruption portal. The agency maintains a list called International Sponsors of War with companies they deem contribute to the Russian war effort in Ukraine.
Heads of the agency
Natalia Korchak (2015–2018)
Natalia Novak (acting, 2019)
Oleksandr Novikov (2019–2024)
Viktor Pavlushchyk (2024, incumbent)
See also
2020–2022 Ukrainian constitutional crisis
Civil Oversight Council of the National Anti-corruption Bureau of Ukraine
Corruption in Ukraine – Institutional corruption in the country
European Union Anti-Corruption Initiative in Ukraine – Technical assistance in fighting corruption by the EU and Denmark in Ukraine
High Anti-Corruption Court of Ukraine – Ukrainian court concerning corruption in Ukraine
List of anti-corruption agencies
References
^ a b c "Prosecutor Chosen As Ukraine's New Anti-Corruption Chief". Radio Free Europe. December 16, 2019. Retrieved December 18, 2019.
^ a b "Government formally appoints Pavlushchyk as corruption prevention agency chief". The Kyiv Independent. February 27, 2024. Retrieved February 27, 2024.
^ "National Agency on Corruption Prevention - NACP - Network for Integrity". Network for integrity. 2022. Archived from the original on 2022-06-09. Retrieved 2018-05-03.
^ a b (in Ukrainian) Elections of the President of Ukraine 2019: figures, dates and candidates, Ukrayinska Pravda (14 November 2018)
^ "NACP Anti-corruption Portal". antycorportal.nazk.gov.ua. Retrieved 25 October 2023.
^ "International sponsor of war". sanctions.nazk.gov.ua. Archived from the original on 2023-11-24. Retrieved 2023-07-03.
^ "Ukraine: Govt. adds 29 intl. companies to list of war sponsors due to their continued operations in Russia". Business & Human Rights Resource Centre. Retrieved 2023-07-04.
^ Ex-NACP head Korchak suspected of inaccurate property declaration, Interfax-Ukraine (28 October 2019)
^ a b Novikov becomes new head of National Agency for Prevention of Corruption, Ukrinform (15 January 2020)
^ "Government appointed Natalia Novak acting Head of the National Agency on Corruption Prevention". Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine. October 20, 2019. Retrieved December 2, 2019.
vteSpecial anti-corruption state institutions in UkraineCurrent
National Agency on Corruption Prevention (NACP) (monitoring)
National Anti-Corruption Bureau of Ukraine (NABU) (enforcement)
High Anti-Corruption Court of Ukraine
Public Integrity Council
Specialized Anti-Corruption Prosecutor's Office (SAPO)
State Bureau of Investigation (DBR, SBI)
Verkhovna Rada Committee in prevention and counteraction against corruption
Anti-Corruption Action Center (non-state)
Transparency International Ukraine (non-state)
Former
National Bureau of Investigation (2005-08)
vteCentral offices of executive authority of UkraineServices
Archive
Aviation
Audit
Border Guard
Customs
Quality of Education
Emergencies
Employment
Export Control
Financial Monitoring
Fiscal
on issues of Food Safety and Consumer Protection
on issues of Geodesy, Cartography, and Cadaster
Geology and Earth Bowels
Health
on issues of Labor
Medications and Drugs Control
Migration
Penitentiary
Regulatory
Sea and River Transport
Security on Transport
Special Communications and Protection of Information
Statistics
Tax
Treasury
on issues of Veterans
Agencies
Automobile Roads
on issues of Cinema
on issues of Civil Service
Energy Efficiency and Energy Saving
Exclusion Zone Management
Fishing
Forest Resources
on issues of Electronic Governance
Prevention of Corruption
Reserves
Space
Water Resources
Discovery, Search and Management of Assets
Infrastructural Projects
Inspections
Architecture and Construction
on issues of Consumer Rights Protection
Ecological
Energy Supervision
Nuclear Regulation
Educational Institutions
Other and special
Anti-Monopoly Committee
Council for the State Support of Cinematography
Ethics Council
Pension Fund
Police
Institute of National Remembrance
State Researches Fund
Social Insurance State Fund
State Property Fund
Guaranty Deposits of Physical Individuals Fund
Ukrainian Cultural Fund
Agrarian Fund
Assistance of Youth Housing Development State Fund
Precious metals and Precious stones State Fund
State Fund of Fundamental Researches
State Fund of Inventions
State Cartography and Geodesy Fund
State Informational Geologic Fund
Committee for Television and Radio-broadcasting
Anti-Corruption Bureau
State Bureau of Investigation
Ombudsmen
Deregulation of Economic Activity
Cooperation with international financial organizations and Attraction of international technical assistance
European Court of Human Rights
Ethno-National Policy
cooperation with the Russian Federation, state-participants of the Commonwealth of Independent States, Eurasian Economic Cooperation and other regional associations
European Integration
Anti-Corruption Policy
Human Rights
Children Rights
Crimean Tatars
Health Rehabilitation of the ATO participants
Handicapped People Rights
Education
Business
Government of Ukraine
vteCorruptionCorruption in different fields
Corporate crime
Corruption in local government
Interest group corruption
Police corruption
Political corruption
Measures of corruption
Corruption Perceptions Index
Economics of corruption
Forms or aspectsof corruptionGeneral
Baksheesh
Black market / Grey market
Bribery
Collusion
Commercial bribery
Confidence trick
Embezzlement
Extortion
Fraud
Graft (politics)
Honest services fraud
Kickback
Match fixing
Money laundering
Cryptocurrency and crime
Hawala and crime
Noble cause corruption
Professional courtesy
Slush fund
Tax evasion
Tax haven
Offshore investment
Offshore financial centre
State
Clientelism
Coronelism
Crony capitalism
Cronyism
Elite capture
Failed state
Kleptocracy
Mafia state
Nepotism
Plutocracy
Political scandal
Regulatory capture
Rent-seeking
Rent-setting
State capture
State crime
Elections
Ballot stuffing
Electoral fraud
Election security
Gerrymandering
Vote pairing
Vote suppression
Institutions dealing with corruptionInternational
Global Financial Integrity
Global Witness
Group of States Against Corruption
International Anti-Corruption Academy
Mo Ibrahim Foundation
Transparency International
UNCAC Coalition of Civil Society Organisations
National
Oficina Anticorrupción (Argentina)
Australian Criminal Intelligence Commission
Anti-Corruption Commission (Bangladesh) (Bangladesh)
Anti-corruption and Economic Malpractice Observatory (Burundi)
National Anti-Corruption Observatory (Cameroon)
National Supervisory Commission (China)
Independent Commission Against Corruption (Hong Kong)
Commission Against Corruption (Macau)
USKOK (Croatia)
Fiji Independent Commission Against Corruption
Central Vigilance Commission (India)
KPK (Indonesia)
Corruption Prevention and Combating Bureau (Latvia)
Governance and Economic Management Assistance Program (Liberia)
Special Investigation Service of the Republic of Lithuania
BIANCO (Madagascar)
Malaysian Anti-Corruption Commission
Anti-Corruption Commission of Myanmar (Myanmar)
Independent Corrupt Practices Commission (Nigeria)
National Accountability Bureau (Pakistan)
Investigation Task Force Sweep (Papua New Guinea)
Central Anticorruption Bureau (Poland)
Anti-Corruption General Directorate (Romania)
National Anticorruption Directorate (Romania)
Investigative Committee of Russia (Russia)
Sierra Leone Anti-corruption Commission
Corrupt Practices Investigation Bureau (Singapore)
Commission for the Prevention of Corruption of the Republic of Slovenia
Anti-Corruption and Civil Rights Commission (South Korea)
Servicio de Vigilancia Aduanera (Spain)
National Anti-Corruption Bureau of Ukraine (Ukraine)
Warioba Commission (Tanzania)
Central Steering Committee for Anti-Corruption (Vietnam)
Anti-corruptionLaws andenforcement
Citizen's Charter and Grievance Redressal Bill 2011 (pending)
Foreign Corrupt Practices Act
Foreign Extortion Prevention Act
Freedom of information laws by country
The Lokpal and Lokayuktas Act, 2013
UK Bribery Act of 2010
Whistleblower protection
Internationalinstrumentsand efforts
Inter-American Convention Against Corruption
International asset recovery
International Association of Anti-Corruption Authorities
OECD Anti-Bribery Convention
United Nations Convention against Corruption
Protestmovements
2011 Azerbaijani protests
2011 Indian anti-corruption movement
2012 Indian anti-corruption movement
Anti-austerity movement in Spain
Movement for Peace with Justice and Dignity
Russian anti-corruption campaign
Yo Soy 132
2017–2019 Romanian protests
2017–2018 Russian protests
This article about an organization in Ukraine is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
This government agency–related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[]
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[{"title":"2020–2022 Ukrainian constitutional crisis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020%E2%80%932022_Ukrainian_constitutional_crisis"},{"title":"Civil Oversight Council of the National Anti-corruption Bureau of Ukraine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_Oversight_Council_of_the_National_Anti-corruption_Bureau_of_Ukraine"},{"title":"Corruption in Ukraine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corruption_in_Ukraine"},{"title":"European Union Anti-Corruption Initiative in Ukraine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union_Anti-Corruption_Initiative_in_Ukraine"},{"title":"High Anti-Corruption Court of Ukraine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_Anti-Corruption_Court_of_Ukraine"},{"title":"List of anti-corruption agencies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_anti-corruption_agencies"}]
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[{"reference":"\"Prosecutor Chosen As Ukraine's New Anti-Corruption Chief\". Radio Free Europe. December 16, 2019. Retrieved December 18, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rferl.org/a/prosecutor-chosen-as-ukraine-s-new-anti-corruption-chief/30328199.html","url_text":"\"Prosecutor Chosen As Ukraine's New Anti-Corruption Chief\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_Free_Europe","url_text":"Radio Free Europe"}]},{"reference":"\"Government formally appoints Pavlushchyk as corruption prevention agency chief\". The Kyiv Independent. February 27, 2024. Retrieved February 27, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://kyivindependent.com/government-formally-appoints-viktor-pavlushchyk/","url_text":"\"Government formally appoints Pavlushchyk as corruption prevention agency chief\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Kyiv_Independent","url_text":"The Kyiv Independent"}]},{"reference":"\"National Agency on Corruption Prevention - NACP - Network for Integrity\". Network for integrity. 2022. Archived from the original on 2022-06-09. Retrieved 2018-05-03.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.networkforintegrity.org/continents/europe/national-agency-corruption-prevention-nacp/","url_text":"\"National Agency on Corruption Prevention - NACP - Network for Integrity\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Network_for_integrity&action=edit&redlink=1","url_text":"Network for integrity"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220609021604/https://networkforintegrity.org/continents/europe/national-agency-corruption-prevention-nacp/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"NACP Anti-corruption Portal\". antycorportal.nazk.gov.ua. Retrieved 25 October 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://antycorportal.nazk.gov.ua/en/","url_text":"\"NACP Anti-corruption Portal\""}]},{"reference":"\"International sponsor of war\". sanctions.nazk.gov.ua. Archived from the original on 2023-11-24. Retrieved 2023-07-03.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20231124112721/https://sanctions.nazk.gov.ua/en/boycott/","url_text":"\"International sponsor of war\""},{"url":"https://sanctions.nazk.gov.ua/en/boycott/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Ukraine: Govt. adds 29 intl. companies to list of war sponsors due to their continued operations in Russia\". Business & Human Rights Resource Centre. Retrieved 2023-07-04.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.business-humanrights.org/en/latest-news/ukraine-govt-adds-intl-companies-to-war-sponsors-list-due-to-continued-operations-in-russia/","url_text":"\"Ukraine: Govt. adds 29 intl. companies to list of war sponsors due to their continued operations in Russia\""}]},{"reference":"\"Government appointed Natalia Novak acting Head of the National Agency on Corruption Prevention\". Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine. October 20, 2019. Retrieved December 2, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.kmu.gov.ua/en/news/uryad-poklav-vikonannya-obovyazkiv-golovi-nazk-na-novak-nataliyu-vasilivnu","url_text":"\"Government appointed Natalia Novak acting Head of the National Agency on Corruption Prevention\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabinet_of_Ministers_of_Ukraine","url_text":"Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine"}]}]
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[{"Link":"https://nazk.gov.ua/","external_links_name":"nazk.gov.ua"},{"Link":"https://www.rferl.org/a/prosecutor-chosen-as-ukraine-s-new-anti-corruption-chief/30328199.html","external_links_name":"\"Prosecutor Chosen As Ukraine's New Anti-Corruption Chief\""},{"Link":"https://kyivindependent.com/government-formally-appoints-viktor-pavlushchyk/","external_links_name":"\"Government formally appoints Pavlushchyk as corruption prevention agency chief\""},{"Link":"http://www.networkforintegrity.org/continents/europe/national-agency-corruption-prevention-nacp/","external_links_name":"\"National Agency on Corruption Prevention - NACP - Network for Integrity\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220609021604/https://networkforintegrity.org/continents/europe/national-agency-corruption-prevention-nacp/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.pravda.com.ua/articles/2018/11/14/7198122/","external_links_name":"Elections of the President of Ukraine 2019: figures, dates and candidates"},{"Link":"https://antycorportal.nazk.gov.ua/en/","external_links_name":"\"NACP Anti-corruption Portal\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20231124112721/https://sanctions.nazk.gov.ua/en/boycott/","external_links_name":"\"International sponsor of war\""},{"Link":"https://sanctions.nazk.gov.ua/en/boycott/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.business-humanrights.org/en/latest-news/ukraine-govt-adds-intl-companies-to-war-sponsors-list-due-to-continued-operations-in-russia/","external_links_name":"\"Ukraine: Govt. adds 29 intl. companies to list of war sponsors due to their continued operations in Russia\""},{"Link":"https://en.interfax.com.ua/news/general/621273.html","external_links_name":"Ex-NACP head Korchak suspected of inaccurate property declaration"},{"Link":"https://www.ukrinform.net/rubric-polytics/2856211-novikov-becomes-new-head-of-national-agency-for-prevention-of-corruption.html","external_links_name":"Novikov becomes new head of National Agency for Prevention of Corruption"},{"Link":"https://www.kmu.gov.ua/en/news/uryad-poklav-vikonannya-obovyazkiv-golovi-nazk-na-novak-nataliyu-vasilivnu","external_links_name":"\"Government appointed Natalia Novak acting Head of the National Agency on Corruption Prevention\""},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=National_Agency_on_Corruption_Prevention&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=National_Agency_on_Corruption_Prevention&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C5%8Dzuke_province
|
Kōzuke Province
|
["1 History","2 Historical districts","3 Bakumatsu period domains","4 Notes","5 References","6 External links"]
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Former province of Japan
Map of Japanese provinces (1868) with Kōzuke Province highlighted
Kōzuke Province (上野国, Kōzuke-no kuni) was a province of Japan in the area of Japan that is today Gunma Prefecture. Kōzuke bordered by Echigo, Shinano, Musashi and Shimotsuke Provinces. Its abbreviated form name was Jōshū (上州). Under the Engishiki classification system, Kōzuke was ranked as one of the 13 "great countries" (大国) in terms of importance, and one of the 30 "far countries" (遠国) in terms of distance from the capital. The provincial capital is located in what is now the city of Maebashi; however, its exact location remains uncertain. The ichinomiya of the province is located in what is now the city of Tomioka.
Hiroshige ukiyo-e " Kōzuke " in "The Famous Scenes of the Sixty States" (六十余州名所図会), depicting Mount Haruna Under Snow
History
During the 4th century AD, (Kofun period) the area of modern Gunma and Tochigi prefectures were known as Keno or Kenu (毛野), literally "hairy field", but used as ateji for 食野 or "food field" in reference to an imperial agricultural area. At some unknown point in the 5th century, the area was divided at the Kinugawa River into Kamitsukeno (上毛野) ("Upper Keno") and Shimotsukeno (下毛野) ("Lower Keno"). Per the Nara period Taihō Code, these provinces became Kamitsukeno-no-kuni (上毛野国) and Shimotsukeno-no-kuni (下毛野国). At some point, the no meaning "field" was reanalyzed as the possessive particle no, resulting in shortened names (without the Kuni (国) or "province" portion) of Kamitsuke and Shimotsuke. In 713, with the standardization of province names into two kanji, these names became Kamitsuke (上野) and Shimotsuke (下野). Later regular sound changes caused Kamitsuke to shift to Kaudzuke, and then to modern Kōzuke.
During the Heian period, from the year 811, Kōzuke (along with Hitachi and Kazusa) was one of the three provinces where an Imperial Prince was designated as nominal ruler. The area was noted for its production of horses. The original capital of the province was located in what is now Maebashi, along with the kokubun-ji and the sōja of the province. The ichinomiya was located in what is now the city of Tomioka.
During the Sengoku period, Kōzuke was contested between the later Hōjō clan, the Takeda and the Uesugi clans. After the establishment of the Tokugawa Shogunate, much of the province was assigned to several feudal domains. The Nakasendō and the Mikuni Kaidō highways passed through the province, and numerous post stations were established.
Following the Meiji restoration, the various domains became prefectures with the abolition of the han system in 1871. These various prefectures merged to form Gunma Prefecture in 1876. The area subsequently prospered with the development of sericulture and silk spinning industries.
Historical districts
Gunma Prefecture
Agatsuma District (吾妻郡)
Gunma District (群馬郡)
Higashigunma District (東群馬郡) - merged with Minamiseta District to become the 2nd incarnation of Seta District (勢多郡) on April 1, 1896
Nishigunma District (西群馬郡) - merged with Kataoka District to become the 2nd incarnation of Gunma District (群馬郡) on April 1, 1896
Kanra District (甘楽郡)
Kitakanra District (北甘楽郡) - renamed as Kanra District (甘楽郡) on April 1, 1950
Minamikanra District (南甘楽郡) - merged with Midono and Tago Districts to become Tano District (多野郡) on April 1, 1896
Kataoka District (片岡郡) - merged with Nishigunma District to become the 2nd incarnation of Gunma District on April 1, 1896
Kitagunma District (北群馬郡) - split off from Gunma District on October 1, 1949
Midono District (緑野郡) - merged with Minamikanra and Tago Districts to become Tano District on April 1, 1896
Nawa District (佐波郡) - merged with Sai District to become Sawa District (佐波郡) on April 1, 1896
Nitta District (新田郡) - dissolved
Ōra District (邑楽郡)
Sai District (佐波郡) - merged with Nawa District to become Sawa District on April 1, 1896
Seta District (勢多郡)
Kitaseta District (北勢多郡) - merged into Tone District on April 1, 1896
Minamiseta District (南勢多郡) - merged with Higashigunma District to become the 2nd incarnation of Seta District on April 1, 1896
Tago District (多胡郡) - merged with Minamikanra and Midono Districts to become Tano District on April 1, 1896
Tone District (利根郡) - absorbed Kitaseta District on April 1, 1896
Usui District (碓氷郡) - dissolved
Yamada District (山田郡) – dissolved
Bakumatsu period domains
Name
type
daimyō
kokudaka
notes
Maebashi Domain
fudai
Matsudaira
170,000 koku
Takasaki Domain
fudai
Ōkochi-Matsudaira
82,000 koku
Tatebayashi Domain
fudai
Akimoto
63,000 koku
Numata Domain
fudai
Toki
35,000 koku
Annaka Domain
fudai
Itakura
30,000 koku
Obata Domain
fudai
Okudaira-Matsudaira
20,000 koku
Isesaki Domain
fudai
Sakai
20,000 koku
Yoshii Domain
shimpan
Takatsukasa
12,000 koku
Nanukaichi Domain
tozama
Maeda
10,000 koku
Notes
^ Nussbaum, Louis-Frédéric. (2005). "Kōzuke" in Japan Encyclopedia, p. 990, p. 990, at Google Books.
^ a b 1988, 国語大辞典（新装版） (Kokugo Dai Jiten, Revised Edition) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan
^ 2006, 大辞林 (Daijirin), Third Edition (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Sanseidō, ISBN 4-385-13905-9
^ 1995, 大辞泉 (Daijisen) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan, ISBN 4-09-501211-0
References
Nussbaum, Louis-Frédéric and Käthe Roth. (2005). Japan encyclopedia. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-01753-5; OCLC 58053128
Papinot, Edmond. (1910). Historical and Geographic Dictionary of Japan. Tokyo: Librarie Sansaisha. OCLC 77691250
(in Japanese) Kōzuke on "Edo 300 HTML"
External links
Media related to Kozuke Province at Wikimedia Commons
Murdoch's map of provinces, 1903
vteFormer provinces of Japan (List)Kinai
Izumi
Kawachi
Settsu
Yamashiro
Yamato
Yoshino 716–738
Tōkaidō
Awa
Hitachi
Iga
Ise
Izu
Kai
Kazusa
Mikawa
Musashi
Owari
Sagami
Shima
Shimōsa
Suruga
Tōtōmi
Tōsandō
Dewa -1869
Hida
Iwaki 718–724
Iwaki 1869–
Iwase 718–724
Iwashiro 1869–
Kōzuke
Mino
Ōmi
Mutsu –1869
Rikuō (or Mutsu) 1869–
Rikuchū 1869–
Rikuzen 1869–
Shimotsuke
Shinano
Suwa 721–731
Ugo 1869–
Uzen 1869–
Hokurikudō
Echigo
Echizen
Etchū
Kaga
Noto
Sado
Wakasa
San'indō
Hōki
Inaba
Izumo
Iwami
Oki
Tajima
Tanba
Tango
San'yōdō
Aki
Bingo
Bitchū
Bizen
Harima
Mimasaka
Nagato
Suō
Nankaidō
Awa
Awaji
Iyo
Kii
Sanuki
Tosa
Saikaidō
Bungo
Buzen
Chikugo
Chikuzen
Higo
Hizen
Hyūga
Iki
Ōsumi
Satsuma
Tane 702–824
Tsushima
Hokkaidō1869–
Chishima
Hidaka
Iburi
Ishikari
Kitami
Kushiro
Nemuro
Oshima
Shiribeshi
Teshio
Tokachi
Pre-Taihō Codeprovinces
Chichibu
Fusa
Hi
Keno
Kibi
Koshi
Kumaso
Toyo
Tsukushi
Source: Nussbaum, Louis-Frédéric. (2005). "Provinces and prefectures" in Japan Encyclopedia, p. 780, p. 780, at Google Books; excerpt,
"Japan's former provinces were converted into prefectures by the Meiji government ... grouped, according to geographic position, into the 'five provinces of the Kinai' and 'seven circuits'."
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Provinces_of_Japan-Kozuke.svg"},{"link_name":"province of Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provinces_of_Japan"},{"link_name":"Gunma Prefecture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gunma_Prefecture"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Echigo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Echigo_Province"},{"link_name":"Shinano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shinano_Province"},{"link_name":"Musashi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musashi_Province"},{"link_name":"Shimotsuke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shimotsuke_Province"},{"link_name":"Engishiki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engishiki"},{"link_name":"Maebashi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maebashi,_Gunma"},{"link_name":"ichinomiya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ichinomiya"},{"link_name":"Tomioka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tomioka,_Gunma"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:26_Kozuke.jpg"},{"link_name":"Hiroshige","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiroshige"},{"link_name":"ukiyo-e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukiyo-e"}],"text":"Map of Japanese provinces (1868) with Kōzuke Province highlightedKōzuke Province (上野国, Kōzuke-no kuni) was a province of Japan in the area of Japan that is today Gunma Prefecture.[1] Kōzuke bordered by Echigo, Shinano, Musashi and Shimotsuke Provinces. Its abbreviated form name was Jōshū (上州). Under the Engishiki classification system, Kōzuke was ranked as one of the 13 \"great countries\" (大国) in terms of importance, and one of the 30 \"far countries\" (遠国) in terms of distance from the capital. The provincial capital is located in what is now the city of Maebashi; however, its exact location remains uncertain. The ichinomiya of the province is located in what is now the city of Tomioka.Hiroshige ukiyo-e \" Kōzuke \" in \"The Famous Scenes of the Sixty States\" (六十余州名所図会), depicting Mount Haruna Under Snow","title":"Kōzuke Province"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kofun period","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kofun_period"},{"link_name":"ateji","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ateji"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-KDJ-2"},{"link_name":"Kinugawa River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinugawa_River"},{"link_name":"Nara period","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nara_period"},{"link_name":"Taihō Code","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taih%C5%8D_Code"},{"link_name":"kanji","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanji"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-KDJ-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Heian period","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heian_period"},{"link_name":"Hitachi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitachi_Province"},{"link_name":"Kazusa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazusa_Province"},{"link_name":"Maebashi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maebashi,_Gunma"},{"link_name":"kokubun-ji","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kokubun-ji"},{"link_name":"sōja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C5%8Dja"},{"link_name":"ichinomiya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ichinomiya"},{"link_name":"Tomioka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tomioka,_Gunma"},{"link_name":"Sengoku period","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sengoku_period"},{"link_name":"later Hōjō clan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Later_H%C5%8Dj%C5%8D_clan"},{"link_name":"Takeda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Takeda_clan"},{"link_name":"Uesugi clans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uesugi_clan"},{"link_name":"Tokugawa Shogunate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokugawa_Shogunate"},{"link_name":"feudal domains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Han_system"},{"link_name":"Nakasendō","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nakasend%C5%8D"},{"link_name":"Mikuni Kaidō","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikuni_Kaid%C5%8D"},{"link_name":"post stations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shukuba"},{"link_name":"Meiji restoration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meiji_restoration"},{"link_name":"abolition of the han system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abolition_of_the_han_system"}],"text":"During the 4th century AD, (Kofun period) the area of modern Gunma and Tochigi prefectures were known as Keno or Kenu (毛野), literally \"hairy field\", but used as ateji for 食野 or \"food field\" in reference to an imperial agricultural area.[2] At some unknown point in the 5th century, the area was divided at the Kinugawa River into Kamitsukeno (上毛野) (\"Upper Keno\") and Shimotsukeno (下毛野) (\"Lower Keno\"). Per the Nara period Taihō Code, these provinces became Kamitsukeno-no-kuni (上毛野国) and Shimotsukeno-no-kuni (下毛野国). At some point, the no meaning \"field\" was reanalyzed as the possessive particle no, resulting in shortened names (without the Kuni (国) or \"province\" portion) of Kamitsuke and Shimotsuke. In 713, with the standardization of province names into two kanji, these names became Kamitsuke (上野) and Shimotsuke (下野). Later regular sound changes caused Kamitsuke to shift to Kaudzuke, and then to modern Kōzuke.[2][3][4]During the Heian period, from the year 811, Kōzuke (along with Hitachi and Kazusa) was one of the three provinces where an Imperial Prince was designated as nominal ruler. The area was noted for its production of horses. The original capital of the province was located in what is now Maebashi, along with the kokubun-ji and the sōja of the province. The ichinomiya was located in what is now the city of Tomioka.During the Sengoku period, Kōzuke was contested between the later Hōjō clan, the Takeda and the Uesugi clans. After the establishment of the Tokugawa Shogunate, much of the province was assigned to several feudal domains. The Nakasendō and the Mikuni Kaidō highways passed through the province, and numerous post stations were established.Following the Meiji restoration, the various domains became prefectures with the abolition of the han system in 1871. These various prefectures merged to form Gunma Prefecture in 1876. The area subsequently prospered with the development of sericulture and silk spinning industries.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gunma Prefecture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gunma_Prefecture"},{"link_name":"Agatsuma District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agatsuma_District,_Gunma"},{"link_name":"Gunma District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gunma_District,_K%C5%8Dzuke&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Higashigunma District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Higashigunma_District,_Gunma&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Seta District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seta_District,_Gunma"},{"link_name":"Nishigunma District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nishigunma_District,_Gunma"},{"link_name":"Gunma District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gunma_District,_Gunma"},{"link_name":"Kanra District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kanra_District,_K%C5%8Dzuke&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Kitakanra District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kitakanra_District,_Gunma"},{"link_name":"Kanra District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanra_District,_Gunma"},{"link_name":"Minamikanra District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minamikanra_District,_Gunma"},{"link_name":"Tano District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tano_District,_Gunma"},{"link_name":"Kataoka District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kataoka_District,_Gunma"},{"link_name":"Kitagunma District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kitagunma_District,_Gunma"},{"link_name":"Midono District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midono_District,_Gunma"},{"link_name":"Nawa District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nawa_District,_Gunma"},{"link_name":"Sawa District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sawa_District,_Gunma"},{"link_name":"Nitta District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitta_District,_Gunma"},{"link_name":"Ōra District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%8Cra_District,_Gunma"},{"link_name":"Sai District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sai_District,_Gunma"},{"link_name":"Seta District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Seta_District,_K%C5%8Dzuke&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Kitaseta District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kitaseta_District,_Gunma"},{"link_name":"Minamiseta District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Minamiseta_District,_Gunma&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Tago District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tago_District,_Gunma"},{"link_name":"Tone District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tone_District,_Gunma"},{"link_name":"Usui District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Usui_District,_Gunma"},{"link_name":"Yamada District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yamada_District,_Gunma"}],"text":"Gunma Prefecture\nAgatsuma District (吾妻郡)\nGunma District (群馬郡)\nHigashigunma District (東群馬郡) - merged with Minamiseta District to become the 2nd incarnation of Seta District (勢多郡) on April 1, 1896\nNishigunma District (西群馬郡) - merged with Kataoka District to become the 2nd incarnation of Gunma District (群馬郡) on April 1, 1896\nKanra District (甘楽郡)\nKitakanra District (北甘楽郡) - renamed as Kanra District (甘楽郡) on April 1, 1950\nMinamikanra District (南甘楽郡) - merged with Midono and Tago Districts to become Tano District (多野郡) on April 1, 1896\nKataoka District (片岡郡) - merged with Nishigunma District to become the 2nd incarnation of Gunma District on April 1, 1896\nKitagunma District (北群馬郡) - split off from Gunma District on October 1, 1949\nMidono District (緑野郡) - merged with Minamikanra and Tago Districts to become Tano District on April 1, 1896\nNawa District (佐波郡) - merged with Sai District to become Sawa District (佐波郡) on April 1, 1896\nNitta District (新田郡) - dissolved\nŌra District (邑楽郡)\nSai District (佐波郡) - merged with Nawa District to become Sawa District on April 1, 1896\nSeta District (勢多郡)\nKitaseta District (北勢多郡) - merged into Tone District on April 1, 1896\nMinamiseta District (南勢多郡) - merged with Higashigunma District to become the 2nd incarnation of Seta District on April 1, 1896\nTago District (多胡郡) - merged with Minamikanra and Midono Districts to become Tano District on April 1, 1896\nTone District (利根郡) - absorbed Kitaseta District on April 1, 1896\nUsui District (碓氷郡) - dissolved\nYamada District (山田郡) – dissolved","title":"Historical districts"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Bakumatsu period domains"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"Nussbaum, Louis-Frédéric","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis-Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=p2QnPijAEmEC&pg=PA990"},{"link_name":"Japan Encyclopedia, p. 990","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=p2QnPijAEmEC&pg=PA990"},{"link_name":"Google Books","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Books"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-KDJ_2-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-KDJ_2-1"},{"link_name":"Tōkyō","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C5%8Dky%C5%8D"},{"link_name":"Shogakukan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shogakukan"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"Daijirin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daijirin"},{"link_name":"Tōkyō","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C5%8Dky%C5%8D"},{"link_name":"Sanseidō","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanseid%C5%8D"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"4-385-13905-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/4-385-13905-9"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"Daijisen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daijisen"},{"link_name":"Tōkyō","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C5%8Dky%C5%8D"},{"link_name":"Shogakukan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shogakukan"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"4-09-501211-0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/4-09-501211-0"}],"text":"^ Nussbaum, Louis-Frédéric. (2005). \"Kōzuke\" in Japan Encyclopedia, p. 990, p. 990, at Google Books.\n\n^ a b 1988, 国語大辞典（新装版） (Kokugo Dai Jiten, Revised Edition) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan\n\n^ 2006, 大辞林 (Daijirin), Third Edition (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Sanseidō, ISBN 4-385-13905-9\n\n^ 1995, 大辞泉 (Daijisen) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan, ISBN 4-09-501211-0","title":"Notes"}]
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[{"image_text":"Map of Japanese provinces (1868) with Kōzuke Province highlighted","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Provinces_of_Japan-Kozuke.svg/300px-Provinces_of_Japan-Kozuke.svg.png"},{"image_text":"Hiroshige ukiyo-e \" Kōzuke \" in \"The Famous Scenes of the Sixty States\" (六十余州名所図会), depicting Mount Haruna Under Snow","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/26_Kozuke.jpg/220px-26_Kozuke.jpg"}]
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[{"reference":"国語大辞典（新装版） (Kokugo Dai Jiten, Revised Edition)","urls":[]},{"reference":"大辞林 (Daijirin)","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daijirin","url_text":"Daijirin"}]},{"reference":"大辞泉 (Daijisen)","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daijisen","url_text":"Daijisen"}]}]
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[{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=p2QnPijAEmEC&pg=PA990"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=p2QnPijAEmEC&pg=PA990","external_links_name":"Japan Encyclopedia, p. 990"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=p2QnPijAEmEC","external_links_name":"Japan encyclopedia."},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/58053128","external_links_name":"58053128"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/77691250","external_links_name":"OCLC 77691250"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110717200443/http://www.asahi-net.or.jp/~me4k-skri/han/kantou.html","external_links_name":"Kōzuke on \"Edo 300 HTML\""},{"Link":"http://www.maproom.org/00/05/sub1/1.html","external_links_name":"Murdoch's map of provinces, 1903"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=p2QnPijAEmEC&pg=PA780"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=p2QnPijAEmEC&pg=PA780","external_links_name":"Japan Encyclopedia, p. 780"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/185th_Paratroopers_Artillery_Regiment_%22Folgore%22
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185th Paratroopers Artillery Regiment "Folgore"
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["1 History","1.1 World War II","1.2 Cold War","1.3 Recent times","2 Organization","3 See also","4 External links","5 References"]
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185th Paratroopers Artillery Regiment "Folgore"185° Reggimento Artiglieria Paracadutisti "Folgore"Regimental coat of armsActive10 March 1942 - 8 Dec. 19421 Oct. 1975 - 31 Aug. 200021 June 2013 - todayCountry ItalyBranchItalian ArmyRoleAirborne artilleryPart ofParatroopers Brigade "Folgore"Garrison/HQBraccianoNickname(s)"Diavoli Gialli" (Yellow Devils)Motto(s)"Come folgore sempre e dovunque"Anniversaries15 June 1918 - Second Battle of the Piave RiverDecorations 1x Gold Medal of Military Valor1x Silver Medal of Army ValorInsignia185th Paratroopers Artillery Regiment "Folgore" gorget patches Military unit
The 185th Paratroopers Artillery Regiment "Folgore (Italian: 185° Reggimento Artiglieria Paracadutisti "Folgore") is an artillery regiment of the Italian Army, specializing in airborne operations. Originally an artillery regiment of the Royal Italian Army, the regiment was assigned in World War II to the 185th Infantry Division "Folgore", with which the regiment was deployed to North Africa for the Western Desert campaign, during which division and regiment were destroyed in the Second Battle of El Alamein. Reformed in 1975 the regiment is today based in Bracciano near Rome and assigned to the Paratroopers Brigade "Folgore". The regimental anniversary falls, as for all Italian Army artillery regiments, on June 15, the beginning of the Second Battle of the Piave River in 1918.
History
World War II
Main article: 185th Infantry Division "Folgore"
The first Italian paratroopers artillery unit, the I Paratroopers Artillery Group, was formed on 16 August 1941 by the Italian Royal Air Force Paratroopers School in Tarquinia. The group was equipped with 47/32 cannons. On 15 January 1942 the II Paratroopers Artillery Group was formed, followed by the III Paratroopers Artillery Group on 10 March 1942. On the same date the command of the Artillery Regiment for Paratroopers Division and the Services Battery were formed. The regiment was assigned to the Paratroopers Division and fielded 24× 47/32 cannons: eight per group, which each consisted of two batteries of four cannons.
On 27 July the Paratroopers Division was renamed 185th Infantry Division "Folgore" and the artillery regiment was renamed 185th Artillery Regiment "Folgore". The division, which also included the 185th Infantry Regiment "Folgore", 186th Infantry Regiment "Folgore", and 187th Infantry Regiment "Folgore", was intended to be used in Operation Hercules – the planned Axis invasion of Malta, but in August 1942 the division was transferred to Libya to bolster Axis forces in the Western Desert campaign. From 30 August to 5 September 1942 the division fought in the Battle of Alam el Halfa.
On 23 October 1942 the British commenced the Second battle of El Alamein. After heavy fighting the Folgore received on 2 November the order to retreat westwards and form the Axis' rearguard. On 6 November the remnants of the division were overtaken and surrounded by motorized British forces and forced to surrender. On 25 November 1942 the Folgore division was declared lost due to wartime events and on 8 December the 185th Artillery Regiment "Folgore" was officially disbanded.
On 26 March 1963 the President of Italy Antonio Segni awarded the 185th Paratroopers Artillery Regiment "Folgore" for its conduct and sacrifice during the Western Desert Campaign and in the Second Battle of El Alamein Italy's highest military honor, the Gold Medal of Military Valor, which was affixed to the regiment's flag and is depicted on the regiment's coat of arms.
Cold War
On 1 July 1958 the Paratroopers Field Artillery Battery was formed in Livorno. The battery was equipped with four Mod 56 105mm pack howitzers and assigned to the 1st Paratroopers Tactical Group, which on 1 January 1963 was expanded to Paratroopers Brigade. On 1 June of the same year the battery was expanded to the Paratroopers Field Artillery Group and consisted of a command, a command unit, and two batteries Mod 56 105mm pack howitzers. On 16 December 1966 the group received the flag of the 185th Artillery Regiment "Folgore" in "temporary custody" to perpetuate the traditions of the disbanded regiment. The same year the group moved from Livorno to Pisa, a move that was reversed in 1968.
As part of the 1975 army reform the Paratroopers Field Artillery Group was renamed 185th Paratroopers Field Artillery Group "Viterbo" on 1 October 1975. To avoid confusion with the support units of the Mechanized Division "Folgore" and the Paratroopers Brigade "Folgore" the group was named for the city of Viterbo, where the first Italian paratrooper units had been trained by the Royal Italian Air Force's Paratroopers School. On 2 December of the same year the group raised a third howitzer battery, while the command unit was expanded to Command and Services Battery. The group fielded now 18× Mod 56 105mm pack howitzers and had a complement of 462 men (39 officers, 56 non-commissioned officers, and 367 soldiers).
On 12 November 1976 the President of the Italian Republic Giovanni Leone assigned with decree 846 the flag and traditions of the 185th Artillery Regiment "Folgore" to the group.
In 1981 the group received 18 F1 120mm mortars, allowing the group to deploy either with howitzers or mortars or a mix of the two. In 1982 a battery of the artillery group participated in the United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon. On 1 July 1988 the group raised the Anti-aircraft Battery "Scorpioni", which was equipped with FIM-92 Stinger man-portable air-defense systems. In spring 1991 the group contributed to the Paratroopers Tactical Group, which deployed to Northern Iraq in the aftermath of Operation Desert Storm.
On 8 September 1992 the group lost its autonomy and the next day it entered reformed 185th Paratroopers Field Artillery Regiment "Folgore" as 1st Paratroopers Artillery Group. The organization of the regiment at that time was as follows:
Regimental Command, in Livorno
Command and Services Battery "Leoni"
Anti-aircraft Battery "Scorpioni"
1st Paratroopers Artillery Group
1st Howitzer/Mortar Battery "Draghi"
2nd Howitzer/Mortar Battery "Le Aquile"
3rd Howitzer/Mortar Battery "Diavoli"
Fire Direction and Technical Support Battery "Levrieri"
The regiment also increased the number of howitzers and mortars in each battery from six to eight.
From April to September 1993 the group participated in the Unified Task Force in Somalia. For its conduct and service in Somalia the group was awarded a Silver Medal of Army Valor, which was affixed to the battalion's flag and is depicted on the regiment's coat of arms.
Recent times
Paratroopers of the 185th fire their mortar during an exercise
Main article: 185th Paratroopers Reconnaissance Target Acquisition Regiment "Folgore"
In winter 1999–2000 the regiment was transformed into a special operations reconnaissance unit and therefore on 31 August 2000 the Anti-aircraft Battery and the Fire Direction and Technical Support Battery were disbanded, while the regiment changed its name to 185th Field Artillery Regiment (Paratroopers Target Acquisition) "Folgore". The regiment's new structure was as follows:
Regimental Command, in Livorno
Command and Services Battery "Leoni"
1st Target Acquisition Group
1st Target Acquirers Battery "Draghi"
2nd Target Acquirers Battery "Le Aquile"
3rd Target Acquirers Battery "Diavoli"
4th Long Range Reconnaissance Patrol Battery "Diavoli" (ceded in July 2003 by the 9th Paratroopers Assault Regiment "Col Moschin"
Due to its new role the regiment changed its name in 2004 to 185th Paratroopers Reconnaissance Target Acquisition Regiment "Folgore".
On 21 June 2013 the 185th Paratroopers Artillery Regiment "Folgore" was reformed as artillery unit in Bracciano and received its flag from the 185th Paratroopers Reconnaissance Target Acquisition Regiment "Folgore", which in turn received the flag of the 185th Paratroopers Regiment "Nembo", which had served with the Italian Co-Belligerent Army during the Italian campaign of World War II.
Organization
As of 2023 the 185th Paratroopers Artillery Regiment "Folgore" consists of:
Regimental Command, in Bracciano
Command and Logistic Support Battery "Leoni"
1st Group "Viterbo"
1st Heavy Mortar Battery "Draghi"
2nd Heavy Mortar Battery "Aquile"
3rd Howitzer Battery
Surveillance and Technical Support Battery
The heavy mortar batteries are equipped with MO-120 RT 120mm mortars, while the howitzer battery is equipped with Mod 56 105mm pack howitzers.
See also
Paratroopers Brigade "Folgore"
External links
Italian Army Website: 185° Reggimento Artiglieria Paracadutisti "Folgore"
References
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m "185° Reggimento Artiglieria Paracadutisti "Folgore" - La Storia". Italian Army. Retrieved 29 November 2023.
^ a b "185° Reggimento Artiglieria Paracadutisti "Folgore"". President of Italy. Retrieved 29 November 2023.
^ a b "Bandiera Del 185° Reggimento Artiglieria Paracadutisti "Folgore"". President of Italy. Retrieved 29 November 2023.
^ a b "185° Reggimento Artiglieria Paracadutisti "Folgore" - Il Medagliere". Italian Army. Retrieved 29 November 2023.
^ "185° Reggimento Artiglieria Paracadutisti "Folgore"". Italian Army. Retrieved 29 November 2023.
^ a b c d e f g h i j F. dell'Uomo, R. Puletti (1998). L'Esercito Italiano verso il 2000 - Vol. Primo - Tomo II. Rome: SME - Ufficio Storico. p. 147.
^ Stefani, Filippo (1989). La storia della dottrina e degli ordinamenti dell'Esercito Italiano - Vol. III - Tomo 2°. Rome: Ufficio Storico - Stato Maggiore dell'Esercito. p. 1189.
^ "Decreto del Presidente della Repubblica 12 novembre 1976, n. 846". Quirinale - Presidenza della Repubblica. Retrieved 20 November 2023.
^ "185° Reparto Autonomo Paracadutisti "Nembo"". Esercito Italiano. Retrieved 29 November 2023.
^ a b c "Intervista al comandante del 185º Reggimento Artiglieria Paracadutisti "Folgore"". July 2020. Retrieved 29 November 2023.
^ a b "185° Reggimento Artiglieria Paracadutisti "Folgore" - Manuale di Gestione" (PDF). Italian Defense Ministry. Retrieved 23 December 2023.
^ "185° Reggimento Artiglieria Paracadutisti "Folgore"". Italian Defense Ministry. Retrieved 23 December 2023.
vte Italian Army Four-star rank (OF 9) Chief of the Army General Staff Three-star rank (OF 8)
COMFOTER
NRDC-ITA
COMLOG
COMFORDOT
COMFOP Nord
COMFOP Sud
COMFOTER Support
COMTA
Two-star rank (OF 7)Divisions
"Acqui"
"Tridentina"
"Vittorio Veneto"
Other
Army Aviation Command
Army Simulation and Validation Center
Army Training Command and Application School
Engineer Command
One-star rank (OF 6)Brigades
"Aosta"
"Ariete"
"Folgore"
"Friuli"
"Garibaldi"
"Granatieri di Sardegna"
"Julia"
"Pinerolo"
"Pozzuolo del Friuli"
"Sassari"
"Taurinense"
Army Aviation Support
NRDC-ITA Support
Tactical Intelligence
Commands
Army Special Forces
Artillery
Anti-aircraft Artillery
Signal
Logistic Support
Other
Military Academy
Army NCO School
Infantry School
Cavalry School
Administrative School
Medical and Veterinary School
Alpine Training Center
Army Aviation Training Center
vteItalian Army artillery unitsActiveField ArtilleryField Artillery Regiment "a Cavallo", 1st Field Artillery Regiment (Mountain), 3rd Field Artillery Regiment (Mountain), 5th Field Artillery Regiment "Superga", 8th Field Artillery Regiment "Pasubio", 21st Field Artillery Regiment "Trieste", 24th Field Artillery Regiment "Peloritani", 52nd Field Artillery Regiment "Torino", 132nd Field Artillery Regiment "Ariete", 185th Paratroopers Artillery Regiment "Folgore"Anti-aircraft Art.4th Anti-aircraft Artillery Regiment "Peschiera", 17th Anti-aircraft Artillery Regiment "Sforzesca", 121st Anti-aircraft Artillery Regiment "Ravenna"Other units3rd Targeting Support Regiment "Bondone", 7th CBRN Defense Regiment "Cremona", 13th HUMINT Regiment, 41st Regiment "Cordenons"InactiveField Artillery1st Artillery Regiment "Cacciatori delle Alpi", 3rd Artillery Regiment "Pistoia", 9th Artillery Regiment "Brennero", 10th Self-propelled Field Artillery Group "Avisio", 11th Field Artillery Regiment, 12th Artillery Regiment "Savona", 13th Artillery Regiment "Granatieri di Sardegna", 14th Artillery Regiment "Ferrara", 19th Artillery Regiment "Venezia", 20th Artillery Regiment "Piave", 27th Artillery Regiment "Marche", 28th Artillery Regiment "Livorno", 33rd Artillery Regiment "Acqui", 35th Artillery Regiment "Friuli", 46th Artillery Regiment "Trento", 47th Artillery Regiment "Bari", 48th Artillery Regiment "Taro", 108th Artillery Regiment "Cosseria", 120th Motorized Artillery Regiment, 131st Artillery Regiment "Centauro", 155th Artillery Regiment "Emilia", 184th Artillery Regiment "Nembo", 205th Artillery Regiment "Bologna"Heavy Field Artillery2nd Heavy Field Artillery Regiment, 4th Heavy Field Artillery Regiment, 5th Heavy Field Artillery Regiment, 6th Heavy Field Artillery Regiment, 8th Heavy Field Artillery Regiment, 9th Heavy Field Artillery Regiment, 11th Heavy Field Artillery Regiment, 12th Heavy Field Artillery RegimentHeavy Artillery1st Heavy Artillery Regiment, 3rd Heavy Artillery Regiment "Volturno", 9th Heavy Artillery RegimentMountain Art.2nd Mountain Artillery Regiment, 4th Mountain Artillery Regiment, 5th Mountain Artillery Regiment, 6th Mountain Artillery Regiment, Mountain Artillery Group "Agordo", Mountain Artillery Group "Asiago", Mountain Artillery Group "Belluno", Mountain Artillery Group "Sondrio", Mountain Artillery Group "Udine"Anti-aircraft Art.1st Anti-aircraft Artillery Regiment, 2nd Anti-aircraft Artillery Regiment, 3rd Anti-aircraft Artillery Regiment "Firenze", 5th Anti-aircraft Artillery Regiment "Pescara", 8th Anti-aircraft Artillery Regiment, 18th Anti-aircraft Artillery RegimentOther units1st NBC Battalion "Etruria", 13th Target Acquisition Group "Aquileia"
vteItalian Army Paracadutisti unitsParatroopers183rd Paratroopers Regiment "Nembo", 186th Paratroopers Regiment "Folgore", 187th Paratroopers Regiment "Folgore"Special Forces9th Paratroopers Assault Regiment "Col Moschin", 185th Paratroopers Reconnaissance Target Acquisition Regiment "Folgore"Support8th Paratroopers Engineer Regiment "Folgore", 184th Paratroopers Command and Tactical Supports Unit "Nembo", 185th Paratroopers Artillery Regiment "Folgore"Inactive184th Artillery Regiment "Nembo"
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Italian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_language"},{"link_name":"artillery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artillery"},{"link_name":"Italian Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_Army"},{"link_name":"airborne operations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airborne_forces"},{"link_name":"Royal Italian Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Italian_Army"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"185th Infantry Division \"Folgore\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/185th_Infantry_Division_%22Folgore%22"},{"link_name":"Western Desert campaign","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Desert_campaign"},{"link_name":"Second Battle of El Alamein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Battle_of_El_Alamein"},{"link_name":"Rome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rome"},{"link_name":"Paratroopers Brigade \"Folgore\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paratroopers_Brigade_%22Folgore%22"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Folgore-6"},{"link_name":"Second Battle of the Piave River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Battle_of_the_Piave_River"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Folgore-6"}],"text":"Military unitThe 185th Paratroopers Artillery Regiment \"Folgore (Italian: 185° Reggimento Artiglieria Paracadutisti \"Folgore\") is an artillery regiment of the Italian Army, specializing in airborne operations. Originally an artillery regiment of the Royal Italian Army, the regiment was assigned in World War II to the 185th Infantry Division \"Folgore\", with which the regiment was deployed to North Africa for the Western Desert campaign, during which division and regiment were destroyed in the Second Battle of El Alamein. Reformed in 1975 the regiment is today based in Bracciano near Rome and assigned to the Paratroopers Brigade \"Folgore\".[5][6] The regimental anniversary falls, as for all Italian Army artillery regiments, on June 15, the beginning of the Second Battle of the Piave River in 1918.[6]","title":"185th Paratroopers Artillery Regiment \"Folgore\""},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Italian Royal Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_Royal_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"Tarquinia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarquinia"},{"link_name":"47/32","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannone_da_47/32"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Storia-1"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Folgore-6"},{"link_name":"185th Infantry Division \"Folgore\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/185th_Infantry_Division_%22Folgore%22"},{"link_name":"185th Infantry Regiment \"Folgore\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/185th_Infantry_Regiment_%22Folgore%22"},{"link_name":"186th Infantry Regiment \"Folgore\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/186th_Infantry_Regiment_%22Folgore%22"},{"link_name":"187th Infantry Regiment \"Folgore\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/187th_Infantry_Regiment_%22Folgore%22"},{"link_name":"Operation Hercules","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Hercules"},{"link_name":"Malta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malta"},{"link_name":"Libya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_Libya"},{"link_name":"Western Desert campaign","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Desert_campaign"},{"link_name":"Battle of Alam el Halfa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Alam_el_Halfa"},{"link_name":"Second battle of El Alamein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_battle_of_El_Alamein"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Storia-1"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Folgore-6"},{"link_name":"President of Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_Italy"},{"link_name":"Antonio Segni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_Segni"},{"link_name":"Gold Medal of Military Valor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gold_Medal_of_Military_Valor"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Quirinale_Africa-2"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Medagliere-4"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Folgore-6"}],"sub_title":"World War II","text":"The first Italian paratroopers artillery unit, the I Paratroopers Artillery Group, was formed on 16 August 1941 by the Italian Royal Air Force Paratroopers School in Tarquinia. The group was equipped with 47/32 cannons. On 15 January 1942 the II Paratroopers Artillery Group was formed, followed by the III Paratroopers Artillery Group on 10 March 1942. On the same date the command of the Artillery Regiment for Paratroopers Division and the Services Battery were formed. The regiment was assigned to the Paratroopers Division and fielded 24× 47/32 cannons: eight per group, which each consisted of two batteries of four cannons.[1][6]On 27 July the Paratroopers Division was renamed 185th Infantry Division \"Folgore\" and the artillery regiment was renamed 185th Artillery Regiment \"Folgore\". The division, which also included the 185th Infantry Regiment \"Folgore\", 186th Infantry Regiment \"Folgore\", and 187th Infantry Regiment \"Folgore\", was intended to be used in Operation Hercules – the planned Axis invasion of Malta, but in August 1942 the division was transferred to Libya to bolster Axis forces in the Western Desert campaign. From 30 August to 5 September 1942 the division fought in the Battle of Alam el Halfa.On 23 October 1942 the British commenced the Second battle of El Alamein. After heavy fighting the Folgore received on 2 November the order to retreat westwards and form the Axis' rearguard. On 6 November the remnants of the division were overtaken and surrounded by motorized British forces and forced to surrender. On 25 November 1942 the Folgore division was declared lost due to wartime events and on 8 December the 185th Artillery Regiment \"Folgore\" was officially disbanded.[1][6]On 26 March 1963 the President of Italy Antonio Segni awarded the 185th Paratroopers Artillery Regiment \"Folgore\" for its conduct and sacrifice during the Western Desert Campaign and in the Second Battle of El Alamein Italy's highest military honor, the Gold Medal of Military Valor, which was affixed to the regiment's flag and is depicted on the regiment's coat of arms.[2][4][6]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Livorno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Livorno"},{"link_name":"Mod 56","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OTO_Melara_Mod_56"},{"link_name":"Paratroopers Brigade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paratroopers_Brigade_%22Folgore%22"},{"link_name":"Pisa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pisa"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Storia-1"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Folgore-6"},{"link_name":"1975 army reform","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_Army_1975_reform"},{"link_name":"Mechanized Division \"Folgore\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mechanized_Division_%22Folgore%22"},{"link_name":"Paratroopers Brigade \"Folgore\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paratroopers_Brigade_%22Folgore%22"},{"link_name":"Viterbo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viterbo"},{"link_name":"Royal Italian Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Italian_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Storia-1"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Folgore-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Storia-1"},{"link_name":"President of the Italian Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_the_Italian_Republic"},{"link_name":"Giovanni Leone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giovanni_Leone"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Folgore-6"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"F1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mortier_120mm_Ray%C3%A9_Tract%C3%A9_Mod%C3%A8le_F1"},{"link_name":"United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Interim_Force_in_Lebanon"},{"link_name":"FIM-92 Stinger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIM-92_Stinger"},{"link_name":"man-portable air-defense systems","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Man-portable_air-defense_system"},{"link_name":"Iraq","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq"},{"link_name":"Operation Desert Storm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Desert_Storm"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Storia-1"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Folgore-6"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Storia-1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:CoA_mil_ITA_rgt_artiglieria_185.png"},{"link_name":"Livorno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Livorno"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Storia-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Storia-1"},{"link_name":"Unified Task Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unified_Task_Force"},{"link_name":"Somalia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somalia"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Folgore-6"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Quirinale_Somalia-3"}],"sub_title":"Cold War","text":"On 1 July 1958 the Paratroopers Field Artillery Battery was formed in Livorno. The battery was equipped with four Mod 56 105mm pack howitzers and assigned to the 1st Paratroopers Tactical Group, which on 1 January 1963 was expanded to Paratroopers Brigade. On 1 June of the same year the battery was expanded to the Paratroopers Field Artillery Group and consisted of a command, a command unit, and two batteries Mod 56 105mm pack howitzers. On 16 December 1966 the group received the flag of the 185th Artillery Regiment \"Folgore\" in \"temporary custody\" to perpetuate the traditions of the disbanded regiment. The same year the group moved from Livorno to Pisa, a move that was reversed in 1968.[1][6]As part of the 1975 army reform the Paratroopers Field Artillery Group was renamed 185th Paratroopers Field Artillery Group \"Viterbo\" on 1 October 1975. To avoid confusion with the support units of the Mechanized Division \"Folgore\" and the Paratroopers Brigade \"Folgore\" the group was named for the city of Viterbo, where the first Italian paratrooper units had been trained by the Royal Italian Air Force's Paratroopers School. On 2 December of the same year the group raised a third howitzer battery, while the command unit was expanded to Command and Services Battery.[1][6] The group fielded now 18× Mod 56 105mm pack howitzers and had a complement of 462 men (39 officers, 56 non-commissioned officers, and 367 soldiers).[7][1]On 12 November 1976 the President of the Italian Republic Giovanni Leone assigned with decree 846 the flag and traditions of the 185th Artillery Regiment \"Folgore\" to the group.[6][8]In 1981 the group received 18 F1 120mm mortars, allowing the group to deploy either with howitzers or mortars or a mix of the two. In 1982 a battery of the artillery group participated in the United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon. On 1 July 1988 the group raised the Anti-aircraft Battery \"Scorpioni\", which was equipped with FIM-92 Stinger man-portable air-defense systems. In spring 1991 the group contributed to the Paratroopers Tactical Group, which deployed to Northern Iraq in the aftermath of Operation Desert Storm.[1]On 8 September 1992 the group lost its autonomy and the next day it entered reformed 185th Paratroopers Field Artillery Regiment \"Folgore\" as 1st Paratroopers Artillery Group.[6] The organization of the regiment at that time was as follows:[1]Regimental Command, in Livorno[1]\nCommand and Services Battery \"Leoni\"\nAnti-aircraft Battery \"Scorpioni\"\n1st Paratroopers Artillery Group\n1st Howitzer/Mortar Battery \"Draghi\"\n2nd Howitzer/Mortar Battery \"Le Aquile\"\n3rd Howitzer/Mortar Battery \"Diavoli\"\nFire Direction and Technical Support Battery \"Levrieri\"The regiment also increased the number of howitzers and mortars in each battery from six to eight.[1]From April to September 1993 the group participated in the Unified Task Force in Somalia. For its conduct and service in Somalia the group was awarded a Silver Medal of Army Valor, which was affixed to the battalion's flag and is depicted on the regiment's coat of arms.[6][3]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Italian_Army_-_185th_Paratroopers_Artillery_Regiment_%22Folgore%22_mortar_team_during_an_exercise.jpg"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Storia-1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:CoA_mil_ITA_rgt_artiglieria_185.png"},{"link_name":"Livorno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Livorno"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Storia-1"},{"link_name":"9th Paratroopers Assault Regiment \"Col Moschin\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/9th_Paratroopers_Assault_Regiment_%22Col_Moschin%22"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Storia-1"},{"link_name":"Bracciano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bracciano"},{"link_name":"185th Paratroopers Reconnaissance Target Acquisition Regiment \"Folgore\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/185th_Paratroopers_Reconnaissance_Target_Acquisition_Regiment_%22Folgore%22"},{"link_name":"185th Paratroopers Regiment \"Nembo\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/185th_Paratroopers_Regiment_%22Nembo%22"},{"link_name":"Italian Co-Belligerent Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_Co-Belligerent_Army"},{"link_name":"Italian campaign","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_campaign_(World_War_II)"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"sub_title":"Recent times","text":"Paratroopers of the 185th fire their mortar during an exerciseIn winter 1999–2000 the regiment was transformed into a special operations reconnaissance unit and therefore on 31 August 2000 the Anti-aircraft Battery and the Fire Direction and Technical Support Battery were disbanded, while the regiment changed its name to 185th Field Artillery Regiment (Paratroopers Target Acquisition) \"Folgore\". The regiment's new structure was as follows:[1]Regimental Command, in Livorno[1]\nCommand and Services Battery \"Leoni\"\n1st Target Acquisition Group\n1st Target Acquirers Battery \"Draghi\"\n2nd Target Acquirers Battery \"Le Aquile\"\n3rd Target Acquirers Battery \"Diavoli\"\n4th Long Range Reconnaissance Patrol Battery \"Diavoli\" (ceded in July 2003 by the 9th Paratroopers Assault Regiment \"Col Moschin\"Due to its new role the regiment changed its name in 2004 to 185th Paratroopers Reconnaissance Target Acquisition Regiment \"Folgore\".[1]On 21 June 2013 the 185th Paratroopers Artillery Regiment \"Folgore\" was reformed as artillery unit in Bracciano and received its flag from the 185th Paratroopers Reconnaissance Target Acquisition Regiment \"Folgore\", which in turn received the flag of the 185th Paratroopers Regiment \"Nembo\", which had served with the Italian Co-Belligerent Army during the Italian campaign of World War II.[9]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Intervista-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Manuale_di_Gestione-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:CoA_mil_ITA_rgt_artiglieria_185.png"},{"link_name":"Bracciano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bracciano"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Intervista-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Manuale_di_Gestione-11"},{"link_name":"MO-120 RT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mortier_120mm_Ray%C3%A9_Tract%C3%A9_Mod%C3%A8le_F1"},{"link_name":"Mod 56","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OTO_Melara_Mod_56"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Intervista-10"}],"text":"As of 2023 the 185th Paratroopers Artillery Regiment \"Folgore\" consists of:[10][11][12]Regimental Command, in Bracciano[10]\nCommand and Logistic Support Battery \"Leoni\"\n1st Group \"Viterbo\"[11]\n1st Heavy Mortar Battery \"Draghi\"\n2nd Heavy Mortar Battery \"Aquile\"\n3rd Howitzer Battery\nSurveillance and Technical Support BatteryThe heavy mortar batteries are equipped with MO-120 RT 120mm mortars, while the howitzer battery is equipped with Mod 56 105mm pack howitzers.[10]","title":"Organization"}]
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[{"image_text":"Paratroopers of the 185th fire their mortar during an exercise","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Italian_Army_-_185th_Paratroopers_Artillery_Regiment_%22Folgore%22_mortar_team_during_an_exercise.jpg/304px-Italian_Army_-_185th_Paratroopers_Artillery_Regiment_%22Folgore%22_mortar_team_during_an_exercise.jpg"}]
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[{"title":"Paratroopers Brigade \"Folgore\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paratroopers_Brigade_%22Folgore%22"}]
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[{"reference":"\"185° Reggimento Artiglieria Paracadutisti \"Folgore\" - La Storia\". Italian Army. Retrieved 29 November 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.esercito.difesa.it/organizzazione/capo-di-sme/COMFOTER/Comando-Forze-Operative-Nord/Brigata-Paracadutisti-Folgore/185-Reggimento-Artiglieria-Paracadutisti-Folgore/Pagine/la-storia.aspx","url_text":"\"185° Reggimento Artiglieria Paracadutisti \"Folgore\" - La Storia\""}]},{"reference":"\"185° Reggimento Artiglieria Paracadutisti \"Folgore\"\". President of Italy. Retrieved 29 November 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.quirinale.it/onorificenze/insigniti/18266","url_text":"\"185° Reggimento Artiglieria Paracadutisti \"Folgore\"\""}]},{"reference":"\"Bandiera Del 185° Reggimento Artiglieria Paracadutisti \"Folgore\"\". President of Italy. Retrieved 29 November 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.quirinale.it/onorificenze/insigniti/324876","url_text":"\"Bandiera Del 185° Reggimento Artiglieria Paracadutisti \"Folgore\"\""}]},{"reference":"\"185° Reggimento Artiglieria Paracadutisti \"Folgore\" - Il Medagliere\". Italian Army. Retrieved 29 November 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.esercito.difesa.it/organizzazione/capo-di-sme/COMFOTER/Comando-Forze-Operative-Nord/Brigata-Paracadutisti-Folgore/185-Reggimento-Artiglieria-Paracadutisti-Folgore/Pagine/il-medagliere.aspx","url_text":"\"185° Reggimento Artiglieria Paracadutisti \"Folgore\" - Il Medagliere\""}]},{"reference":"\"185° Reggimento Artiglieria Paracadutisti \"Folgore\"\". Italian Army. Retrieved 29 November 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.esercito.difesa.it/organizzazione/capo-di-sme/COMFOTER/Comando-Forze-Operative-Nord/Brigata-Paracadutisti-Folgore/185-Reggimento-Artiglieria-Paracadutisti-Folgore/Pagine/default.aspx","url_text":"\"185° Reggimento Artiglieria Paracadutisti \"Folgore\"\""}]},{"reference":"F. dell'Uomo, R. Puletti (1998). L'Esercito Italiano verso il 2000 - Vol. Primo - Tomo II. Rome: SME - Ufficio Storico. p. 147.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Stefani, Filippo (1989). La storia della dottrina e degli ordinamenti dell'Esercito Italiano - Vol. III - Tomo 2°. Rome: Ufficio Storico - Stato Maggiore dell'Esercito. p. 1189.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Decreto del Presidente della Repubblica 12 novembre 1976, n. 846\". Quirinale - Presidenza della Repubblica. Retrieved 20 November 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gazzettaufficiale.it/atto/serie_generale/caricaDettaglioAtto/originario?atto.dataPubblicazioneGazzetta=1976-12-22&atto.codiceRedazionale=076U0846","url_text":"\"Decreto del Presidente della Repubblica 12 novembre 1976, n. 846\""}]},{"reference":"\"185° Reparto Autonomo Paracadutisti \"Nembo\"\". Esercito Italiano. Retrieved 29 November 2023.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.esercito.difesa.it/storia/pagine/185-reparto-autonomo-paracadutisti-nembo.aspx","url_text":"\"185° Reparto Autonomo Paracadutisti \"Nembo\"\""}]},{"reference":"\"Intervista al comandante del 185º Reggimento Artiglieria Paracadutisti \"Folgore\"\". July 2020. Retrieved 29 November 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.airholic.it/intervista-al-comandante-del-185-reggimento-artiglieria-paracadutisti-folgore/","url_text":"\"Intervista al comandante del 185º Reggimento Artiglieria Paracadutisti \"Folgore\"\""}]},{"reference":"\"185° Reggimento Artiglieria Paracadutisti \"Folgore\" - Manuale di Gestione\" (PDF). Italian Defense Ministry. Retrieved 23 December 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.difesa.it/Protocollo/AOO_Difesa/Esercito/Documents/E25222_MdG_2020.pdf","url_text":"\"185° Reggimento Artiglieria Paracadutisti \"Folgore\" - Manuale di Gestione\""}]},{"reference":"\"185° Reggimento Artiglieria Paracadutisti \"Folgore\"\". Italian Defense Ministry. Retrieved 23 December 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.difesa.it/Protocollo/AOO_Difesa/Esercito/Pagine/E25222.aspx","url_text":"\"185° Reggimento Artiglieria Paracadutisti \"Folgore\"\""}]}]
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[{"Link":"https://www.esercito.difesa.it/organizzazione/capo-di-sme/COMFOTER/Comando-Forze-Operative-Nord/Brigata-Paracadutisti-Folgore/185-reggimento-artiglieria-paracadutisti-folgore","external_links_name":"Italian Army Website: 185° Reggimento Artiglieria Paracadutisti \"Folgore\""},{"Link":"https://www.esercito.difesa.it/organizzazione/capo-di-sme/COMFOTER/Comando-Forze-Operative-Nord/Brigata-Paracadutisti-Folgore/185-Reggimento-Artiglieria-Paracadutisti-Folgore/Pagine/la-storia.aspx","external_links_name":"\"185° Reggimento Artiglieria Paracadutisti \"Folgore\" - La Storia\""},{"Link":"https://www.quirinale.it/onorificenze/insigniti/18266","external_links_name":"\"185° Reggimento Artiglieria Paracadutisti \"Folgore\"\""},{"Link":"https://www.quirinale.it/onorificenze/insigniti/324876","external_links_name":"\"Bandiera Del 185° Reggimento Artiglieria Paracadutisti \"Folgore\"\""},{"Link":"https://www.esercito.difesa.it/organizzazione/capo-di-sme/COMFOTER/Comando-Forze-Operative-Nord/Brigata-Paracadutisti-Folgore/185-Reggimento-Artiglieria-Paracadutisti-Folgore/Pagine/il-medagliere.aspx","external_links_name":"\"185° Reggimento Artiglieria Paracadutisti \"Folgore\" - Il Medagliere\""},{"Link":"https://www.esercito.difesa.it/organizzazione/capo-di-sme/COMFOTER/Comando-Forze-Operative-Nord/Brigata-Paracadutisti-Folgore/185-Reggimento-Artiglieria-Paracadutisti-Folgore/Pagine/default.aspx","external_links_name":"\"185° Reggimento Artiglieria Paracadutisti \"Folgore\"\""},{"Link":"https://www.gazzettaufficiale.it/atto/serie_generale/caricaDettaglioAtto/originario?atto.dataPubblicazioneGazzetta=1976-12-22&atto.codiceRedazionale=076U0846","external_links_name":"\"Decreto del Presidente della Repubblica 12 novembre 1976, n. 846\""},{"Link":"http://www.esercito.difesa.it/storia/pagine/185-reparto-autonomo-paracadutisti-nembo.aspx","external_links_name":"\"185° Reparto Autonomo Paracadutisti \"Nembo\"\""},{"Link":"https://www.airholic.it/intervista-al-comandante-del-185-reggimento-artiglieria-paracadutisti-folgore/","external_links_name":"\"Intervista al comandante del 185º Reggimento Artiglieria Paracadutisti \"Folgore\"\""},{"Link":"https://www.difesa.it/Protocollo/AOO_Difesa/Esercito/Documents/E25222_MdG_2020.pdf","external_links_name":"\"185° Reggimento Artiglieria Paracadutisti \"Folgore\" - Manuale di Gestione\""},{"Link":"https://www.difesa.it/Protocollo/AOO_Difesa/Esercito/Pagine/E25222.aspx","external_links_name":"\"185° Reggimento Artiglieria Paracadutisti \"Folgore\"\""}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epizootic
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Epizootic
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["1 See also","2 References"]
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Animal disease event, analogous to an epidemic
Not to be confused with Epizoic.
Look up epizootic in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
In epizoology, an epizootic (or epizoötic, from Greek: epi- "upon" + zoon "animal") is a disease event in a nonhuman animal population analogous to an epidemic in humans. An epizootic disease (or epizooty) may occur in a specific locale (an "outbreak"), more generally (an "epizootic"), or become widespread ("panzootic"). High population density is a major contributing factor to epizootics. The aquaculture industry is sometimes plagued by disease because of the large number of fish confined to a small area.
Defining and declaring an epizootic can be subjective; health authorities evaluate the number of new cases in a given animal population during a given period, and estimate a rate of spread that substantially exceeds what they might expect based on recent experience (i.e. a sharp elevation in the incidence rate). Because the judgement is based on what is "expected" or thought normal, a few cases of a very rare disease (like a transmissible spongiform encephalopathy outbreak in a cervid population) might be classified as an "epizootic", while many cases of a common disease (like lymphocystis in esocids) would not.
Common diseases that occur at a constant but relatively high rate in the population class as "enzootic" (compare the epidemiological meaning of "endemic" for human diseases). An example of an enzootic disease would be the influenza virus in some bird populations or, at a lower incidence, the Type IVb strain of viral hemorrhagic septicemia in certain Atlantic fish populations.
An example of an epizootic was the 1990 outbreak of Newcastle disease virus in double-crested cormorant colonies on the Great Lakes that resulted in the death of some 10,000 birds.
See also
Medicine portal
Epidemic
Enzootic
Epizoology
Panzootic
Equine influenza for the Great Epizootic of 1872 in the US and Canada
1890s African rinderpest epizootic
Mathematical modelling in epidemiology
Sylvatic plague
Wildlife disease
References
^ "Volume 12, Number 1—January 2006 - Emerging Infectious Disease journal - CDC". Cdc.gov. Retrieved 2012-06-06.
^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2007-03-09. Retrieved 2007-05-24.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
^ Viral Hemorrhagic Septicemia (VHS) - Fact Sheet www.inspection.gc.ca, accessed 8 May 2020
^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2007-07-11. Retrieved 2007-05-24.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
^ Viral Hemorrhagic Septicemia (VHS) - HSL www.usgs.gov, accessed 8 May 2020
Authority control databases National
Germany
Other
Encyclopedia of Modern Ukraine
Historical Dictionary of Switzerland
|
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Never_Gonna_Not_Dance_Again
|
Never Gonna Not Dance Again
|
["1 Background and release","2 Composition","3 Music video","4 Charts","4.1 Weekly charts","4.2 Year-end charts","5 Certifications","6 Release history","7 References"]
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2022 single by Pink
"Never Gonna Not Dance Again"Single by Pinkfrom the album Trustfall ReleasedNovember 4, 2022 (2022-11-04)Genre
Pop
disco
soul
Length3:45LabelRCASongwriter(s)
Alecia Moore
Max Martin
Shellback
Producer(s)
Max Martin
Shellback
Pink singles chronology
"Irrelevant" (2022)
"Never Gonna Not Dance Again" (2022)
"Trustfall" (2023)
Music video"Never Gonna Not Dance Again" on YouTube
"Never Gonna Not Dance Again" is a song by American singer Pink. It was released on November 4, 2022, as the lead single from her ninth studio album Trustfall. The song reached the top 50 in most countries while peaking at number 99 on the Billboard Hot 100.
Background and release
On October 6, 2022, Pink announced that she would be touring in Europe as part of her Summer Carnival Tour in 2023. On October 17, 2022, two weeks before the song's release, Pink teased the song and released a snippet on social media. The song became available to stream on Apple Music and Spotify on November 4, 2022.
Composition
The song was described as "an upbeat anthem about dancing through our perpetually hard times". An associated press release called the track "vibrant, joyful and euphoric".
In an interview on U.S. morning television program Good Morning America, Pink said that the song reflected her desire to just find happiness, saying "you can take everything I have, but you can't take my joy." In the same interview, she noted that insecurities should not limit people from doing what they want.
Music video
The music video was released on YouTube the same day. The singer is seen wearing a colourful outfit and roller skating in a grocery store and a parking lot. At the end, the former transforms into a nightclub.
Charts
Weekly charts
Weekly chart performance for "Never Gonna Not Dance Again"
Chart (2022–23)
Peakposition
Australia (ARIA)
64
Austria (Ö3 Austria Top 40)
53
Belgium (Ultratop 50 Flanders)
4
Belgium (Ultratop 50 Wallonia)
6
Canada (Canadian Hot 100)
29
Canada AC (Billboard)
2
Canada CHR/Top 40 (Billboard)
34
Canada Hot AC (Billboard)
6
CIS (TopHit)
87
Croatia Airplay (HRT)
2
Denmark Airplay (Tracklisten)
1
Finland Airplay (Radiosoittolista)
12
France Airplay (SNEP)
15
Germany (Official German Charts)
86
Hungary (Rádiós Top 40)
14
Hungary (Single Top 40)
10
Iceland (Plötutíðindi)
20
Ireland (IRMA)
31
Japan Hot Overseas (Billboard Japan)
6
Latvia Airplay (LAIPA)
10
Netherlands (Dutch Top 40)
12
Netherlands (Single Top 100)
50
New Zealand Hot Singles (RMNZ)
9
Poland (Polish Airplay Top 100)
12
Slovakia (Rádio Top 100)
21
Suriname (Nationale Top 40)
2
Sweden Heatseeker (Sverigetopplistan)
13
Switzerland (Schweizer Hitparade)
58
UK Singles (OCC)
19
US Billboard Hot 100
99
US Adult Contemporary (Billboard)
9
US Adult Top 40 (Billboard)
6
US Mainstream Top 40 (Billboard)
21
Venezuela (Record Report)
50
Year-end charts
2022 year-end chart performance for "Never Gonna Not Dance Again"
Chart (2022)
Position
Belgium (Ultratop 50 Flanders)
163
Netherlands (Dutch Top 40)
95
2023 year-end chart performance for "Never Gonna Not Dance Again"
Chart (2023)
Position
Belgium (Ultratop 50 Flanders)
34
Belgium (Ultratop 50 Wallonia)
46
Canada (Canadian Hot 100)
72
Netherlands (Dutch Top 40)
82
US Adult Contemporary (Billboard)
23
US Adult Top 40 (Billboard)
23
Certifications
Certifications for "Never Gonna Not Dance Again"
Region
Certification
Certified units/sales
Australia (ARIA)
Gold
35,000‡
Belgium (BEA)
Gold
20,000‡
Denmark (IFPI Danmark)
Gold
45,000‡
Switzerland (IFPI Switzerland)
Gold
10,000‡
United Kingdom (BPI)
Gold
400,000‡
‡ Sales+streaming figures based on certification alone.
Release history
Release dates and formats for "Never Gonna Not Dance Again"
Region
Date
Format
Version
Label
Ref.
Various
November 4, 2022
Digital downloadstreaming
Original
RCA
Italy
November 11, 2022
Radio airplay
Sony
Various
December 13, 2022
Digital downloadstreaming
Sam Feldt remix
RCA
United States
January 10, 2023
Contemporary hit radio
Original
Canada
April 19, 2023
Radio arplay
Original
RCA
References
^ Iahn, Buddy (November 3, 2022). "Pink releases 'Never Gonna Not Dance Again'". The Music Universe. Retrieved November 6, 2022.
^ a b Molanphy, Chris (March 10, 2023). "Raise Your Glass Edition". Hit Parade | Music History and Music Trivia (Podcast). Slate. Retrieved April 17, 2023.
^ ""UK and Europe, I'm coming for ya!"". October 6, 2022. Retrieved November 5, 2022 – via Instagram.
^ Wüppenhorst, Isabell (October 18, 2022). "Pink teast neuen Song "Never Gonna Not Dance Again"". Radio Hamburg (in German). Retrieved November 6, 2022.
^ Gonzalez, Rebekah (November 4, 2022). "Pink Dances Through Hard Times On New Song 'Never Gonna Not Dance Again'". iHeart. Retrieved November 6, 2022.
^ America, Good Morning. "Pink on how experiencing pain and loss helped her make her best album yet". Good Morning America. Retrieved 2022-11-19.
^ Curto, Justin (November 4, 2022). "P!nk Skates Through 'Never Gonna Not Dance Again'". Vulture. Retrieved November 5, 2022.
^ Mier, Tomás (November 4, 2022). "Pink Transforms a Grocery Store Into a Dance Club in 'Never Gonna Not Dance Again' Video". Rolling Stone. Retrieved November 5, 2022.
^ Magliola, Anna Sky (November 4, 2022). "P!nk transforms a supermarket into a nightclub for her new music video". Planet Radio. Retrieved November 5, 2022.
^ "The ARIA Report: Week Commencing 14 November 2022". The ARIA Report. No. 1706. Australian Recording Industry Association. November 14, 2022. p. 4.
^ "P!nk – Never Gonna Not Dance Again" (in German). Ö3 Austria Top 40. Retrieved March 1, 2023.
^ "P!nk – Never Gonna Not Dance Again" (in Dutch). Ultratop 50. Retrieved November 20, 2022.
^ "P!nk – Never Gonna Not Dance Again" (in French). Ultratop 50. Retrieved January 29, 2023.
^ "Pink Chart History (Canadian Hot 100)". Billboard. Retrieved August 5, 2023.
^ "Pink Chart History (Canada AC)". Billboard. Retrieved August 5, 2023.
^ "Pink Chart History (Canada CHR/Top 40)". Billboard. Retrieved August 5, 2023.
^ "Pink Chart History (Canada Hot AC)". Billboard. Retrieved August 5, 2023.
^ P!nk — Never Gonna Not Dance Again. TopHit. Retrieved April 11, 2023.
^ "HRT Airplay Radio Chart No. 1057 - Issue Date: December 12th 2022" (PDF). Hrvatska Radiotelevizija. 13 December 2022. Retrieved 24 December 2022.
^ "P!nk – Never Gonna Not Dance Again" (in Danish). Tracklisten. Retrieved January 11, 2023.
^ "Pink: Never Gonna Not Dance Again" (in Finnish). Musiikkituottajat. Retrieved 5 December 2022.
^ "Classement Radio (Week 8, 2023)". SNEP. Retrieved February 27, 2023.
^ "P!nk – Never Gonna Not Dance Again" (in German). GfK Entertainment charts. Retrieved February 24, 2023.
^ "Archívum – Slágerlisták – MAHASZ" (in Hungarian). Rádiós Top 40 játszási lista. Magyar Hanglemezkiadók Szövetsége. Retrieved February 9, 2023.
^ "Archívum – Slágerlisták – MAHASZ" (in Hungarian). Single (track) Top 40 lista. Magyar Hanglemezkiadók Szövetsége. Retrieved February 23, 2023.
^ "Lagalistinn Vika 51 – 2022" (in Icelandic). Tonlistinn. Retrieved December 26, 2022.
^ "Official Irish Singles Chart Top 50". Official Charts Company. Retrieved March 3, 2023.
^ "Billboard Japan Hot Overseas – Week of November 16, 2022". Billboard Japan (in Japanese). Retrieved November 16, 2022.
^ "Latvijas radio stacijās spēlētākās dziesmas TOP 14. nedēļa" (in Latvian). LAIPA. April 12, 2023. Retrieved May 29, 2023.
^ "Nederlandse Top 40 – week 02, 2023" (in Dutch). Dutch Top 40. Retrieved January 14, 2023.
^ "P!nk – Never Gonna Not Dance Again" (in Dutch). Single Top 100. Retrieved January 14, 2023.
^ "NZ Hot Singles Chart". Recorded Music NZ. January 9, 2023. Retrieved January 7, 2023.
^ "OLiS – oficjalna lista airplay" (Select week 11.02.2023–17.02.2023.) (in Polish). OLiS. Retrieved February 20, 2023.
^ "ČNS IFPI" (in Slovak). Hitparáda – Radio Top 100 Oficiálna. IFPI Czech Republic. Note: insert 20231 into search. Retrieved January 9, 2023.
^ "Top 5 | 25 Mei – 1 Juni 2023" (in Dutch). Nationale Top 40 Suriname. 29 May 2023. Retrieved July 5, 2023.
^ "Veckolista Heatseeker, vecka 45". Sverigetopplistan. Retrieved November 12, 2022.
^ "P!nk – Never Gonna Not Dance Again". Swiss Singles Chart. Retrieved November 13, 2022.
^ "Official Singles Chart Top 100". Official Charts Company. Retrieved February 24, 2023.
^ "Pink Chart History (Hot 100)". Billboard. Retrieved August 5, 2023.
^ "Pink Chart History (Adult Contemporary)". Billboard. Retrieved August 5, 2023.
^ "Pink Chart History (Adult Pop Songs)". Billboard. Retrieved August 5, 2023.
^ "Pink Chart History (Pop Songs)". Billboard. Retrieved August 5, 2023.
^ "Top 100 - Record Report". Record Report (in Spanish). Archived from the original on August 16, 2020. Retrieved February 6, 2023.
^ "Jaaroverzichten 2022" (in Dutch). Ultratop. Retrieved January 13, 2023.
^ "Top 100-Jaaroverzicht van 2022" (in Dutch). Dutch Top 40. Retrieved January 3, 2023.
^ "Jaaroverzichten 2023" (in Dutch). Ultratop. Retrieved January 7, 2024.
^ "Rapports annuels 2023" (in French). Ultratop. Retrieved January 7, 2024.
^ "Canadian Hot 100 – Year-End 2023". Billboard. Retrieved November 22, 2023.
^ "Top 100-Jaaroverzicht van 2023" (in Dutch). Dutch Top 40. Archived from the original on December 31, 2023. Retrieved January 1, 2024.
^ "Adult Contemporary Songs – Year-End 2023". Billboard. Retrieved November 22, 2023.
^ "Adult Pop Airplay Songs – Year-End 2023". Billboard. Retrieved November 22, 2023.
^ "ARIA Charts – Accreditations – 2023 Singles" (PDF). Australian Recording Industry Association. Retrieved April 7, 2023.
^ "Ultratop − Goud en Platina – singles 2023". Ultratop. Hung Medien. Retrieved August 27, 2023.
^ "Danish single certifications – P!nk – Never Gonna Not Dance Again". IFPI Danmark. Retrieved September 20, 2023.
^ "The Official Swiss Charts and Music Community: Awards ('Never Gonna Not Dance Again')". IFPI Switzerland. Hung Medien. Retrieved September 27, 2023.
^ "British single certifications – Pink – Never Gonna Not Dance Again". British Phonographic Industry. Retrieved May 24, 2024.
^ P!nk (November 4, 2022). "Never Gonna Not Dance Again". Amazon Music. Retrieved March 4, 2023.
^ "P!NK "Never Gonna Not Dance Again" | (Radio Date: 11/11/2022)". radiodate.it. Retrieved March 4, 2023.
^ P!nk (December 13, 2022). "Never Gonna Not Dance Again (Sam Feldt Remix)". Amazon Music. Retrieved March 4, 2023.
^ "Top 40/Mainstream > Future Releases". AllAccess. Archived from the original on January 9, 2023. Retrieved March 4, 2023.
vtePink songsDiscographyCan't Take Me Home
"There You Go"
"Most Girls"
"You Make Me Sick"
Missundaztood
"Don't Let Me Get Me"
"Just Like a Pill"
"Get the Party Started"
"Family Portrait"
Try This
"Trouble"
"God Is a DJ"
"Last to Know"
"Feel Good Time"
I'm Not Dead
"Stupid Girls"
"Who Knew"
"U + Ur Hand"
"Nobody Knows"
"Dear Mr. President"
"'Cuz I Can"
"Leave Me Alone (I'm Lonely)"
Funhouse
"So What"
"Sober"
"I Don't Believe You"
"Please Don't Leave Me"
"Bad Influence"
"Funhouse"
"Glitter in the Air"
Greatest Hits... So Far!!!
"Raise Your Glass"
"Fuckin' Perfect"
"Whataya Want from Me"
The Truth About Love
"Blow Me (One Last Kiss)"
"Try"
"Just Give Me a Reason"
"True Love"
"Walk of Shame"
Beautiful Trauma
"What About Us"
"Beautiful Trauma"
"Whatever You Want"
"Secrets"
"Revenge"
Hurts 2B Human
"Hustle"
"Walk Me Home"
"Hurts 2B Human"
"Can We Pretend"
"Love Me Anyway"
All I Know So Far: Setlist
"Cover Me in Sunshine"
"All I Know So Far"
Trustfall
"Never Gonna Not Dance Again"
"Trustfall"
Collaborations
"Lady Marmalade"
"I Am Not My Hair"
"Sing"
"We Are the World 25 for Haiti"
"Won't Back Down"
"Hands"
"Setting the World on Fire"
"Waterfall"
"One Too Many"
"Anywhere Away from Here"
Other songs
"Bridge of Light"
"Today's the Day"
"Just Like Fire"
"White Rabbit"
"A Million Dreams"
"Irrelevant"
|
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The song reached the top 50 in most countries while peaking at number 99 on the Billboard Hot 100.","title":"Never Gonna Not Dance Again"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Summer Carnival Tour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Summer_Carnival_(tour)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"On October 6, 2022, Pink announced that she would be touring in Europe as part of her Summer Carnival Tour in 2023.[3] On October 17, 2022, two weeks before the song's release, Pink teased the song and released a snippet on social media.[4] The song became available to stream on Apple Music and Spotify on November 4, 2022.","title":"Background and release"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Good Morning America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Good_Morning_America"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"The song was described as \"an upbeat anthem about dancing through our perpetually hard times\". An associated press release called the track \"vibrant, joyful and euphoric\".[5]In an interview on U.S. morning television program Good Morning America, Pink said that the song reflected her desire to just find happiness, saying \"you can take everything I have, but you can't take my joy.\" In the same interview, she noted that insecurities should not limit people from doing what they want.[6]","title":"Composition"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"The music video was released on YouTube the same day.[7] The singer is seen wearing a colourful outfit and roller skating in a grocery store and a parking lot.[8] At the end, the former transforms into a nightclub.[9]","title":"Music video"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Never_Gonna_Not_Dance_Again&action=edit§ion=5"},{"link_name":"ARIA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARIA_Charts"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Ö3 Austria Top 40","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%963_Austria_Top_40"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Austria_P!nk-11"},{"link_name":"Ultratop 50","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultratop"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Flanders_P!nk-12"},{"link_name":"Ultratop 50","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultratop"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Wallonia_P!nk-13"},{"link_name":"Canadian Hot 100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Hot_100"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Canada_Pink-14"},{"link_name":"AC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada_AC"},{"link_name":"Billboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Billboardcanadaac_Pink-15"},{"link_name":"CHR/Top 40","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada_CHR/Top_40"},{"link_name":"Billboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Billboardcanadachrtop40_Pink-16"},{"link_name":"Hot AC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada_Hot_AC"},{"link_name":"Billboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Billboardcanadahotac_Pink-17"},{"link_name":"CIS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Independent_States"},{"link_name":"TopHit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TopHit"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_CIS_P!nk-18"},{"link_name":"HRT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croatian_Radiotelevision"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Tracklisten","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitlisten"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Denmark_Airplay_P!nk-20"},{"link_name":"Radiosoittolista","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Official_Finnish_Charts"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dl_FIN_Pink-21"},{"link_name":"SNEP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syndicat_national_de_l%27%C3%A9dition_phonographique"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-snep-22"},{"link_name":"Official German Charts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GfK_Entertainment_charts"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Germany_P!nk-23"},{"link_name":"Rádiós Top 40","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_of_Hungarian_Record_Companies"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Hungary_-24"},{"link_name":"Single Top 40","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_of_Hungarian_Record_Companies"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Hungarysingle_-25"},{"link_name":"Plötutíðindi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_of_Iceland"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"IRMA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_Singles_Chart"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Ireland4_-27"},{"link_name":"Billboard Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_Japan"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"LAIPA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latvian_Music_Producers_Association"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"Dutch Top 40","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_Top_40"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Dutch40_-30"},{"link_name":"Single Top 100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_Single_Top_100"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Dutch100_P!nk-31"},{"link_name":"RMNZ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recorded_Music_NZ"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"Polish Airplay Top 100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_music_charts"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"Rádio Top 100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A1dio_%E2%80%93_Top_100_(Slovakia)"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Slovakia_-34"},{"link_name":"Nationale Top 40","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nationale_Top_40_Suriname"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"Sverigetopplistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sverigetopplistan"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"Schweizer Hitparade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swiss_Hitparade"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Switzerland_P!nk-37"},{"link_name":"UK Singles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UK_Singles_Chart"},{"link_name":"OCC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Official_Charts_Company"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_UK_-38"},{"link_name":"Billboard Hot 100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_Hot_100"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Billboardhot100_Pink-39"},{"link_name":"Adult Contemporary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adult_Contemporary_(chart)"},{"link_name":"Billboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bbac-40"},{"link_name":"Adult Top 40","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adult_Top_40"},{"link_name":"Billboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bbhac-41"},{"link_name":"Mainstream Top 40","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mainstream_Top_40"},{"link_name":"Billboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Billboardpopsongs_Pink-42"},{"link_name":"Record Report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Record_Report"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Never_Gonna_Not_Dance_Again&action=edit§ion=6"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"}],"text":"Weekly charts[edit]\n\nWeekly chart performance for \"Never Gonna Not Dance Again\"\n\n\nChart (2022–23)\n\nPeakposition\n\n\nAustralia (ARIA)[10]\n\n64\n\n\nAustria (Ö3 Austria Top 40)[11]\n\n53\n\n\nBelgium (Ultratop 50 Flanders)[12]\n\n4\n\n\nBelgium (Ultratop 50 Wallonia)[13]\n\n6\n\n\nCanada (Canadian Hot 100)[14]\n\n29\n\n\nCanada AC (Billboard)[15]\n\n2\n\n\nCanada CHR/Top 40 (Billboard)[16]\n\n34\n\n\nCanada Hot AC (Billboard)[17]\n\n6\n\n\nCIS (TopHit)[18]\n\n87\n\n\nCroatia Airplay (HRT)[19]\n\n2\n\n\nDenmark Airplay (Tracklisten)[20]\n\n1\n\n\nFinland Airplay (Radiosoittolista)[21]\n\n12\n\n\nFrance Airplay (SNEP)[22]\n\n15\n\n\nGermany (Official German Charts)[23]\n\n86\n\n\nHungary (Rádiós Top 40)[24]\n\n14\n\n\nHungary (Single Top 40)[25]\n\n10\n\n\nIceland (Plötutíðindi)[26]\n\n20\n\n\nIreland (IRMA)[27]\n\n31\n\n\nJapan Hot Overseas (Billboard Japan)[28]\n\n6\n\n\nLatvia Airplay (LAIPA)[29]\n\n10\n\n\nNetherlands (Dutch Top 40)[30]\n\n12\n\n\nNetherlands (Single Top 100)[31]\n\n50\n\n\nNew Zealand Hot Singles (RMNZ)[32]\n\n9\n\n\nPoland (Polish Airplay Top 100)[33]\n\n12\n\n\nSlovakia (Rádio Top 100)[34]\n\n21\n\n\nSuriname (Nationale Top 40)[35]\n\n2\n\n\nSweden Heatseeker (Sverigetopplistan)[36]\n\n13\n\n\nSwitzerland (Schweizer Hitparade)[37]\n\n58\n\n\nUK Singles (OCC)[38]\n\n19\n\n\nUS Billboard Hot 100[39]\n\n99\n\n\nUS Adult Contemporary (Billboard)[40]\n\n9\n\n\nUS Adult Top 40 (Billboard)[41]\n\n6\n\n\nUS Mainstream Top 40 (Billboard)[42]\n\n21\n\n\nVenezuela (Record Report)[43]\n\n50\n\n\n\nYear-end charts[edit]\n\n2022 year-end chart performance for \"Never Gonna Not Dance Again\"\n\n\nChart (2022)\n\nPosition\n\n\nBelgium (Ultratop 50 Flanders)[44]\n\n163\n\n\nNetherlands (Dutch Top 40)[45]\n\n95\n\n\n2023 year-end chart performance for \"Never Gonna Not Dance Again\"\n\n\nChart (2023)\n\nPosition\n\n\nBelgium (Ultratop 50 Flanders)[46]\n\n34\n\n\nBelgium (Ultratop 50 Wallonia)[47]\n\n46\n\n\nCanada (Canadian Hot 100)[48]\n\n72\n\n\nNetherlands (Dutch Top 40)[49]\n\n82\n\n\nUS Adult Contemporary (Billboard)[50]\n\n23\n\n\nUS Adult Top 40 (Billboard)[51]\n\n23","title":"Charts"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Certifications"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Release history"}]
|
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[{"reference":"Iahn, Buddy (November 3, 2022). \"Pink releases 'Never Gonna Not Dance Again'\". The Music Universe. Retrieved November 6, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://themusicuniverse.com/pink-releases-never-gonna-not-dance-again/","url_text":"\"Pink releases 'Never Gonna Not Dance Again'\""}]},{"reference":"Molanphy, Chris (March 10, 2023). \"Raise Your Glass Edition\". Hit Parade | Music History and Music Trivia (Podcast). Slate. Retrieved April 17, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://slate.com/podcasts/hit-parade/2023/03/pink-defined-her-own-r-and-b-to-rock-genre","url_text":"\"Raise Your Glass Edition\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slate_(magazine)","url_text":"Slate"}]},{"reference":"\"\"UK and Europe, I'm coming for ya!\"\". October 6, 2022. Retrieved November 5, 2022 – via Instagram.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.instagram.com/reel/CjZzGE-jCmn/igshid=YmMyMTA2M2Y=","url_text":"\"\"UK and Europe, I'm coming for ya!\"\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instagram","url_text":"Instagram"}]},{"reference":"Wüppenhorst, Isabell (October 18, 2022). \"Pink teast neuen Song \"Never Gonna Not Dance Again\"\". Radio Hamburg (in German). Retrieved November 6, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.radiohamburg.de/aktuelles/musik/Pink-teast-neuen-Song-Never-Gonna-Not-Dance-Again-id760944.html","url_text":"\"Pink teast neuen Song \"Never Gonna Not Dance Again\"\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_Hamburg","url_text":"Radio Hamburg"}]},{"reference":"Gonzalez, Rebekah (November 4, 2022). \"Pink Dances Through Hard Times On New Song 'Never Gonna Not Dance Again'\". iHeart. Retrieved November 6, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.iheart.com/content/2022-11-04-pink-dances-through-hard-times-on-new-song-never-gonna-not-dance-again/","url_text":"\"Pink Dances Through Hard Times On New Song 'Never Gonna Not Dance Again'\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IHeart_Media","url_text":"iHeart"}]},{"reference":"America, Good Morning. \"Pink on how experiencing pain and loss helped her make her best album yet\". Good Morning America. Retrieved 2022-11-19.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.goodmorningamerica.com/culture/story/pink-experiencing-pain-loss-helped-make-best-album-93513989","url_text":"\"Pink on how experiencing pain and loss helped her make her best album yet\""}]},{"reference":"Curto, Justin (November 4, 2022). \"P!nk Skates Through 'Never Gonna Not Dance Again'\". Vulture. 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Retrieved March 4, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://radiodate.it/radio-date/p-nk-never-gonna-not-dance-again-234322-11-11-2022-radiodate/","url_text":"\"P!NK \"Never Gonna Not Dance Again\" | (Radio Date: 11/11/2022)\""}]},{"reference":"P!nk (December 13, 2022). \"Never Gonna Not Dance Again (Sam Feldt Remix)\". Amazon Music. Retrieved March 4, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pink_(singer)","url_text":"P!nk"},{"url":"https://www.amazon.com/dp/B0BP9Q3MCP","url_text":"\"Never Gonna Not Dance Again (Sam Feldt Remix)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_Music","url_text":"Amazon Music"}]},{"reference":"\"Top 40/Mainstream > Future Releases\". AllAccess. Archived from the original on January 9, 2023. 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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicholas_McCarthy_(director)
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Nicholas McCarthy (director)
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["1 Early life","2 Filmmaking career","3 Award nominations","4 Personal life","5 Filmography","6 References","7 External links"]
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Nicholas McCarthyMcCarthy on the set of The Pact in 2012BornNovember 1970 (age 53)New Hampshire, U.S.NationalityAmericanEducationBrookline High SchoolAlma materSUNY PurchaseOccupation(s)Film director, screenwriter, producer, actorYears active2000–presentNotable workThe PactAt the Devil's Door
Nicolas McCarthy (born November 10, 1970) is an American film director and writer based in Los Angeles. A lifelong lover of film, McCarthy struggled for the first decades of his career, receiving his first break into the motion picture industry at the age of 40 with the release of his 2012 feature film The Pact. In 2014 he released At the Devil's Door, establishing himself primarily as a maker of horror film.
Early life
McCarthy was born in New Hampshire to an Irish-American Catholic family. His family relocated to the Boston area when McCarthy's father took a position as headmaster at Brookline High School. His mother also worked in education as a schoolteacher.
McCarthy began shooting films at the age of 10 with a Super 8 camera. One of McCarthy's first movie theater outings was seeing the movie Jaws with his older sister, and he later frequented Boston's many repertory cinemas, such as the Coolidge Corner Theater, which screened 35mm prints of older American and foreign films. Local television station WLVI also provided McCarthy with free access to B-movies through its weekly science fiction and horror movie program Creature Double Feature
McCarthy became fascinated with cinematography and by junior high was drawn to the films of David Cronenberg, George Romero, John Waters and David Lynch. When he entered Brookline High, McCarthy struck up a friendship with future author and humorist John Hodgman. The two shared a love of weird films and co-edited the controversial magazine Samizdat. Named after dissident underground literature in the Soviet Union, the friends published the magazine for free. The handmade high school publication's open editorial policy sparked a free speech debate among the school's students and faculty and brought citywide attention to its young publishers. During his teens McCarthy also made short movies using a video camera and dabbled in animation through classes in high school and a local arts center.
Filmmaking career
After high school McCarthy lived in Chicago and took filmmaking classes at Columbia College before relocating to New York to attend SUNY Purchase full-time. After graduating with a degree in film, he moved to Brooklyn and worked as a bartender. In his spare time, McCarthy worked in his apartment using a rented editing machine to finish a film that he'd started at SUNY. McCarthy only showed the film once, to a group of his own friends in a rented movie theater.
In 2000 McCarthy moved to Los Angeles where he slept on a couch in his sister's home before renting a Sunset Boulevard apartment for $500 a month. He soon formed the Alpha 60 Film Collective with fellow cinephiles Neil Matsumoto and Cecil Castellucci. Named for the fictional computer villain in Jean-Luc Godard's film Alphaville, the group collaborated on making numerous short films, which they showed at the Echo Park Film Center. McCarthy's 12th film for Alpha 60, entitled Maid, was envisioned as a Spanish language documentary that evolves into a Korean musical in under six minutes. Upon seeing the short, a scout from the Sundance Film Festival recommended McCarthy submit any subsequent work to Sundance. This vote of confidence prompted McCarthy to make "Cry for Help," a short film about a zombie version of Jesus Christ, which premiered at Sundance in 2005. His next short film, Chinese Box starring Sam Ball and Petra Wright, was shot for just $300 and played at Sundance in 2009. Each film toured the festival circuit and netted interest from producers, but no offers for further production.
His third short to play at Sundance, an 11-minute ghost story called The Pact, debuted in 2011. When the short was optioned for a longer production, within six weeks McCarthy expanded it into a feature and was contracted to direct the new feature-length version of the film. The 89-minute feature of The Pact premiered at Sundance in 2012 and was picked up for distribution by IFC. A wide release in the United Kingdom grossed $4 million, and the film was well received stateside with the Los Angeles Times later calling it "a crisply made haunted house movie that benefited from its grab-bag approach." McCarthy immediately got to work on his next film, originally titled Home, which premiered at Austin's South by Southwest Film Festival in 2014. Before distribution, McCarthy changed the film's name to At the Devil's Door at IFC's suggestion. That same year McCarthy served as executive producer on a sequel to The Pact starring the first film's original leads, but written and directed by Dallas Hallam and Patrick Horvath. McCarthy had no creative involvement with the sequel.
McCarthy was approached by French horror film directors Julien Maury and Alexandre Bustillo to make an English language version of their film Livid, but the project fell through. In 2016 McCarthy was featured as part of the 17-disc Blu-ray set Feast, commemorating the life and films of Herschell Gordon Lewis. That same year he contributed a short film about the Easter Bunny to the horror film anthology Holidays. The short was praised by both secular and religious writers online as a disturbing examination of faith.
McCarthy directed the horror-thriller The Prodigy for Orion Pictures, which was released on February 8, 2019. The film was written by Jeff Buhler and starred Taylor Schilling and Jackson Robert Scott.
Award nominations
At the 2011 Sundance Film Festival, McCarthy's original short version of The Pact was nominated for a Short Filmmaking Award in the category of U.S. Dramatic Film.
At 2014's South by Southwest Film Festival the audience nominated home for an award in the Midnighters category.
Personal life
In 2007 McCarthy married college friend Alexandra Lisee, a television, film and video producer who also produced McCarthy's first short for Sundance. They have a daughter, Agatha.
Filmography
Year
Film
Credit
Notes
2004
Maid
Director, written by, composer
Short film, co-directed and co-wrote with Sam Zuckerman
2005
Cry for Help
Director, written by
Short film, co-wrote with Charlie Short
2009
Chinese Box
Director, written by
Short film
2011
The Pact
Director, written by
Short film
Catch .44
Special thanks
2012
The Pact
Director, written by
2014
At the Devil's Door
Director, written by
2016
Holidays
Director, written by
Easter segment
Love is Dead
Special thanks
Short film
2017
The Neighbor
Special thanks
Jackals
Thanks
Final Vision
Director
TV movie
2019
The Prodigy
Director
2020
Body Cam
Screenplay by
Co-wrote screenplay with Richard Riedel, based on a story by Richard Reidel
References
^ McCarthy, Nicholas. "About". Facebook. Retrieved 13 October 2017. November 10
^ a b c d e f g Streeter, Kurt (20 January 2012). "Hollywood dream of filmmaker Nicholas McCarthy is stop and go". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 26 September 2017.
^ Brady, Tara (June 8, 2012). "The Fright Stuff". The Irish Times. Retrieved 28 September 2017.
^ a b Sheasley, Chelsea (July 30, 2012). "Horror show: Q&A with Brookline's Nicholas McCarthy". Wicked Local. Retrieved 27 September 2017.
^ a b c d "Meet the 2012 Sundance Filmmakers #35: Nicholas McCarthy, 'The Pact' | IndieWire". Indiewire. January 13, 2012. Retrieved 27 September 2017.
^ a b "Talkhouse Film Contributors Remember George A. Romero". Talkhouse. July 17, 2017. Retrieved 27 September 2017. I saw Night of the Living Dead for the first time, just after I had turned 11, at the Coolidge Corner Theatre in suburban Boston ... It was clear that I had seen something different from any other horror movie I'd encountered ... The movie was humanist, but also pessimistic about humans. That's George Romero in a nutshell, and no one made movies like him.
^ Probert, John Llewellyn (19 August 2012). "Nicholas McCarthy". This Is Horror. Retrieved 27 September 2017.
^ Campbell, Bruce; Sanborn, Craig (2017). "Introduction". Hail to the Chin: Further Confessions of a B Movie Actor. Macmillan. ISBN 9781250125613.
^ Gross, Terri (October 30, 2017). "John Hodgman Reflects On His Mother's Death And White Privilege". Fresh Air. National Public Radio. WHYY. Retrieved 4 November 2017. Nick McCarthy, who was one of the editors with me—his dad was the headmaster of the school. And because of that, we actually went to Brookline Town Hall to use their massive Xerox machine for free. It was literally being published by the state. It could not have been more upside down.
^ Norton, Michael Patrick (February 17, 1988). "STUDENT MAGAZINE STIRS CONTROVERSY IN BROOKLINE". The Boston Globe. p. Metro Section, page 19.
^ "History". Alpha 60. Archived from the original on 2 April 2016. Retrieved 28 September 2017.
^ a b "Did you know shag carpets come with rakes?". Pearl Snap Discount. 14 March 2011. Retrieved 27 September 2017.
^ Smith, Nigel M. (July 5, 2012). "FUTURES: 'The Pact' Writer/Director Nicholas McCarthy On Going From Arty Shorts to Mainstream Horror | IndieWire". IndieWire. Retrieved 27 September 2017.
^ Dargis, Manohla (5 July 2012). "'The Pact,' a Horror Movie Feature Debut by Nicholas McCarthy". The New York Times. Retrieved 27 September 2017.
^ a b Barone, Matt (July 6, 2012). "Interview: "The Pact" Director Nicholas McCarthy Talks Ghost Stories & The Influence Of Dario Argento's "Suspiria"". Complex. Retrieved 27 September 2017.
^ Collis, Clark (3 July 2012). "'The Pact' director: 'Hearing people scream is almost too addictive'". EW.com. Retrieved 27 September 2017.
^ a b Abele, Robert (30 October 2014). "'The Pact 2' doesn't hold much promise". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 27 September 2017.
^ Donato, Matt (12 March 2014). "Home Review ". We Got This Covered. Retrieved 27 September 2017.
^ Miska, Brad (May 29, 2014). "IFC Dates 'At the Devil's Door,' Formerly 'Home' (Exclusive) – Bloody Disgusting". Bloody Disgusting. Retrieved 27 September 2017. After IFC acquired the movie at South by Southwest they floated the idea that a more genre-direct title might help the movie reach its audience.
^ Anderson, Kyle (24 October 2016). "HERSCHELL GORDON LEWIS FEAST is a Balanced Film School Meal (Blu-ray Review) | Nerdist". Nerdist. Archived from the original on 27 September 2017. Retrieved 27 September 2017.
^ Bibbiani, William (24 March 2016). "Happy Easter from 'Holidays' | An Exclusive Scary Easter Clip! – CraveOnline". CraveOnline. Archived from the original on 27 September 2017. Retrieved 27 September 2017.
^ Gravino, Neil. "Nicholas McCarthy's Easter: A Modern Fairy Tale | Horror Homeroom".
^ Ford, Rebecca (May 18, 2017). "'The Pact' Director Nicholas McCarthy to Helm 'Descendant' (Exclusive)". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved 27 September 2017.
^ Esteban, Julieta; Frey, Kelly (January 30, 2011). "2011 Sundance Film Festival Announces Awards". Sundance Film Festival. Retrieved 27 September 2017.
^ Yamato, Jen (5 February 2014). "SXSW: 'The Guest,' 'Oculus,' '13 Sins' Among Midnighters; Full Shorts Slate Unveiled". Deadline. Retrieved 27 September 2017.
External links
Nicholas McCarthy at IMDb
Nicholas McCarthy on Vimeo
vteFilms directed by Nicholas McCarthy
The Pact (2012)
At the Devil's Door (2014)
Holidays (2016)
The Prodigy (2019)
Authority control databases International
ISNI
VIAF
WorldCat
National
Spain
France
BnF data
United States
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Pact","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Pact_(2012_film)"},{"link_name":"At the Devil's Door","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/At_the_Devil%27s_Door"},{"link_name":"horror film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horror_film"}],"text":"Nicolas McCarthy (born November 10, 1970) is an American film director and writer based in Los Angeles. A lifelong lover of film, McCarthy struggled for the first decades of his career, receiving his first break into the motion picture industry at the age of 40 with the release of his 2012 feature film The Pact. In 2014 he released At the Devil's Door, establishing himself primarily as a maker of horror film.","title":"Nicholas McCarthy (director)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Catholic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Brady,_2012-3"},{"link_name":"Brookline High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brookline_High_School"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sheasley,_2012-4"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Streeter,_2012-2"},{"link_name":"Super 8 camera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super_8_film"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Indiewire,_2012-5"},{"link_name":"Jaws","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaws_(film)"},{"link_name":"Coolidge Corner Theater","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Coolidge_Corner_Theater&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Talkhouse,_2017-6"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Indiewire,_2012-5"},{"link_name":"WLVI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WLVI"},{"link_name":"B-movies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B-movie"},{"link_name":"science fiction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_fiction"},{"link_name":"horror movie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horror_movie"},{"link_name":"Creature Double Feature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creature_Double_Feature"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Probert,_2012-7"},{"link_name":"cinematography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinematography"},{"link_name":"David Cronenberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Cronenberg"},{"link_name":"George Romero","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Romero"},{"link_name":"John Waters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Waters"},{"link_name":"David Lynch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Lynch"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Streeter,_2012-2"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Indiewire,_2012-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Talkhouse,_2017-6"},{"link_name":"John Hodgman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Hodgman"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Campbell_and_Sanborn,_2017-8"},{"link_name":"dissident underground literature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samizdat"},{"link_name":"Soviet Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gross,_2017-9"},{"link_name":"free speech","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_speech"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Norton,_1988-10"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sheasley,_2012-4"}],"text":"McCarthy was born in New Hampshire to an Irish-American Catholic family.[3] His family relocated to the Boston area when McCarthy's father took a position as headmaster at Brookline High School.[4] His mother also worked in education as a schoolteacher.[2]McCarthy began shooting films at the age of 10 with a Super 8 camera.[5] One of McCarthy's first movie theater outings was seeing the movie Jaws with his older sister, and he later frequented Boston's many repertory cinemas, such as the Coolidge Corner Theater,[6] which screened 35mm prints of older American and foreign films.[5] Local television station WLVI also provided McCarthy with free access to B-movies through its weekly science fiction and horror movie program Creature Double Feature[7]McCarthy became fascinated with cinematography and by junior high was drawn to the films of David Cronenberg, George Romero, John Waters and David Lynch.[2][5][6] When he entered Brookline High, McCarthy struck up a friendship with future author and humorist John Hodgman.[8] The two shared a love of weird films and co-edited the controversial magazine Samizdat. Named after dissident underground literature in the Soviet Union, the friends published the magazine for free.[9] The handmade high school publication's open editorial policy sparked a free speech debate among the school's students and faculty and brought citywide attention to its young publishers.[10] During his teens McCarthy also made short movies using a video camera and dabbled in animation through classes in high school and a local arts center.[4]","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Columbia College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_College_Chicago"},{"link_name":"SUNY Purchase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SUNY_Purchase"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Indiewire,_2012-5"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Streeter,_2012-2"},{"link_name":"Sunset Boulevard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunset_Boulevard"},{"link_name":"Cecil Castellucci","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cecil_Castellucci"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Alpha_60:_History-11"},{"link_name":"Jean-Luc Godard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Luc_Godard"},{"link_name":"Alphaville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alphaville_(film)"},{"link_name":"Spanish language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_language"},{"link_name":"Korean musical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_music"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PSD,_2011-12"},{"link_name":"Sundance Film Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sundance_Film_Festival"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Smith,_2012-13"},{"link_name":"zombie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zombie"},{"link_name":"Jesus Christ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus_Christ"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Streeter,_2012-2"},{"link_name":"ghost story","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghost_story"},{"link_name":"feature-length version of the film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Pact_(2012_film)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Streeter,_2012-2"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dargis,_2012-14"},{"link_name":"IFC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IFC_Films"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Barone,_2012-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Collis,_2012-16"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Abele,_2014-17"},{"link_name":"Home","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/At_the_Devil%27s_Door"},{"link_name":"South by Southwest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_by_Southwest"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Donato,_2014-18"},{"link_name":"At the Devil's Door","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/At_the_Devil%27s_Door"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Miska,_2014-19"},{"link_name":"a sequel to The Pact","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Pact_2"},{"link_name":"Patrick Horvath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrick_Horvath"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Abele,_2014-17"},{"link_name":"Julien Maury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julien_Maury"},{"link_name":"Alexandre Bustillo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandre_Bustillo"},{"link_name":"English language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_language"},{"link_name":"Livid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Livid_(film)"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Barone,_2012-15"},{"link_name":"Herschell Gordon Lewis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herschell_Gordon_Lewis"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Anderson,_2016-20"},{"link_name":"Easter Bunny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Easter_Bunny"},{"link_name":"Holidays","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holidays_(2016_film)"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bibbiani,_2016-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-%E2%80%9CGravino,_2016-22"},{"link_name":"The Prodigy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Prodigy_(film)"},{"link_name":"Taylor Schilling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taylor_Schilling"},{"link_name":"Jackson Robert Scott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jackson_Robert_Scott"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ford,_2017-23"}],"text":"After high school McCarthy lived in Chicago and took filmmaking classes at Columbia College before relocating to New York to attend SUNY Purchase full-time.[5] After graduating with a degree in film, he moved to Brooklyn and worked as a bartender. In his spare time, McCarthy worked in his apartment using a rented editing machine to finish a film that he'd started at SUNY. McCarthy only showed the film once, to a group of his own friends in a rented movie theater.[2]In 2000 McCarthy moved to Los Angeles where he slept on a couch in his sister's home before renting a Sunset Boulevard apartment for $500 a month. He soon formed the Alpha 60 Film Collective with fellow cinephiles Neil Matsumoto and Cecil Castellucci.[11] Named for the fictional computer villain in Jean-Luc Godard's film Alphaville, the group collaborated on making numerous short films, which they showed at the Echo Park Film Center. McCarthy's 12th film for Alpha 60, entitled Maid, was envisioned as a Spanish language documentary that evolves into a Korean musical in under six minutes.[12] Upon seeing the short, a scout from the Sundance Film Festival recommended McCarthy submit any subsequent work to Sundance.[13] This vote of confidence prompted McCarthy to make \"Cry for Help,\" a short film about a zombie version of Jesus Christ, which premiered at Sundance in 2005. His next short film, Chinese Box starring Sam Ball and Petra Wright, was shot for just $300 and played at Sundance in 2009. Each film toured the festival circuit and netted interest from producers, but no offers for further production.[2]His third short to play at Sundance, an 11-minute ghost story called The Pact, debuted in 2011. When the short was optioned for a longer production, within six weeks McCarthy expanded it into a feature and was contracted to direct the new feature-length version of the film. The 89-minute feature of The Pact premiered at Sundance in 2012[2][14] and was picked up for distribution by IFC.[15] A wide release in the United Kingdom grossed $4 million,[16] and the film was well received stateside with the Los Angeles Times later calling it \"a crisply made haunted house movie that benefited from its grab-bag approach.\"[17] McCarthy immediately got to work on his next film, originally titled Home, which premiered at Austin's South by Southwest Film Festival in 2014.[18] Before distribution, McCarthy changed the film's name to At the Devil's Door at IFC's suggestion.[19] That same year McCarthy served as executive producer on a sequel to The Pact starring the first film's original leads, but written and directed by Dallas Hallam and Patrick Horvath.[17] McCarthy had no creative involvement with the sequel.McCarthy was approached by French horror film directors Julien Maury and Alexandre Bustillo to make an English language version of their film Livid, but the project fell through.[15] In 2016 McCarthy was featured as part of the 17-disc Blu-ray set Feast, commemorating the life and films of Herschell Gordon Lewis.[20] That same year he contributed a short film about the Easter Bunny to the horror film anthology Holidays.[21] The short was praised by both secular and religious writers online as a disturbing examination of faith.[22]McCarthy directed the horror-thriller The Prodigy for Orion Pictures, which was released on February 8, 2019. The film was written by Jeff Buhler and starred Taylor Schilling and Jackson Robert Scott.[23]","title":"Filmmaking career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Esteban_&_Frey,_2011-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Yamato,_2014-25"}],"text":"At the 2011 Sundance Film Festival, McCarthy's original short version of The Pact was nominated for a Short Filmmaking Award in the category of U.S. Dramatic Film.[24]At 2014's South by Southwest Film Festival the audience nominated home for an award in the Midnighters category.[25]","title":"Award nominations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PSD,_2011-12"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Streeter,_2012-2"}],"text":"In 2007 McCarthy married college friend Alexandra Lisee, a television, film and video producer who also produced McCarthy's first short for Sundance.[12] They have a daughter, Agatha.[2]","title":"Personal life"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Filmography"}]
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[{"reference":"McCarthy, Nicholas. \"About\". Facebook. Retrieved 13 October 2017. November 10","urls":[{"url":"https://www.facebook.com/nicholasmccarthy/about?lst=1036790293%3A707353989%3A1507912142","url_text":"\"About\""}]},{"reference":"Streeter, Kurt (20 January 2012). \"Hollywood dream of filmmaker Nicholas McCarthy is stop and go\". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 26 September 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://articles.latimes.com/2012/jan/20/local/la-me-cafe-mccarthy-20120120","url_text":"\"Hollywood dream of filmmaker Nicholas McCarthy is stop and go\""}]},{"reference":"Brady, Tara (June 8, 2012). \"The Fright Stuff\". The Irish Times. Retrieved 28 September 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.irishtimes.com/culture/film/the-fright-stuff-1.1064828","url_text":"\"The Fright Stuff\""}]},{"reference":"Sheasley, Chelsea (July 30, 2012). \"Horror show: Q&A with Brookline's Nicholas McCarthy\". Wicked Local. Retrieved 27 September 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.wickedlocal.com/x1400283023/Horror-show-Q-A-with-Brooklines-Nicholas-McCarthy","url_text":"\"Horror show: Q&A with Brookline's Nicholas McCarthy\""}]},{"reference":"\"Meet the 2012 Sundance Filmmakers #35: Nicholas McCarthy, 'The Pact' | IndieWire\". Indiewire. January 13, 2012. Retrieved 27 September 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.indiewire.com/2012/01/meet-the-2012-sundance-filmmakers-35-nicholas-mccarthy-the-pact-49836/","url_text":"\"Meet the 2012 Sundance Filmmakers #35: Nicholas McCarthy, 'The Pact' | IndieWire\""}]},{"reference":"\"Talkhouse Film Contributors Remember George A. Romero\". Talkhouse. July 17, 2017. Retrieved 27 September 2017. I saw Night of the Living Dead for the first time, just after I had turned 11, at the Coolidge Corner Theatre in suburban Boston ... It was clear that I had seen something different from any other horror movie I'd encountered ... The movie was humanist, but also pessimistic about humans. That's George Romero in a nutshell, and no one made movies like him.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.talkhouse.com/talkhouse-film-contributors-remember-george-a-romero/","url_text":"\"Talkhouse Film Contributors Remember George A. Romero\""}]},{"reference":"Probert, John Llewellyn (19 August 2012). \"Nicholas McCarthy\". This Is Horror. Retrieved 27 September 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.thisishorror.co.uk/interviews/nicholas-mccarthy/","url_text":"\"Nicholas McCarthy\""}]},{"reference":"Campbell, Bruce; Sanborn, Craig (2017). \"Introduction\". Hail to the Chin: Further Confessions of a B Movie Actor. Macmillan. ISBN 9781250125613.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781250125613","url_text":"9781250125613"}]},{"reference":"Gross, Terri (October 30, 2017). \"John Hodgman Reflects On His Mother's Death And White Privilege\". Fresh Air. National Public Radio. WHYY. Retrieved 4 November 2017. Nick McCarthy, who was one of the editors with me—his dad was the headmaster of the school. And because of that, we actually went to Brookline Town Hall to use their massive Xerox machine for free. It was literally being published by the state. It could not have been more upside down.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.npr.org/2017/10/30/560805973/john-hodgman-reflects-on-his-mothers-death-and-white-privilege","url_text":"\"John Hodgman Reflects On His Mother's Death And White Privilege\""}]},{"reference":"Norton, Michael Patrick (February 17, 1988). \"STUDENT MAGAZINE STIRS CONTROVERSY IN BROOKLINE\". The Boston Globe. p. Metro Section, page 19.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"History\". Alpha 60. Archived from the original on 2 April 2016. Retrieved 28 September 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160402185646/http://home.earthlink.net/~alpha60films/id2.html","url_text":"\"History\""},{"url":"https://home.earthlink.net/~alpha60films/id2.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Did you know shag carpets come with rakes?\". Pearl Snap Discount. 14 March 2011. Retrieved 27 September 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://pearlsnapdiscount.wordpress.com/2011/03/14/did-you-know-shag-carpets-come-with-rakes/","url_text":"\"Did you know shag carpets come with rakes?\""}]},{"reference":"Smith, Nigel M. (July 5, 2012). \"FUTURES: 'The Pact' Writer/Director Nicholas McCarthy On Going From Arty Shorts to Mainstream Horror | IndieWire\". IndieWire. Retrieved 27 September 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.indiewire.com/2012/07/futures-the-pact-writerdirector-nicholas-mccarthy-on-going-from-arty-shorts-to-mainstream-horror-242085/","url_text":"\"FUTURES: 'The Pact' Writer/Director Nicholas McCarthy On Going From Arty Shorts to Mainstream Horror | IndieWire\""}]},{"reference":"Dargis, Manohla (5 July 2012). \"'The Pact,' a Horror Movie Feature Debut by Nicholas McCarthy\". The New York Times. Retrieved 27 September 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2012/07/06/movies/the-pact-a-horror-movie-feature-debut-by-nicholas-mccarthy.html?_r=0","url_text":"\"'The Pact,' a Horror Movie Feature Debut by Nicholas McCarthy\""}]},{"reference":"Barone, Matt (July 6, 2012). \"Interview: \"The Pact\" Director Nicholas McCarthy Talks Ghost Stories & The Influence Of Dario Argento's \"Suspiria\"\". Complex. Retrieved 27 September 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.complex.com/pop-culture/2012/07/interview-the-pact-director-nicholas-mccarthy","url_text":"\"Interview: \"The Pact\" Director Nicholas McCarthy Talks Ghost Stories & The Influence Of Dario Argento's \"Suspiria\"\""}]},{"reference":"Collis, Clark (3 July 2012). \"'The Pact' director: 'Hearing people scream is almost too addictive'\". EW.com. Retrieved 27 September 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://ew.com/article/2012/07/03/the-pact/","url_text":"\"'The Pact' director: 'Hearing people scream is almost too addictive'\""}]},{"reference":"Abele, Robert (30 October 2014). \"'The Pact 2' doesn't hold much promise\". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 27 September 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.latimes.com/entertainment/movies/la-et-mn-pact-2-movie-review-20141031-story.html","url_text":"\"'The Pact 2' doesn't hold much promise\""}]},{"reference":"Donato, Matt (12 March 2014). \"Home Review [SXSW 2014]\". We Got This Covered. Retrieved 27 September 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://wegotthiscovered.com/movies/home-sxsw-2014/","url_text":"\"Home Review [SXSW 2014]\""}]},{"reference":"Miska, Brad (May 29, 2014). \"IFC Dates 'At the Devil's Door,' Formerly 'Home' (Exclusive) – Bloody Disgusting\". Bloody Disgusting. Retrieved 27 September 2017. After IFC acquired the movie at South by Southwest they floated the idea that a more genre-direct title might help the movie reach its audience.","urls":[{"url":"https://bloody-disgusting.com/exclusives/3296626/ifc-dates-devils-door-formerly-home-exclusive/","url_text":"\"IFC Dates 'At the Devil's Door,' Formerly 'Home' (Exclusive) – Bloody Disgusting\""}]},{"reference":"Anderson, Kyle (24 October 2016). \"HERSCHELL GORDON LEWIS FEAST is a Balanced Film School Meal (Blu-ray Review) | Nerdist\". Nerdist. Archived from the original on 27 September 2017. Retrieved 27 September 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170927155926/http://nerdist.com/herschell-gordon-lewis-feast-is-a-balanced-film-school-meal-blu-ray-review/","url_text":"\"HERSCHELL GORDON LEWIS FEAST is a Balanced Film School Meal (Blu-ray Review) | Nerdist\""},{"url":"http://nerdist.com/herschell-gordon-lewis-feast-is-a-balanced-film-school-meal-blu-ray-review/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Bibbiani, William (24 March 2016). \"Happy Easter from 'Holidays' | An Exclusive Scary Easter Clip! – CraveOnline\". CraveOnline. Archived from the original on 27 September 2017. Retrieved 27 September 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170927162917/http://www.craveonline.com/entertainment/969019-happy-easter-holidays-exclusive-scary-easter-clip","url_text":"\"Happy Easter from 'Holidays' | An Exclusive Scary Easter Clip! – CraveOnline\""},{"url":"http://www.craveonline.com/entertainment/969019-happy-easter-holidays-exclusive-scary-easter-clip","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Gravino, Neil. \"Nicholas McCarthy's Easter: A Modern Fairy Tale | Horror Homeroom\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.horrorhomeroom.com/nicholas-mccarthys-easter-modern-fairy-tale/","url_text":"\"Nicholas McCarthy's Easter: A Modern Fairy Tale | Horror Homeroom\""}]},{"reference":"Ford, Rebecca (May 18, 2017). \"'The Pact' Director Nicholas McCarthy to Helm 'Descendant' (Exclusive)\". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved 27 September 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/pact-director-nicholas-mccarthy-helm-descendant-1004953","url_text":"\"'The Pact' Director Nicholas McCarthy to Helm 'Descendant' (Exclusive)\""}]},{"reference":"Esteban, Julieta; Frey, Kelly (January 30, 2011). \"2011 Sundance Film Festival Announces Awards\". Sundance Film Festival. Retrieved 27 September 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.sundance.org/blogs/news/2011-sundance-film-festival-announces-awards1","url_text":"\"2011 Sundance Film Festival Announces Awards\""}]},{"reference":"Yamato, Jen (5 February 2014). \"SXSW: 'The Guest,' 'Oculus,' '13 Sins' Among Midnighters; Full Shorts Slate Unveiled\". Deadline. Retrieved 27 September 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://deadline.com/2014/02/sxsw-2014-midnighters-shorts-full-lineup-677576/","url_text":"\"SXSW: 'The Guest,' 'Oculus,' '13 Sins' Among Midnighters; Full Shorts Slate Unveiled\""}]}]
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Romero\""},{"Link":"http://www.thisishorror.co.uk/interviews/nicholas-mccarthy/","external_links_name":"\"Nicholas McCarthy\""},{"Link":"https://www.npr.org/2017/10/30/560805973/john-hodgman-reflects-on-his-mothers-death-and-white-privilege","external_links_name":"\"John Hodgman Reflects On His Mother's Death And White Privilege\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160402185646/http://home.earthlink.net/~alpha60films/id2.html","external_links_name":"\"History\""},{"Link":"https://home.earthlink.net/~alpha60films/id2.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://pearlsnapdiscount.wordpress.com/2011/03/14/did-you-know-shag-carpets-come-with-rakes/","external_links_name":"\"Did you know shag carpets come with rakes?\""},{"Link":"https://www.indiewire.com/2012/07/futures-the-pact-writerdirector-nicholas-mccarthy-on-going-from-arty-shorts-to-mainstream-horror-242085/","external_links_name":"\"FUTURES: 'The Pact' Writer/Director Nicholas McCarthy On Going From Arty Shorts to Mainstream Horror | IndieWire\""},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/2012/07/06/movies/the-pact-a-horror-movie-feature-debut-by-nicholas-mccarthy.html?_r=0","external_links_name":"\"'The Pact,' a Horror Movie Feature Debut by Nicholas McCarthy\""},{"Link":"http://www.complex.com/pop-culture/2012/07/interview-the-pact-director-nicholas-mccarthy","external_links_name":"\"Interview: \"The Pact\" Director Nicholas McCarthy Talks Ghost Stories & The Influence Of Dario Argento's \"Suspiria\"\""},{"Link":"https://ew.com/article/2012/07/03/the-pact/","external_links_name":"\"'The Pact' director: 'Hearing people scream is almost too addictive'\""},{"Link":"https://www.latimes.com/entertainment/movies/la-et-mn-pact-2-movie-review-20141031-story.html","external_links_name":"\"'The Pact 2' doesn't hold much promise\""},{"Link":"https://wegotthiscovered.com/movies/home-sxsw-2014/","external_links_name":"\"Home Review [SXSW 2014]\""},{"Link":"https://bloody-disgusting.com/exclusives/3296626/ifc-dates-devils-door-formerly-home-exclusive/","external_links_name":"\"IFC Dates 'At the Devil's Door,' Formerly 'Home' (Exclusive) – Bloody Disgusting\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170927155926/http://nerdist.com/herschell-gordon-lewis-feast-is-a-balanced-film-school-meal-blu-ray-review/","external_links_name":"\"HERSCHELL GORDON LEWIS FEAST is a Balanced Film School Meal (Blu-ray Review) | Nerdist\""},{"Link":"http://nerdist.com/herschell-gordon-lewis-feast-is-a-balanced-film-school-meal-blu-ray-review/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170927162917/http://www.craveonline.com/entertainment/969019-happy-easter-holidays-exclusive-scary-easter-clip","external_links_name":"\"Happy Easter from 'Holidays' | An Exclusive Scary Easter Clip! – CraveOnline\""},{"Link":"http://www.craveonline.com/entertainment/969019-happy-easter-holidays-exclusive-scary-easter-clip","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.horrorhomeroom.com/nicholas-mccarthys-easter-modern-fairy-tale/","external_links_name":"\"Nicholas McCarthy's Easter: A Modern Fairy Tale | Horror Homeroom\""},{"Link":"https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/pact-director-nicholas-mccarthy-helm-descendant-1004953","external_links_name":"\"'The Pact' Director Nicholas McCarthy to Helm 'Descendant' (Exclusive)\""},{"Link":"http://www.sundance.org/blogs/news/2011-sundance-film-festival-announces-awards1","external_links_name":"\"2011 Sundance Film Festival Announces Awards\""},{"Link":"https://deadline.com/2014/02/sxsw-2014-midnighters-shorts-full-lineup-677576/","external_links_name":"\"SXSW: 'The Guest,' 'Oculus,' '13 Sins' Among Midnighters; Full Shorts Slate Unveiled\""},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/name/nm1130275/","external_links_name":"Nicholas McCarthy"},{"Link":"https://vimeo.com/user10008860","external_links_name":"Nicholas McCarthy on Vimeo"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000420032210","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/305310493","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJgCFcxY7tyDxwXHMKrKBP","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX5335141","external_links_name":"Spain"},{"Link":"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb16979479j","external_links_name":"France"},{"Link":"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb16979479j","external_links_name":"BnF data"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/no2012140979","external_links_name":"United States"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Britannia_(atlas)
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Britannia (atlas)
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["1 Camden's Britannia","2 Blome's Britannia","3 Ogilby's Britannia","3.1 Editions","3.2 Successors","3.3 List of the 100 strip maps","4 Notes","5 References","6 External links"]
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1675 atlas of most major routes in England and Wales
Ogilby's Britannia, frontispiece. A surveyor and assistants are shown at the lower right. This illustration, like the others in the book, was etched by Wenceslaus Hollar.
Britannia is the title of each of three atlases created in England the late 16th and mid 18th centuries, describing some or all of the British Isles. These are the books published by William Camden (in 1586, reprinted 1693) and Richard Blome (in 1673) and John Ogilby (in 1675). Of the three, Ogilby's is probably best known because it was the first to use measured distances.
Camden's Britannia
Main article: William Camden § Britannia
In 1577, William Camden (1551–1623) began his great work Britannia, a topographical and historical survey of all of Great Britain and Ireland. His stated intention was to "restore antiquity to Britaine, and Britain to his antiquity". The first edition, written in Latin, was published in 1586. It proved very popular, and ran through five further Latin editions, of 1587, 1590, 1594, 1600 and 1607, each greatly enlarged from its predecessor in both textual content and illustrations. The 1607 edition included for the first time a full set of English county maps, based on the surveys of Christopher Saxton and John Norden, and engraved by William Kip and William Hole (who also engraved the fine frontispiece). The first English-language edition, translated by Philemon Holland, appeared in 1610, again with some additional content supplied by Camden.
Britannia is a county-by-county description of Great Britain and Ireland. It is a work of chorography: a study that relates landscape, geography, antiquarianism, and history. Rather than write a history, Camden wanted to describe in detail the Great Britain of his time, and to show how the traces of the past could be discerned in the existing landscape. By this method, he produced the first coherent picture of Roman Britain.
Blome's Britannia
This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (August 2023)
Richard Blome (1635-1705) published his Britannia, or a Geographical Description of the Kingdom of England, Scotland and Ireland in 1673.
Ogilby's Britannia
A trundle wheel in use (detail from the frontispiece of Ogilby's Britannia (1675)).
In 1675, John Ogilby (1600–1676) issued his Britannia (also Itinerarium Angliæ), a road atlas depicting in strip form of most of the major routes in England and Wales. The atlas included such details as the configurations of hills, bridges, ferries and the relative size of towns. One hundred strip road maps are shown, accompanied by a double-sided page of text giving additional advice for the map's use, notes on the towns shown and the alternative pronunciations of their name. Another innovation was Ogilby's scale of one inch to the mile (1:63360). These are marked and numbered on each map, the miles further being divided into furlongs. At that period, the measurement of many minor roads had used a locally defined mile rather than the standard mile of 1760 standard yards which Ogilby adopted in his atlas, thus setting the standard for road maps in future.
The most obvious omission from Ogilby's atlas is the route to Liverpool.
The volume includes a panoramic frontispiece plate that includes a surveyor's wheel being used to measure distances.
Editions
It appears that two editions were released, one tinted and one monochrome, under different titles. The tinted edition was called
BRITANNIA Volume the First OR, AN ILLUSTRATION OF THE KINGDOM OF ENGLAND AND Dominion of Wales: By a Geographical and Historical DESCRIPTION OF THE Principal Roads thereof. Actually Admeasured and Delineated in a Century of Whole-Sheet Copper-Sculpt.— Fulltable.
and the monochrome edition was
Itinerarium Angliæ or, a Book of ROADS Wherein are Contain'd The Principal Road-Ways of His Majesty's Kingdom of ENGLAND and Dominion of Wales: Actually Admeasured and Delineated in a Century of Whole Sheet Copper-Sculps — British Library
The book was sold at £5 (the equivalent of about £757 in 2019), was in a large format, and weighed about 8 kg (18 lb).
Successors
A version of the book, "The traveller's guide or, a most exact description of the roads of England", in a smaller format and without any maps, was published in 1699 by Abel Swall.
Ogilby's Britannia inspired and provided the model for Britannia Depicta or Ogilby improv'd published by Emanuel Bowen and John Owen in 1720.
List of the 100 strip maps
Image from John Ogilby's 1675 "Britannia" atlas, showing two routes from Newmarket, Suffolk: to Wells-next-the-Sea, Norfolk and to Bury St Edmunds, Suffolk.
The preface to the atlas gives a list ("catalogue") of the maps it contains:
(City of) London, Acton, Uxbridge, Beaconsfield, High Wycombe, Tetsworth, Oxford, Islip
Islip, Moreton-in-Marsh, Broadway, Pershore, Bromyard, Worcester
Bromyard, Leominster, Presteign, Aberystwyth
London, Ewell, Dorking, Billingshurst, Amberley, Arundel, Chichester
London, Waltham, Hoddesdon, Ware, Royston, Huntingdon, Stilton
Stilton, Stamford, Grantham, Newark, Tuxford
Tuxford, Doncaster, Wentbridge, Tadcaster, York
York, Boroughbridge, Northallerton, Darlington, Durham, Chester-le-Street
Chester-le-Street, Newcastle upon Tyne, Morpeth, Alnwick, Belford, Berwick
London, Hounslow, Maidenhead, Reading, Newbury, Hungerford, Marlborough
Marlborough, Calne, Chippenham, Bristol, Axbridge, Huntspill
London, Acton, Uxbridge, Amersham, Aylesbury, Buckingham, Banbury
Banbury, Stratford, Bromsgrove, Kidderminster, Bridgnorth
London, Brentford, Hounslow, Colnbrook, Slough, Maidenhead, Abingdon
Abingdon, Faringdon, Fairford, Barnsley, Gloucester, Monmouth
Monmouth, Newport, Cardiff, Cowbridge, Aberavon, Burton
Burton, Kidwelly, Haverfordwest, St Davids
London, Southwark, Rochester, Canterbury, Dover
London, Romford, Brentford, Chelmsford, Colchester, Harwich
London, Farningham, Maidstone, Ashford, Hythe
London, High Barnet, St Albans, Dunstable, Stony Stratford, Towcester
Towcester, Daventry, Coventry, Lichfield
Lichfield, Rugeley, Stone, Stableford, Nantwich, Tarporley, Chester
Chester, Denbigh, Conway, Beaumaris, Holyhead
London, Hounslow, Staines, Basingstoke, Andover
Andover, Salisbury, Shaftsbury, Sherborne, Crewkerne
Crewkerne, Honiton, Exeter, Ashburton, Plymouth
Plymouth, Fowey, Tregony, Penzance, Land's End
London, Croydon, East Grinstead, Lewes, Newhaven, Brighton, Shoreham
London, Wandsworth, Cobham, Godalming, Petersfield, Portsmouth
London, Bromley, Sevenoaks, Tonbridge, Rye
Andover, Warminster, Bruton, Bridgwater
Bridgwater, Dulverton, Barnstaple, Torrington, Hatherleigh
Hatherleigh, Camelford, Padstow, St Columb, Truro
Chippenham, Bath, Wells, Marlborough, Devizes, Trowbridge, Wells
Stilton, Peterborough, Spalding, Boston, Sleaford, Lincoln
Darleston, Brewerton, Warrington, Wigan, Preston, Garstang
Garstang, Lancaster, Bolton, Kendal, Penrith, Carlisle
Guildford, Midhurst, Chichester, Midhurst, Petersfield, Winchester
Stony Stratford, Northampton, Market Harborough, Leicester, Loughborough, Derby
Temsford, Stilton, Peterborough, Market Deeping, Sleaford, Lincoln
Lincoln, Redbourne, Brigg, Barton, Hull, Beverley, Flamborough
Puckeridge, Cambridge, Ely, Downham, King's Lynn
Four Shire Stone, Chipping Campden, Worcester, Ludlow, Montgomery
High Barnet, Hatfield, Baldock, Biggleswade, St Neots, Oakham
Puckeridge, Newmarket, Thetford, Attleborough, Windham, Norwich
St Albans, Luton, Bedford, Wellingborough, Kettering, Oakham
Oakham, Melton Mowbray, Nottingham, Mansfield, Rotherham, Barnsley
Barnsley, Halifax, Skipton, Middleham, Richmond
Meriden, Birmingham, Bridgnorth, Shrewsbury, Welshpool
Bagshot, Farnham, Alton, Alresford, Southampton, Romsey, Salisbury
Newmarket, Swaffham, Wells; plus Newmarket, Bury St Edmunds
Basingstoke, Stockbridge, Cranborne, Blandford, Dorchester, Weymouth
Colchester, Ipswich, Saxmundham, Beccles, Yarmouth
Bristol, Chipping Sodbury, Tetbury, Cirencester, Burford, South Newington, Banbury
Bristol, Chepstow, Monmouth, Hereford, Leominster, Ludlow
Ludlow, Shrewsbury, Whitchurch, Chester
Bristol, Wells, Glastonbury, Taunton, Exeter
Bristol, Gloucester, Tewkesbury, Worcester
Bristol, Wells, Crewkerne, Frampton, Weymouth
Cambridge, St Neots, Northampton, Rugby, Coventry
Carlisle, Jedburgh, Kelso, Berwick
Chester, Wrexham, Newtown, Llanbadarn Fynydd ("Vunneth Llanbader"); thence to Cardiff.
Llanbadarn Fynydd ("Llanbader Vunneth"), Brecon ("Breckknock"), Cardiff
Dartmouth, Exeter, Tiverton, Minehead
St Davids, Fishguard, Cardigan, Talybont
Talybont, Bala, Ruthin, Holywell
Exeter, Chulmleigh, Ilfracombe, Bideford, Torrington
Exeter, Tavistock, Liskeard, Truro
Gloucester, Cheltenham, Chipping Campden, Warwick, Coventry
Gloucester, Ross-on-Wye, Hereford, Knighton, Montgomery
Hereford, Worcester, Droitwich, Bromsgrove, Coventry, Leicester
Huntingdon, Ely, Bury St Edmunds, Ipswich
Ipswich, Thwaite, Norwich, Cromer
King's Lynn, Thetford, Stowmarket, Harwich
King's Lynn, Gayton, Billingford, Norwich, Yarmouth
Monmouth, Abergavenny, Brecon, Lampeter
Nottingham, Lincoln, Market Rasen, Grimsby
Oxford, Faringdon, Malmesbury, Bristol
Oxford, Buckingham, Bedford, Cambridge
Oxford, Newbury, Basingstoke, Petersfield, Chichester
Oxford, Banbury, Coventry, Ashby-de-la-Zouch, Derby
Oxford, Hungerford, Salisbury, Cranborne, Poole
Presteign, Builth Wells, Llandovery, Carmarthen
Salisbury, Marlborough, Lechlade, Chipping Campden
Tynemouth, Newcastle, Hexham, Haltwhistle, Carlisle
Welshpool, Dolgellau, Caernarvon
York, Ripley, Skipton, Settle, Lancaster
York, Leeds, Rochdale, Manchester, Warrington
Warrington, Chester, Manchester, Stockport, Derby
Carmarthen, Cardigan, Lampeter, Aberystwyth
Chelmsford, Sudbury, Bury St Edmunds
Chelmsford, Maldon, Rayleigh, Ingatestone, Billericay, Gravesend, Dover
Exeter, Colyford, Lyme Regis, Bridport, Dorchester, Plymouth, Dartmouth
Ferrybridge, Boroughbridge, Ripon, Barnard Castle; plus Ferrybridge to Wakefield
Kendal, Ambleside, Cockermouth, Egremont, Cockermouth, Carlisle
Alresford, Winchester, Poole, Christchurch, Southampton, Winchester
Shrewsbury, Wrexham, Holywell, Chester, Flint, Holywell
Whitby, Guisborough, Stockton, Durham, Sunderland, Tynemouth
York, Pickering, Whitby, New Malton, Sherburn, Scarborough
Notes
^ folio, about 12 in × 18 in (300 mm × 460 mm)
References
Ogilby, John (1675). Britannia – via fulltable.com.
^ Camden, William (1610). "The Author to the Reader". Britain, or a Chorographicall Description of the most flourishing Kingdomes, England, Scotland, and Ireland, and the Ilands adjoyning, out of the depth of Antiquitie. Translated by Holland, Philemon. London.
^ Levy, F. J. (1964). "The Making of Camden's Britannia". Bibliothèque d'humanisme et Renaissance. 26: 70–97.
^ Piggott, Stuart (1976). "William Camden and the Britannia". Ruins in a Landscape: essays in antiquarianism. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. pp. 33–53. ISBN 0852243030.
^ Harris, Oliver D. (2015). "William Camden, Philemon Holland and the 1610 translation of Britannia". Antiquaries Journal. 95: 279–303. doi:10.1017/s0003581515000189. S2CID 163181232.
^ Ogilby (1675).
^ a b Ogilby (1675), p. Catalogue.
^ Ogilby (1675), p. Preface: "In the delineation or decyphering these roads upon copper sculptures"
^ "The First Road Maps: John Ogilby". The Revolutionary Players. West Midlands History Ltd. September 2015.
^ Meredith Donaldson Clark (2013). "'Now Through You Made Public for Everyone', John Ogilby's Britannia". In Vanhaelen, Angela; Ward, Joseph P. (eds.). Making Space Public in Early Modern Europe: Performance, Geography, Privacy. Taylor & Francis. pp. 129-30. ISBN 9781135104672.
^ Ereira, Alan (2019). The nine lives of John Ogilby : Britain's master map maker and his secrets. London: Duckworth. p. 270–271. ISBN 9780715652268. OCLC 1113456435.
^ Ogilby (1675), p. Title page.
^ "Itinerarium Angliæ: or, a book of roads of ... England and ... Wales. MS. Index". 1675. (Provenance: "Formerly owned by Sir Hans Sloane (1660-1753), whose library became one of the founding collections of the British Museum and the British Library".("Itinerarium Angliæ (main catalogue entry)". British Library.)
^ Ackerman, James R., ed. (2006). Cartographies of Travel and Navigation. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. p. 51. ISBN 9780226010786.
^ Swall, Abel (1699). The traveller's guide or, a most exact description of the roads of England. London.
^ Bowen, Emanuel (1720). BRITANNIA DEPICTA or Ogilby improv'd; being a correct coppy of Mr: Ogilby's Actual survey of all ye direct & principal cross roads in England and Wales. London: Tho: Bowles print & map seller.
^ Ogilby (1675), p. Plate 1.
^ Ogilby (1675), p. Plate 2.
^ Ogilby (1675), p. Plate 3.
^ Ogilby (1675), p. Plate 4.
^ Ogilby (1675), p. Plate 5.
^ Ogilby (1675), p. Plate 6.
^ Ogilby (1675), p. Plate 7.
^ Ogilby (1675), p. Plate 8.
^ Ogilby (1675), p. Plate 9.
^ Ogilby (1675), p. Plate 10.
^ Ogilby (1675), p. Plate 11.
^ Ogilby (1675), p. Plate 12.
^ Ogilby (1675), p. Plate 13.
^ Ogilby (1675), p. Plate 14.
^ Ogilby (1675), p. Plate 15.
^ Ogilby (1675), p. Plate 16.
^ Ogilby (1675), p. Plate 17.
^ Ogilby (1675), p. Plate 18.
^ Ogilby (1675), p. Plate 19.
^ Ogilby (1675), p. Plate 20.
^ Ogilby (1675), p. Plate 21.
^ Ogilby (1675), p. Plate 22.
^ Ogilby (1675), p. Plate 23.
^ Ogilby (1675), p. Plate 24.
^ Ogilby (1675), p. Plate 25.
^ Ogilby (1675), p. Plate 26.
^ Ogilby (1675), p. Plate 27.
^ Ogilby (1675), p. Plate 28.
^ Ogilby (1675), p. Plate 29.
^ Ogilby (1675), p. Plate 30.
^ Ogilby (1675), p. Plate 31.
^ Ogilby (1675), p. Plate 32.
^ Ogilby (1675), p. Plate 33.
^ Ogilby (1675), p. Plate 34.
^ Ogilby (1675), p. Plate 35.
^ Ogilby (1675), p. Plate 36.
^ Ogilby (1675), p. Plate 37.
^ Ogilby (1675), p. Plate 38.
^ Ogilby (1675), p. Plate 39.
^ Ogilby (1675), p. Plate 40.
^ Ogilby (1675), p. Plate 41.
^ Ogilby (1675), p. Plate 42.
^ Ogilby (1675), p. Plate 43.
^ Ogilby (1675), p. Plate 44.
^ Ogilby (1675), p. Plate 45.
^ Ogilby (1675), p. Plate 46.
^ Ogilby (1675), p. Plate 47.
^ Ogilby (1675), p. Plate 48.
^ Ogilby (1675), p. Plate 49.
^ Ogilby (1675), p. Plate 50.
^ Ogilby (1675), p. Plate 51.
^ Ogilby (1675), p. Plate 52.
^ Ogilby (1675), p. Plate 53.
^ Ogilby (1675), p. Plate 54.
^ Ogilby (1675), p. Plate 55.
^ Ogilby (1675), p. Plate 56.
^ Ogilby (1675), p. Plate 57.
^ Ogilby (1675), p. Plate 58.
^ Ogilby (1675), p. Plate 59.
^ Ogilby (1675), p. Plate 60.
^ Ogilby (1675), p. Plate 61.
^ Ogilby (1675), p. Plate 62.
^ Ogilby (1675), p. Plate 63.
^ Ogilby (1675), p. Plate 64.
^ Ogilby (1675), p. Plate 65.
^ Ogilby (1675), p. Plate 66.
^ Ogilby (1675), p. Plate 67.
^ Ogilby (1675), p. Plate 68.
^ Ogilby (1675), p. Plate 69.
^ Ogilby (1675), p. Plate 70.
^ Ogilby (1675), p. Plate 71.
^ Ogilby (1675), p. Plate 72.
^ Ogilby (1675), p. Plate 73.
^ Ogilby (1675), p. Plate 74.
^ Ogilby (1675), p. Plate 75.
^ Ogilby (1675), p. Plate 76.
^ Ogilby (1675), p. Plate 77.
^ Ogilby (1675), p. Plate 78.
^ Ogilby (1675), p. Plate 79.
^ Ogilby (1675), p. Plate 80.
^ Ogilby (1675), p. Plate 81.
^ Ogilby (1675), p. Plate 82.
^ Ogilby (1675), p. Plate 83.
^ Ogilby (1675), p. Plate 84.
^ Ogilby (1675), p. Plate 85.
^ Ogilby (1675), p. Plate 86.
^ Ogilby (1675), p. Plate 87.
^ Ogilby (1675), p. Plate 88.
^ Ogilby (1675), p. Plate 89.
^ Ogilby (1675), p. Plate 90.
^ Ogilby (1675), p. Plate 91.
^ Ogilby (1675), p. Plate 92.
^ Ogilby (1675), p. Plate 93.
^ Ogilby (1675), p. Plate 94.
^ Ogilby (1675), p. Plate 95.
^ Ogilby (1675), p. Plate 96.
^ Ogilby (1675), p. Plate 97.
^ Ogilby (1675), p. Plate 98.
^ Ogilby (1675), p. Plate 99.
^ Ogilby (1675), p. Plate 100.
External links
Ogilby's Britannia (Atlas.4.67.6) in Cambridge Digital Library (higher resolution copy)
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ogilby_-_Britannia_-_Frontispiece_Vol_I_(1675).jpg"},{"link_name":"Wenceslaus Hollar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wenceslaus_Hollar"},{"link_name":"British Isles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Isles"},{"link_name":"William Camden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Camden"},{"link_name":"Richard Blome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Blome"},{"link_name":"John Ogilby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Ogilby"}],"text":"Ogilby's Britannia, frontispiece. A surveyor and assistants are shown at the lower right. This illustration, like the others in the book, was etched by Wenceslaus Hollar.Britannia is the title of each of three atlases created in England the late 16th and mid 18th centuries, describing some or all of the British Isles. These are the books published by William Camden (in 1586, reprinted 1693) and Richard Blome (in 1673) and John Ogilby (in 1675). Of the three, Ogilby's is probably best known because it was the first to use measured distances.","title":"Britannia (atlas)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Latin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Christopher Saxton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Saxton"},{"link_name":"John Norden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Norden"},{"link_name":"William Hole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Hole_(engraver)"},{"link_name":"English-language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_language"},{"link_name":"Philemon Holland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philemon_Holland"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"chorography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chorography"},{"link_name":"Roman Britain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Britain"}],"text":"In 1577, William Camden (1551–1623) began his great work Britannia, a topographical and historical survey of all of Great Britain and Ireland. His stated intention was to \"restore antiquity to Britaine, and Britain to his antiquity\".[1] The first edition, written in Latin, was published in 1586. It proved very popular, and ran through five further Latin editions, of 1587, 1590, 1594, 1600 and 1607, each greatly enlarged from its predecessor in both textual content and illustrations.[2][3] The 1607 edition included for the first time a full set of English county maps, based on the surveys of Christopher Saxton and John Norden, and engraved by William Kip and William Hole (who also engraved the fine frontispiece). The first English-language edition, translated by Philemon Holland, appeared in 1610, again with some additional content supplied by Camden.[4]Britannia is a county-by-county description of Great Britain and Ireland. It is a work of chorography: a study that relates landscape, geography, antiquarianism, and history. Rather than write a history, Camden wanted to describe in detail the Great Britain of his time, and to show how the traces of the past could be discerned in the existing landscape. By this method, he produced the first coherent picture of Roman Britain.","title":"Camden's Britannia"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Richard Blome (1635-1705) published his Britannia, or a Geographical Description of the Kingdom of England, Scotland and Ireland in 1673.","title":"Blome's Britannia"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Surveyor%27s_wheel_in_use.jpg"},{"link_name":"trundle wheel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trundle_wheel"},{"link_name":"England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wales"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOgilby1675-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOgilby1675[httpswwwfulltablecomvtsmmapogilbyaSH948jpg_Catalogue]-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOgilby1675[httpswwwfulltablecomvtsmmapogilbyaSH947jpg_Preface]-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Liverpool","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liverpool"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"surveyor's wheel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surveyor%27s_wheel"}],"text":"A trundle wheel in use (detail from the frontispiece of Ogilby's Britannia (1675)).In 1675, John Ogilby (1600–1676) issued his Britannia (also Itinerarium Angliæ), a road atlas depicting in strip form of most of the major routes in England and Wales.[5] The atlas included such details as the configurations of hills, bridges, ferries and the relative size of towns. One hundred strip road maps are shown, accompanied by a double-sided page of text giving additional advice for the map's use, notes on the towns shown and the alternative pronunciations of their name.[6] Another innovation was Ogilby's scale of one inch to the mile (1:63360).[7] These are marked and numbered on each map, the miles further being divided into furlongs.[8] At that period, the measurement of many minor roads had used a locally defined mile rather than the standard mile of 1760 standard yards which Ogilby adopted in his atlas, thus setting the standard for road maps in future.[9]The most obvious omission from Ogilby's atlas is the route to Liverpool.[10]The volume includes a panoramic frontispiece plate that includes a surveyor's wheel being used to measure distances.","title":"Ogilby's Britannia"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Copper-Sculpt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engraving"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOgilby1675[httpswwwfulltablecomvtsmmapogilbyaSH944jpg_Title_page]-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"sub_title":"Editions","text":"It appears that two editions were released, one tinted and one monochrome, under different titles. The tinted edition was calledBRITANNIA Volume the First OR, AN ILLUSTRATION OF THE KINGDOM OF ENGLAND AND Dominion of Wales: By a Geographical and Historical DESCRIPTION OF THE Principal Roads thereof. Actually Admeasured and Delineated in a Century of Whole-Sheet Copper-Sculpt.— Fulltable.[11]and the monochrome edition wasItinerarium Angliæ or, a Book of ROADS Wherein are Contain'd The Principal Road-Ways of His Majesty's Kingdom of ENGLAND and Dominion of Wales: Actually Admeasured and Delineated in a Century of Whole Sheet Copper-Sculps — British Library[12]The book was sold at £5 (the equivalent of about £757 in 2019), was in a large format,[a] and weighed about 8 kg (18 lb).[13]","title":"Ogilby's Britannia"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Britannia Depicta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Britannia_Depicta"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"}],"sub_title":"Successors","text":"A version of the book, \"The traveller's guide or, a most exact description of the roads of England\", in a smaller format and without any maps, was published in 1699 by Abel Swall.[14]Ogilby's Britannia inspired and provided the model for Britannia Depicta or Ogilby improv'd published by Emanuel Bowen and John Owen in 1720.[15]","title":"Ogilby's Britannia"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Britannia_Atlas_Newmarket_to_Wells_and_Bury_Edmunds_1675.jpg"},{"link_name":"Newmarket","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newmarket,_Suffolk"},{"link_name":"Suffolk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suffolk"},{"link_name":"Wells-next-the-Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wells-next-the-Sea"},{"link_name":"Norfolk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norfolk"},{"link_name":"Bury St Edmunds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bury_St_Edmunds"},{"link_name":"Suffolk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suffolk"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOgilby1675[httpswwwfulltablecomvtsmmapogilbyaSH948jpg_Catalogue]-6"},{"link_name":"(City of) London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_of_London"},{"link_name":"Acton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acton,_London"},{"link_name":"Uxbridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uxbridge"},{"link_name":"Beaconsfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beaconsfield"},{"link_name":"High Wycombe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_Wycombe"},{"link_name":"Tetsworth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetsworth"},{"link_name":"Oxford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford"},{"link_name":"Islip","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islip,_Oxfordshire"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOgilby1675[httpswwwfulltablecomVTSmmapogilbybSH950jpg_Plate_1]-17"},{"link_name":"Islip","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islip,_Oxfordshire"},{"link_name":"Moreton-in-Marsh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moreton-in-Marsh"},{"link_name":"Broadway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadway,_Worcestershire"},{"link_name":"Pershore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pershore"},{"link_name":"Bromyard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bromyard"},{"link_name":"Worcester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Worcester,_England"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOgilby1675[httpswwwfulltablecomVTSmmapogilbybSH951jpg_Plate_2]-18"},{"link_name":"Bromyard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bromyard"},{"link_name":"Leominster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leominster"},{"link_name":"Presteign","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presteign"},{"link_name":"Aberystwyth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aberystwyth"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOgilby1675[httpswwwfulltablecomVTSmmapogilbybSH952jpg_Plate_3]-19"},{"link_name":"Ewell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ewell"},{"link_name":"Dorking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorking"},{"link_name":"Billingshurst","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billingshurst"},{"link_name":"Amberley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amberley,_West_Sussex"},{"link_name":"Arundel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arundel"},{"link_name":"Chichester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chichester"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOgilby1675[httpswwwfulltablecomVTSmmapogilbybSH953jpg_Plate_4]-20"},{"link_name":"Waltham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walthamstow"},{"link_name":"Hoddesdon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoddesdon"},{"link_name":"Ware","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ware,_Hertfordshire"},{"link_name":"Royston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royston,_Hertfordshire"},{"link_name":"Huntingdon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntingdon"},{"link_name":"Stilton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stilton"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOgilby1675[httpswwwfulltablecomVTSmmapogilbybSH954jpg_Plate_5]-21"},{"link_name":"Stilton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stilton"},{"link_name":"Stamford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stamford,_Lincolnshire"},{"link_name":"Grantham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grantham"},{"link_name":"Newark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newark-on-Trent"},{"link_name":"Tuxford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuxford"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOgilby1675[httpswwwfulltablecomVTSmmapogilbybSH955jpg_Plate_6]-22"},{"link_name":"Tuxford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuxford"},{"link_name":"Doncaster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doncaster"},{"link_name":"Wentbridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wentbridge"},{"link_name":"Tadcaster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tadcaster"},{"link_name":"York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/York"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOgilby1675[httpswwwfulltablecomVTSmmapogilbybSH956jpg_Plate_7]-23"},{"link_name":"York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/York"},{"link_name":"Boroughbridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boroughbridge"},{"link_name":"Northallerton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northallerton"},{"link_name":"Darlington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darlington"},{"link_name":"Durham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Durham,_England"},{"link_name":"Chester-le-Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chester-le-Street"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOgilby1675[httpswwwfulltablecomVTSmmapogilbybSH957jpg_Plate_8]-24"},{"link_name":"Chester-le-Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chester-le-Street"},{"link_name":"Newcastle upon Tyne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newcastle_upon_Tyne"},{"link_name":"Morpeth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morpeth,_Northumberland"},{"link_name":"Alnwick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alnwick"},{"link_name":"Belford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belford,_Northumberland"},{"link_name":"Berwick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berwick-upon-Tweed"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOgilby1675[httpswwwfulltablecomVTSmmapogilbybSH958jpg_Plate_9]-25"},{"link_name":"Hounslow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hounslow"},{"link_name":"Maidenhead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maidenhead"},{"link_name":"Reading","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reading,_Berkshire"},{"link_name":"Newbury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newbury,_Berkshire"},{"link_name":"Hungerford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungerford"},{"link_name":"Marlborough","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marlborough,_Wiltshire"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOgilby1675[httpswwwfulltablecomVTSmmapogilbybSH959jpg_Plate_10]-26"},{"link_name":"Marlborough","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marlborough,_Wiltshire"},{"link_name":"Calne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calne"},{"link_name":"Chippenham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chippenham"},{"link_name":"Bristol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bristol"},{"link_name":"Axbridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axbridge"},{"link_name":"Huntspill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntspill"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOgilby1675[httpswwwfulltablecomVTSmmapogilbybSH960jpg_Plate_11]-27"},{"link_name":"Acton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acton,_London"},{"link_name":"Uxbridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uxbridge"},{"link_name":"Amersham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amersham"},{"link_name":"Aylesbury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aylesbury"},{"link_name":"Buckingham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buckingham"},{"link_name":"Banbury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banbury"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOgilby1675[httpswwwfulltablecomVTSmmapogilbybSH961jpg_Plate_12]-28"},{"link_name":"Banbury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banbury"},{"link_name":"Stratford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stratford-upon-Avon"},{"link_name":"Bromsgrove","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bromsgrove"},{"link_name":"Kidderminster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kidderminster"},{"link_name":"Bridgnorth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bridgnorth"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOgilby1675[httpswwwfulltablecomVTSmmapogilbybSH962jpg_Plate_13]-29"},{"link_name":"Brentford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brentford"},{"link_name":"Hounslow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hounslow"},{"link_name":"Colnbrook","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colnbrook"},{"link_name":"Slough","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slough"},{"link_name":"Maidenhead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maidenhead"},{"link_name":"Abingdon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abingdon,_Oxfordshire"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOgilby1675[httpswwwfulltablecomVTSmmapogilbybSH963jpg_Plate_14]-30"},{"link_name":"Abingdon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abingdon,_Oxfordshire"},{"link_name":"Faringdon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faringdon"},{"link_name":"Fairford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fairford"},{"link_name":"Barnsley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barnsley,_Gloucestershire"},{"link_name":"Gloucester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gloucester"},{"link_name":"Monmouth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monmouth"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOgilby1675[httpswwwfulltablecomVTSmmapogilbybSH964jpg_Plate_15]-31"},{"link_name":"Monmouth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monmouth"},{"link_name":"Newport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newport,_Wales"},{"link_name":"Cardiff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiff"},{"link_name":"Cowbridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cowbridge"},{"link_name":"Aberavon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aberavon"},{"link_name":"Burton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burton,_Pembrokeshire"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOgilby1675[httpswwwfulltablecomVTSmmapogilbybSH965jpg_Plate_16]-32"},{"link_name":"Burton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burton,_Pembrokeshire"},{"link_name":"Kidwelly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kidwelly"},{"link_name":"Haverfordwest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haverfordwest"},{"link_name":"St Davids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Davids"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOgilby1675[httpswwwfulltablecomVTSmmapogilbybSH966jpg_Plate_17]-33"},{"link_name":"Southwark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southwark"},{"link_name":"Rochester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rochester,_Kent"},{"link_name":"Canterbury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canterbury"},{"link_name":"Dover","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dover"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOgilby1675[httpswwwfulltablecomVTSmmapogilbycSH967jpg_Plate_18]-34"},{"link_name":"Romford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romford"},{"link_name":"Brentford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brentford"},{"link_name":"Chelmsford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelmsford"},{"link_name":"Colchester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colchester"},{"link_name":"Harwich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harwich"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOgilby1675[httpswwwfulltablecomVTSmmapogilbycSH968jpg_Plate_19]-35"},{"link_name":"Farningham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farningham"},{"link_name":"Maidstone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maidstone"},{"link_name":"Ashford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashford,_Kent"},{"link_name":"Hythe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hythe,_Kent"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOgilby1675[httpswwwfulltablecomVTSmmapogilbycSH969jpg_Plate_20]-36"},{"link_name":"High Barnet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_Barnet"},{"link_name":"St Albans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Albans"},{"link_name":"Dunstable","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dunstable"},{"link_name":"Stony 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Malton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malton,_North_Yorkshire"},{"link_name":"Sherburn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sherburn,_North_Yorkshire"},{"link_name":"Scarborough","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scarborough,_North_Yorkshire"},{"link_name":"[115]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOgilby1675[httpswwwfulltablecomVTSmmapogilbydSH049jpg_Plate_100]-116"}],"sub_title":"List of the 100 strip maps","text":"Image from John Ogilby's 1675 \"Britannia\" atlas, showing two routes from Newmarket, Suffolk: to Wells-next-the-Sea, Norfolk and to Bury St Edmunds, Suffolk.The preface to the atlas gives a list (\"catalogue\") of the maps it contains:[6](City of) London, Acton, Uxbridge, Beaconsfield, High Wycombe, Tetsworth, Oxford, Islip[16]\nIslip, Moreton-in-Marsh, Broadway, Pershore, Bromyard, Worcester[17]\nBromyard, Leominster, Presteign, Aberystwyth[18]\nLondon, Ewell, Dorking, Billingshurst, Amberley, Arundel, Chichester[19]\nLondon, Waltham, Hoddesdon, Ware, Royston, Huntingdon, Stilton[20]\nStilton, Stamford, Grantham, Newark, Tuxford[21]\nTuxford, Doncaster, Wentbridge, Tadcaster, York[22]\nYork, Boroughbridge, Northallerton, Darlington, Durham, Chester-le-Street[23]\nChester-le-Street, Newcastle upon Tyne, Morpeth, Alnwick, Belford, Berwick[24]\nLondon, Hounslow, Maidenhead, Reading, Newbury, Hungerford, Marlborough[25]\nMarlborough, Calne, Chippenham, Bristol, Axbridge, Huntspill[26]\nLondon, Acton, Uxbridge, Amersham, Aylesbury, Buckingham, Banbury[27]\nBanbury, Stratford, Bromsgrove, Kidderminster, Bridgnorth[28]\nLondon, Brentford, Hounslow, Colnbrook, Slough, Maidenhead, Abingdon[29]\nAbingdon, Faringdon, Fairford, Barnsley, Gloucester, Monmouth[30]\nMonmouth, Newport, Cardiff, Cowbridge, Aberavon, Burton[31]\nBurton, Kidwelly, Haverfordwest, St Davids[32]\nLondon, Southwark, Rochester, Canterbury, Dover[33]\nLondon, Romford, Brentford, Chelmsford, Colchester, Harwich[34]\nLondon, Farningham, Maidstone, Ashford, Hythe[35]\nLondon, High Barnet, St Albans, Dunstable, Stony Stratford, Towcester[36]\nTowcester, Daventry, Coventry, Lichfield[37]\nLichfield, Rugeley, Stone, Stableford, Nantwich, Tarporley, Chester[38]\nChester, Denbigh, Conway, Beaumaris, Holyhead[39]\nLondon, Hounslow, Staines, Basingstoke, Andover[40]\nAndover, Salisbury, Shaftsbury, Sherborne, Crewkerne[41]\nCrewkerne, Honiton, Exeter, Ashburton, Plymouth[42]\nPlymouth, Fowey, Tregony, Penzance, Land's End[43]\nLondon, Croydon, East Grinstead, Lewes, Newhaven, Brighton, Shoreham[44]\nLondon, Wandsworth, Cobham, Godalming, Petersfield, Portsmouth[45]\nLondon, Bromley, Sevenoaks, Tonbridge, Rye[46]\nAndover, Warminster, Bruton, Bridgwater[47]\nBridgwater, Dulverton, Barnstaple, Torrington, Hatherleigh[48]\nHatherleigh, Camelford, Padstow, St Columb, Truro[49]\nChippenham, Bath, Wells, Marlborough, Devizes, Trowbridge, Wells[50]\nStilton, Peterborough, Spalding, Boston, Sleaford, Lincoln[51]\nDarleston, Brewerton, Warrington, Wigan, Preston, Garstang[52]\nGarstang, Lancaster, Bolton, Kendal, Penrith, Carlisle[53]\nGuildford, Midhurst, Chichester, Midhurst, Petersfield, Winchester[54]\nStony Stratford, Northampton, Market Harborough, Leicester, Loughborough, Derby[55]\nTemsford, Stilton, Peterborough, Market Deeping, Sleaford, Lincoln[56]\nLincoln, Redbourne, Brigg, Barton, Hull, Beverley, Flamborough[57]\nPuckeridge, Cambridge, Ely, Downham, King's Lynn[58]\nFour Shire Stone, Chipping Campden, Worcester, Ludlow, Montgomery[59]\nHigh Barnet, Hatfield, Baldock, Biggleswade, St Neots, Oakham[60]\nPuckeridge, Newmarket, Thetford, Attleborough, Windham, Norwich[61]\nSt Albans, Luton, Bedford, Wellingborough, Kettering, Oakham[62]\nOakham, Melton Mowbray, Nottingham, Mansfield, Rotherham, Barnsley[63]\nBarnsley, Halifax, Skipton, Middleham, Richmond[64]\nMeriden, Birmingham, Bridgnorth, Shrewsbury, Welshpool[65]\nBagshot, Farnham, Alton, Alresford, Southampton, Romsey, Salisbury[66]\nNewmarket, Swaffham, Wells; plus Newmarket, Bury St Edmunds[67]\nBasingstoke, Stockbridge, Cranborne, Blandford, Dorchester, Weymouth[68]\nColchester, Ipswich, Saxmundham, Beccles, Yarmouth[69]\nBristol, Chipping Sodbury, Tetbury, Cirencester, Burford, South Newington, Banbury[70]\nBristol, Chepstow, Monmouth, Hereford, Leominster, Ludlow[71]\nLudlow, Shrewsbury, Whitchurch, Chester[72]\nBristol, Wells, Glastonbury, Taunton, Exeter[73]\nBristol, Gloucester, Tewkesbury, Worcester[74]\nBristol, Wells, Crewkerne, Frampton, Weymouth[75]\nCambridge, St Neots, Northampton, Rugby, Coventry[76]\nCarlisle, Jedburgh, Kelso, Berwick[77]\nChester, Wrexham, Newtown, Llanbadarn Fynydd (\"Vunneth Llanbader\"); thence to Cardiff.[78]\nLlanbadarn Fynydd (\"Llanbader Vunneth\"), Brecon (\"Breckknock\"), Cardiff[79]\nDartmouth, Exeter, Tiverton, Minehead[80]\nSt Davids, Fishguard, Cardigan, Talybont[81]\nTalybont, Bala, Ruthin, Holywell[82]\nExeter, Chulmleigh, Ilfracombe, Bideford, Torrington[83]\nExeter, Tavistock, Liskeard, Truro[84]\nGloucester, Cheltenham, Chipping Campden, Warwick, Coventry[85]\nGloucester, Ross-on-Wye, Hereford, Knighton, Montgomery[86]\nHereford, Worcester, Droitwich, Bromsgrove, Coventry, Leicester[87]\nHuntingdon, Ely, Bury St Edmunds, Ipswich[88]\nIpswich, Thwaite, Norwich, Cromer[89]\nKing's Lynn, Thetford, Stowmarket, Harwich[90]\nKing's Lynn, Gayton, Billingford, Norwich, Yarmouth[91]\nMonmouth, Abergavenny, Brecon, Lampeter[92]\nNottingham, Lincoln, Market Rasen, Grimsby[93]\nOxford, Faringdon, Malmesbury, Bristol[94]\nOxford, Buckingham, Bedford, Cambridge[95]\nOxford, Newbury, Basingstoke, Petersfield, Chichester[96]\nOxford, Banbury, Coventry, Ashby-de-la-Zouch, Derby[97]\nOxford, Hungerford, Salisbury, Cranborne, Poole[98]\nPresteign, Builth Wells, Llandovery, Carmarthen[99]\nSalisbury, Marlborough, Lechlade, Chipping Campden[100]\nTynemouth, Newcastle, Hexham, Haltwhistle, Carlisle[101]\nWelshpool, Dolgellau, Caernarvon[102]\nYork, Ripley, Skipton, Settle, Lancaster[103]\nYork, Leeds, Rochdale, Manchester, Warrington[104]\nWarrington, Chester, Manchester, Stockport, Derby[105]\nCarmarthen, Cardigan, Lampeter, Aberystwyth[106]\nChelmsford, Sudbury, Bury St Edmunds[107]\nChelmsford, Maldon, Rayleigh, Ingatestone, Billericay, Gravesend, Dover[108]\nExeter, Colyford, Lyme Regis, Bridport, Dorchester, Plymouth, Dartmouth[109]\nFerrybridge, Boroughbridge, Ripon, Barnard Castle; plus Ferrybridge to Wakefield[110]\nKendal, Ambleside, Cockermouth, Egremont, Cockermouth, Carlisle[111]\nAlresford, Winchester, Poole, Christchurch, Southampton, Winchester[112]\nShrewsbury, Wrexham, Holywell, Chester, Flint, Holywell[113]\nWhitby, Guisborough, Stockton, Durham, Sunderland, Tynemouth[114]\nYork, Pickering, Whitby, New Malton, Sherburn, Scarborough[115]","title":"Ogilby's Britannia"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-13"},{"link_name":"folio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folio"}],"text":"^ folio, about 12 in × 18 in (300 mm × 460 mm)","title":"Notes"}]
|
[{"image_text":"Ogilby's Britannia, frontispiece. A surveyor and assistants are shown at the lower right. This illustration, like the others in the book, was etched by Wenceslaus Hollar.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Ogilby_-_Britannia_-_Frontispiece_Vol_I_%281675%29.jpg/280px-Ogilby_-_Britannia_-_Frontispiece_Vol_I_%281675%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"A trundle wheel in use (detail from the frontispiece of Ogilby's Britannia (1675)).","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Surveyor%27s_wheel_in_use.jpg/220px-Surveyor%27s_wheel_in_use.jpg"},{"image_text":"Image from John Ogilby's 1675 \"Britannia\" atlas, showing two routes from Newmarket, Suffolk: to Wells-next-the-Sea, Norfolk and to Bury St Edmunds, Suffolk.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Britannia_Atlas_Newmarket_to_Wells_and_Bury_Edmunds_1675.jpg/220px-Britannia_Atlas_Newmarket_to_Wells_and_Bury_Edmunds_1675.jpg"}]
| null |
[{"reference":"Ogilby, John (1675). Britannia – via fulltable.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.fulltable.com/vts/m/map/ogilby/mna.htm","url_text":"Britannia"}]},{"reference":"Camden, William (1610). \"The Author to the Reader\". Britain, or a Chorographicall Description of the most flourishing Kingdomes, England, Scotland, and Ireland, and the Ilands adjoyning, out of the depth of Antiquitie. Translated by Holland, Philemon. London.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.philological.bham.ac.uk/cambrit/fronteng.html","url_text":"Britain, or a Chorographicall Description of the most flourishing Kingdomes, England, Scotland, and Ireland, and the Ilands adjoyning, out of the depth of Antiquitie"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philemon_Holland","url_text":"Holland, Philemon"}]},{"reference":"Levy, F. J. (1964). \"The Making of Camden's Britannia\". Bibliothèque d'humanisme et Renaissance. 26: 70–97.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Piggott, Stuart (1976). \"William Camden and the Britannia\". Ruins in a Landscape: essays in antiquarianism. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. pp. 33–53. ISBN 0852243030.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stuart_Piggott","url_text":"Piggott, Stuart"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/ruinsinlandscape00pigg/page/33","url_text":"\"William Camden and the Britannia\""},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/ruinsinlandscape00pigg/page/33","url_text":"33–53"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0852243030","url_text":"0852243030"}]},{"reference":"Harris, Oliver D. (2015). \"William Camden, Philemon Holland and the 1610 translation of Britannia\". Antiquaries Journal. 95: 279–303. doi:10.1017/s0003581515000189. S2CID 163181232.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiquaries_Journal","url_text":"Antiquaries Journal"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fs0003581515000189","url_text":"10.1017/s0003581515000189"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:163181232","url_text":"163181232"}]},{"reference":"\"The First Road Maps: John Ogilby\". The Revolutionary Players. West Midlands History Ltd. September 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.revolutionaryplayers.org.uk/the-first-road-maps-john-ogilby-1697","url_text":"\"The First Road Maps: John Ogilby\""}]},{"reference":"Meredith Donaldson Clark (2013). \"'Now Through You Made Public for Everyone', John Ogilby's Britannia\". In Vanhaelen, Angela; Ward, Joseph P. (eds.). Making Space Public in Early Modern Europe: Performance, Geography, Privacy. Taylor & Francis. pp. 129-30. ISBN 9781135104672.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Rr5_tRVo1uUC","url_text":"129-30"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781135104672","url_text":"9781135104672"}]},{"reference":"Ereira, Alan (2019). The nine lives of John Ogilby : Britain's master map maker and his secrets. London: Duckworth. p. 270–271. ISBN 9780715652268. OCLC 1113456435.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Ereira","url_text":"Ereira, Alan"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780715652268","url_text":"9780715652268"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1113456435","url_text":"1113456435"}]},{"reference":"\"Itinerarium Angliæ: or, a book of roads of ... England and ... Wales. MS. Index\". 1675.","urls":[{"url":"https://access.bl.uk/item/viewer/ark:/81055/vdc_100121912028.0x000001#?c=0&m=0&s=0&cv=19&xywh=0%2C-188%2C6068%2C5153","url_text":"\"Itinerarium Angliæ: or, a book of roads of ... England and ... Wales. MS. Index\""}]},{"reference":"\"Itinerarium Angliæ (main catalogue entry)\". British Library.","urls":[{"url":"https://explore.bl.uk/primo_library/libweb/action/dlDisplay.do?docId=BLL01002697678&vid=BLVU1&lang=en_US&institution=BL","url_text":"\"Itinerarium Angliæ (main catalogue entry)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Library","url_text":"British Library"}]},{"reference":"Ackerman, James R., ed. (2006). Cartographies of Travel and Navigation. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. p. 51. ISBN 9780226010786.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780226010786","url_text":"9780226010786"}]},{"reference":"Swall, Abel (1699). The traveller's guide or, a most exact description of the roads of England. London.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=twFQAQAAIAAJ","url_text":"The traveller's guide or, a most exact description of the roads of England"}]},{"reference":"Bowen, Emanuel (1720). BRITANNIA DEPICTA or Ogilby improv'd; being a correct coppy of Mr: Ogilby's Actual survey of all ye direct & principal cross roads in England and Wales. London: Tho: Bowles print & map seller.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/bim_eighteenth-century_britannia-depicta-or-o_ogilby-john_1764/mode/2up","url_text":"BRITANNIA DEPICTA or Ogilby improv'd; being a correct coppy of Mr: Ogilby's Actual survey of all ye direct & principal cross roads in England and Wales"}]}]
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England and ... Wales. MS. 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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miami_Dolphin_Honor_Roll
|
Miami Dolphins Honor Roll
|
["1 Inductees","2 References"]
|
The Miami Dolphins Honor Roll is a ring around the second tier at Hard Rock Stadium in Miami Gardens, Florida, which honors former players, coaches, contributors, and officials who have made significant contributions to the Miami Dolphins franchise.
The Miami Dolphins Honor Roll was started on September 16, 1990, with its first inductee being the owner/founder of the Miami Dolphins: Joe Robbie, who died one year prior to his induction.
Since then, 23 players, and two coaches have been inducted into the honor roll, along with a special induction to honor the 1972 Undefeated Team, which was inducted in 1992 at the 20th anniversary. Inductions included a special "four individual" induction in 1990 to honor the first four Miami Dolphins Hall of Famers of Csonka, Langer, Griese, and Warfield.
There have also been special "dual" inductions: In 2003, the "Marks Brothers" of WRs Mark Clayton and Mark Duper were inducted. In 2008, a special "dual" induction honored two members of the famed "Killer B's" defense with DT Bob Baumhower and DE Doug Betters. In 2010, a "dual" induction of two defensive stars on Miami's 1972 undefeated team - S Jake Scott and DE Bill Stanfill - were inducted. In 2012, a special "dual" induction of two all-time Dolphin fan-favorites, defensive stars from the mid-late 1990s/early 2000s - LB Zach Thomas and DE Jason Taylor - were also inducted.
In 1992 at the 20th anniversary, Miami's "1972 Undefeated Team" was enshrined into the Honor Roll. At the 40th anniversary, which enshrined former defensive coordinator Bill Arnsparger into the Honor Roll, his name went on the Honor Roll where the "1972 Undefeated Team" inductee previously and originally was enshrined, and an updated "1972 Perfect Season Team 17-0" inductee was put into one corner of Hard Rock Stadium with special placards of Super Bowl VII and Super Bowl VIII included next to it on each side.
Miami Dolphins Honor Roll inductees are chosen by current members of the honor roll as well as current franchise officials.
Inductees
Name
Number
Position
Years With Club
Date of Induction
Joe Robbie
Founder and Owner
1966–1989
September 16, 1990
Larry Csonka
39 ^
FB
1968–1974, 1979
November 19, 1990
Bob Griese
12 ^
QB
1967–1980
November 19, 1990
Jim Langer
62
C
1970–1979
November 19, 1990
Paul Warfield
42
WR
1970–1974
November 19, 1990
Nick Buoniconti
85
LB
1969–1974, 1976
November 18, 1991
1972 undefeated team
November 16, 1992
Larry Little
66
G
1969–1980
December 16, 1993
Dwight Stephenson
57
C
1980–1987
December 12, 1994
Bob Kuechenberg
67
G
1970–1984
December 15, 1995
Don Shula
347 (number of career coaching wins)
Head Coach
1970–1995
November 25, 1996
Nat Moore
89
WR
1974–1986
December 5, 1999
Dan Marino
13 ^
QB
1983–1999
September 17, 2000
Mark Clayton
83
WR
1983–1992
December 15, 2003
Mark Duper
85
WR
1982–1992
December 15, 2003
Dick Anderson
40
S
1968–1977
December 3, 2006
Richmond Webb
78
OT
1990–2000
December 25, 2006
Bob Baumhower
73
DT
1977–1986
December 14, 2008
Doug Betters
75
DE
1978–1987
December 14, 2008
Jake Scott
13
S
1970–1975
November 18, 2010
Bill Stanfill
84
DE
1969–1976
November 18, 2010
Jim Mandich
88
TE and Radio Broadcaster
1970–1977 / 1992–2004, 2007-2010
December 4, 2011
Jason Taylor
99
DE
1997–2007, 2009, 2011
October 14, 2012
Zach Thomas
54
LB
1996-2007
October 14, 2012
Bill Arnsparger
Defensive Coordinator
1970-19731976-1983
December 16, 2012
Updated 1992 inductee: Super Bowl VII | 1972 Perfect Season Team 17-0 | Super Bowl VIII
December 16, 2012
John Offerdahl
56
LB
1986-1993
October 31, 2013
Manny Fernandez
75
DT
1968-1975
December 21, 2014
^ Jersey Number Retired
Bold indicates those enshrined into the Pro Football Hall of Fame
References
^
^
^ Archived June 23, 2011, at the Wayback Machine
^ "Paul Warfield | Miami Dolphins". Archived from the original on December 10, 2010. Retrieved July 11, 2011.
^ "Nick Buoniconti | Miami Dolphins". Archived from the original on January 12, 2011. Retrieved July 11, 2011.
^
^
^ Jake Scott Bill Stanfill named to Miami Dolphins Honor Roll
^ "Jim Mandich To Be Inducted Into Dolphins Honor Roll In 2011". Archived from the original on June 7, 2011.
^ "Jim Mandich to enter Miami Dolphins Honor Roll on Dec. 4". Sun-sentinel.com. 2011-10-18. Archived from the original on 2013-02-03. Retrieved 2012-09-03.
vteMiami Dolphins Honor Roll inductees
1972 Miami Dolphins
Dick Anderson
Bill Arnsparger
Bob Baumhower
Doug Betters
Nick Buoniconti
Mark Clayton
Larry Csonka
Mark Duper
Manny Fernandez
Bob Griese
Bob Kuechenberg
Jim Langer
Larry Little
Jim Mandich
Dan Marino
Nat Moore
John Offerdahl
Joe Robbie
Jake Scott
Don Shula
Bill Stanfill
Dwight Stephenson
Jason Taylor
Zach Thomas
Paul Warfield
Richmond Webb
vteMiami Dolphins
Founded in 1966
Based and headquarted in Miami Gardens, Florida
Franchise
Franchise
History
Seasons
Coaches
Players
First-round draft picks
Starting quarterbacks
Records
Awards
Honor roll
Training facility
Stadiums
Orange Bowl
Hard Rock Stadium
Culture
"Fins" (Jimmy Buffett song)
Wayne Huizenga
Stephen M. Ross
Joe Robbie
T. D.
Cheerleaders
Ace Ventura: Pet Detective
"Only Wanna Be with You" (Hootie & the Blowfish song)
Elway to Marino
Ballers
Lore
Perfect season
The Sea of Hands
Announcerless game
Epic in Miami
Snowplow Game
Clock Play
Monday Night Miracle
Miami Miracle
Rivalries
Buffalo Bills
Las Vegas Raiders
New England Patriots
New York Jets
Tampa Bay Buccaneers
Division championships (13)
1971
1972
1973
1974
1979
1981
1983
1984
1985
1992
1994
2000
2008
Conference championships (5)
1971
1972
1973
1982
1984
League championships (2)
1972 (VII)
1973 (VIII)
Retired numbers
12
13
39
Media
Broadcasters
WFOR-TV
Current league affiliations
League: National Football League (1970–present)
Conference: American Football Conference
Division: East Division
Former league affiliation
League: American Football League (1966–1969)
|
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[]
| null |
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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regine_Heitzer
|
Regine Heitzer
|
["1 Results","2 References"]
|
Austrian figure skater
Regine HeitzerRegine Heitzer in 1962Born (1944-02-16) 16 February 1944 (age 80)Height5 ft 7 in (170 cm)Figure skating careerCountryAustriaSkating clubWienRetired1973
Medal record
Representing Austria
Olympic Games
1964 Innsbruck
Singles
World Championships
1965 Colorado Springs
Singles
1964 Dortmund
Singles
1963 Cortina d'Ampezzo
Singles
1962 Prague
Singles
European Championships
1966 Bratislava
Singles
1965 Moscow
Singles
1964 Grenoble
Singles
1963 Budapest
Singles
1962 Geneva
Singles
1961 Berlin
Singles
1960 Garmisch-Partenkirchen
Singles
Regine Heitzer (born 16 February 1944) is a retired Austrian figure skater. She competed at the 1960 and 1964 Winter Olympics and won a silver medal in the singles event in 1964. Between 1960 and 1965 she also won 11 medals at European and world championships. In 1967 she turned professional and skated for Vienna Ice Revue and Holiday on Ice. She retired in 1971 due to a knee injury and rarely danced since then – in 1979 she skated with Emmerich Danzer to promote the World Championships in Vienna.
In the 1970s she turned to her father's business, wholesale upholstery fabrics, investing her earnings from her professional career. She eventually took over the company and converted it to a furniture store before retiring in 2010. In 1996 she was awarded a Decoration of Honour for Services to the Republic of Austria.
Results
International
Event
1958
1959
1960
1961
1962
1963
1964
1965
1966
Winter Olympics
7th
2nd
World Championships
12th
7th
4th
3rd
2nd
2nd
2nd
European Championships
8th
5th
2nd
2nd
2nd
3rd
2nd
1st
1st
National
Austrian Championships
1st
1st
1st
1st
1st
1st
1st
References
^ "Warm Weather Threatens Olympics; Russia's Medal Collection Now at 14". Associated Press. The Telegraph. 3 February 1964.
^ a b Regine Heitzer. sports-reference.com
^ Neumann, Fritz (7 February 2010). "Im Vitrinentisch, jedoch verdeckt". Der Standard. Archived from the original on 19 August 2010.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Regine Heitzer.
vteEuropean figure skating champions (women's singles)
1930: Fritzi Burger
1931: Sonja Henie
1932: Sonja Henie
1933: Sonja Henie
1934: Sonja Henie
1935: Sonja Henie
1936: Sonja Henie
1937: Cecilia Colledge
1938: Cecilia Colledge
1939: Cecilia Colledge
1947: Barbara Ann Scott
1948: Barbara Ann Scott
1949: Eva Pawlik
1950: Alena Vrzáňová
1951: Jeannette Altwegg
1952: Jeannette Altwegg
1953: Valda Osborn
1954: Gundi Busch
1955: Hanna Eigel
1956: Ingrid Wendl
1957: Hanna Eigel
1958: Ingrid Wendl
1959: Hanna Walter
1960: Sjoukje Dijkstra
1961: Sjoukje Dijkstra
1962: Sjoukje Dijkstra
1963: Sjoukje Dijkstra
1964: Sjoukje Dijkstra
1965: Regine Heitzer
1966: Regine Heitzer
1967: Gabriele Seyfert
1968: Hana Mašková
1969: Gabriele Seyfert
1970: Gabriele Seyfert
1971: Trixi Schuba
1972: Trixi Schuba
1973: Christine Errath
1974: Christine Errath
1975: Christine Errath
1976: Dianne de Leeuw
1977: Anett Pötzsch
1978: Anett Pötzsch
1979: Anett Pötzsch
1980: Anett Pötzsch
1981: Denise Biellmann
1982: Claudia Kristofics-Binder
1983: Katarina Witt
1984: Katarina Witt
1985: Katarina Witt
1986: Katarina Witt
1987: Katarina Witt
1988: Katarina Witt
1989: Claudia Leistner
1990: Evelyn Großmann
1991: Surya Bonaly
1992: Surya Bonaly
1993: Surya Bonaly
1994: Surya Bonaly
1995: Surya Bonaly
1996: Irina Slutskaya
1997: Irina Slutskaya
1998: Maria Butyrskaya
1999: Maria Butyrskaya
2000: Irina Slutskaya
2001: Irina Slutskaya
2002: Maria Butyrskaya
2003: Irina Slutskaya
2004: Júlia Sebestyén
2005: Irina Slutskaya
2006: Irina Slutskaya
2007: Carolina Kostner
2008: Carolina Kostner
2009: Laura Lepistö
2010: Carolina Kostner
2011: Sarah Meier
2012: Carolina Kostner
2013: Carolina Kostner
2014: Yulia Lipnitskaya
2015: Elizaveta Tuktamysheva
2016: Evgenia Medvedeva
2017: Evgenia Medvedeva
2018: Alina Zagitova
2019: Sofia Samodurova
2020: Alena Kostornaia
2022: Anna Shcherbakova
2023: Anastasia Gubanova
2024: Loena Hendrickx
vteAustrian champions in figure skating – Women's singles
1913: Gisela Reichmann
1914: Paula Zalaudek
1915: ?
1916: Paula Zalaudek
1917–1918: Gisela Reichmann
1922–1927: Herma Szabo
1928–1931: Fritzi Burger
1932–1933: Hilde Holovsky
1934–1935: Liselotte Landbeck
1936–1939: Emmy Puzinger
1940–1941: Hanna Niernberger
1942–1943: Marta Musilek
1946–1949: Eva Pawlik
1950: Lilly Fuchs
1951: Lotte Schwenk
1952–1954: Annelies Schilhan
1955–1956: Ingrid Wendl
1957: Hanna Eigel
1958: Ingrid Wendl
1959: Hanna Walter
1960–1966: Regine Heitzer
1967–1972: Trixi Schuba
1973–1976: Sonja Balun
1977–1982: Claudia Kristofics-Binder
1983: Sonja Stanek
1984: Parthena Sarafidis
1985–1987: Sabine Paal
1988–1992: Yvonne Pokorny
1993: Andrea Kus
1994: Julia Lautowa
1995: Angela Tuska
1996: Andrea Kus
1997: Julia Lautowa
1998–1999: Jubilee Jenna Mandl
2000: Julia Lautowa
2001: Anna Wenzel
2002–2004: Julia Lautowa
2005: Karin Brandstätter
2006: Andrea Kreuzer
2007: Kathrin Freudelsperger
2008: Denise Kögl
2009–2010: Miriam Ziegler
2011: Belinda Schönberger
2012–2017: Kerstin Frank
2018–2019: Lara Roth
2020–2021: Olga Mikutina
2022: Stefanie Pesendorfer
2023: Emily Saari
2024: Olga Mikutina
|
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|
[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krabi_Province
|
Krabi province
|
["1 Geography","2 History","3 Symbols","4 Administrative divisions","4.1 Provincial government","4.2 Local government","5 Population and culture","6 Economy","6.1 Tourism","7 Transport","8 Human achievement index 2022","9 Environment","9.1 Projected impact of changes in climate","10 National parks","11 Wildlife sanctuaries","12 Sport","13 Gallery","14 References","15 External links"]
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Coordinates: 8°03′28″N 98°55′01″E / 8.05778°N 98.91694°E / 8.05778; 98.91694Province of Thailand
Province in ThailandKrabi
กระบี่ProvinceOther transcription(s) • Southern Thaiกระบี่ (pronounced )From left to right, top to bottom : The beach of Poda island with long-tail boats, Ao Nang, Phi Phi Islands, Maya Bay Beach, Mangrove in Ao Luek, Krabi International Airport
FlagSealMotto(s): กระบี่ เมืองน่าอยู่ ผู้คนน่ารัก ("Krabi. Nice place to live. Lovely People")Map of Thailand highlighting Krabi provinceCountryThailandCapitalKrabiGovernment • GovernorPhutthiphong Sirimat(since October 2021)Area • Total4,709 km2 (1,818 sq mi) • RankRanked 45thPopulation (2018) • Total473,738 • RankRanked 59th • Density101/km2 (260/sq mi) • RankRanked 49thHuman Achievement Index • HAI (2022)0.6160 "low"Ranked 69thGDP • Totalbaht 90 billion(US$2.8 billion) (2019)Time zoneUTC+7 (ICT)Postal code81xxxCalling code075ISO 3166 codeTH-81Websitewww.krabi.go.th
Krabi (Thai: กระบี่ pronounced ) is a province (changwat) of southern Thailand, on the shore of the Andaman Sea. Neighbouring provinces are (from north clockwise) Phang Nga, Surat Thani, Nakhon Si Thammarat, and Trang. Phuket province lies to the west across Phang Nga Bay. Krabi town is the seat of the provincial government.
Geography
Ko Poda seen from Ko Thap
The region of Krabi is characterized by distinctive limestone formations known as mogotes, which are scattered both inland and along the coast. These geological features attract rock climbers globally, particularly to Ton Sai Beach and Railay Beach on the Phra Nang Peninsula. Among Krabi's 154 islands, Ko Phi Phi Le stands out for its recognition as a filming location for the movie The Beach. Other significant islands include Ko Phi Phi Don, a part of the Phi Phi Islands, and Ko Lanta, a larger island situated to the south. The coastal area of Krabi suffered extensive damage during the tsunami on 26 December 2004.
Krabi's mogotes are home to numerous caves, many of which feature speleothems such as stalactites and stalagmites. Notably, the caves of Tham Chao Le and Tham Phi Hua To in the Ao Luek District house prehistoric rock paintings that depict humans, animals, and geometric shapes. In 1986, the Lang Rong Rien cave yielded 40,000-year-old human artifacts, including stone tools, pottery, and bones, marking one of the earliest known human settlements in Southeast Asia. Additionally, these caves are a primary source for the nests of the edible-nest swiftlet, which are used in the preparation of bird's nest soup.
Agriculture in Krabi is predominantly focused on rubber and palm oil production. Palm oil plantations alone cover approximately 1,568 km2 (605 sq mi), accounting for 52 percent of the province's agricultural land. Combined, palm oil and rubber plantations constitute 95 percent of Krabi's cultivated land, with a mix of smallholder farms and larger industrial plantations.: 5 The total forested area in Krabi is around 915 km2 (353 sq mi), representing 17.2 percent of the province's total area.
History
Nakhon Si Thammarat. Historically, Krabi remained under the administrative jurisdiction of Nakhon Si Thammarat, a practice that continued even after 1872, when King Chulalongkorn elevated Krabi to town status. In 1875, Krabi underwent a significant administrative change, transitioning to a direct subordinate of Bangkok, marking its evolution into a province. The administrative seat of the province was initially located at Ban Talad Kao. However, in 1900, the governor relocated it to its current position at the mouth of the Krabi River, establishing the modern provincial structure.
Symbols
The seal of the province shows two ancient crossed swords (krabi is a word for an ancient Siamese sword) in front of the Indian Ocean and Khao Phanom Bencha mountain which, at 1,397 metres (4,580 ft) above sea level, is the highest mountain of the province.
The provincial slogan is, "Krabi, the liveable city, friendly people."
The provincial tree is the blue sky (Thai: thung-fa ทุ้งฟ้า) or Alstonia macrophylla.
Administrative divisions
Provincial government
Krabi is subdivided into eight districts (amphoe), which are further divided into 53 subdistricts (tambon) and 374 villages (muban).
Map
Number
Name
Thai
1
Mueang Krabi
เมืองกระบี่
2
Khao Phanom
เขาพนม
3
Ko Lanta
เกาะลันตา
4
Khlong Thom
คลองท่อม
5
Ao Luek
อ่าวลึก
6
Plai Phraya
ปลายพระยา
7
Lam Thap
ลำทับ
8
Nuea Khlong
เหนือคลอง
Local government
As of 26 November 2019 there are: one Krabi Provincial Administration Organisation (ongkan borihan suan changwat) and 13 municipal (thesaban) areas in the province. Krabi has town (thesaban mueang) status. Further 12 subdistrict municipalities (thesaban tambon). The non-municipal areas are administered by 48 Subdistrict Administrative Organisations - SAO (ongkan borihan suan tambon).
Population and culture
Religion in Krabi
Buddhism (65.04%) Islam (34.64%) Christianity (0.14%) Hinduism (0.03%) Confucianism (0.01%) Sikhism (0.1%) Not Religious (0.02%) Unknown (0.01%) Other (0.08%)
Krabi Province is home to a diverse population comprising Buddhists, Thai-Chinese, Moken (commonly referred to as sea gypsies), and Muslims. The population density varies significantly across the region. The coastal areas, particularly in Nuea Khlong District and Krabi City Districts, are the most densely populated, with densities exceeding 150 people per square kilometer. In contrast, the least densely populated area is the inland mountainous region of Khao Phanom District, where the density is approximately 61 persons per square kilometer.
In terms of religious practices, Buddhism is the predominant faith, observed by around 65 percent of the population. Islam follows closely, with approximately 34 percent adherence among residents. Historically, the inhabitants of Krabi have been engaged in agriculture, leveraging the province's richness in natural resources such as rubber, palm oil, and oranges. In recent years, however, tourism has emerged as a significant source of income for the region.: 7
Economy
In Krabi Province, the economy is predominantly supported by agriculture, tourism, and, to a lesser extent, fisheries.: 18–19 Rubber cultivation stands as the leading cash crop in the region, followed closely by palm oil production. Univanich Palm Oil PCL, Thailand's largest palm oil producer, is headquartered in Krabi. This corporation directly employs approximately 1,000 individuals and additionally engages with around 2,000 local small and medium-sized growers for feedstock procurement.
Tourism
Sunset, Ko Phi Phi
Krabi ranks fifth in Thailand in terms of tourism revenue, following Bangkok, Phuket, Chonburi, and Chiang Mai. The province witnesses around six million tourists annually, with the peak season spanning from November to April. However, the influx of tourists during the high season has raised environmental concerns. To address this, local authorities have implemented the "Krabi 365 Days" initiative, aiming to redistribute tourist visits throughout the year, including during the off-season or "green season" (May to October), a period characterized by seasonal rainfall. Tourism revenue in Krabi has been experiencing an average annual growth of eight percent. In 2018, the revenue from tourism was projected to reach 100 billion baht, an increase from the 96 billion baht recorded in 2017. The majority of visitors to Krabi are from China and Malaysia, with Scandinavian tourists also featuring prominently among international arrivals. According to the Tourism Authority of Thailand (TAT), as of 2018, the province hosts approximately 460 hotels, with an additional 200 hotels undergoing licensing procedures and another 200 in preliminary planning stages.
Transport
Since 1999 the province has been served by the international Krabi International Airport.
Phetkasem Road (Thailand Route 4) passes through the province.
Human achievement index 2022
Health
Education
Employment
Income
29
31
65
60
Housing
Family
Transport
Participation
40
76
26
66
Province Krabi, with an HAI 2022 value of 0.6160 is "low", occupies place 69 in the ranking.
Since 2003, United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) in Thailand has tracked progress on human development at sub-national level using the Human achievement index (HAI), a composite index covering all the eight key areas of human development. National Economic and Social Development Board (NESDB) has taken over this task since 2017.
Rank
Classification
1–13
"High"
14–29
"Somewhat high"
30–45
"Average"
46–61
"Somewhat low"
62–77
"Low"
Map with provinces and HAI 2022 rankings
Environment
Ko Ngai
In mid-2015, the Thai government's proposal to construct an 800-megawatt coal-fired electricity generating station: 13 in Tambon Pakasai, Amphoe Nuea Khlong, drew significant public opposition. Critics of the project, including those engaging in protests and hunger strikes, expressed concerns about the potential environmental impact on Krabi's relatively unspoiled ecosystem. The Electricity Generating Authority of Thailand (EGAT) proceeded with the development plans, intending to initiate the bidding process without a comprehensive environmental assessment, citing time-saving measures. This plant in Krabi is part of a broader strategy to build nine coal-fired power plants across southern Thailand over the next two decades. This initiative aims to compensate for the declining natural gas reserves in the Gulf of Thailand. However, the opposition, advocating for a three-year delay to explore the feasibility of achieving 100 percent renewable energy in the province, claims their concerns have been disregarded.
The decision to advance with the Krabi coal-fired power station, a significant project valued at 48 billion baht and designed to generate 315 MWe, poses environmental challenges. Coal is a known source of mercury contamination, as evidenced in Tha Thum in Prachinburi province, where mercury levels up to 12 times higher than acceptable limits have been detected. Potential sources of contamination include fly ash from coal power plants, coal dust from storage areas, or the use of coal ash as fertilizer. These factors raise concerns about similar risks in Krabi. Current coal pollution mitigation technologies, often referred to as "clean coal," are in the early stages of development and primarily address pollutants like sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, and particulates. The more complex and costly process of carbon dioxide sequestration remains a significant challenge. Two academics have critically addressed the general efficacy of coal pollution mitigation, stating that "So-called 'clean coal' is expensive, untested, unwieldy, and unworkable, yet it is often presented as a comprehensive solution.
Kantiang Bay in southern Ko Lanta Yai
In mid-2016, a pro-renewables working group in Krabi released a "Green Power Development Plan," proposing that Krabi province could meet its electricity requirements entirely through renewable energy sources, primarily biomass and biogas. The plan projected that in an initial three-year phase, biomass could contribute 118 MW, solar power 55 MW, biogas 54 MW, and wind energy 40 MW to the energy mix. In the following three years, the plan anticipated renewable energy sources could generate 287 MW, surpassing the province's peak electricity demand of 143 MW recorded in 2015. The adoption of this plan was projected to eliminate the need for coal imports, potentially saving 175 billion baht over a 25-year period.
In August 2016, the Electricity Generating Authority of Thailand (EGAT) initiated the bidding process for the construction of the proposed coal-fired power plant, receiving bids ranging from 32 to 34.9 billion baht. The bidding process coincided with the completion of the environmental and health impact assessments. Energy Minister Gen Anantaporn Kanjanarat stated in 2016 that a decision on whether to proceed with or abandon the plant would be made in November of that year.
Opposition to the EGAT power plant in Krabi has been significant, with a coalition formed by local administration officials, academics, businesspersons, and concerned citizens. This coalition has emerged as a strong adversary to EGAT's plans for fossil fuel-based energy generation. Krabi, being a prominent tourist destination on the Andaman Coast, has local authorities who view coal negatively, describing it as "filthy" and inconsistent with the area's tourism industry. The province has set an ambitious goal to become solely reliant on renewable energy sources.
Projected impact of changes in climate
Koh Poda
A 2008 study examining the potential impact of climate change on Krabi province through the year 2033 yielded several projections:: 5, 56
Temperature: The study predicts a modest increase in temperatures, with inland areas experiencing a rise of slightly more than 1˚C over the next 10 to 25 years. Coastal temperatures are anticipated to increase by slightly less than 1˚C in the same period.
Rainfall: The duration of annual monsoons is projected to shorten, with a two-week reduction by 2018 and a four-week reduction by 2033. Overall, the total annual rainfall in Krabi may decrease by approximately 10 percent by the year 2033.
Sea Level: A significant rise in sea level is anticipated, which could adversely affect Krabi's mangrove wetlands. The study estimates an annual increase in mean sea level along the Krabi coastline of about 1 cm over the next 25 years. A cumulative rise of 20 cm over this period is projected to result in the retreat of existing shorelines (as of 2008) by 10 to 35 meters.
Tropical Storms: The frequency of cyclones is expected to decrease. However, due to the rising sea levels, the impact of storms on coastal infrastructure could be more severe.
National parks
There are four national parks, along with sixteen other national parks, make up region 5 (Nakhon Si Thammarat) of Thailand's protected areas.
Hat Noppharat Thara–Mu Ko Phi Phi National Park is a marine national park. Established on 6 October 1983, it is an IUCN Category II protected area with coral reefs, and an area measuring 242,437 rai ~ 388 square kilometres (150 sq mi).: 47 and covers Mueang Krabi district.
The Ko Phi Phi Don is the largest of the islands in the Ko Phi Phi archipelago
Ko Phi Phi Le
Crab-eating macaque (Macaca fascicularis)
View of the northern part of Ko Phi Phi Le
Phi Phi Le Island
Ko Phi Phi Le cliffs
Mu Ko Lanta National Park is a national park in the southern part of Krabi province, consisting of several islands. The two largest islands are Ko Lanta Noi and Ko Lanta Yai. Although both are inhabited, Ko Lanta Yai is the primary tourist destination. The park was established on 15 August 1990, with an area of 83,750 rai ~ 134 square kilometres (52 sq mi).: 62
Mu Ko Lanta National Park
Mu Ko Lanta
Ko Lanta
Yellowstripe scad at Ko Lanta
Little Crab at Ko Lanta clear
Than Bok Khorani National Park is established on 30 September 1998, with an area of 65,000 rai ~ 104 square kilometres (40 sq mi).: 85 Different parts are on the mainland in Ao Luek district, along with several archipelagos in Mueang Krabi district: Ko Chong Lat, Ko Ka Rot and an archipelago east of Ko Yai Noi, with among others, Ko Pakbia, Ko Lao Lading and Ko Hong.
Khao Phanom Bencha National Park is in Khao Phanom and Ao Luek districts, established on 9 July 1981 with an area of 31,325 rai ~ 50 square kilometres (19 sq mi).: 29
Wildlife sanctuaries
There are two wildlife sanctuaries, along with two other wildlife sanctuaries, make up region 5 (Nakhon Si Thammarat) of Thailand's protected areas.
Khao Pra–Bang Khram Wildlife Sanctuary is in Khlong Tom and Lam Thap district. Area is 97,700 rai ~ 156 square kilometres (60 sq mi).: 1
Khlong Phraya Wildlife Sanctuary is in Plai Phraya and Ao Luek district and occupies an area of 95,988 rai ~ 154 square kilometres (59 sq mi): 2 and borders Khao Phanom Bencha national park to the south.
Sport
Football
Krabi football club participates in Thai League 3 Lower Region, the third tier of Thai football league system. The Andaman Eagles (Thai:อินทรีอันดามัน) plays their home matches at Krabi Provincial Stadium.
Gallery
Hat Noppharat Thara–Mu Ko Phi Phi National Park
Maya Bay
Mu Ko Lanta National Park
Phricotelphusa limula in Mu Ko Lanta National Park
Ko Lanta
Whale shark at Phi Phi Island
Taken at a viewpoint on Phi Phi Leh island
Ko Ngai
Railay Beach
View from Tiger Cave Temple over Krabi plains
Limestone landscape around Krabi town
References
^ Advancing Human Development through the ASEAN Community, Thailand Human Development Report 2014, table 0:Basic Data (PDF) (Report). United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) Thailand. pp. 134–135. ISBN 978-974-680-368-7. Retrieved 17 January 2016, Data has been supplied by Land Development Department, Ministry of Agriculture and Cooperatives, at Wayback Machine.{{cite report}}: CS1 maint: postscript (link)
^ a b "รายงานสถิติจำนวนประชากรและบ้านประจำปี พ.ศ.2561" . Registration Office Department of the Interior, Ministry of the Interior (in Thai). 31 December 2018. Archived from the original on 14 June 2019. Retrieved 20 June 2019.
^ a b "ข้อมูลสถิติดัชนีความก้าวหน้าของคน ปี 2565 (PDF)" . Office of the National Economic and Social Development Council (NESDC) (in Thai). Retrieved 2 March 2024, page 14{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: postscript (link)
^ "Gross Regional and Provincial Product, 2019 Edition". <>. Office of the National Economic and Social Development Council (NESDC). July 2019. ISSN 1686-0799. Retrieved 22 January 2020.
^ "Andaman Sea". Google Maps. Retrieved 15 December 2018.
^ กลุ่ม "เล็ก สตูล" คว้ารังนกกระบี่. Thairath (in Thai). 16 October 2015.
^ Atthakor, Ploenpote (20 August 2016). "Govt needs to get fired up over renewables". Bangkok Post. Retrieved 20 August 2016.
^ a b c d World Wildlife Fund Greater Mekong Program (WWF-GMP); South East Asian-Global Change System for Analysis, Research and Training organisation (SEA-START) (December 2008). Climate Change Impacts in Krabi province, Thailand. A study of environmental, social, and economic challenges (PDF). Retrieved 4 October 2016.
^ "ตารางที่ 2 พี้นที่ป่าไม้ แยกรายจังหวัด พ.ศ.2562" . Royal Forest Department (in Thai). 2019. Retrieved 6 April 2021, information, Forest statistics Year 2019{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: postscript (link)
^ a b "Symbol of Krabi". OSM Andamnan: The Office of Strategy Management for Southern Province Cluster. Archived from the original on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 26 May 2015.
^ "Number of local government organizations by province". dla.go.th. Department of Local Administration (DLA). 26 November 2019. Retrieved 10 December 2019. 1 Krabi: 1 PAO, 1 Town mun., 12 Subdistrict mun., 48 SAO.
^ "Products". Univanich Palm Oil PCL. Archived from the original on 5 July 2017. Retrieved 11 July 2017.
^ Wiriyapong, Nareerat (5 June 2018). "Krabi pushes off-season arrivals". Bangkok Post. Retrieved 5 June 2018.
^ "Summary of Thailand Power Development Plan 2012 – 2030 (PDP2010: Rev 3)" (PDF). Electricity Generating Authority of Thailand (EGAT). Ministry of Energy, Energy Policy and Planning Office. June 2012. p. 13. Retrieved 22 July 2015.
^ Andersen, Ted (21 July 2015). "Hunger strikes, protests to oppose Thailand's plan for coal plants on Andaman Coast". U.S. News & World Report. Associated Press. Retrieved 22 July 2015.
^ Draper, John; Kamnuansilpa, Peerasit (27 August 2015). "Thailand's power dilemma amid a climate of fear". The Nation. Retrieved 27 August 2015.
^ Paradise at Risk: The Krabi Coal-fired Power Plant Project (PDF). Bangkok: Greenpeace Southeast Asia. 2014. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 14 January 2016.
^ Meigs, James B (14 July 2011). "The Myth of Clean Coal: Analysis". Popular Mechanics. Retrieved 18 October 2016.
^ Wilder, Robert; Kammen, Daniel M (19 October 2016). "Exposed: The Climate Fallacy of 2100". Scientific American. Retrieved 21 October 2016.
^ Atthakor, Ploenpote (20 August 2016). "Govt needs to get fired up over renewables". Bangkok Post. Retrieved 25 August 2016.
^ Praiwan, Yuthana (4 October 2016). "Call on Krabi coal plant due in November". Bangkok Post. Retrieved 4 October 2016.
^ "Going full steam ahead" (Editorial). Bangkok Post. 28 August 2017. Retrieved 28 August 2017.
^ Braatz, Susan M. (November 1992). Conserving biological diversity: a strategy for protected areas in the Asia-Pacific region. World Bank Publications. pp. 57–. ISBN 978-0-8213-2307-6. Retrieved 1 October 2011.
^ a b c d "ข้อมูลพื้นที่อุทยานแห่งชาติ ที่ประกาศในราชกิจจานุบกษา 133 แห่ง" . Department of National Parks, Wildlife and Plant Conservation (in Thai). December 2020. Retrieved 1 November 2022.
^ a b "ตาราง 5 พื้นที่เขตรักษาพันธุ์สัตว์ป่า พ.ศ. 2562" (PDF). Department of National Parks, Wildlife Sanctuaries and Plant Conservation (in Thai). 2019. Retrieved 1 November 2022.
^ "ลูกเด้งกทม.ผงาดแชมป์ทีมหญิงกีฬานักเรียนฯกระบี่เกมส์".
External links
Thailand portal
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Krabi Province.
Krabi Province travel guide from Wikivoyage
Provincial Website Archived 27 February 2020 at the Wayback Machine (in Thai)
Golden Jubilee Network province guide Archived 25 October 2014 at the Wayback Machine
Places adjacent to Krabi province
Phang Nga province
Surat Thani province
Phuket province
Krabi province
Nakhon Si Thammarat province
Andaman Sea
Trang province
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Thai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thai_language"},{"link_name":"[krā.bìː]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Thai"},{"link_name":"province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provinces_of_Thailand"},{"link_name":"Thailand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thailand"},{"link_name":"Andaman Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andaman_Sea"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Phang Nga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phang_Nga_province"},{"link_name":"Surat Thani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surat_Thani_province"},{"link_name":"Nakhon Si Thammarat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nakhon_Si_Thammarat_province"},{"link_name":"Trang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trang_province"},{"link_name":"Phuket province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phuket_province"},{"link_name":"Phang Nga Bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phang_Nga_Bay"},{"link_name":"Krabi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krabi"}],"text":"Province of ThailandProvince in ThailandKrabi (Thai: กระบี่ pronounced [krā.bìː]) is a province (changwat) of southern Thailand, on the shore of the Andaman Sea.[5] Neighbouring provinces are (from north clockwise) Phang Nga, Surat Thani, Nakhon Si Thammarat, and Trang. Phuket province lies to the west across Phang Nga Bay. Krabi town is the seat of the provincial government.","title":"Krabi province"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Poda_Island_panorama.jpg"},{"link_name":"limestone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limestone"},{"link_name":"mogotes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mogote"},{"link_name":"Railay Beach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Railay_Beach"},{"link_name":"Phra Nang Peninsula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Phra_Nang_Peninsula&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Ko Phi Phi Le","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ko_Phi_Phi_Le"},{"link_name":"The Beach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Beach_(film)"},{"link_name":"Ko Phi Phi Don","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ko_Phi_Phi_Don"},{"link_name":"Phi Phi Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phi_Phi_Islands"},{"link_name":"Ko Lanta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ko_Lanta"},{"link_name":"tsunami on 26 December 2004","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004_Indian_Ocean_earthquake_and_tsunami"},{"link_name":"speleothems","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speleothems"},{"link_name":"stalactites","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stalactite"},{"link_name":"stalagmites","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stalagmite"},{"link_name":"Tham Phi Hua To","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tham_Phi_Hua_To"},{"link_name":"Ao Luek District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ao_Luek_District"},{"link_name":"prehistoric rock paintings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cave_painting"},{"link_name":"edible-nest swiftlet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swiftlet"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"rubber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_rubber"},{"link_name":"palm oil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palm_oil"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"smallholder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smallholding"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WWF-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"Ko Poda seen from Ko ThapThe region of Krabi is characterized by distinctive limestone formations known as mogotes, which are scattered both inland and along the coast. These geological features attract rock climbers globally, particularly to Ton Sai Beach and Railay Beach on the Phra Nang Peninsula. Among Krabi's 154 islands, Ko Phi Phi Le stands out for its recognition as a filming location for the movie The Beach. Other significant islands include Ko Phi Phi Don, a part of the Phi Phi Islands, and Ko Lanta, a larger island situated to the south. The coastal area of Krabi suffered extensive damage during the tsunami on 26 December 2004.Krabi's mogotes are home to numerous caves, many of which feature speleothems such as stalactites and stalagmites. Notably, the caves of Tham Chao Le and Tham Phi Hua To in the Ao Luek District house prehistoric rock paintings that depict humans, animals, and geometric shapes. In 1986, the Lang Rong Rien cave yielded 40,000-year-old human artifacts, including stone tools, pottery, and bones, marking one of the earliest known human settlements in Southeast Asia. Additionally, these caves are a primary source for the nests of the edible-nest swiftlet, which are used in the preparation of bird's nest soup.[6]Agriculture in Krabi is predominantly focused on rubber and palm oil production. Palm oil plantations alone cover approximately 1,568 km2 (605 sq mi), accounting for 52 percent of the province's agricultural land.[7] Combined, palm oil and rubber plantations constitute 95 percent of Krabi's cultivated land, with a mix of smallholder farms and larger industrial plantations.[8]: 5 The total forested area in Krabi is around 915 km2 (353 sq mi), representing 17.2 percent of the province's total area.[9]","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"King Chulalongkorn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chulalongkorn"}],"text":"Nakhon Si Thammarat. Historically, Krabi remained under the administrative jurisdiction of Nakhon Si Thammarat, a practice that continued even after 1872, when King Chulalongkorn elevated Krabi to town status. In 1875, Krabi underwent a significant administrative change, transitioning to a direct subordinate of Bangkok, marking its evolution into a province. The administrative seat of the province was initially located at Ban Talad Kao. However, in 1900, the governor relocated it to its current position at the mouth of the Krabi River, establishing the modern provincial structure.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"seal of the province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seals_of_the_provinces_of_Thailand"},{"link_name":"krabi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krabi_(sword)"},{"link_name":"Indian Ocean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Ocean"},{"link_name":"Khao Phanom Bencha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Khao_Phanom_Bencha&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-OSMA-10"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-OSMA-10"},{"link_name":"provincial tree","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Thai_provincial_trees"},{"link_name":"Alstonia macrophylla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alstonia_macrophylla"}],"text":"The seal of the province shows two ancient crossed swords (krabi is a word for an ancient Siamese sword) in front of the Indian Ocean and Khao Phanom Bencha mountain which, at 1,397 metres (4,580 ft) above sea level, is the highest mountain of the province.[10]The provincial slogan is, \"Krabi, the liveable city, friendly people.\"[10]The provincial tree is the blue sky (Thai: thung-fa ทุ้งฟ้า) or Alstonia macrophylla.","title":"Symbols"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Administrative divisions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"amphoe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Districts_of_Thailand"},{"link_name":"tambon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tambon"},{"link_name":"muban","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muban"}],"sub_title":"Provincial government","text":"Krabi is subdivided into eight districts (amphoe), which are further divided into 53 subdistricts (tambon) and 374 villages (muban).","title":"Administrative divisions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"thesaban mueang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thesaban_mueang"},{"link_name":"thesaban tambon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thesaban_tambon"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TDD-2"}],"sub_title":"Local government","text":"As of 26 November 2019 there are:[11] one Krabi Provincial Administration Organisation (ongkan borihan suan changwat) and 13 municipal (thesaban) areas in the province. Krabi has town (thesaban mueang) status. Further 12 subdistrict municipalities (thesaban tambon). The non-municipal areas are administered by 48 Subdistrict Administrative Organisations - SAO (ongkan borihan suan tambon).[2]","title":"Administrative divisions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Krabi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krabi"},{"link_name":"Buddhism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism"},{"link_name":"Islam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam"},{"link_name":"Christianity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianity"},{"link_name":"Hinduism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hinduism"},{"link_name":"Confucianism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confucianism"},{"link_name":"Sikhism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sikhism"},{"link_name":"Moken","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moken"},{"link_name":"Nuea Khlong District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuea_Khlong_District"},{"link_name":"Krabi City Districts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mueang_Krabi_District"},{"link_name":"Khao Phanom District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khao_Phanom_District"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WWF-8"}],"text":"Religion in Krabi\n\n Buddhism (65.04%) Islam (34.64%) Christianity (0.14%) Hinduism (0.03%) Confucianism (0.01%) Sikhism (0.1%) Not Religious (0.02%) Unknown (0.01%) Other (0.08%)Krabi Province is home to a diverse population comprising Buddhists, Thai-Chinese, Moken (commonly referred to as sea gypsies), and Muslims. The population density varies significantly across the region. The coastal areas, particularly in Nuea Khlong District and Krabi City Districts, are the most densely populated, with densities exceeding 150 people per square kilometer. In contrast, the least densely populated area is the inland mountainous region of Khao Phanom District, where the density is approximately 61 persons per square kilometer.In terms of religious practices, Buddhism is the predominant faith, observed by around 65 percent of the population. Islam follows closely, with approximately 34 percent adherence among residents. Historically, the inhabitants of Krabi have been engaged in agriculture, leveraging the province's richness in natural resources such as rubber, palm oil, and oranges. In recent years, however, tourism has emerged as a significant source of income for the region.[8]: 7","title":"Population and culture"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WWF-8"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"text":"In Krabi Province, the economy is predominantly supported by agriculture, tourism, and, to a lesser extent, fisheries.[8]: 18–19 Rubber cultivation stands as the leading cash crop in the region, followed closely by palm oil production. Univanich Palm Oil PCL, Thailand's largest palm oil producer, is headquartered in Krabi. This corporation directly employs approximately 1,000 individuals and additionally engages with around 2,000 local small and medium-sized growers for feedstock procurement.[12]","title":"Economy"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ko_Phi_Phi_after_sunset,_preparing_for_the_night.JPG"},{"link_name":"Bangkok","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangkok"},{"link_name":"Phuket","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phuket"},{"link_name":"Chonburi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chonburi_province"},{"link_name":"Chiang Mai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiang_Mai_province"},{"link_name":"baht","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thai_baht"},{"link_name":"Tourism Authority of Thailand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tourism_Authority_of_Thailand"},{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Krabi_province&action=edit"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"sub_title":"Tourism","text":"Sunset, Ko Phi PhiKrabi ranks fifth in Thailand in terms of tourism revenue, following Bangkok, Phuket, Chonburi, and Chiang Mai. The province witnesses around six million tourists annually, with the peak season spanning from November to April. However, the influx of tourists during the high season has raised environmental concerns. To address this, local authorities have implemented the \"Krabi 365 Days\" initiative, aiming to redistribute tourist visits throughout the year, including during the off-season or \"green season\" (May to October), a period characterized by seasonal rainfall. Tourism revenue in Krabi has been experiencing an average annual growth of eight percent. In 2018, the revenue from tourism was projected to reach 100 billion baht, an increase from the 96 billion baht recorded in 2017. The majority of visitors to Krabi are from China and Malaysia, with Scandinavian tourists also featuring prominently among international arrivals. According to the Tourism Authority of Thailand (TAT), as of 2018[update], the province hosts approximately 460 hotels, with an additional 200 hotels undergoing licensing procedures and another 200 in preliminary planning stages.[13]","title":"Economy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Krabi International Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krabi_International_Airport"},{"link_name":"Phetkasem Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phetkasem_Road"}],"text":"Since 1999 the province has been served by the international Krabi International Airport.Phetkasem Road (Thailand Route 4) passes through the province.","title":"Transport"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Human achievement index","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Human_achievement_index&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HAI_2565-3"}],"text":"Since 2003, United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) in Thailand has tracked progress on human development at sub-national level using the Human achievement index (HAI), a composite index covering all the eight key areas of human development. National Economic and Social Development Board (NESDB) has taken over this task since 2017.[3]","title":"Human achievement index 2022"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Koh_Ngai_07.jpg"},{"link_name":"megawatt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megawatt"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Tambon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tambon"},{"link_name":"Amphoe Nuea Khlong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amphoe_Nuea_Khlong"},{"link_name":"Electricity Generating Authority of Thailand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electricity_Generating_Authority_of_Thailand"},{"link_name":"Gulf of Thailand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_of_Thailand"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Prachinburi province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prachinburi_province"},{"link_name":"coal pollution mitigation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coal_pollution_mitigation"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GP-2014-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ko_Lanta_Beach.jpg"},{"link_name":"biomass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biomass"},{"link_name":"biogas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biogas"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BP-20160820-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"}],"text":"Ko NgaiIn mid-2015, the Thai government's proposal to construct an 800-megawatt coal-fired electricity generating station[14]: 13 in Tambon Pakasai, Amphoe Nuea Khlong, drew significant public opposition. Critics of the project, including those engaging in protests and hunger strikes, expressed concerns about the potential environmental impact on Krabi's relatively unspoiled ecosystem. The Electricity Generating Authority of Thailand (EGAT) proceeded with the development plans, intending to initiate the bidding process without a comprehensive environmental assessment, citing time-saving measures. This plant in Krabi is part of a broader strategy to build nine coal-fired power plants across southern Thailand over the next two decades. This initiative aims to compensate for the declining natural gas reserves in the Gulf of Thailand. However, the opposition, advocating for a three-year delay to explore the feasibility of achieving 100 percent renewable[15] energy in the province, claims their concerns have been disregarded.The decision to advance with the Krabi coal-fired power station, a significant project valued at 48 billion baht and designed to generate 315 MWe, poses environmental challenges. Coal is a known source of mercury contamination, as evidenced in Tha Thum in Prachinburi province, where mercury levels up to 12 times higher than acceptable limits have been detected. Potential sources of contamination include fly ash from coal power plants, coal dust from storage areas, or the use of coal ash as fertilizer. These factors raise concerns about similar risks in Krabi. Current coal pollution mitigation technologies, often referred to as \"clean coal,\" are in the early stages of development and primarily address pollutants like sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, and particulates. The more complex and costly process of carbon dioxide sequestration remains a significant challenge.[16][17][18] Two academics have critically addressed the general efficacy of coal pollution mitigation, stating that \"So-called 'clean coal' is expensive, untested, unwieldy, and unworkable, yet it is often presented as a comprehensive solution.[19]Kantiang Bay in southern Ko Lanta YaiIn mid-2016, a pro-renewables working group in Krabi released a \"Green Power Development Plan,\" proposing that Krabi province could meet its electricity requirements entirely through renewable energy sources, primarily biomass and biogas. The plan projected that in an initial three-year phase, biomass could contribute 118 MW, solar power 55 MW, biogas 54 MW, and wind energy 40 MW to the energy mix. In the following three years, the plan anticipated renewable energy sources could generate 287 MW, surpassing the province's peak electricity demand of 143 MW recorded in 2015. The adoption of this plan was projected to eliminate the need for coal imports, potentially saving 175 billion baht over a 25-year period.[20]In August 2016, the Electricity Generating Authority of Thailand (EGAT) initiated the bidding process for the construction of the proposed coal-fired power plant, receiving bids ranging from 32 to 34.9 billion baht. The bidding process coincided with the completion of the environmental and health impact assessments. Energy Minister Gen Anantaporn Kanjanarat stated in 2016 that a decision on whether to proceed with or abandon the plant would be made in November of that year.[21]Opposition to the EGAT power plant in Krabi has been significant, with a coalition formed by local administration officials, academics, businesspersons, and concerned citizens. This coalition has emerged as a strong adversary to EGAT's plans for fossil fuel-based energy generation. Krabi, being a prominent tourist destination on the Andaman Coast, has local authorities who view coal negatively, describing it as \"filthy\" and inconsistent with the area's tourism industry. The province has set an ambitious goal to become solely reliant on renewable energy sources.[22]","title":"Environment"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:White_sand_beach,_Koh_Poda_tropical_archipelago,_Krabi,_Thailand.jpg"},{"link_name":"impact of climate change","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Effects_of_climate_change"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WWF-8"},{"link_name":"cyclones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclone"}],"sub_title":"Projected impact of changes in climate","text":"Koh PodaA 2008 study examining the potential impact of climate change on Krabi province through the year 2033 yielded several projections:[8]: 5, 56Temperature: The study predicts a modest increase in temperatures, with inland areas experiencing a rise of slightly more than 1˚C over the next 10 to 25 years. Coastal temperatures are anticipated to increase by slightly less than 1˚C in the same period.\nRainfall: The duration of annual monsoons is projected to shorten, with a two-week reduction by 2018 and a four-week reduction by 2033. Overall, the total annual rainfall in Krabi may decrease by approximately 10 percent by the year 2033.\nSea Level: A significant rise in sea level is anticipated, which could adversely affect Krabi's mangrove wetlands. The study estimates an annual increase in mean sea level along the Krabi coastline of about 1 cm over the next 25 years. A cumulative rise of 20 cm over this period is projected to result in the retreat of existing shorelines (as of 2008) by 10 to 35 meters.\nTropical Storms: The frequency of cyclones is expected to decrease. However, due to the rising sea levels, the impact of storms on coastal infrastructure could be more severe.","title":"Environment"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"region 5 (Nakhon Si Thammarat)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protected_Areas_Regional_Offices_of_Thailand"},{"link_name":"Hat Noppharat Thara–Mu Ko Phi Phi National Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hat_Noppharat_Thara%E2%80%93Mu_Ko_Phi_Phi_National_Park"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Braatz1992-23"},{"link_name":"IUCN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IUCN"},{"link_name":"coral reefs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coral_reef"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AREA_NP-24"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:KoPhiphi.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:KoPhiphi.jpg"},{"link_name":"Ko Phi Phi Don","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ko_Phi_Phi_Don"},{"link_name":"Ko Phi Phi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ko_Phi_Phi"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Isla_Phi_Phi_Lay,_Tailandia,_2013-08-19,_DD_22.JPG"},{"link_name":"Crab-eating macaque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crab-eating_macaque"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ko_Phi_Phi_Le_4.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Isla_Phi_Phi_Lay,_Tailandia,_2013-08-19,_DD_07.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ko_Phi_Phi_Leh_definitive_vertical_limestone_cliff_as_seen_from_the_water,_Thailand.jpg"},{"link_name":"Mu Ko Lanta National Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mu_Ko_Lanta_National_Park"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AREA_NP-24"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1062-mu-koh-lanta-national-park-01.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1062-mu-koh-lanta-national-park-01.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mu_Ko_Lanta_National_Park_(2).jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%E0%B8%9D%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%82%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B9%E0%B9%88%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%AB%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B2.jpg"},{"link_name":"Yellowstripe scad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yellowstripe_scad"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Little_crab.jpg"},{"link_name":"Crab","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crab"},{"link_name":"Than Bok Khorani National Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Than_Bok_Khorani_National_Park&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AREA_NP-24"},{"link_name":"Khao Phanom Bencha National Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khao_Phanom_Bencha_National_Park"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AREA_NP-24"}],"text":"There are four national parks, along with sixteen other national parks, make up region 5 (Nakhon Si Thammarat) of Thailand's protected areas.Hat Noppharat Thara–Mu Ko Phi Phi National Park is a marine national park.[23] Established on 6 October 1983, it is an IUCN Category II protected area with coral reefs, and an area measuring 242,437 rai ~ 388 square kilometres (150 sq mi).[24]: 47 and covers Mueang Krabi district.The Ko Phi Phi Don is the largest of the islands in the Ko Phi Phi archipelagoKo Phi Phi Le\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tCrab-eating macaque (Macaca fascicularis)\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tView of the northern part of Ko Phi Phi Le\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tPhi Phi Le Island\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tKo Phi Phi Le cliffsMu Ko Lanta National Park is a national park in the southern part of Krabi province, consisting of several islands. The two largest islands are Ko Lanta Noi and Ko Lanta Yai. Although both are inhabited, Ko Lanta Yai is the primary tourist destination. The park was established on 15 August 1990, with an area of 83,750 rai ~ 134 square kilometres (52 sq mi).[24]: 62Mu Ko Lanta National ParkMu Ko Lanta\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tKo Lanta\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tYellowstripe scad at Ko Lanta\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tLittle Crab at Ko Lanta clearThan Bok Khorani National Park is established on 30 September 1998, with an area of 65,000 rai ~ 104 square kilometres (40 sq mi).[24]: 85 Different parts are on the mainland in Ao Luek district, along with several archipelagos in Mueang Krabi district: Ko Chong Lat, Ko Ka Rot and an archipelago east of Ko Yai Noi, with among others, Ko Pakbia, Ko Lao Lading and Ko Hong.\nKhao Phanom Bencha National Park is in Khao Phanom and Ao Luek districts, established on 9 July 1981 with an area of 31,325 rai ~ 50 square kilometres (19 sq mi).[24]: 29","title":"National parks"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"region 5 (Nakhon Si Thammarat)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protected_Areas_Regional_Offices_of_Thailand"},{"link_name":"Khao Pra–Bang Khram Wildlife Sanctuary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Khao_Pra%E2%80%93Bang_Khram_Wildlife_Sanctuary&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AREA_WS-25"},{"link_name":"Khlong Phraya Wildlife Sanctuary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khlong_Phraya_Wildlife_Sanctuary"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AREA_WS-25"}],"text":"There are two wildlife sanctuaries, along with two other wildlife sanctuaries, make up region 5 (Nakhon Si Thammarat) of Thailand's protected areas.Khao Pra–Bang Khram Wildlife Sanctuary is in Khlong Tom and Lam Thap district. Area is 97,700 rai ~ 156 square kilometres (60 sq mi).[25]: 1 \nKhlong Phraya Wildlife Sanctuary is in Plai Phraya and Ao Luek district and occupies an area of 95,988 rai ~ 154 square kilometres (59 sq mi)[25]: 2 and borders Khao Phanom Bencha national park to the south.","title":"Wildlife sanctuaries"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Krabi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krabi_F.C."},{"link_name":"Thai League 3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thai_League_3"},{"link_name":"Krabi Provincial Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krabi_Provincial_Stadium"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"}],"text":"FootballKrabi football club participates in Thai League 3 Lower Region, the third tier of Thai football league system. The Andaman Eagles (Thai:อินทรีอันดามัน) plays their home matches at Krabi Provincial Stadium.[26]","title":"Sport"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Moo_Koh_PP4.JPG"},{"link_name":"Hat Noppharat Thara–Mu Ko Phi Phi National Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hat_Noppharat_Thara%E2%80%93Mu_Ko_Phi_Phi_National_Park"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Longtail_boat_at_Maya_bay.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1062-mu-koh-lanta-national-park-02.jpg"},{"link_name":"Mu Ko Lanta National Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mu_Ko_Lanta_National_Park"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3_%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%94%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%87.jpg"},{"link_name":"Phricotelphusa limula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Phricotelphusa_limula&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1062-mu-koh-lanta-national-park-05.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Walhai2.jpg"},{"link_name":"Whale shark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whale_shark"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mushroom_of_the_sea.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2016_Prowincja_Krabi,_Ko_Ngai_(02).jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Railay,_Rock,_Krabi,_Thailand.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Krabi,_View_over_Krabi_plains,_Thailand.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Krabi,_Limestone_landscape,_Thailand.jpg"}],"text":"Hat Noppharat Thara–Mu Ko Phi Phi National Park\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tMaya Bay\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tMu Ko Lanta National Park\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tPhricotelphusa limula in Mu Ko Lanta National Park\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tKo Lanta\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tWhale shark at Phi Phi Island\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tTaken at a viewpoint on Phi Phi Leh island\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tKo Ngai\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tRailay Beach\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tView from Tiger Cave Temple over Krabi plains\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tLimestone landscape around Krabi town","title":"Gallery"}]
|
[{"image_text":"Ko Poda seen from Ko Thap","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Poda_Island_panorama.jpg/370px-Poda_Island_panorama.jpg"},{"image_text":"Sunset, Ko Phi Phi","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Ko_Phi_Phi_after_sunset%2C_preparing_for_the_night.JPG/220px-Ko_Phi_Phi_after_sunset%2C_preparing_for_the_night.JPG"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Parents%2C_enfants%2C_famille.png/85px-Parents%2C_enfants%2C_famille.png"},{"image_text":"Ko Ngai","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Koh_Ngai_07.jpg/220px-Koh_Ngai_07.jpg"},{"image_text":"Kantiang Bay in southern Ko Lanta Yai","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Ko_Lanta_Beach.jpg/220px-Ko_Lanta_Beach.jpg"},{"image_text":"Koh Poda","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/White_sand_beach%2C_Koh_Poda_tropical_archipelago%2C_Krabi%2C_Thailand.jpg/220px-White_sand_beach%2C_Koh_Poda_tropical_archipelago%2C_Krabi%2C_Thailand.jpg"}]
| null |
[{"reference":"Advancing Human Development through the ASEAN Community, Thailand Human Development Report 2014, table 0:Basic Data (PDF) (Report). United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) Thailand. pp. 134–135. ISBN 978-974-680-368-7. Retrieved 17 January 2016, Data has been supplied by Land Development Department, Ministry of Agriculture and Cooperatives, at Wayback Machine.","urls":[{"url":"http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/thailand_nhdr_2014_O.pdf","url_text":"Advancing Human Development through the ASEAN Community, Thailand Human Development Report 2014, table 0:Basic Data"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-974-680-368-7","url_text":"978-974-680-368-7"}]},{"reference":"\"รายงานสถิติจำนวนประชากรและบ้านประจำปี พ.ศ.2561\" [Statistics, population and house statistics for the year 2018]. Registration Office Department of the Interior, Ministry of the Interior (in Thai). 31 December 2018. Archived from the original on 14 June 2019. Retrieved 20 June 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190614102009/http://stat.bora.dopa.go.th/stat/statnew/statTDD/","url_text":"\"รายงานสถิติจำนวนประชากรและบ้านประจำปี พ.ศ.2561\""},{"url":"http://stat.bora.dopa.go.th/stat/statnew/statTDD/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"ข้อมูลสถิติดัชนีความก้าวหน้าของคน ปี 2565 (PDF)\" [Human Achievement Index Databook year 2022 (PDF)]. Office of the National Economic and Social Development Council (NESDC) (in Thai). Retrieved 2 March 2024, page 14","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nesdc.go.th/main.php?filename=Social_HAI","url_text":"\"ข้อมูลสถิติดัชนีความก้าวหน้าของคน ปี 2565 (PDF)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Gross Regional and Provincial Product, 2019 Edition\". <>. Office of the National Economic and Social Development Council (NESDC). July 2019. ISSN 1686-0799. Retrieved 22 January 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nesdc.go.th/ewt_dl_link.php?nid=5628&filename=gross_regional","url_text":"\"Gross Regional and Provincial Product, 2019 Edition\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1686-0799","url_text":"1686-0799"}]},{"reference":"\"Andaman Sea\". Google Maps. Retrieved 15 December 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.google.com/maps/@7.6069786,98.3760131,9.25z","url_text":"\"Andaman Sea\""}]},{"reference":"กลุ่ม \"เล็ก สตูล\" คว้ารังนกกระบี่. Thairath (in Thai). 16 October 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thairath.co.th/content/532679","url_text":"กลุ่ม \"เล็ก สตูล\" คว้ารังนกกระบี่"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thairath","url_text":"Thairath"}]},{"reference":"Atthakor, Ploenpote (20 August 2016). \"Govt needs to get fired up over renewables\". Bangkok Post. 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Retrieved 10 December 2019. 1 Krabi: 1 PAO, 1 Town mun., 12 Subdistrict mun., 48 SAO.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dla.go.th/work/abt/province.jsp","url_text":"\"Number of local government organizations by province\""}]},{"reference":"\"Products\". Univanich Palm Oil PCL. Archived from the original on 5 July 2017. Retrieved 11 July 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170705114944/http://univanich.com/product.htm","url_text":"\"Products\""},{"url":"http://univanich.com/product.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Wiriyapong, Nareerat (5 June 2018). \"Krabi pushes off-season arrivals\". Bangkok Post. Retrieved 5 June 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bangkokpost.com/travel/in-thailand/1479141/krabi-pushes-off-season-arrivals","url_text":"\"Krabi pushes off-season arrivals\""}]},{"reference":"\"Summary of Thailand Power Development Plan 2012 – 2030 (PDP2010: Rev 3)\" (PDF). Electricity Generating Authority of Thailand (EGAT). Ministry of Energy, Energy Policy and Planning Office. June 2012. p. 13. Retrieved 22 July 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.egat.co.th/en/images/about-egat/PDP2010-Rev3-Eng.pdf","url_text":"\"Summary of Thailand Power Development Plan 2012 – 2030 (PDP2010: Rev 3)\""}]},{"reference":"Andersen, Ted (21 July 2015). \"Hunger strikes, protests to oppose Thailand's plan for coal plants on Andaman Coast\". U.S. News & World Report. Associated Press. Retrieved 22 July 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.usnews.com/news/world/articles/2015/07/21/coal-plant-proposed-for-pristine-thai-coast-sparks-outcry","url_text":"\"Hunger strikes, protests to oppose Thailand's plan for coal plants on Andaman Coast\""}]},{"reference":"Draper, John; Kamnuansilpa, Peerasit (27 August 2015). \"Thailand's power dilemma amid a climate of fear\". The Nation. 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Retrieved 4 October 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.bangkokpost.com/business/news/1101873/call-on-krabi-coal-plant-due-in-november","url_text":"\"Call on Krabi coal plant due in November\""}]},{"reference":"\"Going full steam ahead\" (Editorial). Bangkok Post. 28 August 2017. Retrieved 28 August 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.bangkokpost.com/opinion/opinion/1314055/going-full-steam-ahead","url_text":"\"Going full steam ahead\""}]},{"reference":"Braatz, Susan M. (November 1992). Conserving biological diversity: a strategy for protected areas in the Asia-Pacific region. World Bank Publications. pp. 57–. ISBN 978-0-8213-2307-6. Retrieved 1 October 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=6AN1_TnZkQsC&pg=PA57","url_text":"Conserving biological diversity: a strategy for protected areas in the Asia-Pacific region"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8213-2307-6","url_text":"978-0-8213-2307-6"}]},{"reference":"\"ข้อมูลพื้นที่อุทยานแห่งชาติ ที่ประกาศในราชกิจจานุบกษา 133 แห่ง\" [National Park Area Information published in the 133 Government Gazettes]. Department of National Parks, Wildlife and Plant Conservation (in Thai). December 2020. Retrieved 1 November 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://catalog.dnp.go.th/dataset/areaofnp/resource/3b372140-f2bf-4811-8819-bb8a8b1a100a","url_text":"\"ข้อมูลพื้นที่อุทยานแห่งชาติ ที่ประกาศในราชกิจจานุบกษา 133 แห่ง\""}]},{"reference":"\"ตาราง 5 พื้นที่เขตรักษาพันธุ์สัตว์ป่า พ.ศ. 2562\" [Table 5 Wildlife Sanctuary Areas in 2019] (PDF). Department of National Parks, Wildlife Sanctuaries and Plant Conservation (in Thai). 2019. Retrieved 1 November 2022.","urls":[{"url":"http://it2.dnp.go.th/wp-content/uploads/%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%87-5-%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B7%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%88%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%82%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%B8%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A7%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%9B%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%B2-%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%B5-2562.pdf","url_text":"\"ตาราง 5 พื้นที่เขตรักษาพันธุ์สัตว์ป่า พ.ศ. 2562\""}]},{"reference":"\"ลูกเด้งกทม.ผงาดแชมป์ทีมหญิงกีฬานักเรียนฯกระบี่เกมส์\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.siamsport.co.th/other-sports/sports-world/42984/","url_text":"\"ลูกเด้งกทม.ผงาดแชมป์ทีมหญิงกีฬานักเรียนฯกระบี่เกมส์\""}]}]
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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Kortko
|
Roger Kortko
|
["1 Career statistics","2 References"]
|
Canadian ice hockey player
Ice hockey player
Roger KortkoBorn
(1962-02-01) February 1, 1962 (age 62)Rosthern, Saskatchewan, CanadaHeight
5 ft 11 in (180 cm)Weight
180 lb (82 kg; 12 st 12 lb)Position
CentreShot
RightPlayed for
New York IslandersNHL draft
126th overall, 1982New York IslandersPlaying career
1983–1992
Roger Kortko (born February 1, 1963) is a former professional ice hockey player who played 79 games in the National Hockey League. He played with the New York Islanders.
Career statistics
Regular season
Playoffs
Season
Team
League
GP
G
A
Pts
PIM
GP
G
A
Pts
PIM
1980–81
Humboldt Broncos
SJHL
60
43
82
125
52
—
—
—
—
—
1980–81
Saskatoon Blades
WHL
2
0
1
1
2
—
—
—
—
—
1981–82
Saskatoon Blades
WHL
65
33
51
84
82
4
1
4
5
7
1982–83
Saskatoon Blades
WHL
72
62
99
161
79
1
1
1
2
5
1983–84
Indianapolis Checkers
CHL
64
16
27
43
48
9
1
5
6
9
1984–85
Springfield Indians
AHL
30
8
30
38
6
—
—
—
—
—
1984–85
New York Islanders
NHL
27
2
9
11
9
10
0
3
3
17
1985–86
Springfield Indians
AHL
12
2
10
12
10
—
—
—
—
—
1985–86
New York Islanders
NHL
52
5
8
13
19
—
—
—
—
—
1986–87
Springfield Indians
AHL
75
16
30
46
54
—
—
—
—
—
1987–88
Binghamton Whalers
AHL
72
26
45
71
46
4
1
1
2
2
1988–89
Binghamton Whalers
AHL
72
22
36
58
28
—
—
—
—
—
1989–90
EV Füssen
GER-2
36
18
53
71
31
12
19
30
49
6
1990–91
Tilburg Trappers
NED
21
27
22
49
22
17
9
22
31
8
1991–92
Tilburg Trappers
NED
34
25
51
76
12
—
—
—
—
—
1993–94
Leroy Braves
LLHL
—
27
30
57
—
—
—
—
—
—
AHL totals
268
74
151
225
144
4
1
1
2
2
NHL totals
79
7
17
24
28
10
0
3
3
17
References
Biographical information and career statistics from NHL.com, or Eliteprospects.com, or Hockey-Reference.com, or The Internet Hockey Database
This biographical article relating to a Canadian ice hockey centre born in the 1960s is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
|
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|
[]
| null |
[]
|
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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Candraprabha
|
Candraprabha
|
["1 In Mandalas","2 In literature","3 Mantra","4 See also","5 References"]
|
Not to be confused with Chandraprabha.
Bodhisattva
CandraprabhaCandraprabha, Tiantan Garden, ShantouSanskritचन्द्रप्रभ
CandraprabhaChinese月光菩薩(Pinyin: Yuèguāng Púsà)月光遍照菩薩(Pinyin: Yuèguāng Biànzhào Púsà))月光普照菩薩(Pinyin: Yuèguāng Pǔzhào Púsà)月净菩薩(Pinyin: Yuèyào PúsàJapanese月光菩薩（がっこう/げっこうぼさつ）(romaji: Gakkō Bosatsu or Gekkō Bosatsu)月光遍照菩薩（がっこうへんじょうぼさつ）(romaji: Gakkō Henjō Bosatsu)月光王菩薩（がっこうおうぼさつ）(romaji: Gakkō Ō Bosatsu)月浄菩薩（がつじょうぼさつ）(romaji: Getsujō Bosatsu)Khmerចន្ទ្រប្រភា(chan-pra-phiea)Korean월광보살(RR: Wolgwang Bosal)월광변조보살(RR: Wolgwang Byeonjo Bosal)월정보살(RR: Woljaeng Bosal)TagalogCandlaplabhaThaiพระจันทรประภาโพธิสัตว์Tibetanཟླ་འོད་Wylie: zla 'odTHL: da öVietnameseNguyệt Quang Bồ TátInformationVenerated byMahayana, Vajrayana
(Bhaiṣajyaguru Sūtra)
Religion portal
Gakkō Bosatsu, Nara period, Tōdai-ji, Nara
Candraprabha (lit. 'Moonlight', Chinese: 月光菩薩; pinyin: Yuèguāng Púsà; Rōmaji: Gakkō or Gekkō Bosatsu) is a bodhisattva often seen with Sūryaprabha, as the two siblings serve Bhaiṣajyaguru. Statues of Candraprabha and Sūryaprabha closely resemble each other and are commonly found together, sometimes flanking temple doors. They are also recognized in mainland Asia as devas. In Chinese folk religion, the moon god Taiyin Xingjun is depicted as his incarnation.
In Mandalas
Within the Vajra Dhātu Mandala (金刚界), Moonlight Bodhisattva resides in the western portion of the Second Court of the Micro Assembly. The figure is depicted with a white body, the left hand forming a fist at the waist and the right hand holding either a moon-shaped object or a lotus flower adorned with a half-moon. Moonlight Bodhisattva's secret name is Kṣīti-garbha Vajra, and their Samaya symbol takes the form of a half-moon.
In the Garbhadhātu Mandala (胎藏界), Moonlight Bodhisattva occupies a place in the Mañjuśrī Courtyard (Mañjuśrī-vihāra). Positioned to the right of Maitrīyaka (the Auspicious One) and situated between Viśvabhūṣaka (the Bodhisattva of Melodious Sound) and Amitābha Prabhā (the Bodhisattva of Immaculate Light), Moonlight Bodhisattva holds a lotus flower in the right hand, upon which rests a half-moon. The left hand forms a gesture at the chest, holding a pair of joined lotus flowers. The Bodhisattva sits upon a lotus throne in a cross-legged meditative pose. In this mandala, Moonlight Bodhisattva's secret name is Vajra-tejas, and their Samaya symbol is a blue lotus flower with a half-moon placed atop it.
In literature
The Scripture of the Medicine Buddha (Bhaisajya-guru-vaidūrya-sūtra) states: "In that country, there are two Bodhisattvas, Mahāsattvas: one named Sun Illuminating All and the other named Moon Illuminating All. They are the supreme among the countless Bodhisattvas."
The Empowerment Sutra (灌顶经) states: "There are two Bodhisattvas, one named Sun Radiance (Nichiyō) and the other named Moon Purity (Gekjō). They are the successors to the Buddha's position, both have the ability to uphold the true Dharma Treasure of the Medicine Buddha."
The Record of Awakening and Zen quotes from Volume 1 of the Commentary on the Scripture of the Medicine Buddha (药师经疏): In the past world, during the time of Dipankara, a Brahman (a Hindu priest or ascetic) and his two sons made a shared Bodhisattva vow to alleviate the suffering of all sentient beings. Impressed by their determination, Dipankara advised the Brahman to change his name to "Yao Wang" (Medicine King) and his sons to "Ri Zhao" (Sunlight) and "Yue Zhao" (Moonlight). Through their spiritual journey, the trio achieved enlightenment—the Brahman becoming the Medicine Buddha and his sons attaining the forms of Sunlight Bodhisattva and Moonlight Bodhisattva.
According to the Ritual for Arranging the Altar in the Medicine Buddha Practice (修药师仪轨布坛法), Moonlight Bodhisattva is depicted with a white body, seated on a goose throne, and holding a moon wheel. However, this image differs considerably from those traditionally passed down through the ages. All previously created images are standing figures, with Moonlight Bodhisattva standing to the right of the Medicine Buddha.
It's believed that Moonlight Bodhisattva, like Sunlight Bodhisattva, also has a close connection to the Great Compassion Mantra (Da Bei Zhou) of Avalokiteśvara Bodhisattva. For all practitioners who wholeheartedly recite the Great Compassion Mantra, Moonlight Bodhisattva, along with countless divine beings, will come to enhance the efficacy of their mantra recitation. After reciting the Great Compassion Mantra, if practitioners can further recite the Moonlight Bodhisattva Dharani, Moonlight Bodhisattva will come to offer protection, enabling the practitioner to eliminate all obstacles and illnesses, accomplish all virtuous dharmas, and stay away from various fears.
Regarding the origin of Moonlight Bodhisattva, Buddhist scriptures also suggest Moonlight Bodhisattva was a previous incarnation of Shakyamuni Buddha before he embarked on his path to enlightenment as a Bodhisattva. Another interpretation suggests that Medicine Master Buddha of the Eastern Pure Land and Sunlight and Moonlight Bodhisattvas are in a parent-child relationship.
According to tradition, the auspicious birth date of Moonlight Bodhisattva is celebrated on the 15th day of the 8th lunar month. This coincides with the Mid-Autumn Festival, a significant celebration in Han Chinese Buddhism. Therefore, on this day, devotees of Han Chinese Buddhism commemorate not only the harvest moon but also the birth of Moonlight Bodhisattva.
Mantra
The mantra of Moonlight Bodhisattva goes:
"Namo Ratnasuhaaya,
Arahata, Mitra Uddhaaya,
Sankhadhaaraaya, Avalokitava,
Jvalodhaaraaya, Kshitigarbhaaya,
Sarva Sattva Hridayaya."
See also
Index of Buddhism-related articles
Secular Buddhism
References
^ Settar, S. (1969). "The Cult of Jvālāmālinī and the Earliest Images of Jvālā and Śyāma". Artibus Asiae. 31 (4): 309–320. doi:10.2307/3249339. ISSN 0004-3648. JSTOR 3249339.
^ "中秋夜持大悲咒 月光菩薩來庇佑遠離煩惱病苦". Yahoo News (in Chinese). 19 September 2021.
^ a b 中国传统文化基本知识——佛教基本信仰与常识 (in Chinese). Beijing Book Co. Inc. 1 May 2012. ISBN 978-7-999201-99-1.
^ a b c d e f "农历八月十五月光菩萨圣诞 祈愿众生远离一切苦厄". Phoenix Television (in Chinese). 13 September 2019.
^ "中秋夜持大悲咒 月光菩薩來庇佑遠離煩惱病苦". Yahoo News (in Chinese). 19 September 2021.
^ "中秋说月：道教中有月宫女神太阴星君，佛教中的月光菩萨又指谁？". 安阳源易缘 (in Chinese). 10 September 2019.
vteTopics in Buddhism
Outline
Glossary
Index
Foundations
Four Noble Truths
Three Jewels
Buddha
Dharma
Sangha
Noble Eightfold Path
Nirvana
Middle Way
The Buddha
Tathāgata
Birthday
Four sights
Eight Great Events
Great Renunciation
Physical characteristics
Life of Buddha in art
Footprint
Relics
Iconography in Laos and Thailand
Films
Miracles
Family
Suddhodāna (father)
Māyā (mother)
Mahapajapati Gotamī (aunt, adoptive mother)
Yaśodharā (wife)
Rāhula (son)
Ānanda (cousin)
Devadatta (cousin)
Places where the Buddha stayed
Buddha in world religions
Bodhisattvas
Avalokiteśvara
Guanyin
Mañjuśrī
Mahāsthāmaprāpta
Ākāśagarbha
Kṣitigarbha
Samantabhadra
Vajrapāṇi
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chandraprabha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chandraprabha"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gakko_Bosatsu_Hokkedo.JPG"},{"link_name":"Nara period","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nara_period"},{"link_name":"Tōdai-ji","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C5%8Ddai-ji"},{"link_name":"Nara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nara,_Nara"},{"link_name":"Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_language"},{"link_name":"pinyin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinyin"},{"link_name":"Rōmaji","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanization_of_Japanese"},{"link_name":"bodhisattva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bodhisattva"},{"link_name":"Sūryaprabha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suryaprabha"},{"link_name":"Bhaiṣajyaguru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhai%E1%B9%A3ajyaguru"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"devas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deva_(Buddhism)"},{"link_name":"Taiyin Xingjun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiyin_Xingjun"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Not to be confused with Chandraprabha.BodhisattvaGakkō Bosatsu, Nara period, Tōdai-ji, NaraCandraprabha (lit. 'Moonlight', Chinese: 月光菩薩; pinyin: Yuèguāng Púsà; Rōmaji: Gakkō or Gekkō Bosatsu) is a bodhisattva often seen with Sūryaprabha, as the two siblings serve Bhaiṣajyaguru.[1] Statues of Candraprabha and Sūryaprabha closely resemble each other and are commonly found together, sometimes flanking temple doors. They are also recognized in mainland Asia as devas. In Chinese folk religion, the moon god Taiyin Xingjun is depicted as his incarnation.[2]","title":"Candraprabha"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-s-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-s-3"}],"text":"Within the Vajra Dhātu Mandala (金刚界), Moonlight Bodhisattva resides in the western portion of the Second Court of the Micro Assembly. The figure is depicted with a white body, the left hand forming a fist at the waist and the right hand holding either a moon-shaped object or a lotus flower adorned with a half-moon. Moonlight Bodhisattva's secret name is Kṣīti-garbha Vajra, and their Samaya symbol takes the form of a half-moon.[3]In the Garbhadhātu Mandala (胎藏界), Moonlight Bodhisattva occupies a place in the Mañjuśrī Courtyard (Mañjuśrī-vihāra). Positioned to the right of Maitrīyaka (the Auspicious One) and situated between Viśvabhūṣaka (the Bodhisattva of Melodious Sound) and Amitābha Prabhā (the Bodhisattva of Immaculate Light), Moonlight Bodhisattva holds a lotus flower in the right hand, upon which rests a half-moon. The left hand forms a gesture at the chest, holding a pair of joined lotus flowers. The Bodhisattva sits upon a lotus throne in a cross-legged meditative pose. In this mandala, Moonlight Bodhisattva's secret name is Vajra-tejas, and their Samaya symbol is a blue lotus flower with a half-moon placed atop it.[3]","title":"In Mandalas"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sutra-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sutra-4"},{"link_name":"Dipankara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dipankara"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sutra-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sutra-4"},{"link_name":"Avalokiteśvara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avalokite%C5%9Bvara"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sutra-4"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"The Scripture of the Medicine Buddha (Bhaisajya-guru-vaidūrya-sūtra) states: \"In that country, there are two Bodhisattvas, Mahāsattvas: one named Sun Illuminating All and the other named Moon Illuminating All. They are the supreme among the countless Bodhisattvas.\"[4]The Empowerment Sutra (灌顶经) states: \"There are two Bodhisattvas, one named Sun Radiance (Nichiyō) and the other named Moon Purity (Gekjō). They are the successors to the Buddha's position, both have the ability to uphold the true Dharma Treasure of the Medicine Buddha.\"[4]The Record of Awakening and Zen quotes from Volume 1 of the Commentary on the Scripture of the Medicine Buddha (药师经疏): In the past world, during the time of Dipankara, a Brahman (a Hindu priest or ascetic) and his two sons made a shared Bodhisattva vow to alleviate the suffering of all sentient beings. Impressed by their determination, Dipankara advised the Brahman to change his name to \"Yao Wang\" (Medicine King) and his sons to \"Ri Zhao\" (Sunlight) and \"Yue Zhao\" (Moonlight). Through their spiritual journey, the trio achieved enlightenment—the Brahman becoming the Medicine Buddha and his sons attaining the forms of Sunlight Bodhisattva and Moonlight Bodhisattva.[4][5]According to the Ritual for Arranging the Altar in the Medicine Buddha Practice (修药师仪轨布坛法), Moonlight Bodhisattva is depicted with a white body, seated on a goose throne, and holding a moon wheel. However, this image differs considerably from those traditionally passed down through the ages. All previously created images are standing figures, with Moonlight Bodhisattva standing to the right of the Medicine Buddha.[4]It's believed that Moonlight Bodhisattva, like Sunlight Bodhisattva, also has a close connection to the Great Compassion Mantra (Da Bei Zhou) of Avalokiteśvara Bodhisattva. For all practitioners who wholeheartedly recite the Great Compassion Mantra, Moonlight Bodhisattva, along with countless divine beings, will come to enhance the efficacy of their mantra recitation. After reciting the Great Compassion Mantra, if practitioners can further recite the Moonlight Bodhisattva Dharani, Moonlight Bodhisattva will come to offer protection, enabling the practitioner to eliminate all obstacles and illnesses, accomplish all virtuous dharmas, and stay away from various fears.[4]Regarding the origin of Moonlight Bodhisattva, Buddhist scriptures also suggest Moonlight Bodhisattva was a previous incarnation of Shakyamuni Buddha before he embarked on his path to enlightenment as a Bodhisattva. Another interpretation suggests that Medicine Master Buddha of the Eastern Pure Land and Sunlight and Moonlight Bodhisattvas are in a parent-child relationship.[6]According to tradition, the auspicious birth date of Moonlight Bodhisattva is celebrated on the 15th day of the 8th lunar month. This coincides with the Mid-Autumn Festival, a significant celebration in Han Chinese Buddhism. Therefore, on this day, devotees of Han Chinese Buddhism commemorate not only the harvest moon but also the birth of Moonlight Bodhisattva.","title":"In literature"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sutra-4"}],"text":"The mantra of Moonlight Bodhisattva goes:\"Namo Ratnasuhaaya,\nArahata, Mitra Uddhaaya,\nSankhadhaaraaya, Avalokitava,\nJvalodhaaraaya, Kshitigarbhaaya,\nSarva Sattva Hridayaya.\"[4]","title":"Mantra"}]
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[{"image_text":"Gakkō Bosatsu, Nara period, Tōdai-ji, Nara","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Gakko_Bosatsu_Hokkedo.JPG/220px-Gakko_Bosatsu_Hokkedo.JPG"}]
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[{"title":"Index of Buddhism-related articles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_of_Buddhism-related_articles"},{"title":"Secular Buddhism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secular_Buddhism"}]
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[{"reference":"Settar, S. (1969). \"The Cult of Jvālāmālinī and the Earliest Images of Jvālā and Śyāma\". Artibus Asiae. 31 (4): 309–320. doi:10.2307/3249339. ISSN 0004-3648. JSTOR 3249339.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/3249339","url_text":"\"The Cult of Jvālāmālinī and the Earliest Images of Jvālā and Śyāma\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3249339","url_text":"10.2307/3249339"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0004-3648","url_text":"0004-3648"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/3249339","url_text":"3249339"}]},{"reference":"\"中秋夜持大悲咒 月光菩薩來庇佑遠離煩惱病苦\". Yahoo News (in Chinese). 19 September 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://tw.news.yahoo.com/%E4%B8%AD%E7%A7%8B%E5%A4%9C%E6%8C%81%E5%A4%A7%E6%82%B2%E5%92%92-%E6%9C%88%E5%85%89%E8%8F%A9%E8%96%A9%E4%BE%86%E5%BA%87%E4%BD%91%E9%81%A0%E9%9B%A2%E7%85%A9%E6%83%B1%E7%97%85%E8%8B%A6-000020574.html","url_text":"\"中秋夜持大悲咒 月光菩薩來庇佑遠離煩惱病苦\""}]},{"reference":"中国传统文化基本知识——佛教基本信仰与常识 (in Chinese). Beijing Book Co. Inc. 1 May 2012. ISBN 978-7-999201-99-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=ZvM2EAAAQBAJ&pg=PT176&dq=%E6%9C%88%E5%85%89%E8%8F%A9%E8%90%A8%E7%AD%89&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjv0ozg_NyFAxUt-TgGHe-7B3oQ6AF6BAgHEAI","url_text":"中国传统文化基本知识——佛教基本信仰与常识"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-7-999201-99-1","url_text":"978-7-999201-99-1"}]},{"reference":"\"农历八月十五月光菩萨圣诞 祈愿众生远离一切苦厄\". Phoenix Television (in Chinese). 13 September 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://i.ifeng.com/c/7pufyDGddbB","url_text":"\"农历八月十五月光菩萨圣诞 祈愿众生远离一切苦厄\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoenix_Television","url_text":"Phoenix Television"}]},{"reference":"\"中秋夜持大悲咒 月光菩薩來庇佑遠離煩惱病苦\". Yahoo News (in Chinese). 19 September 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://tw.news.yahoo.com/%E4%B8%AD%E7%A7%8B%E5%A4%9C%E6%8C%81%E5%A4%A7%E6%82%B2%E5%92%92-%E6%9C%88%E5%85%89%E8%8F%A9%E8%96%A9%E4%BE%86%E5%BA%87%E4%BD%91%E9%81%A0%E9%9B%A2%E7%85%A9%E6%83%B1%E7%97%85%E8%8B%A6-000020574.html","url_text":"\"中秋夜持大悲咒 月光菩薩來庇佑遠離煩惱病苦\""}]},{"reference":"\"中秋说月：道教中有月宫女神太阴星君，佛教中的月光菩萨又指谁？\". 安阳源易缘 (in Chinese). 10 September 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://k.sina.cn/article_2251486251_8632f42b00100zd0o.html","url_text":"\"中秋说月：道教中有月宫女神太阴星君，佛教中的月光菩萨又指谁？\""}]}]
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[{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/3249339","external_links_name":"\"The Cult of Jvālāmālinī and the Earliest Images of Jvālā and Śyāma\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3249339","external_links_name":"10.2307/3249339"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0004-3648","external_links_name":"0004-3648"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/3249339","external_links_name":"3249339"},{"Link":"https://tw.news.yahoo.com/%E4%B8%AD%E7%A7%8B%E5%A4%9C%E6%8C%81%E5%A4%A7%E6%82%B2%E5%92%92-%E6%9C%88%E5%85%89%E8%8F%A9%E8%96%A9%E4%BE%86%E5%BA%87%E4%BD%91%E9%81%A0%E9%9B%A2%E7%85%A9%E6%83%B1%E7%97%85%E8%8B%A6-000020574.html","external_links_name":"\"中秋夜持大悲咒 月光菩薩來庇佑遠離煩惱病苦\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=ZvM2EAAAQBAJ&pg=PT176&dq=%E6%9C%88%E5%85%89%E8%8F%A9%E8%90%A8%E7%AD%89&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjv0ozg_NyFAxUt-TgGHe-7B3oQ6AF6BAgHEAI","external_links_name":"中国传统文化基本知识——佛教基本信仰与常识"},{"Link":"https://i.ifeng.com/c/7pufyDGddbB","external_links_name":"\"农历八月十五月光菩萨圣诞 祈愿众生远离一切苦厄\""},{"Link":"https://tw.news.yahoo.com/%E4%B8%AD%E7%A7%8B%E5%A4%9C%E6%8C%81%E5%A4%A7%E6%82%B2%E5%92%92-%E6%9C%88%E5%85%89%E8%8F%A9%E8%96%A9%E4%BE%86%E5%BA%87%E4%BD%91%E9%81%A0%E9%9B%A2%E7%85%A9%E6%83%B1%E7%97%85%E8%8B%A6-000020574.html","external_links_name":"\"中秋夜持大悲咒 月光菩薩來庇佑遠離煩惱病苦\""},{"Link":"https://k.sina.cn/article_2251486251_8632f42b00100zd0o.html","external_links_name":"\"中秋说月：道教中有月宫女神太阴星君，佛教中的月光菩萨又指谁？\""},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Candraprabha&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Candraprabha&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zealandia_(personification)
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Zealandia (personification)
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["1 History","1.1 Postage stamps","2 Coat of arms","3 Image gallery","4 References","5 External links"]
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National personification of New Zealand
The Fallen Soldiers’ Memorial in Palmerston depicting Zealandia pointing heavenward, was unveiled in 1903.
Zealandia is a national personification of New Zealand. In her stereotypical form, Zealandia appears as an evidently Western European woman who is similar in dress and appearance to Britannia. Britannia is said to be the mother of Zealandia.
History
As a direct reference to the United Kingdom and the old world, she brought a sense of history and classical respectability to the colony during the formative years as a young nation.
Zealandia appeared on postage stamps, posters, cartoons, war memorials, and New Zealand government publications most commonly during the first half of the 20th century. Zealandia was a commonly used symbol of the New Zealand Centennial Exhibition, which was held in Wellington in 1939 and 1940. Four large Zealandia statues exist in New Zealand towns or cities; one is in Waimate, one is in Palmerston, and one in Symonds Street, Auckland, and one inside the Auckland War Museum. The first two (in stone) are Second Boer War memorials and the latter one (in bronze) is a New Zealand Wars memorial. Some smaller statues exist in other museums and in private hands.
Postage stamps
Zealandia on a 1901 postage stamp.
Zealandia (left) on a £5 1929 stamp.
Zealandia also featured on one penny definitive postage stamps issued in 1901 and 1909 during the reign of Queen Victoria and Edward VII when it went from being a Colony to a Dominion and was also depicted on a stamp featuring the coat of arms issued in 1929.
Coat of arms
The woman who appears on the left side of the coat of arms of New Zealand is Zealandia. Apart from the coat of arms, Zealandia is seldom depicted in works today, or indeed referred to.
Image gallery
Zealandia on the left side of the coat of arms of New Zealand used from 1911 to 1956.
Zealandia on the left side of the coat of arms of New Zealand, used currently.
A political cartoon from 1900 using Zealandia to represent New Zealand.
New Zealand Centennial Exhibition. c. 1939
The New Zealand Wars memorial in Auckland
The Bronze Zealandia statue in Auckland
References
^ Papers Past | "Palmerston Fallen Soldiers' Memorial ..."
^ a b Denis James Matthews Glover, "A National Symbol?" in An Encyclopaedia of New Zealand (A. H. McLintock ed, 1966)
^ a b "Zealandia-mother of the nation?". New Zealand Geographic (23). July–September 1994.
^ Heraldry of the World New Zealand Coat of Arms page
^ Jock Phillips (4 March 2009). "The New Zealanders: Lampooning the Australian federation". Te Ara - the Encyclopedia of New Zealand. Retrieved 11 May 2011.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Zealandia.
National song: "All Hail! Zealandia!" composed by Robert Peel Crosbie, published in 1885 with a dedication to former premier Sir Julius Vogel.
"Ah, Zealandia – what has become of thee?". "Timespanner" (Avondale Historical Society), 28 January 2009. Retrieved 15 December 2010.
vteNational personifications
Afghanistan, Iran and Tajikistan
Rostam
Albania
Mother Albania
Argentina
Effigies of Argentina
Armenia
Mother Armenia
Americas
Personification of the Americas
Australia
Little Boy from Manly
Bangladesh
Bangamata
Belgium
Leo Belgicus
Brazil
Efígie da República
Cambodia
Preah Thong and Neang Neak
Canada
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Chile
Huaso
Roto
China
Mao Zedong
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Jade Emperor
Croatia
Mother Croatia
Czech Republic
Čechie
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Švejk
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Europe
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France
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Gallic rooster
Georgia
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Germany
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Germania
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Haiti
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Hungary
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Iceland
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India
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Malaysia
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Malta
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Netherlands
Dutch Maiden
New Zealand
Southern man
Zealandia
Norway
Ola Nordmann
Pakistan
Shaheen
Māder-e Millat
Palestine
Handala
Peru
Madre Patria
Philippines
Juan dela Cruz
Maria Clara
Poland
Polonia
Portugal
Efígie da República
Zé Povinho
Russia
Mother Russia
Russian Bear
Russian Winter
Vladimir Putin
Serbia
Kosovo Maiden
Mother Serbia
Singapore
Merlion
Spain
Hispania
Sweden
Mother Svea
Switzerland
Helvetia
Thailand
Siam Devadhiraj
Ukraine
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United Kingdom
Britannia
John Bull
Dame Wales
Welsh Dragon
United States
Brother Jonathan
Columbia
Lady Liberty
Lady Justice
Uncle Sam
Billy Yank
Northern states
Johnny Reb
Southern states
Countryballs
Other symbols of Liberty
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Palmerston_NZ_Boer_War_Memorial_closer.jpg"},{"link_name":"Palmerston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palmerston,_New_Zealand"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"national personification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_personification"},{"link_name":"New Zealand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand"},{"link_name":"Western European","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Europe"},{"link_name":"Britannia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Britannia"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Glover-2"}],"text":"The Fallen Soldiers’ Memorial in Palmerston depicting Zealandia pointing heavenward, was unveiled in 1903.[1]Zealandia is a national personification of New Zealand. In her stereotypical form, Zealandia appears as an evidently Western European woman who is similar in dress and appearance to Britannia. Britannia is said to be the mother of Zealandia.[2]","title":"Zealandia (personification)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"colony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colony_of_New_Zealand"},{"link_name":"postage stamps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postage_stamp"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mother-3"},{"link_name":"New Zealand Centennial Exhibition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand_Centennial_Exhibition"},{"link_name":"Wellington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wellington"},{"link_name":"Waimate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waimate"},{"link_name":"Palmerston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palmerston,_New_Zealand"},{"link_name":"Symonds Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newton,_New_Zealand#Symonds_Street"},{"link_name":"Auckland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auckland"},{"link_name":"Second Boer War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Boer_War"},{"link_name":"New Zealand Wars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand_Wars"}],"text":"As a direct reference to the United Kingdom and the old world, she brought a sense of history and classical respectability to the colony during the formative years as a young nation.\nZealandia appeared on postage stamps, posters, cartoons, war memorials, and New Zealand government publications most commonly during the first half of the 20th century.[3] Zealandia was a commonly used symbol of the New Zealand Centennial Exhibition, which was held in Wellington in 1939 and 1940. Four large Zealandia statues exist in New Zealand towns or cities; one is in Waimate, one is in Palmerston, and one in Symonds Street, Auckland, and one inside the Auckland War Museum. The first two (in stone) are Second Boer War memorials and the latter one (in bronze) is a New Zealand Wars memorial. Some smaller statues exist in other museums and in private hands.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1901_Universal_Postage_1_penny_red.JPG"},{"link_name":"1901 postage stamp.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_New_Zealand#Universal_one_penny_postage"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1929_New_Zealand_Arms_stamp.jpg"},{"link_name":"Queen Victoria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_Victoria"},{"link_name":"Edward VII","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_VII"},{"link_name":"Dominion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominion_of_New_Zealand"}],"sub_title":"Postage stamps","text":"Zealandia on a 1901 postage stamp.Zealandia (left) on a £5 1929 stamp.Zealandia also featured on one penny definitive postage stamps issued in 1901 and 1909 during the reign of Queen Victoria and Edward VII when it went from being a Colony to a Dominion and was also depicted on a stamp featuring the coat of arms issued in 1929.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"coat of arms of New Zealand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_New_Zealand"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Glover-2"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mother-3"}],"text":"The woman who appears on the left side of the coat of arms of New Zealand is Zealandia.[2][4] Apart from the coat of arms, Zealandia is seldom depicted in works today, or indeed referred to.[3]","title":"Coat of arms"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_New_Zealand_(1911%E2%80%931956).svg"},{"link_name":"coat of arms of New Zealand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_New_Zealand"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_New_Zealand.svg"},{"link_name":"coat of arms of New Zealand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_New_Zealand"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Australian_ogre_1900.jpg"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:New_Zealand_Centennial_Exhibition_-_Certificate_of_Attendance.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Zealandia_Symonds_Street_Auckland.jpg"},{"link_name":"New Zealand Wars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand_Wars"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Zealandia_Symonds_Street_Auckland_5.jpg"}],"text":"Zealandia on the left side of the coat of arms of New Zealand used from 1911 to 1956.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tZealandia on the left side of the coat of arms of New Zealand, used currently.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tA political cartoon from 1900 using Zealandia to represent New Zealand.[5]\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tNew Zealand Centennial Exhibition. c. 1939\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tThe New Zealand Wars memorial in Auckland\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tThe Bronze Zealandia statue in Auckland","title":"Image gallery"}]
|
[{"image_text":"The Fallen Soldiers’ Memorial in Palmerston depicting Zealandia pointing heavenward, was unveiled in 1903.[1]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Palmerston_NZ_Boer_War_Memorial_closer.jpg/230px-Palmerston_NZ_Boer_War_Memorial_closer.jpg"},{"image_text":"Zealandia on a 1901 postage stamp.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/1901_Universal_Postage_1_penny_red.JPG/145px-1901_Universal_Postage_1_penny_red.JPG"},{"image_text":"Zealandia (left) on a £5 1929 stamp.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/1929_New_Zealand_Arms_stamp.jpg/145px-1929_New_Zealand_Arms_stamp.jpg"}]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"Zealandia-mother of the nation?\". New Zealand Geographic (23). July–September 1994.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nzgeo.com/stories/zealandia-mother-of-the-nation/","url_text":"\"Zealandia-mother of the nation?\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand_Geographic","url_text":"New Zealand Geographic"}]},{"reference":"Jock Phillips (4 March 2009). \"The New Zealanders: Lampooning the Australian federation\". Te Ara - the Encyclopedia of New Zealand. Retrieved 11 May 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jock_Phillips","url_text":"Jock Phillips"},{"url":"http://www.teara.govt.nz/en/the-new-zealanders/5/1/1","url_text":"\"The New Zealanders: Lampooning the Australian federation\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_New_Zealand","url_text":"Encyclopedia of New Zealand"}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/ODT19030615.2.82.26?query=zealandia%20rifles","external_links_name":"Papers Past"},{"Link":"https://www.teara.govt.nz/en/1966/zealandia/1","external_links_name":"\"A National Symbol?\""},{"Link":"https://www.nzgeo.com/stories/zealandia-mother-of-the-nation/","external_links_name":"\"Zealandia-mother of the nation?\""},{"Link":"http://www.ngw.nl/int/nzl/nz-nat.htm","external_links_name":"Heraldry of the World"},{"Link":"http://www.teara.govt.nz/en/the-new-zealanders/5/1/1","external_links_name":"\"The New Zealanders: Lampooning the Australian federation\""},{"Link":"https://blogs.otago.ac.nz/thehockenblog/2010/11/22/all-hail-zealandia/","external_links_name":"National song: \"All Hail! Zealandia!\""},{"Link":"http://timespanner.blogspot.com/2009/01/ah-zealandia-what-has-become-of-thee.html","external_links_name":"Ah, Zealandia – what has become of thee?"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Manuel_da_Cunha_Faro_Menezes_Portugal_da_Gama_Carneiro_e_Sousa
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José da Gama Carneiro e Sousa
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["1 References"]
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Portuguese count and President of the Council of Ministers
You can help expand this article with text translated from the corresponding article in Portuguese. (August 2023) Click for important translation instructions.
Machine translation, like DeepL or Google Translate, is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into the English Wikipedia.
Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality. If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article.
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His ExcellencyThe Count of Lumiares6th President of the Council of Ministers of the Kingdom of PortugalIn office10 September 1836 – 4 November 1836MonarchMaria II of PortugalPreceded byAntónio José Severim de Noronha, 1st Duke of TerceiraSucceeded byJosé Bernardino de Portugal e Castro
Personal detailsBorn12 January 1788Lisbon, PortugalDied24 October 1849(1849-10-24) (aged 61)Lisbon, PortugalSpouseLuísa Henriqueta de Menezes Silveira e CastroSignature
José Manuel da Cunha Faro Menezes Portugal da Gama Carneiro e Sousa (12 January 1788 - 24 October 1849) was a Portuguese count and the President of the Council of Ministers from 10 September to 4 November 1836. He was the 4th Count of Lumiares .
References
^ de Oliveira Marques, A.H. (March 1986). História de Portugal Volume III (in Portuguese). Lisbon: Palas Editores. p. 609.
Political offices
Preceded byAntónio José Severim de Noronha, 1st Duke of Terceira
President of the Council of Ministers of the Kingdom of Portugal 1836
Succeeded byJosé Bernardino de Portugal e Castro
vtePrime Ministers of the Portuguese Constitutional Monarchy
Palmela (1st)
Linhares
Saldanha (1st)
José Jorge Loureiro
Terceira (1st)
Lumiares
Valença
Sá da Bandeira (1st)
Dias de Oliveira
Sá da Bandeira (2nd)
Ribeira de Sabrosa
Bonfim
Joaquim António de Aguiar
Palmela (2nd)
Terceira (2nd)
Palmela (3rd)
Saldanha (2nd)
Costa Cabral
Terceira (3rd)
Saldanha (3rd)
Loulé
Terceira (4th)
Joaquim António de Aguiar (2nd)
Loulé (2nd)
Sá da Bandeira (3rd)
Joaquim António de Aguiar (3rd)
Ávila
Sá da Bandeira (4th)
Loulé (3rd)
Saldanha (4th)
Sá da Bandeira (5th)
Ávila (2nd)
Fontes Pereira de Melo
Ávila (3rd)
Fontes Pereira de Melo (2nd)
Braamcamp
Rodrigues Sampaio
Fontes Pereira de Melo (3rd)
Luciano de Castro
Serpa Pimentel
João Crisóstomo
Dias Ferreira
Hintze Ribeiro
Luciano de Castro (2nd)
Hintze Ribeiro (2nd)
Luciano de Castro (3rd)
Hintze Ribeiro (3rd)
João Franco
Ferreira do Amaral
Campos Henriques
Sousa Teles
Venceslau de Lima
Veiga Beirão
Teixeira de Sousa
>> Republic
This biographical article of a European noble is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Portuguese count","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countships_in_Portugal"},{"link_name":"President of the Council of Ministers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Prime_Ministers_of_Portugal"},{"link_name":"Count of Lumiares","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Conde_de_Lumiares&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"pt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conde_de_Lumiares"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"José Manuel da Cunha Faro Menezes Portugal da Gama Carneiro e Sousa (12 January 1788 - 24 October 1849) was a Portuguese count and the President of the Council of Ministers from 10 September to 4 November 1836. He was the 4th Count of Lumiares [pt].[1]","title":"José da Gama Carneiro e Sousa"}]
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[]
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[{"reference":"de Oliveira Marques, A.H. (March 1986). História de Portugal Volume III (in Portuguese). Lisbon: Palas Editores. p. 609.","urls":[]}]
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[{"Link":"https://deepl.com/","external_links_name":"DeepL"},{"Link":"https://translate.google.com/","external_links_name":"Google Translate"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jos%C3%A9_da_Gama_Carneiro_e_Sousa&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eugene_Generals
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Eugene Generals
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["1 History","2 Season-by-season records","2.1 Regular season","2.2 Norpac/NPHL playoffs","2.3 USPHL playoffs","3 Alumni","4 References","5 External links"]
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Ice hockey team in Eugene, OregonEugene GeneralsCityEugene, OregonFounded2005Home arenaThe Rink Exchange in the Lane Events CenterColorsBlue, gold, black General managerFlint DoungchakHead coachJustin Kern (2014–15)mid-seasonFranchise history2005–presentEugene Generals
The Eugene Generals are a USA Hockey-sanctioned Tier III junior ice hockey team. The team plays their home games at 2,700-seat the Rink Exchange in the Lane Events Center in Eugene, Oregon. The team announced it is on hiatus for the 2019–20 season.
History
The franchise joined the Northern Pacific Hockey League (originally called NorPac and later known as NPHL) in 2005 when the league was a Jr. B league, in 2007 the league and member teams were granted Tier III Jr. A status by USA Hockey, the governing body for ice hockey in the United States. In 2016, the NPHL was dissolved after two of the six members withdrew from the league. The four remaining teams, including the Generals, were then added to the USP3 Pacific Division of the United States Premier Hockey League.
After one season in the USPHL, the league reorganized its divisions when it added an unsanctioned higher league called the National Collegiate Development Conference, ultimately leading to the junior-level USPHL leagues to operate independently from USA Hockey sanctioning for 2017–18. The USP3 Division would be dissolved and the Generals were added to the Elite Division. During the off-season, the other three former NPHL teams left the USPHL, isolating the Generals geographically from the rest of the league. The Generals decided to remain in the USPHL, but would fill their schedule independently with nearby teams from academies and U18 Tier 1 AAA youth hockey organizations, only playing against other USPHL teams in showcases during the 2017–18 season. As Generals' general manager Flint Doungchak is also the USA Hockey Pacific District coach, the Generals were able to retain USA Hockey sanctioning for 2017–18 as an independent junior team. After the 2017–18 season, the Generals also left the USPHL to play an independent junior schedule. In their independent 2018–19 schedule, the Generals played against a mix of university club teams and Tier 1 youth teams.
In 2019, they announced they would take the 2019–20 season off to prepare to move up a level from their current Tier III designation by USA Hockey. The team did not specify what league, if any, they were planning on joining.
Season-by-season records
Regular season
Glossary: GP = Games played, W = Wins, L = Losses, OTL = Overtime Losses, SOL = Shootout Losses, PTS = Points, GF = Goals For, GA = Goals Against
Season
GP
W
L
OTL
SOL
PTS
PCT
GF
GA
Finish
Northern Pacific Hockey League
2005–06
44
31
13
—
—
62
.705
250
146
2nd of 6, West
2006–07
44
26
18
—
—
52
.591
248
168
3rd of 6, Pacific
2007–08
48
35
15
—
—
66
.729
257
179
3rd of 7, Pacific
2008–09
48
38
10
—
—
76
.792
264
143
2nd of 7, Pacific
2009–10
48
38
10
—
—
76
.792
254
132
2nd of 6, Pacific
2010–11
50
24
26
—
—
48
.480
208
191
3rd of 5, Pacific
2011–12
42
22
18
2
—
46
.548
166
159
4th of 7, NorPac
2012–13
40
25
14
0
1
51
.638
187
170
2nd of 6, NorPac
2013–14
40
17
22
0
1
35
.438
148
154
3rd of 5, NPHL
2014–15
42
13
28
0
1
27
.321
120
243
5th of 6, NPHL
2015–16
40
21
17
1
1
44
.550
149
113
3rd of 6, NPHL
United States Premier Hockey League
2016–17
44
34
7
3
—
71
.806
237
111
1st of 4, Pacific Div.3rd of 27, USPHL-USP3
2017–18
14
7
7
0
—
14
.500
34
35
USPHL-Elite
33
8
24
0
1
17
.258
73
154
Overall
Norpac/NPHL playoffs
Season
Quarterfinals
Semifinals
Finals
2006
Won 2–1 vs. Puget Sound Tomahawks
Won 3–1 vs. Tri-City Titans
Lost 2–3 vs. Queen City Cutthroats
2007
Won 3–1 vs. Seattle Totems
Lost 0–3 vs. Fort Vancouver Pioneers
—
2008
Lost 1–3 vs. Tri-City Titans
—
—
2009
Lost 0–3 vs. River City Jaguars
—
—
2010
Won 3–1 vs. Tri-City Titans
Lost 0–3 vs. Seattle Totems
—
2011
Lost 1–3 vs. Southern Oregon Spartans
—
—
2012
Lost 1–2 vs. Vancouver Victory
—
—
2013
—
Lost 0–3 vs. Bellingham Blazers
—
2014
—
Lost 0–3 vs. West Sound Warriors
—
2015
Did not qualify
2016
—
Lost 2–3 vs. Bellingham Blazers
—
USPHL playoffs
2017
Eugene Generals defeated the Seattle Ravens 2-games-to-none in Pacific Division USP3 Championship
Eliminated in USP3 Division Round Robin 1–2–0 (Lost, 1–3 vs. Charlotte Rush; Lost, 0–6 vs. Florida Jr. Blades; Won, 2–1 vs. Decatur Blaze)
Alumni
The Generals have had a number of alumni move on to collegiate programs and higher levels of junior ice hockey in the United States and Canada.
References
^ "Welcome to Lane County Ice Center". Archived from the original on 2010-02-15. Retrieved 2010-06-02.
^ "Eugene Generals in Eugene Oregon - Travel Oregon". Archived from the original on 2009-07-23. Retrieved 2010-06-02.
^ "West Coast Teams Join Nation's Top College Development League (USPHL)". USPHL. May 20, 2016.
^ Generals' Facebook post on June 3, 2017
^ "Eugene Generals: Schedule Shake-Up Announced For 2017-18 Season". USPHL. August 9, 2017.
^ "DAILY DISH: Independence from USA Hockey Rules?". JuniorHockey.com. September 8, 2017.
^ "To Prepare for Big Move Generals Will Sit Out 2019-2020 Season". Eugene Generals. September 19, 2019.
^ "Pacific Division USP3 Championship Series Preview". USPHL. February 20, 2017.
^ "Alumni - Eugene Generals Junior a Ice Hockey, Eugene, OR". Archived from the original on 2010-05-11. Retrieved 2010-06-02.
External links
Generals website
vteNorthern Pacific Hockey LeagueTeams:
Billings Bulls
Bellingham Blazers
Bozeman Icedogs
Butte Roughriders
Cheney Ice Hawks
Coeur d'Alene Lakers
Eugene Generals
Eugene Thunder
Fairbanks Ice Dogs
Fort Vancouver Pioneers
Fort Vancouver Vipers
Glacier Nationals
Helena Bighorns
Missoula Maulers
Seattle Ravens
Seattle Totems
Southern Oregon Spartans
Tacoma Knights
Tri-City Outlaws
Tri-City Titans
Wenatchee Wolves
West Sound Warriors
Yellowstone Quake
Cascade Cup
vteSports teams based in OregonBaseball
NL
Eugene Emeralds
Hillsboro Hops
MIBL
Campesinos de Salem-Keizer
Portland Mavericks
Salem Senators
Salem-Keizer Volcanoes
GWL
Medford Rogues
Klamath Falls Gems
WCL
Bend Elks
Corvallis Knights
Portland Pickles
Springfield Drifters
WWWL
Gresham GreyWolves
Portland Gherkins
Portland Rosebuds
Willamette Wild Bills
Basketball
NBA
Portland Trail Blazers
NBA G League
Rip City Remix
IBL
Portland Chinooks
Salem Sabres
Soccer
MLS
Portland Timbers
NWSL
Portland Thorns FC
MLSNP
Portland Timbers 2
USL2
Capital FC
Lane United FC
OVF Alliance
PDX FC
NPSL
International Portland Select FC
WPSL
Eugene Timbers FC Azul
Westside Timbers
USL W
Capital FC
Lane United FC
PDX FC
United PDX
Football
AFL
Oregon Black Bears
WFA
Portland Fighting Fillies
Portland Shockwave
Hockey
WHL
Portland Winterhawks
USPHL
Rogue Valley Royals
Ind.
Eugene Generals
Roller derby
WFTDA
Cherry City Roller Derby
Emerald City Roller Girls
Lava City Roller Dolls
Rose City Rollers
Sick Town Derby Dames
MRDA
Portland Men's Roller Derby
University athletics (Division I)
Oregon Ducks
Oregon State Beavers
Portland Pilots
Portland State Vikings
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"USA Hockey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USA_Hockey"},{"link_name":"Tier III junior","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Junior_ice_hockey#Tier_III"},{"link_name":"ice hockey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice_hockey"},{"link_name":"Eugene, Oregon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eugene,_Oregon"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"The Eugene Generals are a USA Hockey-sanctioned Tier III junior ice hockey team. The team plays their home games at 2,700-seat the Rink Exchange in the Lane Events Center in Eugene, Oregon.[1] The team announced it is on hiatus for the 2019–20 season.","title":"Eugene Generals"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Northern Pacific Hockey League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Pacific_Hockey_League"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"USA Hockey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USA_Hockey"},{"link_name":"United States Premier Hockey League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Premier_Hockey_League"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"USA Hockey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USA_Hockey"},{"link_name":"U18 Tier 1 AAA youth hockey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minor_ice_hockey#United_States"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Tier 1 youth teams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minor_ice_hockey#United_States"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"The franchise joined the Northern Pacific Hockey League (originally called NorPac and later known as NPHL)[2] in 2005 when the league was a Jr. B league, in 2007 the league and member teams were granted Tier III Jr. A status by USA Hockey, the governing body for ice hockey in the United States. In 2016, the NPHL was dissolved after two of the six members withdrew from the league. The four remaining teams, including the Generals, were then added to the USP3 Pacific Division of the United States Premier Hockey League.[3]After one season in the USPHL, the league reorganized its divisions when it added an unsanctioned higher league called the National Collegiate Development Conference, ultimately leading to the junior-level USPHL leagues to operate independently from USA Hockey sanctioning for 2017–18. The USP3 Division would be dissolved and the Generals were added to the Elite Division. During the off-season, the other three former NPHL teams left the USPHL, isolating the Generals geographically from the rest of the league. The Generals decided to remain in the USPHL, but would fill their schedule independently with nearby teams from academies and U18 Tier 1 AAA youth hockey organizations, only playing against other USPHL teams in showcases during the 2017–18 season.[4][5] As Generals' general manager Flint Doungchak is also the USA Hockey Pacific District coach, the Generals were able to retain USA Hockey sanctioning for 2017–18 as an independent junior team.[6] After the 2017–18 season, the Generals also left the USPHL to play an independent junior schedule. In their independent 2018–19 schedule, the Generals played against a mix of university club teams and Tier 1 youth teams.In 2019, they announced they would take the 2019–20 season off to prepare to move up a level from their current Tier III designation by USA Hockey. The team did not specify what league, if any, they were planning on joining.[7]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Season-by-season records"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Regular season","text":"Glossary: GP = Games played, W = Wins, L = Losses, OTL = Overtime Losses, SOL = Shootout Losses, PTS = Points, GF = Goals For, GA = Goals Against","title":"Season-by-season records"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Norpac/NPHL playoffs","title":"Season-by-season records"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"sub_title":"USPHL playoffs","text":"2017Eugene Generals defeated the Seattle Ravens 2-games-to-none in Pacific Division USP3 Championship[8]\nEliminated in USP3 Division Round Robin 1–2–0 (Lost, 1–3 vs. Charlotte Rush; Lost, 0–6 vs. Florida Jr. Blades; Won, 2–1 vs. Decatur Blaze)","title":"Season-by-season records"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"collegiate programs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_ice_hockey"},{"link_name":"junior ice hockey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Junior_ice_hockey"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"The Generals have had a number of alumni move on to collegiate programs and higher levels of junior ice hockey in the United States and Canada.[9]","title":"Alumni"}]
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[]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"Welcome to Lane County Ice Center\". Archived from the original on 2010-02-15. Retrieved 2010-06-02.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100215065014/http://www.laneicecenter.org/icehockey.html","url_text":"\"Welcome to Lane County Ice Center\""},{"url":"http://www.laneicecenter.org/icehockey.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Eugene Generals in Eugene Oregon - Travel Oregon\". Archived from the original on 2009-07-23. Retrieved 2010-06-02.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090723124059/http://www.traveloregon.com/Explore-Oregon/Willamette-Valley/Attractions/Family-Fun/Eugene-Generals.aspx","url_text":"\"Eugene Generals in Eugene Oregon - Travel Oregon\""},{"url":"http://www.traveloregon.com/Explore-Oregon/Willamette-Valley/Attractions/Family-Fun/Eugene-Generals.aspx","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"West Coast Teams Join Nation's Top College Development League (USPHL)\". USPHL. May 20, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.usphl.com/news_article/show/650569?referrer_id=1576352","url_text":"\"West Coast Teams Join Nation's Top College Development League (USPHL)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Eugene Generals: Schedule Shake-Up Announced For 2017-18 Season\". USPHL. August 9, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.usphl.com/news_article/show/821812?referral=rss","url_text":"\"Eugene Generals: Schedule Shake-Up Announced For 2017-18 Season\""}]},{"reference":"\"DAILY DISH: Independence from USA Hockey Rules?\". JuniorHockey.com. September 8, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.juniorhockey.com/news/news_detail.php?news_id=92536","url_text":"\"DAILY DISH: Independence from USA Hockey Rules?\""}]},{"reference":"\"To Prepare for Big Move Generals Will Sit Out 2019-2020 Season\". Eugene Generals. September 19, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.eugenegenerals.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=1419","url_text":"\"To Prepare for Big Move Generals Will Sit Out 2019-2020 Season\""}]},{"reference":"\"Pacific Division USP3 Championship Series Preview\". USPHL. February 20, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.usphl.com/news_article/show/760006?referrer_id=1576352-headlines","url_text":"\"Pacific Division USP3 Championship Series Preview\""}]},{"reference":"\"Alumni - Eugene Generals Junior a Ice Hockey, Eugene, OR\". Archived from the original on 2010-05-11. Retrieved 2010-06-02.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100511014646/http://www.eugenegenerals.com/team/alumni.html","url_text":"\"Alumni - Eugene Generals Junior a Ice Hockey, Eugene, OR\""},{"url":"http://www.eugenegenerals.com/team/alumni.html","url_text":"the original"}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100215065014/http://www.laneicecenter.org/icehockey.html","external_links_name":"\"Welcome to Lane County Ice Center\""},{"Link":"http://www.laneicecenter.org/icehockey.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090723124059/http://www.traveloregon.com/Explore-Oregon/Willamette-Valley/Attractions/Family-Fun/Eugene-Generals.aspx","external_links_name":"\"Eugene Generals in Eugene Oregon - Travel Oregon\""},{"Link":"http://www.traveloregon.com/Explore-Oregon/Willamette-Valley/Attractions/Family-Fun/Eugene-Generals.aspx","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.usphl.com/news_article/show/650569?referrer_id=1576352","external_links_name":"\"West Coast Teams Join Nation's Top College Development League (USPHL)\""},{"Link":"https://www.facebook.com/eugenegenerals/posts/10155665128003287","external_links_name":"Generals' Facebook post on June 3, 2017"},{"Link":"http://www.usphl.com/news_article/show/821812?referral=rss","external_links_name":"\"Eugene Generals: Schedule Shake-Up Announced For 2017-18 Season\""},{"Link":"https://www.juniorhockey.com/news/news_detail.php?news_id=92536","external_links_name":"\"DAILY DISH: Independence from USA Hockey Rules?\""},{"Link":"https://www.eugenegenerals.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=1419","external_links_name":"\"To Prepare for Big Move Generals Will Sit Out 2019-2020 Season\""},{"Link":"http://www.usphl.com/news_article/show/760006?referrer_id=1576352-headlines","external_links_name":"\"Pacific Division USP3 Championship Series Preview\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100511014646/http://www.eugenegenerals.com/team/alumni.html","external_links_name":"\"Alumni - Eugene Generals Junior a Ice Hockey, Eugene, OR\""},{"Link":"http://www.eugenegenerals.com/team/alumni.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.eugenegenerals.com/","external_links_name":"Generals website"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olgaea
|
Olgaea
|
["1 References"]
|
Genus of flowering plants
Olgaea
Olgaea leucophylla in Inner Mongolia
Scientific classification
Kingdom:
Plantae
Clade:
Tracheophytes
Clade:
Angiosperms
Clade:
Eudicots
Clade:
Asterids
Order:
Asterales
Family:
Asteraceae
Subfamily:
Carduoideae
Tribe:
Cardueae
Subtribe:
Onopordinae
Genus:
OlgaeaIljin
Synonyms
Takeikadzuchia Kitag. & Kitam.
Olgaea is a genus of Asian flowering plants in the tribe Cardueae within the family Asteraceae, having a typical thistle appearance.
In 1922, Modest Mikhaĭlovich Iljin (from the Botanical Garden of the Academy of Sciences of Soviet Russia) named the genus in honour of Russian botanist Olga Fedtschenko (1845–1921).
Olgaea's genome consists of a diploid number of 2n=26 chromosomes.
Species
Olgaea altimurana (Rech.f.) Rech.f.
Olgaea baldschuanica (C.Winkl.) Iljin
Olgaea chodshamuminensis B.A.Sharipova
Olgaea eriocephala (C.Winkl.) Iljin
Olgaea lanipes (C.Winkl.) Iljin
Olgaea leucophylla (Turcz.) Iljin
Olgaea lomonossowii (Trautv.) Iljin
Olgaea longifolia (C.Winkl.) Iljin
Olgaea nidulans (Rupr.) Iljin
Olgaea nivea (C.Winkl.) Iljin
Olgaea pectinata Iljin
Olgaea petri-primi B.A.Sharipova
Olgaea roborowskyi Iljin
Olgaea spinifera Iljin
Olgaea tangutica Iljin
Olgaea thomsonii (Hook.f.) Iljin
Olgaea vvedenskyi Iljin
References
^ Iljin, Modest Mikhaĭlovich. 1922. Botanicheskie Materialy Gerbariya Glavnogo Botanicheskogo Sada RSFSR 3: 141
^ Tropicos, Olgaea Iljin
^ Flora of China Olgaea Iljin
^ Komarov, V.L. (1935). "Akademiya Nauk SSSR (FLORA of the U.S.S.R.) Vol. IV". archive.org. Retrieved 13 November 2014.
^ López-Vinyallonga, Sara (2010). "Chromosome Numbers in the Genera Cousinia, Olgaea and Syreitschikovia (Compositae)". Folia Geobotanica. 45 (2): 201–214. doi:10.1007/s12224-009-9056-7. hdl:10261/28827.
^ http://dixon.iplantcollaborative.org/CompositaeWeb/Default.aspx?Page=AdvNameSearch Flann, C (ed) 2009+ Global Compositae Checklist Accessed Archived 2014-11-06 at archive.today
Taxon identifiersOlgaea
Wikidata: Q5220411
Wikispecies: Olgaea
CoL: 67LK
EoL: 5119997
FoC: 122780
GBIF: 3105553
GRIN: 8417
iNaturalist: 632931
IPNI: 10250-1
IRMNG: 1255061
NCBI: 313531
Open Tree of Life: 341873
POWO: urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:10250-1
Tropicos: 40031104
WFO: wfo-4000026716
WoRMS: 1075772
This Cardueae article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"genus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genus"},{"link_name":"Asian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asia"},{"link_name":"Cardueae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardueae"},{"link_name":"Asteraceae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asteraceae"},{"link_name":"thistle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thistle"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Botanical Garden of the Academy of Sciences of Soviet Russia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Petersburg_Botanical_Garden"},{"link_name":"Olga Fedtschenko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olga_Fedtschenko"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FloraofUSSR-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Olgaea altimurana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Olgaea_altimurana&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Olgaea baldschuanica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Olgaea_baldschuanica&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Olgaea chodshamuminensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Olgaea_chodshamuminensis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Olgaea eriocephala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Olgaea_eriocephala&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Olgaea lanipes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Olgaea_lanipes&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Olgaea leucophylla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Olgaea_leucophylla&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Olgaea lomonossowii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Olgaea_lomonossowii&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Olgaea longifolia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Olgaea_longifolia&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Olgaea nidulans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Olgaea_nidulans&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Olgaea nivea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Olgaea_nivea&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Olgaea pectinata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Olgaea_pectinata&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Olgaea petri-primi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Olgaea_petri-primi&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Olgaea roborowskyi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Olgaea_roborowskyi&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Olgaea spinifera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Olgaea_spinifera&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Olgaea tangutica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Olgaea_tangutica&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Olgaea thomsonii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Olgaea_thomsonii&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Olgaea vvedenskyi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Olgaea_vvedenskyi&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"Olgaea is a genus of Asian flowering plants in the tribe Cardueae within the family Asteraceae, having a typical thistle appearance.[1][2][3]In 1922, Modest Mikhaĭlovich Iljin (from the Botanical Garden of the Academy of Sciences of Soviet Russia) named the genus in honour of Russian botanist Olga Fedtschenko (1845–1921).[4]Olgaea's genome consists of a diploid number of 2n=26 chromosomes.[5]Species[6]Olgaea altimurana (Rech.f.) Rech.f.\nOlgaea baldschuanica (C.Winkl.) Iljin\nOlgaea chodshamuminensis B.A.Sharipova\nOlgaea eriocephala (C.Winkl.) Iljin\nOlgaea lanipes (C.Winkl.) Iljin\nOlgaea leucophylla (Turcz.) Iljin\nOlgaea lomonossowii (Trautv.) Iljin\nOlgaea longifolia (C.Winkl.) Iljin\nOlgaea nidulans (Rupr.) Iljin\nOlgaea nivea (C.Winkl.) Iljin\nOlgaea pectinata Iljin\nOlgaea petri-primi B.A.Sharipova\nOlgaea roborowskyi Iljin\nOlgaea spinifera Iljin\nOlgaea tangutica Iljin\nOlgaea thomsonii (Hook.f.) Iljin\nOlgaea vvedenskyi Iljin","title":"Olgaea"}]
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[{"reference":"Komarov, V.L. (1935). \"Akademiya Nauk SSSR (FLORA of the U.S.S.R.) Vol. IV\". archive.org. Retrieved 13 November 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/stream/floraofussr28bota/floraofussr28bota_djvu.txt","url_text":"\"Akademiya Nauk SSSR (FLORA of the U.S.S.R.) Vol. IV\""}]},{"reference":"López-Vinyallonga, Sara (2010). \"Chromosome Numbers in the Genera Cousinia, Olgaea and Syreitschikovia (Compositae)\". Folia Geobotanica. 45 (2): 201–214. doi:10.1007/s12224-009-9056-7. hdl:10261/28827.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs12224-009-9056-7","url_text":"10.1007/s12224-009-9056-7"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)","url_text":"hdl"},{"url":"https://hdl.handle.net/10261%2F28827","url_text":"10261/28827"}]}]
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[{"Link":"http://www.tropicos.org/Name/40031104","external_links_name":"Tropicos, Olgaea Iljin"},{"Link":"http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=122780","external_links_name":"Flora of China Olgaea Iljin"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/stream/floraofussr28bota/floraofussr28bota_djvu.txt","external_links_name":"\"Akademiya Nauk SSSR (FLORA of the U.S.S.R.) Vol. IV\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs12224-009-9056-7","external_links_name":"10.1007/s12224-009-9056-7"},{"Link":"https://hdl.handle.net/10261%2F28827","external_links_name":"10261/28827"},{"Link":"http://dixon.iplantcollaborative.org/CompositaeWeb/Default.aspx?Page=AdvNameSearch","external_links_name":"http://dixon.iplantcollaborative.org/CompositaeWeb/Default.aspx?Page=AdvNameSearch Flann, C (ed) 2009+ Global Compositae Checklist Accessed"},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20141106174748/http://dixon.iplantcollaborative.org/CompositaeWeb/Default.aspx?Page=AdvNameSearch","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/67LK","external_links_name":"67LK"},{"Link":"https://eol.org/pages/5119997","external_links_name":"5119997"},{"Link":"http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=122780","external_links_name":"122780"},{"Link":"https://www.gbif.org/species/3105553","external_links_name":"3105553"},{"Link":"https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/taxonomygenus.aspx?id=8417","external_links_name":"8417"},{"Link":"https://inaturalist.org/taxa/632931","external_links_name":"632931"},{"Link":"https://www.ipni.org/n/10250-1","external_links_name":"10250-1"},{"Link":"https://www.irmng.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=1255061","external_links_name":"1255061"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=313531","external_links_name":"313531"},{"Link":"https://tree.opentreeoflife.org/taxonomy/browse?id=341873","external_links_name":"341873"},{"Link":"https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn%3Alsid%3Aipni.org%3Anames%3A10250-1","external_links_name":"urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:10250-1"},{"Link":"http://legacy.tropicos.org/Name/40031104","external_links_name":"40031104"},{"Link":"https://list.worldfloraonline.org/wfo-4000026716","external_links_name":"wfo-4000026716"},{"Link":"https://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=1075772","external_links_name":"1075772"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Olgaea&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Ski_and_Snowboard_Association
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U.S. Ski & Snowboard
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["1 Governance","2 Development pipeline","3 History","4 Location","5 Controversy","6 See also","7 References","8 Sources","9 External links"]
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U.S. Ski & SnowboardFormationFebruary 21, 1905 (part of the National Ski Association of America until 1962)TypeNational governing body (NGB)PurposeOrganize competitive skiing and snowboarding in the United StatesHeadquartersPark City, Utah, U.S.Region United StatesMembership 30,000+Official language EnglishPresident and CEOSophie GoldschmidtAffiliationsUnited States Ski Team, International Ski and Snowboard FederationStaff 150Websiteusskiandsnowboard.org
The former USSA logo
U.S. Ski & Snowboard, formerly known as the U.S. Ski and Snowboard Association, is the national governing body for Olympic skiing and snowboarding. Founded in 1905, the organization provides leadership and direction for skiers and snowboarders from over 400 member clubs. The association is headquartered in Park City, Utah.
U.S. Ski & Snowboard and its local clubs coordinate nationwide programs in seven distinctly different Olympic sports—alpine, cross-country, disabled, freestyle, ski jumping, Nordic combined, and snowboarding. It is responsible for all aspects of competitive skiing and snowboarding from grassroots programs through elite international teams, including training and fielding the annual U.S. Ski and Snowboarding teams, and, most importantly, the Olympic teams in those sports.
U.S. Ski & Snowboard is composed of over 30,000 athletes, officials and coaches, with a network of over 100,000 parents, volunteers and supporters.
It is the most diverse of any Olympic sports organization with six different athletic sport programs that account for nearly 50 percent of the Olympic Winter Games events.
Governance
U.S. Ski & Snowboard is governed by a 21-person board of directors and six sport committees including alpine, cross-country, disabled, freestyle, jumping/Nordic combined, and snowboarding. The board and committees meet several times a year including the annual U.S. Ski & Snowboard Congress in May. It is also supported by the U.S. Ski & Snowboard Foundation, which is represented by a board composed of athletes and American business leaders.
U.S. Ski & Snowboard works under the auspices of the United States Olympic & Paralympic Committee (USOPC) as the national governing body for Olympic skiing and snowboarding in the United States. The organization also works under the International Ski and Snowboard Federation (FIS) as the national association for skiing and snowboarding.
Development pipeline
Interested young boys and girls generally begin competing through one of U.S. Ski & Snowboard's 400 local clubs located in communities around the country, generally at ski and snowboard resorts. Clubs provide introductory education and training, as well as competition programs. U.S. Ski & Snowboard sanctions over 4,000 local competitions each year across all sports, with each event conducted by a U.S. Ski & Snowboard club.
One of the U.S. Ski & Snowboard's roles is providing education to ski and snowboard coaches who work with young athletes, and over 5,000 officials who conduct competitions according to U.S. Ski & Snowboard and FIS competition rules.
Each sport is also organized at a regional and divisional level, with slight variances by sport. Alpine skiing, for example, is organized in three regions: Eastern, Rocky/Central and Western. Within those regions are divisions including Eastern, Southern, Central, Rocky Mountain, Intermountain, Far West and Alaska. In some areas, such as New England, there are also state-based organizations. Local organizations host U.S. Ski & Snowboard sanctioned competitions.
Competition programs are held within each region or division leading up to national and international events. From these competitions, athletes earn points and are ranked nationally with the highest ranking athletes earning nominations to join the U.S. national teams, which compete at the World Cup level.
U.S. Ski & Snowboard is one of the only Olympic sports associations in the United States to support a full-time standing national team in every sport. Teams are nominated each spring or summer based on results. Teams for FIS World Championships (held every odd year) and Olympic Winter Games (held every four years) are selected by specific criteria and named for those individual events.
U.S. Ski & Snowboard adopted virtual reality technology to better prepare its olympic team for the 2018 Winter Olympics.
History
See also: U.S. National Ski Jumping Championships, United States Nordic Combined Championships, and United States Alpine Ski Championships
In 1904, a meeting was held in Ishpeming, Michigan, to discuss formation of a national ski association, but it wasn't until 1905 that the National Ski Association officially formed.
Ishpeming Ski Club President Carl Tellefsen proposed that a meeting be held after the 1905 jumping meet, in order to found a ski association which, among other duties, would oversee jumping tournaments. In 1905, the association was formally organized during a meeting attended by officers from the Ishpeming, Michigan; the Minneapolis, Red Wing and Stillwater, Minnesota; and the Eau Claire, Wisconsin ski clubs. On February 21, 1905, Tellefsen announced formation of the National Ski Association with himself as its first president.
In 1962, the 57-year-old National Ski Association renamed itself the U.S. Ski Association (USSA) and moved its offices to Colorado Springs, Colorado. In 1976, the USSA and the U.S. Ski Team agreed to part ways. The USSA continued to control the rules and governance of the sport, as well as the coordination of travel programs for recreational skiers, while the U.S. Ski Team focused solely on the elite national team.
In 1988, the USSA and U.S. Ski Team merged again under the direction of Thomas Weisel, who proposed the creation of a 15-person "super board" responsible for governing both organizations. Howard Peterson, who was the CEO of the USSA at the time, was put in charge of the new organization as CEO and the USSA subsequently moved its national offices from Colorado Springs to its current location in Park City, Utah.
In 2017, USSA announced it was rebranding itself as U.S. Ski & Snowboard, bringing its sports under one mark and brand.
Location
U.S. Ski & Snowboard is located at 1 Victory Lane, Park City, Utah 84060. In May 2009, U.S Ski & Snowboard moved into its new national training and education facility, the Center of Excellence. The facility serves as a training base for elite athletes as well as an education center, providing valuable information to U.S. Ski & Snowboard's 425 local clubs nationwide through Center of Excellence TV.
Controversy
In 2022, U.S. Senator Chuck Grassley (R-Iowa) alleged that U.S. Ski & Snowboard had been interfering with a United States Center for SafeSport investigation into charges by three former American athletes and a former U.S. Ski & Snowboard employee against head coach Peter Foley, who coached the U.S. Snowboard team from 1994 to 2022. U.S. Ski & Snowboard President and CEO Sophie Goldschmidt pushed back on the claims the organization had interfered in the probe. After former snowboardcross Olympian Callan Chythlook-Sifsof accused Foley of sexually and racially inappropriate remarks in Instagram posts, and others accused Foley of sexual misconduct, he was temporarily suspended by SafeSport, and then dismissed by U.S. Ski & Snowboard. By August 2022, at least five women had made reports to SafeSport regarding Foley's behavior.
On August 8, 2023, after an 18-month investigation, SafeSport suspended Foley for ten years for sexual misconduct.
See also
National Sports Center for the Disabled
U.S. Snowboarding Grand Prix
References
^ Furin, Caitlin (June 18, 2017). "U.S. Ski & Snowboard Unveils New Brand". U.S. Ski & Snowboard. Retrieved 2018-08-31.
^ Naranja, Gabby (June 30, 2017). "Goodbye USSA, Rebrands to U.S. Ski & Snowboard". FasterSkier.com. Retrieved 2018-10-17.
^ USSA club directory
^ "FIS-SKI.com". www.fis-ski.com.
^ "Virtual reality helps U.S. Olympic ski team prepare for PyeongChang's great unknown". The Washington Post. 2018-01-23. Retrieved 2022-06-11.
^ USSA History (U.S. Ski and Snowboard Association) Archived 2009-04-12 at the Wayback Machine
^ Brandt, Richard L. (7 February 2003). Capital Instincts: Life as an Entrepreneur, Financier, and Athlete (1 ed.). Wiley. pp. 149–151. ISBN 0471214175.
^ Naranja, Gabby (June 30, 2017). "Goodbye USSA, Rebrands to U.S. Ski & Snowboard". FasterSkier.com. Retrieved 2018-10-17.
^ a b c Sederquist, Ryan (26 March 2022). "SafeSport case involving longtime U.S. snowboard coach intensifies". www.vaildaily.com.
^ a b c "Snowboard coach accused of sexual assault". ESPN. March 22, 2022.
^ a b c Axon, Rachel. "U.S. Ski & Snowboard president defends federation against charges it interfered in Foley probe". USA Today.
^ a b c "Sources: U.S. snowboard accused of interference". ESPN. March 24, 2022.
^ a b c https://www.judiciary.senate.gov/imo/media/doc/grassley_to_us.skisnowboardsafesportinvestigation.pdf
^ "Two more U.S. Ski and Snowboard officials out". ESPN.com. August 26, 2022.
^ "Centralized Disciplinary Database". U.S. Center for SafeSport.
^ Les Carpenter (August 8, 2023). "Olympics; Former U.S. snowboard coach Peter Foley suspended after sexual misconduct probe," The Washington Post.
^ Tom Schad (August 8, 2023). "SafeSport suspends ex-US Olympic snowboarding coach Peter Foley after sexual misconduct probe". USA TODAY.
Sources
Boyum, Burt; LaFreniere, Jamie The Ishpeming Ski Club: Over a Century of Skiing (U.S. National Ski and Snowboard Hall of Fame Museum, 2003)
External links
U.S. Ski & Snowboard official website
U.S. Ski & Snowboard Board of Directors
U.S. Ski & Snowboard Foundation Board of Trustees
U.S. Ski & Snowboard Bylaws
vteNational members of the International Ski and Snowboard Federation (FIS)
Disciplines
Alpine skiing
Cross-country skiing
Nordic skiing
Freestyle skiing
Ski jumping
Snowboarding
African
ERI
KEN
EGY
GHA
LES
RSA
ZIM
Asian
CHN
JPN
KAZ
HKG
IND
IRA
KGZ
KOR
KUW
MGL
NEP
PAK
PRK
PHI
THA
TJK
TLS
TPE
European
ARM
AUT
AZE
BIH
BEL
CRO
CYP
CZE
DEN
ESP
EST
FIN
FRA
GBR
GER
GRE
HUN
IRL
ISL
ISR
ITA
KOS
LAT
LTU
LUX
MKD
MLT
MNE
MON
NED
NOR
POL
POR
RUS
SLO
SRB
SUI
SVK
SWE
TUR
UKR
Oceania
AUS
NZL
Pan American
ARG
BAR
BER
BHA
BRA
CAN
CAY
CHI
COL
CRC
ECU
ISV
IVB
JAM
HON
MEX
PER
PUR
URU
USA
VEN
Others
ALB
ALG
AND
ASA
BLR
BOL
BUL
CMR
ESA
ETH
FIJ
GEO
GRN
GUA
HAI
LIB
LIE
MAD
MAR
MDA
PAK
PHI
PLE
ROU
RSM
SEN
SUD
SWZ
TOG
TRI
UZB
Pinnacle events
Alpine Worlds
Alpine World Cup
Nordic Worlds
Freestyle Worlds
vteSports governing bodies of the United StatesSummer Olympic sports
Aquatics
Diving
Swimming
Water polo
Athletics
Badminton
Basketball
Baseball
Boxing
Cycling
Equestrian
Fencing
Field Hockey
Gymnastics
Handball
Judo
Rugby Union
Rowing
Sailing
Soccer
Softball
Shooting
Table Tennis
Taekwondo
Tennis
Triathlon
Volleyball
Weightlifting
Wrestling
Winter Olympic sports
Biathlon
Bobsleigh
Curling
Figure skating
Ice hockey
Skeleton
Skiing & Snowboarding
Other sports
American football
Air sports
Australian rules football
Auto racing
Backgammon
Bandy
Bowling
Bridge
Chess
Cricket
Golf
Disc golf
Floorball
Karate
Lacrosse
Lifesaving
Netball
Orienteering
Pickleball
Polo
Powerboating
Quidditch
Roller sports
Rugby League
Snooker
Sport climbing
Squash
Sumo
Underwater sports
Water ski
Wushu
United States Olympic & Paralympic Committee
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[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Official_ussa_logo.png"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"governing body","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sports_governing_body"},{"link_name":"Park City, Utah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Park_City,_Utah"},{"link_name":"U.S. Ski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Ski_Team"},{"link_name":"Snowboarding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Snowboarding"}],"text":"The former USSA logoU.S. Ski & Snowboard, formerly known as the U.S. Ski and Snowboard Association,[1][2] is the national governing body for Olympic skiing and snowboarding. Founded in 1905, the organization provides leadership and direction for skiers and snowboarders from over 400 member clubs. The association is headquartered in Park City, Utah.U.S. Ski & Snowboard and its local clubs coordinate nationwide programs in seven distinctly different Olympic sports—alpine, cross-country, disabled, freestyle, ski jumping, Nordic combined, and snowboarding. It is responsible for all aspects of competitive skiing and snowboarding from grassroots programs through elite international teams, including training and fielding the annual U.S. Ski and Snowboarding teams, and, most importantly, the Olympic teams in those sports.U.S. Ski & Snowboard is composed of over 30,000 athletes, officials and coaches, with a network of over 100,000 parents, volunteers and supporters.It is the most diverse of any Olympic sports organization with six different athletic sport programs that account for nearly 50 percent of the Olympic Winter Games events.","title":"U.S. Ski & Snowboard"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"United States Olympic & Paralympic Committee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Olympic_%26_Paralympic_Committee"},{"link_name":"International Ski and Snowboard Federation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Ski_and_Snowboard_Federation"}],"text":"U.S. Ski & Snowboard is governed by a 21-person board of directors and six sport committees including alpine, cross-country, disabled, freestyle, jumping/Nordic combined, and snowboarding. The board and committees meet several times a year including the annual U.S. Ski & Snowboard Congress in May. It is also supported by the U.S. Ski & Snowboard Foundation, which is represented by a board composed of athletes and American business leaders.U.S. Ski & Snowboard works under the auspices of the United States Olympic & Paralympic Committee (USOPC) as the national governing body for Olympic skiing and snowboarding in the United States. The organization also works under the International Ski and Snowboard Federation (FIS) as the national association for skiing and snowboarding.","title":"Governance"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"Interested young boys and girls generally begin competing through one of U.S. Ski & Snowboard's 400 local clubs[3] located in communities around the country, generally at ski and snowboard resorts. Clubs provide introductory education and training, as well as competition programs. U.S. Ski & Snowboard sanctions over 4,000 local competitions each year across all sports, with each event conducted by a U.S. Ski & Snowboard club.[citation needed]One of the U.S. Ski & Snowboard's roles is providing education to ski and snowboard coaches who work with young athletes, and over 5,000 officials who conduct competitions according to U.S. Ski & Snowboard and FIS competition rules.[citation needed]Each sport is also organized at a regional and divisional level, with slight variances by sport. Alpine skiing, for example, is organized in three regions: Eastern, Rocky/Central and Western. Within those regions are divisions including Eastern, Southern, Central, Rocky Mountain, Intermountain, Far West and Alaska. In some areas, such as New England, there are also state-based organizations. Local organizations host U.S. Ski & Snowboard sanctioned competitions.Competition programs are held within each region or division leading up to national and international events. From these competitions, athletes earn points and are ranked nationally with the highest ranking athletes earning nominations to join the U.S. national teams, which compete at the World Cup level.[4]U.S. Ski & Snowboard is one of the only Olympic sports associations in the United States to support a full-time standing national team in every sport. Teams are nominated each spring or summer based on results. Teams for FIS World Championships (held every odd year) and Olympic Winter Games (held every four years) are selected by specific criteria and named for those individual events.[citation needed]U.S. Ski & Snowboard adopted virtual reality technology to better prepare its olympic team for the 2018 Winter Olympics.[5]","title":"Development pipeline"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"U.S. National Ski Jumping Championships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._National_Ski_Jumping_Championships"},{"link_name":"United States Nordic Combined Championships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Nordic_Combined_Championships"},{"link_name":"United States Alpine Ski Championships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Alpine_Ski_Championships"},{"link_name":"Ishpeming, Michigan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ishpeming,_Michigan"},{"link_name":"Carl Tellefsen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Tellefsen"},{"link_name":"Minneapolis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minneapolis"},{"link_name":"Red Wing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Wing,_Minnesota"},{"link_name":"Stillwater, Minnesota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stillwater,_Minnesota"},{"link_name":"Eau Claire, Wisconsin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eau_Claire,_Wisconsin"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Colorado Springs, Colorado","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colorado_Springs,_Colorado"},{"link_name":"Thomas Weisel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Weisel"},{"link_name":"Park City, Utah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Park_City,_Utah"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"See also: U.S. National Ski Jumping Championships, United States Nordic Combined Championships, and United States Alpine Ski ChampionshipsIn 1904, a meeting was held in Ishpeming, Michigan, to discuss formation of a national ski association, but it wasn't until 1905 that the National Ski Association officially formed.\nIshpeming Ski Club President Carl Tellefsen proposed that a meeting be held after the 1905 jumping meet, in order to found a ski association which, among other duties, would oversee jumping tournaments. In 1905, the association was formally organized during a meeting attended by officers from the Ishpeming, Michigan; the Minneapolis, Red Wing and Stillwater, Minnesota; and the Eau Claire, Wisconsin ski clubs. On February 21, 1905, Tellefsen announced formation of the National Ski Association with himself as its first president.[6]In 1962, the 57-year-old National Ski Association renamed itself the U.S. Ski Association (USSA) and moved its offices to Colorado Springs, Colorado. In 1976, the USSA and the U.S. Ski Team agreed to part ways. The USSA continued to control the rules and governance of the sport, as well as the coordination of travel programs for recreational skiers, while the U.S. Ski Team focused solely on the elite national team.In 1988, the USSA and U.S. Ski Team merged again under the direction of Thomas Weisel, who proposed the creation of a 15-person \"super board\" responsible for governing both organizations. Howard Peterson, who was the CEO of the USSA at the time, was put in charge of the new organization as CEO and the USSA subsequently moved its national offices from Colorado Springs to its current location in Park City, Utah.[7]In 2017, USSA announced it was rebranding itself as U.S. Ski & Snowboard, bringing its sports under one mark and brand.[8]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"U.S. Ski & Snowboard is located at 1 Victory Lane, Park City, Utah 84060. In May 2009, U.S Ski & Snowboard moved into its new national training and education facility, the Center of Excellence. The facility serves as a training base for elite athletes as well as an education center, providing valuable information to U.S. Ski & Snowboard's 425 local clubs nationwide through Center of Excellence TV.","title":"Location"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chuck Grassley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuck_Grassley"},{"link_name":"United States Center for SafeSport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Center_for_SafeSport"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto4-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto1-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto3-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto2-13"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto4-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto1-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto3-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto2-13"},{"link_name":"Callan Chythlook-Sifsof","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Callan_Chythlook-Sifsof"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto4-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto1-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto3-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto2-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"}],"text":"In 2022, U.S. Senator Chuck Grassley (R-Iowa) alleged that U.S. Ski & Snowboard had been interfering with a United States Center for SafeSport investigation into charges by three former American athletes and a former U.S. Ski & Snowboard employee against head coach Peter Foley, who coached the U.S. Snowboard team from 1994 to 2022.[9][10][11][12][13] U.S. Ski & Snowboard President and CEO Sophie Goldschmidt pushed back on the claims the organization had interfered in the probe.[9][10][11][12][13] After former snowboardcross Olympian Callan Chythlook-Sifsof accused Foley of sexually and racially inappropriate remarks in Instagram posts, and others accused Foley of sexual misconduct, he was temporarily suspended by SafeSport, and then dismissed by U.S. Ski & Snowboard.[9][10][11][12][13] By August 2022, at least five women had made reports to SafeSport regarding Foley's behavior.[14]On August 8, 2023, after an 18-month investigation, SafeSport suspended Foley for ten years for sexual misconduct.[15][16][17]","title":"Controversy"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Boyum, Burt; LaFreniere, Jamie The Ishpeming Ski Club: Over a Century of Skiing (U.S. National Ski and Snowboard Hall of Fame Museum, 2003)","title":"Sources"}]
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[{"image_text":"The former USSA logo","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f9/Official_ussa_logo.png/220px-Official_ussa_logo.png"}]
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[{"title":"National Sports Center for the Disabled","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Sports_Center_for_the_Disabled"},{"title":"U.S. Snowboarding Grand Prix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Snowboarding_Grand_Prix"}]
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[{"reference":"Furin, Caitlin (June 18, 2017). \"U.S. Ski & Snowboard Unveils New Brand\". U.S. Ski & Snowboard. Retrieved 2018-08-31.","urls":[{"url":"https://usskiandsnowboard.org/news/us-ski-snowboard-unveils-new-brand","url_text":"\"U.S. Ski & Snowboard Unveils New Brand\""}]},{"reference":"Naranja, Gabby (June 30, 2017). \"Goodbye USSA, Rebrands to U.S. Ski & Snowboard\". FasterSkier.com. Retrieved 2018-10-17.","urls":[{"url":"https://fasterskier.com/fsarticle/goodbye-ussa-rebrands-u-s-ski-snowboard/","url_text":"\"Goodbye USSA, Rebrands to U.S. Ski & Snowboard\""}]},{"reference":"\"FIS-SKI.com\". www.fis-ski.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.fis-ski.com/","url_text":"\"FIS-SKI.com\""}]},{"reference":"\"Virtual reality helps U.S. Olympic ski team prepare for PyeongChang's great unknown\". The Washington Post. 2018-01-23. Retrieved 2022-06-11.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/sports/olympics/virtual-reality-helps-us-olympic-ski-team-prepare-for-pyeongchangs-great-unknown/2018/01/23/45085e20-ff73-11e7-bb03-722769454f82_story.html?noredirect=on","url_text":"\"Virtual reality helps U.S. Olympic ski team prepare for PyeongChang's great unknown\""}]},{"reference":"Brandt, Richard L. (7 February 2003). Capital Instincts: Life as an Entrepreneur, Financier, and Athlete (1 ed.). Wiley. pp. 149–151. ISBN 0471214175.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0471214175","url_text":"0471214175"}]},{"reference":"Naranja, Gabby (June 30, 2017). \"Goodbye USSA, Rebrands to U.S. Ski & Snowboard\". FasterSkier.com. Retrieved 2018-10-17.","urls":[{"url":"https://fasterskier.com/fsarticle/goodbye-ussa-rebrands-u-s-ski-snowboard/","url_text":"\"Goodbye USSA, Rebrands to U.S. Ski & Snowboard\""}]},{"reference":"Sederquist, Ryan (26 March 2022). \"SafeSport case involving longtime U.S. snowboard coach intensifies\". www.vaildaily.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.vaildaily.com/sports/safesport-case-involving-longtime-u-s-snowboard-coach-intensifies/","url_text":"\"SafeSport case involving longtime U.S. snowboard coach intensifies\""}]},{"reference":"\"Snowboard coach accused of sexual assault\". ESPN. March 22, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.espn.com/olympics/snowboarding/story/_/id/33564119/women-detail-new-sexual-assault-misconduct-allegations-ex-us-snowboard-coach-peter-foley","url_text":"\"Snowboard coach accused of sexual assault\""}]},{"reference":"Axon, Rachel. \"U.S. Ski & Snowboard president defends federation against charges it interfered in Foley probe\". USA Today.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.usatoday.com/story/sports/olympics/2022/03/25/peter-foley-snowboard-coach-firing-unrelated-sexual-misconduct/7162098001/","url_text":"\"U.S. Ski & Snowboard president defends federation against charges it interfered in Foley probe\""}]},{"reference":"\"Sources: U.S. snowboard accused of interference\". ESPN. March 24, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.espn.com/olympics/snowboarding/story/_/id/33579229/sources-detail-us-ski-snowboard-alleged-interference-sexual-misconduct-investigation","url_text":"\"Sources: U.S. snowboard accused of interference\""}]},{"reference":"\"Two more U.S. Ski and Snowboard officials out\". ESPN.com. August 26, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.espn.com.au/olympics/story/_/id/34464408/jeremy-forster-mike-jankowski-leave-us-ski-snowboard","url_text":"\"Two more U.S. Ski and Snowboard officials out\""}]},{"reference":"\"Centralized Disciplinary Database\". U.S. Center for SafeSport.","urls":[{"url":"https://uscenterforsafesport.org/response-and-resolution/centralized-disciplinary-database/","url_text":"\"Centralized Disciplinary Database\""}]},{"reference":"Tom Schad (August 8, 2023). \"SafeSport suspends ex-US Olympic snowboarding coach Peter Foley after sexual misconduct probe\". USA TODAY.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.usatoday.com/story/sports/olympics/2023/08/08/safesport-suspends-former-usa-snowboarding-coach-peter-foley/70555789007/","url_text":"\"SafeSport suspends ex-US Olympic snowboarding coach Peter Foley after sexual misconduct probe\""}]}]
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[{"Link":"https://usskiandsnowboard.org/","external_links_name":"usskiandsnowboard.org"},{"Link":"https://usskiandsnowboard.org/news/us-ski-snowboard-unveils-new-brand","external_links_name":"\"U.S. Ski & Snowboard Unveils New Brand\""},{"Link":"https://fasterskier.com/fsarticle/goodbye-ussa-rebrands-u-s-ski-snowboard/","external_links_name":"\"Goodbye USSA, Rebrands to U.S. Ski & Snowboard\""},{"Link":"http://services.ussa.org/USSATools/public/memberservices/ClubDirectoryByState.jsp/","external_links_name":"USSA club directory"},{"Link":"https://www.fis-ski.com/","external_links_name":"\"FIS-SKI.com\""},{"Link":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/sports/olympics/virtual-reality-helps-us-olympic-ski-team-prepare-for-pyeongchangs-great-unknown/2018/01/23/45085e20-ff73-11e7-bb03-722769454f82_story.html?noredirect=on","external_links_name":"\"Virtual reality helps U.S. Olympic ski team prepare for PyeongChang's great unknown\""},{"Link":"http://medals.ussa.org/magnoliaPublic/ussa/en/about/history.html","external_links_name":"USSA History (U.S. Ski and Snowboard Association)"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090412205624/http://medals.ussa.org/magnoliaPublic/ussa/en/about/history.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://fasterskier.com/fsarticle/goodbye-ussa-rebrands-u-s-ski-snowboard/","external_links_name":"\"Goodbye USSA, Rebrands to U.S. Ski & Snowboard\""},{"Link":"https://www.vaildaily.com/sports/safesport-case-involving-longtime-u-s-snowboard-coach-intensifies/","external_links_name":"\"SafeSport case involving longtime U.S. snowboard coach intensifies\""},{"Link":"https://www.espn.com/olympics/snowboarding/story/_/id/33564119/women-detail-new-sexual-assault-misconduct-allegations-ex-us-snowboard-coach-peter-foley","external_links_name":"\"Snowboard coach accused of sexual assault\""},{"Link":"https://www.usatoday.com/story/sports/olympics/2022/03/25/peter-foley-snowboard-coach-firing-unrelated-sexual-misconduct/7162098001/","external_links_name":"\"U.S. Ski & Snowboard president defends federation against charges it interfered in Foley probe\""},{"Link":"https://www.espn.com/olympics/snowboarding/story/_/id/33579229/sources-detail-us-ski-snowboard-alleged-interference-sexual-misconduct-investigation","external_links_name":"\"Sources: U.S. snowboard accused of interference\""},{"Link":"https://www.judiciary.senate.gov/imo/media/doc/grassley_to_us.skisnowboardsafesportinvestigation.pdf","external_links_name":"https://www.judiciary.senate.gov/imo/media/doc/grassley_to_us.skisnowboardsafesportinvestigation.pdf"},{"Link":"https://www.espn.com.au/olympics/story/_/id/34464408/jeremy-forster-mike-jankowski-leave-us-ski-snowboard","external_links_name":"\"Two more U.S. Ski and Snowboard officials out\""},{"Link":"https://uscenterforsafesport.org/response-and-resolution/centralized-disciplinary-database/","external_links_name":"\"Centralized Disciplinary Database\""},{"Link":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/sports/olympics/2023/08/08/peter-foley-suspended-us-snowboard-coach/","external_links_name":"\"Olympics; Former U.S. snowboard coach Peter Foley suspended after sexual misconduct probe,\""},{"Link":"https://www.usatoday.com/story/sports/olympics/2023/08/08/safesport-suspends-former-usa-snowboarding-coach-peter-foley/70555789007/","external_links_name":"\"SafeSport suspends ex-US Olympic snowboarding coach Peter Foley after sexual misconduct probe\""},{"Link":"http://www.usskiandsnowboard.org/","external_links_name":"U.S. Ski & Snowboard official website"},{"Link":"https://usskiandsnowboard.org/governance/board-directors","external_links_name":"U.S. Ski & Snowboard Board of Directors"},{"Link":"https://usskiandsnowboard.org/governance/committees-councils/foundation-board-trustees","external_links_name":"U.S. Ski & Snowboard Foundation Board of Trustees"},{"Link":"https://usskiandsnowboard.org/sites/default/files/files-resources/files/2018/U.S.%20Ski%20%26%20Snowboard%20Bylaws%20-%2012%2030%2017%20.pdf","external_links_name":"U.S. Ski & Snowboard Bylaws"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rinc%C3%B3n_de_la_Vieja
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Rincón de la Vieja Volcano
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["1 Toponymy","2 Geothermal energy","3 Tourism","4 Activity","4.1 2010s","4.2 2020s","5 See also","6 References","7 External links"]
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Coordinates: 10°49′48″N 85°19′26″W / 10.83000°N 85.32389°W / 10.83000; -85.32389Rincón de la ViejaRincón de la Vieja volcanoHighest pointElevation1,916 m (6,286 ft)Coordinates10°49′48″N 85°19′26″W / 10.83000°N 85.32389°W / 10.83000; -85.32389GeographyRincón de la ViejaCosta Rica
LocationGuanacaste, Costa RicaParent rangeCordillera de GuanacasteGeologyMountain typeComplex volcanoLast eruption2015 to 2023 (ongoing)
Rincón de la Vieja is an active andesitic complex volcano in north-western Costa Rica, about 23 km (14 mi) from Liberia, in the province of Guanacaste.
Toponymy
Its name means "The Old Woman's Corner", or "Old Woman’s Nook" a reference to a local legend about princess Curabanda whose lover Mixcoac, chief of a neighboring enemy tribe, was thrown into the crater by her father Curabande when he learned about their affair. She went on living on the side of the volcano, giving birth to a son. To be with its father, she threw her son into the volcano, too. She continued to live on the volcano and became a recluse living on the mountain, and was credited with powers of healing.
Rincón de la Vieja stands 1,916 metres (6,286 ft) above sea level, and its summit is the highest point in Rincón de la Vieja National Park. It erupted most recently in June 2021. The volcano has many fumaroles and hot springs on its slopes. It is formed by felsic lava.
Rincón de la Vieja is one of six active Costa Rican volcanoes: the others are Poás, Irazú, Miravalles, Arenal, and Turrialba.
As of 2021, only Rincón de la Vieja, Turrialba and Poás are considered active.
Currently, it is a national park where many trails are usually closed due to volcanic activities, and it is normal to hear rumblings from the volcano from time to time, whose sound resembles that of thunder.
Geothermal energy
Hot Spring in Rincón de la Vieja National Park, Costa Rica
Detail of the volcano
There are many hot pools and areas of bubbling mud in two areas on the slopes of the volcano, indicating substantial reserves of geothermal energy. Investigations have been carried out into the feasibility of tapping these reserves, and the volcano is estimated to have a generating potential of 140 megawatts. However, as the area is protected within a national park, drilling was limited to test wells until 2001.
In 2013, the extension of the Las Pailas Geothermal Power Plant to 55 megawatt, financed in part by a credit from the European Investment Bank, was started.
On the outsides of the national park, a geothermal plant of the ICE is located there, which generates renewable energy from the volcano, being the second in the entire country, the other being from the Miravalles Volcano.
Tourism
The Rincón de la Vieja Volcano is set within the Rincón de la Vieja National Park, which spans over 12,759 ha (31,530 acres) and helps protect both montane forests and dwarf cloud forests. Trails extend from the Santa Maria ranger station and wind through the park, passing hot springs and waterfalls along the way. Mammals within the park include sloths, tapirs, kinkajous, pumas, jaguar, and both howler and spider monkeys.
Previously, hikers could climb to the crater and guides experienced in wildlife, birdwatching, geology and other interests are available.
As of September 22, 2011, access to the crater is no longer available due to the eruption of September 16 where volcanic ash and mud rose over 36.5 metres (120 ft) from the regular crater lagoon.
Several lodges, resorts and hotels in the area offer hiking, forest canopy tours, horseback riding, river-rafting, all-terrain-vehicle riding and wall-climbing.
Activity
2010s
23 May 2017, eruptions occurred and lahars flowed through nearby rivers.
11 June 2017, eruptions occurred and lahars flowed through nearby rivers.
2020s
4–6 April 2020, hydrothermal, gas, and steam eruption.
19 April 2020, a 1.5 kilometres (0.93 mi) ash column eruption occurs which prompts the authorities to activate emergency protocols in the surrounding areas.
1 June 2020, a 1.5 kilometres (0.93 mi) ash column eruption occurred at 5 pm, activity has been ongoing since April.
28 June 2021, a 2 kilometres (1.2 mi) ash column eruption occurred at 5:42 am.
21 April 2023, a 7.5 kilometres (4.7 mi) volcanic cloud was released at 3:57 pm. It was also reported that materials from the volcano’s lagoon were expelled to the northern side of the cone and had reached several surrounding rivers.
See also
List of volcanoes in Costa Rica
References
^ a b "Rincón de la Vieja". Global Volcanism Program. Smithsonian Institution. Retrieved 2020-05-30.
^ "Rincón de la Vieja volcano". 19 Feb 2018.
^ "Meaning of the Volcano's Name". 4 Aug 2019.
^ Huttrer G.W. (2001), The status of world geothermal power generation 1995-2000, Geothermics, v.30, p.1-27
^ "Geothermal power: Costa Rica's next clean energy solution? - Enchanting Costa Rica". Enchanting-costarica.com. 29 August 2013. Retrieved 30 September 2017.
^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2015-05-28. Retrieved 2015-05-28.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
^ Stater, Adam. "Rincón de la Vieja National Park". Anywherecostarica.com. Retrieved 1 October 2017.
^ "Minaet limita acceso a cráter del Rincón de la Vieja por erupción". Nacion.com. Retrieved 30 September 2017.
^ "Volcán Rincón de la Vieja lanza inesperada erupción freática". nacion.com. Retrieved 30 September 2017.
^ "Volcán Rincón de la Vieja generó erupción y lahares este domingo". Nacion.com. Retrieved 30 September 2017.
^ Rojas, Pablo (6 April 2020). "Así fue la nueva erupción del volcán Rincón de la Vieja". crhoy.com. Retrieved 12 April 2020.
^ Solano, Johel (20 April 2020). "(Video) Volcán Rincón de la Vieja hace nueva erupción y columna alcanza los 1500 metros". crhoy.com. Retrieved 20 April 2020.
^ "Rincón de la Vieja hizo erupción de 2 kilómetros de altura". crhoy.com. 1 June 2020.
^ "Rincon de la Vieja Volcano Registers Strong Eruption". The Tico Times. 28 June 2021.
^ "Costa Rica's Rincon de la Vieja Volcano Registers Strong Eruption". The Tico Times. 21 April 2022. Retrieved 22 April 2022.
^ "Costa Rica: Volcán Rincón de la Vieja presentó fuerte erupción". Diario Digital Nuestro País (in Spanish). 2023-04-22. Retrieved 2023-04-24.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Rincón de la Vieja.
Rincon de la Vieja, the backbone of Central America
Costa Rican Vulcanologic and Seismologic Observatory: Rincón de la Vieja
vteVolcanoes of Costa RicaCordillera de Guanacaste
Orosí
Rincón de la Vieja
Miravalles
Tenorio
Costa Rica portalCordillera de Tilarán
Arenal
Chato
Cordillera Central
Platanar
Porvenir
Congo
Poás
Cacho Negro
Barva
Irazú
Turrialba
El Viejo
vteMountains of Costa Rica
Agua Gata
Anunciación
Arenal
Azufrado
Barva
Cerro Barrera
Bijagua
Cerro Bola
Braum
Cerro Cacao
Cacho Negro
Caldera de Miravalles
Cañas Dulces
Cerro Cedral
Cerro Buenos Aires
Cerro de la Muerte
Cerro de Las Vueltas
Cerros de Escazú
Chachaguita
Chato
Chirripó
Chompipe
Coco Mountain
Cocorí Mountain
Concepción Mountain
Congo Mountain
Coronel Mountain
Coto Pelón
Cotón
Crestones (Costa Rica)
Dikar
Doussaints
Duan Mountains
Durika
Echandi
El Hacha
El Jaboncillo
Espiritu Santo Mountain
Fortuna Mountain
Gorgona Mountain
Iglesias
Irazú
Juan Murillo Mountain
Kámuk
Laguna Bosque Alegre
Laguna Poco Sol
Laguna Rio IV
Loma Barrantes
Loma Morera
Lomas
Los Chiles
Mano de Tigre
Miravalles
Monte de la Cruz
Montezuma Mountain
Morazán Mountain
Negro
Olla de Carne
Orosí
Palmira Mountain
Pasquí
Pata de Gallo
Pelado y Delicias
Pelón
Perdidos
Pico Alto
Pico Blanco
Piedra de Fuego
Platanar
Poás
Porvenir
Quemados
Quezada Mountain
Rabo de Mico
Rincón (Costa Rica)
Rincón de la Vieja
San Miguel
San Roque Mountain
San Vicente Mountain
Santa Maria Mountain
Siete
Sinsal
Tenorio
Tilarán
Tortuguero Mountain
Truncado
Turrialba
Urán
Valle Hermoso Mountain
Ventisqueros
Viejo
Von Francius
Von Seebach
Vuelta Kopper
Weyl Mountain
Costa Rica portalList of volcanoes in Costa Rica
vteCentral American volcanoesGuatemala
Acatenango
Agua
Almolonga
Atitlán
Chicabal
Cuilapa-Barbarena
Fuego
Jumay
Moyuta
Pacaya
Santa María/Santiaguito
San Pedro
Santo Tomás
Siete Orejas
Tacaná
Tajumulco
Tecuamburro
Tolimán
El Salvador
Chinameca
Chingo
Conchagua
Izalco
Santa Ana
San Miguel
San Salvador
San Vicente
Usulután
Nicaragua
Apoyeque
Cerro Negro
Concepción
Cosigüina
Maderas
Masaya
Mombacho
Momotombo
San Cristóbal
Telica
Costa Rica
Arenal
Irazú
Miravalles
Platanar
Poás
Rincón de la Vieja
Tenorio
Turrialba
Panama
Barú
La Yeguada
El Valle
Note: volcanoes are ordered from north-west to south-east.
Authority control databases: Geographic
Global Volcanism Program
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"andesitic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andesite"},{"link_name":"complex volcano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complex_volcano"},{"link_name":"Costa Rica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Costa_Rica"},{"link_name":"Liberia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberia,_Costa_Rica"},{"link_name":"Guanacaste","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guanacaste_Province"}],"text":"Rincón de la Vieja is an active andesitic complex volcano in north-western Costa Rica, about 23 km (14 mi) from Liberia, in the province of Guanacaste.","title":"Rincón de la Vieja Volcano"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Meaning_of_the_Volcano's_Name_on_Volcano_oregonstate.edu-3"},{"link_name":"sea level","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea_level"},{"link_name":"Rincón de la Vieja National Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rinc%C3%B3n_de_la_Vieja_National_Park"},{"link_name":"fumaroles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fumarole"},{"link_name":"hot springs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hot_spring"},{"link_name":"felsic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Felsic"},{"link_name":"Poás","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Po%C3%A1s_Volcano"},{"link_name":"Irazú","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraz%C3%BA_Volcano"},{"link_name":"Miravalles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miravalles_Volcano"},{"link_name":"Arenal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arenal_Volcano"},{"link_name":"Turrialba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turrialba_Volcano"}],"text":"Its name means \"The Old Woman's Corner\", or \"Old Woman’s Nook\" a reference to a local legend about princess Curabanda whose lover Mixcoac, chief of a neighboring enemy tribe, was thrown into the crater by her father Curabande when he learned about their affair. She went on living on the side of the volcano, giving birth to a son. To be with its father, she threw her son into the volcano, too. She continued to live on the volcano and became a recluse living on the mountain, and was credited with powers of healing.[3]Rincón de la Vieja stands 1,916 metres (6,286 ft) above sea level, and its summit is the highest point in Rincón de la Vieja National Park. It erupted most recently in June 2021. The volcano has many fumaroles and hot springs on its slopes. It is formed by felsic lava.Rincón de la Vieja is one of six active Costa Rican volcanoes: the others are Poás, Irazú, Miravalles, Arenal, and Turrialba.As of 2021, only Rincón de la Vieja, Turrialba and Poás are considered active.Currently, it is a national park where many trails are usually closed due to volcanic activities, and it is normal to hear rumblings from the volcano from time to time, whose sound resembles that of thunder.","title":"Toponymy"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Precaucion_(Rinc%C3%B3n_de_la_Vieja).jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Rinc%C3%B3nMudpot_Apr2003.jpg"},{"link_name":"geothermal energy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geothermal_energy"},{"link_name":"megawatts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megawatt"},{"link_name":"national park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_park"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"megawatt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megawatt"},{"link_name":"European Investment Bank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Investment_Bank"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"ICE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instituto_Costarricense_de_Electricidad"},{"link_name":"Miravalles Volcano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miravalles_Volcano"}],"text":"Hot Spring in Rincón de la Vieja National Park, Costa RicaDetail of the volcanoThere are many hot pools and areas of bubbling mud in two areas on the slopes of the volcano, indicating substantial reserves of geothermal energy. Investigations have been carried out into the feasibility of tapping these reserves, and the volcano is estimated to have a generating potential of 140 megawatts. However, as the area is protected within a national park, drilling was limited to test wells until 2001.[4]In 2013, the extension of the Las Pailas Geothermal Power Plant to 55 megawatt, financed in part by a credit from the European Investment Bank, was started.[5][6]On the outsides of the national park, a geothermal plant of the ICE is located there, which generates renewable energy from the volcano, being the second in the entire country, the other being from the Miravalles Volcano.","title":"Geothermal energy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"dwarf cloud forests","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dwarf_forest"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"wildlife","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildlife"},{"link_name":"birdwatching","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birdwatching"},{"link_name":"geology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geology"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"The Rincón de la Vieja Volcano is set within the Rincón de la Vieja National Park, which spans over 12,759 ha (31,530 acres) and helps protect both montane forests and dwarf cloud forests. Trails extend from the Santa Maria ranger station and wind through the park, passing hot springs and waterfalls along the way. Mammals within the park include sloths, tapirs, kinkajous, pumas, jaguar, and both howler and spider monkeys.[7]Previously, hikers could climb to the crater and guides experienced in wildlife, birdwatching, geology and other interests are available.As of September 22, 2011, access to the crater is no longer available due to the eruption of September 16 where volcanic ash and mud rose over 36.5 metres (120 ft) from the regular crater lagoon.[8]Several lodges, resorts and hotels in the area offer hiking, forest canopy tours, horseback riding, river-rafting, all-terrain-vehicle riding and wall-climbing.","title":"Tourism"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Activity"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"lahars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lahar"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"sub_title":"2010s","text":"23 May 2017,[9] eruptions occurred and lahars flowed through nearby rivers.\n11 June 2017,[10] eruptions occurred and lahars flowed through nearby rivers.","title":"Activity"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"}],"sub_title":"2020s","text":"4–6 April 2020, hydrothermal, gas, and steam eruption.[11]\n19 April 2020, a 1.5 kilometres (0.93 mi) ash column eruption occurs which prompts the authorities to activate emergency protocols in the surrounding areas.[12]\n1 June 2020, a 1.5 kilometres (0.93 mi) ash column eruption occurred at 5 pm, activity has been ongoing since April.[13]\n28 June 2021, a 2 kilometres (1.2 mi) ash column eruption occurred at 5:42 am.[14]\n21 April 2023, a 7.5 kilometres (4.7 mi) volcanic cloud was released at 3:57 pm. It was also reported that materials from the volcano’s lagoon were expelled to the northern side of the cone and had reached several surrounding rivers.[15][16]","title":"Activity"}]
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[{"image_text":"Hot Spring in Rincón de la Vieja National Park, Costa Rica","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Precaucion_%28Rinc%C3%B3n_de_la_Vieja%29.jpg/270px-Precaucion_%28Rinc%C3%B3n_de_la_Vieja%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Detail of the volcano","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Rinc%C3%B3nMudpot_Apr2003.jpg/220px-Rinc%C3%B3nMudpot_Apr2003.jpg"}]
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[{"title":"List of volcanoes in Costa Rica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_volcanoes_in_Costa_Rica"}]
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[{"reference":"\"Rincón de la Vieja\". Global Volcanism Program. Smithsonian Institution. Retrieved 2020-05-30.","urls":[{"url":"https://volcano.si.edu/volcano.cfm?vn=345020","url_text":"\"Rincón de la Vieja\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_Volcanism_Program","url_text":"Global Volcanism Program"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smithsonian_Institution","url_text":"Smithsonian Institution"}]},{"reference":"\"Rincón de la Vieja volcano\". 19 Feb 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.volcanodiscovery.com/rincon-de-la-vieja.html","url_text":"\"Rincón de la Vieja volcano\""}]},{"reference":"\"Meaning of the Volcano's Name\". 4 Aug 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://volcano.oregonstate.edu/vwdocs/volc_images/south_america/costa_rica/rincon.html","url_text":"\"Meaning of the Volcano's Name\""}]},{"reference":"\"Geothermal power: Costa Rica's next clean energy solution? - Enchanting Costa Rica\". Enchanting-costarica.com. 29 August 2013. Retrieved 30 September 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.enchanting-costarica.com/destinations/geothermal-power-costa-ricas-next-clean-energy-solution/","url_text":"\"Geothermal power: Costa Rica's next clean energy solution? - Enchanting Costa Rica\""}]},{"reference":"\"Archived copy\". Archived from the original on 2015-05-28. Retrieved 2015-05-28.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150528181434/http://www.eib.org/projects/pipeline/2013/20130037.htm?lang=en","url_text":"\"Archived copy\""},{"url":"http://www.eib.org/projects/pipeline/2013/20130037.htm?lang=en","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Stater, Adam. \"Rincón de la Vieja National Park\". Anywherecostarica.com. Retrieved 1 October 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.anywherecostarica.com/attractions/national-park/rincon-de-la-vieja","url_text":"\"Rincón de la Vieja National Park\""}]},{"reference":"\"Minaet limita acceso a cráter del Rincón de la Vieja por erupción\". Nacion.com. Retrieved 30 September 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nacion.com/2011-09-26/Sucesos/minaet-limita--acceso-a-crater-del--rincon-de-la-vieja-por-erupcion.aspx","url_text":"\"Minaet limita acceso a cráter del Rincón de la Vieja por erupción\""}]},{"reference":"\"Volcán Rincón de la Vieja lanza inesperada erupción freática\". nacion.com. Retrieved 30 September 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nacion.com/sucesos/desastres/Volcan-Rincon-Vieja-registro-erupcion_0_1635436485.html","url_text":"\"Volcán Rincón de la Vieja lanza inesperada erupción freática\""}]},{"reference":"\"Volcán Rincón de la Vieja generó erupción y lahares este domingo\". Nacion.com. Retrieved 30 September 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nacion.com/sucesos/desastres/Volcan-Rincon-Vieja-erupcion-domingo_0_1639236103.html","url_text":"\"Volcán Rincón de la Vieja generó erupción y lahares este domingo\""}]},{"reference":"Rojas, Pablo (6 April 2020). \"Así fue la nueva erupción del volcán Rincón de la Vieja\". crhoy.com. Retrieved 12 April 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.crhoy.com/nacionales/video-asi-fue-la-nueva-erupcion-del-volcan-rincon-de-la-vieja/","url_text":"\"Así fue la nueva erupción del volcán Rincón de la Vieja\""}]},{"reference":"Solano, Johel (20 April 2020). \"(Video) Volcán Rincón de la Vieja hace nueva erupción y columna alcanza los 1500 metros\". crhoy.com. Retrieved 20 April 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.crhoy.com/nacionales/video-volcan-rincon-de-la-vieja-hace-nueva-erupcion-y-columna-alcanza-los-1500-metros/","url_text":"\"(Video) Volcán Rincón de la Vieja hace nueva erupción y columna alcanza los 1500 metros\""}]},{"reference":"\"Rincón de la Vieja hizo erupción de 2 kilómetros de altura\". crhoy.com. 1 June 2020.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Rincon de la Vieja Volcano Registers Strong Eruption\". The Tico Times. 28 June 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ticotimes.net/2021/06/28/rincon-de-la-vieja-volcano-registers-strong-eruption-2021","url_text":"\"Rincon de la Vieja Volcano Registers Strong Eruption\""}]},{"reference":"\"Costa Rica's Rincon de la Vieja Volcano Registers Strong Eruption\". The Tico Times. 21 April 2022. Retrieved 22 April 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://ticotimes.net/2023/04/21/costa-ricas-rincon-de-la-vieja-volcano-registers-strong-eruption","url_text":"\"Costa Rica's Rincon de la Vieja Volcano Registers Strong Eruption\""}]},{"reference":"\"Costa Rica: Volcán Rincón de la Vieja presentó fuerte erupción\". Diario Digital Nuestro País (in Spanish). 2023-04-22. Retrieved 2023-04-24.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.elpais.cr/2023/04/21/costa-rica-volcan-rincon-de-la-vieja-presento-fuerte-erupcion/","url_text":"\"Costa Rica: Volcán Rincón de la Vieja presentó fuerte erupción\""}]}]
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[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Rinc%C3%B3n_de_la_Vieja_Volcano¶ms=10_49_48_N_85_19_26_W_type:mountain_scale:100000","external_links_name":"10°49′48″N 85°19′26″W / 10.83000°N 85.32389°W / 10.83000; -85.32389"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Rinc%C3%B3n_de_la_Vieja_Volcano¶ms=10_49_48_N_85_19_26_W_type:mountain_scale:100000","external_links_name":"10°49′48″N 85°19′26″W / 10.83000°N 85.32389°W / 10.83000; -85.32389"},{"Link":"https://volcano.si.edu/volcano.cfm?vn=345020","external_links_name":"\"Rincón de la Vieja\""},{"Link":"https://www.volcanodiscovery.com/rincon-de-la-vieja.html","external_links_name":"\"Rincón de la Vieja volcano\""},{"Link":"http://volcano.oregonstate.edu/vwdocs/volc_images/south_america/costa_rica/rincon.html","external_links_name":"\"Meaning of the Volcano's Name\""},{"Link":"http://www.enchanting-costarica.com/destinations/geothermal-power-costa-ricas-next-clean-energy-solution/","external_links_name":"\"Geothermal power: Costa Rica's next clean energy solution? - Enchanting Costa Rica\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150528181434/http://www.eib.org/projects/pipeline/2013/20130037.htm?lang=en","external_links_name":"\"Archived copy\""},{"Link":"http://www.eib.org/projects/pipeline/2013/20130037.htm?lang=en","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.anywherecostarica.com/attractions/national-park/rincon-de-la-vieja","external_links_name":"\"Rincón de la Vieja National Park\""},{"Link":"http://www.nacion.com/2011-09-26/Sucesos/minaet-limita--acceso-a-crater-del--rincon-de-la-vieja-por-erupcion.aspx","external_links_name":"\"Minaet limita acceso a cráter del Rincón de la Vieja por erupción\""},{"Link":"http://www.nacion.com/sucesos/desastres/Volcan-Rincon-Vieja-registro-erupcion_0_1635436485.html","external_links_name":"\"Volcán Rincón de la Vieja lanza inesperada erupción freática\""},{"Link":"http://www.nacion.com/sucesos/desastres/Volcan-Rincon-Vieja-erupcion-domingo_0_1639236103.html","external_links_name":"\"Volcán Rincón de la Vieja generó erupción y lahares este domingo\""},{"Link":"https://www.crhoy.com/nacionales/video-asi-fue-la-nueva-erupcion-del-volcan-rincon-de-la-vieja/","external_links_name":"\"Así fue la nueva erupción del volcán Rincón de la Vieja\""},{"Link":"https://www.crhoy.com/nacionales/video-volcan-rincon-de-la-vieja-hace-nueva-erupcion-y-columna-alcanza-los-1500-metros/","external_links_name":"\"(Video) Volcán Rincón de la Vieja hace nueva erupción y columna alcanza los 1500 metros\""},{"Link":"https://www.ticotimes.net/2021/06/28/rincon-de-la-vieja-volcano-registers-strong-eruption-2021","external_links_name":"\"Rincon de la Vieja Volcano Registers Strong Eruption\""},{"Link":"https://ticotimes.net/2023/04/21/costa-ricas-rincon-de-la-vieja-volcano-registers-strong-eruption","external_links_name":"\"Costa Rica's Rincon de la Vieja Volcano Registers Strong Eruption\""},{"Link":"https://www.elpais.cr/2023/04/21/costa-rica-volcan-rincon-de-la-vieja-presento-fuerte-erupcion/","external_links_name":"\"Costa Rica: Volcán Rincón de la Vieja presentó fuerte erupción\""},{"Link":"http://thewotme.com/2012/12/rincon-de-la-vieja-la-columna-vertebral-de-america-central/","external_links_name":"Rincon de la Vieja, the backbone of Central America"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080217233320/http://www.ovsicori.una.ac.cr/vulcanologia/volcanes/rincon_vieja.htm","external_links_name":"Costa Rican Vulcanologic and Seismologic Observatory: Rincón de la Vieja"},{"Link":"https://volcano.si.edu/volcano.cfm?vn=345020","external_links_name":"Global Volcanism Program"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hillman_Comics
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Hillman Periodicals
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["1 Company history","1.1 Founding","1.2 Pageant and Airboy","1.3 Later years","2 Alex L. Hillman","3 Comic book titles published","4 References","5 External links"]
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American publishing company
This article, except for three footnotes, needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources in this article, except for three footnotes,. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Hillman Periodicals" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (January 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Hillman PeriodicalsFounded1938FounderAlex L. HillmanDefunct1953 (comics), 1961 (magazines and paperbacks)Country of originUnited StatesHeadquarters location535 Fifth Avenue, New York CityPublication typesComic books, magazines, paperback booksFiction genresSuperhero, crime, Western
Hillman Periodicals, Inc., was an American magazine and comic book publishing company founded in 1938 by Alex L. Hillman, a former New York City book publisher. It is best known for its true confession and true crime magazines; for the long-running general-interest magazine Pageant; and for comic books including Air Fighters Comics and its successor Airboy Comics, which launched the popular characters Airboy and The Heap.
Company history
Founding
Hillman Periodicals' People Today (Aug. 11, 1954)
In the late 1930s and early 1940s, Hillman competed with Bernarr Macfadden and Fawcett Publications by publishing comics, true confessions magazines (Real Story, Real Confessions, Real Romances) and crime magazines (Crime Detective, Real Detective, Crime Confessions).
In 1948 Hillman began publishing paperback books. There were several series of abridged mystery and western novels published in the larger 'digest' size. The long-running Hillman paperbacks first appeared in 1948 and lasted until 1961.
Pageant and Airboy
In 1944, Hillman launched a digest-sized, general-interest, "slick" (glossy paper) magazine, Pageant, with an initial print run of 500,000 copies. To obtain the paper during World War II wartime rationing, Hillman ended his detective magazines and comics, which together brought in a $250,000 annual profit. He returned to comics in 1946, resuming some titles from the earlier series.
Like most comic book publishers during the period fans and historians called the Golden Age of comic books, Hillman's titles included costumed superheroes. As trends in the comic book market changed, the focus shifted more to crime fiction/detective stories, making Hillman one of the earliest crime comics publishers (Crime Detective Comics, Real Clue Crime Stories), and Westerns (Dead-Eye Western Comics and Western Fighters). During this time, Hillman often utilized the talents of Captain America creators Joe Simon and Jack Kirby. Hillman's most notable character, however, continuing in new stories by another publisher, Eclipse Comics, in the 1980s, was the Charles Biro, Dick Wood and Al Camy-created aviator-adventurer Airboy in Air Fighters Comics and its successor, Airboy Comics.
Later years
Hillman ceased publishing comic books in 1953, while continuing to launch such new magazines as Homeland, and People Today, while also distributing The Freeman, a journal of libertarian opinion. Amid a 1953 battle for control of directors and editors, publisher Hillman announced his resignation as the Freeman treasurer because "it has been almost impossible for the past six months to run the magazine". The following year, Hillman said he was thinking about launching a "conservative Republican" morning newspaper in Washington, D.C., but nothing came of it.
Hillman periodicals also had a publication named Flight, edited by Norton Wood. (Wood had previously served as managing editor of a highly classified monthly report on air weapons prepared by McGraw-Hill under contract with the U.S. Air Force. Wood had been a member of the editorial staff of This Week Magazine and of the U.S. Camera Publishing Co.) Flight contained stories of the tremendous revolution going on in the skies - the transition within a decade from air travel as men had understood it for two generations to an entire new era of flight at supersonic speeds and fantastic altitudes, of strange new shapes in aircraft design, of combat planes without pilots, and rocket voyages into outer space. Flight chronicled the revolution in the skies with lines of defense of the "H-Bomb" with futuristic drawings by Matt Greene artistically depicting a U.S. coastal city under coordinated attack by Russian bombers and submarines, and giant "inner tube" satellite space stations with depictions proposed by Wernher von Braun orbits in space flight.
Hillman sold Pageant to Macfadden Communications Group in April 1961, and the magazine continued until 1977.
Alex L. Hillman
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Publisher Alex L. Hillman was a noted art collector who initially developed an interest in the field when he was a book publisher, commissioning artists to illustrate new editions of classic literature. He was married to Rita Hillman. He began his collection with such American painters as Raphael Soyer and Preston Dickinson, and expanded it to include impressionist and other painters. He eventually established the Alex Hillman Family Foundation, a private foundation in Manhattan, to oversee the collection.
Comic book titles published
Source:
Air Fighters Comics (1941 series)
Airboy Comics (1945 series - continues from Air Fighters)
All Sports Comics (1948 series continues from Real Sports)
All-Time Sports Comics (1949 series continues from All Sports)
Clue Comics (1943 series)
Crime Detective Comics (1948 series)
Crime Must Stop (1952 series)
Dead-Eye Western Comics (1948 series)
Frogman Comics (1952 series)
Hot Rod and Speedway Comics (1952 series)
Joe College (1949 series)
Miracle Comics (1940 series)
Monster Crime Comics (1952 series)
Mr. Anthony's Love Clinic (1949 series)
My Date Comics (1947 series)
Pirates Comics (1950 series)
Punch and Judy Comics (1944 series)
Real Clue Crime Stories (1947 series continues from Clue Comics)
Real Sports Comics (1948 series)
Rocket Comics (1940 series)
Romantic Confessions (1949 series)
Top Secret (1952 series)
Victory Comics (1941 series)
Western Fighters (1948 series)
References
^ a b "Blend". Time. November 27, 1944. Archived from the original on March 10, 2007.
^ "Battle for the Freeman". Time. January 26, 1953. Archived from the original on May 23, 2011.
^ Hillman at the Grand Comics Database.
External links
"Have Fun! Get Laughs.. Amaze Friends (advertisement)". Airboy vol. 3, #11 (Dec. 1946) via Museum of Comic Book Advertising (website). Archived from the original on February 20, 2006.
vteComic book publishers in North AmericaActive
Aardvark-Vanaheim
Abrams ComicArts
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Ahoy Comics
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Aircel Comics
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ComicsOne
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EC Comics
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Eternity Comics
FantaCo Enterprises
Fawcett Comics
Fiction House
First Comics
Fox Feature Syndicate
Future Comics
Gemstone Publishing
Gilberton
Gladstone Publishing
Gold Key Comics
Harris Comics
Harvey Comics
Highwater Books
Hillborough Studios
Hillman Periodicals
Holyoke Publishing
Innovation Publishing
Kitchen Sink Press
Lion Forge Comics
Magazine Enterprises
Mainline Publications
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"magazine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magazine"},{"link_name":"comic book","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comic_book"},{"link_name":"publishing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Publishing"},{"link_name":"New York City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City"},{"link_name":"book","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book"},{"link_name":"true confession","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confessional_writing"},{"link_name":"true crime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/True_crime_(genre)"},{"link_name":"Pageant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pageant_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"Airboy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airboy"},{"link_name":"The Heap","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Heap_(comics)"}],"text":"Hillman Periodicals, Inc., was an American magazine and comic book publishing company founded in 1938 by Alex L. Hillman, a former New York City book publisher. It is best known for its true confession and true crime magazines; for the long-running general-interest magazine Pageant; and for comic books including Air Fighters Comics and its successor Airboy Comics, which launched the popular characters Airboy and The Heap.","title":"Hillman Periodicals"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Company history"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:IrishMcCalla-PeopleToday08-.jpg"},{"link_name":"People Today","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People_Today_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"Bernarr Macfadden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernarr_Macfadden"},{"link_name":"Fawcett Publications","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fawcett_Publications"}],"sub_title":"Founding","text":"Hillman Periodicals' People Today (Aug. 11, 1954)In the late 1930s and early 1940s, Hillman competed with Bernarr Macfadden and Fawcett Publications by publishing comics, true confessions magazines (Real Story, Real Confessions, Real Romances) and crime magazines (Crime Detective, Real Detective, Crime Confessions).In 1948 Hillman began publishing paperback books. There were several series of abridged mystery and western novels published in the larger 'digest' size. The long-running Hillman paperbacks first appeared in 1948 and lasted until 1961.","title":"Company history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"digest-sized","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digest-sized"},{"link_name":"Pageant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pageant_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-time-1"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-time-1"},{"link_name":"Golden Age of comic books","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_Age_of_comic_books"},{"link_name":"superheroes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superheroes"},{"link_name":"crime fiction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crime_fiction"},{"link_name":"detective","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detective"},{"link_name":"crime comics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crime_comics"},{"link_name":"Westerns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_comics"},{"link_name":"Captain America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Captain_America"},{"link_name":"Joe Simon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Simon"},{"link_name":"Jack Kirby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Kirby"},{"link_name":"Eclipse Comics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eclipse_Comics"},{"link_name":"Charles Biro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Biro"},{"link_name":"Dick Wood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dick_Wood_(comics)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Al Camy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Al_Camy&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"aviator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aviator"},{"link_name":"Airboy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airboy"}],"sub_title":"Pageant and Airboy","text":"In 1944, Hillman launched a digest-sized, general-interest, \"slick\" (glossy paper) magazine, Pageant, with an initial print run of 500,000 copies.[1] To obtain the paper during World War II wartime rationing, Hillman ended his detective magazines and comics, which together brought in a $250,000 annual profit.[1] He returned to comics in 1946, resuming some titles from the earlier series.Like most comic book publishers during the period fans and historians called the Golden Age of comic books, Hillman's titles included costumed superheroes. As trends in the comic book market changed, the focus shifted more to crime fiction/detective stories, making Hillman one of the earliest crime comics publishers (Crime Detective Comics, Real Clue Crime Stories), and Westerns (Dead-Eye Western Comics and Western Fighters). During this time, Hillman often utilized the talents of Captain America creators Joe Simon and Jack Kirby. Hillman's most notable character, however, continuing in new stories by another publisher, Eclipse Comics, in the 1980s, was the Charles Biro, Dick Wood and Al Camy-created aviator-adventurer Airboy in Air Fighters Comics and its successor, Airboy Comics.","title":"Company history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"People Today","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People_Today_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"The Freeman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Freeman"},{"link_name":"libertarian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libertarian"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"conservative","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservatism_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Republican","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"Washington, D.C.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington,_D.C."},{"link_name":"McGraw-Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McGraw-Hill"},{"link_name":"U.S. Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Air_Force"},{"link_name":"H-Bomb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H-Bomb"},{"link_name":"Wernher von Braun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wernher_von_Braun"},{"link_name":"Macfadden Communications Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macfadden_Communications_Group"}],"sub_title":"Later years","text":"Hillman ceased publishing comic books in 1953, while continuing to launch such new magazines as Homeland, and People Today, while also distributing The Freeman, a journal of libertarian opinion. Amid a 1953 battle for control of directors and editors, publisher Hillman announced his resignation as the Freeman treasurer because \"it has been almost impossible for the past six months to run the magazine\".[2] The following year, Hillman said he was thinking about launching a \"conservative Republican\" morning newspaper in Washington, D.C., but nothing came of it.Hillman periodicals also had a publication named Flight, edited by Norton Wood. (Wood had previously served as managing editor of a highly classified monthly report on air weapons prepared by McGraw-Hill under contract with the U.S. Air Force. Wood had been a member of the editorial staff of This Week Magazine and of the U.S. Camera Publishing Co.) Flight contained stories of the tremendous revolution going on in the skies - the transition within a decade from air travel as men had understood it for two generations to an entire new era of flight at supersonic speeds and fantastic altitudes, of strange new shapes in aircraft design, of combat planes without pilots, and rocket voyages into outer space. Flight chronicled the revolution in the skies with lines of defense of the \"H-Bomb\" with futuristic drawings by Matt Greene artistically depicting a U.S. coastal city under coordinated attack by Russian bombers and submarines, and giant \"inner tube\" satellite space stations with depictions proposed by Wernher von Braun orbits in space flight.Hillman sold Pageant to Macfadden Communications Group in April 1961, and the magazine continued until 1977.","title":"Company history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"classic literature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classic_literature"},{"link_name":"Raphael Soyer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raphael_Soyer"},{"link_name":"Preston Dickinson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preston_Dickinson"},{"link_name":"impressionist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impressionism"},{"link_name":"Manhattan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manhattan"}],"text":"Publisher Alex L. Hillman was a noted art collector who initially developed an interest in the field when he was a book publisher, commissioning artists to illustrate new editions of classic literature. He was married to Rita Hillman. He began his collection with such American painters as Raphael Soyer and Preston Dickinson, and expanded it to include impressionist and other painters. He eventually established the Alex Hillman Family Foundation, a private foundation in Manhattan, to oversee the collection.","title":"Alex L. Hillman"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Airboy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airboy"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//comicbookplus.com/?cid=1095"},{"link_name":"My Date Comics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/My_Date_Comics"},{"link_name":"Punch and Judy Comics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punch_and_Judy_Comics"}],"text":"Source:[3]Air Fighters Comics (1941 series)\nAirboy Comics (1945 series - continues from Air Fighters)\nAll Sports Comics (1948 series continues from Real Sports)\nAll-Time Sports Comics (1949 series continues from All Sports)\nClue Comics (1943 series)\nCrime Detective Comics (1948 series)\nCrime Must Stop (1952 series)\nDead-Eye Western Comics (1948 series)\nFrogman Comics (1952 series) [1]\nHot Rod and Speedway Comics (1952 series)\nJoe College (1949 series)\nMiracle Comics (1940 series)\nMonster Crime Comics (1952 series)\nMr. Anthony's Love Clinic (1949 series)\nMy Date Comics (1947 series)\nPirates Comics (1950 series)\nPunch and Judy Comics (1944 series)\nReal Clue Crime Stories (1947 series continues from Clue Comics)\nReal Sports Comics (1948 series)\nRocket Comics (1940 series)\nRomantic Confessions (1949 series)\nTop Secret (1952 series)\nVictory Comics (1941 series)\nWestern Fighters (1948 series)","title":"Comic book titles published"}]
|
[{"image_text":"Hillman Periodicals' People Today (Aug. 11, 1954)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/IrishMcCalla-PeopleToday08-.jpg/220px-IrishMcCalla-PeopleToday08-.jpg"}]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"Blend\". Time. November 27, 1944. Archived from the original on March 10, 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070310153731/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,796904,00.html","url_text":"\"Blend\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_(magazine)","url_text":"Time"},{"url":"http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,796904,00.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Battle for the Freeman\". Time. January 26, 1953. Archived from the original on May 23, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110523203655/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,817808-2,00.html","url_text":"\"Battle for the Freeman\""},{"url":"http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,817808-2,00.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Have Fun! Get Laughs.. Amaze Friends (advertisement)\". Airboy vol. 3, #11 (Dec. 1946) via Museum of Comic Book Advertising (website). Archived from the original on February 20, 2006.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20060220070057/http://comicbookads.leafpublishing.com/admuseum/airboy3-11/novelties/novelties.html","url_text":"\"Have Fun! Get Laughs.. Amaze Friends (advertisement)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airboy","url_text":"Airboy"},{"url":"http://comicbookads.leafpublishing.com/admuseum/airboy3-11/novelties/novelties.html#","url_text":"the original"}]}]
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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/200_Cigarettes
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200 Cigarettes
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["1 Plot","2 Cast","3 Release","4 See also","5 References","6 External links"]
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1999 film by Risa Bramon Garcia
200 CigarettesTheatrical release posterDirected byRisa Bramon GarciaWritten byShana LarsenProduced byBetsy BeersDavid GaleVan TofflerStarring
Ben Affleck
Casey Affleck
Dave Chappelle
Angela Featherstone
Courtney Love
Jay Mohr
Nicole Ari Parker
Martha Plimpton
Christina Ricci
Paul Rudd
CinematographyFrank PrinziEdited byLisa Zeno ChurginMusic byBob MothersbaughMark MothersbaughProductioncompaniesMTV ProductionsLakeshore EntertainmentDistributed byParamount PicturesRelease date
February 26, 1999 (1999-02-26)
Running time101 minutesCountryUnited StatesLanguageEnglishBudget$6 millionBox office$6.9 million
200 Cigarettes is a 1999 American comedy film directed by Risa Bramon Garcia and written by Shana Larsen. The film follows multiple characters in New York City on New Year's Eve 1981. The film features an ensemble cast consisting of brothers Ben and Casey Affleck, Dave Chappelle, Guillermo Díaz, Angela Featherstone, Janeane Garofalo, Gaby Hoffmann, Kate Hudson, Courtney Love, Jay Mohr, Nicole Ari Parker, Martha Plimpton, Christina Ricci and Paul Rudd, with a cameo by Elvis Costello, as well as paintings by Sally Davies.
Plot
The film follows various plot arcs all occurring on New Year's Eve of 1981. Monica is throwing a big party and is desperately afraid no one will attend. Early on, the only arrival is her friend Hillary. As Monica tries to convince Hillary to stay, various other groupings are shown making their way to the celebration.
The plot follows these several characters as they spend New Year's Eve in New York City before eventually turning up at Monica's party. The party guests are:
Monica's cousin Val and her friend Stephie, who are from Ronkonkoma and who get lost in the seedy Alphabet City section of the borough and wander into a punk club where they meet Dave and Tom, who have a "package" they need to deliver.
Ditsy and awkward Cindy, who is on a dinner date with the paranoid Jack.
Lucy and her best friend Kevin, who are struggling with their mutual sexual tension. The film's title stems from the carton of cigarettes Lucy buys Kevin that night, a present on a holiday he loathes, which is also his birthday.
Kevin's feminist ex-girlfriend Ellie, who walks in on Kevin and Lucy making out in a restroom stall
A dim-witted and flirtatious bartender.
Competitive friends Bridget and Caitlyn who attempt to ditch Bridget's boyfriend Eric, who is also Monica's ex.
And an eccentric cab driver who takes them all around town throughout the evening in his disco-themed taxi.
Eventually, everyone finds their way to the party, although Monica has passed out after drowning her sorrows in alcohol. She wakes the next morning to find unrecognizable people on her floor, including Stephie, who tells her what a big hit her party was. Monica is thrilled, even though she missed it all, especially when she finds out that Elvis Costello showed up.
The final montage shows Polaroids of the party, narrated by the disco cabbie, mostly featuring the unlikely romances from the night and the unconscious Monica being propped up by her guests.
Cast
Ben Affleck as Bartender
Casey Affleck as Tom
Caleb Carr as Cynical Bar Patron
Dave Chappelle as Disco Cabbie
Elvis Costello as himself
Guillermo Díaz as Dave
Angela Featherstone as Caitlyn
Janeane Garofalo as Ellie
Gaby Hoffmann as Stephie
Kate Hudson as Cindy
Catherine Kellner as Hillary
Courtney Love as Lucy
Brian McCardie as Eric
Jay Mohr as Jack
Nicole Ari Parker as Bridget
Martha Plimpton as Monica
Christina Ricci as Val
Paul Rudd as Kevin
Release
The film received generally negative reviews and grossed $6.8 million in the United States.
On Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an "rotten" approval rating of 30% based on 63 reviews, with an average rating of 4.4/10. The website's critics consensus reads, " clumsy and scattered comedy with a poorly executed script". On Metacritic, the film has a score of 33 out of 100 based on reviews from 26 critics, indicating "Generally unfavorable reviews".
Todd McCarthy of Variety called the film "dismally unfunny" and questions "if any director could have surmounted the script's limitations" and of the acting performances he says "only Garofalo and Ben Affleck manage to project any wit that cracks through the prevailing humorlessness."
Mick LaSalle of the San Francisco Chronicle gave it a positive review, saying "200 Cigarettes doesn't have a bad scene or a false note. The picture is a succession of pointed little moments, nicely written by Shana Larsen and acted with comic assurance and sensitivity."
See also
List of films set around New Year
References
^ a b c "200 Cigarettes". Box Office Mojo.
^ a b "200 Cigarettes". Metacritic.
^ "200 Cigarettes". Rotten Tomatoes.
^ McCarthy, Todd (February 26, 1999). "200 Cigarettes". Variety.
^ LaSalle, Mick (February 26, 1999). "'Cigarettes' a Smoking Tale of '80s Partyers / Ricci, Rudd, Love get the parts just right". SFGATE.
External links
Wikiquote has quotations related to 200 Cigarettes.
200 Cigarettes at IMDb
200 Cigarettes at Rotten Tomatoes
200 Cigarettes at AllMovie
200 Cigarettes at Box Office Mojo
vteMTV Entertainment Studios1990s
Joe's Apartment (1996)
Beavis and Butt-Head Do America (1996)
Dead Man on Campus (1998)
Varsity Blues (1999)
200 Cigarettes (1999)
Election (1999)
The Wood (1999)
2000s
The Original Kings of Comedy (2000)
Save the Last Dance (2001)
Pootie Tang (2001)
Zoolander (2001)
Orange County (2002)
Better Luck Tomorrow (2002)
Crossroads (2002)
Martin Lawrence Live: Runteldat (2002)
Jackass: The Movie (2002)
The Fighting Temptations (2003)
Tupac: Resurrection (2003)
The Perfect Score (2004)
Napoleon Dynamite (2004)
Hustle & Flow (2005)
Coach Carter (2005)
Murderball (2005)
The Longest Yard (2005)
Get Rich or Die Tryin' (2005)
Æon Flux (2005)
Jackass Number Two (2006)
Freedom Writers (2007)
Blades of Glory (2007)
Beneath (2007)
How She Move (2008)
The Foot Fist Way (2008)
Stop-Loss (2008)
Dance Flick (2009)
2010s
Jackass 3D (2010)
Justin Bieber: Never Say Never (2011)
Footloose (2011)
Katy Perry: Part of Me (2012)
Hansel & Gretel: Witch Hunters (2013)
Jackass Presents: Bad Grandpa (2013)
Project Almanac (2015)
Eli (2019)
2020s
76 Days (2020)
Finding Yingying (2020)
17 Blocks (2021)
Jackass Forever (2022)
Three Months (2022)
Beavis and Butt-Head Do the Universe (2022)
Related
Beavis and Butt-Head (franchise)
Jackass (franchise)
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"comedy film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comedy_film"},{"link_name":"New Year's Eve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Year%27s_Eve"},{"link_name":"ensemble cast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ensemble_cast"},{"link_name":"Ben","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben_Affleck"},{"link_name":"Casey Affleck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casey_Affleck"},{"link_name":"Dave Chappelle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dave_Chappelle"},{"link_name":"Guillermo Díaz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guillermo_D%C3%ADaz_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Angela Featherstone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angela_Featherstone"},{"link_name":"Janeane Garofalo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janeane_Garofalo"},{"link_name":"Gaby Hoffmann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaby_Hoffmann"},{"link_name":"Kate Hudson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kate_Hudson"},{"link_name":"Courtney Love","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Courtney_Love"},{"link_name":"Jay Mohr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jay_Mohr"},{"link_name":"Nicole Ari Parker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicole_Ari_Parker"},{"link_name":"Martha Plimpton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martha_Plimpton"},{"link_name":"Christina Ricci","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christina_Ricci"},{"link_name":"Paul Rudd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Rudd"},{"link_name":"Elvis Costello","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elvis_Costello"},{"link_name":"Sally Davies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sally_Davies_(artist)"}],"text":"200 Cigarettes is a 1999 American comedy film directed by Risa Bramon Garcia and written by Shana Larsen. The film follows multiple characters in New York City on New Year's Eve 1981. The film features an ensemble cast consisting of brothers Ben and Casey Affleck, Dave Chappelle, Guillermo Díaz, Angela Featherstone, Janeane Garofalo, Gaby Hoffmann, Kate Hudson, Courtney Love, Jay Mohr, Nicole Ari Parker, Martha Plimpton, Christina Ricci and Paul Rudd, with a cameo by Elvis Costello, as well as paintings by Sally Davies.","title":"200 Cigarettes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"New Year's Eve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Year%27s_Eve"},{"link_name":"New York City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City"},{"link_name":"Ronkonkoma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronkonkoma,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Alphabet City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alphabet_City,_Manhattan"},{"link_name":"punk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punk_subculture"},{"link_name":"feminist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feminism"},{"link_name":"Elvis Costello","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elvis_Costello"},{"link_name":"Polaroids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instant_camera"}],"text":"The film follows various plot arcs all occurring on New Year's Eve of 1981. Monica is throwing a big party and is desperately afraid no one will attend. Early on, the only arrival is her friend Hillary. As Monica tries to convince Hillary to stay, various other groupings are shown making their way to the celebration.The plot follows these several characters as they spend New Year's Eve in New York City before eventually turning up at Monica's party. The party guests are:Monica's cousin Val and her friend Stephie, who are from Ronkonkoma and who get lost in the seedy Alphabet City section of the borough and wander into a punk club where they meet Dave and Tom, who have a \"package\" they need to deliver.\nDitsy and awkward Cindy, who is on a dinner date with the paranoid Jack.\nLucy and her best friend Kevin, who are struggling with their mutual sexual tension. The film's title stems from the carton of cigarettes Lucy buys Kevin that night, a present on a holiday he loathes, which is also his birthday.\nKevin's feminist ex-girlfriend Ellie, who walks in on Kevin and Lucy making out in a restroom stall\nA dim-witted and flirtatious bartender.\nCompetitive friends Bridget and Caitlyn who attempt to ditch Bridget's boyfriend Eric, who is also Monica's ex.\nAnd an eccentric cab driver who takes them all around town throughout the evening in his disco-themed taxi.Eventually, everyone finds their way to the party, although Monica has passed out after drowning her sorrows in alcohol. She wakes the next morning to find unrecognizable people on her floor, including Stephie, who tells her what a big hit her party was. Monica is thrilled, even though she missed it all, especially when she finds out that Elvis Costello showed up.The final montage shows Polaroids of the party, narrated by the disco cabbie, mostly featuring the unlikely romances from the night and the unconscious Monica being propped up by her guests.","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ben Affleck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben_Affleck"},{"link_name":"Casey Affleck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casey_Affleck"},{"link_name":"Caleb Carr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caleb_Carr"},{"link_name":"Dave Chappelle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dave_Chappelle"},{"link_name":"Elvis Costello","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elvis_Costello"},{"link_name":"Guillermo Díaz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guillermo_D%C3%ADaz_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Angela Featherstone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angela_Featherstone"},{"link_name":"Janeane Garofalo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janeane_Garofalo"},{"link_name":"Gaby Hoffmann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaby_Hoffmann"},{"link_name":"Kate Hudson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kate_Hudson"},{"link_name":"Catherine Kellner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catherine_Kellner"},{"link_name":"Courtney Love","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Courtney_Love"},{"link_name":"Brian McCardie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_McCardie"},{"link_name":"Jay Mohr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jay_Mohr"},{"link_name":"Nicole Ari Parker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicole_Ari_Parker"},{"link_name":"Martha Plimpton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martha_Plimpton"},{"link_name":"Christina Ricci","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christina_Ricci"},{"link_name":"Paul Rudd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Rudd"}],"text":"Ben Affleck as Bartender\nCasey Affleck as Tom\nCaleb Carr as Cynical Bar Patron\nDave Chappelle as Disco Cabbie\nElvis Costello as himself\nGuillermo Díaz as Dave\nAngela Featherstone as Caitlyn\nJaneane Garofalo as Ellie\nGaby Hoffmann as Stephie\nKate Hudson as Cindy\nCatherine Kellner as Hillary\nCourtney Love as Lucy\nBrian McCardie as Eric\nJay Mohr as Jack\nNicole Ari Parker as Bridget\nMartha Plimpton as Monica\nChristina Ricci as Val\nPaul Rudd as Kevin","title":"Cast"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MC-2"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BOM-1"},{"link_name":"Rotten Tomatoes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotten_Tomatoes"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Metacritic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metacritic"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MC-2"},{"link_name":"Todd McCarthy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Todd_McCarthy"},{"link_name":"Variety","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variety_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"San Francisco Chronicle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco_Chronicle"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"The film received generally negative reviews[2] and grossed $6.8 million[1] in the United States.On Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an \"rotten\" approval rating of 30% based on 63 reviews, with an average rating of 4.4/10. The website's critics consensus reads, \"[a] clumsy and scattered comedy with a poorly executed script\".[3] On Metacritic, the film has a score of 33 out of 100 based on reviews from 26 critics, indicating \"Generally unfavorable reviews\".[2]Todd McCarthy of Variety called the film \"dismally unfunny\" and questions \"if any director could have surmounted the script's limitations\" and of the acting performances he says \"only Garofalo and Ben Affleck manage to project any wit that cracks through the prevailing humorlessness.\"[4]Mick LaSalle of the San Francisco Chronicle gave it a positive review, saying \"200 Cigarettes doesn't have a bad scene or a false note. The picture is a succession of pointed little moments, nicely written by Shana Larsen and acted with comic assurance and sensitivity.\"[5]","title":"Release"}]
|
[]
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[{"title":"List of films set around New Year","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_films_set_around_New_Year"}]
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[{"reference":"\"200 Cigarettes\". Box Office Mojo.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=200cigarettes.htm","url_text":"\"200 Cigarettes\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Box_Office_Mojo","url_text":"Box Office Mojo"}]},{"reference":"\"200 Cigarettes\". Metacritic.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.metacritic.com/movie/200-cigarettes","url_text":"\"200 Cigarettes\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metacritic","url_text":"Metacritic"}]},{"reference":"\"200 Cigarettes\". Rotten Tomatoes.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/200_cigarettes/","url_text":"\"200 Cigarettes\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotten_Tomatoes","url_text":"Rotten Tomatoes"}]},{"reference":"McCarthy, Todd (February 26, 1999). \"200 Cigarettes\". Variety.","urls":[{"url":"https://variety.com/1999/film/reviews/200-cigarettes-1200456542/","url_text":"\"200 Cigarettes\""}]},{"reference":"LaSalle, Mick (February 26, 1999). \"'Cigarettes' a Smoking Tale of '80s Partyers / Ricci, Rudd, Love get the parts just right\". SFGATE.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.sfgate.com/movies/article/Cigarettes-a-Smoking-Tale-of-80s-Partyers-2944910.php","url_text":"\"'Cigarettes' a Smoking Tale of '80s Partyers / Ricci, Rudd, Love get the parts just right\""}]}]
|
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hama_Yumi
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Hama yumi
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["1 See also","2 References"]
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Sacred bow used in 1103 C.E. in Japan
Japanese bows, arrows, and arrow-stand
Hama yumi, with hama ya
The hama yumi (破魔弓, lit. 'evil-banishing bow') is a sacred bow (yumi) used in 1103 A.D. in Japan. This bow is said to be one of the oldest and most sacred Japanese weapons; the first Emperor Jimmu is always depicted carrying a bow.
According to legend; at that time, the Imperial Palace was taken over by an evil demon, which caused the Emperor to fall ill with great anxiety and suffering. When the Imperial High Priests tried and failed in their efforts to destroy the demon and dispel the Imperial household of its influence, they were at a loss. Finally, an archer, Minamoto no Yorimasa, was summoned to the Imperial Palace in the hopes of slaying the demon with his bow and arrow, ridding the palace of this plague. With a steady hand and a virtuous heart, Yorimasa vanquished the demon with the first arrow, and his bow was declared to be a hama yumi, an "Evil-Destroying Bow" (and the first arrow a hama ya an "Evil-Destroying Arrow").
Since then, hama yumi have been used in Buddhist and Shinto rituals of purification (i.e., Shihobarai, the Purification of the Four Directions). In Japan, it is believed that merely the twanging of its bowstring will frighten away ghosts, evil spirits and negative influences from the house. A miko will carry a hama yumi and a set of hama ya as part of their religious regalia, while back in Feudal Japan, they were used quite literally in defence of the shrine or temple.
As a result, hama ya (破魔矢, lit. 'evil-banishing arrows'), decorative arrows, are sold even today at shrines as Engimono (good-luck charms); smaller replicas have been placed in shrines and people's homes. It is believed that even just one Hama-Ya which has been blessed by a Shinto Priest carries great spiritual power, will bring protection against the forces of evil, and for purification, and they are also believed to have the ability to attract vast good fortune. Hama ya and hama yumi are often given as gifts to celebrate the first New Year of a male baby's life.
Hama-yumi replicas are scale versions of the sacred Japanese bow, coated with urushi, wrapped in fine rattan and accented in gold leaf. They are displayed in a stand, along with two arrows tipped with yanone (traditional warrior tips); one representing male and the other female, yin and yang (vermilion signifying male energy (yang), and black representing female energy (yin)).
See also
Apotropaic magic
Omamori
Ofuda (御札/お札) - a paper charm
Azusa yumi (梓弓) - a bow made from the wood of the Japanese cherry birch tree (Betula grossa)
Saigū-yumi (祭宮弓) - a ceremonial bow
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Yumi.
References
^ "Zenko.org". Archived from the original on 2007-06-11. Retrieved 2007-06-04.
^ Kyudo.org Archived 2007-02-20 at the Wayback Machine
Evil-Destroying Bow
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[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Yumi-p1000624.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hama-ya,Hama-yumi,katori-city,Japan.jpg"},{"link_name":"破魔弓","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E7%A0%B4%E9%AD%94%E5%BC%93"},{"link_name":"sacred","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sacred"},{"link_name":"yumi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yumi"},{"link_name":"Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Jimmu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimmu"},{"link_name":"evil demon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nue"},{"link_name":"Emperor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emperor"},{"link_name":"archer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archery"},{"link_name":"Minamoto no Yorimasa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minamoto_no_Yorimasa"},{"link_name":"bow and arrow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bow_and_arrow"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"virtuous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtue"},{"link_name":"Buddhist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism_in_Japan"},{"link_name":"Shinto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shinto"},{"link_name":"rituals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ritual"},{"link_name":"purification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harae"},{"link_name":"Four Directions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Four_Directions"},{"link_name":"bowstring","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bowstring"},{"link_name":"miko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miko"},{"link_name":"regalia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regalia"},{"link_name":"Feudal Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feudal_Japan"},{"link_name":"ya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arrow"},{"link_name":"破魔矢","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E7%A0%B4%E9%AD%94%E7%9F%A2"},{"link_name":"Engimono","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shinto#Ema,_divination,_and_amulets"},{"link_name":"urushi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urushi"},{"link_name":"rattan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rattan"},{"link_name":"gold leaf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gold_leaf"},{"link_name":"yanone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ya_(arrow)#Arrowheads"},{"link_name":"male","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Male"},{"link_name":"female","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Female"},{"link_name":"yin and yang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yin_and_yang"},{"link_name":"vermilion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vermilion"}],"text":"Japanese bows, arrows, and arrow-standHama yumi, with hama yaThe hama yumi (破魔弓, lit. 'evil-banishing bow') is a sacred bow (yumi) used in 1103 A.D. in Japan.[1] This bow is said to be one of the oldest and most sacred Japanese weapons; the first Emperor Jimmu is always depicted carrying a bow.According to legend; at that time, the Imperial Palace was taken over by an evil demon, which caused the Emperor to fall ill with great anxiety and suffering. When the Imperial High Priests tried and failed in their efforts to destroy the demon and dispel the Imperial household of its influence, they were at a loss. Finally, an archer, Minamoto no Yorimasa, was summoned to the Imperial Palace in the hopes of slaying the demon with his bow and arrow, ridding the palace of this plague.[2] With a steady hand and a virtuous heart, Yorimasa vanquished the demon with the first arrow, and his bow was declared to be a hama yumi, an \"Evil-Destroying Bow\" (and the first arrow a hama ya an \"Evil-Destroying Arrow\").Since then, hama yumi have been used in Buddhist and Shinto rituals of purification (i.e., Shihobarai, the Purification of the Four Directions). In Japan, it is believed that merely the twanging of its bowstring will frighten away ghosts, evil spirits and negative influences from the house. A miko will carry a hama yumi and a set of hama ya as part of their religious regalia, while back in Feudal Japan, they were used quite literally in defence of the shrine or temple.As a result, hama ya (破魔矢, lit. 'evil-banishing arrows'), decorative arrows, are sold even today at shrines as Engimono (good-luck charms); smaller replicas have been placed in shrines and people's homes. It is believed that even just one Hama-Ya which has been blessed by a Shinto Priest carries great spiritual power, will bring protection against the forces of evil, and for purification, and they are also believed to have the ability to attract vast good fortune. Hama ya and hama yumi are often given as gifts to celebrate the first New Year of a male baby's life.Hama-yumi replicas are scale versions of the sacred Japanese bow, coated with urushi, wrapped in fine rattan and accented in gold leaf. They are displayed in a stand, along with two arrows tipped with yanone (traditional warrior tips); one representing male and the other female, yin and yang (vermilion signifying male energy (yang), and black representing female energy (yin)).","title":"Hama yumi"}]
|
[{"image_text":"Japanese bows, arrows, and arrow-stand","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Yumi-p1000624.jpg/170px-Yumi-p1000624.jpg"},{"image_text":"Hama yumi, with hama ya","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Hama-ya%2CHama-yumi%2Ckatori-city%2CJapan.jpg/170px-Hama-ya%2CHama-yumi%2Ckatori-city%2CJapan.jpg"}]
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[{"title":"Apotropaic magic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apotropaic_magic"},{"title":"Omamori","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omamori"},{"title":"Ofuda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ofuda"},{"title":"御札","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%BE%A1%E6%9C%AD"},{"title":"お札","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E3%81%8A%E6%9C%AD"},{"title":"paper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paper"},{"title":"charm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Good_luck_charm"},{"title":"Azusa yumi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azusa_yumi"},{"title":"梓弓","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E6%A2%93%E5%BC%93"},{"title":"Betula grossa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betula_grossa"},{"title":"Saigū-yumi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Saig%C5%AB-yumi&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"title":"祭宮弓","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E7%A5%AD%E5%AE%AE%E5%BC%93"},{"title":"Yumi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Yumi"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Re%C5%9Fat_Nuri_G%C3%BCntekin
|
Reşat Nuri Güntekin
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["1 Biography","2 Works","2.1 Stories","2.2 Novels","2.3 Theatre","3 See also","4 References"]
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Turkish novelist, story writer and playwright
Reşat Nuri GüntekinBorn(1889-11-25)November 25, 1889Istanbul, Ottoman EmpireDiedDecember 7, 1956(1956-12-07) (aged 67)London, United KingdomOccupationNovelist, story writer, playwrightNationalityTurkishNotable worksÇalıkuşu (1922), Yeşil Gece (1928), Yaprak Dökümü (1930)Signature
Reşat Nuri Güntekin (Turkish pronunciation: ) (25 November 1889 – 7 December 1956) was a Turkish novelist, storywriter, and playwright. His best known novel, Çalıkuşu ("The Wren", 1922) is about the destiny of a young Turkish female teacher in Anatolia. This work is translated into Persian by Seyyed Borhan Ghandili. His other significant novels include Dudaktan Kalbe ("From the Lips to the Heart", 1925), and Yaprak Dökümü ("The Fall of Leaves", 1930). Many of his novels have been adapted to cinema and television. Because he visited Anatolia with his duty as an inspector, he knew Anatolian people closely. In his works he dealt with life and social problems in Anatolia; reflects people in the human-environment relationship.
Biography
His father was a medical doctor Doktor Nuri Bey. Reşat Nuri attended primary school in Çanakkale, the Çanakkale Secondary School and the İzmir School of Freres. He graduated from Istanbul University, Faculty of Literature in 1912. He worked as a teacher and administrator at high schools in Bursa and Istanbul, he taught literature, French and philosophy; then he worked as an inspector at the Ministry of National Education (1931). He served as the deputy of Çanakkale between 1933 and 1943 in the Turkish Parliament, the chief inspector at the Ministry of National Education (1947), and a cultural attaché to Paris (1950), when he was also the Turkish representative to UNESCO.
After his retirement, he served at the literary board of the Istanbul Municipal Theatres. Reşat Nuri Güntekin died in London, where he had gone to be treated for his lung cancer. He is buried at the Karacaahmet Cemetery in Istanbul.
Works
Stories
Recm, Gençlik ve Güzellik (1919)
Roçild Bey (1919)
Eski Ahbab (Without known time)
Tanrı Misafiri (1927)
Sönmüş Yıldızlar (1928)
Leylâ ile Mecnun (1928)
Olağan İşler (1930)
Novels
Çalıkuşu (1922) (The Wren - translated as: "The Autobiography of a Turkish Girl")
Gizli El (1924)
Damga (1924)
Dudaktan Kalbe (1923) (From the Lip to the Heart)
Akşam Güneşi (1926) (Afternoon Sun)
Bir Kadın Düşmanı (1927)
Yeşil Gece (1928) (The Green Night)
Acımak (1928) (To Pity)
Yaprak Dökümü (1930) (The Fall of Leaves)
Eski Hastalık (1938) (That Old Sickness)
Değirmen (1944) (The Mill)
Kızılcık Dalları (1944)
Miskinler Tekkesi (1946)
Harabelerin Çiçeği (1953)
Kavak Yelleri (1961)
Son Sığınak (1961) (The Last Shelter)
Kan Davası (1962)
Ateş Gecesi (1953) (The Night of Fire)
Theatre
Hançer (1920)
Eski Rüya (1922) (The Old Dream)
Ümidin Güneşi (1924) (Hope's Sun)
Gazeteci Düşmanı, Şemsiye Hırsızı (The Umbrella Thief), İhtiyar Serseri (1925, three works)
Taş Parçası (1926)
Bir Köy Hocası (1928)
İstiklâl (1933) (Independence)
Hülleci (1933)
Yaprak Dökümü (1971)
Eski Şarkı(1971) (The Old Song)
Balıkesir Muhasebecisi (1971) (The Accountant Of Balıkesir)
Tanrıdağı Ziyafeti (1971)
See also
List of Turkish diplomats
References
^ "Cumhuriyet-8.12.1956 Günü 1. Sayfa". www.cumhuriyetarsivi.com. Archived from the original on 2015-12-22.
Biyografi.info - Biography of Reşat Nuri Güntekin
Biyografi.net - Biography and Bibliography of Reşat Nuri Güntekin
Turkishculture.org - Resat Nuri Güntekin
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[ɾeˈʃat nuːˈɾi ɟynteˈcin]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Turkish"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Turkish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish_people"},{"link_name":"novelist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novelist"},{"link_name":"playwright","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Playwright"},{"link_name":"Çalıkuşu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87al%C4%B1ku%C5%9Fu"},{"link_name":"Anatolia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatolia"},{"link_name":"Persian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_language"},{"link_name":"Dudaktan Kalbe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dudaktan_Kalbe_(novel)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Yaprak Dökümü","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yaprak_D%C3%B6k%C3%BCm%C3%BC"}],"text":"Reşat Nuri Güntekin (Turkish pronunciation: [ɾeˈʃat nuːˈɾi ɟynteˈcin]) (25 November 1889 – 7 December 1956[1]) was a Turkish novelist, storywriter, and playwright. His best known novel, Çalıkuşu (\"The Wren\", 1922) is about the destiny of a young Turkish female teacher in Anatolia. This work is translated into Persian by Seyyed Borhan Ghandili. His other significant novels include Dudaktan Kalbe (\"From the Lips to the Heart\", 1925), and Yaprak Dökümü (\"The Fall of Leaves\", 1930). Many of his novels have been adapted to cinema and television. Because he visited Anatolia with his duty as an inspector, he knew Anatolian people closely. In his works he dealt with life and social problems in Anatolia; reflects people in the human-environment relationship.","title":"Reşat Nuri Güntekin"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Çanakkale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87anakkale"},{"link_name":"Istanbul University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanbul_University"},{"link_name":"Bursa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bursa,_Turkey"},{"link_name":"Çanakkale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87anakkale"},{"link_name":"Turkish Parliament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish_Grand_National_Assembly"},{"link_name":"Paris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris"},{"link_name":"UNESCO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNESCO"},{"link_name":"London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London"},{"link_name":"lung cancer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lung_cancer"},{"link_name":"Karacaahmet Cemetery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karacaahmet_Cemetery"}],"text":"His father was a medical doctor Doktor Nuri Bey. Reşat Nuri attended primary school in Çanakkale, the Çanakkale Secondary School and the İzmir School of Freres. He graduated from Istanbul University, Faculty of Literature in 1912. He worked as a teacher and administrator at high schools in Bursa and Istanbul, he taught literature, French and philosophy; then he worked as an inspector at the Ministry of National Education (1931). He served as the deputy of Çanakkale between 1933 and 1943 in the Turkish Parliament, the chief inspector at the Ministry of National Education (1947), and a cultural attaché to Paris (1950), when he was also the Turkish representative to UNESCO.After his retirement, he served at the literary board of the Istanbul Municipal Theatres. Reşat Nuri Güntekin died in London, where he had gone to be treated for his lung cancer. He is buried at the Karacaahmet Cemetery in Istanbul.","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Re%C5%9Fat_Nuri_G%C3%BCntekin&action=edit§ion=3"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Re%C5%9Fat_Nuri_G%C3%BCntekin&action=edit§ion=4"},{"link_name":"Çalıkuşu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87al%C4%B1ku%C5%9Fu"},{"link_name":"Yeşil Gece","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ye%C5%9Fil_Gece"},{"link_name":"Yaprak Dökümü","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yaprak_D%C3%B6k%C3%BCm%C3%BC"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Re%C5%9Fat_Nuri_G%C3%BCntekin&action=edit§ion=5"},{"link_name":"Yaprak Dökümü","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yaprak_D%C3%B6k%C3%BCm%C3%BC"}],"text":"Stories[edit]\nRecm, Gençlik ve Güzellik (1919)\nRoçild Bey (1919)\nEski Ahbab (Without known time)\nTanrı Misafiri (1927)\nSönmüş Yıldızlar (1928)\nLeylâ ile Mecnun (1928)\nOlağan İşler (1930)\nNovels[edit]\nÇalıkuşu (1922) (The Wren - translated as: \"The Autobiography of a Turkish Girl\")\nGizli El (1924)\nDamga (1924)\nDudaktan Kalbe (1923) (From the Lip to the Heart)\nAkşam Güneşi (1926) (Afternoon Sun)\nBir Kadın Düşmanı (1927)\nYeşil Gece (1928) (The Green Night)\nAcımak (1928) (To Pity)\nYaprak Dökümü (1930) (The Fall of Leaves)\nEski Hastalık (1938) (That Old Sickness)\nDeğirmen (1944) (The Mill)\nKızılcık Dalları (1944)\nMiskinler Tekkesi (1946)\nHarabelerin Çiçeği (1953)\nKavak Yelleri (1961)\nSon Sığınak (1961) (The Last Shelter)\nKan Davası (1962)\nAteş Gecesi (1953) (The Night of Fire)\nTheatre[edit]\nHançer (1920)\nEski Rüya (1922) (The Old Dream)\nÜmidin Güneşi (1924) (Hope's Sun)\nGazeteci Düşmanı, Şemsiye Hırsızı (The Umbrella Thief), İhtiyar Serseri (1925, three works)\nTaş Parçası (1926)\nBir Köy Hocası (1928)\nİstiklâl (1933) (Independence)\nHülleci (1933)\nYaprak Dökümü (1971)\nEski Şarkı(1971) (The Old Song)\nBalıkesir Muhasebecisi (1971) (The Accountant Of Balıkesir)\nTanrıdağı Ziyafeti (1971)","title":"Works"}]
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[]
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[{"title":"List of Turkish diplomats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Turkish_diplomats"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikolaos_Stratos
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Nikolaos Stratos
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["1 Early political career","2 Prime minister","3 Trial and execution","4 References"]
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Greek politician (1872–1922)
Nikolaos Stratos
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Nikolaos Stratos (Greek: Νικόλαος Στράτος; 16 May 1872 – 28 November 1922 (15 November Old Style dating)) was a Prime Minister of Greece for a few days in May 1922. He was later tried and executed for his role in the Catastrophe of 1922.
Early political career
Born in 1872 in Loutro, Aetolia-Acarnania, Stratos was first elected to Parliament in 1902. He was chosen as Interior Minister in 1909 under Kiriakoulis Mavromichalis after the Military League took power. In 1910, he joined the Liberal Party of Eleftherios Venizelos. In 1911, Stratos was elected President of the Parliament.
However, during the National Schism, he disagreed with the liberals and sided with Constantine I of Greece. In 1916, he founded the "National Conservative Party". Hadvocated neutrality during World War I.
Prime minister
In 1922, Greece was in turmoil as the war in Asia Minor was in a stalemate after the failure of the Greek attempt to capture Ankara the previous year. When Prime Minister Dimitrios Gounaris almost lost a vote of confidence, he resigned on 3 May 1922 (O.S.) and King Constantine I asked Stratos to form a government. Stratos ultimately deferred to Petros Protopapadakis who successfully formed a government a few days later.
Trial and execution
Later in 1922, Stratos, along with Gounaris, Protopapadakis and others were charged, tried and convicted for the loss of the war in Asia Minor in what was known as the Trial of the Six. Stratos was executed at Goudi on 28 November 1922.
His son, Andreas Stratos, became a prominent politician and historian, while his daughter, Dora Stratou, became an actress and important promoter of Greek folk music and dances.
References
^ Keridis, Dimitris (2022-06-06). Historical Dictionary of Modern Greece. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 239. ISBN 978-1-4422-6471-7.
^ Travlos, Konstantinos (2020-10-14). Salvation and Catastrophe: The Greek-Turkish War, 1919–1922. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 386. ISBN 978-1-4985-8508-8.
^ Llewellyn-Smith, Michael (2022-06-01). Ionian Vision: Greece in Asia Minor, 1919-22. Hurst Publishers. ISBN 978-1-78738-866-6.
Political offices
Preceded byDimitrios Gounaris
Prime Minister of Greece 3–9 May 1922
Succeeded byPetros Protopapadakis
vteHeads of government of GreeceFirst Hellenic Republic(1822–1832)
Mavrokordatos
P. Mavromichalis
Kountouriotis
And. Zaimis
I. Kapodistrias
A. Kapodistrias
Kingdom of Greece (Wittelsbach)(1833–1862)
Sp. Trikoupis
Mavrokordatos
Kolettis
von Armansperg
von Rudhart
King Otto
Mavrokordatos
King Otto
A. Metaxas
Kanaris
Mavrokordatos
Kolettis
Tzavelas
Kountouriotis
Kanaris
Kriezis
Mavrokordatos
D. Voulgaris
Miaoulis
Kolokotronis
Kingdom of Greece (Interregnum)(1862–1863)
D. Voulgaris
Moraitinis
Z. Valvis
Kyriakos
Roufos
Kingdom of Greece (Glücksburg)(1863–1924)
D. Voulgaris
Kanaris
Z. Valvis
Kanaris
Koumoundouros
Deligeorgis
Roufos
D. Voulgaris
Koumoundouros
Deligeorgis
Roufos
D. Voulgaris
Koumoundouros
Moraitinis
D. Voulgaris
Thr. Zaimis
Deligeorgis
Koumoundouros
Thr. Zaimis
D. Voulgaris
Deligeorgis
D. Voulgaris
Ch. Trikoupis
Koumoundouros
Deligeorgis
Koumoundouros
Deligeorgis
Koumoundouros
Kanaris
Koumoundouros
Ch. Trikoupis
Koumoundouros
Ch. Trikoupis
Koumoundouros
Ch. Trikoupis
Diligiannis
D. Valvis
Ch. Trikoupis
Diligiannis
Konstantopoulos
Ch. Trikoupis
Sotiropoulos
Ch. Trikoupis
Deligiannis
Diligiannis
D. Rallis
Al. Zaimis
G. Theotokis
Al. Zaimis
Diligiannis
G. Theotokis
D. Rallis
G. Theotokis
Diligiannis
D. Rallis
G. Theotokis
D. Rallis
K. Mavromichalis
Dragoumis
El. Venizelos
Gounaris
El. Venizelos
Al. Zaimis
Skouloudis
Al. Zaimis
Kalogeropoulos
El. Venizelos2
Lambros
Al. Zaimis
El. Venizelos
D. Rallis
Kalogeropoulos
Gounaris
Stratos
Protopapadakis
Triantafyllakos
Charalambis
Krokidas
Gonatas
El. Venizelos
Kafantaris
Second Hellenic Republic(1924–1935)
Papanastasiou
Sofoulis
Michalakopoulos
Pangalos1
Eftaxias1
Kondylis3
Al. Zaimis
El. Venizelos
Papanastasiou
El. Venizelos
P. Tsaldaris
El. Venizelos
Othonaios3
P. Tsaldaris
Kingdom of Greece (Glücksburg)(1935–1973)
Kondylis1
Demertzis
I. Metaxas1
Koryzis
Tsouderos2
Tsolakoglou4
Logothetopoulos4
I. Rallis4
Bakirtzis2
S. Venizelos2
Svolos2
G. Papandreou (Sr.)
Plastiras
P. Voulgaris
Archbishop Damaskinos
Kanellopoulos
Sofoulis
Poulitsas3
K. Tsaldaris
Maximos
K. Tsaldaris
Sofoulis
Vafeiadis2
Partsalidis2
Diomidis
I. Theotokis3
S. Venizelos
Plastiras
S. Venizelos
Plastiras
Kiousopoulos3
Papagos
K. Karamanlis (Sr.)
Georgakopoulos3
K. Karamanlis (Sr.)
Dovas3
K. Karamanlis (Sr.)
Pipinelis
Sty. Mavromichalis3
G. Papandreou (Sr.)
Paraskevopoulos3
G. Papandreou (Sr.)
Novas
Tsirimokos
Stefanopoulos
Paraskevopoulos3
Kanellopoulos3
Military Junta(1967–1974)
Kollias1
Papadopoulos1
Markezinis1
Androutsopoulos1
Third Hellenic Republic(since 1974)
K. Karamanlis (Sr.)
G. Rallis
A. Papandreou
Tzannetakis
Grivas3
Zolotas
Ko. Mitsotakis
A. Papandreou
Simitis
K. Karamanlis (Jr.)
G. Papandreou (Jr.)
Papademos3
Pikrammenos3
Samaras
Tsipras
Thanou3
Tsipras
Ky. Mitsotakis
Sarmas3
Ky. Mitsotakis
1Head of military/dictatorial government. 2Head of rival government not controlling Athens. 3Head of emergency or caretaker government. 4Head of collaborationist government during the Axis occupation (1941–44).
vteForeign ministers of GreeceFirst Hellenic Republic(1822–1832)
Negris§
Al. Mavrokordatos§
Glarakis§
Sp. Trikoupis§†
Kingdom of Greece (Wittelsbach)(1833–1862)
Sp. Trikoupis
Al. Mavrokordatos
Rizos-Neroulos
von Rudhart
Zografos
Paikos
Christidis
Rizos-Neroulos
P. Deligiannis
A. Metaxas
Mansolas
Sp. Trikoupis
Kolettis
Tzavelas
Kolettis
Tzavelas
Mansolas
Kolokotronis
Londos
Glarakis
Londos
P. Deligiannis
Paikos
Argyropoulos
Al. Mavrokordatos
Sp. Trikoupis
Rangavis
Palamidis
Thr. Zaimis
Krestenitis
Papalexopoulos
Christopoulos
Theocharis
Kingdom of Greece (Glücksburg)(1863–1924)
Diamantopoulos
Kalligas
D. Mavrokordatos
Diligiannis
Kalligas
P. Deligiannis
Diligiannis
Kalligas
Diligiannis
Boudouris
Vrailas-Armenis
Deligeorgis
Christopoulos
Koumoundouros
Deligeorgis
Valasopoulos
Valaoritis
Deligeorgis
Ch. Trikoupis
P. Deligiannis
Diligiannis
Valaoritis
Deligeorgis
Christopoulos
Thr. Zaimis
D. Voulgaris
Spiliotakis
I. Deligiannis
Ch. Trikoupis
Kontostavlos
Deligeorgis
Kontostavlos
Deligeorgis
Koumoundouros
Ch. Trikoupis
Diligiannis
Ch. Trikoupis
Diligiannis
Ch. Trikoupis
Koumoundouros
Rikakis
Ch. Trikoupis
Koumoundouros
Diligiannis
Louriotis
S. Dragoumis
L. Deligiorgis
Meletopoulos
S. Dragoumis
Kontostavlos
N. Deligiannis
Skouzes
Skouloudis
Al. Zaimis
Romanos
Al. Zaimis
Skouzes
G. Theotokis
D. Rallis
Romanos
Skouzes
Baltatzis
Christakis-Zografos
Mavromichalis
Kallergis
Gryparis
Koromilas
Panas
Streit
El. Venizelos
Christakis-Zografos
Gounaris
El. Venizelos
Al. Zaimis
Skouloudis
Al. Zaimis
Karapanos
Zalokostas
Al. Zaimis
Politis
D. Rallis
Kalogeropoulos
Baltatzis
Stratos
Baltatzis
Kalogeropoulos
Papanastasiou
Second Hellenic Republic(1924–1935)
Roussos
Rendis
Roussos
Michalakopoulos
Hatzikyriakos
Rendis
Hatzikyriakos
Kanakaris-Roufos
Argyropoulos
Michalakopoulos
Karapanos
Argyropoulos
Michalakopoulos
Papanastasiou
Michalakopoulos
I. Rallis
Michalakopoulos
Mavroudis
Maximos
P. Tsaldaris
Maximos
P. Tsaldaris
Maximos
I. Theotokis
Kingdom of Greece (Glücksburg)(1935–1973)
Demertzis
I. Metaxas
Koryzis
Tsouderos
G. Papandreou (Sr.)
Sofianopoulos
P. Voulgaris
Politis
Kanellopoulos
Sofianopoulos
Rendis
K. Tsaldaris
Pipinelis
S. Venizelos
Plastiras
S. Venizelos
Politis
S. Venizelos
F. Dragoumis
Stefanopoulos
S. Theotokis
Averoff
Pesmazoglou
Averoff
Pesmazoglou
Averoff
Pipinelis
Oikonomou-Gouras
S. Venizelos
Xanthopoulos-Palamas
Kostopoulos
Melas
Tsirimokos
Stefanopoulos
Toumbas
Oikonomou-Gouras
Military Junta(1967–1974)
Oikonomou-Gouras
Kollias
Pipinelis
Papadopoulos
Xanthopoulos-Palamas
Tetenes
Third Hellenic Republic(since 1974)
Kypraios
Mavros
Bitsios
Papaligouras
G. Rallis
Mitsotakis
Charalambopoulos
K. Papoulias
G. Papoulias
Samaras
Mitsotakis
Papakonstantinou
K. Papoulias
Pangalos
G. Papandreou (Jr)
Giannitsis
Molyviatis
Bakoyannis
G. Papandreou (Jr)
Droutsas
Lambrinidis
Dimas
Molyviatis
Avramopoulos
Ev. Venizelos
Kotzias
Molyviatis
Kotzias
Tsipras
Katrougalos
Dendias
Kaskarelis
Gerapetritis
§ variously as Chief Secretary/General Secretary of State† officially considered the first foreign minister of independent Greece
vteInterior Ministers of GreeceFirst Hellenic Republic(1822–1832)
Kolettis
Papaflessas
Anast. Londos
Collective committees (1827–32)
Christidis
Kingdom of Greece (Wittelsbach)(1833–1862)
Rizos–Neroulos
Psyllas
Kolettis
Praidis
Mansolas
Polyzoidis
Glarakis
Theocharis
Mavrokordatos
Christidis
Palamidis
And. S. Londos
Kolettis
Palamidis
Krestenitis
Roufos
Anast. Londos
Glarakis
Christidis
Krestenitis
Notaras
Meletopoulos
Danopoulos
Palamidis
Amvrosiadis
Palamidis
Mavrokordatos
D. Voulgaris
Provelengios
Palamidis
Kountouriotis
Krestenitis
Papalexopoulos
Christopoulos
Kolokotronis
Kingdom of Greece (Glücksburg)(1863–1924)
Thr. Zaimis
And. Ch. Londos
Avgerinos
G. Petimezas
And. Ch. Londos
G. Petimezas
D. Voulgaris
Thr. Zaimis
Avgerinos
Koumoundouros
Hatzianargyrou
Koumoundouros
Lomvardos
Thr. Zaimis
D. Voulgaris
Koumoundouros
Thr. Zaimis
Deligeorgis
Nikolopoulos
Provelengios
Roufos
D. Voulgaris
Koumoundouros
Messinezis
D. Voulgaris
Thr. Zaimis
Deligeorgis
Koumoundouros
Thr. Zaimis
Nikolopoulos
Deligeorgis
Drosos
Deligeorgis
Drosos
D. Voulgaris
Trikoupis
Koumoundouros
I. Deligiannis
Koumoundouros
Deligeorgis
Antonopoulos
Papamichalopoulos
Koumoundouros
Thr. Zaimis
Koumoundouros
Lomvardos
Papamichalopoulos
Trikoupis
Lomvardos
Papamichalopoulos
Papailiopoulos
Lomvardos
Trikoupis
Dragoumis
G. Theotokis
Diligiannis
Konstantopoulos
G. Theotokis
D. Rallis
Boufidis
N. Deligiannis
N. Metaxas
Kyr. Mavromichalis
G. Theotokis
Korpas
Triantafyllakos
G. Theotokis
Triantafyllakos
Kyr. Mavromichalis
Levidis
Kyr. Mavromichalis
G. Theotokis
Diligiannis
D. Rallis
Kyr. Mavromichalis
Kalogeropoulos
Levidis
N. Stratos
Triantafyllakos
Dragoumis
Ep. Petmezas
Mavrommatis
Repoulis
Triantafyllakos
Kafantaris
Gounaris
Roufos
National Defence Government
Sofoulis
Tsellos
Negris
Repoulis
Raktivan
Tsaldaris
Stais
Goudas
Karpetopoulos
N. Stratos
Bousios
Charalambis
Krokidas
Pierrakos-Mavromichalis
G. Papandreou
Sakellaropoulos
Sofoulis
Second Hellenic Republic(1924–1935)
Aravantinos
Pierrakos-Mavromichalis
Kondylis
Maris
Panagiotopoulos
Pangalos
Spyridonos
Aravantinos
Thr. Petimezas
Tsaldaris
Al. Zaimis
Maris
Gotsis
Zavitsianos
Argyropoulos
Sideris
Karapanagiotis
Lidorikis
Bakopoulos
Tsirimokos
I. Metaxas
Maris
Tsimikalis
I. Rallis
Moutzouridis
Giannopoulos
Chloros
P. Rallis
Tsaldaris
P. Rallis
Kingdom of Greece (Glücksburg)(1935–1973/4)
Schinas
Triantafyllakos
Logothetis
Skylakakis
Dourentis
Maniadakis
Collaborationist government
Demestichas
I. Papadopoulos
Tsolakoglou
Tsirigotis
Tavoularis
PEEA
Siantos
Manouilidis
P. Rallis
Athanasiadis-Novas
Tsatsos
P. Voulgaris
Gounarakis
Psarras
Rentis
Havinis
I. Theotokis
Kalkanis
Kyrozis
Alexandris
G. Papandreou
P. Mavromichalis
Hatzipanos
F. Zaimis
Lianopoulos
Katsotas
G. Papandreou
Garoufalias
Venizelos
Modis
Giannopoulos
Bakopoulos
Kiousopoulos
Rentis
Kiousopoulos
Lykourezos
Nikolitsas
Triantafyllis
Lianopoulos
Makris
Georgakopoulos
Makris
Lianopoulos
G. Rallis
Panagiotopoulos
St. Mavromichalis
Kostopoulos
Paraskevopoulos
Toumbas
Tsirimokos
Toumbas
F. Zaimis
Chr. Stratos
Theotokis
Military Junta(1967–1974)
Pattakos
Adroutsopoulos
Pattakos
Agathangelou
Tsoumbas
Third Hellenic Republic(since 1974)
G. Rallis
Chr. Stratos
Zepos
Stephanopoulos
Iordanoglou
Mitsopoulos
Chr. Stratos
Daskalakis
Gennimatas
Koutsogiorgas
Markopoulos
Koutsogiorgas
Markopoulos
Koutsogiorgas
Papastefanakis
Tsochatzopoulos
Markopoulos
Konstantopoulos
Skouris
Katrivanos
Kouvelas
Kleitos
Kefalogiannis
Georgakis
Tsochatzopoulos
Skandalidis
Tsochatzopoulos
Skouris
A. Papadopoulos
V. Papandreou
Koumandos
V. Papandreou
Skandalidis
Alivizatos
Pavlopoulos
Flogaitis
Pavlopoulos
Flogaitis
Ragousis
Kastanidis
Giannitsis
Manitakis
Stylianidis
Michelakis
Dinopoulos
Voutsis
Manitakis
Kouroumblis
Skourletis
Charitsis
Roupakiotis
Theodorikakos
In italics are denoted the Interior Ministers of parallel or non-recognized governments
vteGreece during World War IBackground
Balkan Wars
Treaty of London (1913)
Treaty of Bucharest (1913)
Northern Epirote Declaration of Independence
Autonomous Republic of Northern Epirus
Protocol of Corfu
Massacre of Phocaea
Greco-Turkish crisis of 1914
Events
1914: Serbian campaign
1915: Gallipoli campaign
May 1915 Greek legislative election
Establishment of the Macedonian front
December 1915 Greek legislative election
Serbian Army in Corfu
1916: Roupel surrender
Bulgarian invasion of eastern Macedonia
Surrender and internment of IV Corps
Italian and French occupation of Northern Epirus
National Defence coup d'état
NationalSchismNationalDefence
People: Eleftherios Venizelos
Panagiotis Danglis
Pavlos Kountouriotis
Emmanouil Zymvrakakis
Nikolaos Christodoulou
Themistoklis Sofoulis
Nikolaos Plastiras
Theodoros Pangalos
Leonidas Paraskevopoulos
Nikolaos Politis
Neokosmos Grigoriadis
Georgios Papandreou
Support: Cretan Gendarmerie
National Defence Army Corps
Serres Division
Archipelago Division
Crete Division
Allied Army of the Orient
Armée d'Orient (1915–1919)
British Salonika Army
Maurice Sarrail
Louis Franchet d'Espèrey
Democratic Battalions
Basil Zaharoff
Ideas: Pro-Entente
Megali Idea
Venizelism
Royalgovernments
People: Constantine I of Greece
Ioannis Metaxas
Dimitrios Gounaris
Viktor Dousmanis
Sofoklis Dousmanis
Stefanos Skouloudis
Stefanos Dragoumis
Ion Dragoumis
Konstantinos Nider
Georgios Theotokis
Dimitrios Rallis
Georgios Streit
Spyridon Lambros
Nikolaos Stratos
Dimitrios Kalapothakis
Georgios Pesmazoglou
Spyridon Mercouris
Support: Hellenic Army General Staff
Epistratoi
Church of Greece
Ideas: Neutrality
Monarchism
Antivenizelism
Germanophilia
Events
1916: Noemvriana
Battle of Katerini
1917: French occupation of Thessaly
Accession of Alexander of Greece
Great Thessaloniki Fire
Samarina Republic
1918: Battle of Skra-di-Legen
Vardar offensive
Liberation of Serbia, Albania and Montenegro (1918)
Armistice of Salonica
Armistice of Mudros
Occupation of Constantinople
Aftermath
1919: Paris Peace Conference (1919–1920)
Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War (Southern Russia intervention)
Greek landing at Smyrna and Greco-Turkish War (1919–1922)
Venizelos–Tittoni agreement
1920: League of Nations establishment
Treaty of Neuilly-sur-Seine
Treaty of Sèvres
1920 Greek legislative election
1920 Greek referendum
1921: Conference of London of 1921–1922
1922: Great fire of Smyrna
11 September 1922 Revolution
Armistice of Mudanya
Trial of the Six
Greek retreat from Eastern Thrace
1923: Treaty of Lausanne
Population exchange between Greece and Turkey
Remembrance
Zeitenlik
Mikra British Cemetery
Doiran Memorial
Paionia Memorial
Serbian Museum of Corfu
Vido
Allied cemetery of Moudros
Greek cemetery of Pirot
Medal of Military Merit (Greece)
Inter-Allied Victory Medal (Greece)
Authority control databases International
FAST
ISNI
VIAF
WorldCat
National
France
BnF data
Germany
United States
Greece
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[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:M._(Nikolaos)_Stratos.jpg"},{"link_name":"Greek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_language"},{"link_name":"Prime Minister of Greece","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Prime_Ministers_of_Greece"},{"link_name":"Catastrophe of 1922","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greco-Turkish_War_(1919-1922)"}],"text":"Nikolaos StratosNikolaos Stratos (Greek: Νικόλαος Στράτος; 16 May 1872 – 28 November 1922 (15 November Old Style dating)) was a Prime Minister of Greece for a few days in May 1922. He was later tried and executed for his role in the Catastrophe of 1922.","title":"Nikolaos Stratos"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Loutro, Aetolia-Acarnania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loutro,_Aetolia-Acarnania"},{"link_name":"Parliament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hellenic_Parliament"},{"link_name":"Kiriakoulis Mavromichalis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiriakoulis_Mavromichalis"},{"link_name":"Military League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_League"},{"link_name":"Liberal Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberal_Party_(Greece)"},{"link_name":"Eleftherios Venizelos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eleftherios_Venizelos"},{"link_name":"National Schism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Schism"},{"link_name":"Constantine I of Greece","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantine_I_of_Greece"},{"link_name":"World War I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I"}],"text":"Born in 1872 in Loutro, Aetolia-Acarnania, Stratos was first elected to Parliament in 1902. He was chosen as Interior Minister in 1909 under Kiriakoulis Mavromichalis after the Military League took power. In 1910, he joined the Liberal Party of Eleftherios Venizelos. In 1911, Stratos was elected President of the Parliament.However, during the National Schism, he disagreed with the liberals and sided with Constantine I of Greece. In 1916, he founded the \"National Conservative Party\". Hadvocated neutrality during World War I.","title":"Early political career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"war","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greco-Turkish_War_(1919-1922)"},{"link_name":"Asia Minor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asia_Minor"},{"link_name":"Greek attempt to capture Ankara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Sakarya"},{"link_name":"Dimitrios Gounaris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dimitrios_Gounaris"},{"link_name":"vote of confidence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vote_of_confidence"},{"link_name":"King Constantine I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantine_I_of_Greece"},{"link_name":"Petros Protopapadakis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petros_Protopapadakis"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"In 1922, Greece was in turmoil as the war in Asia Minor was in a stalemate after the failure of the Greek attempt to capture Ankara the previous year. When Prime Minister Dimitrios Gounaris almost lost a vote of confidence, he resigned on 3 May 1922 (O.S.) and King Constantine I asked Stratos to form a government. Stratos ultimately deferred to Petros Protopapadakis who successfully formed a government a few days later.[1][2]","title":"Prime minister"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Trial of the Six","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trial_of_the_Six"},{"link_name":"Goudi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goudi"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Andreas Stratos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andreas_Stratos"},{"link_name":"Dora Stratou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dora_Stratou"},{"link_name":"folk music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folk_music"}],"text":"Later in 1922, Stratos, along with Gounaris, Protopapadakis and others were charged, tried and convicted for the loss of the war in Asia Minor in what was known as the Trial of the Six. Stratos was executed at Goudi on 28 November 1922.[3]His son, Andreas Stratos, became a prominent politician and historian, while his daughter, Dora Stratou, became an actress and important promoter of Greek folk music and dances.","title":"Trial and execution"}]
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[{"image_text":"Nikolaos Stratos","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/M._%28Nikolaos%29_Stratos.jpg/220px-M._%28Nikolaos%29_Stratos.jpg"}]
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[{"reference":"Keridis, Dimitris (2022-06-06). Historical Dictionary of Modern Greece. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 239. ISBN 978-1-4422-6471-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=DAxvEAAAQBAJ&dq=%2522Nikolaos%2520Stratos%2522%2520-wikipedia&pg=PA239","url_text":"Historical Dictionary of Modern Greece"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4422-6471-7","url_text":"978-1-4422-6471-7"}]},{"reference":"Travlos, Konstantinos (2020-10-14). Salvation and Catastrophe: The Greek-Turkish War, 1919–1922. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 386. ISBN 978-1-4985-8508-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=OtAAEAAAQBAJ&dq=%2522Nikolaos%2520Stratos%2522%2520-wikipedia&pg=PA386","url_text":"Salvation and Catastrophe: The Greek-Turkish War, 1919–1922"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4985-8508-8","url_text":"978-1-4985-8508-8"}]},{"reference":"Llewellyn-Smith, Michael (2022-06-01). Ionian Vision: Greece in Asia Minor, 1919-22. Hurst Publishers. ISBN 978-1-78738-866-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=OY5yEAAAQBAJ&dq=Trial%2520of%2520the%2520Six%2520Nikolaos%2520Stratos&pg=PT531","url_text":"Ionian Vision: Greece in Asia Minor, 1919-22"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78738-866-6","url_text":"978-1-78738-866-6"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_William_Cunliffe
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John William Cunliffe
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["1 Career","2 Bibliography","3 References"]
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American author
John William Cunliffe, 1920
John William Cunliffe (January 20, 1865 - 1946) was a scholar and writer. He was a professor and English department chairman at Columbia University and also directed the school's journalism department. He was born in England.
Career
Cunliffe was one of the contributing editors to the Library of the World's Best Literature. He coauthored an introduction to one of the revised, updated, and expanded editions. He was succeeded at Columbia by Carl W. Ackerman.
In March 1928, Columbia University Press announced a plan to publish a survey of literature chaired by Cunliffe. Columbia University has a collection of English department correspondence that includes Cunliffe.
Bibliography
Poems of the Great War by John William Cunliffe, The Macmillan Company, 1916 on behalf of the Belgian scholarship committee ISBN 9781103867745
Leaders of the Victorian revolution (1934) by John William Cunliffe
The influence of Seneca on Elizabethan tragedy (1893) by John William Cunliffe
English literature during the last half-century (1919) by John William Cunliffe, a collection of essays
English literature in the twentieth century (1933) by John William Cunliffe
The complete works of George Gascoigne (1907) by George Gascoigne edited by John William Cunliffe
Modern English playwrights; a short history of the English drama from 1825 (1927) by John William Cunliffe
The Columbia University Course in Literature : Writers of Modern America, John W. Cunliffe (Chairman), Columbia University Press, New York, 1929
Early English classical tragedies (1912) by John William Cunliffe
Century readings for a course in English literature (1910) by John William Cunliffe
Writing of Today : Models of Journalistic Prose by John William Cunliffe
College English Composition (article)
References
^ "Cunliffe, John William 1865-1946". worldcat.org. WorldCat Identities.
^ "J.W. Cunliffe". loc.gov. Library of Congress.
^ "COLUMBIA ALTERS JOURNALISM POLICY; J.W. Cunliffe, Director, Tells Plans to Make Courses More Useful to News Students. REPORTING TO BE STRESSED Laboratory Work in Copy Editing Will Be Concentrated -- Other Changes Are Announced". The New York Times. 24 January 1926.
^ "John William Cunliffe and Ashley Horace Thorndike. Preface. Warner, et al., comp. 1917. The Library of the World's Best Literature". www.bartleby.com.
^ Boylan, James R.; Boylan, Professor James (28 November 2018). Pulitzer's School: Columbia University's School of Journalism, 1903-2003. Columbia University Press. ISBN 9780231130905 – via Google Books.
^ "Columbia Daily Spectator 5 March 1928 — Columbia Spectator". spectatorarchive.library.columbia.edu. Columbia University.
^ Columbia University English Department Correspondence, 1896-1961
www.columbia.edu › Libraries Home
^ Cunliffe, John W. (28 November 2018). "College English Composition". The English Journal. 1 (10): 591–600. doi:10.2307/801824. JSTOR 801824.
Authority control databases International
FAST
ISNI
VIAF
WorldCat
National
Norway
France
BnF data
Germany
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United States
Czech Republic
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Vatican
Academics
CiNii
Other
IdRef
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leeds_Central_(UK_Parliament_constituency)
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Leeds Central (UK Parliament constituency)
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["1 Boundaries","2 Constituency profile","3 History","3.1 First creation","3.2 Second creation","4 Members of Parliament","4.1 MPs 1885–1955","4.2 MPs since 1983","5 Elections","5.1 Elections in the 2010s","5.2 Elections in the 2000s","5.3 Elections in the 1990s","5.4 Elections in the 1980s","5.5 Elections in the 1950s","5.6 Elections in the 1940s","5.7 Elections in the 1930s","5.8 Elections in the 1920s","5.9 Elections in the 1910s","5.10 Elections in the 1900s","5.11 Elections in the 1890s","5.12 Elections in the 1880s","6 See also","7 Notes","8 References"]
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Parliamentary constituency in the United Kingdom
"Leeds Central" redirects here. For the former railway station, see Leeds Central railway station.
Leeds CentralFormer Borough constituencyfor the House of CommonsBoundary of Leeds Central in West YorkshireLocation of West Yorkshire within EnglandCountyWest YorkshireElectorate90,971 (December 2019)Major settlementsLeeds1983–2024SeatsOneCreated fromLeeds South, Leeds South East, Leeds East, Leeds West and Leeds North EastReplaced byLeeds Central and HeadingleyLeeds South1885–1955Created fromLeedsReplaced byLeeds West, Leeds South and Leeds South East
Leeds Central was a constituency represented in the House of Commons of the UK Parliament. The constituency first existed from 1885 until it was abolished in 1955. It was recreated in 1983.
Further to the completion of the 2023 Periodic Review of Westminster constituencies, the seat was abolished again. Subject to boundary changes involving the loss of most Leeds city centre to the newly created constituency of Leeds Central and Headingley, the seat will be reformed as Leeds South, to be first contested in the 2024 general election.
Boundaries
Map of boundaries 2010-2024
1885–1918: The Municipal Borough of Leeds wards of Mill Hill and West, and parts of the wards of Brunswick and Central.
1918–1950: The County Borough of Leeds wards of Central, Mill Hill, South, and West, and parts of the wards of Brunswick, Headingley, and North West.
1950–1951: The County Borough of Leeds wards of Armley and New Wortley, Blenheim, Central, Holbeck North, Mill Hill, and South and Westfield.
1951–1955: The County Borough of Leeds wards of Blenheim, City, Wellington, and Westfield.
1983–1997: The City of Leeds wards of Beeston, City and Holbeck, Richmond Hill, and University.
1997–2010: As above plus Hunslet.
2010–2024: The City of Leeds wards of Beeston and Holbeck, Burmantofts and Richmond Hill, City and Hunslet, Hyde Park and Woodhouse, and Middleton Park.
Following the Leeds City Council ward boundary changes prior to the 2018 election, the majority of the City and Hunslet ward became the new Hunslet and Riverside ward, whilst Leeds city centre was included in the new Little London and Woodhouse ward. Hyde Park became part of a new Headingley and Hyde Park ward, shared with the Leeds North West constituency.
Constituency profile
The business and retail centre of Leeds was at the consituency's heart. A relatively affluent hub having a large minority of its housing forming by luxury, well-served apartments or streets of grand middle-class Victorian houses, the seat has sporadic deprivation, typified by certain densely packed rows of terraced houses, home to many Labour-inclined and often low-income voters. Two large, well-ranked universities in the city centre, the professional services sector and a 21st-century increase in technology businesses has brought prosperity to the younger generations of the city. The older generations of the city have lived through the closure of many mass consumer product manufacturing and materials processing businesses in Leeds throughout the mid-20th century. Leeds' two universities produce a significant student electorate. Middleton in the south of the seat has a golf course, a miniature railway and an upcoming urban mountain bike trail centre within the boundaries.
Households as at March 2011
Status
Number
Not Deprived in Any Dimension
16,201
Deprived in 1 Dimension
21,519
Deprived in 2 Dimensions
13,586
Deprived in 3 Dimensions
5,205
Deprived in 4 Dimensions
697
History
First creation
The constituency was created in 1885 by the Redistribution of Seats Act 1885, and was first used in the general election of that year *the large Leeds seat had previously been represented by two MPs (1832–1868) and three MPs (1868–1885)). From 1885 it was represented by five single-member constituencies: Leeds Central, Leeds East, Leeds North, Leeds South and Leeds West. The constituencies of Morley, Otley and Pudsey were also created in 1885. The constituency was abolished in 1955. After the 1955 general election: Leeds was represented by Leeds East (created 1885, abolished 1918, recreated 1955), Leeds North East (created 1918), Leeds North West (created 1950), Leeds South (created 1885), and Leeds South East (created 1918). There were also constituencies of Batley and Morley (created 1918) and Pudsey (created 1885, replaced by Pudsey and Otley 1918–1950).
Second creation
Revival
The constituency was re-created for the 1983 general election.
Results of the winning party
The seat has been won by the Labour Party's candidate since 1983. Benn, elected in 1999 on the demise of Fatchett, has achieved an absolute majority (plurality of votes) in three of five elections for Leeds Central. The 2015 result made the seat the 40-safest of Labour's 232 seats by percentage of majority.
Opposition parties
Conservative runner-up, Wilson, in 2015 failed to reflect the positive national swing and fell to 17.3% of the votes cast. A candidature of UKIP, not present in 2010, saw a total share of the vote, hence positive swing, of 15.7% and thus third position.. Green Party running, not present in 2010, resulted in a 7.9% polling and fourth-place, its candidate retained his deposit. The fifth-placed Liberal Democrat forfeited her deposit..
Turnout
In general elections, turnout ranged from 87.9% in 1910 to 41.7% in 2001. In its 1999 by-election the constituency experienced the lowest voter turnout post-war of 19.6%.
Members of Parliament
Hilary Benn, Member of Parliament for Leeds Central since 1999
MPs 1885–1955
Election
Member
Party
1885
Gerald Balfour
Conservative
1906
Robert Armitage
Liberal
1922
Arthur Willey
Conservative
1923 by-election
Sir Charles Wilson
Conservative
1929
Richard Denman
Labour
1931
National Labour
1945
George Porter
Labour
1955
constituency abolished
MPs since 1983
Election
Member
Party
1983
Derek Fatchett
Labour
1999 by-election
Hilary Benn
Labour
Elections
Elections in the 2010s
General election 2019: Leeds Central
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
±%
Labour
Hilary Benn
30,413
61.7
−8.5
Conservative
Peter Fortune
11,143
22.6
+2.1
Brexit Party
Paul Thomas
2,999
6.1
New
Liberal Democrats
Jack Holland
2,343
4.8
+2.6
Green
Ed Carlisle
2,105
4.3
+1.8
SDP
William Clouston
281
0.6
New
Majority
19,270
39.1
−10.6
Turnout
49,284
54.2
+1.0
Labour hold
Swing
-5.3
General election 2017: Leeds Central
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
±%
Labour
Hilary Benn
33,453
70.2
+15.2
Conservative
Gareth Davies
9,755
20.5
+3.2
UKIP
Bill Palfreman
2,056
4.3
−11.4
Green
Ed Carlisle
1,189
2.5
−5.4
Liberal Democrats
Andy Nash
1,063
2.2
−1.2
CPA
Alex Coetzee
157
0.3
New
Majority
23,698
49.7
+12.0
Turnout
47,673
53.2
−1.9
Labour hold
Swing
+6.0
General election 2015: Leeds Central
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
±%
Labour
Hilary Benn
24,758
55.0
+5.7
Conservative
Nicola Wilson
7,791
17.3
−2.9
UKIP
Luke Senior
7,082
15.7
New
Green
Michael Hayton
3,558
7.9
New
Liberal Democrats
Emma Spriggs
1,529
3.4
−17.4
TUSC
Liz Kitching
330
0.7
New
Majority
16,967
37.7
+9.2
Turnout
45,048
55.1
–2.7
Labour hold
Swing
+4.8
General election 2010: Leeds Central
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
±%
Labour
Hilary Benn
18,434
49.3
−10.2
Liberal Democrats
Michael Taylor
7,789
20.8
−0.7
Conservative
Alan Lamb
7,541
20.2
+7.5
BNP
Kevin Meeson
3,066
8.2
+4.1
Independent
Dave Procter
409
1.1
New
Independent
We Beat The Scum One-Nil
155
0.4
New
Majority
10,645
28.5
–9.5
Turnout
37,394
57.8
+13.5
Labour hold
Swing
−4.8
Elections in the 2000s
General election 2005: Leeds Central
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
±%
Labour
Hilary Benn
17,526
60.0
-6.9
Liberal Democrats
Ruth Coleman
5,660
19.4
+6.2
Conservative
Brian Cattell
3,865
13.2
-1.1
BNP
Mark Collett
1,201
4.1
New
UKIP
Peter Sewards
494
1.7
-1.1
Independent
Mick Dear
189
0.6
New
Independent
Oluwole Taiwo
126
0.4
New
Alliance for Change
Julian Fitzgerald
125
0.4
New
Majority
11,866
40.6
-12.0
Turnout
29,186
46.4
+4.7
Labour hold
Swing
General election 2001: Leeds Central
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
±%
Labour
Hilary Benn
18,277
66.9
-2.7
Conservative
Victoria Richmond
3,896
14.3
+0.6
Liberal Democrats
Stewart Arnold
3,607
13.2
+1.9
UKIP
David Burgess
775
2.8
New
Socialist Alliance
Stephen Johnston
751
2.8
New
Majority
14,381
52.6
-3.3
Turnout
27,306
41.7
-12.5
Labour hold
Swing
Elections in the 1990s
1999 Leeds Central by-election
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
±%
Labour
Hilary Benn
6,361
48.2
-21.4
Liberal Democrats
Peter Wild
4,068
30.8
+19.6
Conservative
Edward Wild
1,618
12.3
-1.4
Green
David Blackburn
478
3.6
New
UKIP
Raymond Northgreaves
353
2.7
New
Leeds Left Alliance
Chris Hill
258
2.0
New
Independent
Julian Fitzgerald
51
0.4
New
Majority
2,293
17.4
-38.5
Turnout
13,187
19.6
-35.1
Labour hold
Swing
General election 1997: Leeds Central
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
±%
Labour
Derek Fatchett
25,766
69.6
Conservative
Edward Wild
5,077
13.7
Liberal Democrats
David Freeman
4,164
11.3
Referendum
Philip Myers
1,042
2.8
New
Socialist Labour
Mick Rix
656
1.8
New
Socialist Alternative
Chris Hill
304
0.8
New
Majority
20,689
55.9
Turnout
37,009
54.7
Labour hold
Swing
General election 1992: Leeds Central
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
±%
Labour
Derek Fatchett
23,673
62.2
+6.6
Conservative
TC Holdroyd
8,653
22.7
−2.8
Liberal Democrats
David Pratt
5,713
15.0
−2.9
Majority
15,020
39.5
+9.4
Turnout
38,039
61.3
−3.5
Labour hold
Swing
+4.7
Elections in the 1980s
General election 1987: Leeds Central
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
±%
Labour
Derek Fatchett
21,270
55.6
+7.7
Conservative
David Schofield
9,765
25.5
-1.4
SDP
Karen Lee
6,853
17.9
-9.0
Communist
William Innis
355
0.9
+0.1
Majority
11,505
30.1
+9.1
Turnout
59,019
64.8
+3.1
Labour hold
Swing
+4.5
General election 1983: Leeds Central
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
±%
Labour
Derek Fatchett
18,706
47.9
Liberal
Peter Wrigley
10,484
26.9
Conservative
Michael Ashley-Brown
9,181
23.6
BNP
G. Cummins
331
0.9
Communist
J.M. Rogers
314
0.8
Majority
8,222
21.0
Turnout
39,030
61.7
Labour win (new seat)
Elections in the 1950s
General election 1951: Leeds Central
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
±%
Labour
George Porter
23,967
62.35
Conservative
William Barford
14,475
37.65
Majority
9,492
24.70
Turnout
38,442
77.10
Labour hold
Swing
General election 1950: Leeds Central
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
±%
Labour
George Porter
24,030
60.75
Conservative
William Barford
13,351
33.75
Liberal
Victor Delepine
2,176
5.50
Majority
10,679
27.00
Turnout
39,557
78.26
Labour hold
Swing
Elections in the 1940s
General election 1945: Leeds Central
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
±%
Labour
George Porter
13,370
57.14
Conservative
Charles Denman
8,011
34.24
New
Liberal
Basil Mayer Sandelson
2,017
8.62
New
Majority
5,359
22.90
N/A
Turnout
23,398
63.43
Labour gain from National Labour
Swing
Elections in the 1930s
General election 1935: Leeds Central
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
±%
National Labour
Richard Denman
17,747
56.43
Labour
Fred Lindley
13,701
43.57
Majority
4,046
12.86
Turnout
31,448
61.44
National Labour hold
Swing
General election 1931: Leeds Central
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
±%
National Labour
Richard Denman
26,496
71.36
New
Labour
Moss Turner-Samuels
10,633
28.64
Majority
15,863
42.72
N/A
Turnout
37,129
66.20
National Labour gain from Labour
Swing
Elections in the 1920s
General election 1929: Leeds Central
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
±%
Labour
Richard Denman
17,322
44.6
+4.2
Unionist
Charles Wilson
15,958
41.0
−18.6
Liberal
Myer Jack Landa
5,607
14.4
New
Majority
1,364
3.6
N/A
Turnout
38,887
68.9
+7.9
Registered electors
56,417
Labour gain from Unionist
Swing
+11.4
General election 1924: Leeds Central
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
±%
Unionist
Charles Wilson
16,182
59.6
+3.4
Labour
E. J. C. Neep
10,975
40.4
−3.4
Majority
5,207
19.2
+6.8
Turnout
27,157
61.0
+0.9
Registered electors
44,532
Unionist hold
Swing
+3.4
General election 1923: Leeds Central
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
±%
Unionist
Charles Wilson
14,853
56.2
+6.2
Labour
Henry Slesser
11,574
43.8
+16.0
Majority
3,279
12.4
−9.8
Turnout
26,427
60.1
−6.0
Registered electors
43,972
Unionist hold
Swing
−4.9
1923 Leeds Central by-election
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
±%
Unionist
Charles Wilson
13,085
47.6
−2.4
Labour
Henry Slesser
11,359
41.4
+13.6
Liberal
Gilbert Stone
3,026
11.0
−11.2
Majority
1,726
6.2
−16.0
Turnout
27,470
64.3
−1.8
Registered electors
42,738
Unionist hold
Swing
−8.0
General election 1922: Leeds Central
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
±%
Unionist
Arthur Willey
14,137
50.0
New
Labour
Henry Slesser
7,844
27.8
New
Liberal
Robert Armitage
6,260
22.2
−58.4
Majority
6,293
22.2
N/A
Turnout
28,241
66.1
+28.7
Registered electors
42,738
Unionist gain from Liberal
Swing
N/A
Elections in the 1910s
Robert Armitage
General election 1918: Leeds Central
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
±%
C
Liberal
Robert Armitage
11,474
70.6
+18.0
Independent
* Ernest Terry
2,634
16.2
New
Co-operative Party
Joseph Smith
2,146
13.2
New
Majority
8,840
54.4
+49.2
Turnout
16,254
37.4
−42.5
Registered electors
43,496
Liberal hold
Swing
N/A
C indicates candidate endorsed by the coalition government.
* Terry was supported by the three local branches of National Association of Discharged Sailors and Soldiers, National Federation of Discharged and Demobilized Sailors and Soldiers and Comrades of the Great War.
General Election 1914–15:
Another General Election was required to take place before the end of 1915. The political parties had been making preparations for an election to take place and by the July 1914, the following candidates had been selected;
Liberal: Robert Armitage
General election December 1910: Leeds Central
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
±%
Liberal
Robert Armitage
3,519
52.6
-2.6
Conservative
John Gordon
3,169
47.4
+2.6
Majority
350
5.2
-5.2
Turnout
6,688
79.9
-8.0
Liberal hold
Swing
-2.6
General election January 1910: Leeds Central
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
±%
Liberal
Robert Armitage
3,987
54.2
-3.1
Conservative
John Gordon
3,366
45.8
+3.1
Majority
621
8.4
-6.2
Turnout
7,353
87.9
+5.7
Liberal hold
Swing
Elections in the 1900s
R. Armitage
General election 1906: Leeds Central
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
±%
Liberal
Robert Armitage
4,188
57.3
+15.0
Conservative
Gerald Balfour
3,119
42.7
−15.0
Majority
1,069
14.6
N/A
Turnout
7,307
82.2
+9.0
Registered electors
8,893
Liberal gain from Conservative
Swing
+15.0
General election 1900: Leeds Central
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
±%
Conservative
Gerald Balfour
4,144
57.7
+3.9
Liberal
Samuel Montagu
3,042
42.3
−3.9
Majority
1,102
15.4
+7.8
Turnout
7,186
73.2
−9.9
Registered electors
9,820
Conservative hold
Swing
+3.9
Elections in the 1890s
General election 1895: Leeds Central
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
±%
Conservative
Gerald Balfour
4,631
53.8
+3.2
Liberal
Leifchild Jones
3,977
46.2
−3.2
Majority
654
7.6
+6.4
Turnout
8,608
83.1
−2.9
Registered electors
10,353
Conservative hold
Swing
+3.2
General election 1892: Leeds Central
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
±%
Conservative
Gerald Balfour
4,448
50.6
+0.5
Liberal
John Lawson Walton
4,335
49.4
−0.5
Majority
113
1.2
+1.0
Turnout
8,783
86.0
+10.2
Registered electors
10,215
Conservative hold
Swing
+0.5
Elections in the 1880s
General election 1886: Leeds Central
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
±%
Conservative
Gerald Balfour
4,225
50.1
−1.7
Liberal
James Kitson
4,212
49.9
+1.7
Majority
13
0.2
−3.4
Turnout
8,437
75.8
−3.8
Registered electors
11,135
Conservative hold
Swing
−1.7
General election 1885: Leeds Central
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
±%
Conservative
Gerald Balfour
4,589
51.8
Liberal
John Barran
4,275
48.2
Majority
314
3.6
Turnout
8,864
79.6
Registered electors
11,135
Conservative win (new seat)
See also
List of parliamentary constituencies in West Yorkshire
1999 Leeds Central by-election
Notes
^ UKIP's swing nationally was +9.5% in 2015
^ The Liberal Democrats's swing nationally was −15.2% in 2015, 1.7% less than in Leeds Central
References
^ "Leeds Central Parliamentary constituency". BBC. 12 December 2019. Retrieved 4 January 2020.
^ "'Leeds Central', June 1983 up to May 1997". ElectionWeb Project. Cognitive Computing Limited. Archived from the original on 12 March 2016. Retrieved 11 March 2016.
^ "The House of Commons (Redistribution of Seats) Order 1951. SI 1951/320". Statutory Instruments 1951. Vol. II. London: Her Majesty's Stationery Office. 1952. pp. 410–412.
^ a b "Local statistics – Office for National Statistics". neighbourhood.statistics.gov.uk.
^ a b "Politics". The Guardian.
^ Parish: Key Statistics: Economic. (2011 census) Retrieved 2016-05-04.
^ "Labour Members of Parliament 2015". UK Political.info. Archived from the original on 29 September 2018.
^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 18 July 2008. Retrieved 21 March 2010.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
^ BBC (11 July 2008). "Election Records". BBC News. Retrieved 11 July 2008.
^ a b Leigh Rayment's Historical List of MPs – Constituencies beginning with "L" (part 1)
^ "Leeds Central Parliamentary constituency". BBC News. BBC. Retrieved 2 November 2019.
^ "Leeds Central" (PDF). Leeds City Council. Retrieved 11 May 2017.
^ "Election Data 2015". Electoral Calculus. Archived from the original on 17 October 2015. Retrieved 17 October 2015.
^ "Leeds Central". BBC News. Retrieved 13 May 2015.
^ "Election Data 2010". Electoral Calculus. Archived from the original on 26 July 2013. Retrieved 17 October 2015.
^ "UK > England > Yorkshire & the Humber > Leeds Central". Election 2010. BBC. 7 May 2010. Retrieved 12 May 2010.
^ "Politics Resources". Election 1992. Politics Resources. 9 April 1992. Archived from the original on 24 July 2011. Retrieved 6 December 2010.
^ "UK General Election results: June 1983 ". www.politicsresources.net. Archived from the original on 16 February 2016. Retrieved 11 September 2009.
^ "UK General Election results: October 1951 ". www.politicsresources.net. Archived from the original on 11 August 2011. Retrieved 4 December 2012.
^ "UK General Election results: February 1950 ". www.politicsresources.net. Archived from the original on 11 August 2011. Retrieved 4 December 2012.
^ "UK General Election results: July 1945 ". www.politicsresources.net. Archived from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 4 December 2012.
^ a b c d British Parliamentary Election Results 1918–1949, FWS Craig
^ Craig, F. W. S. (1983). British parliamentary election results 1918–1949 (3 ed.). Chichester: Parliamentary Research Services. ISBN 0-900178-06-X.
^ a b c d e f g h British parliamentary election results, 1885–1918 (Craig)
^ "Election News". Dundee Courier. 7 June 1886. p. 3. Retrieved 3 December 2017 – via British Newspaper Archive.
^ "General News". Edinburgh Evening News. 2 May 1885. p. 4. Retrieved 3 December 2017 – via British Newspaper Archive.
vteLeeds constituenciesCurrent
Leeds Central and Headingley
Leeds East
Leeds North East
Leeds North West
Leeds South
Leeds West and Pudsey
Leeds South West and Morley
Wetherby and Easingwold
Historic
Leeds (1832–1885)
Pudsey (1885-2024)
Leeds Central (1885-1955, and 1983-2024)
Leeds North (1885–1955)
Leeds South (1885–1983)
Pudsey and Otley (1918–1950)
Batley and Morley (1918–1983)
Leeds South East (1918–1983)
Morley and Leeds South (1983–1997)
Elmet (1983–2010)
Morley and Rothwell (1997–2010)
Elmet and Rothwell (2010-2024)
Morley and Outwood (2010-2024)
vteConstituencies in Yorkshire and the Humber (54)Labour (30)
Barnsley Central
Barnsley East
Batley and Spen
Bradford East
Bradford South
Bradford West
Doncaster Central
Doncaster North
Halifax
Hemsworth
Huddersfield
Kingston upon Hull East
Kingston upon Hull North
Kingston upon Hull West and Hessle
Leeds Central
Leeds East
Leeds North East
Leeds North West
Leeds West
Normanton, Pontefract and Castleford
Rotherham
Selby and Ainsty
Sheffield Brightside and Hillsborough
Sheffield Central
Sheffield Hallam
Sheffield Heeley
Sheffield South East
Wakefield
Wentworth and Dearne
York Central
Conservative (24)
Beverley and Holderness
Brigg and Goole
Calder Valley
Cleethorpes
Colne Valley
Dewsbury
Don Valley
East Yorkshire
Elmet and Rothwell
Great Grimsby
Haltemprice and Howden
Harrogate and Knaresborough
Keighley
Morley and Outwood
Penistone and Stocksbridge
Pudsey
Richmond (Yorks)
Rother Valley
Scarborough and Whitby
Scunthorpe
Shipley
Skipton and Ripon
Thirsk and Malton
York Outer
Not yet contested (24)
Barnsley North
Barnsley North
Bridlington and The Wolds
Brigg and Immingham
Dewsbury and Batley
Doncaster East and the Isle of Axholme
Goole and Pocklington
Great Grimsby and Cleethorpes
Keighley and Ilkley
Kingston upon Hull North and Cottingham
Kingston upon Hull West and Haltemprice
Leeds Central and Headingley
Leeds South
Leeds South West and Morley
Leeds West and Pudsey
Normanton and Hemsworth
Ossett and Denby Dale
Pontefract, Castleford and Knottingley
Rawmarsh and Conisbrough
Richmond and Northallerton
Selby
Spen Valley
Wakefield and Rothwell
Wetherby and Easingwold
East Midlands
East of England
London
North East England
North West England
Northern Ireland
Scotland
South East England
South West England
Wales
West Midlands
Yorkshire and the Humber
Party affiliations are based on the situation as of the dissolution of parliament on 30 May 2024. Technically all seats are now vacant until the general election on 4 July 2024.
Authority control databases: People
UK Parliament
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Leeds Central railway station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leeds_Central_railway_station"},{"link_name":"constituency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_Kingdom_Parliament_constituencies"},{"link_name":"House of Commons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_the_United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"UK Parliament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_of_the_United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"2023 Periodic Review of Westminster constituencies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_Periodic_Review_of_Westminster_constituencies"},{"link_name":"Leeds Central and Headingley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leeds_Central_and_Headingley_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Leeds South","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leeds_South_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"2024 general election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024_United_Kingdom_general_election"}],"text":"\"Leeds Central\" redirects here. For the former railway station, see Leeds Central railway station.Leeds Central was a constituency represented in the House of Commons of the UK Parliament. The constituency first existed from 1885 until it was abolished in 1955. It was recreated in 1983.Further to the completion of the 2023 Periodic Review of Westminster constituencies, the seat was abolished again. Subject to boundary changes involving the loss of most Leeds city centre to the newly created constituency of Leeds Central and Headingley, the seat will be reformed as Leeds South, to be first contested in the 2024 general election.","title":"Leeds Central (UK Parliament constituency)"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Beeston and Holbeck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beeston_and_Holbeck_(ward)"},{"link_name":"Burmantofts and Richmond Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burmantofts_and_Richmond_Hill_(ward)"},{"link_name":"Middleton Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middleton_Park_(ward)"},{"link_name":"Leeds City Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leeds_City_Council"},{"link_name":"ward boundary changes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local_Government_Boundary_Commission_for_England"},{"link_name":"2018 election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_Leeds_City_Council_election"},{"link_name":"Hunslet and Riverside","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunslet_and_Riverside_(ward)"},{"link_name":"Leeds city centre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leeds_city_centre"},{"link_name":"Little London and Woodhouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_London_and_Woodhouse_(ward)"},{"link_name":"Hyde Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyde_Park,_Leeds"},{"link_name":"Headingley and Hyde Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Headingley_and_Hyde_Park_(ward)"},{"link_name":"Leeds North West","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leeds_North_West_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"}],"text":"Map of boundaries 2010-20241885–1918: The Municipal Borough of Leeds wards of Mill Hill and West, and parts of the wards of Brunswick and Central.1918–1950: The County Borough of Leeds wards of Central, Mill Hill, South, and West, and parts of the wards of Brunswick, Headingley, and North West.1950–1951: The County Borough of Leeds wards of Armley and New Wortley, Blenheim, Central, Holbeck North, Mill Hill, and South and Westfield.1951–1955: The County Borough of Leeds wards of Blenheim, City, Wellington, and Westfield.[3]1983–1997: The City of Leeds wards of Beeston, City and Holbeck, Richmond Hill, and University.1997–2010: As above plus Hunslet.2010–2024: The City of Leeds wards of Beeston and Holbeck, Burmantofts and Richmond Hill, City and Hunslet, Hyde Park and Woodhouse, and Middleton Park.Following the Leeds City Council ward boundary changes prior to the 2018 election, the majority of the City and Hunslet ward became the new Hunslet and Riverside ward, whilst Leeds city centre was included in the new Little London and Woodhouse ward. Hyde Park became part of a new Headingley and Hyde Park ward, shared with the Leeds North West constituency.","title":"Boundaries"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-census-4"},{"link_name":"electorate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/electorate"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-census-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-g-5"}],"text":"The business and retail centre of Leeds was at the consituency's heart. A relatively affluent hub having a large minority of its housing forming by luxury, well-served apartments or streets of grand middle-class Victorian houses, the seat has sporadic deprivation, typified by certain densely packed rows of terraced houses, home to many Labour-inclined and often low-income voters. Two large, well-ranked universities in the city centre, the professional services sector and a 21st-century increase in technology businesses has brought prosperity to the younger generations of the city. The older generations of the city have lived through the closure of many mass consumer product manufacturing and materials processing businesses in Leeds throughout the mid-20th century.[4] Leeds' two universities produce a significant student electorate.[4][5] Middleton in the south of the seat has a golf course, a miniature railway and an upcoming urban mountain bike trail centre within the boundaries.","title":"Constituency profile"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Redistribution of Seats Act 1885","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Redistribution_of_Seats_Act_1885"},{"link_name":"general election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1885_United_Kingdom_general_election"},{"link_name":"Leeds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leeds_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Leeds East","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leeds_East_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Leeds North","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leeds_North_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Leeds South","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leeds_South_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Leeds West","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leeds_West_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Morley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morley_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Otley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otley_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Pudsey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pudsey_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"1955 general election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1955_United_Kingdom_general_election"},{"link_name":"Leeds North East","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leeds_North_East_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Leeds North West","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leeds_North_West_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Leeds South","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leeds_South_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Leeds South East","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leeds_South_East_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Batley and Morley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batley_and_Morley_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"}],"sub_title":"First creation","text":"The constituency was created in 1885 by the Redistribution of Seats Act 1885, and was first used in the general election of that year *the large Leeds seat had previously been represented by two MPs (1832–1868) and three MPs (1868–1885)). From 1885 it was represented by five single-member constituencies: Leeds Central, Leeds East, Leeds North, Leeds South and Leeds West. The constituencies of Morley, Otley and Pudsey were also created in 1885. The constituency was abolished in 1955. After the 1955 general election: Leeds was represented by Leeds East (created 1885, abolished 1918, recreated 1955), Leeds North East (created 1918), Leeds North West (created 1950), Leeds South (created 1885), and Leeds South East (created 1918). There were also constituencies of Batley and Morley (created 1918) and Pudsey (created 1885, replaced by Pudsey and Otley 1918–1950).","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"1983 general election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1983_United_Kingdom_general_election"},{"link_name":"Labour Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labour_Party_(UK)"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Conservative","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservative_Party_(UK)"},{"link_name":"UKIP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UKIP"},{"link_name":"[n 1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"deposit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deposit_(politics)"},{"link_name":"[n 2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"war","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-g-5"}],"sub_title":"Second creation","text":"RevivalThe constituency was re-created for the 1983 general election.Results of the winning partyThe seat has been won by the Labour Party's candidate since 1983. Benn, elected in 1999 on the demise of Fatchett, has achieved an absolute majority (plurality of votes) in three of five elections for Leeds Central. The 2015 result made the seat the 40-safest of Labour's 232 seats by percentage of majority.[7]Opposition partiesConservative runner-up, Wilson, in 2015 failed to reflect the positive national swing and fell to 17.3% of the votes cast. A candidature of UKIP, not present in 2010, saw a total share of the vote, hence positive swing, of 15.7% and thus third position.[n 1]. Green Party running, not present in 2010, resulted in a 7.9% polling and fourth-place, its candidate retained his deposit. The fifth-placed Liberal Democrat forfeited her deposit.[n 2].TurnoutIn general elections, turnout ranged from 87.9% in 1910 to 41.7% in 2001. In its 1999 by-election the constituency experienced the lowest voter turnout post-war of 19.6%.[8][9][5]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Official_portrait_of_Rt_Hon_Hilary_Benn_MP_crop_3.jpg"},{"link_name":"Hilary Benn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hilary_Benn"},{"link_name":"Member of Parliament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Member_of_Parliament_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"1999","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1999_Leeds_Central_by-election"}],"text":"Hilary Benn, Member of Parliament for Leeds Central since 1999","title":"Members of Parliament"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"MPs 1885–1955","title":"Members of Parliament"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"MPs since 1983","title":"Members of Parliament"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Elections"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Elections in the 2010s","title":"Elections"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Elections in the 2000s","title":"Elections"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Elections in the 1990s","title":"Elections"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Elections in the 1980s","title":"Elections"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Elections in the 1950s","title":"Elections"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Elections in the 1940s","title":"Elections"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Elections in the 1930s","title":"Elections"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Elections in the 1920s","title":"Elections"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1922_Robert_Armitage.jpg"},{"link_name":"National Association of Discharged Sailors and Soldiers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Association_of_Discharged_Sailors_and_Soldiers"},{"link_name":"National Federation of Discharged and Demobilized Sailors and Soldiers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Federation_of_Discharged_and_Demobilized_Sailors_and_Soldiers"},{"link_name":"Comrades of the Great War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comrades_of_the_Great_War"},{"link_name":"Robert Armitage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Armitage_(MP)"}],"sub_title":"Elections in the 1910s","text":"Robert Armitage* Terry was supported by the three local branches of National Association of Discharged Sailors and Soldiers, National Federation of Discharged and Demobilized Sailors and Soldiers and Comrades of the Great War.General Election 1914–15:Another General Election was required to take place before the end of 1915. The political parties had been making preparations for an election to take place and by the July 1914, the following candidates had been selected;Liberal: Robert Armitage","title":"Elections"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Robert_Armitage.jpg"}],"sub_title":"Elections in the 1900s","text":"R. Armitage","title":"Elections"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Elections in the 1890s","title":"Elections"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Elections in the 1880s","title":"Elections"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-8"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-9"}],"text":"^ UKIP's swing nationally was +9.5% in 2015\n\n^ The Liberal Democrats's swing nationally was −15.2% in 2015, 1.7% less than in Leeds Central","title":"Notes"}]
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[{"image_text":"Hilary Benn, Member of Parliament for Leeds Central since 1999","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Official_portrait_of_Rt_Hon_Hilary_Benn_MP_crop_3.jpg/200px-Official_portrait_of_Rt_Hon_Hilary_Benn_MP_crop_3.jpg"},{"image_text":"Robert Armitage","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/1922_Robert_Armitage.jpg/120px-1922_Robert_Armitage.jpg"},{"image_text":"R. Armitage","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/f/f9/Robert_Armitage.jpg"}]
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[{"title":"List of parliamentary constituencies in West Yorkshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_parliamentary_constituencies_in_West_Yorkshire"},{"title":"1999 Leeds Central by-election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1999_Leeds_Central_by-election"}]
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[{"reference":"\"Leeds Central Parliamentary constituency\". BBC. 12 December 2019. Retrieved 4 January 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/politics/constituencies/E14000777","url_text":"\"Leeds Central Parliamentary constituency\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC","url_text":"BBC"}]},{"reference":"\"'Leeds Central', June 1983 up to May 1997\". ElectionWeb Project. Cognitive Computing Limited. Archived from the original on 12 March 2016. Retrieved 11 March 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160312064936/http://electionweb.co.uk/Bp/P83354.htm","url_text":"\"'Leeds Central', June 1983 up to May 1997\""},{"url":"http://electionweb.co.uk/Bp/P83354.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"The House of Commons (Redistribution of Seats) Order 1951. SI 1951/320\". Statutory Instruments 1951. Vol. II. London: Her Majesty's Stationery Office. 1952. pp. 410–412.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=RY1QAQAAIAAJ","url_text":"Statutory Instruments 1951"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Her_Majesty%27s_Stationery_Office","url_text":"Her Majesty's Stationery Office"}]},{"reference":"\"Local statistics – Office for National Statistics\". neighbourhood.statistics.gov.uk.","urls":[{"url":"http://neighbourhood.statistics.gov.uk/","url_text":"\"Local statistics – Office for National Statistics\""}]},{"reference":"\"Politics\". The Guardian.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/politics","url_text":"\"Politics\""}]},{"reference":"\"Labour Members of Parliament 2015\". UK Political.info. Archived from the original on 29 September 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ukpolitical.info/labour-mps-elected-2015.htm","url_text":"\"Labour Members of Parliament 2015\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180929214847/http://www.ukpolitical.info/labour-mps-elected-2015.htm","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Archived copy\" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 18 July 2008. Retrieved 21 March 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080718135558/http://www.parliament.uk/documents/upload/M16.pdf","url_text":"\"Archived copy\""},{"url":"http://www.parliament.uk/documents/upload/M16.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"BBC (11 July 2008). \"Election Records\". BBC News. Retrieved 11 July 2008.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/7498330.stm","url_text":"\"Election Records\""}]},{"reference":"\"Leeds Central Parliamentary constituency\". BBC News. BBC. Retrieved 2 November 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/politics/constituencies/E14000777","url_text":"\"Leeds Central Parliamentary constituency\""}]},{"reference":"\"Leeds Central\" (PDF). Leeds City Council. Retrieved 11 May 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.leeds.gov.uk/docs/Statement-of-Persons-Nominated,-Notice-of-Poll-and-Situation-of-Polling-Stations.pdf","url_text":"\"Leeds Central\""}]},{"reference":"\"Election Data 2015\". Electoral Calculus. Archived from the original on 17 October 2015. Retrieved 17 October 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20151017112223/http://www.electoralcalculus.co.uk/electdata_2015.txt","url_text":"\"Election Data 2015\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electoral_Calculus","url_text":"Electoral Calculus"},{"url":"http://www.electoralcalculus.co.uk/electdata_2015.txt","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Leeds Central\". BBC News. Retrieved 13 May 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/politics/constituencies/E14000777","url_text":"\"Leeds Central\""}]},{"reference":"\"Election Data 2010\". Electoral Calculus. Archived from the original on 26 July 2013. Retrieved 17 October 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130726162034/http://www.electoralcalculus.co.uk/electdata_2010.txt","url_text":"\"Election Data 2010\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electoral_Calculus","url_text":"Electoral Calculus"},{"url":"http://www.electoralcalculus.co.uk/electdata_2010.txt","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"UK > England > Yorkshire & the Humber > Leeds Central\". Election 2010. BBC. 7 May 2010. Retrieved 12 May 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/shared/election2010/results/constituency/c50.stm","url_text":"\"UK > England > Yorkshire & the Humber > Leeds Central\""}]},{"reference":"\"Politics Resources\". Election 1992. Politics Resources. 9 April 1992. Archived from the original on 24 July 2011. Retrieved 6 December 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110724020412/http://www.politicsresources.net/area/uk/ge92/ge92index.htm","url_text":"\"Politics Resources\""},{"url":"http://www.politicsresources.net/area/uk/ge92/ge92index.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"UK General Election results: June 1983 [Archive]\". www.politicsresources.net. Archived from the original on 16 February 2016. Retrieved 11 September 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160216082707/http://www.politicsresources.net/area/uk/ge83/i12.htm","url_text":"\"UK General Election results: June 1983 [Archive]\""},{"url":"http://www.politicsresources.net/area/uk/ge83/i12.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"UK General Election results: October 1951 [Archive]\". www.politicsresources.net. Archived from the original on 11 August 2011. Retrieved 4 December 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110811153451/http://www.politicsresources.net/area/uk/ge51/i12.htm","url_text":"\"UK General Election results: October 1951 [Archive]\""},{"url":"http://www.politicsresources.net/area/uk/ge51/i12.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"UK General Election results: February 1950 [Archive]\". www.politicsresources.net. Archived from the original on 11 August 2011. Retrieved 4 December 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110811145710/http://www.politicsresources.net/area/uk/ge50/i12.htm","url_text":"\"UK General Election results: February 1950 [Archive]\""},{"url":"http://www.politicsresources.net/area/uk/ge50/i12.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"UK General Election results: July 1945 [Archive]\". www.politicsresources.net. Archived from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 4 December 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150924095733/http://www.politicsresources.net/area/uk/ge45/i12.htm","url_text":"\"UK General Election results: July 1945 [Archive]\""},{"url":"http://www.politicsresources.net/area/uk/ge45/i12.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Election News\". Dundee Courier. 7 June 1886. p. 3. Retrieved 3 December 2017 – via British Newspaper Archive.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000269/18860607/013/0003","url_text":"\"Election News\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Courier_(Dundee)","url_text":"Dundee Courier"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Newspaper_Archive","url_text":"British Newspaper Archive"}]},{"reference":"\"General News\". Edinburgh Evening News. 2 May 1885. p. 4. Retrieved 3 December 2017 – via British Newspaper Archive.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000452/18850502/077/0004","url_text":"\"General News\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edinburgh_Evening_News","url_text":"Edinburgh Evening News"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Newspaper_Archive","url_text":"British Newspaper Archive"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thraustila
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Thraustila
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["1 History","2 References"]
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Bodyguard of Roman general Aetius
Thraustila (fl. 455 AD) was a Hun or a Goth bodyguard of Roman general Aetius, who participated in the assassination of Emperor Valentinian III, ordered by Petronius Maximus. He probably served Aetius as a bucellarius.
History
In September 454, Valentinian had killed with his own hands Aetius, whom he held responsible for the troubles of the Roman Empire. In March of the next year, Valentinian was stabbed to death by Thraustila's fellow bodyguard Optila, while Thraustila killed the eunuch Heraclius. Most of the soldiers standing by, who had been followers of Aetius, did not move a finger to help the emperor.
Thraustila was probably married to a daughter of Aetius. He was a Hun, though he is described both as a "Hun" and a "Scythian", a term applied to the Huns at the time.
References
^ a b c Hughes, Ian (2012). Aetius Attila's Nemesis. Pen & Sword Books. ISBN 9781783461349. Retrieved 19 November 2022.
^ a b Fields, Nic (2015). Attila the Hun. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 40. ISBN 9781472808882. Retrieved 19 November 2022.
^ a b MacDowall, Simon (2015). Catalaunian Fields AD 451 Rome's Last Great Battle. Bloomsbury Publishing. ISBN 9781472807458. Retrieved 19 November 2022.
^ Given, John (2014). The Fragmentary History of Priscus: Attila, the Huns and the Roman Empire, AD 430–476. Arx Publishing. p. 128. ISBN 978-1-935228-14-1.
vteHunsHistory
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Other Hunnic peoples
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Attila in popular culture
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Origin of the Székelys
Xiongnu
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[]
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|
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_W._Menzies
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John W. Menzies
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["1 External links"]
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American politician
For other uses, see John Menzies (disambiguation).
This article includes a list of references, related reading, or external links, but its sources remain unclear because it lacks inline citations. Please help improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (March 2009) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
John William Menzies (April 12, 1819 – October 3, 1897) was a nineteenth-century politician, lawyer and judge from Kentucky.
Born in Bryan Station, Kentucky, Menzies attended the common schools as a child and later graduated from the University of Virginia in 1840. He studied law and was admitted to the bar, commencing practice in Covington, Kentucky in 1841. He was a member of the Kentucky House of Representatives in 1848 and 1855 before being elected a Unionist to the United States House of Representatives in 1860, serving from 1861 to 1863. Afterwards, he resumed practicing law in Covington, Kentucky and was a delegate to the Democratic National Convention in 1864. Menzies served as a judge of the chancery court from 1873 to 1893 and afterwards resumed practicing law until his death in Falmouth, Kentucky on October 3, 1897. He was buried in Linden Grove Cemetery in Covington, Kentucky.
External links
United States Congress. "John W. Menzies (id: M000641)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.
John W. Menzies at Find a Grave
U.S. House of Representatives
Preceded byJohn W. Stevenson
Member of the U.S. House of Representatives from Kentucky's 10th congressional district March 4, 1861 – March 3, 1863 (obsolete district)
Succeeded by(none)
United States Congress. "John W. Menzies (id: M000641)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.
vteKentucky's delegation(s) to the 37th United States Congress (ordered by seniority)
37th
Senate:
▌L. Powell (D)
▌J. C. Breckinridge (D)
▌G. Davis (U)
House:
▌C. Wickliffe (U)
▌H. Burnett (D)
▌H. Grider (U)
▌R. Mallory (O)
▌J. Crittenden (U)
▌G. Dunlap (U)
▌A. Harding (U)
▌J. Jackson (U)
▌J. Menzies (U)
▌W. Wadsworth (U)
▌S. Casey (U)
▌G. Yeaman (U)
Authority control databases International
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This article about a Kentucky politician is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Djiboutian_franc
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Djiboutian franc
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["1 History","2 Coins","3 Banknotes","4 Exchange rate","5 See also","6 References"]
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Currency of Djibouti
Djiboutian francFranc djiboutien (French) الفرنك الجيبوتي (Arabic)Faranka Jabuuti (Somali)5 Djiboutian francs, minted in 1991.ISO 4217CodeDJF (numeric: 262)UnitSymbolFdjDenominationsSubunit 1⁄100centimeBanknotes40 (commemorative), 1000, 2000, 5000, 10,000 FdjCoins1, 2, 5, 10, 20, 50, 100, 250, 500 FdjDemographicsUser(s) DjiboutiIssuanceCentral bankCentral Bank of Djibouti Websitewww.banque-centrale.djPrinterPolish Security Printing Works WebsitePolska Wytwórnia Papierów WartościowychValuationInflation2.1% (2015 est.) SourceThe World Factbook, 2013 est.Pegged withU.S. dollar = 177.721 francs
The Djiboutian franc (Arabic: فرنك, French: Franc, Somali: Faranka) is the currency of Djibouti. Its ISO 4217 currency code is DJF. Historically, it was subdivided into 100 centimes.
History
100 Djiboutian francs (1977).
From 1884, when the French Somaliland protectorate was established, the French franc circulated alongside the Indian rupee and the Maria Theresa thaler. These coexisted with 2 francs = 1 rupee and 4.2 francs = 1 Maria Theresa thaler.
From 1908, francs circulating in Djibouti were legally fixed at the value of the French franc. Starting in 1910, banknotes were issued for the then colony by the Bank of Indochina. Chamber of Commerce paper money and tokens were issued between 1919 and 1922.
In 1948, the first coins were issued specifically for use in Djibouti, in the name of the "Côte Française des Somalis". In 1949, an independent Djiboutian franc came into being when the local currency was pegged to the US dollar at a rate of 214.392 francs = 1 dollar. This was the value which the French franc had under the Bretton Woods system until a few months before. Consequently, the Djiboutian economy was not affected by the further devaluations of the French franc.
In 1952, the Public Treasury took over the production of paper money. French Somaliland's change of name in 1967 to the French Territory of the Afars and the Issas was reflected on both the territory's coins and notes. In 1971 and 1973, the franc was revalued against the US dollar, first to a rate of 197.466 to the dollar, then 177.721, a rate which has been maintained ever since. A further change in coin and banknote design followed independence in 1977.
Coins
10 and 20 Djiboutian francs, reverse (c. 1991 and 1983).
Between 1920 and 1922, the Chamber of Commerce issued tokens struck in zinc, aluminium, bronze and aluminium-bronze in denominations of 5, 10, 25 and 50 centimes and 1 franc. Shapes included round, hexagonal and octagonal.
In 1948, aluminium 1, 2 and 5 francs were introduced. Aluminium-bronze 20 francs were introduced in 1952, followed by 10 francs in 1965. Cupro-nickel 50 and 100 francs were introduced in 1970, with aluminium-bronze 500 francs added in 1989.
From 2013, new coins of 250 francs were put in circulation to complement the other denominations.
Coins of the Djiboutian franc (1977–present)
Image
Value
Technical parameters
Description
Dates
Obverse
Reverse
Diameter
Thickness
Mass
Composition
Edge
Obverse
Reverse
Year of minting
Year of issue
1 franc
23 mm
1.4 mm
1.3 g
Aluminum
Smooth
Coat of arms of Djibouti
Head of waterbuck
1977, 1996, 1997, 1999
1977
2 francs
27.1 mm
1.4 mm
2.2 g
1977, 1991, 1996, 1997, 1999
5 francs
31.1 mm
2.3 mm
3.75 g
1977, 1986, 1989, 1991, 1996, 1997, 1999
10 francs
20 mm
1.3 mm
3 g
Aluminium-bronze
Djibouti harbour
1977, 1983, 1989, 1991, 1996, 1997, 1999, 2004, 2007, 2010, 2013, 2016, 2017
20 francs
23.5 mm
1.45 mm
4
1977, 1982, 1983, 1986, 1991, 1996, 1997, 1999, 2007, 2010, 2016, 2017
50 francs
25.5 mm
2.1 mm
6.9 g
Copper-nickel
Milled
Two dromedaries
1977, 1982, 1983, 1986, 1989, 1991, 1997, 1999, 2007, 2010, 2016, 2017
100 francs
30 mm
2.3 mm
12 g
1977, 1983, 1991, 1996, 1997, 1999, 2004, 2007, 2010, 2013, 2017
250 francs
29 mm
2.1 mm
10g
Bimetallic: copper-nickel centre in brass ring
Djibouti francolin
2012
2012
500 francs
28 mm
3 mm
12.9 g
Aluminium-bronze
Smooth
Laurel wreath
1989, 1991, 1997, 1999, 2010
1989
These images are to scale at 2.5 pixels per millimetre. For table standards, see the coin specification table.
Banknotes
Banque de l'Indochine, 5 French Somaliland Francs (1943).
Between 1910 and 1915, banknotes were introduced in denominations of 5, 20 and 100 francs. Chamber of Commerce notes were introduced in 1919 in denominations of 5, 10 and 50 centimes and 1 franc. The decline in the value of the French franc following World War I caused 500 and 1000 franc banknotes to be introduced in 1927 and 1938, respectively. 10 franc notes were introduced in 1946.
When the Public Treasury took over the production of paper money in 1952, the 5, 10 and 20 franc notes ceased production and 5000 franc notes were introduced. In 1970, the 50 and 100 franc notes were replaced by coins. In 1977, the National Bank of Djibouti took over production of banknotes. The only subsequent changes have been the introduction of 10,000 franc notes in 1984 and the replacement of the 500 franc note with a coin in 1989.
Banknotes of the Djiboutian franc (1979–1988)
Image
Value
Main Colour
Dimensions
Description
Date of issue
Obverse
Reverse
Obverse
Reverse
Watermark
Year of printing
Year of issue
500 francs
Multiple colors
140 × 75 mm
Man at left, rocks in sea, storks at right
Stern of ship at right
Coat of arms of Djibouti
1979, 1988
1979
1000 francs
Red
152 × 81 mm
Woman at left, people by diesel passenger trains at center
Trader with camels at center
1979, 2005
5000 francs
Multiple colors
162 × 87 mm
Man at right, forest scene at center
Aerial view
1979
10,000 francs
Brown and red
170 × 90 mm
Woman holding baby
Fish and harbor scene
1984
1984
Banknotes of the Djiboutian franc (1997–2009)
Image
Value
Main Colour
Dimensions
Description
Date of issue
Obverse
Reverse
Obverse
Reverse
Watermark
Year of printing
Year of issue
1000 francs
Red
155 × 70 mm
Ali Ahmed Oudoum
Port of Djibouti
Coat of arms of Djibouti
2005
2005
2000 francs
Blue
160 × 80 mm
Young girl and camel caravan
Statue with shield and government building
1997, 2008
1997
5000 francs
Violet
168 × 80 mm
Mahmoud Harbi
Dancers
2002
2002
10,000 francs
Green
175 × 81 mm
President Hassan Gouled Aptidon
Central Bank building
1999, 2009
1999
Banknotes of the Djiboutian franc (2017)
Image
Value
Main Colour
Dimensions
Description
Date of issue
Obverse
Reverse
Obverse
Reverse
Watermark
Year of printing
Year of issue
40 francs
Multicolored
153 × 70 mm
Whale shark, corals
Port of Djibouti
Coat of arms of Djibouti
2017
2017
These images are to scale at 0.7 pixel per millimetre. For table standards, see the banknote specification table.
Exchange rate
Current DJF exchange rates
From Google Finance:
AUD CAD CHF CNY EUR GBP HKD JPY USD EUR JPY
From Yahoo! Finance:
AUD CAD CHF CNY EUR GBP HKD JPY USD EUR JPY
From XE.com:
AUD CAD CHF CNY EUR GBP HKD JPY USD EUR JPY
From OANDA:
AUD CAD CHF CNY EUR GBP HKD JPY USD EUR JPY
See also
Economy of Djibouti
References
Krause, Chester L.; Clifford Mishler (1991). Standard Catalog of World Coins: 1801–1991 (18th ed.). Krause Publications. ISBN 0873411501.
Pick, Albert (1994). Standard Catalog of World Paper Money: General Issues. Colin R. Bruce II and Neil Shafer (editors) (7th ed.). Krause Publications. ISBN 0-87341-207-9.
vteDjibouti articlesHistory
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Portals: Africa Money Numismatics
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Arabic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_language"},{"link_name":"French","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_language"},{"link_name":"Somali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somali_language"},{"link_name":"currency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Currency"},{"link_name":"Djibouti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Djibouti"},{"link_name":"ISO 4217","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_4217"}],"text":"The Djiboutian franc (Arabic: فرنك, French: Franc, Somali: Faranka) is the currency of Djibouti. Its ISO 4217 currency code is DJF. Historically, it was subdivided into 100 centimes.","title":"Djiboutian franc"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:100_Djiboutian_francs.jpg"},{"link_name":"French Somaliland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Somaliland"},{"link_name":"French franc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_franc"},{"link_name":"Indian rupee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_rupee"},{"link_name":"Maria Theresa thaler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Theresa_thaler"},{"link_name":"US dollar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/US_dollar"},{"link_name":"Bretton Woods system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bretton_Woods_system"},{"link_name":"French Territory of the Afars and the Issas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Territory_of_the_Afars_and_the_Issas"}],"text":"100 Djiboutian francs (1977).From 1884, when the French Somaliland protectorate was established, the French franc circulated alongside the Indian rupee and the Maria Theresa thaler. These coexisted with 2 francs = 1 rupee and 4.2 francs = 1 Maria Theresa thaler.From 1908, francs circulating in Djibouti were legally fixed at the value of the French franc. Starting in 1910, banknotes were issued for the then colony by the Bank of Indochina. Chamber of Commerce paper money and tokens were issued between 1919 and 1922.In 1948, the first coins were issued specifically for use in Djibouti, in the name of the \"Côte Française des Somalis\". In 1949, an independent Djiboutian franc came into being when the local currency was pegged to the US dollar at a rate of 214.392 francs = 1 dollar. This was the value which the French franc had under the Bretton Woods system until a few months before. Consequently, the Djiboutian economy was not affected by the further devaluations of the French franc.In 1952, the Public Treasury took over the production of paper money. French Somaliland's change of name in 1967 to the French Territory of the Afars and the Issas was reflected on both the territory's coins and notes. In 1971 and 1973, the franc was revalued against the US dollar, first to a rate of 197.466 to the dollar, then 177.721, a rate which has been maintained ever since. A further change in coin and banknote design followed independence in 1977.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:10_%26_20_djiboutian_francs_reverse.jpg"}],"text":"10 and 20 Djiboutian francs, reverse (c. 1991 and 1983).Between 1920 and 1922, the Chamber of Commerce issued tokens struck in zinc, aluminium, bronze and aluminium-bronze in denominations of 5, 10, 25 and 50 centimes and 1 franc. Shapes included round, hexagonal and octagonal.In 1948, aluminium 1, 2 and 5 francs were introduced. Aluminium-bronze 20 francs were introduced in 1952, followed by 10 francs in 1965. Cupro-nickel 50 and 100 francs were introduced in 1970, with aluminium-bronze 500 francs added in 1989.From 2013, new coins of 250 francs were put in circulation to complement the other denominations.","title":"Coins"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:FRA-Somaliland-11-Banque_de_l%27Indochine_(Djibouti)-5_Francs_(1943).jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:FRA-Somaliland-11-Banque_de_l%27Indochine_(Djibouti)-5_Francs_(1943).jpg"},{"link_name":"Banque de l'Indochine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banque_de_l%27Indochine"},{"link_name":"World War I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I"},{"link_name":"National Bank of Djibouti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=National_Bank_of_Djibouti&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"Banque de l'Indochine, 5 French Somaliland Francs (1943).Between 1910 and 1915, banknotes were introduced in denominations of 5, 20 and 100 francs. Chamber of Commerce notes were introduced in 1919 in denominations of 5, 10 and 50 centimes and 1 franc. The decline in the value of the French franc following World War I caused 500 and 1000 franc banknotes to be introduced in 1927 and 1938, respectively. 10 franc notes were introduced in 1946.When the Public Treasury took over the production of paper money in 1952, the 5, 10 and 20 franc notes ceased production and 5000 franc notes were introduced. In 1970, the 50 and 100 franc notes were replaced by coins. In 1977, the National Bank of Djibouti took over production of banknotes. The only subsequent changes have been the introduction of 10,000 franc notes in 1984 and the replacement of the 500 franc note with a coin in 1989.","title":"Banknotes"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Exchange rate"}]
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[{"image_text":"100 Djiboutian francs (1977).","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/100_Djiboutian_francs.jpg/140px-100_Djiboutian_francs.jpg"},{"image_text":"10 and 20 Djiboutian francs, reverse (c. 1991 and 1983).","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/10_%26_20_djiboutian_francs_reverse.jpg/220px-10_%26_20_djiboutian_francs_reverse.jpg"}]
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[{"title":"Economy of Djibouti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Djibouti"}]
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[{"reference":"Krause, Chester L.; Clifford Mishler (1991). Standard Catalog of World Coins: 1801–1991 (18th ed.). Krause Publications. ISBN 0873411501.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_Catalog_of_World_Coins","url_text":"Standard Catalog of World Coins"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0873411501","url_text":"0873411501"}]},{"reference":"Pick, Albert (1994). Standard Catalog of World Paper Money: General Issues. Colin R. Bruce II and Neil Shafer (editors) (7th ed.). Krause Publications. ISBN 0-87341-207-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_Catalog_of_World_Paper_Money","url_text":"Standard Catalog of World Paper Money"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87341-207-9","url_text":"0-87341-207-9"}]}]
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[{"Link":"http://www.banque-centrale.dj/","external_links_name":"www.banque-centrale.dj"},{"Link":"http://www.pwpw.pl/","external_links_name":"Polska Wytwórnia Papierów Wartościowych"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070613003823/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2092.html","external_links_name":"The World Factbook"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/finance/quote/AUD-DJF","external_links_name":"AUD"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/finance/quote/CAD-DJF","external_links_name":"CAD"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/finance/quote/CHF-DJF","external_links_name":"CHF"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/finance/quote/CNY-DJF","external_links_name":"CNY"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/finance/quote/EUR-DJF","external_links_name":"EUR"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/finance/quote/GBP-DJF","external_links_name":"GBP"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/finance/quote/HKD-DJF","external_links_name":"HKD"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/finance/quote/JPY-DJF","external_links_name":"JPY"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/finance/quote/USD-DJF","external_links_name":"USD"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/finance/quote/EUR-DJF","external_links_name":"EUR"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/finance/quote/JPY-DJF","external_links_name":"JPY"},{"Link":"https://finance.yahoo.com/quote/AUDDJF=X","external_links_name":"AUD"},{"Link":"https://finance.yahoo.com/quote/CADDJF=X","external_links_name":"CAD"},{"Link":"https://finance.yahoo.com/quote/CHFDJF=X","external_links_name":"CHF"},{"Link":"https://finance.yahoo.com/quote/CNYDJF=X","external_links_name":"CNY"},{"Link":"https://finance.yahoo.com/quote/EURDJF=X","external_links_name":"EUR"},{"Link":"https://finance.yahoo.com/quote/GBPDJF=X","external_links_name":"GBP"},{"Link":"https://finance.yahoo.com/quote/HKDDJF=X","external_links_name":"HKD"},{"Link":"https://finance.yahoo.com/quote/JPYDJF=X","external_links_name":"JPY"},{"Link":"https://finance.yahoo.com/quote/USDDJF=X","external_links_name":"USD"},{"Link":"https://finance.yahoo.com/quote/EURDJF=X","external_links_name":"EUR"},{"Link":"https://finance.yahoo.com/quote/JPYDJF=X","external_links_name":"JPY"},{"Link":"https://www.xe.com/currencyconverter/convert/?Amount=1&From=AUD&To=DJF","external_links_name":"AUD"},{"Link":"https://www.xe.com/currencyconverter/convert/?Amount=1&From=CAD&To=DJF","external_links_name":"CAD"},{"Link":"https://www.xe.com/currencyconverter/convert/?Amount=1&From=CHF&To=DJF","external_links_name":"CHF"},{"Link":"https://www.xe.com/currencyconverter/convert/?Amount=1&From=CNY&To=DJF","external_links_name":"CNY"},{"Link":"https://www.xe.com/currencyconverter/convert/?Amount=1&From=EUR&To=DJF","external_links_name":"EUR"},{"Link":"https://www.xe.com/currencyconverter/convert/?Amount=1&From=GBP&To=DJF","external_links_name":"GBP"},{"Link":"https://www.xe.com/currencyconverter/convert/?Amount=1&From=HKD&To=DJF","external_links_name":"HKD"},{"Link":"https://www.xe.com/currencyconverter/convert/?Amount=1&From=JPY&To=DJF","external_links_name":"JPY"},{"Link":"https://www.xe.com/currencyconverter/convert/?Amount=1&From=USD&To=DJF","external_links_name":"USD"},{"Link":"https://www.xe.com/currencyconverter/convert/?Amount=1&From=EUR&To=DJF","external_links_name":"EUR"},{"Link":"https://www.xe.com/currencyconverter/convert/?Amount=1&From=JPY&To=DJF","external_links_name":"JPY"},{"Link":"https://www.oanda.com/currency-converter/en/?amount=1&from=AUD&to=DJF","external_links_name":"AUD"},{"Link":"https://www.oanda.com/currency-converter/en/?amount=1&from=CAD&to=DJF","external_links_name":"CAD"},{"Link":"https://www.oanda.com/currency-converter/en/?amount=1&from=CHF&to=DJF","external_links_name":"CHF"},{"Link":"https://www.oanda.com/currency-converter/en/?amount=1&from=CNY&to=DJF","external_links_name":"CNY"},{"Link":"https://www.oanda.com/currency-converter/en/?amount=1&from=EUR&to=DJF","external_links_name":"EUR"},{"Link":"https://www.oanda.com/currency-converter/en/?amount=1&from=GBP&to=DJF","external_links_name":"GBP"},{"Link":"https://www.oanda.com/currency-converter/en/?amount=1&from=HKD&to=DJF","external_links_name":"HKD"},{"Link":"https://www.oanda.com/currency-converter/en/?amount=1&from=JPY&to=DJF","external_links_name":"JPY"},{"Link":"https://www.oanda.com/currency-converter/en/?amount=1&from=USD&to=DJF","external_links_name":"USD"},{"Link":"https://www.oanda.com/currency-converter/en/?amount=1&from=EUR&to=DJF","external_links_name":"EUR"},{"Link":"https://www.oanda.com/currency-converter/en/?amount=1&from=JPY&to=DJF","external_links_name":"JPY"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_Mountain_vireo
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Blue Mountain vireo
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["1 References"]
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Species of bird
Blue Mountain vireo
Conservation status
Near Threatened (IUCN 3.1)
Scientific classification
Domain:
Eukaryota
Kingdom:
Animalia
Phylum:
Chordata
Class:
Aves
Order:
Passeriformes
Family:
Vireonidae
Genus:
Vireo
Species:
V. osburni
Binomial name
Vireo osburni(PL Sclater, 1861)
The Blue Mountain vireo (Vireo osburni) is a species of bird in the family Vireonidae. It is endemic to Jamaica. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests, subtropical or tropical moist montane forests, plantations, and heavily degraded former forest. It is threatened by habitat loss.
References
^ BirdLife International (2020). "Vireo osburni". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T22705225A177294002. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T22705225A177294002.en. Retrieved 12 November 2021.
Taxon identifiersVireo osburni
Wikidata: Q2667689
Wikispecies: Vireo osburni
ADW: Vireo_osburni
Avibase: A505AE507D5224C6
BirdLife: 22705225
BOW: blmvir1
CoL: 5BJL5
eBird: blmvir1
GBIF: 2487462
iNaturalist: 17387
IRMNG: 11222023
ITIS: 563690
IUCN: 22705225
NCBI: 1540926
Neotropical: blmvir1
Observation.org: 75248
Open Tree of Life: 3598057
Xeno-canto: Vireo-osburni
This Vireonidae-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Blue Mountain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_Mountains_(Jamaica)"},{"link_name":"bird","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bird"},{"link_name":"Vireonidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vireonidae"},{"link_name":"endemic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endemism"},{"link_name":"Jamaica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamaica"},{"link_name":"habitats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Habitat"},{"link_name":"forests","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forest"},{"link_name":"montane forests","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montane_forest"},{"link_name":"plantations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plantation"},{"link_name":"habitat loss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Habitat_loss"}],"text":"The Blue Mountain vireo (Vireo osburni) is a species of bird in the family Vireonidae. It is endemic to Jamaica. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests, subtropical or tropical moist montane forests, plantations, and heavily degraded former forest. It is threatened by habitat loss.","title":"Blue Mountain vireo"}]
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[]
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[{"reference":"BirdLife International (2020). \"Vireo osburni\". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T22705225A177294002. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T22705225A177294002.en. Retrieved 12 November 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/22705225/177294002","url_text":"\"Vireo osburni\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IUCN_Red_List","url_text":"IUCN Red List of Threatened Species"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2305%2FIUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T22705225A177294002.en","url_text":"10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T22705225A177294002.en"}]}]
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[{"Link":"https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/22705225/177294002","external_links_name":"\"Vireo osburni\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.2305%2FIUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T22705225A177294002.en","external_links_name":"10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T22705225A177294002.en"},{"Link":"https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Vireo_osburni/","external_links_name":"Vireo_osburni"},{"Link":"https://avibase.bsc-eoc.org/species.jsp?avibaseid=A505AE507D5224C6","external_links_name":"A505AE507D5224C6"},{"Link":"https://datazone.birdlife.org/species/factsheet/22705225","external_links_name":"22705225"},{"Link":"https://birdsoftheworld.org/bow/species/blmvir1","external_links_name":"blmvir1"},{"Link":"https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/5BJL5","external_links_name":"5BJL5"},{"Link":"https://ebird.org/species/blmvir1","external_links_name":"blmvir1"},{"Link":"https://www.gbif.org/species/2487462","external_links_name":"2487462"},{"Link":"https://inaturalist.org/taxa/17387","external_links_name":"17387"},{"Link":"https://www.irmng.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=11222023","external_links_name":"11222023"},{"Link":"https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=563690","external_links_name":"563690"},{"Link":"https://apiv3.iucnredlist.org/api/v3/taxonredirect/22705225","external_links_name":"22705225"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=1540926","external_links_name":"1540926"},{"Link":"https://neotropical.birds.cornell.edu/Species-Account/nb/species/blmvir1","external_links_name":"blmvir1"},{"Link":"https://observation.org/species/75248/","external_links_name":"75248"},{"Link":"https://tree.opentreeoflife.org/taxonomy/browse?id=3598057","external_links_name":"3598057"},{"Link":"https://xeno-canto.org/species/Vireo-osburni","external_links_name":"Vireo-osburni"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Blue_Mountain_vireo&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biggs_site
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Biggs site
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["1 Description","2 Gallery","3 See also","4 References","5 External links"]
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Biggs site 15 Gp 8Artists conception of the Biggs siteLocation within Kentucky todayLocationSouth Shore, Kentucky, Greenup County, Kentucky, USARegionGreenup County, KentuckyCoordinates38°44′2.7″N 82°56′4″W / 38.734083°N 82.93444°W / 38.734083; -82.93444HistoryCulturesAdena culture, Ohio Hopewell cultureSite notesArchitectureArchitectural stylesearthworks, causewayed ring ditchResponsible body: private
The Biggs site (15Gp8), also known as the Portsmouth Earthworks Group D, is an Adena culture archaeological site located near South Shore in Greenup County, Kentucky. Biggs was originally a concentric circular embankment and ditch surrounding a central conical burial mound with a causeway crossing the ring and ditch. It was part of a larger complex, the Portsmouth Earthworks located across the Ohio River, now mostly obliterated by agriculture and the developing city of Portsmouth, Ohio.
Description
The site was surveyed and mapped by E. G. Squier in 1847 for inclusion in the seminal archaeological and anthrolopological work Ancient Monuments of the Mississippi Valley. They described the earthwork as being a causewayed embankment 5 feet (1.5 m) high by 30 feet (9.1 m) wide encircling a ditch 6 feet (1.8 m) deep and 25 feet (7.6 m) across. They encircled an area 90 feet (27 m) in diameter. In the center of the ditch was a conical tumulus 8 feet (2.4 m) high and 40 feet (12 m) in diameter.
Gallery
Squier and Davis illustration of the Biggs site
Squier and Davis map with Group D or the Biggs site
Scale aerial illustration of the Portsmouth Earthworks
See also
Hardin Village site
Lower Shawneetown
Thompson site
References
^ Davidson, Matthew J. (September 28, 2019), "The Native American Farming Landscape of Eastern Kentucky: Part 2", 30 Days of Kentucky Archaeology, Kentucky Organization of Professional Archaeologists
^ Applegate, Darlene (2008), "Chapter 5:Woodland period" (PDF), in Pollack, David (ed.), The Archaeology of Kentucky:an update, vol. 1, Kentucky Heritage Council, pp. 524–525, ISBN 978-1-934492-28-4, archived from the original (PDF) on 2010-11-08 (author confused Biggs as being Group C, when it is in actuality Group D)
^ E. G. Squier and E. H. Davis (1848). Ancient Monuments of the Mississippi Valley. Smithsonian Institution.
External links
Media related to Biggs site at Wikimedia Commons
Black and white photo of site, Jan 23, 1939, The William S. Webb Museum WPA/TVA Photograph Archive
Working with the EM38 Earth Conductivity Meter: Geophysical Survey at the Hopeton Earthwork, Chillicothe, Ohio, May, 2001
Scioto Historical : Portsmouth Earthworks Tour
vte Adena Culture
List of Adena culture sites
Woodland period
Mound Builders
List of archaeological periods (North America)
Ohio sites
Adena
Austin Brown
Arledge
Beam Farm
Clemmons
Conrad
Coon Hunters
George Deffenbaugh
Enon
Fortner
Great Mound
Hartley
Highbanks Metro Park
Hillside Haven
Hodgen's Cemetery
Horn
Hurley
Jackson
Karshner
Kinzer
Luthor List
McDaniel
Miamisburg
Mound Cemetery
Odd Fellows' Cemetery
Old Maid's Orchard
Orators
Carl Potter
Raleigh
Reeves
D.S. Rose
Ross Trails Circle
Short Woods Park
Shrum
Snead
Spruce Run
David Stitt
Story (Cincinnati)
Story (Chillicothe)
Williamson
Wolf Plains
Wright-Patterson
Zaleski
Kentucky sites
Biggs
Gaitskill
Jim King Mound
Mound Hill
Mount Horeb
Ramey
Round Hill
West Virginia sites
Camden Park Mound
Cotiga Mound
Cresap Mound
Criel
Goff Mound
Grave Creek
Lynden Reynolds Farm Mound
Neibert Mound
St. Albans Site
St Mary's Mound
Turkey Creek Mound
Indiana sites
Mounds State Park
Category
vte Pre-Columbian North America
Periods
Lithic
Archaic
Formative
Classic
Post-Classic
Archaeological cultures
Adena
Alachua
Ancient Beringian
Ancestral Pueblo (Anasazi)
Avonlea
Baytown
Belle Glade
Buttermilk Creek complex
Caborn-Welborn
Cades Pond
Calf Creek
Caloosahatchee
Clovis
Coles Creek
Comondú
Deptford
Folsom
Fort Ancient
Fort Walton
Fremont
Glacial Kame
Glades
Hohokam
Hopewell
List of Hopewell sites
La Jolla
Las Palmas
Maritime Archaic
Mississippian
List of Mississippian sites
Mogollon
Monongahela
Old Cordilleran
Oneota
Paleo-Arctic
Paleo-Indians
Patayan
Plano
Plaquemine
Poverty Point
Red Ocher
Safety Harbor
Santa Rosa-Swift Creek
St. Johns
Steed-Kisker
Suwannee Valley
Tchefuncte
Troyville
Weeden Island
Archaeologicalsites
Angel Mounds
Anzick site
Bandelier National Monument
Bastian
Benson
Blue Spring Shelter
Bluefish Caves
The Bluff Point Stoneworks
Brewster
Cahokia
Candelaria Cave
Casa Grande
Chaco Canyon
Coso Rock Art District
Crystal River
Cuarenta Casas
Cueva de la Olla
Cutler
Eaker
El Fin del Mundo
El Vallecito
Effigy Mounds
Etowah Indian Mounds
Eva
Folsom
Fort Ancient
Fort Center
Fort Juelson
Four Mounds
Gila Cliff Dwellings
Glenwood
Grimes Point
Helen Blazes
Holly Bluff
Hopewell Culture National Historical Park
Horr's Island
Huápoca
Key Marco
Kimball Village
Kincaid Mounds
Kolomoki Mounds
Lake Jackson Mounds
Lehner Mammoth-Kill Site
L'Anse aux Meadows
Lynch Quarry Site
Marksville
Marmes Rockshelter
Meadowcroft Rockshelter
Mesa Verde
Moaning Cavern
Moorehead Circle
Morrison Mounds
Moundville
Mummy Cave
Nodena site
Ocmulgee Mounds
Old Stone Fort
Orwell site
Paquime
Painted Bluff
Parkin Park
Pinson Mounds
Plum Bayou Mounds
Portsmouth Earthworks
Poverty Point
Pueblo Bonito
Recapture Canyon
River Styx
Roberts Island
Rock Eagle
Rock Hawk
Rosenstock Village
Russell Cave
Salmon Ruins
Serpent Mound
Sierra de San Francisco
Shell ring sites
Spiro Mounds
Stallings Island
SunWatch
Taos Pueblo
Town Creek Indian Mound
Turkey River Mounds
Upward Sun River
Velda Mound
West Oak Forest Earthlodge
Wickiup Hill
Windover
Winterville
WupatkiHumanremains
Anzick-1
Arlington Springs Man
Buhl Woman
Kennewick Man
La Brea Woman
Leanderthal Lady
Melbourne Man
Minnesota Woman
Peñon woman
Spirit Cave mummy
Vero man
Miscellaneous
Aridoamerica
Ballgame
Black drink
Ceremonial pipe
Chanunpa
Chunkey
Clovis point
Container Revolution
Eastern Agricultural Complex
Eden point
Effigy mound
Falcon dancer
Folsom point
Green Corn Ceremony
Horned Serpent
Kiva
Medicine wheel
Metallurgy
Mi'kmaq hieroglyphic writing
Mound Builders
N.A.G.P.R.A.
Norse colonization of North America
Oasisamerica
Piasa
Projectile point
Southeastern Ceremonial Complex
Stickball
Three Sisters agriculture
Thunderbird
Transoceanic contact
Underwater panther
Water glyphs
Related
Genetic history
Pre-Columbian era
This Greenup County, Kentucky state location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
This article relating to archaeology in the United States is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Adena culture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adena_culture"},{"link_name":"archaeological site","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archaeological_site"},{"link_name":"South Shore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Shore,_Kentucky"},{"link_name":"Greenup County, Kentucky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenup_County,_Kentucky"},{"link_name":"circular embankment and ditch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Causewayed_ring_ditch"},{"link_name":"burial mound","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burial_mound"},{"link_name":"Portsmouth Earthworks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portsmouth_Earthworks"},{"link_name":"Ohio River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohio_River"},{"link_name":"Portsmouth, Ohio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portsmouth,_Ohio"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-APPLEGATE-2"}],"text":"The Biggs site (15Gp8), also known as the Portsmouth Earthworks Group D, is an Adena culture archaeological site located near South Shore in Greenup County, Kentucky. Biggs was originally a concentric circular embankment and ditch surrounding a central conical burial mound with a causeway crossing the ring and ditch. It was part of a larger complex, the Portsmouth Earthworks located across the Ohio River, now mostly obliterated by agriculture and the developing city of Portsmouth, Ohio.[1][2]","title":"Biggs site"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"E. G. Squier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E._G._Squier"},{"link_name":"Ancient Monuments of the Mississippi Valley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Monuments_of_the_Mississippi_Valley"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"The site was surveyed and mapped by E. G. Squier in 1847 for inclusion in the seminal archaeological and anthrolopological work Ancient Monuments of the Mississippi Valley. They described the earthwork as being a causewayed embankment 5 feet (1.5 m) high by 30 feet (9.1 m) wide encircling a ditch 6 feet (1.8 m) deep and 25 feet (7.6 m) across. They encircled an area 90 feet (27 m) in diameter. In the center of the ditch was a conical tumulus 8 feet (2.4 m) high and 40 feet (12 m) in diameter.[3]","title":"Description"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Biggs_Mound_or_Portsmouth_Earthworks_Group_D.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Portsmouth_Works_Group_A_B_C_D_Squier_and_Davis_01.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Portsmouth_Earthworks_Groups_A_B_C_D_HRoe_2022_600px.jpg"}],"text":"Squier and Davis illustration of the Biggs site\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tSquier and Davis map with Group D or the Biggs site\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tScale aerial illustration of the Portsmouth Earthworks","title":"Gallery"}]
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[{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/S.E.C.C._hero_twins_3_HRoe_2007-transparent.png/110px-S.E.C.C._hero_twins_3_HRoe_2007-transparent.png"}]
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[{"title":"Hardin Village site","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hardin_Village_site"},{"title":"Lower Shawneetown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lower_Shawneetown"},{"title":"Thompson site","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thompson_site"}]
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[{"reference":"Davidson, Matthew J. (September 28, 2019), \"The Native American Farming Landscape of Eastern Kentucky: Part 2\", 30 Days of Kentucky Archaeology, Kentucky Organization of Professional Archaeologists","urls":[{"url":"https://30daysofkentuckyarchaeology.wordpress.com/2019/09/28/the-native-american-farming-landscape-of-eastern-kentucky-part-2/","url_text":"\"The Native American Farming Landscape of Eastern Kentucky: Part 2\""}]},{"reference":"Applegate, Darlene (2008), \"Chapter 5:Woodland period\" (PDF), in Pollack, David (ed.), The Archaeology of Kentucky:an update, vol. 1, Kentucky Heritage Council, pp. 524–525, ISBN 978-1-934492-28-4, archived from the original (PDF) on 2010-11-08","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20101108174316/http://heritage.ky.gov/NR/rdonlyres/7FD10722-66D5-4987-A3A3-19A6E27BCFA0/0/TheArchaeologyofKentuckyAnUpdateVolume1NEW.pdf","url_text":"\"Chapter 5:Woodland period\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-934492-28-4","url_text":"978-1-934492-28-4"},{"url":"http://heritage.ky.gov/NR/rdonlyres/7FD10722-66D5-4987-A3A3-19A6E27BCFA0/0/TheArchaeologyofKentuckyAnUpdateVolume1NEW.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"E. G. Squier and E. H. Davis (1848). Ancient Monuments of the Mississippi Valley. Smithsonian Institution.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E._G._Squier","url_text":"E. G. Squier"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edwin_Hamilton_Davis","url_text":"E. H. Davis"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Monuments_of_the_Mississippi_Valley","url_text":"Ancient Monuments of the Mississippi Valley"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smithsonian_Institution","url_text":"Smithsonian Institution"}]}]
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[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Biggs_site¶ms=38_44_2.7_N_82_56_4_W_type:landmark","external_links_name":"38°44′2.7″N 82°56′4″W / 38.734083°N 82.93444°W / 38.734083; -82.93444"},{"Link":"https://30daysofkentuckyarchaeology.wordpress.com/2019/09/28/the-native-american-farming-landscape-of-eastern-kentucky-part-2/","external_links_name":"\"The Native American Farming Landscape of Eastern Kentucky: Part 2\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20101108174316/http://heritage.ky.gov/NR/rdonlyres/7FD10722-66D5-4987-A3A3-19A6E27BCFA0/0/TheArchaeologyofKentuckyAnUpdateVolume1NEW.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Chapter 5:Woodland period\""},{"Link":"http://heritage.ky.gov/NR/rdonlyres/7FD10722-66D5-4987-A3A3-19A6E27BCFA0/0/TheArchaeologyofKentuckyAnUpdateVolume1NEW.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://digital.lib.utk.edu/collections/islandora/object/open%3A5145","external_links_name":"Black and white photo of site, Jan 23, 1939, The William S. Webb Museum WPA/TVA Photograph Archive"},{"Link":"https://www.researchgate.net/publication/237724108_Working_with_the_EM38_Earth_Conductivity_Meter_Geophysical_Survey_at_the_Hopeton_Earthwork_Chillicothe_Ohio_May_2001#pf11","external_links_name":"Working with the EM38 Earth Conductivity Meter: Geophysical Survey at the Hopeton Earthwork, Chillicothe, Ohio, May, 2001"},{"Link":"https://sciotohistorical.org/tours/show/22","external_links_name":"Scioto Historical : Portsmouth Earthworks Tour"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Biggs_site&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Biggs_site&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_Forms_of_Dimensions_Tomorrow
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Art Forms of Dimensions Tomorrow
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["1 Track listing","1.1 12-inch vinyl","2 Musicians","3 Notes"]
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1965 studio album by Sun Ra and his Solar ArkestraArt Forms of Dimensions TomorrowStudio album by Sun Ra and his Solar ArkestraReleased1965 Recorded1961–1962, New YorkGenreJazzLength34:06LabelSaturnEvidenceProducerAlton AbrahamSun Ra and his Solar Arkestra chronology
Bad and Beautiful(1961)
Art Forms of Dimensions Tomorrow(1965)
Secrets of the Sun(1962)
Professional ratingsReview scoresSourceRatingCD AllMusicThe Encyclopedia of Popular Music
Art Forms of Dimensions Tomorrow is an album by the American jazz musician Sun Ra and his Solar Arkestra. Often considered the first of Ra's 'outside' recordings, the album was the first to make extensive use of a discovery by the Arkestra's drummer and engineer Tommy Hunter:
'Art Forms of Dimensions Tomorrow.... contained "Cluster of Galaxies" and "Solar Drums", two rhythm section exercises with the sound treated with such strange reverberations that they threatened to obliterate the instruments' identity and turn the music into low-budget musique concrète. While testing the tape recorder when the musicians were tuning up one day, Hunter had discovered that if he recorded with the earphones on, he could run a cable from the output jack back into the input on the recorder and produce massive reverberation:
"I wasn't sure what Sun Ra would think of it... I thought he might be mad - but he loved it. It blew his mind! By working the volume of the output on the playback I could control the effect, make it fast or slow, drop it out, or whatever."
'By the 1950s commercial recording companies had developed a classical style of recording which assured that the recording process itself would be invisible... but Sun Ra began to regularly violate this convention on the Saturn releases by recording live at strange sites, by using feedback, distortion, high delay or reverb, unusual microphone placement, abrupt fades or edits, and any number of other effects or noises which called attention to the recording process. On some recordings you could hear a phone ringing, or someone walking near the microphone. It was a rough style of production, an antistyle, a self-reflexive approach which anticipates both free jazz recording conventions and punk production to come.' John F Szwed
The sleeve was designed by Sun Ra. When re-issued on compact disc by Evidence in 1992, the album was joined with the contemporaneous Cosmic Tones for Mental Therapy.
Track listing
12-inch vinyl
All songs by Sun Ra
Side A:
"Cluster of Galaxies" - (2.22)
"Ankh" - (6.08)
"Solar Drums" - (2.27)
"The Outer Heavens" - (4.47)
Side B:
"Infinity of the Universe" - (7.08)
"Lights on a Satellite" - (3.08)
"Kosmos in Blue" - (8.06)
Musicians
Sun Ra - Piano, Sun Harp, Gong, Percussion
Manny Smith - Trumpet
Clifford Thornton - Trumpet on Infinity of the Universe
Ali Hassan - Trombone
Pat Patrick - Baritone Sax, Percussion, Clarinet
John Gilmore - Tenor Sax, Bass Clarinet, Percussion
Marshall Allen - Alto Sax, Bells, Percussion
Ronnie Boykins - Bass
John Ore - Second Bass on Kosmos in Blue
C. Scoby Stroman - Drums, Percussion
Clifford Jarvis - Drums on Infinity of the Universe
Tommy Hunter - Drums, Percussion on Cluster of Galaxies, Lights on a Satellite and Kosmos in Blue
Recorded entirely at the Choreographer's Workshop, New York (the Arkestra's rehearsal space) in 1962, except "Lights on a Satellite" and "Kosmos in Blue", recorded in the same location in either November or December 1961.
Notes
^ a b c Campbell, Robert L. "Sun Ra Discography". University of Alabama at Birmingham. Art Forms of Dimensions Tomorrow. Archived from the original on 7 August 2011. Retrieved 27 September 2015.
^ CD AllMusic review
^ Larkin, Colin (2006). The Encyclopedia of Popular Music. Vol. 7. MUZE. p. 843.
^ Sean Westergaard, All Music Guide
^ John F Szwed, Space Is The Place (book), Mojo, 2000, p187-188, including a quote from Tommy Hunter
vteSun Ra
Discography
ArkestraMembers
John Gilmore
Julian Priester
Pat Patrick
Charles Davis
Victor Sproles
Marshall Allen
Ronnie Boykins
James Spaulding
Phil Cohran
Clifford Jarvis
Lex Humphries
Michael Ray
June Tyson
Ahmed Abdullah
Danny Ray Thompson
Chicagoperiodstudioalbums
Jazz by Sun Ra
Super-Sonic Jazz
Sound of Joy
Visits Planet Earth
The Nubians of Plutonia
Jazz in Silhouette
Sound Sun Pleasure!!
Interstellar Low Ways
Fate in a Pleasant Mood
Holiday for Soul Dance
Angels and Demons at Play
We Travel the Space Ways
New Yorkperiodstudioalbums
The Futuristic Sounds of Sun Ra
Bad and Beautiful
Art Forms of Dimensions Tomorrow
Secrets of the Sun
When Sun Comes Out
Cosmic Tones for Mental Therapy
When Angels Speak of Love
Other Planes of There
The Heliocentric Worlds of Sun Ra, Volume One
The Magic City
The Heliocentric Worlds of Sun Ra, Volume Two
Strange Strings
Monorails and Satellites
Atlantis
Philadelphiaperiodstudioalbums
Space Is the Place (soundtrack)
Space Is The Place
Pathways to Unknown Worlds
Cosmos
Deep Purple
Some Blues But Not the Kind That's Blue
New Steps
Other Voices, Other Blues
Visions
Lanquidity
Sleeping Beauty
Strange Celestial Road
Reflections in Blue
Hours After
Blue Delight
Somewhere Else
Purple Night
Mayan Temples
Livealbums
Featuring Pharoah Sanders & Black Harold
Nothing Is
Nuits de la Fondation Maeght
It's After the End of the World
Black Myth/Out in Space
Live in Egypt 1
Nidhamu
Horizon
Live In Montreux
Unity
Live from Soundscape
I, Pharaoh
Sunrise in Different Dimensions
Cosmo Omnibus Imagiable Illusion
Thunder of the Gods
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Often considered the first of Ra's 'outside' recordings,[4] the album was the first to make extensive use of a discovery by the Arkestra's drummer and engineer Tommy Hunter:'Art Forms of Dimensions Tomorrow.... contained \"Cluster of Galaxies\" and \"Solar Drums\", two rhythm section exercises with the sound treated with such strange reverberations that they threatened to obliterate the instruments' identity and turn the music into low-budget musique concrète. While testing the tape recorder when the musicians were tuning up one day, Hunter had discovered that if he recorded with the earphones on, he could run a cable from the output jack back into the input on the recorder and produce massive reverberation:\"I wasn't sure what Sun Ra would think of it... I thought he might be mad - but he loved it. It blew his mind! By working the volume of the output on the playback I could control the effect, make it fast or slow, drop it out, or whatever.\" [Tommy Hunter]'By the 1950s commercial recording companies had developed a classical style of recording which assured that the recording process itself would be invisible... but Sun Ra began to regularly violate this convention on the Saturn releases by recording live at strange sites, by using feedback, distortion, high delay or reverb, unusual microphone placement, abrupt fades or edits, and any number of other effects or noises which called attention to the recording process. On some recordings you could hear a phone ringing, or someone walking near the microphone. It was a rough style of production, an antistyle, a self-reflexive approach which anticipates both free jazz recording conventions and punk production to come.' John F Szwed [5]The sleeve was designed by Sun Ra. 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Scoby Stroman - Drums, Percussion\nClifford Jarvis - Drums on Infinity of the Universe\nTommy Hunter - Drums, Percussion on Cluster of Galaxies, Lights on a Satellite and Kosmos in Blue[1]Recorded entirely at the Choreographer's Workshop, New York (the Arkestra's rehearsal space) in 1962, except \"Lights on a Satellite\" and \"Kosmos in Blue\", recorded in the same location in either November or December 1961.[1]","title":"Musicians"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-campbell_1-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-campbell_1-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-campbell_1-2"},{"link_name":"\"Sun Ra Discography\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20110807055652/http://homepage.uab.edu/moudry/disc_a.htm#17."},{"link_name":"University of Alabama at Birmingham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Alabama_at_Birmingham"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//homepage.uab.edu/moudry/disc_a.htm#17."},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"CD AllMusic review","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.allmusic.com/album/r163670"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-CL_3-0"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"Sean Westergaard, All Music Guide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.allmusic.com/album/r207672"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Sun_Ra"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Sun_Ra"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Sun_Ra"},{"link_name":"Sun Ra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun_Ra"},{"link_name":"Discography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun_Ra_discography"},{"link_name":"John Gilmore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Gilmore_(musician)"},{"link_name":"Julian Priester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julian_Priester"},{"link_name":"Pat Patrick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pat_Patrick_(musician)"},{"link_name":"Charles Davis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Davis_(saxophonist)"},{"link_name":"Victor Sproles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor_Sproles"},{"link_name":"Marshall Allen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marshall_Allen"},{"link_name":"Ronnie Boykins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronnie_Boykins"},{"link_name":"James Spaulding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Spaulding"},{"link_name":"Phil Cohran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phil_Cohran"},{"link_name":"Clifford Jarvis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clifford_Jarvis"},{"link_name":"Lex Humphries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lex_Humphries"},{"link_name":"Michael Ray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Ray_(trumpeter)"},{"link_name":"June Tyson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/June_Tyson"},{"link_name":"Ahmed Abdullah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmed_Abdullah"},{"link_name":"Danny Ray Thompson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danny_Ray_Thompson"},{"link_name":"Chicago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago"},{"link_name":"Jazz by Sun Ra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jazz_by_Sun_Ra"},{"link_name":"Super-Sonic Jazz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super-Sonic_Jazz"},{"link_name":"Sound of Joy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sound_of_Joy"},{"link_name":"Visits Planet Earth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun_Ra_and_his_Solar_Arkestra_Visits_Planet_Earth"},{"link_name":"The Nubians of Plutonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Nubians_of_Plutonia"},{"link_name":"Jazz in Silhouette","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jazz_in_Silhouette"},{"link_name":"Sound Sun Pleasure!!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sound_Sun_Pleasure!!"},{"link_name":"Interstellar Low Ways","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstellar_Low_Ways"},{"link_name":"Fate in a Pleasant Mood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fate_in_a_Pleasant_Mood"},{"link_name":"Holiday for Soul Dance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holiday_for_Soul_Dance"},{"link_name":"Angels and Demons at Play","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angels_and_Demons_at_Play"},{"link_name":"We Travel the Space Ways","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/We_Travel_the_Space_Ways"},{"link_name":"New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City"},{"link_name":"The Futuristic Sounds of Sun Ra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Futuristic_Sounds_of_Sun_Ra"},{"link_name":"Bad and Beautiful","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bad_and_Beautiful"},{"link_name":"Art Forms of Dimensions Tomorrow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Secrets of the Sun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secrets_of_the_Sun"},{"link_name":"When Sun Comes Out","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/When_Sun_Comes_Out"},{"link_name":"Cosmic Tones for Mental Therapy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmic_Tones_for_Mental_Therapy"},{"link_name":"When Angels Speak of Love","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/When_Angels_Speak_of_Love"},{"link_name":"Other Planes of There","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Other_Planes_of_There"},{"link_name":"The Heliocentric Worlds of Sun Ra, Volume One","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Heliocentric_Worlds_of_Sun_Ra,_Volume_One"},{"link_name":"The Magic City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Magic_City_(Sun_Ra_album)"},{"link_name":"The Heliocentric Worlds of Sun Ra, Volume Two","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Heliocentric_Worlds_of_Sun_Ra,_Volume_Two"},{"link_name":"Strange Strings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strange_Strings"},{"link_name":"Monorails and Satellites","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monorails_and_Satellites"},{"link_name":"Atlantis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantis_(Sun_Ra_album)"},{"link_name":"Philadelphia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philadelphia"},{"link_name":"Space Is the Place (soundtrack)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_Is_the_Place_(soundtrack)"},{"link_name":"Space Is The Place","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_Is_the_Place_(Sun_Ra_album)"},{"link_name":"Pathways to Unknown Worlds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pathways_to_Unknown_Worlds"},{"link_name":"Cosmos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmos_(Sun_Ra_album)"},{"link_name":"Deep Purple","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deep_Purple_(Sun_Ra_album)"},{"link_name":"Some Blues But Not the Kind That's Blue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Some_Blues_But_Not_the_Kind_That%27s_Blue"},{"link_name":"New Steps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Steps"},{"link_name":"Other Voices, Other Blues","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Other_Voices,_Other_Blues"},{"link_name":"Visions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visions_(Sun_Ra_album)"},{"link_name":"Lanquidity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lanquidity"},{"link_name":"Sleeping Beauty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sleeping_Beauty_(Sun_Ra_album)"},{"link_name":"Strange Celestial Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strange_Celestial_Road"},{"link_name":"Reflections in Blue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reflections_in_Blue_(Sun_Ra_album)"},{"link_name":"Hours After","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hours_After"},{"link_name":"Blue Delight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_Delight"},{"link_name":"Somewhere Else","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somewhere_Else_(Sun_Ra_album)"},{"link_name":"Purple Night","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purple_Night"},{"link_name":"Mayan Temples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayan_Temples_(album)"},{"link_name":"Featuring Pharoah Sanders & Black Harold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Featuring_Pharoah_Sanders_%26_Black_Harold"},{"link_name":"Nothing Is","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nothing_Is"},{"link_name":"Nuits de la Fondation Maeght","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuits_de_la_Fondation_Maeght_(Sun_Ra_album)"},{"link_name":"It's After the End of the World","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/It%27s_After_the_End_of_the_World"},{"link_name":"Black Myth/Out in Space","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Myth/Out_in_Space"},{"link_name":"Live in Egypt 1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Live_in_Egypt_1"},{"link_name":"Nidhamu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nidhamu"},{"link_name":"Horizon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horizon_(Sun_Ra_album)"},{"link_name":"Live In Montreux","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Live_at_Montreux_(Sun_Ra_album)"},{"link_name":"Unity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unity_(Sun_Ra_album)"},{"link_name":"Live from Soundscape","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Live_from_Soundscape_(Sun_Ra_album)"},{"link_name":"I, Pharaoh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I,_Pharaoh"},{"link_name":"Sunrise in Different Dimensions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunrise_in_Different_Dimensions"},{"link_name":"Cosmo Omnibus Imagiable Illusion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmo_Omnibus_Imagiable_Illusion"},{"link_name":"Thunder of the Gods","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thunder_of_the_Gods"}],"text":"^ a b c Campbell, Robert L. \"Sun Ra Discography\". University of Alabama at Birmingham. Art Forms of Dimensions Tomorrow. Archived from the original on 7 August 2011. Retrieved 27 September 2015.\n\n^ CD AllMusic review\n\n^ Larkin, Colin (2006). The Encyclopedia of Popular Music. Vol. 7. MUZE. p. 843.\n\n^ Sean Westergaard, All Music Guide\n\n^ John F Szwed, Space Is The Place (book), Mojo, 2000, p187-188, including a quote from Tommy HuntervteSun Ra\nDiscography\nArkestraMembers\nJohn Gilmore\nJulian Priester\nPat Patrick\nCharles Davis\nVictor Sproles\nMarshall Allen\nRonnie Boykins\nJames Spaulding\nPhil Cohran\nClifford Jarvis\nLex Humphries\nMichael Ray\nJune Tyson\nAhmed Abdullah\nDanny Ray Thompson\nChicagoperiodstudioalbums\nJazz by Sun Ra\nSuper-Sonic Jazz\nSound of Joy\nVisits Planet Earth\nThe Nubians of Plutonia\nJazz in Silhouette\nSound Sun Pleasure!!\nInterstellar Low Ways\nFate in a Pleasant Mood\nHoliday for Soul Dance\nAngels and Demons at Play\nWe Travel the Space Ways\nNew Yorkperiodstudioalbums\nThe Futuristic Sounds of Sun Ra\nBad and Beautiful\nArt Forms of Dimensions Tomorrow\nSecrets of the Sun\nWhen Sun Comes Out\nCosmic Tones for Mental Therapy\nWhen Angels Speak of Love\nOther Planes of There\nThe Heliocentric Worlds of Sun Ra, Volume One\nThe Magic City\nThe Heliocentric Worlds of Sun Ra, Volume Two\nStrange Strings\nMonorails and Satellites\nAtlantis\nPhiladelphiaperiodstudioalbums\nSpace Is the Place (soundtrack)\nSpace Is The Place\nPathways to Unknown Worlds\nCosmos\nDeep Purple\nSome Blues But Not the Kind That's Blue\nNew Steps\nOther Voices, Other Blues\nVisions\nLanquidity\nSleeping Beauty\nStrange Celestial Road\nReflections in Blue\nHours After\nBlue Delight\nSomewhere Else\nPurple Night\nMayan Temples\nLivealbums\nFeaturing Pharoah Sanders & Black Harold\nNothing Is\nNuits de la Fondation Maeght\nIt's After the End of the World\nBlack Myth/Out in Space\nLive in Egypt 1\nNidhamu\nHorizon\nLive In Montreux\nUnity\nLive from Soundscape\nI, Pharaoh\nSunrise in Different Dimensions\nCosmo Omnibus Imagiable Illusion\nThunder of the Gods","title":"Notes"}]
|
[]
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[{"reference":"Campbell, Robert L. \"Sun Ra Discography\". University of Alabama at Birmingham. Art Forms of Dimensions Tomorrow. Archived from the original on 7 August 2011. Retrieved 27 September 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110807055652/http://homepage.uab.edu/moudry/disc_a.htm#17.","url_text":"\"Sun Ra Discography\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Alabama_at_Birmingham","url_text":"University of Alabama at Birmingham"},{"url":"http://homepage.uab.edu/moudry/disc_a.htm#17.","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Larkin, Colin (2006). The Encyclopedia of Popular Music. Vol. 7. MUZE. p. 843.","urls":[]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110807055652/http://homepage.uab.edu/moudry/disc_a.htm#17.","external_links_name":"\"Sun Ra Discography\""},{"Link":"http://homepage.uab.edu/moudry/disc_a.htm#17.","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.allmusic.com/album/r163670","external_links_name":"CD AllMusic review"},{"Link":"https://www.allmusic.com/album/r207672","external_links_name":"Sean Westergaard, All Music Guide"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Museum_Schloss_Wilhelmsh%C3%B6he
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Wilhelmshöhe Palace
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["1 History","2 Today","3 References","4 External links"]
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Coordinates: 51°18′54″N 9°24′58″E / 51.31500°N 9.41611°E / 51.31500; 9.41611This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Wilhelmshöhe Palace" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (October 2021) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Palace in Kassel, GermanyWilhelmshöhe PalaceWilhelmshöhe PalaceLocation in GermanyShow map of HesseWilhelmshöhe PalaceWilhelmshöhe Palace (Germany)Show map of GermanyGeneral informationTypePalaceArchitectural styleNeoclassicalTown or cityKasselCountryGermanyCoordinates51°18′54″N 9°24′58″E / 51.31500°N 9.41611°E / 51.31500; 9.41611Construction started1786Completed1798Renovated1968–1974, 1994–2000ClientWilliam I, Elector of HesseOwnerMuseumslandschaft Hessen KasselDesign and constructionArchitect(s)Simon Louis du Ry, Heinrich Christoph Jussow
The Wilhelmshöhe Palace (German: Schloss Wilhelmshöhe) is a Neoclassical palace located in Bad Wilhelmshöhe , a part of Kassel, Germany. It was built for Landgrave Wilhelm (William) IX of Hesse in the late 18th century. Emperor Wilhelm II made extensive use of it as a summer residence and personal retreat.
Today, the palace houses the art gallery Gemäldegalerie Alte Meister, part of Museumslandschaft Hessen Kassel. Since 2013, the Wilhelmshöhe Palace has been part of the UNESCO World Heritage Site Bergpark Wilhelmshöhe because of its contribution to Baroque architecture and the outstanding water features that surround the palace.
History
Beginning in the 12th century the site was used as a monastery. Under Philip I, Landgrave of Hesse 1504-1567 it was secularised and used as a castle. This castle was replaced by a new one from 1606 to 1610 by Landgrave Moritz. The current Neoclassical Schloss Wilhelmshöhe was designed by architects Simon Louis du Ry and Heinrich Christoph Jussow from 1786 to 1798 for Landgrave William IX of Hesse.
As king of the Kingdom of Westphalia, Jérôme Bonaparte renamed it Napoleonshöhe and appointed his Head Chamberlain Heinrich von Blumenthal as its governor, with instructions to supervise extensive renovations and alterations such as the side wings between the three buildings. After his kingdom ceased to exist when France lost the Battle of the Nations on 19 October 1813, the Elector of Hesse-Kassel returned. When his state was annexed by Prussia in 1866 following the Austro-Prussian War, the palace passed from the House of Hesse to the House of Hohenzollern. After the Franco-Prussian War of 1870/71, the Prussian King offered the defeated Emperor Napoleon III accommodation there, but after half a year the Emperor went into exile in England.
From 1899 to 1918, Wilhelmshöhe was the summer residence of the German emperor Kaiser Wilhelm II. In 1918, after the armistice ended World War I, the Oberste Heeresleitung, the High Command of the Germany Army under Paul von Hindenburg was moved here from Spa (Belgium) to organize and lead the withdrawal and demobilization of the German troops. It remained at Wilhelmshöhe until February 1919, when it moved to Kolberg.
The middle tract of the castle was mostly destroyed by Allied bombing during World War II. The first reconstruction was made in 1968-1974 by the functionalist architect Paul Friedrich Posenenske. He completely reconstructed the exterior but changed the structure of the interior for its new function as an art museum. From 1994 to 2000 another renovation was made to bring it closer to the original structure. However, the dome of the castle was not rebuilt.
Wilhelmshöhe Palace in 1860
Wilhelmshöhe Palace in a 1907 postcard
Wilhelmshöhe Palace before the war
Today
Today the Wilhelmshöhe Castle Museum houses the antiquities collection, the Gallery of the Old Masters (which includes one of the world's largest Rembrandt collections) and the Graphic Arts Collection.
William I, Elector of Hesse, as well as Jérôme Bonaparte, assembled a large collection of Empire style furniture. Parts of it are on display in the museum, others on loan to Bellevue Palace in Berlin, the official residence of the President of Germany.
References
^ a b >"Bergpark Wilhelmshöhe". UNESCO World Heritage Centre. 23 June 2013. Retrieved 19 January 2023.
^ "Significant Collections of Dutch 17th c. Art and Painting by Rembrandt van Rijn". www.rembrandtpainting.net. Retrieved 2021-10-10.
^ Official website of Bellevue Palace
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Schloss Wilhelmshöhe.
Website of Museumslandschaft Hessen Kassel
Authority control databases International
VIAF
National
Germany
United States
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"German","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_language"},{"link_name":"Neoclassical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neoclassical_architecture"},{"link_name":"Bad Wilhelmshöhe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bad_Wilhelmsh%C3%B6he&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"de","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bad_Wilhelmsh%C3%B6he"},{"link_name":"Kassel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kassel"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany"},{"link_name":"Landgrave Wilhelm (William) IX of Hesse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_I,_Elector_of_Hesse"},{"link_name":"Wilhelm II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_II,_German_Emperor"},{"link_name":"Gemäldegalerie Alte Meister","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gem%C3%A4ldegalerie_Alte_Meister_(Kassel)"},{"link_name":"Museumslandschaft Hessen Kassel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Museumslandschaft_Hessen_Kassel"},{"link_name":"World Heritage Site","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Heritage_Site"},{"link_name":"Bergpark Wilhelmshöhe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bergpark_Wilhelmsh%C3%B6he"},{"link_name":"water features","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_features"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-unesco-1"}],"text":"Palace in Kassel, GermanyThe Wilhelmshöhe Palace (German: Schloss Wilhelmshöhe) is a Neoclassical palace located in Bad Wilhelmshöhe [de], a part of Kassel, Germany. It was built for Landgrave Wilhelm (William) IX of Hesse in the late 18th century. Emperor Wilhelm II made extensive use of it as a summer residence and personal retreat.Today, the palace houses the art gallery Gemäldegalerie Alte Meister, part of Museumslandschaft Hessen Kassel. Since 2013, the Wilhelmshöhe Palace has been part of the UNESCO World Heritage Site Bergpark Wilhelmshöhe because of its contribution to Baroque architecture and the outstanding water features that surround the palace.[1]","title":"Wilhelmshöhe Palace"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Philip I, Landgrave of Hesse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_I,_Landgrave_of_Hesse"},{"link_name":"Simon Louis du Ry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon_Louis_du_Ry"},{"link_name":"Heinrich Christoph Jussow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Heinrich_Christoph_Jussow&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"de","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinrich_Christoph_Jussow"},{"link_name":"Landgrave William IX of Hesse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_I,_Elector_of_Hesse"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-unesco-1"},{"link_name":"Kingdom of Westphalia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Westphalia"},{"link_name":"Jérôme Bonaparte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%A9r%C3%B4me_Bonaparte"},{"link_name":"von Blumenthal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Von_Blumenthal"},{"link_name":"Battle of the Nations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Leipzig"},{"link_name":"Elector","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince-elector"},{"link_name":"Hesse-Kassel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electorate_of_Hesse"},{"link_name":"Prussia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Prussia"},{"link_name":"Austro-Prussian War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austro-Prussian_War"},{"link_name":"House of Hesse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Hesse"},{"link_name":"House of Hohenzollern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Hohenzollern"},{"link_name":"Franco-Prussian War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franco-Prussian_War"},{"link_name":"Napoleon III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napoleon_III_of_France"},{"link_name":"Kaiser Wilhelm II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_II,_German_Emperor"},{"link_name":"armistice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armistice_of_11_November_1918"},{"link_name":"World War I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I"},{"link_name":"Oberste Heeresleitung","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oberste_Heeresleitung"},{"link_name":"Paul von Hindenburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_von_Hindenburg"},{"link_name":"Spa (Belgium)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spa_(Belgium)"},{"link_name":"Kolberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolberg"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"Paul Friedrich Posenenske","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Friedrich_Posenenske"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Schloss_Wilhelmshoehe_Sammlung_Duncker.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wilhelmsh%C3%B6he_Schloss_in_Kassel_postcard_1907.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kassel_Wilhelmsh%C3%B6he_001.jpg"}],"text":"Beginning in the 12th century the site was used as a monastery. Under Philip I, Landgrave of Hesse 1504-1567 it was secularised and used as a castle. This castle was replaced by a new one from 1606 to 1610 by Landgrave Moritz. The current Neoclassical Schloss Wilhelmshöhe was designed by architects Simon Louis du Ry and Heinrich Christoph Jussow [de] from 1786 to 1798 for Landgrave William IX of Hesse.[1]As king of the Kingdom of Westphalia, Jérôme Bonaparte renamed it Napoleonshöhe and appointed his Head Chamberlain Heinrich von Blumenthal as its governor, with instructions to supervise extensive renovations and alterations such as the side wings between the three buildings. After his kingdom ceased to exist when France lost the Battle of the Nations on 19 October 1813, the Elector of Hesse-Kassel returned. When his state was annexed by Prussia in 1866 following the Austro-Prussian War, the palace passed from the House of Hesse to the House of Hohenzollern. After the Franco-Prussian War of 1870/71, the Prussian King offered the defeated Emperor Napoleon III accommodation there, but after half a year the Emperor went into exile in England.From 1899 to 1918, Wilhelmshöhe was the summer residence of the German emperor Kaiser Wilhelm II. In 1918, after the armistice ended World War I, the Oberste Heeresleitung, the High Command of the Germany Army under Paul von Hindenburg was moved here from Spa (Belgium) to organize and lead the withdrawal and demobilization of the German troops. It remained at Wilhelmshöhe until February 1919, when it moved to Kolberg.The middle tract of the castle was mostly destroyed by Allied bombing during World War II. The first reconstruction was made in 1968-1974 by the functionalist architect Paul Friedrich Posenenske. He completely reconstructed the exterior but changed the structure of the interior for its new function as an art museum. From 1994 to 2000 another renovation was made to bring it closer to the original structure. However, the dome of the castle was not rebuilt.Wilhelmshöhe Palace in 1860\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tWilhelmshöhe Palace in a 1907 postcard\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tWilhelmshöhe Palace before the war","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gallery of the Old Masters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gem%C3%A4ldegalerie_Alte_Meister_(Kassel)"},{"link_name":"Rembrandt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rembrandt"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"William I, Elector of Hesse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_I,_Elector_of_Hesse"},{"link_name":"Empire style","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empire_style"},{"link_name":"Bellevue Palace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bellevue_Palace_(Germany)"},{"link_name":"President of Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_Germany"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Today the Wilhelmshöhe Castle Museum houses the antiquities collection, the Gallery of the Old Masters (which includes one of the world's largest Rembrandt collections[2]) and the Graphic Arts Collection.William I, Elector of Hesse, as well as Jérôme Bonaparte, assembled a large collection of Empire style furniture. Parts of it are on display in the museum, others on loan to Bellevue Palace in Berlin, the official residence of the President of Germany.[3]","title":"Today"}]
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[]
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[{"reference":"\"Bergpark Wilhelmshöhe\". UNESCO World Heritage Centre. 23 June 2013. Retrieved 19 January 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1413/","url_text":"\"Bergpark Wilhelmshöhe\""}]},{"reference":"\"Significant Collections of Dutch 17th c. Art and Painting by Rembrandt van Rijn\". www.rembrandtpainting.net. Retrieved 2021-10-10.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.rembrandtpainting.net/dutch_museums.htm","url_text":"\"Significant Collections of Dutch 17th c. Art and Painting by Rembrandt van Rijn\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dioceses_of_Ireland
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Dioceses of Ireland
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["1 See also","2 References"]
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History of Catholic and Anglican dioceses in Ireland
The pre-Reformation Christian church in Ireland was first divided into dioceses at the Synod of Ráth Breasail in 1111, although the dioceses of Dublin and Waterford were founded earlier by Hiberno Norse rulers with bishops consecrated by the Archbishop of Canterbury in England. The boundaries were reconfigured at the Synod of Kells in 1152 into 37 dioceses. A few were later abolished, as when Glendalough merged Dublin in 1214–16.
After the Reformation in Ireland, the established Anglican Church of Ireland was de jure the continuation of the pre-Reformation church. The Church Temporalities Act 1833 (3 & 4 Will. 4. c. 37) effected the abolition of 10 Church of Ireland dioceses by merger with neighbouring ones. Further mergers subsequently mean there are now 12 Church of Ireland dioceses in Ireland.
The Roman Catholic diocesan structure was prohibited under Penal Laws but bishops were consecrated abroad and visited Ireland in secret. By the eighteenth century, they had resumed residency. Although the Ecclesiastical Titles Act 1851 made it illegal for Roman Catholic dioceses to use the same names as those of the Church of Ireland and England, this was not enforced in Ireland. There are now 26 Roman Catholic dioceses in Ireland.
See also
List of Roman Catholic dioceses in Ireland
List of dioceses of the Church of Ireland
References
Moody, Theodore William; Martin, Francis X.; Byrne, Francis John, eds. (25 March 2011) . "I: Maps" (PDF). Maps, Genealogies, Lists: A Companion to Irish History, Part II. A New History of Ireland. Vol. IX. Clarendon Press. maps 24–27 and 67–68, incl. notes, pp.26–27, 60, 101–102, 113–114. ISBN 9780199593064. Retrieved 11 July 2017.
This article about a Roman Catholic diocese in Europe is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
This article about an Anglican diocese is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
This Irish history article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"pre-Reformation Christian church in Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Christianity_in_Ireland"},{"link_name":"dioceses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dioceses"},{"link_name":"Synod of Ráth Breasail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synod_of_R%C3%A1th_Breasail"},{"link_name":"of Dublin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archbishop_of_Dublin"},{"link_name":"Waterford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishop_of_Waterford"},{"link_name":"Hiberno Norse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiberno_Norse"},{"link_name":"Archbishop of Canterbury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archbishop_of_Canterbury"},{"link_name":"Synod of Kells","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synod_of_Kells"},{"link_name":"Glendalough","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diocese_of_Glendalough"},{"link_name":"Reformation in Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reformation_in_Ireland"},{"link_name":"Church of Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_Ireland"},{"link_name":"Church Temporalities Act 1833","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_Temporalities_Act_1833"},{"link_name":"3 & 4 Will. 4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3_%26_4_Will._4"},{"link_name":"12 Church of Ireland dioceses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Anglican_dioceses_in_the_United_Kingdom_and_Ireland#Church_of_Ireland"},{"link_name":"Penal Laws","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penal_Laws_(Ireland)"},{"link_name":"Ecclesiastical Titles Act 1851","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecclesiastical_Titles_Act_1851"},{"link_name":"and England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_England"},{"link_name":"26 Roman Catholic dioceses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Roman_Catholic_dioceses_in_Ireland"}],"text":"The pre-Reformation Christian church in Ireland was first divided into dioceses at the Synod of Ráth Breasail in 1111, although the dioceses of Dublin and Waterford were founded earlier by Hiberno Norse rulers with bishops consecrated by the Archbishop of Canterbury in England. The boundaries were reconfigured at the Synod of Kells in 1152 into 37 dioceses. A few were later abolished, as when Glendalough merged Dublin in 1214–16.After the Reformation in Ireland, the established Anglican Church of Ireland was de jure the continuation of the pre-Reformation church. The Church Temporalities Act 1833 (3 & 4 Will. 4. c. 37) effected the abolition of 10 Church of Ireland dioceses by merger with neighbouring ones. Further mergers subsequently mean there are now 12 Church of Ireland dioceses in Ireland.The Roman Catholic diocesan structure was prohibited under Penal Laws but bishops were consecrated abroad and visited Ireland in secret. By the eighteenth century, they had resumed residency. Although the Ecclesiastical Titles Act 1851 made it illegal for Roman Catholic dioceses to use the same names as those of the Church of Ireland and England, this was not enforced in Ireland. There are now 26 Roman Catholic dioceses in Ireland.","title":"Dioceses of Ireland"}]
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[]
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[{"title":"List of Roman Catholic dioceses in Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Roman_Catholic_dioceses_in_Ireland"},{"title":"List of dioceses of the Church of Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Anglican_dioceses_in_the_United_Kingdom_and_Ireland#Church_of_Ireland"}]
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[{"reference":"Moody, Theodore William; Martin, Francis X.; Byrne, Francis John, eds. (25 March 2011) [1984]. \"I: Maps\" (PDF). Maps, Genealogies, Lists: A Companion to Irish History, Part II. A New History of Ireland. Vol. IX. Clarendon Press. maps 24–27 and 67–68, incl. notes, pp.26–27, 60, 101–102, 113–114. ISBN 9780199593064. Retrieved 11 July 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodore_William_Moody","url_text":"Moody, Theodore William"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F._X._Martin","url_text":"Martin, Francis X."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_John_Byrne","url_text":"Byrne, Francis John"},{"url":"http://fdslive.oup.com/www.oup.com/academic/pdf/13/9780199593064.pdf","url_text":"\"I: Maps\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780199593064","url_text":"9780199593064"}]}]
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[{"Link":"http://fdslive.oup.com/www.oup.com/academic/pdf/13/9780199593064.pdf","external_links_name":"\"I: Maps\""},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dioceses_of_Ireland&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dioceses_of_Ireland&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dioceses_of_Ireland&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catherine_Driscoll
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Catherine Driscoll
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["1 Research","2 Books","2.1 Edited collections","3 References"]
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Australian professor of Gender and Cultural Studies
This article is about the Australian professor of Gender and Cultural Studies. For the Welsh criminal born Catherine Driscoll, see Catherine Lynch.
Catherine Driscoll is an Australian professor of Gender and Cultural Studies at the University of Sydney. She grew up in Wauchope, New South Wales and was educated at Wauchope High School, the University of Newcastle (Australia), and the University of Melbourne. She has worked at the University of Melbourne, the University of Adelaide, and joined the School of Philosophical and Historical Inquiry at the University of Sydney in 2003. She has held visiting fellow positions at Duke University, Columbia University, Cardiff University, and the Australian National University.
Driscoll served as Vice-Chair and then Chair of the international Association for Cultural Studies (2016-2022), and helped found the International Girls Studies Association in 2011.
Research
Driscoll's most influential work focuses on ideas about girls and their experiences and identities. This work helped define the field of girls studies, particularly through the influence of her book Girls (2002), which "analyses a vast range of sites, texts, case studies, and discourses from the nineteenth century to the end of the twentieth century" while addressing "debates about post-feminism, girl culture, and feminist generations". Scholarship in girls studies has expanded considerably since Driscoll's work leading up to Girls, but at the time this book was described by Angela McRobbie as "the first sustained account of how young women come to understand themselves through the world of images, texts and representations". It "sought to correct the "invisibility of girls in cultural studies as the discourse most likely to consider their involvement in the production of the world that defines them", offering "a history of 'feminine adolescence' as the category through which we understand girls today, and by extension, through which girls understand themselves and their lives".
As well as many essays on girlhood and girls' media culture, and related work on rural girls, Driscoll teaches and researches more broadly in cultural theory, cultural studies, and youth studies, with specific attention to popular culture, modernist studies, rural studies, and cultural policy. Her work is also interesting for its innovative interdisciplinary method and a "relational" or "conjunctural" approach that Margaret Henderson compares to Michel Foucault's The Order of Things and Ben Highmore compares to Walter Benjamin's The Arcades Project. Driscoll herself stresses a debt to Foucault and Benjamin but also to feminist scholars like Angela McRobbie and to cultural studies scholars like Raymond Williams and Meaghan Morris. This interdisciplinary relational model for feminist cultural studies stretches across Driscoll's books on seemingly very different topics. Highmore argues that in her work on modernism and modernity, "the cultural becomes the way of getting a line on the conjunctural" and modernism is understood as "a deep condition of gendering affect" in analysis that "is profoundly, productively and constitutionally feminist in orientation". Regarding Driscoll's work on rural girlhood, Katherine Murphy notes that she "is able to put historians into conversation with cultural studies, girls studies, and rural studies scholars. Bringing these discussions together with her own ethnographic research, Driscoll demonstrates the ongoing resonance of powerful cultural (and gendered) ideas about the rural and the urban". Even Driscoll's less theoretical work, such as the book Teen Film (2011), features the kind of unexpected directions, for example into media regulation, that Highmore calls her "conjunctural and contextual enquiry".
Her nationally funded research includes projects on ideas and images of girlhood, the history and experience of Australian country girlhood, cultural sustainability in rural communities, age-based media classification systems, and ideas about boys and boyhood, especially in Australia. She is currently leading a Sydney-based team of feminist researchers on boys studies.
Books
Girls: Feminine Adolescence in Popular Culture and Cultural Theory, New York: Columbia University Press, 2002.
Modernist Cultural Studies. Gainesville: University Press of Florida, 2010.
Teen Film: A Critical Introduction. Oxford: Berg, 2011.
The Australian Country Girl: History, Image, Experience. Farnham: Ashgate, 2014. Reprinted Routledge, 2018.
With Alexandra Heatwole, The Hunger Games: Spectacle, Risk and the Girl Action Hero. Oxon: Routledge, 2018.
Edited collections
Gender, Media and Modernity in the Asia Pacific, edited Catherine Driscoll and Meaghan Morris. Oxon: Routledge, 2014.
Cultural Pedagogies and Human Conduct, edited Megan Watkins, Greg Noble and Catherine Driscoll. Oxon: Routledge, 2015.
Cultural Sustainability in Rural Communities: Rethinking Australian Country Towns, edited Catherine Driscoll, Kate Darian-Smith and David Nichols. Oxon: Routledge, 2017.
Youth, Technology, Governance, Experience: Adults Understanding Young Lives, edited Liam Grealy, Catherine Driscoll and Anna Hickey-Moody. Oxon: Routledge, 2018.
References
^ "Department of Gender and Cultural Studies Academic Staff". The University of Sydney. Retrieved 15 March 2017.
^ Sydney, The University of. "Professor Catherine Driscoll - The University of Sydney". sydney.edu.au. Retrieved 6 May 2018.
^ "Catherine Driscoll - The University of Sydney - Academia.edu". usyd.academia.edu. Retrieved 6 May 2018.
^ "ACS". Association for Cultural Studies. ACS. Retrieved 21 April 2021.
^ "IGSA". International Girls Studies Association. International Girls Studies Association. Retrieved 2 December 2017.
^ Bellanta, Melissa (2010). "Rough Maria and clever Simone: some introductory remarks on the girl in Australian history". Journal of Australian Studies. 34 (4): 417–428. doi:10.1080/14443058.2010.519313. S2CID 143681551.
^ Henderson, Margaret (2004). "Review: Girls: Feminine Adolescence in Popular Culture and Cultural Theory". Australian Feminist Studies. 19 (43): 131–132.
^ Driscoll, Catherine (2002). Girls: Feminine Adolescence in Popular Culture and Cultural Theory. New York: Columbia University Press (McRobbie on back cover).
^ Currie, Dawn (February 2004). "Girls: Feminine Adolescence in Popular Culture and Cultural Theory". Journal of Marriage and Family. 66 (1): 259–261. doi:10.1111/j.0022-2445.2004.00bkb.x.
^ "Catherine Driscoll Publications" (PDF). University of Sydney. University of Sydney. Retrieved 2 December 2017.
^ Driscoll, Catherine (2014). The Australian Country Girl: History, Image, Experience. Abingdon: Ashgate.
^ Henderson, Margaret (2004). "Review: Girls: Feminine Adolescence in Popular Culture and Cultural Theory". Australian Feminist Studies. 19 (43): 132.
^ Highmore, Ben (2013). "Cultural Studies in Its Mirror Phase". New Formations. 78 (78): 179–187. doi:10.3898/newf.78.rev01.2013. S2CID 144724415.
^ Driscoll, Catherine (2010). Modernist Cultural Studies. Gainesville: University Press of Florida. p. 21.
^ Driscoll, Catherine (2014). The Australian Country Girl: History, Image, Experience. Abingdon: Ashgate. p. 5.
^ Driscoll, Catherine (2010). Modernist Cultural Studies. Gainesville: University Press of Florida. p. 109.
^ Driscoll, Catherine (2007). "Girls Today: Girls, Girl Culture and Girl Studies". Journal of Girlhood Studies. 1 (1): 21. doi:10.3167/ghs.2008.010103.
^ Driscoll, Catherine (2010). Modernist Cultural Studies. Gainesville: University Press of Florida. pp. 10–18.
^ Driscoll, Catherine (2014). The Australian Country Girl: History, Image, Experience. Abingdon: Ashgate. pp. 104–108.
^ Driscoll, Catherine (2014). The Australian Country Girl: History, Image, Experience. Abingdon: Ashgate. pp. 2–6.
^ a b Highmore, Ben (2013). "Cultural Studies in Its Mirror Phase". New Formations. 78 (78): 185. doi:10.3898/NewF.78.Rev01.2013. S2CID 144724415.
^ Murphy, Katherine (2015). "The Australian Country Girl". Australian Historical Studies. 46: 332–333. doi:10.1080/1031461x.2015.1040598. S2CID 161467603.
^ Strong, Catherine (May 2013). "Review: Teen Film: A Critical Introduction". Media International Australia. 147: 162. doi:10.1177/1329878X1314700121. S2CID 150139126.
^ "Media Classification Project". Retrieved 22 November 2022.
^ "Department of Gender and Cultural Studies Academic Staff". The University of Sydney. Retrieved 15 March 2017.
^ "Feminist Boys Studies Research Group". Retrieved 22 November 2022.
^ Driscoll, Catherine; Grealy, Liam; Sharkey, Grace (2022). "One For the Boys: an affirmative feminist boys studies". Continuum. 36: 1–3. doi:10.1080/10304312.2021.2006888.
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Catherine Lynch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catherine_Lynch"},{"link_name":"Australian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australians"},{"link_name":"University of Sydney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Sydney"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Wauchope, New South Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wauchope,_New_South_Wales"},{"link_name":"University of Newcastle (Australia)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Newcastle_(Australia)"},{"link_name":"University of Melbourne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Melbourne"},{"link_name":"University of Melbourne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Melbourne"},{"link_name":"University of Adelaide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Adelaide"},{"link_name":"University of Sydney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Sydney"},{"link_name":"Duke University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duke_University"},{"link_name":"Columbia University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_University"},{"link_name":"Cardiff University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiff_University"},{"link_name":"Australian National University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_National_University"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"This article is about the Australian professor of Gender and Cultural Studies. For the Welsh criminal born Catherine Driscoll, see Catherine Lynch.Catherine Driscoll is an Australian professor of Gender and Cultural Studies at the University of Sydney.[1] She grew up in Wauchope, New South Wales and was educated at Wauchope High School, the University of Newcastle (Australia), and the University of Melbourne. She has worked at the University of Melbourne, the University of Adelaide, and joined the School of Philosophical and Historical Inquiry at the University of Sydney in 2003. She has held visiting fellow positions at Duke University, Columbia University, Cardiff University, and the Australian National University.[2]\n[3]Driscoll served as Vice-Chair and then Chair of the international Association for Cultural Studies (2016-2022),[4] and helped found the International Girls Studies Association in 2011.[5]","title":"Catherine Driscoll"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"girls studies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Girls_studies&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Angela McRobbie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angela_McRobbie"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"cultural theory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultural_theory"},{"link_name":"cultural studies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultural_studies"},{"link_name":"youth studies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Youth_studies"},{"link_name":"popular culture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Popular_culture"},{"link_name":"modernist studies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Modernist_studies&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"rural studies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rural_studies&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"cultural policy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultural_policy"},{"link_name":"Michel Foucault","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michel_Foucault"},{"link_name":"The Order of Things","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Order_of_Things"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Ben Highmore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ben_Highmore&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Walter Benjamin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Benjamin"},{"link_name":"The Arcades Project","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Arcades_Project"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Angela McRobbie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angela_McRobbie"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Raymond Williams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raymond_Williams"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Meaghan Morris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meaghan_Morris"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"modernism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modernism"},{"link_name":"modernity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modernity"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-21"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"}],"text":"Driscoll's most influential work focuses on ideas about girls and their experiences and identities. This work helped define the field of girls studies,[6] particularly through the influence of her book Girls (2002), which \"analyses a vast range of sites, texts, case studies, and discourses from the nineteenth century to the end of the twentieth century\" while addressing \"debates about post-feminism, girl culture, and feminist generations\".[7] Scholarship in girls studies has expanded considerably since Driscoll's work leading up to Girls, but at the time this book was described by Angela McRobbie as \"the first sustained account of how young women come to understand themselves through the world of images, texts and representations\".[8] It \"sought to correct the \"invisibility of girls in cultural studies as the discourse most likely to consider their involvement in the production of the world that defines them\", offering \"a history of 'feminine adolescence' as the category through which we understand girls today, and by extension, through which girls understand themselves and their lives\".[9]As well as many essays on girlhood and girls' media culture,[10] and related work on rural girls,[11] Driscoll teaches and researches more broadly in cultural theory, cultural studies, and youth studies, with specific attention to popular culture, modernist studies, rural studies, and cultural policy. Her work is also interesting for its innovative interdisciplinary method and a \"relational\" or \"conjunctural\" approach that Margaret Henderson compares to Michel Foucault's The Order of Things[12] and Ben Highmore compares to Walter Benjamin's The Arcades Project.[13] Driscoll herself stresses a debt to Foucault[14][15] and Benjamin[16] but also to feminist scholars like Angela McRobbie[17] and to cultural studies scholars like Raymond Williams[18][19] and Meaghan Morris.[20] This interdisciplinary relational model for feminist cultural studies stretches across Driscoll's books on seemingly very different topics. Highmore argues that in her work on modernism and modernity, \"the cultural becomes the way of getting a line on the conjunctural\" and modernism is understood as \"a deep condition of gendering affect\" in analysis that \"is profoundly, productively and constitutionally feminist in orientation\".[21] Regarding Driscoll's work on rural girlhood, Katherine Murphy notes that she \"is able to put historians into conversation with cultural studies, girls studies, and rural studies scholars. Bringing these discussions together with her own ethnographic research, Driscoll demonstrates the ongoing resonance of powerful cultural (and gendered) ideas about the rural and the urban\".[22] Even Driscoll's less theoretical work, such as the book Teen Film (2011), features the kind of unexpected directions, for example into media regulation,[23] that Highmore calls her \"conjunctural and contextual enquiry\".[21]Her nationally funded research includes projects on ideas and images of girlhood, the history and experience of Australian country girlhood, cultural sustainability in rural communities, age-based media classification systems,[24] and ideas about boys and boyhood, especially in Australia.[25] She is currently leading a Sydney-based team of feminist researchers on boys studies.[26][27]","title":"Research"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Girls: Feminine Adolescence in Popular Culture and Cultural Theory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=gyasNvvNUyAC"},{"link_name":"Modernist Cultural Studies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.amazon.com/Modernist-Cultural-Studies-Catherine-Driscoll/dp/0813041708"},{"link_name":"Teen Film: A Critical Introduction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=CB4NOZ2_NGQC"},{"link_name":"The Australian Country Girl: History, Image, Experience","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=6srOCwAAQBAJ"},{"link_name":"The Hunger Games: Spectacle, Risk and the Girl Action Hero","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.routledge.com/The-Hunger-Games-Spectacle-Risk-and-the-Girl-Action-Hero/Driscoll-Heatwole/p/book/9781138683068"}],"text":"Girls: Feminine Adolescence in Popular Culture and Cultural Theory, New York: Columbia University Press, 2002.\nModernist Cultural Studies. Gainesville: University Press of Florida, 2010.\nTeen Film: A Critical Introduction. Oxford: Berg, 2011.\nThe Australian Country Girl: History, Image, Experience. Farnham: Ashgate, 2014. Reprinted Routledge, 2018.\nWith Alexandra Heatwole, The Hunger Games: Spectacle, Risk and the Girl Action Hero. Oxon: Routledge, 2018.","title":"Books"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gender, Media and Modernity in the Asia Pacific","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=35C9CgAAQBAJ"},{"link_name":"Cultural Pedagogies and Human Conduct","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=B9UqBwAAQBAJ"},{"link_name":"Cultural Sustainability in Rural Communities: Rethinking Australian Country Towns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.routledge.com/Cultural-Sustainability-in-Rural-Communities-Rethinking-Australian-Country/Driscoll-Darian-Smith-Nichols/p/book/9781472468642"},{"link_name":"Kate Darian-Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kate_Darian-Smith"},{"link_name":"Youth, Technology, Governance, Experience: Adults Understanding Young Lives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.amazon.com/Youth-Technology-Governance-Experience-Understanding/dp/0815362315"},{"link_name":"Anna Hickey-Moody","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anna_Hickey-Moody"}],"sub_title":"Edited collections","text":"Gender, Media and Modernity in the Asia Pacific, edited Catherine Driscoll and Meaghan Morris. Oxon: Routledge, 2014.\nCultural Pedagogies and Human Conduct, edited Megan Watkins, Greg Noble and Catherine Driscoll. Oxon: Routledge, 2015.\nCultural Sustainability in Rural Communities: Rethinking Australian Country Towns, edited Catherine Driscoll, Kate Darian-Smith and David Nichols. Oxon: Routledge, 2017.\nYouth, Technology, Governance, Experience: Adults Understanding Young Lives, edited Liam Grealy, Catherine Driscoll and Anna Hickey-Moody. Oxon: Routledge, 2018.","title":"Books"}]
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Retrieved 21 April 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.cultstud.org/wordpress/about/board-committees/","url_text":"\"ACS\""}]},{"reference":"\"IGSA\". International Girls Studies Association. International Girls Studies Association. Retrieved 2 December 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://girls-studies.org/","url_text":"\"IGSA\""}]},{"reference":"Bellanta, Melissa (2010). \"Rough Maria and clever Simone: some introductory remarks on the girl in Australian history\". Journal of Australian Studies. 34 (4): 417–428. doi:10.1080/14443058.2010.519313. 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Media International Australia. 147: 162. doi:10.1177/1329878X1314700121. S2CID 150139126.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1177%2F1329878X1314700121","url_text":"10.1177/1329878X1314700121"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:150139126","url_text":"150139126"}]},{"reference":"\"Media Classification Project\". Retrieved 22 November 2022.","urls":[{"url":"http://mediaclassification.org/","url_text":"\"Media Classification Project\""}]},{"reference":"\"Department of Gender and Cultural Studies Academic Staff\". The University of Sydney. Retrieved 15 March 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://sydney.edu.au/arts/gender_cultural_studies/staff/profiles/catherine.driscoll.php","url_text":"\"Department of Gender and Cultural Studies Academic Staff\""}]},{"reference":"\"Feminist Boys Studies Research Group\". 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sk%C3%B6na_Helena
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Sköna Helena
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["1 Background","2 Synopsis","3 Cast","4 Critical assessment","5 References","6 External links"]
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1951 Swedish filmSköna HelenaDirected byGustaf EdgrenStarringMax HansenEva DahlbeckMusic byJacques OffenbachRelease date
1951 (1951)
CountrySweden
Sköna Helena (Beautiful Helen) is a Swedish musical film of 1951 directed by Gustaf Edgren, and based loosely on the story and music of the opéra bouffe La belle Hélène. It was director Gustaf Edgren's last film and stars Max Hansen and Eva Dahlbeck.
Background
Much of the music originates in Jacques Offenbach's opéra bouffe La Belle Hélène (words by Henri Meilhac and Ludovic Halévy) which premiered in Paris in 1864, since when it has been part of the operetta repertory.
Max Hansen had appeared in Max Reinhardt's Berlin production of La Belle Hélène alongside Jarmila Novotná in 1930, and in 1944 he played Menelaus at the Royal Stockholm Opera for full houses over 150 performances opposite Hjördis Schymberg as Helena. In 1952 Hansen would record a set of selections from the operetta with Elisabeth Söderström, Arne Andersson and Hasse Funck, conducted by Sune Waldimir on the Musica label (SK 19854-5).
The filming of Sköna Helena started around May 1950 and was completed by the middle of July. An Arcadian quayside was built around the jetty at Stensunds dockyard, while other sets were constructed in and around Sandrew's studios at Gärdet in Stockholm.
The film had its premiere on 26 December 1951 at the Royal cinema in Stockholm as well as several other Swedish towns and cities.
Eva Dahlbeck (Helena), at this time early in her career, would soon play Desirée Armfeldt in Bergman's film Smiles of a Summer Night. Helena's vocal numbers were sung and dubbed by Kjerstin Dellert, whose professional debut was in New York, and had just made her Swedish debut – in Offenbach's Belle Hélène – at the Grand Theatre in Gothenburg the same year. The dancers were from the Royal Opera, the Oscarsteatern and the Södra Teatern in Stockholm.
The cast also boasted the prolific film actor Stig Järrel, Elisaveta von Gersdorff Oxenstierna (daughter of an exiled Russian noble), and Per Grundén who went on to an international career (including the Vienna State Opera and Vienna Volksoper) followed by TV and film roles.
Bertil Bokstedt, who later held senior positions at the Royal Opera in Stockholm and accompanied international opera singers such as Jussi Björling and Birgit Nilsson, was the conductor.
Synopsis
Sandwiched between the East and the West, is the neutral, small, carefree kingdom of Arcadia. Its two powerful neighbours vie for world domination. The eastern neighbour's ruler Trojanus has recently taken several minor states under his "protection". Prince Paris is shackled and put aboard a Trojan ship as a galley-slave. Trojanus believes that the Arcadian province Thermopylae, with its mountain passes would make a useful route to the west and begins an intrigue to usurp the area peacefully. He has sought the support of Arcadia's royalists, who form a treacherous fifth column.
Meanwhile, Arcadia is unaware of all these plans. Under an assumed name King Menelaus amuses himself playing ping-pong with the delightful fashion model Läspia. Unbeknown to the King the plotting Calchas has made a deal with Trojanus' ambassador, Hector, for a marriage for Menelaus. The chosen consort is the Trojan beauty queen Helen. When the king is told of his imminent entry into matrimony, he is dismayed; the prospect of a foreign wife by his side and having to abandon Läspia does not appeal to him.
Läspia discovers that her wooer is the king himself, and starts a counter-plot to out-manoeuvre the future queen. When Helena arrives, she takes her place in the chamber of honour. Läspia is supported by the United States of Rome who want to prevent Trojanus getting power over the Arcadian king through marriage. To this end, Secret Service man Hercules is despatched to her aid. Hercules frees Paris, and a meeting is arranged between Paris and Helen. The result is just as Läspia and Hercules had hoped: Helena falls in love with the beautiful singing prince and rejects the king. However, Menelaus has inadvertently consumed a love potion meant for Paris, and is consumed by a violent desire for Helena.
Despite Helena's chilly responses to the love-sick Menelaus, Hector urges her to marry the king. The Trojan ambassador is still hoping for a lease on Thermopylae, and the prospect of a wedding night with beauty queen leads Menelaus on when the marriage contract is drawn up. On the wedding night Läspia enters the bedroom and manages to lock Paris in there. When Menelaus enters, he realizes that his new wife is unfaithful, by counting the number of feet sticking out from the end of the bed. Läspia's scheme has succeeded.
Helena flees to Paris and returns the contract. Menelaus wakes finally to the danger threatening his country and sends the royalist party's fifth column to the East and ten thousand troops to Thermopylae to defend the province. Helena is forced to cancel her flight to put her seal on a royal divorce. Menelaus may now join Läspia and make her the new queen of Arcadia.
Cast
Eva Dahlbeck - Helena, a Trojan princess
Max Hansen - Menelaus, King of Arkadia
Per Grundén - Paris
Åke Söderblom - Hercules, a Roman Secret Service agent
Elisaveta von Gersdorff Oxenstierna/Elisaveta - Läspia, a fashion guru
Stig Järrel - Hector, the Trojan ambassador
Carl-Gunnar Wingård - Calchas, Prime Minister of Arkadia
Åke Claesson - Marcellus, Roman ambassador
John Botvid - Caro, footman of Menelaus
Sigge Fürst - Waiter in the House of Delights
Arne Wirén - Achilles, the Arkadian commander
Keve Hjelm - Lager Myrten, a fifth columnist
Olav Riégo - Leader of battle
Viveka Linder - Eris, a fairy
Ullacarin Rydén – the Goddess Minerva
Critical assessment
Following Max Hansen's major success in Offenbach's La Belle Hélène in Stockholm, Anders Sandrew laid out a substantial sum to get the operetta star into his studio. However, the way that the plot became a political farce – depicting emerging East-West relations – was not to the taste of Stockholm newspaper critics. One of them (Gunnar Oldin) went so far as to claim that the film had become "a mixture of Offenbach and the Soviet defector Kravchenko". Eva Dahlbeck's role was compared to the lead in the 1939 film Ninotchka, and others complained about the excessive number of "...gags, anachronisms and whimsy".
Communist MP and editor of the 'New Day' paper, Gustav Johansson claimed that "old Offenbach has been mobilized in America's cold war against the peace movement". The female critic 'Lill' in the 'Svenska Dagbladet' was happier with the film's mixture of operetta action and political satire, with its many witty and elegant moments and a seamless flow of song numbers.
References
^ British Film Institute Sköna Helena page. accessed 15 January 2014.
^ Traubner, R. Operetta — a theatrical history. Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1983, p48.
^ a b Swedish Film Institute essay on Sköna Helena. accessed 15 January 2014.
^ Kjerstin Dellert biography at the Kungliga Teaterns Solister website accessed 15 January 2014.
^ Bertil Bokstedt in memoriam at the Royal Opera Soloists Foundation. accessed 15 January 2014.
^ a b Swedish Film Institute essay on Sköna Helena; Comments. accessed 15 January 2014.
External links
Sköna Helena at IMDb
vteFilms directed by Gustaf Edgren
First Mate Karlsson's Sweethearts (1925)
40 Skipper Street (1925)
The Rivals (1926)
The Ghost Baron (1927)
Black Rudolf (1928)
Artificial Svensson (1929)
Cavaliers of the Crown (1930)
Tired Theodore (1931)
The Red Day (1931)
Ship Ahoy! (1931)
Simon of Backabo (1934)
Walpurgis Night (1935)
Johan Ulfstjerna (1936)
Russian Flu (1937)
John Ericsson, Victor of Hampton Roads (1937)
With Open Arms (1940)
Katrina (1943)
Little Napoleon (1943)
Dolly Takes a Chance (1944)
His Majesty Must Wait (1945)
Sunshine Follows Rain (1946)
Kristin Commands (1946)
A Swedish Tiger (1948)
The Swedish Horseman (1949)
Sköna Helena (1951)
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An Arcadian quayside was built around the jetty at Stensunds dockyard, while other sets were constructed in and around Sandrew's studios at Gärdet in Stockholm.The film had its premiere on 26 December 1951 at the Royal cinema in Stockholm as well as several other Swedish towns and cities.[3]Eva Dahlbeck (Helena), at this time early in her career, would soon play Desirée Armfeldt in Bergman's film Smiles of a Summer Night. Helena's vocal numbers were sung and dubbed by Kjerstin Dellert, whose professional debut was in New York, and had just made her Swedish debut – in Offenbach's Belle Hélène – at the Grand Theatre in Gothenburg the same year.[4] The dancers were from the Royal Opera, the Oscarsteatern and the Södra Teatern in Stockholm.The cast also boasted the prolific film actor Stig Järrel, Elisaveta von Gersdorff Oxenstierna (daughter of an exiled Russian noble), and Per Grundén who went on to an international career (including the Vienna State Opera and Vienna Volksoper) followed by TV and film roles.Bertil Bokstedt, who later held senior positions at the Royal Opera in Stockholm and accompanied international opera singers such as Jussi Björling and Birgit Nilsson, was the conductor.[5]","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Sandwiched between the East and the West, is the neutral, small, carefree kingdom of Arcadia. Its two powerful neighbours vie for world domination. The eastern neighbour's ruler Trojanus has recently taken several minor states under his \"protection\". Prince Paris is shackled and put aboard a Trojan ship as a galley-slave. Trojanus believes that the Arcadian province Thermopylae, with its mountain passes would make a useful route to the west and begins an intrigue to usurp the area peacefully. He has sought the support of Arcadia's royalists, who form a treacherous fifth column.Meanwhile, Arcadia is unaware of all these plans. Under an assumed name King Menelaus amuses himself playing ping-pong with the delightful fashion model Läspia. Unbeknown to the King the plotting Calchas has made a deal with Trojanus' ambassador, Hector, for a marriage for Menelaus. The chosen consort is the Trojan beauty queen Helen. When the king is told of his imminent entry into matrimony, he is dismayed; the prospect of a foreign wife by his side and having to abandon Läspia does not appeal to him.Läspia discovers that her wooer is the king himself, and starts a counter-plot to out-manoeuvre the future queen. When Helena arrives, she takes her place in the chamber of honour. Läspia is supported by the United States of Rome who want to prevent Trojanus getting power over the Arcadian king through marriage. To this end, Secret Service man Hercules is despatched to her aid. Hercules frees Paris, and a meeting is arranged between Paris and Helen. The result is just as Läspia and Hercules had hoped: Helena falls in love with the beautiful singing prince and rejects the king. However, Menelaus has inadvertently consumed a love potion meant for Paris, and is consumed by a violent desire for Helena.Despite Helena's chilly responses to the love-sick Menelaus, Hector urges her to marry the king. The Trojan ambassador is still hoping for a lease on Thermopylae, and the prospect of a wedding night with beauty queen leads Menelaus on when the marriage contract is drawn up. On the wedding night Läspia enters the bedroom and manages to lock Paris in there. When Menelaus enters, he realizes that his new wife is unfaithful, by counting the number of feet sticking out from the end of the bed. Läspia's scheme has succeeded.Helena flees to Paris and returns the contract. Menelaus wakes finally to the danger threatening his country and sends the royalist party's fifth column to the East and ten thousand troops to Thermopylae to defend the province. Helena is forced to cancel her flight to put her seal on a royal divorce. Menelaus may now join Läspia and make her the new queen of Arcadia.","title":"Synopsis"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Eva Dahlbeck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eva_Dahlbeck"},{"link_name":"Helena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helen_of_Troy"},{"link_name":"Max Hansen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Hansen_(tenor)"},{"link_name":"Menelaus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menelaus"},{"link_name":"Per Grundén","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Per_Grund%C3%A9n"},{"link_name":"Paris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris_(mythology)"},{"link_name":"Åke Söderblom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%85ke_S%C3%B6derblom"},{"link_name":"Hercules","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hercules"},{"link_name":"Stig Järrel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stig_J%C3%A4rrel"},{"link_name":"Hector","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hector"},{"link_name":"Carl-Gunnar Wingård","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl-Gunnar_Wing%C3%A5rd"},{"link_name":"Åke Claesson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%85ke_Claesson"},{"link_name":"John Botvid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Botvid"},{"link_name":"Sigge Fürst","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigge_F%C3%BCrst"},{"link_name":"Keve Hjelm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keve_Hjelm"},{"link_name":"Olav Riégo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olav_Ri%C3%A9go"},{"link_name":"Minerva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minerva"}],"text":"Eva Dahlbeck - Helena, a Trojan princess\nMax Hansen - Menelaus, King of Arkadia\nPer Grundén - Paris\nÅke Söderblom - Hercules, a Roman Secret Service agent\nElisaveta von Gersdorff Oxenstierna/Elisaveta - Läspia, a fashion guru\nStig Järrel - Hector, the Trojan ambassador\nCarl-Gunnar Wingård - Calchas, Prime Minister of Arkadia\nÅke Claesson - Marcellus, Roman ambassador\nJohn Botvid - Caro, footman of Menelaus\nSigge Fürst - Waiter in the House of Delights\nArne Wirén - Achilles, the Arkadian commander\nKeve Hjelm - Lager Myrten, a fifth columnist\nOlav Riégo - Leader of battle\nViveka Linder - Eris, a fairy\nUllacarin Rydén – the Goddess Minerva","title":"Cast"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kravchenko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor_Kravchenko_(defector)"},{"link_name":"Ninotchka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ninotchka"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SWISHcomment-6"},{"link_name":"Svenska Dagbladet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svenska_Dagbladet"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SWISHcomment-6"}],"text":"Following Max Hansen's major success in Offenbach's La Belle Hélène in Stockholm, Anders Sandrew laid out a substantial sum to get the operetta star into his studio. However, the way that the plot became a political farce – depicting emerging East-West relations – was not to the taste of Stockholm newspaper critics. One of them (Gunnar Oldin) went so far as to claim that the film had become \"a mixture of Offenbach and the Soviet defector Kravchenko\". Eva Dahlbeck's role was compared to the lead in the 1939 film Ninotchka, and others complained about the excessive number of \"...gags, anachronisms and whimsy\".[6]Communist MP and editor of the 'New Day' paper, Gustav Johansson claimed that \"old Offenbach has been mobilized in America's cold war against the peace movement\". The female critic 'Lill' in the 'Svenska Dagbladet' was happier with the film's mixture of operetta action and political satire, with its many witty and elegant moments and a seamless flow of song numbers.[6]","title":"Critical assessment"}]
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[{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140220023543/http://ftvdb.bfi.org.uk/sift/title/349430?view=credit","external_links_name":"British Film Institute Sköna Helena page."},{"Link":"http://www.sfi.se/sv/svensk-filmdatabas/Item/?itemid=4347&type=MOVIE&iv=Comments","external_links_name":"Swedish Film Institute essay on Sköna Helena."},{"Link":"http://www.operasolisterna.se/medlemmar/kerstindellert/cv.html","external_links_name":"Kjerstin Dellert biography at the Kungliga Teaterns Solister website"},{"Link":"http://www.operasolisterna.se/aktuellt/bokstedt.html","external_links_name":"Bertil Bokstedt in memoriam at the Royal Opera Soloists Foundation."},{"Link":"http://www.sfi.se/sv/svensk-filmdatabas/Item/?itemid=4347&type=MOVIE&iv=Comments","external_links_name":"Swedish Film Institute essay on Sköna Helena; Comments."},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0044044/","external_links_name":"Sköna Helena"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Bulge
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Battle of the Bulge
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["1 Background","1.1 Allied supply issues","1.2 German plans","1.3 Drafting the offensive","1.4 Operation names","1.5 Planning","2 Initial German assault","2.1 Units involved in initial assault","3 Attack on the northern shoulder","3.1 Best German divisions assigned","3.2 German forces held up","3.3 Malmedy massacres","3.4 Kampfgruppe Peiper deflected southeast","3.5 Wereth 11","3.6 Germans advance west","3.7 German advance halted","3.8 Outcome","3.9 Operation Stösser","3.10 Chenogne massacre","4 Attack in the center","4.1 Battle for St. Vith","4.2 Meuse River bridges","4.3 Operation Greif and Operation Währung","5 Attack in the south","5.1 Siege of Bastogne","6 Allied counterstrikes","7 German supporting efforts across the Western Front","8 Allied counter-offensive","9 Force comparisons by date","10 Strategy and leadership","10.1 Hitler's chosen few","10.2 Allied high-command controversy","10.3 Montgomery's actions","11 Casualties","11.1 Allied","11.2 German","12 Result","13 Media attention","14 Bletchley Park post-mortem","14.1 Missed indicators","14.2 SHAEF failures","15 Battle credit","16 See also","17 References","17.1 Notes","17.2 Citations","17.3 Bibliography","17.4 Further reading","18 External links"]
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Coordinates: 50°0′15″N 5°43′12″E / 50.00417°N 5.72000°E / 50.00417; 5.72000World War II battle, 1944–1945
This article is about the 1944 German offensive in World War II. For other uses, see Battle of the Bulge (disambiguation).
Not to be confused with the 1940 German Army Group A Ardennes offensive in the Battle of France.
"Ardennes Offensive" redirects here. For the video game, see Ardennes Offensive (video game).
Battle of the BulgePart of the Western Front of World War IIAmerican soldiers of the 117th Infantry Regiment, Tennessee National Guard, part of the 30th Infantry Division, move past a destroyed American M5A1 "Stuart" tank on their march to recapture the town of St. Vith during the Battle of the Bulge, January 1945.Date16 December 1944 – 28 January 1945(1 month, 1 week and 5 days)LocationThe Ardennes: Belgium, Luxembourg, Germany50°0′15″N 5°43′12″E / 50.00417°N 5.72000°E / 50.00417; 5.72000Result
Allied victoryBelligerents
United States
United Kingdom
Canada
GermanyCommanders and leaders
Dwight D. Eisenhower(Supreme Allied Commander)
Omar Bradley(12th Army Group)
Bernard Montgomery(21st Army Group)
Courtney Hodges(First Army)
George S. Patton(Third Army)
Lewis H. Brereton(1st Allied Airborne Army)
Adolf Hitler(Führer und Reichskanzler)
Gerd von Rundstedt(OB West)
Walter Model(Army Group B)
Hasso von Manteuffel(5th Panzer Army)
Sepp Dietrich(6th Panzer Army)
Erich Brandenberger(7th Army)
Units involved
12th Army Group:
First Army (under 21st Army Group 20 December – 16 January)
Third Army
21st Army Group
1st Allied Airborne Army
Army Group B:
5th Panzer Army
6th Panzer Army
7th ArmyStrength
16 December:
228,741 men
483 tanks
499 tank destroyers and assault guns
1,921 other armored fighting vehicles (AFVs)
971 anti-tank and artillery pieces
6 infantry divisions
2 armored divisions
24 December:
c. 541,000 men
1,616 tanks
1,713 tank destroyers and assault guns
5,352 other AFVs
2,408 anti-tank and artillery pieces
15 infantry divisions
6 armored divisions
1 armored brigade
2 January:
c. 705,000 men
2,409 tanks
1,970 tank destroyers and assault guns
7,769 other AFVs
3,305 anti-tank and artillery pieces
22 infantry divisions
8 armored divisions
2 armored brigades
16 January:
700,520 men
2,428 tanks
1,912 tank destroyers and assault guns
7,079 other AFVs
3,181 anti-tank and artillery pieces
22 infantry divisions
8 armored divisions
2 armored brigades
16 December:
406,342 men
557 tanks
667 tank destroyers and assault guns
1,261 other AFVs
4,224 anti-tank and artillery pieces
13 infantry divisions
7 armored divisions
1 armored brigade
24 December:
c. 449,000 men
423 tanks
608 tank destroyers and assault guns
1,496 other AFVs
4,131 anti-tank and artillery pieces
16 infantry divisions
8 armored divisions
3 armored brigades
2 January:
c. 401,000 men
287 tanks
462 tank destroyers and assault guns
1,090 other AFVs
3,396 anti-tank and artillery pieces
15 infantry divisions
8 armored divisions
3 armored brigades
16 January:
383,016 men
216 tanks
414 tank destroyers and assault guns
907 other AFVs
3,256 anti-tank and artillery pieces
16 infantry divisions
8 armored divisions
2 armored brigades
Casualties and losses
American:
81,000 casualties
800 tanks destroyed
c. 1,000 aircraft lost, over 647 in December and 353 during Operation Bodenplatte
British:
1,408–1,462+
German:
63,000~ to 75,000+ casualties
(U.S. Estimate: 103,900 casualties)
527–554 tanks, tank destroyers and assault guns lost
c. 800 aircraft lost, at least 500 in December and 280 during Operation Bodenplatte
Approximately 3,000 civilians killed.vteBattle of the Bulge
Prelude
Vianden
Kesternich
Wahlerscheid
Initial German assault
Losheim Gap
Clervaux
Lanzerath Ridge
Stösser
Greif
Allied defense and counteroffensive
Elsenborn Ridge
St. Vith
Bastogne
Bure
German counterattack
Bodenplatte
Nordwind
Massacres
Malmedy massacre
Chenogne massacre
Background
German forces
Order of battle
vteWestern Front(1944–1945)
Overlord
Chastity
Dragoon
Paris
Siegfried Line campaign
Channel Coast
Dieppe
Le Havre
Dunkirk
Boulogne
Calais
Market Garden
Lorraine
Aachen
Hürtgen Forest
Scheldt
Queen
Bulge
Nordwind
Blackcock
Colmar Pocket
Reichswald
Alps
Invasion of Germany
End of World War II in Europe
vteWestern Front ofWorld War IIPhoney War
River Forth
Saar
The Heligoland Bight
Wikinger
Luxembourg
Schuster Line
The Netherlands
Maastricht
Mill
The Hague
Rotterdam
Zeeland
The Grebbeberg
Afsluitdijk
Rotterdam Blitz
Belgium
Fort Eben-Emael
Hannut
David
Gembloux
La Lys
Ypres–Comines Canal
France
Sedan
Montcornet
Saumur
Arras
Boulogne
Calais
Dunkirk
Dynamo
Abbeville
Lille
Paula
1st Alps
Haddock Force
Britain
Kanalkampf
Adlertag
The Hardest Day
Battle of Britain Day
Sea Lion
1941–1943
Cerberus
Donnerkeil
Baedeker Blitz
Commando Raids
St Nazaire Raid
Dieppe Raid
1944–1945
Baby Blitz
Overlord
Chastity
Dragoon
Siegfried Line
Netherlands
Market Garden
Hürtgen Forest
Aachen
Queen
Scheldt
Bulge
Nordwind
2nd Alps
Colmar Pocket
Atlantic Pockets
Germany
Blackcock
Veritable
Grenade
Blockbuster
Lumberjack
Remagen
Cologne
Gisela
Undertone
Plunder
Varsity
Paderborn
Ruhr
TF Baum
Frankfurt
Würzburg
Kassel
Heilbronn
Nuremberg
Hamburg
Strategic campaigns
The Blitz
Defence of the Reich
Strategic Bombing Campaign
Raids on the Atlantic Wall
Battle of Atlantic
Map showing the swelling of "the Bulge" as the German offensive progressed creating the nose-like salient during 16–25 December 1944. Front line, 16 December Front line, 20 December Front line, 25 December Allied movements German movements
The Battle of the Bulge, also known as the Ardennes Offensive, was the last major German offensive campaign on the Western Front during World War II which took place from 16 December 1944 to 25 January 1945. It was launched through the densely forested Ardennes region between Belgium and Luxembourg. The offensive was intended to stop Allied use of the Belgian port of Antwerp and to split the Allied lines, allowing the Germans to encircle and destroy each of the four Allied armies and force the western Allies to negotiate a peace treaty in the Axis powers' favor.
The Germans achieved a total surprise attack on the morning of 16 December 1944, due to a combination of Allied overconfidence, preoccupation with Allied offensive plans elsewhere and poor aerial reconnaissance due to bad weather. American forces were using this region primarily as a rest area for the U.S. First Army, and the lines were thinly held by fatigued troops and inexperienced replacement units. The Germans also took advantage of heavily overcast weather conditions that grounded the Allies' superior air forces for an extended period. American resistance on the northern shoulder of the offensive, around Elsenborn Ridge, and in the south, around Bastogne, blocked German access to key roads to the northwest and west which they had counted on for success. This congestion and terrain that favored the defenders, threw the German advance behind schedule and allowed the Allies to reinforce the thinly placed troops. The farthest west the offensive reached was the village of Foy-Nôtre-Dame, south east of Dinant, being stopped by the U.S. 2nd Armored Division on 24 December 1944. Improved weather conditions from around 24 December permitted air attacks on German forces and supply lines. On 26 December the lead element of Patton's U.S. Third Army reached Bastogne from the south ending the siege. Although the offensive was effectively broken by 27 December, when the trapped units of 2nd Panzer Division made two break-out attempts with only partial success, the battle continued for another month before the front line was effectively restored to its position prior to the attack.
The Germans committed over 410,000 men, just over 1,400 tanks and armored fighting vehicles, 2,600 artillery pieces, and over 1,000 combat aircraft. Between 63,000 and 104,000 of these men were killed, missing, wounded in action, or captured. The battle severely depleted Germany's armored forces, which remained largely unreplaced throughout the remainder of the war. German Luftwaffe personnel, and later also Luftwaffe aircraft (in the concluding stages of the engagement) also sustained heavy losses. In the wake of the defeat, many experienced German units were effectively out of men and equipment, and the survivors retreated to the Siegfried Line.
Allied forces eventually came to more than 700,000 men; from these there were from 77,000 to more than 83,000 casualties, including at least 8,600 killed. The "Bulge" was the largest and bloodiest single battle fought by the United States in World War II and the third-deadliest campaign in American history. It was one of the most important battles of the war, as it marked the last major offensive attempted by the Axis powers on the Western front. After this defeat, Nazi forces could only retreat for the remainder of the war.
Background
After the breakout from Normandy at the end of July 1944 and the Allied landings in southern France on 15 August 1944, the Allies advanced towards Germany more quickly than anticipated. The speed of the advance of the Allies caused several military logistics issues:
Troops were fatigued by weeks of continuous combat and rapid movement
Supply lines were stretched extremely thin
Supplies were dangerously depleted.
By December 1944, General Dwight D. Eisenhower (the Supreme Allied Commander on the Western Front) and his staff decided to hold the Ardennes region primarily as a rest area for the U.S. First Army, with limited Allied operational objectives in the area.
The Allies defended the Ardennes line very thinly, due to the favorable defensive terrain (a densely wooded highland with deep river valleys and a rather thin road network) and because they had intelligence that the Wehrmacht was using the area across the German border as a rest-and-refit area for its own troops.
Allied supply issues
The Allies faced major supply issues, due to the rate of their advance coupled with the initial lack of deep-water ports. Over-the-beach supply operations using the Normandy landing areas, and direct landing ships on the beaches, were unable to meet operational needs. The only deep-water port the Allies had captured was Cherbourg on the northern shore of the Cotentin peninsula and west of the original invasion beaches, but the Germans had thoroughly wrecked and mined the harbor before it could be taken. It took many months to rebuild its cargo-handling capability. The Allies captured the port of Antwerp intact in the first days of September, but it was not operational until 28 November. The estuary of the Schelde river that controlled access to the port had to be cleared of both German troops and naval mines. These limitations led to differences between General Eisenhower and Field Marshal Bernard Montgomery, commander of the Anglo-Canadian 21st Army Group, over whether Montgomery or Lieutenant General Omar Bradley, commanding the U.S. 12th Army Group, in the south would get priority access to supplies. German forces remained in control of several major ports on the English Channel coast into the autumn, while Dunkirk remained under siege until the end of the war in May 1945.
The Allies' efforts to destroy the French railway system prior to D-Day were successful. This destruction hampered the German response to the invasion, but it proved equally hampering to the Allies, as it took time to repair the rail network's tracks and bridges. A trucking system nicknamed the Red Ball Express brought supplies to front-line troops, but used up five times as much fuel to reach the front line near the Belgian border. By early October, the Allies had suspended major offensives to improve their supply lines and supply availability at the front.
Montgomery and Bradley both pressed for priority delivery of supplies to their respective armies so they could continue their individual lines of advance and maintain pressure on the Germans, while Eisenhower preferred a broad-front strategy. He gave some priority to Montgomery's northern forces. This had the short-term goal of opening the urgently needed port of Antwerp and the long-term goal of capturing the Ruhr area, the biggest industrial area of Germany. With the Allies stalled, German Generalfeldmarschall ('Field Marshal') Gerd von Rundstedt was able to reorganize the disrupted German armies into a coherent defensive force.
Field Marshal Montgomery's Operation Market Garden had achieved only some of its objectives, while its territorial gains left the Allied supply situation stretched further than before. In October, the First Canadian Army fought the Battle of the Scheldt, opening the port of Antwerp to shipping. As a result, by the end of October, the supply situation had eased somewhat.
German plans
Despite a lull along the front after the Scheldt battles, the German situation remained dire. While operations continued in the autumn, notably the Lorraine Campaign, the Battle of Aachen and fighting in the Hürtgen Forest, the strategic situation in the west had changed little. The Allies were slowly pushing towards Germany, but no decisive breakthrough was achieved. There were 96 Allied divisions at or near the front, with an estimated ten more divisions on the way from the United Kingdom. Additional Allied airborne units remained in England. The Germans could field a total of 55 understrength divisions.
Adolf Hitler first outlined his planned counter-offensive to his generals on 16 September 1944. The goal was to pierce the thinly held lines of the U.S. First Army between Monschau and Wasserbillig with Generalfeldmarschall Walter Model's Army Group B by the end of the first day, get the armor through the Ardennes by the end of the second day, reach the Meuse between Liège and Dinant by the third day, and seize Antwerp and the western bank of the Scheldt estuary by the fourth day.
Hitler initially promised his generals a total of 18 infantry and 12 armored or mechanized divisions "for planning purposes." The plan was to pull 13 infantry divisions, two parachute divisions and six armored divisions from the Oberkommando der Wehrmacht strategic reserve.
On the Eastern Front, the Soviets' Operation Bagration during the summer had destroyed much of Germany's Army Group Center (Heeresgruppe Mitte). By November, it was clear that Soviet forces were preparing for a winter offensive.
Meanwhile, the Allied air offensive of early 1944 had effectively grounded the Luftwaffe, leaving the German Army with little battlefield intelligence and no way to interdict Allied supplies. The converse was equally damaging; daytime movement of German forces was rapidly noticed, and interdiction of supplies combined with the bombing of the Romanian oil fields starved Germany of oil and gasoline. This fuel shortage intensified after the Soviets overran those fields in the course of their August 1944 Jassy-Kishinev Offensive.
One of the few advantages held by the German forces in November 1944 was that they were no longer defending all of Western Europe. Their front lines in the west had been considerably shortened by the Allied offensive and were much closer to the German heartland. This drastically reduced their supply problems despite Allied control of the air. Additionally, their extensive telephone and telegraph network meant that radios were no longer necessary for communications, which lessened the effectiveness of Allied Ultra intercepts. Nevertheless, some 40–50 messages per day were decrypted by Ultra. They recorded the quadrupling of German fighter forces, and a term used in an intercepted Luftwaffe message (Jägeraufmarsch, literally, 'Hunter Deployment') implied preparation for an offensive operation. Ultra also picked up communiqués regarding extensive rail and road movements in the region, as well as orders that movements should be made on time.
Drafting the offensive
Hitler felt that his mobile reserves allowed him to mount one major offensive. Although he realized nothing significant could be accomplished in the Eastern Front, he still believed an offensive against the Western Allies, whom he considered militarily inferior to the Red Army, would have some chances of success. Hitler believed he could split the Allied forces and compel the Americans and British to settle for a separate peace, independent of the Soviet Union. Success in the west would give the Germans time to design and produce more advanced weapons (such as jet aircraft, new U-boat designs and super-heavy tanks) and permit the concentration of forces in the east. After the war ended, this assessment was generally viewed as unrealistic, given Allied air superiority throughout Europe and their ability to continually disrupt German offensive operations.
Hitler's plan called for a Blitzkrieg attack through the weakly defended Ardennes, mirroring the successful German offensive there during the Battle of France in 1940, and aimed at splitting the armies along the U.S.-British lines and capturing Antwerp. The plan banked on unfavorable weather, including heavy fog and low-lying clouds, which would minimize the Allied air advantage. Hitler originally set the offensive for late November, before the anticipated start of the Russian winter offensive. The disputes between Montgomery and Bradley were well known, and Hitler hoped he could exploit this disunity. If the attack were to succeed in capturing Antwerp, four complete armies would be trapped without supplies behind German lines.
Several senior German military officers, including Generalfeldmarschalls Model and von Rundstedt, expressed concern as to whether the goals of the offensive could be realized. Model and von Rundstedt both believed aiming for Antwerp was too ambitious, given Germany's scarce resources in late 1944. At the same time, they felt that maintaining a purely defensive posture (as had been the case since Normandy) would only delay defeat, not avert it. They thus developed alternative, less ambitious plans that did not aim to cross the Meuse River (in German and Dutch: Maas); Model's being Unternehmen Herbstnebel ('Operation Autumn Mist') and von Rundstedt's Fall Martin ('Plan Martin'). The two field marshals combined their plans to present a joint "small solution" to Hitler. When they offered their alternative plans, Hitler would not listen. Rundstedt later testified that while he recognized the merit of Hitler's operational plan, he saw from the very first that "all, absolutely all conditions for the possible success of such an offensive were lacking."
Model, commander of German Army Group B (Heeresgruppe B), and von Rundstedt, overall commander of the German Army Command in the West (OB West), were put in charge of carrying out the operation.
In the west supply problems began significantly to impede Allied operations, even though the opening of the port of Antwerp in late November improved the situation somewhat. The positions of the Allied armies stretched from southern France all the way north to the Netherlands. German planning for the counteroffensive rested on the premise that a successful strike against thinly manned stretches of the line would halt Allied advances on the entire Western Front.
Operation names
The Wehrmacht's code name for the offensive was Unternehmen Wacht am Rhein ('Operation Watch on the Rhine'), after the German patriotic hymn Die Wacht am Rhein, a name that deceptively implied the Germans would be adopting a defensive posture along the Western Front. The Germans also referred to it as Ardennenoffensive ('Ardennes Offensive') and Rundstedt-Offensive, both names being generally used nowadays in modern Germany. The French (and Belgian) name for the operation is Bataille des Ardennes, 'Battle of the Ardennes'. The battle was militarily defined by the Allies as the Ardennes Counteroffensive, which included the German drive and the American effort to contain and later defeat it. The phrase 'Battle of the Bulge' was coined by contemporary press to describe the way the Allied front line bulged inward on wartime news maps.
While the Ardennes Counteroffensive is the correct term in Allied military language, the official Ardennes-Alsace campaign reached beyond the Ardennes battle region, and the most popular description in English speaking countries remains simply 'Battle of the Bulge'.
Planning
Main article: Wehrmacht forces for the Ardennes Offensive
See also: Battle of the Bulge order of battle
Wikisource has original text related to this article:
Planning the Counteroffensive
Wikisource has original text related to this article:
Troops and Terrain
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Preparations
There is a popular impression that the chief trouble in the Ardennes is the lack of good roads. As anyone on the ground will agree, the Ardennes has a fairly good road system. It is not the lack of roads as much as the lack of almost anything else on which to move that matters.— Theodore Draper
The OKW decided by mid-September, at Hitler's insistence, that the offensive would be mounted in the Ardennes, as was done in 1940. In 1940 German forces had passed through the Ardennes in three days before engaging the enemy, but the 1944 plan called for battle in the forest itself. The main forces were to advance westward to the Meuse River, then turn northwest for Antwerp and Brussels. The close terrain of the Ardennes would make rapid movement difficult, though open ground beyond the Meuse offered the prospect of a successful dash to the coast.
Four armies were selected for the operation. Adolf Hitler personally selected for the counter-offensive on the northern shoulder of the western front the best troops available and officers he trusted. The lead role in the attack was given to the 6th Panzer Army, commanded by SS Oberstgruppenführer Sepp Dietrich. It included the most experienced formation of the Waffen-SS: the 1st SS Panzer Division Leibstandarte SS Adolf Hitler. It also contained the 12th SS Panzer Division Hitlerjugend. They were given priority for supply and equipment and assigned the shortest route to the primary objective of the offensive, Antwerp, starting from the northernmost point on the intended battlefront, nearest the important road network hub of Monschau.
The Fifth Panzer Army under General Hasso von Manteuffel was assigned to the middle sector with the objective of capturing Brussels. The Seventh Army, under General Erich Brandenberger, was assigned to the southernmost sector, near the Luxembourgish city of Echternach, with the task of protecting the flank. This Army was made up of only four infantry divisions, with no large-scale armored formations to use as a spearhead unit. As a result, they made little progress throughout the battle.
The German plan
In an indirect, secondary role, the Fifteenth Army, under General Gustav-Adolf von Zangen, recently brought back up to strength and re-equipped after heavy fighting during Operation Market Garden, was located just north of the Ardennes battlefield and tasked with holding U.S. forces in place, with the possibility of launching its own attack given favorable conditions.
For the offensive to be successful, four criteria were deemed critical: the attack had to be a complete surprise; the weather conditions had to be poor to neutralize Allied air superiority and the damage it could inflict on the German offensive and its supply lines; the progress had to be rapid—the Meuse River, halfway to Antwerp, had to be reached by day 4; and Allied fuel supplies would have to be captured intact along the way because the combined Wehrmacht forces were short on fuel. The General Staff estimated they only had enough fuel to cover one third to one half of the ground to Antwerp in heavy combat conditions.
The plan originally called for just under 45 divisions, including a dozen panzer and Panzergrenadier divisions forming the armored spearhead and various infantry units to form a defensive line as the battle unfolded. By this time the German Army suffered from an acute manpower shortage, and the force had been reduced to around 30 divisions. Although it retained most of its armor, there were not enough infantry units because of the defensive needs in the East. These 30 newly rebuilt divisions used some of the last reserves of the German Army. Among them were Volksgrenadier ('People's Grenadier') units formed from a mix of battle-hardened veterans and recruits formerly regarded as too young, too old or too frail to fight. Training time, equipment and supplies were inadequate during the preparations. German fuel supplies were precarious—those materials and supplies that could not be directly transported by rail had to be horse-drawn to conserve fuel, and the mechanized and panzer divisions would depend heavily on captured fuel. As a result, the start of the offensive was delayed from 27 November until 16 December.
Before the offensive the Allies were virtually blind to German troop movement. During the liberation of France, the extensive network of the French Resistance had provided valuable intelligence about German dispositions. Once they reached the German border, this source dried up. In France, orders had been relayed within the German army using radio messages enciphered by the Enigma machine, and these could be picked up and decrypted by Allied code-breakers headquartered at Bletchley Park, to give the intelligence known as Ultra. In Germany such orders were typically transmitted using telephone and teleprinter, and a special radio silence order was imposed on all matters concerning the upcoming offensive. The major crackdown in the Wehrmacht after the 20 July plot to assassinate Hitler resulted in much tighter security and fewer leaks. The foggy autumn weather also prevented Allied reconnaissance aircraft from correctly assessing the ground situation. German units assembling in the area were even issued charcoal instead of wood for cooking fires to cut down on smoke and reduce chances of Allied observers deducing a troop buildup was underway.
For these reasons Allied High Command considered the Ardennes a quiet sector, relying on assessments from their intelligence services that the Germans were unable to launch any major offensive operations this late in the war. What little intelligence they had led the Allies to believe precisely what the Germans wanted them to believe-–that preparations were being carried out only for defensive, not offensive, operations. The Allies relied too much on Ultra, not human reconnaissance. In fact, because of the Germans' efforts, the Allies were led to believe that a new defensive army was being formed around Düsseldorf in the northern Rhineland, possibly to defend against British attack. This was done by increasing the number of flak (Flugabwehrkanonen, i.e., anti-aircraft cannons) in the area and the artificial multiplication of radio transmissions in the area. All of this meant that the attack, when it came, completely surprised the Allied forces. Remarkably, the U.S. Third Army intelligence chief, Colonel Oscar Koch, the U.S. First Army intelligence chief and the SHAEF intelligence officer Brigadier General Kenneth Strong all correctly predicted the German offensive capability and intention to strike the U.S. VIII Corps area. These predictions were largely dismissed by the U.S. 12th Army Group. Strong had informed Bedell Smith in December of his suspicions. Bedell Smith sent Strong to warn Lieutenant General Omar Bradley, the commander of the 12th Army Group, of the danger. Bradley's response was succinct: "Let them come." Historian Patrick K. O'Donnell writes that on 8 December 1944 U.S. Rangers at great cost took Hill 400 during the Battle of the Hürtgen Forest. The next day GIs who relieved the Rangers reported a considerable movement of German troops inside the Ardennes in the enemy's rear, but that no one in the chain of command connected the dots.
Because the Ardennes was considered a quiet sector, considerations of economy of force led it to be used as a training ground for new units and a rest area for units that had seen hard fighting. The U.S. units deployed in the Ardennes thus were a mixture of inexperienced troops (such as the raw U.S. 99th and 106th "Golden Lions" Divisions), and battle-hardened troops sent to that sector to recuperate (the 28th Infantry Division).
Two major special operations were planned for the offensive. By October it was decided that Otto Skorzeny, the German SS-commando who had rescued the former Italian dictator Benito Mussolini, was to lead a task force of English-speaking German soldiers in Operation Greif. These soldiers were to be dressed in American and British uniforms and wear dog tags taken from corpses and prisoners of war. Their job was to go behind American lines and change signposts, misdirect traffic, generally cause disruption and seize bridges across the Meuse River. By late November another ambitious special operation was added: Col. Friedrich August von der Heydte was to lead a Fallschirmjäger-Kampfgruppe (paratrooper combat group) in Operation Stösser, a night-time paratroop drop behind the Allied lines aimed at capturing a vital road junction near Malmedy.
German intelligence had set 20 December as the expected date for the start of the upcoming Soviet offensive, aimed at crushing what was left of German resistance on the Eastern Front and thereby opening the way to Berlin. It was hoped that Soviet leader Stalin would delay the start of the operation once the German assault in the Ardennes had begun and wait for the outcome before continuing.
After the 20 July 1944 attempt to assassinate Hitler, and the close advance of the Red Army which would seize the site on 27 January 1945, Hitler and his staff had been forced to abandon the Wolfsschanze headquarters in East Prussia, in which they had coordinated much of the fighting on the Eastern Front. After a brief visit to Berlin, Hitler traveled on his Führersonderzug ('Special Train of the Führer') to Giessen on 11 December, taking up residence in the Adlerhorst (eyrie) command complex, co-located with OB West's base at Kransberg Castle. Believing in omens and the successes of his early war campaigns that had been planned at Kransberg, Hitler had chosen the site from which he had overseen the successful 1940 campaign against France and the Low Countries.
Von Rundstedt set up his operational headquarters near Limburg, close enough for the generals and Panzer Corps commanders who were to lead the attack to visit Adlerhorst on 11 December, traveling there in an SS-operated bus convoy. With the castle acting as overflow accommodation, the main party was settled into the Adlerhorst's Haus 2 command bunker, including Gen. Alfred Jodl, Gen. Wilhelm Keitel, Gen. Blumentritt, von Manteuffel and Dietrich.
In a personal conversation on 13 December between Walter Model and Friedrich von der Heydte, who was put in charge of Operation Stösser, von der Heydte gave Operation Stösser less than a 10% chance of succeeding. Model told him it was necessary to make the attempt: "It must be done because this offensive is the last chance to conclude the war favorably."
Initial German assault
Situation on the Western Front as of 15 December 1944
On 16 December 1944 at 05:30, the Germans began the assault with a massive, 90-minute artillery barrage using 1,600 artillery pieces across a 130-kilometer (80 mi) front on the Allied troops facing the 6th Panzer Army. The Americans' initial impression was that this was the anticipated, localized counterattack resulting from the Allies' recent attack in the Wahlerscheid sector to the north, where the 2nd Division had knocked a sizable dent in the Siegfried Line. Heavy snowstorms engulfed parts of the Ardennes area. While having the effect of keeping the Allied aircraft grounded, the weather also proved troublesome for the Germans because poor road conditions hampered their advance. Poor traffic control led to massive traffic jams and fuel shortages in forward units. Nearly 10 hours into the assault, one of the German V-2 rockets destroyed the Cine Rex cinema in Antwerp, killing 567 people, the highest death toll from a single rocket attack during the war.
In the center, von Manteuffel's Fifth Panzer Army attacked towards Bastogne and St. Vith, both road junctions of great strategic importance. In the south, Brandenberger's Seventh Army pushed towards Luxembourg in its efforts to secure the flank from Allied attacks.
Units involved in initial assault
Forces deployed North to South
Northern Sector: Monschau to Krewinkel
U.S. Forces
102nd Cavalry Group, Mechanized
9th Infantry Regiment / 2nd Infantry Division
395th Infantry Regiment / 99th Infantry Division
23rd Infantry Regiment / 2nd Infantry Division
38th Infantry Regiment / 2nd Infantry Division
393rd Infantry Regiment / 99th Infantry Division
Combat Command B / 9th Armored Division
394th Infantry Regiment / 99th Infantry Division
14th Cavalry Group, Mechanized
German Forces
Sixth Panzer Army (Dietrich)
LXVII Corps (Hitzfeld)
326th Volksgrenadier Division
I SS Panzer Corps (Prieß)
277th Volksgrenadier Division
12th SS Panzer Division
12th Volksgrenadier Division
1st SS Panzer Division (Including Kampfgruppe Peiper)
3rd Fallschirmjäger Division
150th Panzer Brigade (Skorzeny)
Central Sector: Roth to Gemünd
U.S. Forces
Surrounded and captured on the Schnee Eifel:
422nd Infantry Regiment / 106th Infantry Division
423rd Infantry Regiment / 106th Infantry Division
392nd Engineer General Service Regiment
424th Infantry Regiment / 106th Infantry Division
112th Infantry Regiment / 28th Infantry Division
Combat Command R / 9th Armored Division
110th Infantry Regiment / 28th Infantry Division
German Forces
Fifth Panzer Army (von Manteuffel)
LXVI Corps (Lucht)
18th Volksgrenadier Division
62nd Volksgrenadier Division
LVIII Panzer Corps (Kruger)
116th Panzer Division
560th Volksgrenadier Division
XLVII Panzer Corps (Lüttwitz)
2nd Panzer Division
26th Volksgrenadier Division
Panzer Lehr Division
Southern Sector: Hochscheid to Mompach
U.S. Forces
109th Infantry Regiment / 28th Infantry Division
Combat Command A / 9th Armored Division
12th Infantry Regiment / 4th Infantry Division
8th Infantry Regiment / 4th Infantry Division
German Forces
Seventh Army (Brandenberger)
LXXXV Corps (Kniess)
5th Fallschirmjäger Division
352nd Volksgrenadier Division
LXXX Corps (Beyer)
276th Volksgrenadier Division
212th Volksgrenadier Division
Attack on the northern shoulder
Main article: Battle of Elsenborn Ridge
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The Sixth Panzer Army Attack
While the Siege of Bastogne is often credited as the central point where the German offensive was stopped, the battle for Elsenborn Ridge was actually the decisive component of the Battle of the Bulge. Untested troops of the 99th Infantry Division prevented the best equipped armored units of the German army from advancing and forced them to reroute their troops to unfavorable alternative routes that considerably slowed their advance.
Best German divisions assigned
The attack on Monschau, Höfen, Krinkelt-Rocherath, and then Elsenborn Ridge was led by the units personally selected by Adolf Hitler. The 6th Panzer Army was given priority for supply and equipment and was assigned the shortest route to the ultimate objective of the offensive, Antwerp. The 6th Panzer Army included the elite of the Waffen-SS, including four Panzer divisions and five infantry divisions in three corps. SS-Obersturmbannführer Joachim Peiper led Kampfgruppe Peiper, consisting of 4,800 men and 600 vehicles, which was charged with leading the main effort. Its newest and most powerful tank, the Tiger II heavy tank, consumed 2 US gallons of fuel per mile (470 litres per 100 km), and the Germans only had enough fuel for an estimated 90 to 100 miles (140 to 160 km) of travel, not nearly enough to reach Antwerp.
German forces held up
Sepp Dietrich led the Sixth Panzer Army in the northernmost attack route.
The attacks by the Sixth Panzer Army's infantry units in the north fared badly because of unexpectedly fierce resistance by the U.S. 2nd and 99th Infantry Divisions. Kampfgruppe Peiper, at the head of Sepp Dietrich's Sixth Panzer Army, had been designated to take the Losheim-Losheimergraben road, a key route through the Losheim Gap, but it was closed by two collapsed overpasses that German engineers failed to repair during the first day. Peiper's forces were rerouted through Lanzerath.
To preserve the quantity of armor available, the infantry of the 9th Fallschirmjaeger Regiment, 3rd Fallschirmjaeger Division, had been ordered to clear the village first. A single 18-man Intelligence and Reconnaissance Platoon from the 99th Infantry Division along with four Forward Air Controllers held up the battalion of about 500 German paratroopers until sunset, about 16:00, causing 92 casualties among the Germans.
This created a bottleneck in the German advance. Kampfgruppe Peiper did not begin its advance until nearly 16:00, more than 16 hours behind schedule and didn't reach Bucholz Station until the early morning of 17 December. Their intention was to control the twin villages of Rocherath-Krinkelt which would clear a path to the high ground of Elsenborn Ridge. Occupation of this dominating terrain would allow control of the roads to the south and west and ensure supply to Kampfgruppe Peiper's armored task force.
Malmedy massacres
Main article: Malmedy massacre
Scene of the Malmedy massacre
At 4:30 a.m. on 17 December 1944, the 1st SS Panzer Division was approximately 16 hours behind schedule when the convoys departed the village of Lanzerath enroute west to the town of Honsfeld. After capturing Honsfeld, Peiper detoured from his assigned route to seize a small fuel depot in Büllingen, where the Waffen-SS infantry summarily executed dozens of U.S. POWs. Afterwards, Peiper advanced to the west, towards the River Meuse and captured Ligneuville, bypassing the towns of Mödersheid, Schoppen, Ondenval, and Thirimont. The terrain and poor quality of the roads made the advance of Kampfgruppe Peiper difficult; at the exit to the village of Thirimont, the armored spearhead was unable to travel the road directly to Ligneuville, and Peiper deviated from the planned route, and rather than turn to the left, the armored spearhead turned to the right, and advanced towards the crossroads of Baugnez, which is equidistant from the city of Malmedy and Ligneuville and Waimes.
At 12:30 p.m. on 17 December, Kampfgruppe Peiper was near the hamlet of Baugnez, on the height halfway between the town of Malmedy and Ligneuville, when they encountered elements of the 285th Field Artillery Observation Battalion, U.S. 7th Armored Division. After a brief battle the lightly armed Americans surrendered. They were disarmed and, with some other Americans captured earlier (approximately 150 men), sent to stand in a field near the crossroads under light guard. About fifteen minutes after Peiper's advance guard passed through, the main body under the command of SS-Sturmbannführer Werner Pötschke arrived. The SS troopers suddenly opened fire on the prisoners. As soon as the firing began, the prisoners panicked. Most were shot where they stood, though some managed to flee. Accounts of the killing vary, but at least 84 of the POWs were murdered. A few survived, and news of the killings of prisoners of war spread through Allied lines. Following the end of the war, soldiers and officers of Kampfgruppe Peiper, including Peiper and SS general Dietrich, were tried for the incident at the Malmedy massacre trial.
Kampfgruppe Peiper deflected southeast
Driving to the south-east of Elsenborn, Kampfgruppe Peiper entered Honsfeld, where they encountered one of the 99th Division's rest centers, clogged with confused American troops. They quickly captured portions of the 3rd Battalion of the 394th Infantry Regiment. They destroyed a number of American armored units and vehicles, and took several dozen prisoners who were subsequently murdered. Peiper also captured 50,000 US gallons (190,000 L; 42,000 imp gal) of fuel for his vehicles.
Peiper advanced north-west towards Büllingen, keeping to the plan to move west, unaware that if he had turned north he had an opportunity to flank and trap the entire 2nd and 99th Divisions. Instead, intent on driving west, Peiper turned south to detour around Hünningen, choosing a route designated Rollbahn D as he had been given latitude to choose the best route west.
To the north, the 277th Volksgrenadier Division attempted to break through the defending line of the U.S. 99th and the 2nd Infantry Divisions. The 12th SS Panzer Division, reinforced by additional infantry (Panzergrenadier and Volksgrenadier) divisions, took the key road junction at Losheimergraben just north of Lanzerath and attacked the twin villages of Rocherath and Krinkelt.
Wereth 11
Main article: 333rd Artillery Battalion (United States)
Another, smaller, massacre was committed in Wereth, Belgium, approximately 6.5 miles (10.5 km) northeast of Saint-Vith on 17 December 1944. Eleven black American soldiers were tortured after surrendering and then shot by men of the 1st SS Panzer Division belonging to Schnellgruppe Knittel. Some of the injuries sustained before death included bayonet wounds to the head, broken legs, and their fingers cut off. The perpetrators were never punished for this crime. In 2001, a group of people began working on a tribute to the eleven black American soldiers to remember their sacrifices.
Germans advance west
German troops advancing past abandoned American equipment
By the evening the spearhead had pushed north to engage the U.S. 99th Infantry Division and Kampfgruppe Peiper arrived in front of Stavelot. Peiper's forces were already behind his timetable because of the stiff American resistance and because when the Americans fell back, their engineers blew up bridges and emptied fuel dumps. Peiper's unit was delayed and his vehicles denied critically needed fuel. They took 36 hours to advance from the Eifel region to Stavelot, while the same advance required nine hours in 1940.
Kampfgruppe Peiper attacked Stavelot on 18 December but was unable to capture the town before the Americans evacuated a large fuel depot. Three tanks attempted to take the bridge, but the lead vehicle was disabled by a mine. Following this, 60 grenadiers advanced forward but were stopped by concentrated American defensive fire. After a fierce tank battle the next day, the Germans finally entered the town when U.S. engineers failed to blow the bridge.
Capitalizing on his success and not wanting to lose more time, Peiper rushed an advance group toward the vital bridge at Trois-Ponts, leaving the bulk of his strength in Stavelot. When they reached it at 11:30 on 18 December, retreating U.S. engineers blew it up. Peiper detoured north towards the villages of La Gleize and Cheneux. At Cheneux, the advance guard was attacked by American fighter-bombers, destroying two tanks and five halftracks, blocking the narrow road. The group began moving again at dusk at 16:00 and was able to return to its original route at around 18:00. Of the two bridges remaining between Kampfgruppe Peiper and the Meuse, the bridge over the Lienne was blown by the Americans as the Germans approached. Peiper turned north and halted his forces in the woods between La Gleize and Stoumont. He learned that Stoumont was strongly held and that the Americans were bringing up strong reinforcements from Spa.
To Peiper's south, the advance of Kampfgruppe Hansen had stalled. SS-Oberführer Mohnke ordered Schnellgruppe Knittel, which had been designated to follow Hansen, to instead move forward to support Peiper. SS-Sturmbannführer Knittel crossed the bridge at Stavelot around 19:00 against American forces trying to retake the town. Knittel pressed forward towards La Gleize, and shortly afterward the Americans recaptured Stavelot. Peiper and Knittel both faced the prospect of being cut off.
German advance halted
M3 90mm gun-armed American M36 tank destroyers move forward to stem German spearhead near Werbomont, Belgium, 20 December 1944.
At dawn on 19 December, Peiper surprised the American defenders of Stoumont by sending infantry from the 2nd SS Panzergrenadier Regiment in an attack and a company of Fallschirmjäger to infiltrate their lines. He followed this with a Panzer attack, gaining the eastern edge of the town. An American tank battalion arrived but, after a two-hour tank battle, Peiper finally captured Stoumont at 10:30. Knittel joined up with Peiper and reported the Americans had recaptured Stavelot to their east. Peiper ordered Knittel to retake Stavelot. Assessing his own situation, he determined that his Kampfgruppe did not have sufficient fuel to cross the bridge west of Stoumont and continue his advance. He maintained his lines west of Stoumont for a while, until the evening of 19 December when he withdrew them to the village edge. On the same evening the U.S. 82nd Airborne Division under Maj. Gen. James Gavin arrived and deployed at La Gleize and along Peiper's planned route of advance.
German efforts to reinforce Peiper were unsuccessful. Kampfgruppe Hansen was still struggling against bad road conditions and stiff American resistance on the southern route. Schnellgruppe Knittel was forced to disengage from the heights around Stavelot. Kampfgruppe Sandig, which had been ordered to take Stavelot, launched another attack without success. Sixth Panzer Army commander Sepp Dietrich ordered Hermann Priess, commanding officer of the I SS Panzer Corps, to increase its efforts to back Peiper's battle group, but Priess was unable to break through.
Small units of the U.S. 2nd Battalion, 119th Infantry Regiment, 30th Infantry Division, attacked the dispersed units of Kampfgruppe Peiper on the morning of 21 December. They failed and were forced to withdraw, and a number were captured, including battalion commander Maj. Hal D. McCown. Peiper learned that his reinforcements had been directed to gather in La Gleize to his east, and he withdrew, leaving wounded Americans and Germans in the Froidcourt Castle . As he withdrew from Cheneux, American paratroopers from the 82nd Airborne Division engaged the Germans in fierce house-to-house fighting. The Americans shelled Kampfgruppe Peiper on 22 December, and although the Germans had run out of food and had virtually no fuel, they continued to fight. A Luftwaffe resupply mission went badly when SS-Brigadeführer Wilhelm Mohnke insisted the grid coordinates supplied by Peiper were wrong, parachuting supplies into American hands in Stoumont.
In La Gleize, Peiper set up defenses waiting for German relief. When the relief force was unable to penetrate the Allied lines, he decided to break through the Allied lines and return to the German lines on 23 December. The men of the Kampfgruppe were forced to abandon their vehicles and heavy equipment, although most of the 800 remaining troops were able to escape.
Outcome
An American soldier escorts a German crewman from his wrecked Panther tank during the Battle of Elsenborn Ridge.
The U.S. 99th Infantry Division, outnumbered five to one, inflicted casualties in the ratio of 18 to one. The division lost about 20% of its effective strength, including 465 killed and 2,524 evacuated due to wounds, injuries, fatigue, or trench foot. German losses were much higher. In the northern sector opposite the 99th, this included more than 4,000 deaths and the destruction of 60 tanks and big guns. Historian John S. D. Eisenhower wrote, "... the action of the 2nd and 99th Divisions on the northern shoulder could be considered the most decisive of the Ardennes campaign."
The stiff American defense prevented the Germans from reaching the vast array of supplies near the Belgian cities of Liège and Spa and the road network west of the Elsenborn Ridge leading to the Meuse River. After more than 10 days of intense battle, they pushed the Americans out of the villages, but were unable to dislodge them from the ridge, where elements of the V Corps of the First U.S. Army prevented the German forces from reaching the road network to their west.
Operation Stösser
Main article: Operation Stösser
Operation Stösser was a paratroop drop into the American rear in the High Fens (French: Hautes Fagnes; German: Hohes Venn; Dutch: Hoge Venen) area. The objective was the "Baraque Michel" crossroads. It was led by Oberst Friedrich August Freiherr von der Heydte, considered by Germans to be a hero of the Battle of Crete.
It was the German paratroopers' only nighttime drop during World War II. Heydte was given only eight days to prepare prior to the assault. He was not allowed to use his own regiment because their movement might alert the Allies to the impending counterattack. Instead, he was provided with a Kampfgruppe of 800 men. The II Parachute Corps was tasked with contributing 100 men from each of its regiments. In loyalty to their commander, 150 men from Heydte's own unit, the 6th Parachute Regiment, went against orders and joined him. They had little time to establish any unit cohesion or train together.
The parachute drop was a complete failure. Heydte ended up with a total of around 300 troops. Too small and too weak to counter the Allies, they abandoned plans to take the crossroads and instead converted the mission to reconnaissance. With only enough ammunition for a single fight, they withdrew towards Germany and attacked the rear of the American lines. Only about 100 of his weary men finally reached the German rear.
Chenogne massacre
Main article: Chenogne massacre
Following the Malmedy massacre, on New Year's Day 1945, after having previously received orders to take no prisoners, American soldiers executed approximately sixty German prisoners of war near the Belgian village of Chenogne (8 km from Bastogne).
Attack in the center
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St. Vith is lost
Hasso von Manteuffel led the Fifth Panzer Army in the middle attack route.
The Germans fared better in the center (the 32 km (20 mi) Schnee Eifel sector) as the Fifth Panzer Army attacked positions held by the U.S. 28th and 106th Infantry Divisions. The Germans lacked the overwhelming strength that had been deployed in the north, but still possessed a marked numerical and material superiority over the very thinly spread 28th and 106th divisions. They succeeded in surrounding two largely intact regiments (422nd and 423rd) of the 106th Division in a pincer movement and forced their surrender, a tribute to the way Manteuffel's new tactics had been applied. The official U.S. Army history states: "At least seven thousand were lost here and the figure probably is closer to eight or nine thousand. The amount lost in arms and equipment, of course, was very substantial. The Schnee Eifel battle, therefore, represents the most serious reverse suffered by American arms during the operations of 1944–45 in the European theater."
Battle for St. Vith
Main article: Battle of St. Vith
In the center, the town of St. Vith, a vital road junction, presented the main challenge for both von Manteuffel's and Dietrich's forces. The defenders, led by the 7th Armored Division, included the remaining regiment of the 106th U.S. Infantry Division, with elements of the 9th Armored Division and 28th U.S. Infantry Division. These units, which operated under the command of Generals Robert W. Hasbrouck (7th Armored) and Alan W. Jones (106th Infantry), successfully resisted the German attacks, significantly slowing the German advance. At Montgomery's orders, St. Vith was evacuated on 21 December; U.S. troops fell back to entrenched positions in the area, presenting an imposing obstacle to a successful German advance. By 23 December, as the Germans shattered their flanks, the defenders' position became untenable and U.S. troops were ordered to retreat west of the Salm River. Since the German plan called for the capture of St. Vith by 18:00 on 17 December, the prolonged action in and around it dealt a major setback to their timetable.
Meuse River bridges
British Sherman "Firefly" tank in Namur on the Meuse River, December 1944
To protect the river crossings on the Meuse at Givet, Dinant and Namur, Montgomery ordered those few units available to hold the bridges on 19 December. This led to a hastily assembled force including rear-echelon troops, military police and Army Air Force personnel. The British 29th Armoured Brigade of British 11th Armoured Division, which had turned in its tanks for re-equipping, was told to take back their tanks and head to the area. British XXX Corps was significantly reinforced for this effort. Units of the corps which fought in the Ardennes were the 51st (Highland) and 53rd (Welsh) Infantry Divisions, the British 6th Airborne Division, the 29th and 33rd Armoured Brigades, and the 34th Tank Brigade.
Unlike the German forces on the northern and southern shoulders who were experiencing great difficulties, the German advance in the center gained considerable ground. The Fifth Panzer Army was spearheaded by the 2nd Panzer Division while the Panzer Lehr Division (Armored Training Division) came up from the south, leaving Bastogne to other units. The Ourthe River was passed at Ourtheville on 21 December. Lack of fuel held up the advance for one day, but on 23 December the offensive was resumed towards the two small towns of Hargimont and Marche-en-Famenne. Hargimont was captured the same day, but Marche-en-Famenne was strongly defended by the American 84th Division. Gen. von Lüttwitz, commander of the XXXXVII Panzer-Korps, ordered the division to turn westwards towards Dinant and the Meuse, leaving only a blocking force at Marche-en-Famenne. Although advancing only in a narrow corridor, 2nd Panzer Division was still making rapid headway, leading to jubilation in Berlin. Headquarters now freed up the 9th Panzer Division for Fifth Panzer Army, which was deployed at Marche.
On 22/23 December German forces reached the woods of Foy-Nôtre-Dame, only a few kilometers ahead of Dinant. The narrow corridor caused considerable difficulties, as constant flanking attacks threatened the division. On 24 December, German forces made their furthest penetration west. The Panzer Lehr Division took the town of Celles, while a bit farther north, parts of 2nd Panzer Division were in sight of the Meuse near Dinant at Foy-Nôtre-Dame. A hastily assembled British blocking force on the east side of the river prevented the German Battlegroup Böhm from approaching the Dinant bridge. The 29th Armoured Brigade ambushed the Germans knocking out three Panthers and a number of vehicles in and around Foy-Nôtre-Dame. By late Christmas Eve the advance in this sector was stopped, as Allied forces threatened the narrow corridor held by the 2nd Panzer Division.
Operation Greif and Operation Währung
Main article: Operation Greif
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The 1st SS Panzer Division's Dash Westward, and Operation Greif
For Operation Greif ("Griffin"), Otto Skorzeny successfully infiltrated a small part of his battalion of English-speaking Germans disguised in American uniforms behind the Allied lines. Although they failed to take the vital bridges over the Meuse, their presence caused confusion out of all proportion to their military activities, and rumors spread quickly. Even General George Patton was alarmed and, on 17 December, described the situation to General Dwight Eisenhower as "Krauts ... speaking perfect English ... raising hell, cutting wires, turning road signs around, spooking whole divisions, and shoving a bulge into our defenses."
Checkpoints were set up all over the Allied rear, greatly slowing the movement of soldiers and equipment. American MPs at these checkpoints grilled troops on things that every American was expected to know, like the identity of Mickey Mouse's girlfriend, baseball scores, or the capital of a particular U.S. state—though many could not remember or did not know. General Omar Bradley was briefly detained when he correctly identified Springfield as the capital of Illinois because the American MP who questioned him mistakenly believed the capital was Chicago.
The tightened security nonetheless made things very hard for the German infiltrators, and a number of them were captured. Even during interrogation, they continued their goal of spreading disinformation; when asked about their mission, some of them claimed they had been told to go to Paris to either kill or capture General Dwight Eisenhower. Security around the general was greatly increased, and Eisenhower was confined to his headquarters. Because Skorzeny's men were captured in American uniforms, they were executed as spies. This was the standard practice of every army at the time, as many belligerents considered it necessary to protect their territory against the grave dangers of enemy spying. Skorzeny said that he was told by German legal experts that as long he did not order his men to fight in combat while wearing American uniforms, such a tactic was a legitimate ruse of war. Skorzeny and his men were fully aware of their likely fate, and most wore their German uniforms underneath their American ones in case of capture. Skorzeny was tried by an American military tribunal in 1947 at the Dachau Trials for allegedly violating the laws of war stemming from his leadership of Operation Greif but was acquitted. He later moved to Spain and South America.
Attack in the south
Erich Brandenberger led Seventh Army in the southernmost attack route.
Further south on Manteuffel's front, the main thrust was delivered by all attacking divisions crossing the River Our, then increasing the pressure on the key road centers of St. Vith and Bastogne. The more experienced U.S. 28th Infantry Division put up a much more dogged defense than the inexperienced soldiers of the 106th Infantry Division. The 112th Infantry Regiment (the most northerly of the 28th Division's regiments), holding a continuous front east of the Our, kept German troops from seizing and using the Our River bridges around Ouren for two days, before withdrawing progressively westwards.
The 109th and 110th Regiments of the 28th Division fared worse, as they were spread so thinly that their positions were easily bypassed. Both offered stubborn resistance in the face of superior forces and threw the German schedule off by several days. The 110th's situation was by far the worst, as it was responsible for an 18-kilometer (11 mi) front while its 2nd Battalion was withheld as the divisional reserve. Panzer columns took the outlying villages and widely separated strong points in bitter fighting, and advanced to points near Bastogne within four days. The struggle for the villages and American strong points, plus transport confusion on the German side, slowed the attack sufficiently to allow the 101st Airborne Division (reinforced by elements from the 9th and 10th Armored Divisions) to reach Bastogne by truck on the morning of 19 December. The fierce defense of Bastogne, in which American paratroopers particularly distinguished themselves, made it impossible for the Germans to take the town with its important road junctions. The panzer columns swung past on either side, cutting off Bastogne on 20 December but failing to secure the vital crossroads.
Twenty years after the battle, General McAuliffe praised the men of the 10th Armored "Tiger" Division saying, "It's always seemed regrettable to me, that Combat Command B of the 10th Armored Division didn't get the credit it deserved in the battle of Bastogne. All of the newspaper and radio talk was about the paratroopers. Actually, the 10th Armored Division was in there December 18th, a day before we were, and had some very hard fighting before we ever got into it, and I sincerely believe that we would never have been able to get into Bastogne if it had not been for the defensive fighting of the three elements of the 10th Armored Division who were first into Bastogne and protected the town from invasion by the Germans."
In the extreme south, Brandenberger's three infantry divisions were checked by divisions of the U.S. VIII Corps after an advance of 6.4 km (4 mi); that front was then firmly held. Only the 5th Parachute Division of Brandenberger's command was able to thrust forward 19 km (12 mi) on the inner flank to partially fulfill its assigned role. Eisenhower and his principal commanders realized by 17 December that the fighting in the Ardennes was a major offensive and not a local counterattack, and they ordered vast reinforcements to the area. Within a week 250,000 troops had been sent. General Gavin of the 82nd Airborne Division arrived on the scene first and ordered the 101st to hold Bastogne while the 82nd would take the more difficult task of facing the SS Panzer Divisions; it was also thrown into the battle north of the bulge, near Elsenborn Ridge.
Siege of Bastogne
Main article: Siege of Bastogne
U.S. POWs on 22 December 1944
Senior Allied commanders met in a bunker in Verdun on 19 December. By this time, the town of Bastogne and its network of 11 hard-topped roads leading through the widely forested mountainous terrain with deep river valleys and boggy mud of the Ardennes region was under severe threat. Bastogne had previously been the site of the VIII Corps headquarters. Two separate westbound German columns that were to have bypassed the town to the south and north, the 2nd Panzer Division and Panzer-Lehr-Division of XLVII Panzer Corps, as well as the Corps' infantry (26th Volksgrenadier Division), coming due west had been engaged and much slowed and frustrated in outlying battles at defensive positions up to 16 kilometers (10 mi) from the town proper, but these defensive positions were gradually being forced back onto and into the hasty defenses built within the municipality. Moreover, the sole corridor that was open (to the southeast) was threatened and it had been sporadically closed as the front shifted, and there was expectation that it would be completely closed sooner than later, given the strong likelihood that the town would soon be surrounded.
Gen. Eisenhower, realizing that the Allies could destroy German forces much more easily when they were out in the open and on the offensive than if they were on the defensive, told his generals, "The present situation is to be regarded as one of opportunity for us and not of disaster. There will be only cheerful faces at this table." Patton, realizing what Eisenhower implied, responded, "Hell, let's have the guts to let the bastards go all the way to Paris. Then, we'll really cut 'em off and chew 'em up." Eisenhower, after saying he was not that optimistic, asked Patton how long it would take to turn his Third Army, located in northeastern France, north to counterattack. To the disbelief of the other generals present, Patton replied that he could attack with two divisions within 48 hours. Unknown to the other officers present, before he left, Patton had ordered his staff to prepare three contingency plans for a northward turn in at least corps strength. By the time Eisenhower asked him how long it would take, the movement was already underway. On 20 December, Eisenhower removed the First and Ninth U.S. Armies from Gen. Bradley's 12th Army Group and placed them under Montgomery's 21st Army Group.
A German machine gunner marching through the Ardennes in December 1944
By 21 December the Germans had surrounded Bastogne, which was defended by the 101st Airborne Division, the all African American 969th Artillery Battalion, and Combat Command B of the 10th Armored Division. Conditions inside the perimeter were tough—most of the medical supplies and medical personnel had been captured. Food was scarce, and by 22 December artillery ammunition was restricted to 10 rounds per gun per day. The weather cleared the next day and supplies (primarily ammunition) were dropped over four of the next five days.
Despite determined German attacks, the perimeter held. The German commander, Lüttwitz, requested Bastogne's surrender. When Brig. Gen. Anthony McAuliffe, acting commander of the 101st, was told of the German demand to surrender, in frustration he responded, "Nuts!" After turning to other pressing issues, his staff reminded him that they should reply to the German demand. One officer, Lt. Col. Harry Kinnard, noted that McAuliffe's initial reply would be "tough to beat." Thus McAuliffe wrote on the paper, which was typed up and delivered to the Germans, the line he made famous and a morale booster to his troops: "NUTS!" That reply had to be explained, both to the Germans and to non-American Allies.
Both 2nd Panzer and Panzer-Lehr division moved forward from Bastogne after 21 December, leaving only Panzer-Lehr division's 901st Regiment to assist the 26th Volksgrenadier-Division in attempting to capture the crossroads. The 26th VG received one Panzergrenadier Regiment from the 15th Panzergrenadier Division on Christmas Eve for its main assault the next day. Because it lacked sufficient troops and those of the 26th VG Division were near exhaustion, the XLVII Panzerkorps concentrated its assault on several individual locations on the west side of the perimeter in sequence rather than launching one simultaneous attack on all sides. The assault, despite initial success by its tanks in penetrating the American line, was defeated and all the tanks destroyed. On the following day of 26 December the spearhead of Gen. Patton's 4th Armored Division, supplemented by the 26th (Yankee) Infantry Division, broke through and opened a corridor to Bastogne.
Allied counterstrikes
American Infantry fighting their way toward Bastogne, December 1944
On 23 December the weather conditions started improving, allowing the Allied air forces to attack. They launched devastating bombing raids on the German supply points in their rear, and P-47 Thunderbolts started attacking the German troops on the roads. Allied air forces also helped the defenders of Bastogne, dropping much-needed supplies—medicine, food, blankets, and ammunition. A team of volunteer surgeons flew in by military glider and began operating in a tool room.
By 24 December the German advance was effectively stalled short of the Meuse. Units of the British XXX Corps were holding the bridges at Dinant, Givet, and Namur and U.S. units were about to take over. The Germans had outrun their supply lines, and shortages of fuel and ammunition were becoming critical. Up to this point the German losses had been light, notably in armor, with the exception of Peiper's losses. On the evening of 24 December, Manteuffel recommended to Hitler's Military Adjutant a halt to all offensive operations and a withdrawal back to the Westwall (literally 'Western Rampart'). Hitler rejected this.
Disagreement and confusion at the Allied command prevented a strong response, throwing away the opportunity for a decisive action. In the center, on Christmas Eve, the 2nd Armored Division attempted to attack and cut off the spearheads of the 2nd Panzer Division at the Meuse, while the units from the 4th Cavalry Group kept the 9th Panzer Division at Marche busy. As a result, parts of the 2nd Panzer Division were cut off. The Panzer-Lehr division tried to relieve them, but was only partially successful, as the perimeter held. For the next two days the perimeter was strengthened. On 26 and 27 December the trapped units of 2nd Panzer Division made two break-out attempts, again only with partial success, as major quantities of equipment fell into Allied hands. Further Allied pressure out of Marche finally led the German command to the conclusion that no further offensive action towards the Meuse was possible.
In the south, Patton's Third Army was battling to relieve Bastogne. At 16:50 on 26 December, the lead element, Company D, 37th Tank Battalion of the 4th Armored Division, reached Bastogne, ending the siege.
German supporting efforts across the Western Front
Main articles: Operation Bodenplatte and Operation Nordwind
P-47s destroyed at Y-34 Metz-Frescaty airfield during Operation Bodenplatte
On 1 January, in an attempt to keep the offensive going, the Germans launched two new operations. At 09:15, the Luftwaffe launched Unternehmen Bodenplatte (Operation Baseplate), a major campaign against Allied airfields in the Low Countries. Hundreds of planes attacked Allied airfields, destroying or severely damaging some 465 aircraft. The Luftwaffe lost 277 planes, 62 to Allied fighters and 172 mostly because of an unexpectedly high number of Allied flak guns, set up to protect against German V-1 flying bomb/missile attacks and using proximity fused shells, but also by friendly fire from the German flak guns that were uninformed of the pending large-scale German air operation. The Germans suffered heavy losses at an airfield named Y-29, losing 40 of their own planes while damaging only four American planes. While the Allies recovered from their losses within days, the operation left the Luftwaffe ineffective for the remainder of the war.
On the same day, German Army Group G (Heeresgruppe G) and Army Group Upper Rhine (Heeresgruppe Oberrhein) launched a major offensive against the thinly-stretched, 110 kilometers (70 mi) line of the Seventh U.S. Army. This offensive, known as Unternehmen Nordwind (Operation North Wind), and separate from the Ardennes Offensive, was the last major German offensive of the war on the Western Front. The weakened Seventh Army had, at Eisenhower's orders, sent troops, equipment, and supplies north to reinforce the American armies in the Ardennes, and the offensive left it in dire straits.
By 15 January, Seventh Army's VI Corps was fighting on three sides in Alsace. With casualties mounting, and running short on replacements, tanks, ammunition, and supplies, Seventh Army was forced to withdraw to defensive positions on the south bank of the Moder River on 21 January. The German offensive drew to a close on 25 January. In the bitter, desperate fighting of Operation Nordwind, VI Corps, which had borne the brunt of the fighting, suffered a total of 14,716 casualties. The total for Seventh Army for January was 11,609. Total casualties included at least 9,000 wounded. First, Third, and Seventh Armies suffered a total of 17,000 hospitalized from the cold.
Allied counter-offensive
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Erasing the Bulge—The Allied counterattack, 26 December – 25 January
Map: Allied Offensive against Ardennes salient
While the German offensive toward the Meuse had ground to a halt by the end of December, they still controlled a dangerous salient in the Allied line. Patton's Third Army in the south, centered around Bastogne, would attack north, Montgomery's forces in the north would strike south, and the two forces planned to meet at Houffalize to reduce the bulge, and push east back toward the offensive start line.
The temperature during that January was extremely low, which required weapons to be maintained and truck engines run every half-hour to prevent their oil from congealing. The offensive went forward regardless.
Eisenhower wanted Montgomery to go on the counter offensive on 1 January, with the aim of meeting up with Patton's advancing Third Army and cutting off German troops at the tip of the salient, trapping them in a pocket. Montgomery, refusing to risk underprepared infantry in a snowstorm for a strategically unimportant area, did not launch the attack until 3 January. In addition, a series of renewed German attempts to re-encircle and seize Bastogne using units moved to the southern shoulder of the salient from the north, put Patton in a desperate fight for the initiative, with the German maintaining offensive operations in sectors north and east of Bastogne until 7 January, and resulting in heavier fighting than during the 21–26 December siege of Bastogne itself; in addition, Patton's Third Army would have to clear out the "Harlange Pocket" east of Bastogne on the Belgian-Luxembourg border. One of these fierce actions around Bastogne occurred on 2 January, the Tiger IIs of German Heavy Tank Battalion 506 supported an attack by the 12th SS Hitlerjugend division against U.S. positions of the 6th Armored Division near Wardin and knocked out 15 Sherman tanks.
At the start of the offensive, the First and Third U.S. Armies were separated by about 40 km (25 mi). American progress in the south was also restricted to about a kilometer or a little over half a mile per day.
On 7/8 January 1945, Hitler agreed to gradually withdraw forces from the tip of the Ardennes salient to east of Houffalize to avoid being cut off, but the Germans continued to resist in the salient and were only gradually pushed back otherwise. Considerable fighting went on for another 3 weeks, with Third Army and First Army linking up on 16 January with the capture of Houffalize. Sixth Panzer Army left the Ardennes and ceded its sector to the Fifth Panzer Army on 22 January, while St. Vith was recaptured by the Americans on 23 January, and the last German units participating in the offensive did not return to their start line until February.
Winston Churchill, addressing the House of Commons following the Battle of the Bulge said, "This is undoubtedly the greatest American battle of the war and will, I believe, be regarded as an ever-famous American victory."
Americans of the 101st Engineers near Wiltz, Luxembourg, January 1945
U.S. 6th Armored Division tanks moving near Wardin, Belgium, January 1945
M8 armored car on patrol from U.S. 11th Armored Division, U.S. Third Army links up with soldiers of the U.S. 84th Infantry Division of U.S. First Army west of Houffalize, Belgium. January 16, 1945.
Force comparisons by date
Force
Allied
Axis
Date
16 Dec
24 Dec
2 Jan
16 Jan
16 Dec
24 Dec
2 Jan
16 Jan
Men
228,741
~541,000
~705,000
700,520
406,342
~449,000
~401,000
383,016
Tanks
483
1,616
2,409
2,428
557
423
287
216
Tank destroyersand assault guns
499
1,713
1,970
1,912
667
608
462
414
Other AFVs
1,921
5,352
7,769
7,079
1,261
1,496
1,090
907
Anti-tank andartillery pieces
971
2,408
3,305
3,181
4,224
4,131
3,396
3,256
Armored divisions
2
6
8
8
7
8
8
8
Armored brigades
1
2
2
1
3
3
2
Infantry divisions
6
15
22
22
13
16
15
16
Initial and Final manpower commitments for all units in Ardennes Campaign
American
British
German
Initial
687,498
111,904
498,622
Final
680,706
111,100
425,941
Strategy and leadership
Hitler's chosen few
The plan and timing for the Ardennes attack sprang from the mind of Adolf Hitler. He believed a critical fault line existed between the British and American military commands, and that a heavy blow on the Western Front would shatter this alliance. Planning for the "Watch on the Rhine" offensive emphasized secrecy and the commitment of overwhelming force. Due to the use of landline communications within Germany, motorized runners carrying orders, and draconian threats from Hitler, the timing and mass of the attack was not detected by Ultra codebreakers and achieved complete surprise.
German field commanders plan the advance
After officers of the regular German Army attempted to assassinate him, Hitler had increasingly trusted only the Nazi Party SS and its armed branch, the Waffen-SS. He entrusted them with carrying out his decisive counterattack. But following the Allied Normandy invasion, the SS armored units had suffered significant leadership casualties. This included SS-Brigadeführer (Brigadier general) Kurt Meyer, commander of the 12th SS Panzer (Armor) Division, captured by Belgian partisans on 6 September 1944. Thus Hitler gave responsibility for the key right flank of the assault to the best SS troops and a few Volksgrenadier units under the command of "Sepp" (Joseph) Dietrich, a fanatical political disciple of Hitler, and a loyal follower from the early days of the rise of National Socialism in Germany. The leadership composition of the Sixth Panzer Division had a distinctly political nature.
Despite their loyalty, none of the German field commanders entrusted with planning and executing the offensive believed it was possible to capture Antwerp. Even Dietrich believed the Ardennes was a poor area for armored warfare and that the inexperienced and badly equipped Volksgrenadier soldiers would clog the roads the tanks needed for their rapid advance. In fact, their horse-drawn artillery and rocket units became a significant obstacle to the armored units. Other than making futile objections to Hitler in private, Dietrich generally stayed out of planning the offensive. Model and Manteuffel, technical experts from the eastern front, told Hitler that a limited offensive with the goal of surrounding and crushing the American 1st Army would be the best goal their offensive could hope to achieve. Their ideas shared the same fate as Dietrich's objections.
The German staff planning and organization of the attack was well done. Most of the units committed to the offensive reached their jump off points undetected. They were for the most part well organized and supplied for the attack, although they were counting on capturing American gasoline dumps to fuel their vehicles. As the battle ensued, on the northern shoulder of the offensive, Dietrich stopped the armored assault on the twin villages after two days and changed the axis of their advance southward through the hamlet of Domäne Bütgenbach. The headlong drive on Elsenborn Ridge lacked needed support from German units that had already bypassed the ridge. Dietrich's decision unknowingly played into American hands, as Robertson had already decided to abandon the villages.
Allied high-command controversy
Main article: Broad front versus narrow front controversy in World War II
Field Marshal Montgomery
General Eisenhower, the Supreme Allied Commander
General Bradley
One of the fault lines between the British and American high commands was Eisenhower's commitment to a broad front advance. This view was opposed by the British Chief of the Imperial General Staff, Field Marshal Alan Brooke, as well as Field Marshal Montgomery, who promoted a rapid advance on a narrow front under his command, with the other allied armies in reserve.
Eisenhower based his decision on various military and political realities. The Allied occupation zones in Germany had been agreed upon in February 1944, and a faster Allied advance in the autumn of 1944 would not have altered this. The Soviet Union would have also benefited from a rapid German collapse, and its participation in the war against Japan was greatly desired. There were reservations about whether the Allied logistical system possessed the required flexibility to support the narrow-front strategy, the reality of terrain and logistics argued strongly against it, and the consequences if the narrow front advance had failed would have been very severe.
Montgomery's Chief of Staff, Major-General Francis de Guingand, stated in his post-war account that he had opposed Montgomery's narrow front strategy on political and administrative grounds.
Montgomery's actions
Montgomery differed from the U.S. command in how to respond to the German attack and his public statements to that effect caused tension in the American high command. Major-General Freddie de Guingand, Chief of Staff of Montgomery's 21st Army Group, rose to the occasion, and personally smoothed over the disagreements on 30 December.
As the Ardennes crisis developed, the U.S. First Army (Hodges) and U.S. Ninth Army (Simpson) on the northern shoulder of the German penetration lost communications with adjacent armies, as well as with Bradley's headquarters in Luxembourg City to the south of the "bulge". Consequently, at 10:30 a.m. on 20 December, Eisenhower transferred the command of the U.S. First and Ninth Armies temporarily from Bradley to Montgomery. Command of the U.S. First Army reverted to the U.S. 12th Army Group on 17 January 1945, and command of the U.S. Ninth Army reverted to the U.S. 12th Army Group on 4 April 1945.
Montgomery wrote about the situation he found on 20 December:
The First Army was fighting desperately. Having given orders to Dempsey and Crerar, who arrived for a conference at 11 am, I left at noon for the H.Q. of the First Army, where I had instructed Simpson to meet me. I found the northern flank of the bulge was very disorganized. Ninth Army had two corps and three divisions; First Army had three corps and fifteen divisions. Neither Army Commander had seen Bradley or any senior member of his staff since the battle began, and they had no directive on which to work. The first thing to do was to see the battle on the northern flank as one whole, to ensure the vital areas were held securely, and to create reserves for counter-attack. I embarked on these measures: I put British troops under command of the Ninth Army to fight alongside American soldiers, and made that Army take over some of the First Army Front. I positioned British troops as reserves behind the First and Ninth Armies until such time as American reserves could be created. Slowly but surely the situation was held, and then finally restored. Similar action was taken on the southern flank of the bulge by Bradley, with the Third Army.
Due to the news blackout imposed on the 16th, the change of leadership to Montgomery did not become public information until SHAEF announced that the change in command had "absolutely nothing to do with failure on the part of the three American generals". The announcement resulted in headlines in British newspapers and Stars and Stripes, which for the first time mentioned British contributions to the fighting.
Montgomery requested permission from Churchill to give a press conference to explain the situation. Though some of his staff were concerned at how the press conference would affect Montgomery's image, it was cleared by CIGS Alan Brooke, who was possibly the only person from whom Montgomery would accept advice.
On the same day as Hitler's withdrawal order of 7 January, Montgomery held his press conference at Zonhoven. Montgomery started with giving credit to the "courage and good fighting quality" of the American troops, characterizing a typical American as a "very brave fighting man who has that tenacity in battle which makes a great soldier", and went on to talk about the necessity of Allied teamwork, and praised Eisenhower, stating, "Teamwork wins battles and battle victories win wars. On our team, the captain is General Ike."
Then Montgomery described the course of the battle for a half-hour. Coming to the end of his speech he said he had "employed the whole available power of the British Group of Armies; this power was brought into play very gradually ... Finally it was put into battle with a bang ... you thus have the picture of British troops fighting on both sides of the Americans who have suffered a hard blow." He stated that he (i.e., the German) was "headed off ... seen off ... and ... written off ... The battle has been the most interesting, I think possibly one of the most interesting and tricky battles I have ever handled."
Despite his positive remarks about American soldiers, the overall impression given by Montgomery, at least in the ears of the American military leadership, was that he had taken the lion's share of credit for the success of the campaign and had been responsible for rescuing the besieged Americans.
His comments were interpreted as self-promoting, particularly his claim that when the situation "began to deteriorate," Eisenhower had placed him in command in the north. Patton and Eisenhower both felt this was a misrepresentation of the relative share of the fighting played by the British and Americans in the Ardennes (for every British soldier there were thirty to forty Americans in the fight), and that it belittled the part played by Bradley, Patton and other American commanders. In the context of Patton's and Montgomery's well-known antipathy, Montgomery's failure to mention the contribution of any American general besides Eisenhower was seen as insulting. Indeed, Bradley and his American commanders were already starting their counterattack by the time Montgomery was given command of 1st and 9th U.S. Armies.
Focusing exclusively on his own generalship, Montgomery continued to say he thought the counteroffensive had gone very well but did not explain the reason for his delayed attack on 3 January. He later attributed this to needing more time for preparation on the northern front. According to Churchill, the attack from the south under Patton was steady but slow and involved heavy losses, and Montgomery was trying to avoid this situation. Morelock states that Monty was preoccupied with being allowed to lead a "single thrust offensive" to Berlin as the overall commander of Allied ground forces, and that he accordingly treated the Ardennes counteroffensive "as a sideshow, to be finished with the least possible effort and expenditure of resources."
Many American officers had already grown to dislike Montgomery, who was seen by them as an overly cautious commander, arrogant, and all too willing to say uncharitable things about the Americans. However, on 18 January 1945 Churchill stated to Parliament "the United States troops have done almost all the fighting". He ended with "Care must be taken in telling our proud tale not to claim for the British Army an undue share of what is undoubtedly the greatest American battle of the war and will, I believe, be regarded as an ever famous American victory."
Montgomery subsequently recognized his error and later wrote: "Not only was it probably a mistake to have held this conference at all in the sensitive state of feeling at the time, but what I said was skillfully distorted by the enemy." BBC correspondent Chester Wilmot explained that "my dispatch to the BBC about it was intercepted by the German wireless, re-written to give it an anti-American bias, and then broadcast by Arnhem Radio, which was then in Goebbels' hands. Monitored at Bradley's HQ, this broadcast was mistaken for a BBC transmission and it was this twisted text that started the uproar."
Montgomery later said, "Distorted or not, I think now that I should never have held that press conference. So great were the feelings against me on the part of the American generals that whatever I said was bound to be wrong. I should therefore have said nothing." Eisenhower commented in his own memoirs: "I doubt if Montgomery ever came to realize how resentful some American commanders were. They believed he had belittled them—and they were not slow to voice reciprocal scorn and contempt."
Bradley and Patton both threatened to resign unless Montgomery's command was changed. Eisenhower, encouraged by his British deputy Arthur Tedder, had decided to sack Montgomery. Intervention by Montgomery's and Eisenhower's Chiefs of Staff, Guingand, and Walter Smith, moved Eisenhower to reconsider and allowed Montgomery to apologize.
After the war Manteuffel, who commanded the 5th Panzer Army in the Ardennes, was imprisoned awaiting trial for war crimes. During this period he was interviewed by B. H. Liddell Hart, a British author who has since been accused of putting words in the mouths of German generals, and attempting to "rewrite the historical record". After conducting several interviews via an interpreter, Liddell Hart in a subsequent book attributed to Manteuffel the following statement about Montgomery's contribution to the battle in the Ardennes:
The operations of the American 1st Army had developed into a series of individual holding actions. Montgomery's contribution to restoring the situation was that he turned a series of isolated actions into a coherent battle fought according to a clear and definite plan. It was his refusal to engage in premature and piecemeal counter-attacks which enabled the Americans to gather their reserves and frustrate the German attempts to extend their breakthrough.
However, American historian Stephen Ambrose, writing in 1997, maintained that "Putting Monty in command of the northern flank had no effect on the battle". Ambrose wrote that: "Far from directing the victory, Montgomery had gotten in everyone's way, and had botched the counter-attack." Bradley blamed Montgomery's "stagnating conservatism" for his failure to counterattack when ordered to do so by Eisenhower.
Casualties
The Mardasson Memorial near Bastogne, Belgium
Allied
The Battle of the Bulge was the bloodiest battle for U.S. forces during World War II. A preliminary Army report restricted to the First and Third U.S. Armies listed 75,482 casualties (8,407 killed, 46,170 wounded and 20,905 missing); British XXX Corps losses to 17 January 1945 were recorded as 1,408 (200 killed, 969 wounded, and 239 missing.) T.N. Dupuy, David Bongard, and Richard Anderson list battle casualties for XXX Corps combat units as 1,462, including 222 killed, 977 wounded, and 263 missing to 16 January 1945 inclusive. Casualties among American divisions (excluding attached elements, corps and army-level combat support, and rear-area personnel) totaled 62,439 from 16 December 1944 to 16 January 1945, inclusive: 6,238 killed, 32,712 wounded, and 23,399 missing. Historian Charles B. MacDonald lists 81,000 American casualties, 41,315 during the defensive phase and 39,672 during the drive to flatten the "Bulge" through 28 January.
An official report by the United States Department of the Army lists 105,102 casualties for the entire "Ardennes-Alsace" campaign, including 19,246 killed, 62,489 wounded, and 26,612 captured or missing; this number incorporates losses not just for the Battle of the Bulge but also all losses suffered during the period by units with the "Ardennes-Alsace" battle credit (the entirety of U.S. First, Third and Seventh Armies), which includes losses suffered during the German offensive in Alsace, Operation Nordwind as well as forces engaged in the Saar and Lorraine campaigns, and the Battle of Hürtgen Forest during that time period. For the period of December 1944 – January 1945 on the entire western front, Forrest Pogue gives a total of 28,178 U.S. military personnel captured, including shot down airmen.
German
The German High Command estimated that they lost between 81,834 and 98,024 men on the Western Front between 16 December 1944 and 25 January 1945; the accepted figure was 81,834, of which 12,652 were killed, 38,600 were wounded, and 30,582 were missing. Allied estimates on German casualties range from 81,000 to 103,900. Some authors have estimated German casualties as high as 125,000:
T.N. Dupuy's estimates based on fragmentary German records and oral testimony suggests casualties among divisions and brigades alone (excluding attached elements, corps and army-level combat support, and rear-area personnel) totaled 74,459 from 16 December 1944 to 16 January 1945, inclusive: 11,048 killed, 34,168 wounded, and 29,243 missing.
German historian Hermann Jung lists 67,675 casualties from 16 December 1944 to late January 1945 for the three German armies that participated in the offensive.
The German casualty reports for the involved armies count 63,222 losses from 10 December 1944 to 31 January 1945.
The United States Army Center of Military History's official numbers are 75,000 American casualties and 100,000 German casualties.
Christer Bergström lists between 527 and 554 losses to all causes among German tanks, tank destroyers, and assault guns during the campaign, of which 324 were lost in combat. Of the German write-offs, 16–20 were Tigers, 191–194 Panthers, 141–158 Panzer IVs, and 179–182 were tank destroyers and assault guns. Hermann Jung gave figures for 600 German tanks across the entire western front from December 16, 1944, to February 1, 1945. Other sources place German losses in the range of 600–800: Magna E. Bauer's review of OKW records suggests 324 losses in December (77 Panzer IVs, 132 Panthers, 13 Tigers, and 102 assault guns) and even more in January. American losses over the same period were similarly heavy, totaling from 733 tanks and tank destroyers (exclusive of other types and losses suffered by British XXX Corps) to 800 in tanks alone.
Result
Although the Germans managed to begin their offensive with complete surprise and enjoyed some initial successes, they were not able to seize the initiative on the Western Front. While the German command did not reach its goals, the Ardennes operation inflicted heavy losses and set back the Allied invasion of Germany by several weeks. The High Command of the Allied forces had planned to resume the offensive by early January 1945, after the wet season rains and severe frosts, but those plans had to be postponed until 29 January 1945 in connection with the unexpected changes in the front.
The Allies pressed their advantage following the battle. By the beginning of February 1945, the lines were roughly where they had been in December 1944. In early February, the Allies launched an attack all along the Western front: in the north under Montgomery, they fought Operation Veritable (also known as the Battle of the Reichswald); east of Aachen they fought the second phase of the Battle of Hürtgen Forest; in the center, under Hodges; and in the south, under Patton.
The German losses in the battle were especially critical: their last reserves were now gone, the Luftwaffe had been shattered, and remaining forces throughout the West were being pushed back to defend the Siegfried Line.
In response to the early success of the offensive, on 6 January Churchill contacted Stalin to request that the Soviets put pressure on the Germans on the Eastern Front. On 12 January, the Soviets began the massive Vistula–Oder Offensive, originally planned for 20 January. It had been brought forward from 20 January to 12 January because meteorological reports warned of a thaw later in the month, and the tanks needed hard ground for the offensive (and the advance of the Red Army was assisted by two Panzer Armies (5th and 6th) being redeployed for the Ardennes attack).
Churchill was elated at Stalin's offer of help, thanking Stalin for the thrilling news.
During World War II, most U.S. black soldiers still served only in maintenance or service positions, or in segregated units. Because of troop shortages during the Battle of the Bulge, Eisenhower decided to integrate the service for the first time. This was an important step toward a desegregated United States military. More than 2,000 black soldiers had volunteered to go to the front. A total of 708 black Americans were killed in combat during World War II.
The Germans officially referred to the offensive by the codename Unternehmen Wacht am Rhein 'Operation Watch on the Rhine', while the Allies designated it the Ardennes Counteroffensive. The phrase "Battle of the Bulge" was coined by contemporary press to describe the bulge in German front lines on wartime news maps, and it became the most widely used name for the battle. The offensive was planned by the German forces with utmost secrecy, with minimal radio traffic and movements of troops and equipment under cover of darkness. Intercepted German communications indicating a substantial German offensive preparation were not acted upon by the Allies.
Media attention
The Battle of the Bulge diorama at the Audie Murphy American Cotton Museum
The battle around Bastogne received a great deal of media attention because in early December 1944 it was a rest and recreation area for many war correspondents. The rapid advance by the German forces who surrounded the town, the spectacular resupply operations via parachute and glider, along with the fast action of General Patton's Third U.S. Army, all were featured in newspaper articles and on radio and captured the public's imagination; there were no correspondents in the area of Saint-Vith, Elsenborn, or Monschau-Höfen.
Bletchley Park post-mortem
Missed indicators
At Bletchley Park, F. L. Lucas and Peter Calvocoressi of Hut 3 were tasked by General Nye (as part of the enquiry set up by the Chiefs of Staff) with writing a report on the lessons to be learned from the handling of pre-battle Ultra. The report concluded that "the costly reverse might have been avoided if Ultra had been more carefully considered". "Ultra intelligence was plentiful and informative" though "not wholly free from ambiguity", "but it was misread and misused". Lucas and Calvocoressi noted that "intelligence staffs had been too apt to assume that Ultra would tell them everything". Among the signs misread were the formation of the new 6th Panzer Army in the build-up area (west bank of the Rhine about Cologne); the new 'Star' (signals control-network) noted by the 'Fusion Room' traffic-analysts, linking "all the armoured divisions , including some transferred from the Russian front"; the daily aerial reconnaissance of the lightly defended target area by new Arado Ar 234 jets "as a matter of greatest urgency"; the marked increase in railway traffic in the build-up area; the movement of 1,000 trucks from the Italian front to the build-up area; disproportionate anxiety about tiny hitches in troop movements, suggesting a tight timetable; the quadrupling of Luftwaffe fighter forces in the West; and decrypts of Japanese diplomatic signals from Berlin to Tokyo, mentioning "the coming offensive".
SHAEF failures
For its part, Hut 3 had grown "shy of going beyond its job of amending and explaining German messages. Drawing broad conclusions was for the intelligence staff at SHAEF, who had information from all sources," including aerial reconnaissance. Lucas and Calvocoressi added that "it would be interesting to know how much reconnaissance was flown over the Eiffel sector on the U.S. First Army Front". E. J. N. Rose, head Air Adviser in Hut 3, read the paper at the time and described it in 1998 as "an extremely good report" that "showed the failure of intelligence at SHAEF and at the Air Ministry". Lucas and Calvocoressi "expected heads to roll at Eisenhower's HQ, but they did no more than wobble".
Five copies of a report by the Chief of the Secret Intelligence Service – Indications of the German Offensive of December 1944, derived from ULTRA material, submitted to DMI – were issued on 28 December 1944. Copy No. 2 is held by the UK National Archives as file HW 13/45. It sets out the various indications of an impending offensive that were received, then offers conclusions about the wisdom conferred by hindsight; the dangers of becoming wedded to a fixed view of the enemy's likely intentions; over-reliance on "Source" (i.e. ULTRA); and improvements in German security. It also stresses the role played by poor Allied security: "The Germans have this time prevented us from knowing enough about them; but we have not prevented them knowing far too much about us".
Battle credit
After the war ended, the U.S. Army issued battle credit in the form of the Ardennes-Alsace campaign citation to units and individuals that took part in operations in northwest Europe. The citation covered troops in the Ardennes sector where the main battle took place, as well as units further south in the Alsace sector, including those in the northern Alsace who filled in the vacuum created by the U.S. Third Army racing north, engaged in the concurrent Operation Nordwind diversion in central and southern Alsace launched to weaken Allied response in the Ardennes, and provided reinforcements to units fighting in the Ardennes.
See also
Battle of Garfagnana
German occupation of Luxembourg during World War II
Liberation of France
Operation Spring Awakening
References
Notes
^ Includes complete headquarters and attachment strength for First Army, V Corps, and VIII Corps, and the complete strength of the 78th, 99th, 106th, 28th, and 4th Infantry Divisions and 7th & 9th Armored Divisions. Due to the accounting method employed in "Hitler's Last Gamble," this does not strictly reflect the extent of the forces in contact with each other on 16 December; accuracy is considerably improved for the later periods.
^ For Allied forces, Dupuy counts light tanks with tank destroyers.
^ Includes two parachute divisions
^ Ellis and Warhurst cite 200 killed, 969 wounded, and 239 missing; Dupuy, Bongard, and Anderson provide higher figures of 222 killed, 977 wounded, and 263 missing among line combat units from 16 December 1944 to 16 January 1945, inclusive.
^ 10,749 dead; 34,225 wounded; 22,487 captured
^ Pogue cites Allied estimates in excess of 24,000 killed and 16,000 prisoners.
^ The Ardennes offensive was also named Rundstedt-Offensive, but von Rundstedt strongly objected "to the fact that this stupid operation in the Ardennes is sometimes called the 'Rundstedt-Offensive'. This is a complete misnomer. I had nothing to do with it. It came to me as an order complete to the last detail. Hitler had even written on the plan in his own handwriting 'not to be altered'".
^ Wacht am Rhein was renamed Herbstnebel after the operation was given the go-ahead in early December, although its original name remains much better known.
^ Only two battalions
^ Hitler Jugend
^ Leibstandarte SS Adolf Hitler
^ Private Kurt Vonnegut, later a noted author, was captured while serving in this unit.
^ Nuts can mean several things in American English slang. In this case it signified rejection, and was explained to the Germans as meaning "Go to Hell!"
^ A footnote in the U.S. Army's official history volume "Riviera to the Rhine" makes the following note on U.S. Seventh Army casualties: "As elsewhere, casualty figures are only rough estimates, and the figures presented are based on the postwar 'Seventh Army Operational Report, Alsace Campaign and Battle Participation, 1 June 1945' (copy CMH), which notes 11,609 Seventh Army battle casualties for the period, plus 2,836 cases of trench foot and 380 cases of frostbite, and estimates about 17,000 Germans killed or wounded with 5,985 processed prisoners of war. But the VI Corps AAR for January 1945 puts its total losses at 14,716 (773 killed, 4,838 wounded, 3,657 missing, and 5,448 nonbattle casualties); and Albert E. Cowdrey and Graham A. Cosmas, The Medical Department: The War Against Germany, draft CMH MS (1988), pp. 54–55, a forthcoming volume in the United States Army in World War II series, reports Seventh Army hospitals processing about 9,000 wounded and 17,000 'sick and injured' during the period. Many of these may have been returned to their units, and others may have come from American units operating in the Colmar area but still supported by Seventh Army medical services."
^ For Allied forces, Dupuy counts light tanks with tank destroyers.
^ "Initial" is the sum total of all unit rosters of the respective combatants at the point at which those units entered the battle, while "Final" reflects the state of those units on 16 January 1945. For the strength of the opposing sides at any one time, see table above.
^ David Eggenberger cites the official name as Ardennes-Alsace campaign, and describes this battle as the "Second Battle of the Ardennes".
^ Calvocoressi to Neil Leslie Webster
Citations
^ Jones 2019, p. 53.
^ a b c Dupuy, Bongard & Anderson 1994, appendices E, F.
^ Dupuy, Bongard & Anderson 1994, p. 480.
^ MacDonald 1984, p. 618.
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^ a b Boog, Krebs & Vogel 2001, p. 632.
^ a b Parker 1991, p. 339.
^ Ellis & Warhurst 2009, p. 195.
^ Dupuy, Bongard & Anderson 1994, p. 470.
^ a b "Heeresarzt 10-Day Casualty Reports per Army/Army Group, 1944". Archived from the original on 25 May 2013. Retrieved 29 May 2018.
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^ a b "DMSi ACSDB report". apps.dtic.mil/. DEFENSE TECHNICAL INFORMATION CENTER. Retrieved 25 July 2023.
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^ Bergström 2014, p. 426, including 20 Tiger II tanks, 194 Panther tanks, 158 Panzer IV tanks and 182 assault guns and tank destroyers.
^ Schrijvers 2005, p. 339.
^ Battle of the Bulge Holocaust Encyclopedia. Retrieved April 24, 2024.
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^ Shirer 1990, p. 1091.
^ a b c d e Shirer 1990, p. 1092.
^ Cole 1964, p. 17.
^ a b Shirer 1990, p. 1090.
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^ Jablonsky 1994, p. 194.
^ Elstob 2003, p. 33; Mitcham 2006, p. 38; Newton 2006, pp. 329–334; Parker 1991, pp. 95–100.
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^ Stanton 2006.
^ Draper 1946, p. 84, Chapter VI.
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^ Pogue 1954, pp. 362–366.
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^ Cole 1964, p. 83.
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^ Review and Recommendation, War Crimes (1947), p. 4-22.
^ Cole 1964, p. 78, Statement of General Lauer "the enemy had the key to success within his hands, but did not know it."
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Further reading
Andrews, Ernest A.; Hurt, David B. (2022), A Machine Gunner's War: From Normandy to Victory with the 1st Infantry Division in World War II, Philadelphia & Oxford: Casemate, ISBN 978-1636241043
Burriss, T. Moffat (2001), Strike and Hold: A Memoir of the 82nd Airborne in World War II, Brassey's, ISBN 978-1-57488-348-0
Carter, William R. (1989), Air Power in the Battle of the Bulge, Airpower Journal, archived from the original on 16 December 2013, retrieved 9 February 2012
Collins, Michael; King, Martin (2013), The Tigers of Bastogne: Voices of the 10th Armored Division in the Battle of the Bulge, Casemate, ISBN 978-1-61200-181-4
Jordan, Jonathan W. (2011), Brothers, Rivals, Victors: Eisenhower, Patton, Bradley, and the Partnership That Drove the Allied Conquest in Europe, NAL, ISBN 978-0-451-23212-0
Kershaw, Alex (2004), The Longest Winter, Da Capo Press, ISBN 0-306-81304-1
MacDonald, Charles B. (1999), Company Commander, Burford Books, ISBN 1-58080-038-6
MacDonald, Charles B. (1994), The Last Offensive, Alpine Fine Arts Collection, ISBN 1-56852-001-8
MacDougall, Robert (2013), Leaders in Dangerous Times: Douglas Macarthur and Dwight D. Eisenhower, Trafford Publishing, ISBN 9781490712314
Parker, Danny S. (1999), The Battle of the Bulge, The German View: Perspectives from Hitler's High Command, London: Greenhill, ISBN 1-85367-354-4
Quarrie, Bruce (2000), The Ardennes Offensive V Panzer Armee, Osprey, ISBN 978-1-85532-857-0
Quarrie, Bruce (2001), The Ardennes Offensive I Armee & VII Armee, Osprey, ISBN 978-1-85532-913-3
Ryan, Cornelius (1995) , A Bridge Too Far, New York: Simon & Schuster, ISBN 978-0-684-80330-2
Shaw, Antony (2000), World War II Day by Day, Osceola: MBI Pub. Co, ISBN 978-0-7603-0939-1
Skorzeny, Otto (1997), Skorzeny's Special Missions: The Memoirs of "The Most Dangerous Man in Europe", Greenhill Books, ISBN 978-1-85367-291-0
Tucker-Jones, Anthony (2022), Hitler's Winter: The German Battle of the Bulge, Oxford, UK: Osprey, ISBN 978-1-4728-4739-3
Wilmes, David (1999), The Long Road: From Oran to Pilsen: the Oral Histories of Veterans of World War II, European Theater of Operations, SVC Northern Appalachian Studies, ISBN 978-1-885851-13-0
Wissolik, Richard David (2005), They Say There Was a War, SVC Northern Appalachian Studies, ISBN 978-1-885851-51-2
Wissolik, Richard David (2007), An Honor to Serve: Oral Histories United States Veterans World War II, SVC Northern Appalachian Studies, ISBN 978-1-885851-20-8
Zaloga, Steven (2008), Panther vs. Sherman: Battle of the Bulge 1944, Oxford: Osprey, ISBN 978-1-84603-292-9
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Battle of the Bulge.
Battle of the Bulge – Official webpage of the United States Army.
The Battle of the Bulge: Battlebook U.S. Army Europe
Battle of the Bulge Museums – a list of Battle of the Bulge museums near the previous battlefield.
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Czech Republic
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vehicles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armored_fighting_vehicles"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDupuyBongardAnderson199418-24"},{"link_name":"killed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Killed_in_action"},{"link_name":"missing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missing_in_action"},{"link_name":"wounded in action","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wounded_in_action"},{"link_name":"captured","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prisoner_of_war"},{"link_name":"Luftwaffe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luftwaffe"},{"link_name":"concluding stages of the engagement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Bodenplatte"},{"link_name":"Siegfried Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siegfried_Line"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECirillo199553MacDonald1998618Miles2004-25"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAmbrose199752-27"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller2002[httpsarchiveorgdetailsstoryofworldwari00millpage358_358]-28"},{"link_name":"third-deadliest campaign in American history","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battles_with_most_United_States_military_fatalities#Campaigns"},{"link_name":"Nazi forces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi_Germany"}],"text":"World War II battle, 1944–1945This article is about the 1944 German offensive in World War II. For other uses, see Battle of the Bulge (disambiguation).Not to be confused with the 1940 German Army Group A Ardennes offensive in the Battle of France.\"Ardennes Offensive\" redirects here. For the video game, see Ardennes Offensive (video game).Battle of the BulgePart of the Western Front of World War IIAmerican soldiers of the 117th Infantry Regiment, Tennessee National Guard, part of the 30th Infantry Division, move past a destroyed American M5A1 \"Stuart\" tank on their march to recapture the town of St. Vith during the Battle of the Bulge, January 1945.Date16 December 1944 – 28 January 1945[1](1 month, 1 week and 5 days)LocationThe Ardennes: Belgium, Luxembourg, Germany50°0′15″N 5°43′12″E / 50.00417°N 5.72000°E / 50.00417; 5.72000Result\nAllied victoryBelligerents\n\n United States\n United Kingdom\n Canada\n\n GermanyCommanders and leaders\n\n Dwight D. Eisenhower(Supreme Allied Commander)\n Omar Bradley(12th Army Group)\n Bernard Montgomery(21st Army Group)\n Courtney Hodges(First Army)\n George S. Patton(Third Army)\n Lewis H. Brereton(1st Allied Airborne Army)\n\n\n Adolf Hitler(Führer und Reichskanzler)\n Gerd von Rundstedt(OB West)\n Walter Model(Army Group B)\n Hasso von Manteuffel(5th Panzer Army)\n Sepp Dietrich(6th Panzer Army)\n Erich Brandenberger(7th Army)\nUnits involved\n 12th Army Group:\n\nFirst Army (under 21st Army Group 20 December – 16 January)\nThird Army\n 21st Army Group\n\n 1st Allied Airborne Army\n Army Group B:\n\n5th Panzer Army\n6th Panzer Army\n7th ArmyStrength\n16 December:[a]\n228,741 men\n483 tanks\n499 tank destroyers and assault guns[b]\n1,921 other armored fighting vehicles (AFVs)\n971 anti-tank and artillery pieces\n6 infantry divisions\n2 armored divisions\n24 December:\n\nc. 541,000 men\n1,616 tanks\n1,713 tank destroyers and assault guns\n5,352 other AFVs\n2,408 anti-tank and artillery pieces\n15 infantry divisions\n6 armored divisions\n1 armored brigade\n2 January:\n\nc. 705,000 men\n2,409 tanks\n1,970 tank destroyers and assault guns\n7,769 other AFVs\n3,305 anti-tank and artillery pieces\n22 infantry divisions\n8 armored divisions\n2 armored brigades\n16 January:\n\n700,520 men\n2,428 tanks\n1,912 tank destroyers and assault guns\n7,079 other AFVs\n3,181 anti-tank and artillery pieces\n22 infantry divisions\n8 armored divisions\n2 armored brigades[2]\n\n16 December:\n406,342 men\n557 tanks\n667 tank destroyers and assault guns\n1,261 other AFVs\n4,224 anti-tank and artillery pieces\n13 infantry divisions[c]\n7 armored divisions\n1 armored brigade[3]\n24 December:\n\nc. 449,000 men\n423 tanks\n608 tank destroyers and assault guns\n1,496 other AFVs\n4,131 anti-tank and artillery pieces\n16 infantry divisions\n8 armored divisions\n3 armored brigades\n2 January:\n\nc. 401,000 men\n287 tanks\n462 tank destroyers and assault guns\n1,090 other AFVs\n3,396 anti-tank and artillery pieces\n15 infantry divisions\n8 armored divisions\n3 armored brigades\n16 January:\n\n383,016 men\n216 tanks\n414 tank destroyers and assault guns\n907 other AFVs\n3,256 anti-tank and artillery pieces\n16 infantry divisions\n8 armored divisions\n2 armored brigades[2]\nCasualties and losses\n American:\n81,000[4] casualties\n800 tanks destroyed[5]\nc. 1,000 aircraft lost, over 647 in December[6] and 353 during Operation Bodenplatte[7]\n British:\n\n1,408[8]–1,462+[9][d]\n\n German:\n63,000~[10][11][e] to 75,000+[12] casualties\n(U.S. Estimate: 103,900[13][f] casualties)\n\n527–554[14] tanks, tank destroyers and assault guns lost\nc. 800 aircraft lost, at least 500 in December and 280 during Operation Bodenplatte[7]\n\nApproximately 3,000 civilians killed.[15]vteBattle of the Bulge\nPrelude\nVianden\nKesternich\nWahlerscheid\nInitial German assault\nLosheim Gap\nClervaux\nLanzerath Ridge\nStösser\nGreif\nAllied defense and counteroffensive\nElsenborn Ridge\nSt. Vith\nBastogne\nBure\nGerman counterattack\nBodenplatte\nNordwind\nMassacres\nMalmedy massacre\nChenogne massacre\nBackground\nGerman forces\nOrder of battle\n\nvteWestern Front(1944–1945)\nOverlord\nChastity\nDragoon\nParis\nSiegfried Line campaign\nChannel Coast\nDieppe\nLe Havre\nDunkirk\nBoulogne\nCalais\nMarket Garden\nLorraine\nAachen\nHürtgen Forest\nScheldt\nQueen\nBulge\nNordwind\nBlackcock\nColmar Pocket\nReichswald\nAlps\nInvasion of Germany\nEnd of World War II in Europe\n\nvteWestern Front ofWorld War IIPhoney War\nRiver Forth\nSaar\nThe Heligoland Bight\nWikinger\nLuxembourg\n\nSchuster Line\nThe Netherlands\n\nMaastricht\nMill\nThe Hague\nRotterdam\nZeeland\nThe Grebbeberg\nAfsluitdijk\nRotterdam Blitz\nBelgium\n\nFort Eben-Emael\nHannut\nDavid\nGembloux\nLa Lys\nYpres–Comines Canal\nFrance\n\nSedan\nMontcornet\nSaumur\nArras\nBoulogne\nCalais\nDunkirk\nDynamo\nAbbeville\nLille\nPaula\n1st Alps\nHaddock Force\nBritain\n\nKanalkampf\nAdlertag\nThe Hardest Day\nBattle of Britain Day\nSea Lion\n1941–1943\n\nCerberus\nDonnerkeil\nBaedeker Blitz\nCommando Raids\nSt Nazaire Raid\nDieppe Raid\n1944–1945\n\nBaby Blitz\nOverlord\nChastity\nDragoon\nSiegfried Line\nNetherlands\nMarket Garden\nHürtgen Forest\nAachen\nQueen\nScheldt\nBulge\nNordwind\n2nd Alps\nColmar Pocket\nAtlantic Pockets\nGermany\n\nBlackcock\nVeritable\nGrenade\nBlockbuster\nLumberjack\nRemagen\nCologne\nGisela\nUndertone\nPlunder\nVarsity\nPaderborn\nRuhr\nTF Baum\nFrankfurt\nWürzburg\nKassel\nHeilbronn\nNuremberg\nHamburg\nStrategic campaigns\n\nThe Blitz\nDefence of the Reich\nStrategic Bombing Campaign\nRaids on the Atlantic Wall\nBattle of Atlantic\nMap showing the swelling of \"the Bulge\" as the German offensive progressed creating the nose-like salient during 16–25 December 1944. Front line, 16 December Front line, 20 December Front line, 25 December Allied movements German movementsThe Battle of the Bulge, also known as the Ardennes Offensive, was the last major German offensive campaign on the Western Front during World War II which took place from 16 December 1944 to 25 January 1945.[16] It was launched through the densely forested Ardennes region between Belgium and Luxembourg. The offensive was intended to stop Allied use of the Belgian port of Antwerp and to split the Allied lines, allowing the Germans to encircle and destroy each of the four Allied armies and force the western Allies to negotiate a peace treaty in the Axis powers' favor.The Germans achieved a total surprise attack on the morning of 16 December 1944, due to a combination of Allied overconfidence, preoccupation with Allied offensive plans elsewhere and poor aerial reconnaissance due to bad weather. American forces were using this region primarily as a rest area for the U.S. First Army, and the lines were thinly held by fatigued troops and inexperienced replacement units. The Germans also took advantage of heavily overcast weather conditions that grounded the Allies' superior air forces for an extended period. American resistance on the northern shoulder of the offensive, around Elsenborn Ridge, and in the south, around Bastogne, blocked German access to key roads to the northwest and west which they had counted on for success. This congestion and terrain that favored the defenders, threw the German advance behind schedule and allowed the Allies to reinforce the thinly placed troops. The farthest west the offensive reached was the village of Foy-Nôtre-Dame, south east of Dinant, being stopped by the U.S. 2nd Armored Division on 24 December 1944.[17] Improved weather conditions from around 24 December permitted air attacks on German forces and supply lines. On 26 December the lead element of Patton's U.S. Third Army reached Bastogne from the south ending the siege. Although the offensive was effectively broken by 27 December, when the trapped units of 2nd Panzer Division made two break-out attempts with only partial success, the battle continued for another month before the front line was effectively restored to its position prior to the attack.The Germans committed over 410,000 men, just over 1,400 tanks and armored fighting vehicles, 2,600 artillery pieces, and over 1,000 combat aircraft.[18] Between 63,000 and 104,000 of these men were killed, missing, wounded in action, or captured. The battle severely depleted Germany's armored forces, which remained largely unreplaced throughout the remainder of the war. German Luftwaffe personnel, and later also Luftwaffe aircraft (in the concluding stages of the engagement) also sustained heavy losses. In the wake of the defeat, many experienced German units were effectively out of men and equipment, and the survivors retreated to the Siegfried Line.Allied forces eventually came to more than 700,000 men; from these there were from 77,000 to more than 83,000 casualties, including at least 8,600 killed.[19] The \"Bulge\" was the largest and bloodiest single battle fought by the United States in World War II[20][21][22] and the third-deadliest campaign in American history. It was one of the most important battles of the war, as it marked the last major offensive attempted by the Axis powers on the Western front. After this defeat, Nazi forces could only retreat for the remainder of the war.","title":"Battle of the Bulge"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"breakout from Normandy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Cobra"},{"link_name":"Allied","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II"},{"link_name":"landings in southern France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Dragoon"},{"link_name":"military logistics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_logistics"},{"link_name":"General","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"Dwight D. Eisenhower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower"},{"link_name":"Supreme Allied Commander","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_Headquarters_Allied_Expeditionary_Force"},{"link_name":"Western Front","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Front_(World_War_II)"},{"link_name":"Ardennes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ardennes"},{"link_name":"U.S. First Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._First_Army"},{"link_name":"Wehrmacht","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wehrmacht"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFabianich19473-29"}],"text":"After the breakout from Normandy at the end of July 1944 and the Allied landings in southern France on 15 August 1944, the Allies advanced towards Germany more quickly than anticipated. The speed of the advance of the Allies caused several military logistics issues:Troops were fatigued by weeks of continuous combat and rapid movement\nSupply lines were stretched extremely thin\nSupplies were dangerously depleted.By December 1944, General Dwight D. Eisenhower (the Supreme Allied Commander on the Western Front) and his staff decided to hold the Ardennes region primarily as a rest area for the U.S. First Army, with limited Allied operational objectives in the area.The Allies defended the Ardennes line very thinly, due to the favorable defensive terrain (a densely wooded highland with deep river valleys and a rather thin road network) and because they had intelligence that the Wehrmacht was using the area across the German border as a rest-and-refit area for its own troops.[23]","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShirer19901088%E2%80%931089-30"},{"link_name":"direct landing ships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landing_Ship,_Tank"},{"link_name":"Cherbourg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cherbourg-Octeville"},{"link_name":"Cotentin peninsula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cotentin_Peninsula"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShirer19901088%E2%80%931089-30"},{"link_name":"port of Antwerp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_of_Antwerp"},{"link_name":"Schelde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schelde"},{"link_name":"naval mines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naval_mine"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShirer19901086-31"},{"link_name":"Field Marshal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Field_marshal_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"Bernard Montgomery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernard_Montgomery"},{"link_name":"21st Army Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/21st_Army_Group"},{"link_name":"Lieutenant General","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lieutenant_general_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"Omar Bradley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omar_Bradley"},{"link_name":"U.S. 12th Army Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twelfth_United_States_Army_Group"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERyan199568-32"},{"link_name":"remained in control","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Channel_Ports#World_War_II"},{"link_name":"English Channel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_Channel"},{"link_name":"Dunkirk remained under siege","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Dunkirk_(1944%E2%80%9345)"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"destroy the French railway system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transport_Plan"},{"link_name":"D-Day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D-Day"},{"link_name":"Red Ball Express","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Ball_Express"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShirer19901088%E2%80%931089-30"},{"link_name":"Ruhr area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhr"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShirer19901088%E2%80%931089-30"},{"link_name":"Generalfeldmarschall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Generalfeldmarschall"},{"link_name":"Gerd von Rundstedt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerd_von_Rundstedt"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShirer19901088%E2%80%931089-30"},{"link_name":"Operation Market Garden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Market_Garden"},{"link_name":"First Canadian Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Canadian_Army"},{"link_name":"Battle of the Scheldt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Scheldt"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"Allied supply issues","text":"The Allies faced major supply issues, due to the rate of their advance coupled with the initial lack of deep-water ports.[24] Over-the-beach supply operations using the Normandy landing areas, and direct landing ships on the beaches, were unable to meet operational needs. The only deep-water port the Allies had captured was Cherbourg on the northern shore of the Cotentin peninsula and west of the original invasion beaches,[24] but the Germans had thoroughly wrecked and mined the harbor before it could be taken. It took many months to rebuild its cargo-handling capability. The Allies captured the port of Antwerp intact in the first days of September, but it was not operational until 28 November. The estuary of the Schelde river that controlled access to the port had to be cleared of both German troops and naval mines.[25] These limitations led to differences between General Eisenhower and Field Marshal Bernard Montgomery, commander of the Anglo-Canadian 21st Army Group, over whether Montgomery or Lieutenant General Omar Bradley, commanding the U.S. 12th Army Group, in the south would get priority access to supplies.[26] German forces remained in control of several major ports on the English Channel coast into the autumn, while Dunkirk remained under siege until the end of the war in May 1945.[27]The Allies' efforts to destroy the French railway system prior to D-Day were successful. This destruction hampered the German response to the invasion, but it proved equally hampering to the Allies, as it took time to repair the rail network's tracks and bridges. A trucking system nicknamed the Red Ball Express brought supplies to front-line troops, but used up five times as much fuel to reach the front line near the Belgian border. By early October, the Allies had suspended major offensives to improve their supply lines and supply availability at the front.[24]Montgomery and Bradley both pressed for priority delivery of supplies to their respective armies so they could continue their individual lines of advance and maintain pressure on the Germans, while Eisenhower preferred a broad-front strategy. He gave some priority to Montgomery's northern forces. This had the short-term goal of opening the urgently needed port of Antwerp and the long-term goal of capturing the Ruhr area, the biggest industrial area of Germany.[24] With the Allies stalled, German Generalfeldmarschall ('Field Marshal') Gerd von Rundstedt was able to reorganize the disrupted German armies into a coherent defensive force.[24]Field Marshal Montgomery's Operation Market Garden had achieved only some of its objectives, while its territorial gains left the Allied supply situation stretched further than before. In October, the First Canadian Army fought the Battle of the Scheldt, opening the port of Antwerp to shipping. As a result, by the end of October, the supply situation had eased somewhat.[citation needed]","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lorraine Campaign","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lorraine_Campaign"},{"link_name":"Battle of Aachen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Aachen"},{"link_name":"fighting in the Hürtgen Forest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_H%C3%BCrtgen_Forest"},{"link_name":"slowly pushing towards Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Queen"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECole19641-34"},{"link_name":"Adolf Hitler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolf_Hitler"},{"link_name":"Walter Model","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Model"},{"link_name":"Army Group B","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Army_Group_B"},{"link_name":"Meuse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meuse"},{"link_name":"Liège","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Li%C3%A8ge"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECole19641%E2%80%9364-35"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEvon_Luttichau2000456%E2%80%93458-36"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Oberkommando der Wehrmacht","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oberkommando_der_Wehrmacht"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Eastern Front","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Front_(World_War_II)"},{"link_name":"Operation Bagration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Bagration"},{"link_name":"Army Group Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Army_Group_Center"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShirer19901085-37"},{"link_name":"Luftwaffe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luftwaffe"},{"link_name":"Romanian oil fields","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petrochemical_industry_in_Romania"},{"link_name":"Jassy-Kishinev Offensive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Jassy%E2%80%93Kishinev_Offensive"},{"link_name":"Ultra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultra_(cryptography)"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEParker1994122%E2%80%93123-38"}],"sub_title":"German plans","text":"Despite a lull along the front after the Scheldt battles, the German situation remained dire. While operations continued in the autumn, notably the Lorraine Campaign, the Battle of Aachen and fighting in the Hürtgen Forest, the strategic situation in the west had changed little. The Allies were slowly pushing towards Germany, but no decisive breakthrough was achieved. There were 96 Allied divisions at or near the front, with an estimated ten more divisions on the way from the United Kingdom. Additional Allied airborne units remained in England. The Germans could field a total of 55 understrength divisions.[28]Adolf Hitler first outlined his planned counter-offensive to his generals on 16 September 1944. The goal was to pierce the thinly held lines of the U.S. First Army between Monschau and Wasserbillig with Generalfeldmarschall Walter Model's Army Group B by the end of the first day, get the armor through the Ardennes by the end of the second day, reach the Meuse between Liège and Dinant by the third day, and seize Antwerp and the western bank of the Scheldt estuary by the fourth day.[29][30]Hitler initially promised his generals a total of 18 infantry and 12 armored or mechanized divisions \"for planning purposes.\"[citation needed] The plan was to pull 13 infantry divisions, two parachute divisions and six armored divisions from the Oberkommando der Wehrmacht strategic reserve.[citation needed]On the Eastern Front, the Soviets' Operation Bagration during the summer had destroyed much of Germany's Army Group Center (Heeresgruppe Mitte). By November, it was clear that Soviet forces were preparing for a winter offensive.[31]Meanwhile, the Allied air offensive of early 1944 had effectively grounded the Luftwaffe, leaving the German Army with little battlefield intelligence and no way to interdict Allied supplies. The converse was equally damaging; daytime movement of German forces was rapidly noticed, and interdiction of supplies combined with the bombing of the Romanian oil fields starved Germany of oil and gasoline. This fuel shortage intensified after the Soviets overran those fields in the course of their August 1944 Jassy-Kishinev Offensive.One of the few advantages held by the German forces in November 1944 was that they were no longer defending all of Western Europe. Their front lines in the west had been considerably shortened by the Allied offensive and were much closer to the German heartland. This drastically reduced their supply problems despite Allied control of the air. Additionally, their extensive telephone and telegraph network meant that radios were no longer necessary for communications, which lessened the effectiveness of Allied Ultra intercepts. Nevertheless, some 40–50 messages per day were decrypted by Ultra. They recorded the quadrupling of German fighter forces, and a term used in an intercepted Luftwaffe message (Jägeraufmarsch, literally, 'Hunter Deployment') implied preparation for an offensive operation. Ultra also picked up communiqués regarding extensive rail and road movements in the region, as well as orders that movements should be made on time.[32]","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeinberg1964-39"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShirer19901091-40"},{"link_name":"jet aircraft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jet_aircraft"},{"link_name":"U-boat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U-boat"},{"link_name":"super-heavy tanks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super-heavy_tank"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShirer19901092-41"},{"link_name":"Blitzkrieg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blitzkrieg"},{"link_name":"Battle of France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_France"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECole196417-42"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShirer19901090-43"},{"link_name":"Russian winter offensive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vistula%E2%80%93Oder_offensive"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECole196419-44"},{"link_name":"Meuse River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meuse_River"},{"link_name":"Unternehmen Herbstnebel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Herbstnebel_(Northwest_Europe)"},{"link_name":"Fall Martin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fall_Martin"},{"link_name":"[g]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"[h]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECole196424-49"},{"link_name":"Army Command in the West","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OB_West"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhitlock2010-50"}],"sub_title":"Drafting the offensive","text":"Hitler felt that his mobile reserves allowed him to mount one major offensive. Although he realized nothing significant could be accomplished in the Eastern Front, he still believed an offensive against the Western Allies, whom he considered militarily inferior to the Red Army, would have some chances of success.[33] Hitler believed he could split the Allied forces and compel the Americans and British to settle for a separate peace, independent of the Soviet Union.[34] Success in the west would give the Germans time to design and produce more advanced weapons (such as jet aircraft, new U-boat designs and super-heavy tanks) and permit the concentration of forces in the east. After the war ended, this assessment was generally viewed as unrealistic, given Allied air superiority throughout Europe and their ability to continually disrupt German offensive operations.[35]Hitler's plan called for a Blitzkrieg attack through the weakly defended Ardennes, mirroring the successful German offensive there during the Battle of France in 1940, and aimed at splitting the armies along the U.S.-British lines and capturing Antwerp.[36] The plan banked on unfavorable weather, including heavy fog and low-lying clouds, which would minimize the Allied air advantage.[37] Hitler originally set the offensive for late November, before the anticipated start of the Russian winter offensive. The disputes between Montgomery and Bradley were well known, and Hitler hoped he could exploit this disunity. If the attack were to succeed in capturing Antwerp, four complete armies would be trapped without supplies behind German lines.[38]Several senior German military officers, including Generalfeldmarschalls Model and von Rundstedt, expressed concern as to whether the goals of the offensive could be realized. Model and von Rundstedt both believed aiming for Antwerp was too ambitious, given Germany's scarce resources in late 1944. At the same time, they felt that maintaining a purely defensive posture (as had been the case since Normandy) would only delay defeat, not avert it. They thus developed alternative, less ambitious plans that did not aim to cross the Meuse River (in German and Dutch: Maas); Model's being Unternehmen Herbstnebel ('Operation Autumn Mist') and von Rundstedt's Fall Martin ('Plan Martin'). The two field marshals combined their plans to present a joint \"small solution\" to Hitler.[g][h] When they offered their alternative plans, Hitler would not listen. Rundstedt later testified that while he recognized the merit of Hitler's operational plan, he saw from the very first that \"all, absolutely all conditions for the possible success of such an offensive were lacking.\"[41]Model, commander of German Army Group B (Heeresgruppe B), and von Rundstedt, overall commander of the German Army Command in the West (OB West), were put in charge of carrying out the operation.In the west supply problems began significantly to impede Allied operations, even though the opening of the port of Antwerp in late November improved the situation somewhat. The positions of the Allied armies stretched from southern France all the way north to the Netherlands. German planning for the counteroffensive rested on the premise that a successful strike against thinly manned stretches of the line would halt Allied advances on the entire Western Front.[42]","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Die Wacht am Rhein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Die_Wacht_am_Rhein"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECirillo19954-51"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStanton2006-52"}],"sub_title":"Operation names","text":"The Wehrmacht's code name for the offensive was Unternehmen Wacht am Rhein ('Operation Watch on the Rhine'), after the German patriotic hymn Die Wacht am Rhein, a name that deceptively implied the Germans would be adopting a defensive posture along the Western Front. The Germans also referred to it as Ardennenoffensive ('Ardennes Offensive') and Rundstedt-Offensive, both names being generally used nowadays in modern Germany.[citation needed] The French (and Belgian) name for the operation is Bataille des Ardennes, 'Battle of the Ardennes'. The battle was militarily defined by the Allies as the Ardennes Counteroffensive, which included the German drive and the American effort to contain and later defeat it. The phrase 'Battle of the Bulge' was coined by contemporary press to describe the way the Allied front line bulged inward on wartime news maps.[43][44]While the Ardennes Counteroffensive is the correct term in Allied military language, the official Ardennes-Alsace campaign reached beyond the Ardennes battle region, and the most popular description in English speaking countries remains simply 'Battle of the Bulge'.","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Battle of the Bulge order of battle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Bulge_order_of_battle"},{"link_name":"Wikisource","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikisource"},{"link_name":"Planning the Counteroffensive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Ardennes:_Battle_of_the_Bulge/Chapter_II"},{"link_name":"Wikisource","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikisource"},{"link_name":"Troops and Terrain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Ardennes:_Battle_of_the_Bulge/Chapter_III"},{"link_name":"Wikisource","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikisource"},{"link_name":"Preparations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Ardennes:_Battle_of_the_Bulge/Chapter_IV"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDraper194684Chapter_VI-53"},{"link_name":"Brussels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brussels"},{"link_name":"6th Panzer Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/6th_Panzer_Army"},{"link_name":"Sepp Dietrich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sepp_Dietrich"},{"link_name":"Waffen-SS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waffen-SS"},{"link_name":"1st SS Panzer Division Leibstandarte SS Adolf Hitler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1st_SS_Panzer_Division_Leibstandarte_SS_Adolf_Hitler"},{"link_name":"12th SS Panzer Division Hitlerjugend","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/12th_SS_Panzer_Division_Hitlerjugend"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECole19641%E2%80%9364-35"},{"link_name":"Monschau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monschau"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECole196486-54"},{"link_name":"Fifth Panzer Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5th_Panzer_Army"},{"link_name":"Hasso von Manteuffel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hasso_von_Manteuffel"},{"link_name":"Seventh Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/7th_Army_(Wehrmacht)"},{"link_name":"Erich Brandenberger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erich_Brandenberger"},{"link_name":"Echternach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Echternach"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:German_Wacht_Am_Rhein_Offensive_Plan.png"},{"link_name":"Fifteenth Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/15th_Army_(Wehrmacht)"},{"link_name":"Gustav-Adolf von Zangen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gustav-Adolf_von_Zangen"},{"link_name":"air superiority","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_superiority"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEParker1994118-55"},{"link_name":"panzer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panzer_division"},{"link_name":"Panzergrenadier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panzergrenadier"},{"link_name":"armored spearhead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armored_spearhead"},{"link_name":"Volksgrenadier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volksgrenadier"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"liberation of France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberation_of_France"},{"link_name":"French Resistance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Resistance"},{"link_name":"Enigma machine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enigma_machine"},{"link_name":"Bletchley Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bletchley_Park"},{"link_name":"teleprinter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teleprinter"},{"link_name":"radio silence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_silence"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacDonald198440-56"},{"link_name":"20 July plot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/20_July_plot"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECole196421-57"},{"link_name":"Düsseldorf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%BCsseldorf"},{"link_name":"flak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flak"},{"link_name":"Oscar Koch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oscar_Koch"},{"link_name":"Kenneth Strong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenneth_Strong"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDougherty2002-58"},{"link_name":"Bedell Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Bedell_Smith"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPogue1954362%E2%80%93366-59"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Donnell2012-60"},{"link_name":"page needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources"},{"link_name":"economy of force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_force"},{"link_name":"99th","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/99th_Infantry_Division_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"106th \"Golden Lions\" Divisions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/106th_Infantry_Division_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"28th Infantry Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/28th_Infantry_Division_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"special operations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_operations"},{"link_name":"Otto Skorzeny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_Skorzeny"},{"link_name":"had rescued","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gran_Sasso_raid"},{"link_name":"Benito Mussolini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benito_Mussolini"},{"link_name":"Operation Greif","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Greif"},{"link_name":"dog tags","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dog_tag_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"Friedrich August von der Heydte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_August_von_der_Heydte"},{"link_name":"Fallschirmjäger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fallschirmj%C3%A4ger_(Nazi_Germany)"},{"link_name":"Kampfgruppe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kampfgruppe"},{"link_name":"Operation Stösser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_St%C3%B6sser"},{"link_name":"Malmedy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malmedy"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacDonald198486%E2%80%9389-61"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEToland199916,_19-62"},{"link_name":"upcoming Soviet offensive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vistula%E2%80%93Oder_Offensive"},{"link_name":"Stalin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Stalin"},{"link_name":"20 July 1944 attempt to assassinate Hitler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/20_July_Plot"},{"link_name":"Wolfsschanze","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolfsschanze"},{"link_name":"East Prussia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Prussia"},{"link_name":"Führersonderzug","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%BChrersonderzug"},{"link_name":"Giessen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giessen"},{"link_name":"Adlerhorst","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adlerhorst"},{"link_name":"Limburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limburg_an_der_Lahn"},{"link_name":"Alfred Jodl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Jodl"},{"link_name":"Wilhelm Keitel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_Keitel"},{"link_name":"Blumentritt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%BCnther_Blumentritt"},{"link_name":"Friedrich von der Heydte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_August_Freiherr_von_der_Heydte"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEParker2004132-63"}],"sub_title":"Planning","text":"See also: Battle of the Bulge order of battleWikisource has original text related to this article:\nPlanning the CounteroffensiveWikisource has original text related to this article:\nTroops and TerrainWikisource has original text related to this article:\nPreparationsThere is a popular impression that the chief trouble in the Ardennes is the lack of good roads. As anyone on the ground will agree, the Ardennes has a fairly good road system. It is not the lack of roads as much as the lack of almost anything else on which to move that matters.— Theodore Draper[45]The OKW decided by mid-September, at Hitler's insistence, that the offensive would be mounted in the Ardennes, as was done in 1940. In 1940 German forces had passed through the Ardennes in three days before engaging the enemy, but the 1944 plan called for battle in the forest itself. The main forces were to advance westward to the Meuse River, then turn northwest for Antwerp and Brussels. The close terrain of the Ardennes would make rapid movement difficult, though open ground beyond the Meuse offered the prospect of a successful dash to the coast.Four armies were selected for the operation. Adolf Hitler personally selected for the counter-offensive on the northern shoulder of the western front the best troops available and officers he trusted. The lead role in the attack was given to the 6th Panzer Army, commanded by SS Oberstgruppenführer Sepp Dietrich. It included the most experienced formation of the Waffen-SS: the 1st SS Panzer Division Leibstandarte SS Adolf Hitler. It also contained the 12th SS Panzer Division Hitlerjugend. They were given priority for supply and equipment and assigned the shortest route to the primary objective of the offensive, Antwerp,[29] starting from the northernmost point on the intended battlefront, nearest the important road network hub of Monschau.[46]The Fifth Panzer Army under General Hasso von Manteuffel was assigned to the middle sector with the objective of capturing Brussels. The Seventh Army, under General Erich Brandenberger, was assigned to the southernmost sector, near the Luxembourgish city of Echternach, with the task of protecting the flank. This Army was made up of only four infantry divisions, with no large-scale armored formations to use as a spearhead unit. As a result, they made little progress throughout the battle.The German planIn an indirect, secondary role, the Fifteenth Army, under General Gustav-Adolf von Zangen, recently brought back up to strength and re-equipped after heavy fighting during Operation Market Garden, was located just north of the Ardennes battlefield and tasked with holding U.S. forces in place, with the possibility of launching its own attack given favorable conditions.For the offensive to be successful, four criteria were deemed critical: the attack had to be a complete surprise; the weather conditions had to be poor to neutralize Allied air superiority and the damage it could inflict on the German offensive and its supply lines;[47] the progress had to be rapid—the Meuse River, halfway to Antwerp, had to be reached by day 4; and Allied fuel supplies would have to be captured intact along the way because the combined Wehrmacht forces were short on fuel. The General Staff estimated they only had enough fuel to cover one third to one half of the ground to Antwerp in heavy combat conditions.The plan originally called for just under 45 divisions, including a dozen panzer and Panzergrenadier divisions forming the armored spearhead and various infantry units to form a defensive line as the battle unfolded. By this time the German Army suffered from an acute manpower shortage, and the force had been reduced to around 30 divisions. Although it retained most of its armor, there were not enough infantry units because of the defensive needs in the East. These 30 newly rebuilt divisions used some of the last reserves of the German Army. Among them were Volksgrenadier ('People's Grenadier') units formed from a mix of battle-hardened veterans and recruits formerly regarded as too young, too old or too frail to fight. Training time, equipment and supplies were inadequate during the preparations. German fuel supplies were precarious—those materials and supplies that could not be directly transported by rail had to be horse-drawn to conserve fuel, and the mechanized and panzer divisions would depend heavily on captured fuel. As a result, the start of the offensive was delayed from 27 November until 16 December.[citation needed]Before the offensive the Allies were virtually blind to German troop movement. During the liberation of France, the extensive network of the French Resistance had provided valuable intelligence about German dispositions. Once they reached the German border, this source dried up. In France, orders had been relayed within the German army using radio messages enciphered by the Enigma machine, and these could be picked up and decrypted by Allied code-breakers headquartered at Bletchley Park, to give the intelligence known as Ultra. In Germany such orders were typically transmitted using telephone and teleprinter, and a special radio silence order was imposed on all matters concerning the upcoming offensive.[48] The major crackdown in the Wehrmacht after the 20 July plot to assassinate Hitler resulted in much tighter security and fewer leaks. The foggy autumn weather also prevented Allied reconnaissance aircraft from correctly assessing the ground situation. German units assembling in the area were even issued charcoal instead of wood for cooking fires to cut down on smoke and reduce chances of Allied observers deducing a troop buildup was underway.[49]For these reasons Allied High Command considered the Ardennes a quiet sector, relying on assessments from their intelligence services that the Germans were unable to launch any major offensive operations this late in the war. What little intelligence they had led the Allies to believe precisely what the Germans wanted them to believe-–that preparations were being carried out only for defensive, not offensive, operations. The Allies relied too much on Ultra, not human reconnaissance. In fact, because of the Germans' efforts, the Allies were led to believe that a new defensive army was being formed around Düsseldorf in the northern Rhineland, possibly to defend against British attack. This was done by increasing the number of flak (Flugabwehrkanonen, i.e., anti-aircraft cannons) in the area and the artificial multiplication of radio transmissions in the area. All of this meant that the attack, when it came, completely surprised the Allied forces. Remarkably, the U.S. Third Army intelligence chief, Colonel Oscar Koch, the U.S. First Army intelligence chief and the SHAEF intelligence officer Brigadier General Kenneth Strong all correctly predicted the German offensive capability and intention to strike the U.S. VIII Corps area. These predictions were largely dismissed by the U.S. 12th Army Group.[50] Strong had informed Bedell Smith in December of his suspicions. Bedell Smith sent Strong to warn Lieutenant General Omar Bradley, the commander of the 12th Army Group, of the danger. Bradley's response was succinct: \"Let them come.\"[51] Historian Patrick K. O'Donnell writes that on 8 December 1944 U.S. Rangers at great cost took Hill 400 during the Battle of the Hürtgen Forest. The next day GIs who relieved the Rangers reported a considerable movement of German troops inside the Ardennes in the enemy's rear, but that no one in the chain of command connected the dots.[52][page needed]Because the Ardennes was considered a quiet sector, considerations of economy of force led it to be used as a training ground for new units and a rest area for units that had seen hard fighting. The U.S. units deployed in the Ardennes thus were a mixture of inexperienced troops (such as the raw U.S. 99th and 106th \"Golden Lions\" Divisions), and battle-hardened troops sent to that sector to recuperate (the 28th Infantry Division).Two major special operations were planned for the offensive. By October it was decided that Otto Skorzeny, the German SS-commando who had rescued the former Italian dictator Benito Mussolini, was to lead a task force of English-speaking German soldiers in Operation Greif. These soldiers were to be dressed in American and British uniforms and wear dog tags taken from corpses and prisoners of war. Their job was to go behind American lines and change signposts, misdirect traffic, generally cause disruption and seize bridges across the Meuse River. By late November another ambitious special operation was added: Col. Friedrich August von der Heydte was to lead a Fallschirmjäger-Kampfgruppe (paratrooper combat group) in Operation Stösser, a night-time paratroop drop behind the Allied lines aimed at capturing a vital road junction near Malmedy.[53][54]German intelligence had set 20 December as the expected date for the start of the upcoming Soviet offensive, aimed at crushing what was left of German resistance on the Eastern Front and thereby opening the way to Berlin. It was hoped that Soviet leader Stalin would delay the start of the operation once the German assault in the Ardennes had begun and wait for the outcome before continuing.After the 20 July 1944 attempt to assassinate Hitler, and the close advance of the Red Army which would seize the site on 27 January 1945, Hitler and his staff had been forced to abandon the Wolfsschanze headquarters in East Prussia, in which they had coordinated much of the fighting on the Eastern Front. After a brief visit to Berlin, Hitler traveled on his Führersonderzug ('Special Train of the Führer') to Giessen on 11 December, taking up residence in the Adlerhorst (eyrie) command complex, co-located with OB West's base at Kransberg Castle. Believing in omens and the successes of his early war campaigns that had been planned at Kransberg, Hitler had chosen the site from which he had overseen the successful 1940 campaign against France and the Low Countries.Von Rundstedt set up his operational headquarters near Limburg, close enough for the generals and Panzer Corps commanders who were to lead the attack to visit Adlerhorst on 11 December, traveling there in an SS-operated bus convoy. With the castle acting as overflow accommodation, the main party was settled into the Adlerhorst's Haus 2 command bunker, including Gen. Alfred Jodl, Gen. Wilhelm Keitel, Gen. Blumentritt, von Manteuffel and Dietrich.In a personal conversation on 13 December between Walter Model and Friedrich von der Heydte, who was put in charge of Operation Stösser, von der Heydte gave Operation Stösser less than a 10% chance of succeeding. Model told him it was necessary to make the attempt: \"It must be done because this offensive is the last chance to conclude the war favorably.\"[55]","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Western_Front_Ardennes_1944.jpg"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEQuarrie1999-64"},{"link_name":"recent attack in the Wahlerscheid sector","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Elsenborn_Ridge#Battle_of_Heartbreak_Crossroads"},{"link_name":"V-2 rockets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V-2_rocket"},{"link_name":"destroyed the Cine Rex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinema_Rex_bombing"},{"link_name":"Antwerp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antwerp"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKingKutta1998281-65"},{"link_name":"Bastogne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bastogne"},{"link_name":"St. Vith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Vith"},{"link_name":"Luxembourg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luxembourg"}],"text":"Situation on the Western Front as of 15 December 1944On 16 December 1944 at 05:30, the Germans began the assault with a massive, 90-minute artillery barrage using 1,600 artillery pieces[56] across a 130-kilometer (80 mi) front on the Allied troops facing the 6th Panzer Army. The Americans' initial impression was that this was the anticipated, localized counterattack resulting from the Allies' recent attack in the Wahlerscheid sector to the north, where the 2nd Division had knocked a sizable dent in the Siegfried Line. Heavy snowstorms engulfed parts of the Ardennes area. While having the effect of keeping the Allied aircraft grounded, the weather also proved troublesome for the Germans because poor road conditions hampered their advance. Poor traffic control led to massive traffic jams and fuel shortages in forward units. Nearly 10 hours into the assault, one of the German V-2 rockets destroyed the Cine Rex cinema in Antwerp, killing 567 people, the highest death toll from a single rocket attack during the war.[57]In the center, von Manteuffel's Fifth Panzer Army attacked towards Bastogne and St. Vith, both road junctions of great strategic importance. In the south, Brandenberger's Seventh Army pushed towards Luxembourg in its efforts to secure the flank from Allied attacks.","title":"Initial German assault"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"102nd Cavalry Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/102nd_Cavalry_Regiment"},{"link_name":"9th Infantry Regiment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/9th_Infantry_Regiment_(United_States)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2nd_Infantry_Division_SSI_(full_color).svg"},{"link_name":"2nd Infantry Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2nd_Infantry_Division_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"395th Infantry Regiment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/395th_Infantry_Regiment_(United_States)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:US_99th_Infantry_Division.svg"},{"link_name":"99th Infantry Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/99th_Infantry_Division_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"23rd Infantry Regiment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/23rd_Infantry_Regiment_(United_States)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2nd_Infantry_Division_SSI_(full_color).svg"},{"link_name":"2nd Infantry Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2nd_Infantry_Division_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"38th Infantry Regiment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/38th_Infantry_Regiment_(United_States)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2nd_Infantry_Division_SSI_(full_color).svg"},{"link_name":"2nd Infantry Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2nd_Infantry_Division_(United_States)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:US_99th_Infantry_Division.svg"},{"link_name":"99th Infantry Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/99th_Infantry_Division_(United_States)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:9th_US_Armored_Division_SSI.svg"},{"link_name":"9th Armored Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/9th_Armored_Division_(United_States)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:US_99th_Infantry_Division.svg"},{"link_name":"99th Infantry Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/99th_Infantry_Division_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"14th Cavalry Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/14th_Cavalry_Regiment_(United_States)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi_Germany"},{"link_name":"Sixth Panzer Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/6th_Panzer_Army"},{"link_name":"326th Volksgrenadier Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/326th_Infantry_Division_(Wehrmacht)"},{"link_name":"[i]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-66"},{"link_name":"I SS Panzer Corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_SS_Panzer_Corps"},{"link_name":"277th Volksgrenadier Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/277th_Infantry_Division_(Wehrmacht)"},{"link_name":"12th SS Panzer Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/12th_SS_Panzer_Division_Hitlerjugend"},{"link_name":"[j]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-67"},{"link_name":"12th Volksgrenadier Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/12th_Infantry_Division_(Wehrmacht)"},{"link_name":"1st SS Panzer Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1st_SS_Panzer_Division_Leibstandarte_SS_Adolf_Hitler"},{"link_name":"[k]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-68"},{"link_name":"3rd Fallschirmjäger Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3rd_Parachute_Division_(Germany)"},{"link_name":"150th Panzer Brigade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panzer_Brigade_150"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Schnee Eifel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schnee_Eifel"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:106th_infantry_Division.jpg"},{"link_name":"106th Infantry Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/106th_Infantry_Division_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"[l]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-70"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:106th_infantry_Division.jpg"},{"link_name":"106th Infantry Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/106th_Infantry_Division_(United_States)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:106th_infantry_Division.jpg"},{"link_name":"106th Infantry Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/106th_Infantry_Division_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"112th Infantry Regiment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/112th_Infantry_Regiment_(United_States)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:28th_Infantry_Division_SSI_(1918-2015).svg"},{"link_name":"28th Infantry Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/28th_Infantry_Division_(United_States)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:9th_US_Armored_Division_SSI.svg"},{"link_name":"9th Armored Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/9th_Armored_Division_(United_States)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:28th_Infantry_Division_SSI_(1918-2015).svg"},{"link_name":"28th Infantry Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/28th_Infantry_Division_(United_States)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi_Germany"},{"link_name":"Fifth Panzer Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5th_Panzer_Army"},{"link_name":"18th Volksgrenadier Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/18th_Volksgrenadier_Division_(Wehrmacht)"},{"link_name":"62nd Volksgrenadier Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/62nd_Volksgrenadier_Division_(Wehrmacht)"},{"link_name":"116th Panzer Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/116th_Panzer_Division_(Wehrmacht)"},{"link_name":"560th Volksgrenadier Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/560th_Volksgrenadier_Division_(Wehrmacht)"},{"link_name":"2nd Panzer Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2nd_Panzer_Division_(Wehrmacht)"},{"link_name":"26th Volksgrenadier Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/26th_Volksgrenadier_Division_(Wehrmacht)"},{"link_name":"Panzer Lehr Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panzer_Lehr_Division"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:28th_Infantry_Division_SSI_(1918-2015).svg"},{"link_name":"28th Infantry Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/28th_Infantry_Division_(United_States)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:9th_US_Armored_Division_SSI.svg"},{"link_name":"9th Armored Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/9th_Armored_Division_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"12th Infantry Regiment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/12th_Infantry_Regiment_(United_States)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:4th_Infantry_Division_SSI.svg"},{"link_name":"4th Infantry Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4th_Infantry_Division_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"8th Infantry Regiment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/8th_Infantry_Regiment_(United_States)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:4th_Infantry_Division_SSI.svg"},{"link_name":"4th Infantry Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4th_Infantry_Division_(United_States)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi_Germany"},{"link_name":"Seventh Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/7th_Army_(Wehrmacht)"},{"link_name":"5th Fallschirmjäger Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5th_Parachute_Division_(Germany)"},{"link_name":"352nd Volksgrenadier Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/352nd_Volksgrenadier_Division_(Germany)"},{"link_name":"276th Volksgrenadier Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/276th_Volksgrenadier_Division_(Wehrmacht)"},{"link_name":"212th Volksgrenadier Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/212th_Volksgrenadier_Division_(Wehrmacht)"}],"sub_title":"Units involved in initial assault","text":"Forces deployed North to SouthNorthern Sector: Monschau to KrewinkelU.S. Forces\n\n102nd Cavalry Group, Mechanized\n9th Infantry Regiment / 2nd Infantry Division\n395th Infantry Regiment / 99th Infantry Division\n23rd Infantry Regiment / 2nd Infantry Division\n38th Infantry Regiment / 2nd Infantry Division\n393rd Infantry Regiment / 99th Infantry Division\nCombat Command B / 9th Armored Division\n394th Infantry Regiment / 99th Infantry Division\n14th Cavalry Group, Mechanized\n\n\n\n\n German Forces\n\nSixth Panzer Army (Dietrich)\nLXVII Corps (Hitzfeld)\n326th Volksgrenadier Division[i]\nI SS Panzer Corps (Prieß)\n277th Volksgrenadier Division\n12th SS Panzer Division[j]\n12th Volksgrenadier Division\n1st SS Panzer Division[k] (Including Kampfgruppe Peiper)\n3rd Fallschirmjäger Division\n150th Panzer Brigade (Skorzeny)Central Sector: Roth to GemündU.S. Forces\n\nSurrounded and captured on the Schnee Eifel:\n422nd Infantry Regiment / 106th Infantry Division\n423rd Infantry Regiment[l] / 106th Infantry Division\n392nd Engineer General Service Regiment\n424th Infantry Regiment / 106th Infantry Division\n112th Infantry Regiment / 28th Infantry Division\nCombat Command R / 9th Armored Division\n110th Infantry Regiment / 28th Infantry Division\n\n\n\n\n German Forces\n\nFifth Panzer Army (von Manteuffel)\nLXVI Corps (Lucht)\n18th Volksgrenadier Division\n62nd Volksgrenadier Division\nLVIII Panzer Corps (Kruger)\n116th Panzer Division\n560th Volksgrenadier Division\nXLVII Panzer Corps (Lüttwitz)\n2nd Panzer Division\n26th Volksgrenadier Division\nPanzer Lehr DivisionSouthern Sector: Hochscheid to MompachU.S. Forces\n\n109th Infantry Regiment / 28th Infantry Division\nCombat Command A / 9th Armored Division\n12th Infantry Regiment / 4th Infantry Division\n8th Infantry Regiment / 4th Infantry Division\n\n\n\n\n German Forces\n\nSeventh Army (Brandenberger)\nLXXXV Corps (Kniess)\n5th Fallschirmjäger Division\n352nd Volksgrenadier Division\nLXXX Corps (Beyer)\n276th Volksgrenadier Division\n212th Volksgrenadier Division","title":"Initial German assault"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Wikisource","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikisource"},{"link_name":"The Sixth Panzer Army Attack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Ardennes:_Battle_of_the_Bulge/Chapter_V"},{"link_name":"Siege of Bastogne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Bastogne"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-71"},{"link_name":"Elsenborn Ridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Elsenborn_Ridge"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacDonald1984410-72"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECole19641%E2%80%9364-35"}],"text":"Wikisource has original text related to this article:\nThe Sixth Panzer Army AttackWhile the Siege of Bastogne is often credited as the central point where the German offensive was stopped,[59] the battle for Elsenborn Ridge was actually the decisive component of the Battle of the Bulge. Untested troops of the 99th Infantry Division prevented the best equipped armored units of the German army from advancing and forced them to reroute their troops to unfavorable alternative routes that considerably slowed their advance.[60][29]","title":"Attack on the northern shoulder"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Krinkelt-Rocherath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%BCllingen"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECole19641%E2%80%9364-35"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECavanagh20048-73"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEParker200469-74"},{"link_name":"Obersturmbannführer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obersturmbannf%C3%BChrer"},{"link_name":"Joachim Peiper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joachim_Peiper"},{"link_name":"Tiger II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiger_II"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECole196473-75"}],"sub_title":"Best German divisions assigned","text":"The attack on Monschau, Höfen, Krinkelt-Rocherath, and then Elsenborn Ridge was led by the units personally selected by Adolf Hitler. The 6th Panzer Army was given priority for supply and equipment and was assigned the shortest route to the ultimate objective of the offensive, Antwerp.[29] The 6th Panzer Army included the elite of the Waffen-SS, including four Panzer divisions and five infantry divisions in three corps.[61][62] SS-Obersturmbannführer Joachim Peiper led Kampfgruppe Peiper, consisting of 4,800 men and 600 vehicles, which was charged with leading the main effort. Its newest and most powerful tank, the Tiger II heavy tank, consumed 2 US gallons of fuel per mile (470 litres per 100 km), and the Germans only had enough fuel for an estimated 90 to 100 miles (140 to 160 km) of travel, not nearly enough to reach Antwerp.[63]","title":"Attack on the northern shoulder"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Battle_of_the_Bulge_6th.jpg"},{"link_name":"Losheim Gap","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Losheim_Gap"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECole196483-76"},{"link_name":"Lanzerath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Lanzerath_Ridge"},{"link_name":"3rd Fallschirmjaeger Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3rd_Parachute_Division_(Germany)"},{"link_name":"Intelligence and Reconnaissance Platoon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISTAR"},{"link_name":"99th Infantry Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/99th_Infantry_Division_(United_States)#Most_decorated_platoon_of_World_War_II"}],"sub_title":"German forces held up","text":"Sepp Dietrich led the Sixth Panzer Army in the northernmost attack route.The attacks by the Sixth Panzer Army's infantry units in the north fared badly because of unexpectedly fierce resistance by the U.S. 2nd and 99th Infantry Divisions. Kampfgruppe Peiper, at the head of Sepp Dietrich's Sixth Panzer Army, had been designated to take the Losheim-Losheimergraben road, a key route through the Losheim Gap, but it was closed by two collapsed overpasses that German engineers failed to repair during the first day.[64] Peiper's forces were rerouted through Lanzerath.To preserve the quantity of armor available, the infantry of the 9th Fallschirmjaeger Regiment, 3rd Fallschirmjaeger Division, had been ordered to clear the village first. A single 18-man Intelligence and Reconnaissance Platoon from the 99th Infantry Division along with four Forward Air Controllers held up the battalion of about 500 German paratroopers until sunset, about 16:00, causing 92 casualties among the Germans.This created a bottleneck in the German advance. Kampfgruppe Peiper did not begin its advance until nearly 16:00, more than 16 hours behind schedule and didn't reach Bucholz Station until the early morning of 17 December. Their intention was to control the twin villages of Rocherath-Krinkelt which would clear a path to the high ground of Elsenborn Ridge. Occupation of this dominating terrain would allow control of the roads to the south and west and ensure supply to Kampfgruppe Peiper's armored task force.","title":"Attack on the northern shoulder"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Malmedy_Massacre.jpg"},{"link_name":"Malmedy massacre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malmedy_massacre"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReynolds200334-40-77"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECole196478MacDonald1984203%E2%80%93209-78"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReview_and_Recommendation,_War_Crimes_(1947)4-22-79"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECole196478 -80"},{"link_name":"Baugnez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baugnez"},{"link_name":"Waimes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waimes"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECole196478MacDonald1984203%E2%80%93209-78"},{"link_name":"285th Field Artillery Observation Battalion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/285th_Field_Artillery_Observation_Battalion"},{"link_name":"U.S. 7th Armored Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/7th_Armored_Division_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECole196475%E2%80%93106-81"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacDonald1984-82"},{"link_name":"Sturmbannführer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sturmbannf%C3%BChrer"},{"link_name":"Werner Pötschke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Werner_P%C3%B6tschke"},{"link_name":"POWs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prisoner_of_War"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacDonald1984-82"},{"link_name":"Malmedy massacre trial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malmedy_massacre_trial"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEToland1999382-83"}],"sub_title":"Malmedy massacres","text":"Scene of the Malmedy massacreAt 4:30 a.m. on 17 December 1944, the 1st SS Panzer Division was approximately 16 hours behind schedule when the convoys departed the village of Lanzerath enroute west to the town of Honsfeld.[65] After capturing Honsfeld, Peiper detoured from his assigned route to seize a small fuel depot in Büllingen, where the Waffen-SS infantry summarily executed dozens of U.S. POWs.[66][67] Afterwards, Peiper advanced to the west, towards the River Meuse and captured Ligneuville, bypassing the towns of Mödersheid, Schoppen, Ondenval, and Thirimont.[68] The terrain and poor quality of the roads made the advance of Kampfgruppe Peiper difficult; at the exit to the village of Thirimont, the armored spearhead was unable to travel the road directly to Ligneuville, and Peiper deviated from the planned route, and rather than turn to the left, the armored spearhead turned to the right, and advanced towards the crossroads of Baugnez, which is equidistant from the city of Malmedy and Ligneuville and Waimes.[66]At 12:30 p.m. on 17 December, Kampfgruppe Peiper was near the hamlet of Baugnez, on the height halfway between the town of Malmedy and Ligneuville, when they encountered elements of the 285th Field Artillery Observation Battalion, U.S. 7th Armored Division.[69][70] After a brief battle the lightly armed Americans surrendered. They were disarmed and, with some other Americans captured earlier (approximately 150 men), sent to stand in a field near the crossroads under light guard. About fifteen minutes after Peiper's advance guard passed through, the main body under the command of SS-Sturmbannführer Werner Pötschke arrived. The SS troopers suddenly opened fire on the prisoners. As soon as the firing began, the prisoners panicked. Most were shot where they stood, though some managed to flee. Accounts of the killing vary, but at least 84 of the POWs were murdered. A few survived, and news of the killings of prisoners of war spread through Allied lines.[70] Following the end of the war, soldiers and officers of Kampfgruppe Peiper, including Peiper and SS general Dietrich, were tried for the incident at the Malmedy massacre trial.[71]","title":"Attack on the northern shoulder"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"394th Infantry Regiment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/394th_Infantry_Regiment_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacDonald1984210-84"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECole196475%E2%80%93106-81"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Judge1-85"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHersko1998-86"},{"link_name":"[75]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEQuarrie199931-87"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEQuarrie1999-64"},{"link_name":"277th Volksgrenadier Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/277th_Volksgrenadier_Division_(Wehrmacht)"},{"link_name":"2nd Infantry Divisions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2nd_Infantry_Division_(United_States)"}],"sub_title":"Kampfgruppe Peiper deflected southeast","text":"Driving to the south-east of Elsenborn, Kampfgruppe Peiper entered Honsfeld, where they encountered one of the 99th Division's rest centers, clogged with confused American troops. They quickly captured portions of the 3rd Battalion of the 394th Infantry Regiment. They destroyed a number of American armored units and vehicles, and took several dozen prisoners who were subsequently murdered.[72][69][73] Peiper also captured 50,000 US gallons (190,000 L; 42,000 imp gal) of fuel for his vehicles.[74]Peiper advanced north-west towards Büllingen, keeping to the plan to move west, unaware that if he had turned north he had an opportunity to flank and trap the entire 2nd and 99th Divisions.[75] Instead, intent on driving west, Peiper turned south to detour around Hünningen, choosing a route designated Rollbahn D as he had been given latitude to choose the best route west.[56]To the north, the 277th Volksgrenadier Division attempted to break through the defending line of the U.S. 99th and the 2nd Infantry Divisions. The 12th SS Panzer Division, reinforced by additional infantry (Panzergrenadier and Volksgrenadier) divisions, took the key road junction at Losheimergraben just north of Lanzerath and attacked the twin villages of Rocherath and Krinkelt.","title":"Attack on the northern shoulder"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Wereth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wereth"},{"link_name":"Saint-Vith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint-Vith"},{"link_name":"1st SS Panzer Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1st_SS_Panzer_Division"},{"link_name":"Knittel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gustav_Knittel"},{"link_name":"[76]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-88"},{"link_name":"[77]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-89"},{"link_name":"[78]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-90"}],"sub_title":"Wereth 11","text":"Another, smaller, massacre was committed in Wereth, Belgium, approximately 6.5 miles (10.5 km) northeast of Saint-Vith on 17 December 1944. Eleven black American soldiers were tortured after surrendering and then shot by men of the 1st SS Panzer Division belonging to Schnellgruppe Knittel. Some of the injuries sustained before death included bayonet wounds to the head, broken legs, and their fingers cut off. The perpetrators were never punished for this crime.[76][77] In 2001, a group of people began working on a tribute to the eleven black American soldiers to remember their sacrifices.[78]","title":"Attack on the northern shoulder"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:GERMAN_TROOPS_ADVANCING_PAST_ABANDONED_AMERICAN_EQUIPMENT.jpg"},{"link_name":"Stavelot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stavelot"},{"link_name":"Eifel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eifel"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[79]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBouwmeester2004106-91"},{"link_name":"Trois-Ponts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trois-Ponts"},{"link_name":"[80]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBouwmeester2004107-92"},{"link_name":"[81]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEToland1999103,_104-93"},{"link_name":"La Gleize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Gleize"},{"link_name":"Stoumont","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stoumont"},{"link_name":"[82]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBouwmeester2004108-94"},{"link_name":"Spa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spa,_Belgium"},{"link_name":"Mohnke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_Mohnke"},{"link_name":"[82]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBouwmeester2004108-94"}],"sub_title":"Germans advance west","text":"German troops advancing past abandoned American equipmentBy the evening the spearhead had pushed north to engage the U.S. 99th Infantry Division and Kampfgruppe Peiper arrived in front of Stavelot. Peiper's forces were already behind his timetable because of the stiff American resistance and because when the Americans fell back, their engineers blew up bridges and emptied fuel dumps. Peiper's unit was delayed and his vehicles denied critically needed fuel. They took 36 hours to advance from the Eifel region to Stavelot, while the same advance required nine hours in 1940.[citation needed]Kampfgruppe Peiper attacked Stavelot on 18 December but was unable to capture the town before the Americans evacuated a large fuel depot.[79] Three tanks attempted to take the bridge, but the lead vehicle was disabled by a mine. Following this, 60 grenadiers advanced forward but were stopped by concentrated American defensive fire. After a fierce tank battle the next day, the Germans finally entered the town when U.S. engineers failed to blow the bridge.Capitalizing on his success and not wanting to lose more time, Peiper rushed an advance group toward the vital bridge at Trois-Ponts, leaving the bulk of his strength in Stavelot. When they reached it at 11:30 on 18 December, retreating U.S. engineers blew it up.[80][81] Peiper detoured north towards the villages of La Gleize and Cheneux. At Cheneux, the advance guard was attacked by American fighter-bombers, destroying two tanks and five halftracks, blocking the narrow road. The group began moving again at dusk at 16:00 and was able to return to its original route at around 18:00. Of the two bridges remaining between Kampfgruppe Peiper and the Meuse, the bridge over the Lienne was blown by the Americans as the Germans approached. Peiper turned north and halted his forces in the woods between La Gleize and Stoumont.[82] He learned that Stoumont was strongly held and that the Americans were bringing up strong reinforcements from Spa.To Peiper's south, the advance of Kampfgruppe Hansen had stalled. SS-Oberführer Mohnke ordered Schnellgruppe Knittel, which had been designated to follow Hansen, to instead move forward to support Peiper. SS-Sturmbannführer Knittel crossed the bridge at Stavelot around 19:00 against American forces trying to retake the town. Knittel pressed forward towards La Gleize, and shortly afterward the Americans recaptured Stavelot. Peiper and Knittel both faced the prospect of being cut off.[82]","title":"Attack on the northern shoulder"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:American_tank_destroyers.jpg"},{"link_name":"M3 90mm gun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/90_mm_Gun_M1/M2/M3"},{"link_name":"[83]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBouwmeester2004109-95"},{"link_name":"82nd Airborne Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/82nd_Airborne_Division"},{"link_name":"James Gavin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_M._Gavin"},{"link_name":"[83]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBouwmeester2004109-95"},{"link_name":"Hermann Priess","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermann_Priess"},{"link_name":"[84]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBouwmeester2004111-96"},{"link_name":"119th Infantry Regiment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/119th_Infantry_Regiment_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"Hal D. McCown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hal_D._McCown"},{"link_name":"Froidcourt Castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Froidcourt_Castle&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"fr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Froidcourt"},{"link_name":"[85]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBouwmeester2004112-97"},{"link_name":"[86]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacDonald1984461,_463-98"}],"sub_title":"German advance halted","text":"M3 90mm gun-armed American M36 tank destroyers move forward to stem German spearhead near Werbomont, Belgium, 20 December 1944.At dawn on 19 December, Peiper surprised the American defenders of Stoumont by sending infantry from the 2nd SS Panzergrenadier Regiment in an attack and a company of Fallschirmjäger to infiltrate their lines. He followed this with a Panzer attack, gaining the eastern edge of the town. An American tank battalion arrived but, after a two-hour tank battle, Peiper finally captured Stoumont at 10:30. Knittel joined up with Peiper and reported the Americans had recaptured Stavelot to their east.[83] Peiper ordered Knittel to retake Stavelot. Assessing his own situation, he determined that his Kampfgruppe did not have sufficient fuel to cross the bridge west of Stoumont and continue his advance. He maintained his lines west of Stoumont for a while, until the evening of 19 December when he withdrew them to the village edge. On the same evening the U.S. 82nd Airborne Division under Maj. Gen. James Gavin arrived and deployed at La Gleize and along Peiper's planned route of advance.[83]German efforts to reinforce Peiper were unsuccessful. Kampfgruppe Hansen was still struggling against bad road conditions and stiff American resistance on the southern route. Schnellgruppe Knittel was forced to disengage from the heights around Stavelot. Kampfgruppe Sandig, which had been ordered to take Stavelot, launched another attack without success. Sixth Panzer Army commander Sepp Dietrich ordered Hermann Priess, commanding officer of the I SS Panzer Corps, to increase its efforts to back Peiper's battle group, but Priess was unable to break through.[84]Small units of the U.S. 2nd Battalion, 119th Infantry Regiment, 30th Infantry Division, attacked the dispersed units of Kampfgruppe Peiper on the morning of 21 December. They failed and were forced to withdraw, and a number were captured, including battalion commander Maj. Hal D. McCown. Peiper learned that his reinforcements had been directed to gather in La Gleize to his east, and he withdrew, leaving wounded Americans and Germans in the Froidcourt Castle [fr]. As he withdrew from Cheneux, American paratroopers from the 82nd Airborne Division engaged the Germans in fierce house-to-house fighting. The Americans shelled Kampfgruppe Peiper on 22 December, and although the Germans had run out of food and had virtually no fuel, they continued to fight. A Luftwaffe resupply mission went badly when SS-Brigadeführer Wilhelm Mohnke insisted the grid coordinates supplied by Peiper were wrong, parachuting supplies into American hands in Stoumont.[85]In La Gleize, Peiper set up defenses waiting for German relief. When the relief force was unable to penetrate the Allied lines, he decided to break through the Allied lines and return to the German lines on 23 December. The men of the Kampfgruppe were forced to abandon their vehicles and heavy equipment, although most of the 800 remaining troops were able to escape.[86]","title":"Attack on the northern shoulder"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Captured_German_Panther_tank_crewman_1944.jpg"},{"link_name":"[87]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dean-99"},{"link_name":"John S. D. Eisenhower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_S._D._Eisenhower"},{"link_name":"[88]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEisenhower1969224-100"},{"link_name":"[89]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-101"},{"link_name":"[90]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECole1964259%E2%80%93260-102"},{"link_name":"V Corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V_Corps_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"First U.S. Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_U.S._Army"}],"sub_title":"Outcome","text":"An American soldier escorts a German crewman from his wrecked Panther tank during the Battle of Elsenborn Ridge.The U.S. 99th Infantry Division, outnumbered five to one, inflicted casualties in the ratio of 18 to one. The division lost about 20% of its effective strength, including 465 killed and 2,524 evacuated due to wounds, injuries, fatigue, or trench foot. German losses were much higher. In the northern sector opposite the 99th, this included more than 4,000 deaths and the destruction of 60 tanks and big guns.[87] Historian John S. D. Eisenhower wrote, \"... the action of the 2nd and 99th Divisions on the northern shoulder could be considered the most decisive of the Ardennes campaign.\"[88][89]The stiff American defense prevented the Germans from reaching the vast array of supplies near the Belgian cities of Liège and Spa and the road network west of the Elsenborn Ridge leading to the Meuse River.[90] After more than 10 days of intense battle, they pushed the Americans out of the villages, but were unable to dislodge them from the ridge, where elements of the V Corps of the First U.S. Army prevented the German forces from reaching the road network to their west.","title":"Attack on the northern shoulder"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"High Fens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_Fens"},{"link_name":"Dutch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_language"},{"link_name":"Baraque Michel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baraque_Michel"},{"link_name":"Oberst","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oberst"},{"link_name":"Battle of Crete","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Crete"},{"link_name":"[91]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldsteinDillonWenger199488-103"},{"link_name":"II Parachute Corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2nd_Parachute_Corps_(Germany)"},{"link_name":"6th Parachute Regiment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/6th_Parachute_Division_(Germany)"},{"link_name":"[92]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEParker2004130-104"},{"link_name":"unit cohesion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unit_cohesion"},{"link_name":"[93]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEParker2004137-105"}],"sub_title":"Operation Stösser","text":"Operation Stösser was a paratroop drop into the American rear in the High Fens (French: Hautes Fagnes; German: Hohes Venn; Dutch: Hoge Venen) area. The objective was the \"Baraque Michel\" crossroads. It was led by Oberst Friedrich August Freiherr von der Heydte, considered by Germans to be a hero of the Battle of Crete.[91]It was the German paratroopers' only nighttime drop during World War II. Heydte was given only eight days to prepare prior to the assault. He was not allowed to use his own regiment because their movement might alert the Allies to the impending counterattack. Instead, he was provided with a Kampfgruppe of 800 men. The II Parachute Corps was tasked with contributing 100 men from each of its regiments. In loyalty to their commander, 150 men from Heydte's own unit, the 6th Parachute Regiment, went against orders and joined him.[92] They had little time to establish any unit cohesion or train together.The parachute drop was a complete failure. Heydte ended up with a total of around 300 troops. Too small and too weak to counter the Allies, they abandoned plans to take the crossroads and instead converted the mission to reconnaissance. With only enough ammunition for a single fight, they withdrew towards Germany and attacked the rear of the American lines. Only about 100 of his weary men finally reached the German rear.[93]","title":"Attack on the northern shoulder"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[94]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchrijvers2005303f-106"},{"link_name":"Chenogne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chenogne"},{"link_name":"[95]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESorge1986147-107"}],"sub_title":"Chenogne massacre","text":"Following the Malmedy massacre, on New Year's Day 1945, after having previously received orders to take no prisoners,[94] American soldiers executed approximately sixty German prisoners of war near the Belgian village of Chenogne (8 km from Bastogne).[95]","title":"Attack on the northern shoulder"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Wikisource","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikisource"},{"link_name":"St. Vith is lost","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Ardennes:_Battle_of_the_Bulge/Chapter_XVII"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Battle_of_the_Bulge_5th.jpg"},{"link_name":"Hasso von Manteuffel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hasso_von_Manteuffel"},{"link_name":"pincer movement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pincer_movement"},{"link_name":"[96]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELiddell_Hart1970653-108"},{"link_name":"[97]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECole1964170-109"}],"text":"Wikisource has original text related to this article:\nSt. Vith is lostHasso von Manteuffel led the Fifth Panzer Army in the middle attack route.The Germans fared better in the center (the 32 km (20 mi) Schnee Eifel sector) as the Fifth Panzer Army attacked positions held by the U.S. 28th and 106th Infantry Divisions. The Germans lacked the overwhelming strength that had been deployed in the north, but still possessed a marked numerical and material superiority over the very thinly spread 28th and 106th divisions. They succeeded in surrounding two largely intact regiments (422nd and 423rd) of the 106th Division in a pincer movement and forced their surrender, a tribute to the way Manteuffel's new tactics had been applied.[96] The official U.S. Army history states: \"At least seven thousand [men] were lost here and the figure probably is closer to eight or nine thousand. The amount lost in arms and equipment, of course, was very substantial. The Schnee Eifel battle, therefore, represents the most serious reverse suffered by American arms during the operations of 1944–45 in the European theater.\"[97]","title":"Attack in the center"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"9th Armored Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/9th_Armored_Division_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"Alan W. Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_W._Jones"},{"link_name":"Salm River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salm_River"},{"link_name":"[98]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECole1964407-110"}],"sub_title":"Battle for St. Vith","text":"In the center, the town of St. Vith, a vital road junction, presented the main challenge for both von Manteuffel's and Dietrich's forces. The defenders, led by the 7th Armored Division, included the remaining regiment of the 106th U.S. Infantry Division, with elements of the 9th Armored Division and 28th U.S. Infantry Division. These units, which operated under the command of Generals Robert W. Hasbrouck (7th Armored) and Alan W. Jones (106th Infantry), successfully resisted the German attacks, significantly slowing the German advance. At Montgomery's orders, St. Vith was evacuated on 21 December; U.S. troops fell back to entrenched positions in the area, presenting an imposing obstacle to a successful German advance. By 23 December, as the Germans shattered their flanks, the defenders' position became untenable and U.S. troops were ordered to retreat west of the Salm River. Since the German plan called for the capture of St. Vith by 18:00 on 17 December, the prolonged action in and around it dealt a major setback to their timetable.[98]","title":"Attack in the center"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:British_Sherman_Firefly_Namur.jpg"},{"link_name":"Sherman \"Firefly\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sherman_Firefly"},{"link_name":"Army Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Army_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"British 29th Armoured Brigade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/29th_Armoured_Brigade_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"British 11th Armoured Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/11th_Armoured_Division_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"British XXX Corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XXX_Corps_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"51st (Highland)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/51st_(Highland)_Division"},{"link_name":"53rd (Welsh) Infantry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/53rd_(Welsh)_Infantry_Division"},{"link_name":"British 6th Airborne Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/6th_Airborne_Division_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"33rd Armoured Brigades","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/33rd_Armoured_Brigade_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"34th Tank Brigade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/34th_Armoured_Brigade_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"[99]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-111"},{"link_name":"Ourthe River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ourthe_River"},{"link_name":"Hargimont","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hargimont&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Marche-en-Famenne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marche-en-Famenne"},{"link_name":"84th Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/84th_Division_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"von Lüttwitz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinrich_Freiherr_von_L%C3%BCttwitz"},{"link_name":"XXXXVII Panzer-Korps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XLVII_Panzer_Corps_(Germany)"},{"link_name":"9th Panzer Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/9th_Panzer_Division"},{"link_name":"[100]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZaloga200476%E2%80%9383-112"},{"link_name":"Foy-Nôtre-Dame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Foy-N%C3%B4tre-Dame&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Celles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celles,_Houyet"},{"link_name":"[101]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECole1964568-113"},{"link_name":"[100]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZaloga200476%E2%80%9383-112"}],"sub_title":"Meuse River bridges","text":"British Sherman \"Firefly\" tank in Namur on the Meuse River, December 1944To protect the river crossings on the Meuse at Givet, Dinant and Namur, Montgomery ordered those few units available to hold the bridges on 19 December. This led to a hastily assembled force including rear-echelon troops, military police and Army Air Force personnel. The British 29th Armoured Brigade of British 11th Armoured Division, which had turned in its tanks for re-equipping, was told to take back their tanks and head to the area. British XXX Corps was significantly reinforced for this effort. Units of the corps which fought in the Ardennes were the 51st (Highland) and 53rd (Welsh) Infantry Divisions, the British 6th Airborne Division, the 29th and 33rd Armoured Brigades, and the 34th Tank Brigade.[99]Unlike the German forces on the northern and southern shoulders who were experiencing great difficulties, the German advance in the center gained considerable ground. The Fifth Panzer Army was spearheaded by the 2nd Panzer Division while the Panzer Lehr Division (Armored Training Division) came up from the south, leaving Bastogne to other units. The Ourthe River was passed at Ourtheville on 21 December. Lack of fuel held up the advance for one day, but on 23 December the offensive was resumed towards the two small towns of Hargimont and Marche-en-Famenne. Hargimont was captured the same day, but Marche-en-Famenne was strongly defended by the American 84th Division. Gen. von Lüttwitz, commander of the XXXXVII Panzer-Korps, ordered the division to turn westwards towards Dinant and the Meuse, leaving only a blocking force at Marche-en-Famenne. Although advancing only in a narrow corridor, 2nd Panzer Division was still making rapid headway, leading to jubilation in Berlin. Headquarters now freed up the 9th Panzer Division for Fifth Panzer Army, which was deployed at Marche.[100]On 22/23 December German forces reached the woods of Foy-Nôtre-Dame, only a few kilometers ahead of Dinant. The narrow corridor caused considerable difficulties, as constant flanking attacks threatened the division. On 24 December, German forces made their furthest penetration west. The Panzer Lehr Division took the town of Celles, while a bit farther north, parts of 2nd Panzer Division were in sight of the Meuse near Dinant at Foy-Nôtre-Dame. A hastily assembled British blocking force on the east side of the river prevented the German Battlegroup Böhm from approaching the Dinant bridge. The 29th Armoured Brigade ambushed the Germans knocking out three Panthers and a number of vehicles in and around Foy-Nôtre-Dame.[101] By late Christmas Eve the advance in this sector was stopped, as Allied forces threatened the narrow corridor held by the 2nd Panzer Division.[100]","title":"Attack in the center"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Wikisource","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikisource"},{"link_name":"The 1st SS Panzer Division's Dash Westward, and Operation Greif","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Ardennes:_Battle_of_the_Bulge/Chapter_XI"},{"link_name":"Griffin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Griffin"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShirer19901092-41"},{"link_name":"American MPs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_Police_Corps_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"Mickey Mouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mickey_Mouse"},{"link_name":"Springfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Springfield,_Illinois"},{"link_name":"Illinois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illinois"},{"link_name":"Chicago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShirer19901092-41"},{"link_name":"[102]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiley2010171-114"},{"link_name":"disinformation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disinformation"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShirer19901090-43"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShirer19901092-41"},{"link_name":"[103]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReynolds200658-115"},{"link_name":"[104]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcDonald20001951-116"},{"link_name":"ruse of war","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruse_of_war"},{"link_name":"[105]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESolis2010[httpsarchiveorgdetailslawarmedconflict00solipagen465_432]-117"},{"link_name":"military tribunal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_tribunal"},{"link_name":"Dachau Trials","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dachau_Trials"},{"link_name":"laws of war","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laws_of_war"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShirer19901092-41"}],"sub_title":"Operation Greif and Operation Währung","text":"Wikisource has original text related to this article:\nThe 1st SS Panzer Division's Dash Westward, and Operation GreifFor Operation Greif (\"Griffin\"), Otto Skorzeny successfully infiltrated a small part of his battalion of English-speaking Germans disguised in American uniforms behind the Allied lines. Although they failed to take the vital bridges over the Meuse, their presence caused confusion out of all proportion to their military activities, and rumors spread quickly.[35] Even General George Patton was alarmed and, on 17 December, described the situation to General Dwight Eisenhower as \"Krauts ... speaking perfect English ... raising hell, cutting wires, turning road signs around, spooking whole divisions, and shoving a bulge into our defenses.\"Checkpoints were set up all over the Allied rear, greatly slowing the movement of soldiers and equipment. American MPs at these checkpoints grilled troops on things that every American was expected to know, like the identity of Mickey Mouse's girlfriend, baseball scores, or the capital of a particular U.S. state—though many could not remember or did not know. General Omar Bradley was briefly detained when he correctly identified Springfield as the capital of Illinois because the American MP who questioned him mistakenly believed the capital was Chicago.[35][102]The tightened security nonetheless made things very hard for the German infiltrators, and a number of them were captured. Even during interrogation, they continued their goal of spreading disinformation; when asked about their mission, some of them claimed they had been told to go to Paris to either kill or capture General Dwight Eisenhower.[37] Security around the general was greatly increased, and Eisenhower was confined to his headquarters. Because Skorzeny's men were captured in American uniforms, they were executed as spies.[35][103] This was the standard practice of every army at the time, as many belligerents considered it necessary to protect their territory against the grave dangers of enemy spying.[104] Skorzeny said that he was told by German legal experts that as long he did not order his men to fight in combat while wearing American uniforms, such a tactic was a legitimate ruse of war.[105] Skorzeny and his men were fully aware of their likely fate, and most wore their German uniforms underneath their American ones in case of capture. Skorzeny was tried by an American military tribunal in 1947 at the Dachau Trials for allegedly violating the laws of war stemming from his leadership of Operation Greif but was acquitted. He later moved to Spain and South America.[35]","title":"Attack in the center"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Battle_of_the_Bulge_7th.jpg"},{"link_name":"Erich Brandenberger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erich_Brandenberger"},{"link_name":"River Our","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_Our"},{"link_name":"112th Infantry Regiment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/112th_Infantry_Regiment_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"Ouren","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ouren"},{"link_name":"101st Airborne Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/101st_Airborne_Division"},{"link_name":"10th Armored Divisions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/10th_Armored_Division_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"[106]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-118"},{"link_name":"U.S. VIII Corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._VIII_Corps"},{"link_name":"5th Parachute Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5th_Parachute_Division_(Germany)"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Erich Brandenberger led Seventh Army in the southernmost attack route.Further south on Manteuffel's front, the main thrust was delivered by all attacking divisions crossing the River Our, then increasing the pressure on the key road centers of St. Vith and Bastogne. The more experienced U.S. 28th Infantry Division put up a much more dogged defense than the inexperienced soldiers of the 106th Infantry Division. The 112th Infantry Regiment (the most northerly of the 28th Division's regiments), holding a continuous front east of the Our, kept German troops from seizing and using the Our River bridges around Ouren for two days, before withdrawing progressively westwards.The 109th and 110th Regiments of the 28th Division fared worse, as they were spread so thinly that their positions were easily bypassed. Both offered stubborn resistance in the face of superior forces and threw the German schedule off by several days. The 110th's situation was by far the worst, as it was responsible for an 18-kilometer (11 mi) front while its 2nd Battalion was withheld as the divisional reserve. Panzer columns took the outlying villages and widely separated strong points in bitter fighting, and advanced to points near Bastogne within four days. The struggle for the villages and American strong points, plus transport confusion on the German side, slowed the attack sufficiently to allow the 101st Airborne Division (reinforced by elements from the 9th and 10th Armored Divisions) to reach Bastogne by truck on the morning of 19 December. The fierce defense of Bastogne, in which American paratroopers particularly distinguished themselves, made it impossible for the Germans to take the town with its important road junctions. The panzer columns swung past on either side, cutting off Bastogne on 20 December but failing to secure the vital crossroads.Twenty years after the battle, General McAuliffe praised the men of the 10th Armored \"Tiger\" Division saying, \"It's always seemed regrettable to me, that Combat Command B of the 10th Armored Division didn't get the credit it deserved in the battle of Bastogne. All of the newspaper and radio talk was about the paratroopers. Actually, the 10th Armored Division was in there December 18th, a day before we were, and had some very hard fighting before we ever got into it, and I sincerely believe that we would never have been able to get into Bastogne if it had not been for the defensive fighting of the three elements of the 10th Armored Division who were first into Bastogne and protected the town from invasion by the Germans.\"[106]In the extreme south, Brandenberger's three infantry divisions were checked by divisions of the U.S. VIII Corps after an advance of 6.4 km (4 mi); that front was then firmly held. Only the 5th Parachute Division of Brandenberger's command was able to thrust forward 19 km (12 mi) on the inner flank to partially fulfill its assigned role. Eisenhower and his principal commanders realized by 17 December that the fighting in the Ardennes was a major offensive and not a local counterattack, and they ordered vast reinforcements to the area. Within a week 250,000 troops had been sent. General Gavin of the 82nd Airborne Division arrived on the scene first and ordered the 101st to hold Bastogne while the 82nd would take the more difficult task of facing the SS Panzer Divisions; it was also thrown into the battle north of the bulge, near Elsenborn Ridge.[citation needed]","title":"Attack in the south"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-J28589,_Kriegsgefangene_amerikanische_Soldaten.jpg"},{"link_name":"POWs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prisoner_of_War"},{"link_name":"Verdun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verdun-sur-Meuse"},{"link_name":"VIII Corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VIII_Corps_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"2nd Panzer Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2nd_Panzer_Division"},{"link_name":"Panzer-Lehr-Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panzer-Lehr-Division"},{"link_name":"26th Volksgrenadier Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/26th_Infantry_Division_(Wehrmacht)"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[107]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAmbrose1998208-119"},{"link_name":"12th Army Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/12th_Army_Group"},{"link_name":"21st Army Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_21st_Army_Group"},{"link_name":"[108]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacDonald1984422-120"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:German_soldier_Ardennes_1944.jpeg"},{"link_name":"969th Artillery Battalion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/969th_Artillery_Battalion_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"[109]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MarshallBastogne-121"},{"link_name":"[110]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshall1988177-122"},{"link_name":"[111]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-123"},{"link_name":"Anthony McAuliffe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony_McAuliffe"},{"link_name":"Harry Kinnard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Kinnard"},{"link_name":"[112]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAmbrose1992c._%22Bastogne%22-124"},{"link_name":"[m]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-125"},{"link_name":"15th Panzergrenadier Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/15th_Panzergrenadier_Division"},{"link_name":"[109]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MarshallBastogne-121"}],"sub_title":"Siege of Bastogne","text":"U.S. POWs on 22 December 1944Senior Allied commanders met in a bunker in Verdun on 19 December. By this time, the town of Bastogne and its network of 11 hard-topped roads leading through the widely forested mountainous terrain with deep river valleys and boggy mud of the Ardennes region was under severe threat. Bastogne had previously been the site of the VIII Corps headquarters. Two separate westbound German columns that were to have bypassed the town to the south and north, the 2nd Panzer Division and Panzer-Lehr-Division of XLVII Panzer Corps, as well as the Corps' infantry (26th Volksgrenadier Division), coming due west had been engaged and much slowed and frustrated in outlying battles at defensive positions up to 16 kilometers (10 mi) from the town proper, but these defensive positions were gradually being forced back onto and into the hasty defenses built within the municipality. Moreover, the sole corridor that was open (to the southeast) was threatened and it had been sporadically closed as the front shifted, and there was expectation that it would be completely closed sooner than later, given the strong likelihood that the town would soon be surrounded.[citation needed]Gen. Eisenhower, realizing that the Allies could destroy German forces much more easily when they were out in the open and on the offensive than if they were on the defensive, told his generals, \"The present situation is to be regarded as one of opportunity for us and not of disaster. There will be only cheerful faces at this table.\" Patton, realizing what Eisenhower implied, responded, \"Hell, let's have the guts to let the bastards go all the way to Paris. Then, we'll really cut 'em off and chew 'em up.\" Eisenhower, after saying he was not that optimistic, asked Patton how long it would take to turn his Third Army, located in northeastern France, north to counterattack. To the disbelief of the other generals present, Patton replied that he could attack with two divisions within 48 hours. Unknown to the other officers present, before he left, Patton had ordered his staff to prepare three contingency plans for a northward turn in at least corps strength. By the time Eisenhower asked him how long it would take, the movement was already underway.[107] On 20 December, Eisenhower removed the First and Ninth U.S. Armies from Gen. Bradley's 12th Army Group and placed them under Montgomery's 21st Army Group.[108]A German machine gunner marching through the Ardennes in December 1944By 21 December the Germans had surrounded Bastogne, which was defended by the 101st Airborne Division, the all African American 969th Artillery Battalion, and Combat Command B of the 10th Armored Division. Conditions inside the perimeter were tough—most of the medical supplies and medical personnel had been captured. Food was scarce, and by 22 December artillery ammunition was restricted to 10 rounds per gun per day. The weather cleared the next day and supplies (primarily ammunition) were dropped over four of the next five days.[109]Despite determined German attacks, the perimeter held. The German commander, Lüttwitz,[110] requested Bastogne's surrender.[111] When Brig. Gen. Anthony McAuliffe, acting commander of the 101st, was told of the German demand to surrender, in frustration he responded, \"Nuts!\" After turning to other pressing issues, his staff reminded him that they should reply to the German demand. One officer, Lt. Col. Harry Kinnard, noted that McAuliffe's initial reply would be \"tough to beat.\" Thus McAuliffe wrote on the paper, which was typed up and delivered to the Germans, the line he made famous and a morale booster to his troops: \"NUTS!\"[112] That reply had to be explained, both to the Germans and to non-American Allies.[m]Both 2nd Panzer and Panzer-Lehr division moved forward from Bastogne after 21 December, leaving only Panzer-Lehr division's 901st Regiment to assist the 26th Volksgrenadier-Division in attempting to capture the crossroads. The 26th VG received one Panzergrenadier Regiment from the 15th Panzergrenadier Division on Christmas Eve for its main assault the next day. Because it lacked sufficient troops and those of the 26th VG Division were near exhaustion, the XLVII Panzerkorps concentrated its assault on several individual locations on the west side of the perimeter in sequence rather than launching one simultaneous attack on all sides. The assault, despite initial success by its tanks in penetrating the American line, was defeated and all the tanks destroyed. On the following day of 26 December the spearhead of Gen. Patton's 4th Armored Division, supplemented by the 26th (Yankee) Infantry Division, broke through and opened a corridor to Bastogne.[109]","title":"Attack in the south"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Infantry_near_Bastogne.png"},{"link_name":"Bastogne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bastogne"},{"link_name":"P-47 Thunderbolts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P-47_Thunderbolt"},{"link_name":"military glider","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_glider"},{"link_name":"[113]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-126"},{"link_name":"2nd Armored Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2nd_Armored_Division_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"4th Cavalry Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4th_Cavalry_Regiment_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"[114]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZaloga200484%E2%80%9386-127"},{"link_name":"Company D, 37th Tank Battalion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._37th_Armor_Regiment"},{"link_name":"4th Armored Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._4th_Armored_Division"}],"text":"American Infantry fighting their way toward Bastogne, December 1944On 23 December the weather conditions started improving, allowing the Allied air forces to attack. They launched devastating bombing raids on the German supply points in their rear, and P-47 Thunderbolts started attacking the German troops on the roads. Allied air forces also helped the defenders of Bastogne, dropping much-needed supplies—medicine, food, blankets, and ammunition. A team of volunteer surgeons flew in by military glider and began operating in a tool room.[113]By 24 December the German advance was effectively stalled short of the Meuse. Units of the British XXX Corps were holding the bridges at Dinant, Givet, and Namur and U.S. units were about to take over. The Germans had outrun their supply lines, and shortages of fuel and ammunition were becoming critical. Up to this point the German losses had been light, notably in armor, with the exception of Peiper's losses. On the evening of 24 December, Manteuffel recommended to Hitler's Military Adjutant a halt to all offensive operations and a withdrawal back to the Westwall (literally 'Western Rampart'). Hitler rejected this.Disagreement and confusion at the Allied command prevented a strong response, throwing away the opportunity for a decisive action. In the center, on Christmas Eve, the 2nd Armored Division attempted to attack and cut off the spearheads of the 2nd Panzer Division at the Meuse, while the units from the 4th Cavalry Group kept the 9th Panzer Division at Marche busy. As a result, parts of the 2nd Panzer Division were cut off. The Panzer-Lehr division tried to relieve them, but was only partially successful, as the perimeter held. For the next two days the perimeter was strengthened. On 26 and 27 December the trapped units of 2nd Panzer Division made two break-out attempts, again only with partial success, as major quantities of equipment fell into Allied hands. Further Allied pressure out of Marche finally led the German command to the conclusion that no further offensive action towards the Meuse was possible.[114]In the south, Patton's Third Army was battling to relieve Bastogne. At 16:50 on 26 December, the lead element, Company D, 37th Tank Battalion of the 4th Armored Division, reached Bastogne, ending the siege.","title":"Allied counterstrikes"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Y-34_Metz_Airfield_-_Destroyed_P-47s_Operation_Bodenplatte.jpg"},{"link_name":"Unternehmen Bodenplatte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unternehmen_Bodenplatte"},{"link_name":"Low Countries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Low_Countries"},{"link_name":"V-1 flying bomb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V-1_flying_bomb"},{"link_name":"proximity fused","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proximity_fuse"},{"link_name":"friendly fire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friendly_fire"},{"link_name":"Y-29","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zutendaal_Air_Base"},{"link_name":"[115]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeinberg1995769-128"},{"link_name":"Army Group G","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Army_Group_G"},{"link_name":"Army Group Upper Rhine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Army_Group_Oberrhein_(Germany)"},{"link_name":"Operation North Wind","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Nordwind"},{"link_name":"VI Corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VI_Corps_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"Alsace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alsace"},{"link_name":"[116]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECirillo199553-129"},{"link_name":"[117]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClarkeSmith1993527-130"},{"link_name":"[116]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECirillo199553-129"},{"link_name":"[n]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-132"}],"text":"P-47s destroyed at Y-34 Metz-Frescaty airfield during Operation BodenplatteOn 1 January, in an attempt to keep the offensive going, the Germans launched two new operations. At 09:15, the Luftwaffe launched Unternehmen Bodenplatte (Operation Baseplate), a major campaign against Allied airfields in the Low Countries. Hundreds of planes attacked Allied airfields, destroying or severely damaging some 465 aircraft. The Luftwaffe lost 277 planes, 62 to Allied fighters and 172 mostly because of an unexpectedly high number of Allied flak guns, set up to protect against German V-1 flying bomb/missile attacks and using proximity fused shells, but also by friendly fire from the German flak guns that were uninformed of the pending large-scale German air operation. The Germans suffered heavy losses at an airfield named Y-29, losing 40 of their own planes while damaging only four American planes. While the Allies recovered from their losses within days, the operation left the Luftwaffe ineffective for the remainder of the war.[115]On the same day, German Army Group G (Heeresgruppe G) and Army Group Upper Rhine (Heeresgruppe Oberrhein) launched a major offensive against the thinly-stretched, 110 kilometers (70 mi) line of the Seventh U.S. Army. This offensive, known as Unternehmen Nordwind (Operation North Wind), and separate from the Ardennes Offensive, was the last major German offensive of the war on the Western Front. The weakened Seventh Army had, at Eisenhower's orders, sent troops, equipment, and supplies north to reinforce the American armies in the Ardennes, and the offensive left it in dire straits.By 15 January, Seventh Army's VI Corps was fighting on three sides in Alsace. With casualties mounting, and running short on replacements, tanks, ammunition, and supplies, Seventh Army was forced to withdraw to defensive positions on the south bank of the Moder River on 21 January. The German offensive drew to a close on 25 January. In the bitter, desperate fighting of Operation Nordwind, VI Corps, which had borne the brunt of the fighting, suffered a total of 14,716 casualties. The total for Seventh Army for January was 11,609.[116] Total casualties included at least 9,000 wounded.[117] First, Third, and Seventh Armies suffered a total of 17,000 hospitalized from the cold.[116][n]","title":"German supporting efforts across the Western Front"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:P41(map).jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Allied_counter-offensive_Ardennes.jpg"},{"link_name":"Houffalize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houffalize"},{"link_name":"[119]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-christerberg-133"},{"link_name":"[120]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchneider2004274-134"},{"link_name":"[121]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBergstr%C3%B6m2014379-135"},{"link_name":"Winston Churchill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winston_Churchill"},{"link_name":"[122]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEU.S._Army_CMH,_''Battle_of_the_Bulge''-136"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:After_holding_a_woodland_position_all_night_near_Wiltz,_Luxembourg,_against_German_counter_attack,_three_men_of_B_Company,_101st_Engineers,_emerge_for_a_rest._-_NARA_-_531349.gif"},{"link_name":"101st Engineers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/101st_Engineer_Battalion_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"Wiltz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wiltz"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:6th_Armored_Division_in_Belgium_1945.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:First-Third-Armies-linkup-Houffalize.jpg"},{"link_name":"11th Armored Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/11th_Armored_Division_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"84th Infantry Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/84th_Division_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"Houffalize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houffalize"}],"text":"Erasing the Bulge—The Allied counterattack, 26 December – 25 JanuaryMap: Allied Offensive against Ardennes salientWhile the German offensive toward the Meuse had ground to a halt by the end of December, they still controlled a dangerous salient in the Allied line. Patton's Third Army in the south, centered around Bastogne, would attack north, Montgomery's forces in the north would strike south, and the two forces planned to meet at Houffalize to reduce the bulge, and push east back toward the offensive start line.The temperature during that January was extremely low, which required weapons to be maintained and truck engines run every half-hour to prevent their oil from congealing. The offensive went forward regardless.Eisenhower wanted Montgomery to go on the counter offensive on 1 January, with the aim of meeting up with Patton's advancing Third Army and cutting off German troops at the tip of the salient, trapping them in a pocket. Montgomery, refusing to risk underprepared infantry in a snowstorm for a strategically unimportant area, did not launch the attack until 3 January. In addition, a series of renewed German attempts to re-encircle and seize Bastogne using units moved to the southern shoulder of the salient from the north, put Patton in a desperate fight for the initiative, with the German maintaining offensive operations in sectors north and east of Bastogne until 7 January, and resulting in heavier fighting than during the 21–26 December siege of Bastogne itself; in addition, Patton's Third Army would have to clear out the \"Harlange Pocket\" east of Bastogne on the Belgian-Luxembourg border.[119] One of these fierce actions around Bastogne occurred on 2 January, the Tiger IIs of German Heavy Tank Battalion 506 supported an attack by the 12th SS Hitlerjugend division against U.S. positions of the 6th Armored Division near Wardin and knocked out 15 Sherman tanks.[120]At the start of the offensive, the First and Third U.S. Armies were separated by about 40 km (25 mi). American progress in the south was also restricted to about a kilometer or a little over half a mile per day.On 7/8 January 1945, Hitler agreed to gradually withdraw forces from the tip of the Ardennes salient to east of Houffalize to avoid being cut off, but the Germans continued to resist in the salient and were only gradually pushed back otherwise. Considerable fighting went on for another 3 weeks, with Third Army and First Army linking up on 16 January with the capture of Houffalize. Sixth Panzer Army left the Ardennes and ceded its sector to the Fifth Panzer Army on 22 January, while St. Vith was recaptured by the Americans on 23 January, and the last German units participating in the offensive did not return to their start line until February.[121]Winston Churchill, addressing the House of Commons following the Battle of the Bulge said, \"This is undoubtedly the greatest American battle of the war and will, I believe, be regarded as an ever-famous American victory.\"[122]Americans of the 101st Engineers near Wiltz, Luxembourg, January 1945\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tU.S. 6th Armored Division tanks moving near Wardin, Belgium, January 1945\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tM8 armored car on patrol from U.S. 11th Armored Division, U.S. Third Army links up with soldiers of the U.S. 84th Infantry Division of U.S. First Army west of Houffalize, Belgium. January 16, 1945.","title":"Allied counter-offensive"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Force comparisons by date"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Strategy and leadership"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[124]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacDonald198477%E2%80%9379-140"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-J28477,_Ardennenoffensive,_Lagebesprechnung.jpg"},{"link_name":"[125]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacDonald198421%E2%80%9322-141"},{"link_name":"Kurt Meyer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurt_Meyer"},{"link_name":"[126]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMitcham200610-142"},{"link_name":"[127]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeyer2005308-143"},{"link_name":"National Socialism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Socialism"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECole19641%E2%80%9364-35"},{"link_name":"[128]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAstor1992113-144"},{"link_name":"[88]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEisenhower1969224-100"},{"link_name":"[88]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEisenhower1969224-100"}],"sub_title":"Hitler's chosen few","text":"The plan and timing for the Ardennes attack sprang from the mind of Adolf Hitler. He believed a critical fault line existed between the British and American military commands, and that a heavy blow on the Western Front would shatter this alliance. Planning for the \"Watch on the Rhine\" offensive emphasized secrecy and the commitment of overwhelming force. Due to the use of landline communications within Germany, motorized runners carrying orders, and draconian threats from Hitler, the timing and mass of the attack was not detected by Ultra codebreakers and achieved complete surprise.[124]German field commanders plan the advanceAfter officers of the regular German Army attempted to assassinate him, Hitler had increasingly trusted only the Nazi Party SS and its armed branch, the Waffen-SS. He entrusted them with carrying out his decisive counterattack.[125] But following the Allied Normandy invasion, the SS armored units had suffered significant leadership casualties. This included SS-Brigadeführer (Brigadier general) Kurt Meyer, commander of the 12th SS Panzer (Armor) Division, captured by Belgian partisans on 6 September 1944.[126][127] Thus Hitler gave responsibility for the key right flank of the assault to the best SS troops and a few Volksgrenadier units under the command of \"Sepp\" (Joseph) Dietrich, a fanatical political disciple of Hitler, and a loyal follower from the early days of the rise of National Socialism in Germany. The leadership composition of the Sixth Panzer Division had a distinctly political nature.[29]Despite their loyalty, none of the German field commanders entrusted with planning and executing the offensive believed it was possible to capture Antwerp. Even Dietrich believed the Ardennes was a poor area for armored warfare and that the inexperienced and badly equipped Volksgrenadier soldiers would clog the roads the tanks needed for their rapid advance. In fact, their horse-drawn artillery and rocket units became a significant obstacle to the armored units.[128] Other than making futile objections to Hitler in private, Dietrich generally stayed out of planning the offensive. Model and Manteuffel, technical experts from the eastern front, told Hitler that a limited offensive with the goal of surrounding and crushing the American 1st Army would be the best goal their offensive could hope to achieve. Their ideas shared the same fate as Dietrich's objections.[88]The German staff planning and organization of the attack was well done. Most of the units committed to the offensive reached their jump off points undetected. They were for the most part well organized and supplied for the attack, although they were counting on capturing American gasoline dumps to fuel their vehicles. As the battle ensued, on the northern shoulder of the offensive, Dietrich stopped the armored assault on the twin villages after two days and changed the axis of their advance southward through the hamlet of Domäne Bütgenbach. The headlong drive on Elsenborn Ridge lacked needed support from German units that had already bypassed the ridge.[88] Dietrich's decision unknowingly played into American hands, as Robertson had already decided to abandon the villages.","title":"Strategy and leadership"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bernard_Law_Montgomery.jpg"},{"link_name":"Montgomery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernard_Montgomery"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dwight_D._Eisenhower_as_General_of_the_Army_crop.jpg"},{"link_name":"Eisenhower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower"},{"link_name":"Supreme Allied Commander","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_Headquarters_Allied_Expeditionary_Force"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:General_Bradley.jpg"},{"link_name":"Bradley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omar_Bradley"},{"link_name":"Alan Brooke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Brooke"},{"link_name":"[129]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEisenhower196991-145"},{"link_name":"Allied occupation zones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allied-occupied_Germany"},{"link_name":"[130]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeigley199532%E2%80%9343-146"},{"link_name":"[131]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Creveld1977230-147"},{"link_name":"[132]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndidora2002177-148"},{"link_name":"[133]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDe_Guingand1947410%E2%80%93413-149"}],"sub_title":"Allied high-command controversy","text":"Field Marshal MontgomeryGeneral Eisenhower, the Supreme Allied CommanderGeneral BradleyOne of the fault lines between the British and American high commands was Eisenhower's commitment to a broad front advance. This view was opposed by the British Chief of the Imperial General Staff, Field Marshal Alan Brooke, as well as Field Marshal Montgomery, who promoted a rapid advance on a narrow front under his command, with the other allied armies in reserve.[129]Eisenhower based his decision on various military and political realities. The Allied occupation zones in Germany had been agreed upon in February 1944, and a faster Allied advance in the autumn of 1944 would not have altered this.[130] The Soviet Union would have also benefited from a rapid German collapse, and its participation in the war against Japan was greatly desired. There were reservations about whether the Allied logistical system possessed the required flexibility to support the narrow-front strategy,[131] the reality of terrain and logistics argued strongly against it, and the consequences if the narrow front advance had failed would have been very severe.[132]Montgomery's Chief of Staff, Major-General Francis de Guingand, stated in his post-war account that he had opposed Montgomery's narrow front strategy on political and administrative grounds.[133]","title":"Strategy and leadership"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Freddie de Guingand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freddie_de_Guingand"},{"link_name":"[134]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELarrabee1987489%E2%80%93490-150"},{"link_name":"Hodges","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Courtney_Hodges"},{"link_name":"Simpson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Hood_Simpson"},{"link_name":"[135]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUrban2005194-151"},{"link_name":"[136]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMontgomery1958276%E2%80%93277-152"},{"link_name":"[137]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPogue1954378%E2%80%93395-153"},{"link_name":"Dempsey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miles_Dempsey"},{"link_name":"Crerar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Crerar"},{"link_name":"[138]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMontgomery1958276-154"},{"link_name":"[139]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhiting2007198-155"},{"link_name":"CIGS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_of_the_Imperial_General_Staff"},{"link_name":"[140]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGallagher1945-156"},{"link_name":"[141]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBradley195158-157"},{"link_name":"[142]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERyan1995204%E2%80%93205-158"},{"link_name":"[143]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMontgomery1958311%E2%80%93314-159"},{"link_name":"[144]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-thisday-160"},{"link_name":"[145]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBradley1983382%E2%80%93385-161"},{"link_name":"[146]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorelock201565-162"},{"link_name":"[147]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-163"},{"link_name":"BBC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC"},{"link_name":"Chester Wilmot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chester_Wilmot"},{"link_name":"Goebbels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goebbels"},{"link_name":"[148]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilmot1972611footnote_1-164"},{"link_name":"[149]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMontgomery1958281-165"},{"link_name":"[150]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilmot1972611-166"},{"link_name":"[151]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMontgomery2010296-167"},{"link_name":"Arthur Tedder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Tedder"},{"link_name":"Chiefs of Staff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_of_Staff"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"B. H. Liddell Hart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B._H._Liddell_Hart"},{"link_name":"[152]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-168"},{"link_name":"[153]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-169"},{"link_name":"[154]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-170"},{"link_name":"[155]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-171"},{"link_name":"[156]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDelaforce2004318-172"},{"link_name":"Stephen Ambrose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_E._Ambrose"},{"link_name":"[157]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECaddick-Adams2015644-173"},{"link_name":"[158]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaxter1999111-174"},{"link_name":"[159]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorelock201592-175"}],"sub_title":"Montgomery's actions","text":"Montgomery differed from the U.S. command in how to respond to the German attack and his public statements to that effect caused tension in the American high command. Major-General Freddie de Guingand, Chief of Staff of Montgomery's 21st Army Group, rose to the occasion, and personally smoothed over the disagreements on 30 December.[134]As the Ardennes crisis developed, the U.S. First Army (Hodges) and U.S. Ninth Army (Simpson) on the northern shoulder of the German penetration lost communications with adjacent armies, as well as with Bradley's headquarters in Luxembourg City to the south of the \"bulge\".[135] Consequently, at 10:30 a.m. on 20 December, Eisenhower transferred the command of the U.S. First and Ninth Armies temporarily from Bradley to Montgomery.[136] Command of the U.S. First Army reverted to the U.S. 12th Army Group on 17 January 1945,[137] and command of the U.S. Ninth Army reverted to the U.S. 12th Army Group on 4 April 1945.Montgomery wrote about the situation he found on 20 December:The First Army was fighting desperately. Having given orders to Dempsey and Crerar, who arrived for a conference at 11 am, I left at noon for the H.Q. of the First Army, where I had instructed Simpson to meet me. I found the northern flank of the bulge was very disorganized. Ninth Army had two corps and three divisions; First Army had three corps and fifteen divisions. Neither Army Commander had seen Bradley or any senior member of his staff since the battle began, and they had no directive on which to work. The first thing to do was to see the battle on the northern flank as one whole, to ensure the vital areas were held securely, and to create reserves for counter-attack. I embarked on these measures: I put British troops under command of the Ninth Army to fight alongside American soldiers, and made that Army take over some of the First Army Front. I positioned British troops as reserves behind the First and Ninth Armies until such time as American reserves could be created. Slowly but surely the situation was held, and then finally restored. Similar action was taken on the southern flank of the bulge by Bradley, with the Third Army.[138]Due to the news blackout imposed on the 16th, the change of leadership to Montgomery did not become public information until SHAEF announced that the change in command had \"absolutely nothing to do with failure on the part of the three American generals\".[139] The announcement resulted in headlines in British newspapers and Stars and Stripes, which for the first time mentioned British contributions to the fighting.Montgomery requested permission from Churchill to give a press conference to explain the situation. Though some of his staff were concerned at how the press conference would affect Montgomery's image, it was cleared by CIGS Alan Brooke, who was possibly the only person from whom Montgomery would accept advice.On the same day as Hitler's withdrawal order of 7 January, Montgomery held his press conference at Zonhoven.[140] Montgomery started with giving credit to the \"courage and good fighting quality\" of the American troops, characterizing a typical American as a \"very brave fighting man who has that tenacity in battle which makes a great soldier\", and went on to talk about the necessity of Allied teamwork, and praised Eisenhower, stating, \"Teamwork wins battles and battle victories win wars. On our team, the captain is General Ike.\"Then Montgomery described the course of the battle for a half-hour. Coming to the end of his speech he said he had \"employed the whole available power of the British Group of Armies; this power was brought into play very gradually ... Finally it was put into battle with a bang ... you thus have the picture of British troops fighting on both sides of the Americans who have suffered a hard blow.\" He stated that he (i.e., the German) was \"headed off ... seen off ... and ... written off ... The battle has been the most interesting, I think possibly one of the most interesting and tricky battles I have ever handled.\"[141][142][143]Despite his positive remarks about American soldiers, the overall impression given by Montgomery, at least in the ears of the American military leadership, was that he had taken the lion's share of credit for the success of the campaign and had been responsible for rescuing the besieged Americans.[144]His comments were interpreted as self-promoting, particularly his claim that when the situation \"began to deteriorate,\" Eisenhower had placed him in command in the north. Patton and Eisenhower both felt this was a misrepresentation of the relative share of the fighting played by the British and Americans in the Ardennes (for every British soldier there were thirty to forty Americans in the fight), and that it belittled the part played by Bradley, Patton and other American commanders. In the context of Patton's and Montgomery's well-known antipathy, Montgomery's failure to mention the contribution of any American general besides Eisenhower was seen as insulting. Indeed, Bradley and his American commanders were already starting their counterattack by the time Montgomery was given command of 1st and 9th U.S. Armies.[145]Focusing exclusively on his own generalship, Montgomery continued to say he thought the counteroffensive had gone very well but did not explain the reason for his delayed attack on 3 January. He later attributed this to needing more time for preparation on the northern front. According to Churchill, the attack from the south under Patton was steady but slow and involved heavy losses, and Montgomery was trying to avoid this situation. Morelock states that Monty was preoccupied with being allowed to lead a \"single thrust offensive\" to Berlin as the overall commander of Allied ground forces, and that he accordingly treated the Ardennes counteroffensive \"as a sideshow, to be finished with the least possible effort and expenditure of resources.\"[146]Many American officers had already grown to dislike Montgomery, who was seen by them as an overly cautious commander, arrogant, and all too willing to say uncharitable things about the Americans. However, on 18 January 1945 Churchill stated to Parliament \"the United States troops have done almost all the fighting\". He ended with \"Care must be taken in telling our proud tale not to claim for the British Army an undue share of what is undoubtedly the greatest American battle of the war and will, I believe, be regarded as an ever famous American victory.\"[147]Montgomery subsequently recognized his error and later wrote: \"Not only was it probably a mistake to have held this conference at all in the sensitive state of feeling at the time, but what I said was skillfully distorted by the enemy.\" BBC correspondent Chester Wilmot explained that \"my dispatch to the BBC about it was intercepted by the German wireless, re-written to give it an anti-American bias, and then broadcast by Arnhem Radio, which was then in Goebbels' hands. Monitored at Bradley's HQ, this broadcast was mistaken for a BBC transmission and it was this twisted text that started the uproar.\"[148][149]Montgomery later said, \"Distorted or not, I think now that I should never have held that press conference. So great were the feelings against me on the part of the American generals that whatever I said was bound to be wrong. I should therefore have said nothing.\" Eisenhower commented in his own memoirs: \"I doubt if Montgomery ever came to realize how resentful some American commanders were. They believed he had belittled them—and they were not slow to voice reciprocal scorn and contempt.\"[150][151]Bradley and Patton both threatened to resign unless Montgomery's command was changed. Eisenhower, encouraged by his British deputy Arthur Tedder, had decided to sack Montgomery. Intervention by Montgomery's and Eisenhower's Chiefs of Staff, Guingand, and Walter Smith, moved Eisenhower to reconsider and allowed Montgomery to apologize.[citation needed]After the war Manteuffel, who commanded the 5th Panzer Army in the Ardennes, was imprisoned awaiting trial for war crimes. During this period he was interviewed by B. H. Liddell Hart, a British author who has since been accused of putting words in the mouths of German generals, and attempting to \"rewrite the historical record\".[152][153][154][155] After conducting several interviews via an interpreter, Liddell Hart in a subsequent book attributed to Manteuffel the following statement about Montgomery's contribution to the battle in the Ardennes:The operations of the American 1st Army had developed into a series of individual holding actions. Montgomery's contribution to restoring the situation was that he turned a series of isolated actions into a coherent battle fought according to a clear and definite plan. It was his refusal to engage in premature and piecemeal counter-attacks which enabled the Americans to gather their reserves and frustrate the German attempts to extend their breakthrough.[156]However, American historian Stephen Ambrose, writing in 1997, maintained that \"Putting Monty in command of the northern flank had no effect on the battle\".[157] Ambrose wrote that: \"Far from directing the victory, Montgomery had gotten in everyone's way, and had botched the counter-attack.\"[158] Bradley blamed Montgomery's \"stagnating conservatism\" for his failure to counterattack when ordered to do so by Eisenhower.[159]","title":"Strategy and leadership"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bastogne_JPG01.jpg"},{"link_name":"Mardasson Memorial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mardasson_Memorial"},{"link_name":"Bastogne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bastogne"}],"text":"The Mardasson Memorial near Bastogne, Belgium","title":"Casualties"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPogue1954396-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECirillo199553MacDonald1998618Miles2004-25"},{"link_name":"[160]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDupuyBongardAnderson1994466%E2%80%93471-176"},{"link_name":"[161]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacDonald199353-177"},{"link_name":"United States Department of the Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_the_Army"},{"link_name":"[162]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-178"},{"link_name":"Lorraine campaigns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lorraine_campaign"},{"link_name":"[163]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEU.S._Army_Statistical_and_Accounting_Branch1953[httpsarchiveorgdetailsArmyBattleCasualtiesAndNonbattleDeathsInWorldWarIiPt3Of4pagen21mode2up_92]-179"},{"link_name":"[164]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-180"}],"sub_title":"Allied","text":"The Battle of the Bulge was the bloodiest battle for U.S. forces during World War II. A preliminary Army report restricted to the First and Third U.S. Armies listed 75,482 casualties (8,407 killed, 46,170 wounded and 20,905 missing); British XXX Corps losses to 17 January 1945 were recorded as 1,408 (200 killed, 969 wounded, and 239 missing.)[13][19] T.N. Dupuy, David Bongard, and Richard Anderson list battle casualties for XXX Corps combat units as 1,462, including 222 killed, 977 wounded, and 263 missing to 16 January 1945 inclusive. Casualties among American divisions (excluding attached elements, corps and army-level combat support, and rear-area personnel) totaled 62,439 from 16 December 1944 to 16 January 1945, inclusive: 6,238 killed, 32,712 wounded, and 23,399 missing.[160] Historian Charles B. MacDonald lists 81,000 American casualties, 41,315 during the defensive phase and 39,672 during the drive to flatten the \"Bulge\" through 28 January.[161]An official report by the United States Department of the Army lists 105,102 casualties for the entire \"Ardennes-Alsace\" campaign, including 19,246 killed, 62,489 wounded, and 26,612 captured or missing; this number incorporates losses not just for the Battle of the Bulge but also all losses suffered during the period by units with the \"Ardennes-Alsace\" battle credit[162] (the entirety of U.S. First, Third and Seventh Armies), which includes losses suffered during the German offensive in Alsace, Operation Nordwind as well as forces engaged in the Saar and Lorraine campaigns, and the Battle of Hürtgen Forest during that time period.[163] For the period of December 1944 – January 1945 on the entire western front, Forrest Pogue gives a total of 28,178 U.S. military personnel captured, including shot down airmen.[164]","title":"Casualties"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[165]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-181"},{"link_name":"[166]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECirillo1995-182"},{"link_name":"[167]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBergstr%C3%B6m2014425-183"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DMSi_ACSDB_report-17"},{"link_name":"[168]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDupuyBongardAnderson1994474%E2%80%93477-184"},{"link_name":"[169]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBergstr%C3%B6m2014424-185"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Heeresarzt1944-14"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Heeresarzt1945-15"},{"link_name":"United States Army Center of Military History","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Army_Center_of_Military_History"},{"link_name":"[170]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStewart2010157-186"},{"link_name":"[171]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBergstr%C3%B6m2014426-187"},{"link_name":"[172]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-188"},{"link_name":"[173]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEParker1991292%E2%80%93293-189"},{"link_name":"[174]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECaddick-Adams2015649-190"}],"sub_title":"German","text":"The German High Command estimated that they lost between 81,834 and 98,024 men on the Western Front between 16 December 1944 and 25 January 1945; the accepted figure was 81,834, of which 12,652 were killed, 38,600 were wounded, and 30,582 were missing.[165] Allied estimates on German casualties range from 81,000 to 103,900.[166] Some authors have estimated German casualties as high as 125,000:[167]T.N. Dupuy's estimates based on fragmentary German records and oral testimony[12] suggests casualties among divisions and brigades alone (excluding attached elements, corps and army-level combat support, and rear-area personnel) totaled 74,459 from 16 December 1944 to 16 January 1945, inclusive: 11,048 killed, 34,168 wounded, and 29,243 missing.[168]\nGerman historian Hermann Jung lists 67,675 casualties from 16 December 1944 to late January 1945 for the three German armies that participated in the offensive.[169]\nThe German casualty reports for the involved armies count 63,222 losses from 10 December 1944 to 31 January 1945.[10][11]\nThe United States Army Center of Military History's official numbers are 75,000 American casualties and 100,000 German casualties.[170]Christer Bergström lists between 527 and 554 losses to all causes among German tanks, tank destroyers, and assault guns during the campaign, of which 324 were lost in combat.[171] Of the German write-offs, 16–20 were Tigers, 191–194 Panthers, 141–158 Panzer IVs, and 179–182 were tank destroyers and assault guns. Hermann Jung gave figures for 600 German tanks across the entire western front from December 16, 1944, to February 1, 1945.[172] Other sources place German losses in the range of 600–800: Magna E. Bauer's review of OKW records suggests 324 losses in December (77 Panzer IVs, 132 Panthers, 13 Tigers, and 102 assault guns) and even more in January. American losses over the same period were similarly heavy, totaling from 733 tanks and tank destroyers (exclusive of other types and losses suffered by British XXX Corps)[173] to 800 in tanks alone.[174]","title":"Casualties"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[175]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-191"},{"link_name":"Operation Veritable","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Veritable"},{"link_name":"the second phase of the Battle of Hürtgen Forest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_H%C3%BCrtgen_Forest#Second_phase"},{"link_name":"Siegfried Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siegfried_Line"},{"link_name":"[176]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-192"},{"link_name":"[177]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-193"},{"link_name":"[178]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESandler2002101-194"},{"link_name":"[179]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_Senarclens198839-195"},{"link_name":"[180]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeevor2015331-196"},{"link_name":"[181]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolroyd-Doveton2013367-197"},{"link_name":"[182]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChurchill1953244-198"},{"link_name":"[183]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlumenson1972127-199"},{"link_name":"[184]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYoungYoung2010534-200"},{"link_name":"[185]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClodfelter2008561-201"},{"link_name":"bulge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salient_(military)"},{"link_name":"[186]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECirillo19954Stanton2006-202"},{"link_name":"[q]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-204"},{"link_name":"[188]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECalvocoressi198048-205"},{"link_name":"[189]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBriggs2011122%E2%80%93123-206"}],"text":"Although the Germans managed to begin their offensive with complete surprise and enjoyed some initial successes, they were not able to seize the initiative on the Western Front. While the German command did not reach its goals, the Ardennes operation inflicted heavy losses and set back the Allied invasion of Germany by several weeks. The High Command of the Allied forces had planned to resume the offensive by early January 1945, after the wet season rains and severe frosts, but those plans had to be postponed until 29 January 1945 in connection with the unexpected changes in the front.[citation needed][175]The Allies pressed their advantage following the battle. By the beginning of February 1945, the lines were roughly where they had been in December 1944. In early February, the Allies launched an attack all along the Western front: in the north under Montgomery, they fought Operation Veritable (also known as the Battle of the Reichswald); east of Aachen they fought the second phase of the Battle of Hürtgen Forest; in the center, under Hodges; and in the south, under Patton.The German losses in the battle were especially critical: their last reserves were now gone, the Luftwaffe had been shattered, and remaining forces throughout the West were being pushed back to defend the Siegfried Line.[176][177]In response to the early success of the offensive, on 6 January Churchill contacted Stalin to request that the Soviets put pressure on the Germans on the Eastern Front.[178] On 12 January, the Soviets began the massive Vistula–Oder Offensive, originally planned for 20 January.[179] It had been brought forward from 20 January to 12 January because meteorological reports warned of a thaw later in the month, and the tanks needed hard ground for the offensive (and the advance of the Red Army was assisted by two Panzer Armies (5th and 6th) being redeployed for the Ardennes attack).[180]Churchill was elated at Stalin's offer of help,[181] thanking Stalin for the thrilling news.[182]During World War II, most U.S. black soldiers still served only in maintenance or service positions, or in segregated units. Because of troop shortages during the Battle of the Bulge, Eisenhower decided to integrate the service for the first time.[183] This was an important step toward a desegregated United States military. More than 2,000 black soldiers had volunteered to go to the front.[184] A total of 708 black Americans were killed in combat during World War II.[185]The Germans officially referred to the offensive by the codename Unternehmen Wacht am Rhein 'Operation Watch on the Rhine', while the Allies designated it the Ardennes Counteroffensive. The phrase \"Battle of the Bulge\" was coined by contemporary press to describe the bulge in German front lines on wartime news maps,[186][q] and it became the most widely used name for the battle. The offensive was planned by the German forces with utmost secrecy, with minimal radio traffic and movements of troops and equipment under cover of darkness. Intercepted German communications indicating a substantial German offensive preparation were not acted upon by the Allies.[188][189]","title":"Result"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Audie_Murphy_American_Cotton_Museum_July_2015_43_(Battle_of_the_Bulge_diorama).jpg"},{"link_name":"Audie Murphy American Cotton Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audie_Murphy_American_Cotton_Museum"},{"link_name":"war correspondents","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_correspondent"},{"link_name":"Saint-Vith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_St._Vith"},{"link_name":"[190]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nyssen-207"}],"text":"The Battle of the Bulge diorama at the Audie Murphy American Cotton MuseumThe battle around Bastogne received a great deal of media attention because in early December 1944 it was a rest and recreation area for many war correspondents. The rapid advance by the German forces who surrounded the town, the spectacular resupply operations via parachute and glider, along with the fast action of General Patton's Third U.S. Army, all were featured in newspaper articles and on radio and captured the public's imagination; there were no correspondents in the area of Saint-Vith, Elsenborn, or Monschau-Höfen.[190]","title":"Media attention"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Bletchley Park post-mortem"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"F. L. Lucas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F._L._Lucas"},{"link_name":"Peter Calvocoressi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Calvocoressi"},{"link_name":"Hut 3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hut_3"},{"link_name":"General Nye","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archibald_Nye"},{"link_name":"[191]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnnan1995121-208"},{"link_name":"[192]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHinsley199311-209"},{"link_name":"[193]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECalvocoressi200161%E2%80%9364-210"},{"link_name":"[194]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBennett2011179ff-211"},{"link_name":"[191]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnnan1995121-208"},{"link_name":"[195]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPearson201166%E2%80%9367-212"},{"link_name":"[193]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECalvocoressi200161%E2%80%9364-210"},{"link_name":"Arado Ar 234","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arado_Ar_234"},{"link_name":"[194]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBennett2011179ff-211"},{"link_name":"[193]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECalvocoressi200161%E2%80%9364-210"},{"link_name":"[194]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBennett2011179ff-211"},{"link_name":"[196]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith2011270%E2%80%93272-213"},{"link_name":"[197]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBennett1994270%E2%80%93272-214"}],"sub_title":"Missed indicators","text":"At Bletchley Park, F. L. Lucas and Peter Calvocoressi of Hut 3 were tasked by General Nye (as part of the enquiry set up by the Chiefs of Staff) with writing a report on the lessons to be learned from the handling of pre-battle Ultra.[191] The report concluded that \"the costly reverse might have been avoided if Ultra had been more carefully considered\".[192][193] \"Ultra intelligence was plentiful and informative\" though \"not wholly free from ambiguity\", \"but it was misread and misused\".[194] Lucas and Calvocoressi noted that \"intelligence staffs had been too apt to assume that Ultra would tell them everything\".[191] Among the signs misread were the formation of the new 6th Panzer Army in the build-up area (west bank of the Rhine about Cologne); the new 'Star' (signals control-network) noted by the 'Fusion Room' traffic-analysts, linking \"all the armoured divisions [assembling in the build-up area], including some transferred from the Russian front\";[195][193] the daily aerial reconnaissance of the lightly defended target area by new Arado Ar 234 jets \"as a matter of greatest urgency\"; the marked increase in railway traffic in the build-up area; the movement of 1,000 trucks from the Italian front to the build-up area; disproportionate anxiety about tiny hitches in troop movements, suggesting a tight timetable;[194][193] the quadrupling of Luftwaffe fighter forces in the West;[194] and decrypts of Japanese diplomatic signals from Berlin to Tokyo, mentioning \"the coming offensive\".[196][197]","title":"Bletchley Park post-mortem"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[r]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-216"},{"link_name":"[191]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnnan1995121-208"},{"link_name":"[196]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith2011270%E2%80%93272-213"},{"link_name":"[199]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMillward199324-217"},{"link_name":"[200]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBush2010-218"},{"link_name":"Secret Intelligence Service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secret_Intelligence_Service"},{"link_name":"UK National Archives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_National_Archives_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"[201]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-219"},{"link_name":"[202]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-220"}],"sub_title":"SHAEF failures","text":"For its part, Hut 3 had grown \"shy of going beyond its job of amending and explaining German messages. Drawing broad conclusions was for the intelligence staff at SHAEF, who had information from all sources,\" including aerial reconnaissance.[r] Lucas and Calvocoressi added that \"it would be interesting to know how much reconnaissance was flown over the Eiffel sector on the U.S. First Army Front\".[191] E. J. N. Rose, head Air Adviser in Hut 3, read the paper at the time and described it in 1998 as \"an extremely good report\" that \"showed the failure of intelligence at SHAEF and at the Air Ministry\".[196][199] Lucas and Calvocoressi \"expected heads to roll at Eisenhower's HQ, but they did no more than wobble\".[200]Five copies of a report by the Chief of the Secret Intelligence Service – Indications of the German Offensive of December 1944, derived from ULTRA material, submitted to DMI – were issued on 28 December 1944. Copy No. 2 is held by the UK National Archives as file HW 13/45.[201] It sets out the various indications of an impending offensive that were received, then offers conclusions about the wisdom conferred by hindsight; the dangers of becoming wedded to a fixed view of the enemy's likely intentions; over-reliance on \"Source\" (i.e. ULTRA); and improvements in German security. It also stresses the role played by poor Allied security: \"The Germans have this time prevented us from knowing enough about them; but we have not prevented them knowing far too much about us\".[202]","title":"Bletchley Park post-mortem"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"U.S. Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Army"},{"link_name":"[203]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-221"}],"text":"After the war ended, the U.S. Army issued battle credit in the form of the Ardennes-Alsace campaign citation to units and individuals that took part in operations in northwest Europe.[203] The citation covered troops in the Ardennes sector where the main battle took place, as well as units further south in the Alsace sector, including those in the northern Alsace who filled in the vacuum created by the U.S. Third Army racing north, engaged in the concurrent Operation Nordwind diversion in central and southern Alsace launched to weaken Allied response in the Ardennes, and provided reinforcements to units fighting in the Ardennes.","title":"Battle credit"}]
|
[{"image_text":"Map showing the swelling of \"the Bulge\" as the German offensive progressed creating the nose-like salient during 16–25 December 1944. Front line, 16 December Front line, 20 December Front line, 25 December Allied movements German movements","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Wacht_am_Rhein_map_%28Opaque%29.svg/300px-Wacht_am_Rhein_map_%28Opaque%29.svg.png"},{"image_text":"The German plan","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/German_Wacht_Am_Rhein_Offensive_Plan.png/350px-German_Wacht_Am_Rhein_Offensive_Plan.png"},{"image_text":"Situation on the Western Front as of 15 December 1944","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Western_Front_Ardennes_1944.jpg/220px-Western_Front_Ardennes_1944.jpg"},{"image_text":"Sepp Dietrich led the Sixth Panzer Army in the northernmost attack route.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Battle_of_the_Bulge_6th.jpg/350px-Battle_of_the_Bulge_6th.jpg"},{"image_text":"Scene of the Malmedy massacre","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Malmedy_Massacre.jpg/220px-Malmedy_Massacre.jpg"},{"image_text":"German troops advancing past abandoned American equipment","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/GERMAN_TROOPS_ADVANCING_PAST_ABANDONED_AMERICAN_EQUIPMENT.jpg/220px-GERMAN_TROOPS_ADVANCING_PAST_ABANDONED_AMERICAN_EQUIPMENT.jpg"},{"image_text":"M3 90mm gun-armed American M36 tank destroyers move forward to stem German spearhead near Werbomont, Belgium, 20 December 1944.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/American_tank_destroyers.jpg/220px-American_tank_destroyers.jpg"},{"image_text":"An American soldier escorts a German crewman from his wrecked Panther tank during the Battle of Elsenborn Ridge.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Captured_German_Panther_tank_crewman_1944.jpg/220px-Captured_German_Panther_tank_crewman_1944.jpg"},{"image_text":"Hasso von Manteuffel led the Fifth Panzer Army in the middle attack route.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Battle_of_the_Bulge_5th.jpg/350px-Battle_of_the_Bulge_5th.jpg"},{"image_text":"British Sherman \"Firefly\" tank in Namur on the Meuse River, December 1944","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/British_Sherman_Firefly_Namur.jpg/220px-British_Sherman_Firefly_Namur.jpg"},{"image_text":"Erich Brandenberger led Seventh Army in the southernmost attack route.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Battle_of_the_Bulge_7th.jpg/350px-Battle_of_the_Bulge_7th.jpg"},{"image_text":"U.S. POWs on 22 December 1944","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-J28589%2C_Kriegsgefangene_amerikanische_Soldaten.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-J28589%2C_Kriegsgefangene_amerikanische_Soldaten.jpg"},{"image_text":"A German machine gunner marching through the Ardennes in December 1944","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/German_soldier_Ardennes_1944.jpeg/170px-German_soldier_Ardennes_1944.jpeg"},{"image_text":"American Infantry fighting their way toward Bastogne, December 1944","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Infantry_near_Bastogne.png/170px-Infantry_near_Bastogne.png"},{"image_text":"P-47s destroyed at Y-34 Metz-Frescaty airfield during Operation Bodenplatte","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Y-34_Metz_Airfield_-_Destroyed_P-47s_Operation_Bodenplatte.jpg/220px-Y-34_Metz_Airfield_-_Destroyed_P-47s_Operation_Bodenplatte.jpg"},{"image_text":"Erasing the Bulge—The Allied counterattack, 26 December – 25 January","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/P41%28map%29.jpg/220px-P41%28map%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Map: Allied Offensive against Ardennes salient","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Allied_counter-offensive_Ardennes.jpg/220px-Allied_counter-offensive_Ardennes.jpg"},{"image_text":"German field commanders plan the advance","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-J28477%2C_Ardennenoffensive%2C_Lagebesprechnung.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-J28477%2C_Ardennenoffensive%2C_Lagebesprechnung.jpg"},{"image_text":"Field Marshal Montgomery","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Bernard_Law_Montgomery.jpg/170px-Bernard_Law_Montgomery.jpg"},{"image_text":"General Eisenhower, the Supreme Allied Commander","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Dwight_D._Eisenhower_as_General_of_the_Army_crop.jpg/170px-Dwight_D._Eisenhower_as_General_of_the_Army_crop.jpg"},{"image_text":"General Bradley","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/General_Bradley.jpg/170px-General_Bradley.jpg"},{"image_text":"The Mardasson Memorial near Bastogne, Belgium","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Bastogne_JPG01.jpg/220px-Bastogne_JPG01.jpg"},{"image_text":"The Battle of the Bulge diorama at the Audie Murphy American Cotton Museum","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Audie_Murphy_American_Cotton_Museum_July_2015_43_%28Battle_of_the_Bulge_diorama%29.jpg/220px-Audie_Murphy_American_Cotton_Museum_July_2015_43_%28Battle_of_the_Bulge_diorama%29.jpg"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Flag_of_Free_France_%281940-1944%29.svg/125px-Flag_of_Free_France_%281940-1944%29.svg.png"}]
|
[{"title":"Battle of Garfagnana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Garfagnana"},{"title":"German occupation of Luxembourg during World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_occupation_of_Luxembourg_during_World_War_II"},{"title":"Liberation of France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberation_of_France"},{"title":"Operation Spring Awakening","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Spring_Awakening"}]
|
[{"reference":"Caddick-Adams, Peter (31 October 2014). Snow and Steel: The Battle of the Bulge, 1944-45. Oxford University Press. p. 649. ISBN 978-0-19-933516-9. Retrieved 23 April 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.google.com/books/edition/Snow_and_Steel/L6siBQAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=0","url_text":"Snow and Steel: The Battle of the Bulge, 1944-45"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-933516-9","url_text":"978-0-19-933516-9"}]},{"reference":"\"Heeresarzt 10-Day Casualty Reports per Army/Army Group, 1944\". Archived from the original on 25 May 2013. Retrieved 29 May 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130525020822/http://ww2stats.com/cas_ger_okh_dec44.html","url_text":"\"Heeresarzt 10-Day Casualty Reports per Army/Army Group, 1944\""},{"url":"http://ww2stats.com/cas_ger_okh_dec44.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Heeresarzt 10-Day Casualty Reports per Army/Army Group, 1945\". Archived from the original on 25 May 2013. Retrieved 29 May 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130525020822/http://ww2stats.com/cas_ger_okh_dec45.html","url_text":"\"Heeresarzt 10-Day Casualty Reports per Army/Army Group, 1945\""},{"url":"http://ww2stats.com/cas_ger_okh_dec45.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"DMSi ACSDB report\". apps.dtic.mil/. DEFENSE TECHNICAL INFORMATION CENTER. Retrieved 25 July 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/citations/ADA240088","url_text":"\"DMSi ACSDB report\""}]},{"reference":"McCullough, David (2005). American Experience – The Battle of the Bulge (Videotape).","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"A Brief History of the U.S. Army in World War II\". history.army.mil. 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Office de Promotion du Tourisme de Wallonie et de Bruxelles. 2009. Archived from the original (PDF) on 7 February 2011. Retrieved 26 August 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110207121855/http://www.belgiumtouristguide.be/pdf/en/BAT60.pdf","url_text":"\"The Battle of the Ardennes\""},{"url":"http://www.belgiumtouristguide.be/pdf/en/BAT60.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Blockmans, Guy (6 May 2002). \"The British in the Battle of the Ardennes\". Archived from the original on 23 August 2012. 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United Kingdom: House of Commons. col. 416–428.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winston_Churchill","url_text":"Churchill, Winston"},{"url":"https://hansard.parliament.uk/Commons/1945-01-18/debates/00233599-f07e-400a-b065-36fd46245089/CommonsChamber#","url_text":"\"War Situation And Foreign Policy\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hansard","url_text":"Parliamentary Debates (Hansard)"}]},{"reference":"Naveh, Shimon (1997). In Pursuit of Military Excellence; The Evolution of Operational Theory. London: Francass. pp. 108–109. ISBN 0-7146-4727-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7146-4727-6","url_text":"0-7146-4727-6"}]},{"reference":"Mearsheimer, John (2010). Liddell Hart and the Weight of History. Cornell University Press. pp. 8–9, 203–204. ISBN 978-0-8014-7631-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8014-7631-0","url_text":"978-0-8014-7631-0"}]},{"reference":"Searle, Alaric (1998). \"A Very Special Relationship: Basil Liddell Hart, Wehrmacht Generals and the Debate on West German Rearmament, 1945–1953\". War in History. 5 (3): 327–357. doi:10.1177/096834459800500304. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tourism_in_India
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Tourism in India
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["1 Visa policy of India","1.1 e-Tourist Visa","2 Statistics","2.1 Domestic tourists","2.2 Foreign tourist arrivals and foreign exchange earnings","2.3 Foreign and domestic tourist visits by State","3 World Heritage Sites","4 Gallery","5 Outline of tourism in India","5.1 Tourist attractions","5.2 Tourism in states","6 See also","7 References","8 Further reading","9 External links"]
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This article needs to be updated. The reason given is: Update on COVID-19 and tourism industry. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (July 2021)
Chitrakote Falls in Jagdalpur the widest waterfall of India in Chhattisgarhview of Harangi Elephant Camp and Tree Park in CoorgShola Grasslands and forests in the Kudremukha National Park, Western Ghats, Karnataka during Monsoon seasonThe Taj Mahal, Agra. The epitome of Mughal architecture.Pangong Tso lake in LadakhValley of Flowers is a UNESCO World Heritage SiteOne of the Forts of Maharashtra near NashikWhite Sand Beach, Bakkhali , West BengalKas Plateau, a UNESCO World Heritage SiteKonark Sun Temple in Odisha, is a UNESCO World Heritage SitePahalgam is a popular tourist destination and hill station.Munnar hill station, a very popular hill station in IndiaIndira Gandhi Memorial Tulip Garden is a tulip garden in Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir. It is the largest tulip garden in Asia spread over an area of about 30 ha (74 acres).Chambal River Valley in Garadia Mahadev Temple, Kota, Rajasthan very popular destination in rajasthan
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Tourism in India is 4.6% of the country's gross domestic product (GDP). Unlike other sectors, tourism is not a priority sector for the Government of India. Forbes magazine ranked India as the 7th most beautiful country in 'The 50 Most Beautiful Countries In The World' rankings. The World Travel and Tourism Council calculated that tourism generated ₹13.2 lakh crore (US$160 billion) or 5.8% of India's GDP and supported 32.1 million jobs in 2021. Even though, these numbers were lower than the pre-pandemic figures; the country's economy witnessed a significant growth in 2021 after the massive downturn during 2020. The sector is predicted to grow at an annual rate of 7.8% to ₹33.8 lakh crore (US$400 billion) by 2031 (7.2% of GDP). India has established itself as the 5th largest global travel healthcare destination with an estimated market size of around $9 billion in 2019, out of the total global travel healthcare industry of $44.8 billion(2019). In 2014, 184,298 foreign patients travelled to India to seek medical treatment.
According to the Ministry of Tourism, over 6.19 million and 1.52 million foreign tourists arrived in India in 2022 and 2021 respectively compared to 10.93 million in 2019, representing a -44% degrowth. India has bigger domestic tourist population so it's not dependent on foreign tourist much. This makes India the 22nd most visited nation in the world and 8th in Asia and Pacific. Domestic tourist visits to all states and union territories numbered 1,036.35 million in 2012, an increase of 16.5% from 2011. In 2012, National Geographic's Traveller magazine named the state Kerala as one of the "ten paradises of the world" and "50 must see destinations of a lifetime". In 2014, Tamil Nadu, Maharashtra and Uttar Pradesh were the most popular states for tourists. Delhi, Mumbai, Chennai, Agra and Jaipur were the five most visited cities of India by foreign tourists during the year 2015. As of 2017, worldwide, Delhi is ranked 28th by the number of foreign tourist arrivals, while Mumbai is ranked 30th, Chennai 43rd, Agra 45th, Jaipur 52nd and Kolkata 90th.
The World Economic Forum's Travel and Tourism Development Index 2021, which replaced its previous Travel and Tourism Competitiveness Report, ranks India 54th out of 117 countries overall. The last edition of the Travel and Tourism Competitiveness Report, published in 2019, had ranked India 34th out of 140 countries overall. The report ranked the price competitiveness of India's tourism sector 13th out of 140 countries. It mentioned that India has quite good air transport infrastructure (ranked 33rd), particularly given the country's stage of development, and reasonable ground and port infrastructure (ranked 28th). The country also scored high on natural resources (ranked 14th), and cultural resources and business travel (ranked 8th). The World Tourism Organization reported that India's receipts from tourism during 2012 ranked 16th in the world, and 7th among Asian and Pacific countries.
The Ministry of Tourism designs national policies for the development and promotion of tourism. In the process, the Ministry consults and collaborates with other stakeholders in the sector including various central ministries/agencies, state governments, union territories and private sector representatives. Concerted efforts are being made to promote niche tourism products such as rural, cruise, medical and eco-tourism. The Ministry of Tourism maintains the Incredible India campaign focused on promoting tourism in India.
Visa policy of India
Main article: Visa policy of India
India requires citizens of most countries to hold a valid passport and apply for a travel visa at their local Indian embassy or consulate before their visit. Travellers can apply directly by mail or in person, or through their local travel services company. In 2014, India implemented an online method for citizens of 156 countries to apply for an e-Tourist Visa.
Nationals of Bhutan, Maldives, and Nepal do not require a travel visa to enter India. Citizens of Afghanistan, Argentina, Bangladesh, DPR Korea, Jamaica, Maldives, Mauritius, Mongolia, Nepal, South Africa and Uruguay are not required to pay a fee when obtaining an Indian visa.
During the pandemic year 2020, India had access to just 23 countries for travel, whereas now the Indian passport holders can travel visa-free to 60 countries.
A Protected Area Permit (PAP) is required to enter the states of Nagaland and Sikkim and some parts of the states of Arunachal Pradesh, Himachal Pradesh, Jammu and Kashmir, Manipur, Mizoram, Rajasthan and Uttarakhand. A Restricted Area Permit (RAP) is required to enter the Andaman and Nicobar Islands and parts of Sikkim. Special permits are needed to visit the Lakshadweep islands.
e-Tourist Visa
As a measure to boost tourism, the Indian Government implemented a new visa policy in November 2014, allowing tourists and business visitors to obtain a "visa on arrival" at 28 international airports, by acquiring an Electronic Travel Authorisation (ETA) online before arrival, without having to visit an Indian consulate or visa centre. In April 2015, the "visa on arrival" scheme was renamed "e-Tourist Visa" (or "e-TV") to avoid confusion.
The e-Tourist Visa facility requires a tourist to apply online on a secure Government of India website, at least four to thirty days before the date of travel. If approved, the visitor must print and carry the approved visa with their travel documents. The visa allows holders of an ETA to enter and stay anywhere in India for a period of ninety days except for citizens of US, UK, Japan and Canada. Citizens of these countries can stay for up to 180 days at a time. an ETA can be obtained twice in a single calendar year.
India first introduced its "visa on arrival" facility on 27 November 2014, to citizens of the following countries: Australia, Brazil, Cambodia, Cook Islands, Djibouti, Fiji, Finland, Germany, Indonesia, Israel, Japan, Jordan, Kenya, Kiribati, Laos, Luxembourg, Marshall Islands, Mauritius, Mexico, Micronesia, Myanmar, Nauru, New Zealand, Niue, Norway, Oman, Palau, Palestine, Papua New Guinea, Philippines, Russia, Samoa, Singapore, Solomon Islands, South Korea, Thailand, Tonga, Tuvalu, UAE, Ukraine, USA, Vanuatu and Vietnam. On 30 July 2015, the facility was extended to China, Macau and Hong Kong. On 15 August 2015, the facility was further extended to citizens of Andorra, Argentina, Armenia, Aruba, Belgium, Bolivia, Colombia, Cuba, East Timor, Guatemala, Hungary, Ireland, Jamaica, Malta, Malaysia, Mongolia, Monaco, Mozambique, the Netherlands, Panama, Peru, Poland, Portugal, Seychelles, Slovenia, Spain, Sri Lanka, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Suriname, Sweden, Taiwan, Tanzania, Turks and Caicos Islands, the United Kingdom, Uruguay and Venezuela. The facility should eventually be expanded to about 180 countries.
Chilika Lake, the largest lagoon of India
As a result of the new visa policy, 56,477 tourists arrived on an e-Tourist Visa during October 2015, compared with 2,705 tourist arrivals during October 2014 (just before the facility was introduced), representing a 1987.9% increase. During the period from January to October 2015, a total of 258,182 tourists arrived on an e-Tourist Visa, a 1073.8% increase on the 21,995 tourist arrivals during the same period in 2014 (before the e-Tourist Visa was available).
Statistics
Domestic tourists
During 2021, the number of Domestic Tourist Visits to the States/UTs was 67,76,32,981(677 million approx.) as compared to 61,02,16,157(610 million approx.) in 2020 registering a growth of 11.05%.
Foreign tourist arrivals and foreign exchange earnings
Foreign tourist arrivals in India (1997–20222)
Year
Arrivals (millions)
% change
1997
2.37
3.8
1998
2.36
−0.7
1999
2.48
5.2
2000
2.65
6.7
2001
2.54
−4.2
2002
2.38
−6.0
2003
2.73
14.3
2004
3.46
26.8
2005
3.92
13.3
2006
4.45
13.5
2007
5.08
14.3
2008
5.28
4.0
2009
5.17
−2.2
2010
5.78
11.8
2011
6.31
9.2
2012
6.58
4.3
2013
6.97
5.9
2014
7.68
10.2
2015
8.03
4.5
2016
8.80
9.7
2017
10.04
14.0
2018
10.56
5.2
2019
10.93
3.5
2020
2.74
-74.9
2021
1.52
-55.4
2022
6.19
307.2
Foreign exchange earnings from tourism in India (1997–2020)
Year
Earnings (US$ million)
% change
Earnings (₹ crores)
% change
1997
2,889
2.0
10,511
4.6
1998
2,948
2.0
12,150
15.6
1999
3,009
2.1
12,951
6.6
2000
3,460
15
15,626
20.7
2001
3,198
−7.6
15,083
−3.5
2002
3,103
−3.0
15,064
−0.1
2003
4,463
43.8
20,729
37.6
2004
6,170
38.2
27,944
34.8
2005
7,493
21.4
33,123
18.5
2006
8,634
15.2
39,025
17.8
2007
10,729
24.3
44,362
13.7
2008
11,832
10.3
51,294
15.6
2009
11,136
−5.9
53,754
4.8
2010
14,193
27.5
66,172
23.1
2011
16,564
16.7
83,036
25.5
2012
17,737
7.1
95,607
15.1
2013
18,445
4.0
107,563
12.5
2014
20,236
9.7
120,367
11.9
2015
21,071
4.1
134,844
12
2016
22,923
9.1
154,146
14.3
2017
27,310
19.1
177,874
15.4
2018
28,586
4.7
194,881
9.6
2019
30,058
5.1
211,661
8.6
2020
6,958
-76.8
50,136
-76.3
Source countries for foreign tourist arrivals in India in 2019
Rank
Country
Number
Share in %
1
Bangladesh
2,577,727
23.58
2
European Union
2,430,002
21.12
3
United States
1,512,032
13.83
4
United Kingdom
1,000,292
9.15
5
Sri Lanka
380,121
3.38
6
Australia
367,241
3.36
7
Canada
351,859
3.22
8
China (mainland)
339,442
3.11
9
Malaysia
334,579
3.06
10
Germany
264,973
2.42
11
Russia
251,319
2.3
Total of top 10
7,330,325
67.06
Foreign and domestic tourist visits by State
Share of top 10 states/UTs of India in number of foreign tourist visits in 2022
Rank
State/Union Territory
Numbers in Million
Share in %
1
Gujarat
1.78
20.70
2
Maharashtra
1.51
17.60
3
West Bengal
1.04
12.08
4
Delhi
0.82
9.50
5
Uttar Pradesh
0.65
7.56
6
Tamil Nadu
0.41
4.74
7
Rajasthan
0.40
4.62
8
Kerala
0.35
4.02
9
Punjab
0.33
3.84
10
Madhya Pradesh
0.20
2.38
Total of top 10 states
7.47
87.3
Others
1.11
12.97
Total
8.59
100
Share of top 10 states/UTs of India in number of domestic tourist visits in 2022
Rank
State/Union Territory
Numbers in Million
Share in %
1
Uttar Pradesh
317.91
18.37
2
Tamil Nadu
218.58
12.63
3
Andhra Pradesh
192.72
11.13
4
Karnataka
182.41
10.54
5
Gujarat
135.81
7.85
6
Maharashtra
111.30
6.43
7
Rajasthan
108.33
6.26
8
West Bengal
84.54
4.88
9
Telangana
60.75
3.51
10
Uttarakhand
54.64
3.16
Total of top 10 states
1467.00
84.75
Others
264.01
15.25
Total
1731.01
100
World Heritage Sites
Main articles: List of World Heritage Sites in India and Tourism in India by state
There are 42 World Heritage Sites in India that are recognised by the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) as of August
2023.
Gallery
North India
Dal Lake in Srinagar
Sultanpur National Park in Gurgaon
Munshi Ghat in Varanasi
Bhangarh Fort, a very popular fort city in Alwar
Udaipur's City Palace
Boats on Naini Lake in Nainital city
Lotus Temple in Delhi
Pangong Tso lake in Ladakh
Tso Moriri in Ladakh
Golden Temple, Amritsar
Khajjiar, Himachal Pradesh
Ayodhya city, birthplace of Ram
Pahalgam in Kashmir
Gulmarg in Kashmir
Sonmarg in Kashmir
Nubra Valley in Ladakh
Lodhi Gardens in New Delhi
Chhatarpur Temple in South Delhi
Akshardham Temple in New Delhi
South India
Tirupati temple
Madikeri or Coorg in Kodagu,Karnataka
Gandikota river valley in Andhra Pradesh
Ranipuram hills in Kerala
Houseboat in Kerala backwaters
Stone chariot in Hampi
Grasslands in Kudremukh National Park during Monsoon
Mysore Palace illuminated at night
Brihadeeswarar Temple at Thanjavur
Idukki Dam in Kerala
Gommateshwara statue in Shravanabelagola
Shore Temple, Mahabalipuram
Natural bridge in Neil Island
Beach on Havelock Island
Coral reef in Jolly Buoy Island, Andaman
Central India
Chitrakote Falls, the largest waterfalls in India at Jagdalpur
Laxman Temple, Sirpur
Marble Rocks in Bhedaghat
Dhuandhar Falls
Gwalior Fort, oldest fort in India
Mandwa Waterfalls
Rajwada Palace in Indore
Mahakal Lok corridor in Ujjain
Patalpani waterfalls near Indore
Boating club in Bhopal, The City of Lakes
Great Stupa at Sanchi near Bhopal
Bhimbetka rock shelters, a UNESCO World Heritage Site located near Bhopal
Khajuraho temples
A Tigress at Pench Tiger Reserve
West India
Statue of Unity
Kadiya Dhro in Rann of Kutch,Gujarat
Gokarna,Karnataka near Goa
Palolem Beach in Goa
Kaas Plateau , part of a UNESCO World Natural Heritage Site
Forts of Maharashtra are also called Green canyon of India
Lonar Lake, a notified National Geo-heritage Monument
Sai Baba temple in Shirdi
Alibag Sea beach in Maharashtra
Candolim beach in Goa
Kailasa Temple at Ellora
Elephanta Caves
Aguada Fort, Goa
An Asiatic Lion family in Gir National Park
Ajanta Caves in Maharashtra
View of Western Ghats in Lonavala
East India
Konark Sun Temple in Odisha
Dolphins in Chilika Lake, Satpada
Krang Suri Waterfalls in Cherrapunji, Meghalaya
Rainbow waterfalls in Meghalaya
Wei Sawdong Falls in Cherrapunji, Meghalaya
Santiniketan, West Bengal, a UNESCO World Heritage Site
Bakkhali, West Bengal
Ancient Nalanda mahavihara
Umiam Lake, Meghalaya
Dawki in Meghalaya
Shwetambar temple of Lord Parshvanatha,Parasnath hills
Mahabodhi Temple in Bodhgaya
Temple of the Vedic Planetarium, Mayapur, West Bengal
NorthEast India
Goecha La in Sikkim
Kaziranga in Assam
Gangtok from Tibet-Road
M.G Marg in Gangtok
Loktak Lake in Manipur
Sela Pass in Arunachal Pradesh
Outline of tourism in India
Tourist attractions
List of World Heritage Sites in India
List of National Geo-heritage Monuments in India
List of national parks of India
List of lakes of India
List of waterfalls in India
List of State Protected Monuments in India
List of beaches in India
Incredible India
List of Geographical Indications in India
Medical tourism in India
List of botanical gardens in India
List of hill stations in India
List of gates in India
List of zoos in India
List of protected areas of India
List of aquaria in India
List of forts in India
List of forests in India
Buddhist pilgrimage sites in India
Jain pilgrimage sites in India
Hindu pilgrimage sites in India
List of mosques in India
List of rock-cut temples in India
Wildlife sanctuaries of India
List of rivers of India
List of mountains in India
List of ecoregions in India
Coral reefs in India
List of stadiums in India
Tourism in states
List of tourism in different states of India
Tourism in Andaman and Nicobar
Tourism in Andhra Pradesh
Tourism in Arunachal Pradesh
Tourism in Assam
Tourism in Bihar
Tourism in Chandigarh
Tourism in Chhattisgarh
Tourism in Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu
Tourism in Delhi
Tourism in Goa
Tourism in Gujarat
Tourism in Haryana
Tourism in Himachal Pradesh
Tourism in Jammu and Kashmir
Tourism in Jharkhand
Tourism in Karnataka
Tourism in Kerala
Tourism in Ladakh
Tourism in Lakshadweep
Tourism in Madhya Pradesh
Tourism in Maharashtra
Tourism in Manipur
Tourism in Meghalaya
Tourism in Mizoram
Tourism in Nagaland
Tourism in Odisha
Tourism in Puducherry
Tourism in Punjab
Tourism in Rajasthan
Tourism in Sikkim
Tourism in Tamil Nadu
Tourism in Telangana
Tourism in Tripura
Tourism in Uttar Pradesh
Tourism in Uttarakhand
Tourism in West Bengal
Tourism in North East India
Shikkaras at Dal lake, Jammu and Kashmir, India
Khajuraho Temple, Madhya Pradesh, India
Beach of Goa, India
Gangotri Glacier, Uttarakhand, India
A Tea Garden of Cachar, Assam, India
Kaziranga National Park, Assam, India
Kumbh Mela Sangam, Allahabad, Uttar Pradesh, India
Akshardham Temple, Delhi, India
India Gate, New Delhi
Taj Mahal, Agra, Uttar Pradesh, India
Ladakh is a popular mountaineering site for climbers and trekkers.
The White Rann of Kutch, Gujarat
Thar Desert, Rajasthan
See also
India portalSociety portal
Economy of India
Aviation in India
Fishing in India
Tourism in India by state
Aerial lift in India
References
^ Bloom, Laura Begley. "The World's 50 Most Beautiful Countries (You Won't Believe Where The U.S. Ranked)". Forbes. Archived from the original on 4 May 2023. Retrieved 17 August 2023.
^ "India's Travel & Tourism could surpass pre-pandemic levels by the end of 2022". WTTC. Archived from the original on 30 September 2022. Retrieved 30 September 2022.
^ Singh, Harsimarbir. "India eyes to be a huge medical tourism hub in coming years". The Times of India. Archived from the original on 21 March 2023. Retrieved 13 October 2023.
^ "Medical value tourism in India: What makes the country a leading Medical Tourism Destination". 27 September 2021. Archived from the original on 4 February 2023. Retrieved 13 October 2023.
^ "Promotion of Medical Tourism". Press Information Bureau. Archived from the original on 7 May 2016. Retrieved 28 April 2016.
^ "India received 6.19 million Foreign Tourist Arrivals (FTAs) during 2022 as compare to 1.52 million during the same period of 2021". pib.gov.in. Archived from the original on 31 March 2024. Retrieved 17 August 2023.
^ "Foreign tourist arrivals to India 44% lesser than pre-Covid level". Deccan Herald. Archived from the original on 17 August 2023. Retrieved 17 August 2023.
^ "Most Visited Countries 2021". worldpopulationreview.com. Archived from the original on 6 December 2021. Retrieved 22 December 2021.
^ "India's Domestic Tourists increase by 16% crossing 1 Billion Mark". news.biharprabha.com. Indo-Asian News Service. Archived from the original on 26 October 2014. Retrieved 21 February 2014.
^ Aditi Sharma (7 February 2014). "Kerala: A vacation in paradise - Times of India". The Times of India. Archived from the original on 16 January 2023. Retrieved 16 January 2023.
^ "Tamil Nadu, UP pip Goa as tourist havens". Archived from the original on 28 July 2015. Retrieved 26 July 2015.
^ Bremner, Caroline. "Top 100 City Destinations Ranking" (PDF). Euromonitor International. Archived (PDF) from the original on 23 December 2019. Retrieved 30 January 2017.
^ "Travel & Tourism Development Index 2021 Rebuilding for a Sustainable and Resilient Future" (PDF). weforum.org. World Economic Forum. May 2022. p. 13. Archived (PDF) from the original on 3 July 2022. Retrieved 24 June 2022.
^ "Travel and Tourism Competitiveness Report 2019" (PDF). weforum.org. Archived (PDF) from the original on 4 September 2019. Retrieved 10 September 2019.
^ "Rank in Tourism" (Press release). Press Information Bureau, Government of India. 7 February 2014. Archived from the original on 22 February 2014. Retrieved 8 February 2014.
^ "Annual Report 2017–18" (PDF). Ministry of Tourism, Government of India. p. 27. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2 July 2018. Retrieved 27 August 2018.
^ a b c "e-Visa". Government of India. 2014. Archived from the original on 19 November 2017. Retrieved 26 November 2014.
^ "India launches e-visa facility for 43 countries". Deccan Herald. 27 November 2014. Archived from the original on 19 October 2022. Retrieved 19 October 2022.
^ "Indian Visa fee schedule for all nationalities" (PDF). Consulate General of India, Hong Kong. Archived (PDF) from the original on 29 March 2017. Retrieved 2 July 2018.
^ "Country/Territory Wise e-Visa Fee" (PDF). indianvisaonline.gov.in. Archived (PDF) from the original on 12 September 2017. Retrieved 2 July 2018.
^ "A complete list of 60 countries that offer visa on arrival to Indian travellers". The Times of India. ISSN 0971-8257. Archived from the original on 5 August 2023. Retrieved 17 August 2023.
^ "Visa Information – India". indiatravels.info. Archived from the original on 17 May 2018. Retrieved 17 November 2014.
^ "India announces new visa rules to boost tourism numbers". Yahoo!. 27 November 2014. Archived from the original on 6 July 2015. Retrieved 9 June 2015.
^ "India to extend visa-on-arrival to tourists from 180 countries". Zee News. 5 February 2014. Archived from the original on 29 June 2014. Retrieved 9 June 2015.
^ "Government Changes Name of Visa on Arrival Scheme to E-Tourist Visa". NDTV. 14 April 2015. Archived from the original on 24 April 2021. Retrieved 9 June 2015.
^ "2019 Updated India eVisa information". 6 November 2019. Archived from the original on 5 November 2019. Retrieved 5 November 2019.
^ "Extension of e-Tourist Visa scheme to China, Hong Kong and Macau from tomorrow". Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India. 29 July 2015. Archived from the original on 17 April 2023. Retrieved 13 April 2023.
^ "Press Note – Extension of e-Tourist Visa scheme to 36 more countries and 7 more airports from 15th August 2015" (PDF). indianembassy.fi. Archived from the original (PDF) on 15 January 2016. Retrieved 29 August 2018.
^ "1988% growth registered in tourist visa-on-arrival in October". The Times of India. 18 November 2015. Archived from the original on 31 March 2024. Retrieved 29 August 2018.
^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 11 October 2023. Retrieved 22 September 2023.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
^ a b c "India Tourism Statistics at a Glance" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 31 October 2021. Retrieved 9 December 2021.
^ "India tourism statistic at a glance 2023" (PDF). 28 July 2023. Archived (PDF) from the original on 21 January 2024.
^ "India tourism statistic at a glance 2023" (PDF). 28 July 2023. Archived (PDF) from the original on 21 January 2024.
^ "Properties Inscribed on the World heritage List". UNESCO. Archived from the original on 2 May 2012. Retrieved 1 October 2010.
^ "World Heritage Day: Five must-visit sites in India". Archived from the original on 19 April 2015.
Further reading
Gupta, S. P., and Krishna Lal. 1974. Tourism, museums, and monuments in India. Delhi: Oriental Publishers.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Tourism in India.
Wikivoyage has a travel guide for India.
Ministry of Tourism, India
Visa on Arrival, Government of India
Gujarat Tourism Official, Government Website
Jammu & Kashmir Tourism Official Government website
Himachal Pradesh Tourism Official Government website
Punjab Tourism Official Government website
Haryana Tourism Official Government website
Delhi Tourism Official Government website
Rajasthan Tourism Official Government website
Uttar Pradesh Tourism , Government of India
Karnataka Tourism Official Government website
Madhya Pradesh Tourism Official Government website
Maharashtra Tourism Official Government website
Telangana Tourism Official, Government of India
Andhra Pradesh Tourism Official, Government of India
India travel and tourism at Curlie
Bradnock, Roma (2004). Footprint India Footprint Travel Guides, Bath, UK. ISBN 1-904777-00-7.
DeBruyn, Pippa; Bain, Keith; Venkatraman, Niloufer (2010). Frommer's India.
"India in One, Two or Three Weeks". The New York Times. 23 March 2012.
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See also
Incredible India
Atithi Devo Bhava
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|
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Bengal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Bengal"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kaas_world_Heritage.jpg"},{"link_name":"Kas Plateau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kas_Plateau_Reserved_Forest"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Konarka_Temple.jpg"},{"link_name":"Konark Sun Temple","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konark_Sun_Temple"},{"link_name":"Odisha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odisha"},{"link_name":"UNESCO World Heritage Site","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNESCO_World_Heritage_Site"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pine_trees_in_the_snow_in_Pahalgam.jpg"},{"link_name":"Pahalgam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pahalgam"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Munnar_hill_station_.JPG"},{"link_name":"Munnar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Munnar"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tulip_Gardens_,_Kashmir.jpg"},{"link_name":"Indira Gandhi Memorial Tulip Garden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indira_Gandhi_Memorial_Tulip_Garden"},{"link_name":"Srinagar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Srinagar"},{"link_name":"Jammu and Kashmir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmir_(union_territory)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Chambal-river-gorge.jpg"},{"link_name":"Chambal River Valley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chambal_River"},{"link_name":"Kota, Rajasthan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kota,_Rajasthan"},{"link_name":"gross domestic product","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gross_domestic_product"},{"link_name":"Government of India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_India"},{"link_name":"Forbes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forbes"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"World Travel and Tourism Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Travel_and_Tourism_Council"},{"link_name":"India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Ministry of Tourism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Tourism_(India)"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Asia and Pacific","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asia-Pacific"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"union territories","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_territory"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"National Geographic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Geographic"},{"link_name":"Traveller magazine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Traveler_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"Kerala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerala"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Tamil Nadu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_Nadu"},{"link_name":"Maharashtra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maharashtra"},{"link_name":"Uttar Pradesh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uttar_Pradesh"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Delhi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delhi"},{"link_name":"Mumbai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mumbai"},{"link_name":"Chennai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chennai"},{"link_name":"Agra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agra"},{"link_name":"Jaipur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaipur"},{"link_name":"Delhi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delhi"},{"link_name":"Mumbai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mumbai"},{"link_name":"Chennai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chennai"},{"link_name":"Agra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agra"},{"link_name":"Jaipur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaipur"},{"link_name":"Kolkata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolkata"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"World Economic Forum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Economic_Forum"},{"link_name":"Travel and Tourism Development Index","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Travel_and_Tourism_Development_Index"},{"link_name":"Travel and Tourism Competitiveness Report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Travel_and_Tourism_Competitiveness_Report"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"World Tourism Organization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Tourism_Organization"},{"link_name":"Asian and Pacific","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asia-Pacific"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Ministry of Tourism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Tourism_(India)"},{"link_name":"central ministries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_Government_ministries_of_India"},{"link_name":"agencies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Union_Government_agencies_of_India"},{"link_name":"state governments","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_governments_of_India"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AnnualReport2017%E2%80%9318-16"},{"link_name":"Incredible India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incredible_India"}],"text":"Chitrakote Falls in Jagdalpur the widest waterfall of India in Chhattisgarhview of Harangi Elephant Camp and Tree Park in CoorgShola Grasslands and forests in the Kudremukha National Park, Western Ghats, Karnataka during Monsoon seasonThe Taj Mahal, Agra. The epitome of Mughal architecture.Pangong Tso lake in LadakhValley of Flowers is a UNESCO World Heritage SiteOne of the Forts of Maharashtra near NashikWhite Sand Beach, Bakkhali , West BengalKas Plateau, a UNESCO World Heritage SiteKonark Sun Temple in Odisha, is a UNESCO World Heritage SitePahalgam is a popular tourist destination and hill station.Munnar hill station, a very popular hill station in IndiaIndira Gandhi Memorial Tulip Garden is a tulip garden in Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir. It is the largest tulip garden in Asia spread over an area of about 30 ha (74 acres).Chambal River Valley in Garadia Mahadev Temple, Kota, Rajasthan very popular destination in rajasthanTourism in India is 4.6% of the country's gross domestic product (GDP). Unlike other sectors, tourism is not a priority sector for the Government of India. Forbes magazine ranked India as the 7th most beautiful country in 'The 50 Most Beautiful Countries In The World' rankings.[1] The World Travel and Tourism Council calculated that tourism generated ₹13.2 lakh crore (US$160 billion) or 5.8% of India's GDP and supported 32.1 million jobs in 2021. Even though, these numbers were lower than the pre-pandemic figures; the country's economy witnessed a significant growth in 2021 after the massive downturn during 2020. The sector is predicted to grow at an annual rate of 7.8% to ₹33.8 lakh crore (US$400 billion) by 2031 (7.2% of GDP).[2] India has established itself as the 5th largest global travel healthcare destination with an estimated market size of around $9 billion in 2019, out of the total global travel healthcare industry of $44.8 billion(2019).[3][4] In 2014, 184,298 foreign patients travelled to India to seek medical treatment.[5]According to the Ministry of Tourism, over 6.19 million and 1.52 million foreign tourists arrived in India in 2022 and 2021 respectively compared to 10.93 million in 2019, representing a -44% degrowth.[6][7] India has bigger domestic tourist population so it's not dependent on foreign tourist much. This makes India the 22nd most visited nation in the world and 8th in Asia and Pacific.[8] Domestic tourist visits to all states and union territories numbered 1,036.35 million in 2012, an increase of 16.5% from 2011.[9] In 2012, National Geographic's Traveller magazine named the state Kerala as one of the \"ten paradises of the world\" and \"50 must see destinations of a lifetime\".[10] In 2014, Tamil Nadu, Maharashtra and Uttar Pradesh were the most popular states for tourists.[11] Delhi, Mumbai, Chennai, Agra and Jaipur were the five most visited cities of India by foreign tourists during the year 2015. As of 2017, worldwide, Delhi is ranked 28th by the number of foreign tourist arrivals, while Mumbai is ranked 30th, Chennai 43rd, Agra 45th, Jaipur 52nd and Kolkata 90th.[12]The World Economic Forum's Travel and Tourism Development Index 2021, which replaced its previous Travel and Tourism Competitiveness Report, ranks India 54th out of 117 countries overall.[13] The last edition of the Travel and Tourism Competitiveness Report, published in 2019, had ranked India 34th out of 140 countries overall. The report ranked the price competitiveness of India's tourism sector 13th out of 140 countries. It mentioned that India has quite good air transport infrastructure (ranked 33rd), particularly given the country's stage of development, and reasonable ground and port infrastructure (ranked 28th). The country also scored high on natural resources (ranked 14th), and cultural resources and business travel (ranked 8th).[14] The World Tourism Organization reported that India's receipts from tourism during 2012 ranked 16th in the world, and 7th among Asian and Pacific countries.[15]The Ministry of Tourism designs national policies for the development and promotion of tourism. In the process, the Ministry consults and collaborates with other stakeholders in the sector including various central ministries/agencies, state governments, union territories and private sector representatives. Concerted efforts are being made to promote niche tourism products such as rural, cruise, medical and eco-tourism.[16] The Ministry of Tourism maintains the Incredible India campaign focused on promoting tourism in India.","title":"Tourism in India"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"travel visa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Travel_visa"},{"link_name":"travel services company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Travel_agency"},{"link_name":"e-Tourist Visa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#e-Tourist_Visa"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tvoa-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Bhutan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhutan"},{"link_name":"Maldives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maldives"},{"link_name":"Nepal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nepal"},{"link_name":"Argentina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentina"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"Protected Area Permit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protected_Area_Permit"},{"link_name":"Nagaland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nagaland"},{"link_name":"Sikkim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sikkim"},{"link_name":"Arunachal Pradesh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arunachal_Pradesh"},{"link_name":"Himachal Pradesh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himachal_Pradesh"},{"link_name":"Jammu and Kashmir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmir_(union_territory)"},{"link_name":"Manipur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manipur"},{"link_name":"Mizoram","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mizoram"},{"link_name":"Rajasthan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rajasthan"},{"link_name":"Uttarakhand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uttarakhand"},{"link_name":"Restricted Area Permit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Restricted_Area_Permit"},{"link_name":"Andaman and Nicobar Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andaman_and_Nicobar_Islands"},{"link_name":"Sikkim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sikkim"},{"link_name":"Lakshadweep","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lakshadweep"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"}],"text":"India requires citizens of most countries to hold a valid passport and apply for a travel visa at their local Indian embassy or consulate before their visit. Travellers can apply directly by mail or in person, or through their local travel services company. In 2014, India implemented an online method for citizens of 156 countries to apply for an e-Tourist Visa.[17][18]Nationals of Bhutan, Maldives, and Nepal do not require a travel visa to enter India. Citizens of Afghanistan, Argentina, Bangladesh, DPR Korea, Jamaica, Maldives, Mauritius, Mongolia, Nepal, South Africa and Uruguay are not required to pay a fee when obtaining an Indian visa.[19][20]During the pandemic year 2020, India had access to just 23 countries for travel, whereas now the Indian passport holders can travel visa-free to 60 countries.[21]A Protected Area Permit (PAP) is required to enter the states of Nagaland and Sikkim and some parts of the states of Arunachal Pradesh, Himachal Pradesh, Jammu and Kashmir, Manipur, Mizoram, Rajasthan and Uttarakhand. A Restricted Area Permit (RAP) is required to enter the Andaman and Nicobar Islands and parts of Sikkim. Special permits are needed to visit the Lakshadweep islands.[22]","title":"Visa policy of India"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"Indian Government","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_India"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-zee14-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tvoa-17"},{"link_name":"Palestine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_of_Palestine"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tvoa-17"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Birds_eyeview_of_Chilika_Lake.jpg"},{"link_name":"Chilika Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chilika_Lake"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"}],"sub_title":"e-Tourist Visa","text":"As a measure to boost tourism,[23] the Indian Government implemented a new visa policy in November 2014, allowing tourists and business visitors to obtain a \"visa on arrival\" at 28 international airports, by acquiring an Electronic Travel Authorisation (ETA) online before arrival, without having to visit an Indian consulate or visa centre.[24] In April 2015, the \"visa on arrival\" scheme was renamed \"e-Tourist Visa\" (or \"e-TV\") to avoid confusion.[25]The e-Tourist Visa facility requires a tourist to apply online on a secure Government of India website, at least four to thirty days before the date of travel. If approved, the visitor must print and carry the approved visa with their travel documents. The visa allows holders of an ETA to enter and stay anywhere in India for a period of ninety days except for citizens of US, UK, Japan and Canada. Citizens of these countries can stay for up to 180 days at a time.[26] an ETA can be obtained twice in a single calendar year.[17]India first introduced its \"visa on arrival\" facility on 27 November 2014, to citizens of the following countries: Australia, Brazil, Cambodia, Cook Islands, Djibouti, Fiji, Finland, Germany, Indonesia, Israel, Japan, Jordan, Kenya, Kiribati, Laos, Luxembourg, Marshall Islands, Mauritius, Mexico, Micronesia, Myanmar, Nauru, New Zealand, Niue, Norway, Oman, Palau, Palestine, Papua New Guinea, Philippines, Russia, Samoa, Singapore, Solomon Islands, South Korea, Thailand, Tonga, Tuvalu, UAE, Ukraine, USA, Vanuatu and Vietnam.[17] On 30 July 2015, the facility was extended to China, Macau and Hong Kong.[27] On 15 August 2015, the facility was further extended to citizens of Andorra, Argentina, Armenia, Aruba, Belgium, Bolivia, Colombia, Cuba, East Timor, Guatemala, Hungary, Ireland, Jamaica, Malta, Malaysia, Mongolia, Monaco, Mozambique, the Netherlands, Panama, Peru, Poland, Portugal, Seychelles, Slovenia, Spain, Sri Lanka, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Suriname, Sweden, Taiwan, Tanzania, Turks and Caicos Islands, the United Kingdom, Uruguay and Venezuela.[28] The facility should eventually be expanded to about 180 countries.Chilika Lake, the largest lagoon of IndiaAs a result of the new visa policy, 56,477 tourists arrived on an e-Tourist Visa during October 2015, compared with 2,705 tourist arrivals during October 2014 (just before the facility was introduced), representing a 1987.9% increase. During the period from January to October 2015, a total of 258,182 tourists arrived on an e-Tourist Visa, a 1073.8% increase on the 21,995 tourist arrivals during the same period in 2014 (before the e-Tourist Visa was available).[29]","title":"Visa policy of India"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Statistics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"}],"sub_title":"Domestic tourists","text":"During 2021, the number of Domestic Tourist Visits to the States/UTs was 67,76,32,981(677 million approx.) as compared to 61,02,16,157(610 million approx.) in 2020 registering a growth of 11.05%.[30]","title":"Statistics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2019Data-31"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2019Data-31"}],"sub_title":"Foreign tourist arrivals and foreign exchange earnings","text":"Foreign tourist arrivals in India (1997–20222)[31]\n\n\nYear\nArrivals (millions)\n% change\n\n\n1997\n2.37\n3.8\n\n\n1998\n2.36\n−0.7\n\n\n1999\n2.48\n5.2\n\n\n2000\n2.65\n6.7\n\n\n2001\n2.54\n−4.2\n\n\n2002\n\n2.38\n\n−6.0\n\n\n2003\n\n2.73\n\n14.3\n\n\n2004\n\n3.46\n\n26.8\n\n\n2005\n\n3.92\n\n13.3\n\n\n2006\n\n4.45\n\n13.5\n\n\n2007\n\n5.08\n\n14.3\n\n\n2008\n\n5.28\n\n4.0\n\n\n2009\n\n5.17\n\n−2.2\n\n\n2010\n\n5.78\n\n11.8\n\n\n2011\n\n6.31\n\n9.2\n\n\n2012\n\n6.58\n\n4.3\n\n\n2013\n\n6.97\n\n5.9\n\n\n2014\n\n7.68\n\n10.2\n\n\n2015\n\n8.03\n\n4.5\n\n\n2016\n\n8.80\n\n9.7\n\n\n2017\n\n10.04\n\n14.0\n\n\n2018\n\n10.56\n\n5.2\n\n\n2019\n\n10.93\n\n3.5\n\n\n2020\n\n2.74\n\n-74.9\n\n\n2021\n\n1.52\n\n-55.4\n\n\n2022\n\n6.19\n\n307.2\n\n\n\n\n\n\nForeign exchange earnings from tourism in India (1997–2020)[31]\n\n\nYear\nEarnings (US$ million)\n% change\nEarnings (₹ crores)\n% change\n\n\n1997\n2,889\n2.0\n10,511\n4.6\n\n\n1998\n\n2,948\n\n2.0\n\n12,150\n\n15.6\n\n\n1999\n\n3,009\n\n2.1\n\n12,951\n\n6.6\n\n\n2000\n\n3,460\n\n15\n\n15,626\n\n20.7\n\n\n2001\n\n3,198\n\n−7.6\n\n15,083\n\n−3.5\n\n\n2002\n\n3,103\n\n−3.0\n\n15,064\n\n−0.1\n\n\n2003\n\n4,463\n\n43.8\n\n20,729\n\n37.6\n\n\n2004\n\n6,170\n\n38.2\n\n27,944\n\n34.8\n\n\n2005\n\n7,493\n\n21.4\n\n33,123\n\n18.5\n\n\n2006\n\n8,634\n\n15.2\n\n39,025\n\n17.8\n\n\n2007\n\n10,729\n\n24.3\n\n44,362\n\n13.7\n\n\n2008\n\n11,832\n\n10.3\n\n51,294\n\n15.6\n\n\n2009\n\n11,136\n\n−5.9\n\n53,754\n\n4.8\n\n\n2010\n\n14,193\n\n27.5\n\n66,172\n\n23.1\n\n\n2011\n\n16,564\n\n16.7\n\n83,036\n\n25.5\n\n\n2012\n\n17,737\n\n7.1\n\n95,607\n\n15.1\n\n\n2013\n\n18,445\n\n4.0\n\n107,563\n\n12.5\n\n\n2014\n\n20,236\n\n9.7\n\n120,367\n\n11.9\n\n\n2015\n\n21,071\n\n4.1\n\n134,844\n\n12\n\n\n2016\n\n22,923\n\n9.1\n\n154,146\n\n14.3\n\n\n2017\n\n27,310\n\n19.1\n\n177,874\n\n15.4\n\n\n2018\n\n28,586\n\n4.7\n\n194,881\n\n9.6\n\n\n2019\n\n30,058\n\n5.1\n\n211,661\n\n8.6\n\n\n2020\n\n6,958\n\n-76.8\n\n50,136\n\n-76.3","title":"Statistics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"UTs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_Territory"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"Gujarat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gujarat"},{"link_name":"Maharashtra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maharashtra"},{"link_name":"West Bengal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Bengal"},{"link_name":"Delhi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delhi"},{"link_name":"Uttar Pradesh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uttar_Pradesh"},{"link_name":"Tamil Nadu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_Nadu"},{"link_name":"Rajasthan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rajasthan"},{"link_name":"Kerala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerala"},{"link_name":"Punjab","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjab,_India"},{"link_name":"Madhya Pradesh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madhya_Pradesh"},{"link_name":"UTs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_Territory"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"}],"sub_title":"Foreign and domestic tourist visits by State","text":"Share of top 10 states/UTs of India in number of foreign tourist visits in 2022[32]\n\n\nRank\n\nState/Union Territory\n\nNumbers in Million\n\nShare in %\n\n\n1\n\nGujarat\n\n1.78\n\n20.70\n\n\n2\n\nMaharashtra\n\n1.51\n\n17.60\n\n\n3\n\nWest Bengal\n\n1.04\n\n12.08\n\n\n4\n\nDelhi\n\n0.82\n\n9.50\n\n\n5\n\nUttar Pradesh\n\n0.65\n\n7.56\n\n\n6\n\nTamil Nadu\n\n0.41\n\n4.74\n\n\n7\n\nRajasthan\n\n0.40\n\n4.62\n\n\n8\n\nKerala\n\n0.35\n\n4.02\n\n\n9\n\nPunjab\n\n0.33\n\n3.84\n\n\n10\n\nMadhya Pradesh\n\n0.20\n\n2.38\n\n\nTotal of top 10 states\n\n7.47\n\n87.3\n\n\nOthers\n\n1.11\n\n12.97\n\n\nTotal\n\n8.59\n\n100\n\n\n\n\nShare of top 10 states/UTs of India in number of domestic tourist visits in 2022[33]\n\n\nRank\n\nState/Union Territory\n\nNumbers in Million\n\nShare in %\n\n\n1\n\nUttar Pradesh\n\n317.91\n\n18.37\n\n\n2\n\nTamil Nadu\n\n218.58\n\n12.63\n\n\n3\n\nAndhra Pradesh\n\n192.72\n\n11.13\n\n\n4\n\nKarnataka\n\n182.41\n\n10.54\n\n\n5\n\nGujarat\n\n135.81\n\n7.85\n\n\n6\n\nMaharashtra\n\n111.30\n\n6.43\n\n\n7\n\nRajasthan\n\n108.33\n\n6.26\n\n\n8\n\nWest Bengal\n\n84.54\n\n4.88\n\n\n9\n\nTelangana\n\n60.75\n\n3.51\n\n\n10\n\nUttarakhand\n\n54.64\n\n3.16\n\n\nTotal of top 10 states\n\n1467.00\n\n84.75\n\n\nOthers\n\n264.01\n\n15.25\n\n\nTotal\n\n1731.01\n\n100","title":"Statistics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"World Heritage Sites","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Heritage_Site"},{"link_name":"United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNESCO"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-India-34"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"}],"text":"There are 42 World Heritage Sites in India that are recognised by the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) as of August \n2023.[34][35]","title":"World Heritage Sites"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dal_Lake_Hazratbal_Srinagar.jpg"},{"link_name":"Dal Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dal_Lake"},{"link_name":"Srinagar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Srinagar"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sultanpur_Bird_Sanctuary,_Haryana..JPG"},{"link_name":"Sultanpur National Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultanpur_National_Park"},{"link_name":"Gurgaon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gurgaon"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Munshi_Ghat_in_Varanasi.jpg"},{"link_name":"Munshi Ghat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Munshi_Ghat"},{"link_name":"Varanasi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varanasi"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bhangarh_Fort_alwar.jpg"},{"link_name":"Bhangarh Fort","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhangarh_Fort"},{"link_name":"Alwar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alwar"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Udaipur_City_Palace_November_2013.jpg"},{"link_name":"Udaipur's City Palace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_Palace,_Udaipur"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:A_view_of_Nainital_lake_with_the_morning_mist.jpg"},{"link_name":"Naini Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nainital_Lake"},{"link_name":"Nainital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nainital"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lotus_Temple_in_New_Delhi_03-2016.jpg"},{"link_name":"Lotus Temple","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lotus_Temple"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pangong_lake_-_Ladakh.jpg"},{"link_name":"Pangong Tso","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pangong_Tso"},{"link_name":"Ladakh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ladakh"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Karakoram-West_Tibetan_Plateau_alpine_steppe.jpg"},{"link_name":"Tso Moriri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tso_Moriri"},{"link_name":"Ladakh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ladakh"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hamandir_Sahib_(Golden_Temple).jpg"},{"link_name":"Golden Temple","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_Temple"},{"link_name":"Amritsar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amritsar"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Khajjiar.jpg"},{"link_name":"Khajjiar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khajjiar"},{"link_name":"Himachal Pradesh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himachal_Pradesh"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sarayu_River_night_view,_Ayodhya_001.jpg"},{"link_name":"Ayodhya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayodhya"},{"link_name":"Ram","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rama"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pahalgam_Golf_Course.jpg"},{"link_name":"Pahalgam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pahalgam"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gulmarg_-_Jammu_and_Kashmir.jpg"},{"link_name":"Gulmarg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulmarg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sonmarg_rishav7336.jpg"},{"link_name":"Sonmarg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonmarg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:5_Nubra_valley.jpg"},{"link_name":"Nubra Valley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nubra_Valley"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tomb_of_Mohammad_Shah.jpg"},{"link_name":"Lodhi Gardens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lodhi_Gardens"},{"link_name":"New Delhi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Delhi"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Chattarpur_Temple.jpg"},{"link_name":"Chhatarpur Temple","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chhatarpur_Temple"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Swaminarayan_Akshardham,_Delhi.jpg"},{"link_name":"Akshardham Temple","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swaminarayan_Akshardham_(Delhi)"},{"link_name":"New Delhi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Delhi"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tirumala_090615.jpg"},{"link_name":"Tirupati temple","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venkateswara_Temple,_Tirumala"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Coorg_-_The_Scotland_of_India.jpg"},{"link_name":"Madikeri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madikeri"},{"link_name":"Kodagu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kodagu_district"},{"link_name":"Karnataka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karnataka"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Grand_Canon_of_India_(Gandikota).jpg"},{"link_name":"Gandikota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gandikota"},{"link_name":"Andhra Pradesh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andhra_Pradesh"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ranipuram_hill.jpg"},{"link_name":"Ranipuram","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ranipuram"},{"link_name":"Kerala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerala"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Houseboats_at_Kerala_Backwaters.jpg"},{"link_name":"Houseboat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houseboat"},{"link_name":"Kerala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerala"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_Stone_Chariot,Hampi.jpg"},{"link_name":"Hampi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hampi"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kuduremukha-NationalPark_Grassland.jpg"},{"link_name":"Kudremukh National Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kudremukha"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mysore_palace_illuminated.jpg"},{"link_name":"Mysore Palace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mysore_Palace"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_big_temple.jpg"},{"link_name":"Brihadeeswarar Temple","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brihadeeswarar_Temple"},{"link_name":"Thanjavur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thanjavur"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Idukki013.jpg"},{"link_name":"Idukki Dam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idukki_Dam"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Shravanabelagola_Hillview.jpg"},{"link_name":"Gommateshwara statue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gommateshwara_statue"},{"link_name":"Shravanabelagola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shravanabelagola"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mamallapuram,_Shore_Temple,_India.jpg"},{"link_name":"Shore Temple","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shore_Temple"},{"link_name":"Mahabalipuram","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahabalipuram"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Keshet_neal_island_india.jpg"},{"link_name":"Neil Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Island"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Havelock_Island,_Ethereal_mangrove_tree,_Andaman_Islands.jpg"},{"link_name":"Havelock Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Havelock_Island"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_Coral_Reef_at_the_Andaman_Islands.jpg"},{"link_name":"Jolly Buoy Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi_Marine_National_Park"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_Chitrakote_Falls.jpg"},{"link_name":"Chitrakote Falls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chitrakote_Falls"},{"link_name":"Jagdalpur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jagdalpur"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Laxman_temple_at_sirpur,chhattisgarh,india.JPG"},{"link_name":"Laxman Temple, Sirpur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sirpur_Group_of_Monuments"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:White_Marble_Rocks_at_Bhedaghat.jpg"},{"link_name":"Marble Rocks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marble_Rocks"},{"link_name":"Bhedaghat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhedaghat"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Marble_Rocks,_MP,_India.jpg"},{"link_name":"Dhuandhar Falls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dhuandhar_Falls"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gwalior_Fort_front.jpg"},{"link_name":"Gwalior Fort","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gwalior_Fort"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mandwa_Waterfall,_Bastar.jpg"},{"link_name":"Mandwa Waterfalls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandwa_Waterfalls"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Indore_Rajwada01.jpg"},{"link_name":"Rajwada Palace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rajwada"},{"link_name":"Indore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indore"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mahakal_Temple,_Ujjain,_India.jpg"},{"link_name":"Mahakal Lok corridor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mahakal_Lok_corridor&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Ujjain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ujjain"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Patalpani_Waterfall.jpg"},{"link_name":"Patalpani waterfalls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patalpani_waterfall"},{"link_name":"Indore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indore"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Welcome_To_City_Of_Lake.jpg"},{"link_name":"Bhopal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhopal"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Stupa_1,_Sanchi_02.jpg"},{"link_name":"Sanchi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanchi"},{"link_name":"Bhopal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhopal"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1_of_the_rock_shelter_caves_at_Bhimbetka,_Madhya_Pradesh.jpg"},{"link_name":"Bhimbetka rock shelters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhimbetka_rock_shelters"},{"link_name":"Bhopal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhopal"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Khajuraho_tempel_india.jpg"},{"link_name":"Khajuraho temples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khajuraho_Group_of_Monuments"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Collarwali_Tigress_of_Pench.jpg"},{"link_name":"Tigress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tigress"},{"link_name":"Pench Tiger Reserve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pench_Tiger_Reserve"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Statue_of_Unity358.jpg"},{"link_name":"Statue of Unity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statue_of_Unity"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kadiya_Dhro.jpg"},{"link_name":"Rann of Kutch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rann_of_Kutch"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Delight_india.jpg"},{"link_name":"Gokarna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gokarna,_Karnataka"},{"link_name":"Goa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goa"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Palolem_beach.jpg"},{"link_name":"Palolem Beach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palolem_Beach"},{"link_name":"Goa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goa"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kaas_world_Heritage.jpg"},{"link_name":"Kaas Plateau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kas_Plateau_Reserved_Forest"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nashik_Clouds.jpg"},{"link_name":"Forts of Maharashtra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_forts_in_Maharashtra"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lonar_Sarovar_lake_Maharastra.jpg"},{"link_name":"Lonar Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lonar_Lake"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sai_baba_samadhi_mandir_.jpg"},{"link_name":"Sai Baba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sai_Baba_of_Shirdi"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Alibag_Sea_beach,_Maharashtra.JPG"},{"link_name":"Alibag Sea beach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alibag"},{"link_name":"Maharashtra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maharashtra"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Beachtale.JPG"},{"link_name":"Candolim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Candolim"},{"link_name":"Goa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goa"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kailasa_temple_overview,_Ellora.jpg"},{"link_name":"Kailasa Temple","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kailasa_temple,_Ellora"},{"link_name":"Ellora","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ellora_Caves"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Elephanta_Caves_Trimurti.jpg"},{"link_name":"Elephanta Caves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elephanta_Caves"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Aguada_Fort_Top_View,_North_Goa.jpg"},{"link_name":"Goa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goa"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gir_lion-Gir_forest,junagadh,gujarat,india.jpeg"},{"link_name":"Asiatic Lion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asiatic_Lion"},{"link_name":"Gir National Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gir_National_Park"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Indischer_Maler_des_6._Jahrhunderts_001.jpg"},{"link_name":"Maharashtra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maharashtra"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lonavalamh.jpg"},{"link_name":"Western Ghats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Ghats"},{"link_name":"Lonavala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lonavala"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Konark_Temple.jpg"},{"link_name":"Konark Sun Temple","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konark_Sun_Temple"},{"link_name":"Odisha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odisha"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:DSC_0764f.jpg"},{"link_name":"Dolphins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irrawaddy_dolphin"},{"link_name":"Chilika Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chilika_Lake"},{"link_name":"Satpada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satpada"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Near_Krang_Suri_Waterfall.jpg"},{"link_name":"Krang Suri Waterfalls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.meghalayatourism.in/destinations/krangshuri-falls/"},{"link_name":"Cherrapunji","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cherrapunji"},{"link_name":"Meghalaya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meghalaya"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Rainbow_Waterfall_Meghalaya.jpg"},{"link_name":"Rainbow waterfalls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.meghalayatourism.in/destinations/rongbangdare-waterfalls/"},{"link_name":"Meghalaya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meghalaya"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wei_Sawdong_Waterfall_(6).jpg"},{"link_name":"Wei Sawdong Falls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wei_Sawdong_Falls"},{"link_name":"Cherrapunji","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cherrapunji"},{"link_name":"Meghalaya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meghalaya"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Santiniketan-Griha-Southern-View.jpg"},{"link_name":"Santiniketan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santiniketan"},{"link_name":"West Bengal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Bengal"},{"link_name":"UNESCO World Heritage Site","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Heritage_Site"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:White_Sand_Beach_of_Bakkhali_2.jpg"},{"link_name":"Bakkhali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakkhali"},{"link_name":"West Bengal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Bengal"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Temple_No.-_3,_Nalanda_Archaeological_Site.jpg"},{"link_name":"Ancient","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_india"},{"link_name":"Nalanda mahavihara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nalanda_mahavihara"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:A_View_of_Umiam_Lake.jpg"},{"link_name":"Umiam Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umiam_Lake"},{"link_name":"Meghalaya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meghalaya"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_Umngot_River_Boating_at_Dawki.jpg"},{"link_name":"Dawki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dawki"},{"link_name":"Meghalaya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meghalaya"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lotus_Jain_Temple.jpg"},{"link_name":"Shwetambar temple","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Avet%C4%81mbara"},{"link_name":"Lord Parshvanatha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parshvanatha"},{"link_name":"Parasnath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parasnath"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mahabodhitemple.jpg"},{"link_name":"Mahabodhi Temple","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahabodhi_Temple"},{"link_name":"Bodhgaya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bodh_Gaya"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:TOVP_BY_SANDIP_PAUL.jpg"},{"link_name":"Temple of the Vedic Planetarium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayapur_Chandrodaya_Mandir"},{"link_name":"Mayapur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayapur"},{"link_name":"West Bengal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Bengal"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kangch-Goechala.jpg"},{"link_name":"Goecha La","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goecha_La"},{"link_name":"Sikkim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sikkim"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Beauty_of_Kaziranga_National_Park.jpg"},{"link_name":"Kaziranga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaziranga"},{"link_name":"Assam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assam"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gangtok_from_Tibet_Road.jpg"},{"link_name":"Gangtok","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gangtok"},{"link_name":"Tibet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tibet"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gangtok_01.jpg"},{"link_name":"M.G Marg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi_Marg_(Gangtok)"},{"link_name":"Gangtok","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gangtok"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_Loktak_Lake.jpg"},{"link_name":"Loktak Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loktak_Lake"},{"link_name":"Manipur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manipur"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tawang_Gate.jpg"},{"link_name":"Sela Pass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sela_Pass"},{"link_name":"Arunachal Pradesh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arunachal_Pradesh"}],"text":"North IndiaDal Lake in Srinagar\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tSultanpur National Park in Gurgaon\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tMunshi Ghat in Varanasi\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tBhangarh Fort, a very popular fort city in Alwar\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tUdaipur's City Palace\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tBoats on Naini Lake in Nainital city\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tLotus Temple in Delhi\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tPangong Tso lake in Ladakh\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tTso Moriri in Ladakh\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tGolden Temple, Amritsar\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tKhajjiar, Himachal Pradesh\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tAyodhya city, birthplace of Ram\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tPahalgam in Kashmir\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tGulmarg in Kashmir\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tSonmarg in Kashmir\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tNubra Valley in Ladakh\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tLodhi Gardens in New Delhi\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tChhatarpur Temple in South Delhi\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tAkshardham Temple in New DelhiSouth IndiaTirupati temple\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tMadikeri or Coorg in Kodagu,Karnataka\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tGandikota river valley in Andhra Pradesh\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tRanipuram hills in Kerala\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tHouseboat in Kerala backwaters\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tStone chariot in Hampi\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tGrasslands in Kudremukh National Park during Monsoon\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tMysore Palace illuminated at night\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tBrihadeeswarar Temple at Thanjavur\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tIdukki Dam in Kerala\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tGommateshwara statue in Shravanabelagola\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tShore Temple, Mahabalipuram\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tNatural bridge in Neil Island\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tBeach on Havelock Island\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tCoral reef in Jolly Buoy Island, AndamanCentral IndiaChitrakote Falls, the largest waterfalls in India at Jagdalpur\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tLaxman Temple, Sirpur\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tMarble Rocks in Bhedaghat\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tDhuandhar Falls\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tGwalior Fort, oldest fort in India\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tMandwa Waterfalls\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tRajwada Palace in Indore\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tMahakal Lok corridor in Ujjain\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tPatalpani waterfalls near Indore\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tBoating club in Bhopal, The City of Lakes\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tGreat Stupa at Sanchi near Bhopal\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tBhimbetka rock shelters, a UNESCO World Heritage Site located near Bhopal\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tKhajuraho temples\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tA Tigress at Pench Tiger ReserveWest IndiaStatue of Unity\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tKadiya Dhro in Rann of Kutch,Gujarat\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tGokarna,Karnataka near Goa\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tPalolem Beach in Goa\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tKaas Plateau , part of a UNESCO World Natural Heritage Site\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tForts of Maharashtra are also called Green canyon of India\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tLonar Lake, a notified National Geo-heritage Monument\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tSai Baba temple in Shirdi\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tAlibag Sea beach in Maharashtra\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tCandolim beach in Goa\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tKailasa Temple at Ellora\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tElephanta Caves\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tAguada Fort, Goa\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tAn Asiatic Lion family in Gir National Park\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tAjanta Caves in Maharashtra\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tView of Western Ghats in LonavalaEast IndiaKonark Sun Temple in Odisha\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tDolphins in Chilika Lake, Satpada\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tKrang Suri Waterfalls in Cherrapunji, Meghalaya\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tRainbow waterfalls in Meghalaya\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tWei Sawdong Falls in Cherrapunji, Meghalaya\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tSantiniketan, West Bengal, a UNESCO World Heritage Site\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tBakkhali, West Bengal\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tAncient Nalanda mahavihara\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tUmiam Lake, Meghalaya\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tDawki in Meghalaya\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tShwetambar temple of Lord Parshvanatha,Parasnath hills\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tMahabodhi Temple in Bodhgaya\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tTemple of the Vedic Planetarium, Mayapur, West BengalNorthEast IndiaGoecha La in Sikkim\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tKaziranga in Assam\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tGangtok from Tibet-Road\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tM.G Marg in Gangtok\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tLoktak Lake in Manipur\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tSela Pass in Arunachal Pradesh","title":"Gallery"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Outline of tourism in India"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of World Heritage Sites in India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_India"},{"link_name":"List of National Geo-heritage Monuments in India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Geological_Monument"},{"link_name":"List of national parks of India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_national_parks_of_India"},{"link_name":"List of lakes of India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_lakes_of_India"},{"link_name":"List of waterfalls in India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_waterfalls_in_India"},{"link_name":"List of State Protected Monuments in India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_State_Protected_Monuments_in_India"},{"link_name":"List of beaches in India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_beaches_in_India"},{"link_name":"Incredible India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incredible_India"},{"link_name":"List of Geographical Indications in India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Geographical_Indications_in_India"},{"link_name":"Medical tourism in India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_tourism_in_India"},{"link_name":"List of botanical gardens in India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_botanical_gardens_in_India"},{"link_name":"List of hill stations in India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_hill_stations_in_India"},{"link_name":"List of gates in India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_gates_in_India"},{"link_name":"List of zoos in India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_zoos_in_India"},{"link_name":"List of protected areas of India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_protected_areas_of_India"},{"link_name":"List of aquaria in India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_aquaria_in_India"},{"link_name":"List of forts in India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_forts_in_India"},{"link_name":"List of forests in India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_forests_in_India"},{"link_name":"Buddhist pilgrimage sites in India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhist_pilgrimage_sites_in_India"},{"link_name":"Jain pilgrimage sites in India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Jain_temples"},{"link_name":"Hindu pilgrimage sites in India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindu_pilgrimage_sites_in_India"},{"link_name":"List of mosques in India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mosques_in_India"},{"link_name":"List of rock-cut temples in India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_rock-cut_temples_in_India"},{"link_name":"Wildlife sanctuaries of India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildlife_sanctuaries_of_India"},{"link_name":"List of rivers of India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_India"},{"link_name":"List of mountains in India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mountains_in_India"},{"link_name":"List of ecoregions in India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ecoregions_in_India"},{"link_name":"Coral reefs in India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coral_reefs_in_India"},{"link_name":"List of stadiums in India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_stadiums_in_India"}],"sub_title":"Tourist attractions","text":"List of World Heritage Sites in India\nList of National Geo-heritage Monuments in India\nList of national parks of India\nList of lakes of India\nList of waterfalls in India\nList of State Protected Monuments in India\nList of beaches in India\nIncredible India\nList of Geographical Indications in India\nMedical tourism in India\nList of botanical gardens in India\nList of hill stations in India\nList of gates in India\nList of zoos in India\n\n\nList of protected areas of India\nList of aquaria in India\nList of forts in India\nList of forests in India\nBuddhist pilgrimage sites in India\nJain pilgrimage sites in India\nHindu pilgrimage sites in India\nList of mosques in India\nList of rock-cut temples in India\nWildlife sanctuaries of India\nList of rivers of India\nList of mountains in India\nList of ecoregions in India\nCoral reefs in India\nList of stadiums in India","title":"Outline of tourism in India"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tourism in Andaman and Nicobar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tourism_in_Andaman_and_Nicobar"},{"link_name":"Tourism in Andhra Pradesh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tourism_in_Andhra_Pradesh"},{"link_name":"Tourism in Arunachal Pradesh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tourism_in_Arunachal_Pradesh"},{"link_name":"Tourism in Assam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tourism_in_Assam"},{"link_name":"Tourism in Bihar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tourism_in_Bihar"},{"link_name":"Tourism in Chandigarh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tourism_in_Chandigarh"},{"link_name":"Tourism in Chhattisgarh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tourism_in_Chhattisgarh"},{"link_name":"Tourism in Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tourism_in_Dadra_and_Nagar_Haveli_and_Daman_and_Diu&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Tourism in Delhi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tourism_in_Delhi"},{"link_name":"Tourism in Goa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tourism_in_Goa"},{"link_name":"Tourism in Gujarat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tourism_in_Gujarat"},{"link_name":"Tourism in Haryana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tourism_in_Haryana"},{"link_name":"Tourism in Himachal Pradesh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tourism_in_Himachal_Pradesh"},{"link_name":"Tourism in Jammu and Kashmir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tourism_in_Jammu_and_Kashmir"},{"link_name":"Tourism in Jharkhand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tourism_in_Jharkhand"},{"link_name":"Tourism in Karnataka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tourism_in_Karnataka"},{"link_name":"Tourism in Kerala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tourism_in_Kerala"},{"link_name":"Tourism in Ladakh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tourism_in_Ladakh"},{"link_name":"Tourism in Lakshadweep","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tourism_in_Lakshadweep"},{"link_name":"Tourism in Madhya Pradesh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tourism_in_Madhya_Pradesh"},{"link_name":"Tourism in Maharashtra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tourism_in_Maharashtra"},{"link_name":"Tourism in Manipur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tourism_in_Manipur"},{"link_name":"Tourism in Meghalaya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tourism_in_Meghalaya"},{"link_name":"Tourism in Mizoram","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tourism_in_Mizoram"},{"link_name":"Tourism in Nagaland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tourism_in_Nagaland"},{"link_name":"Tourism in Odisha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tourism_in_Odisha"},{"link_name":"Tourism in Puducherry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tourism_in_Pondicherry"},{"link_name":"Tourism in Punjab","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tourism_in_Punjab"},{"link_name":"Tourism in Rajasthan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tourism_in_Rajasthan"},{"link_name":"Tourism in Sikkim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tourism_in_Sikkim"},{"link_name":"Tourism in Tamil Nadu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tourism_in_Tamil_Nadu"},{"link_name":"Tourism in Telangana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tourism_in_Telangana"},{"link_name":"Tourism in Tripura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tourism_in_Tripura"},{"link_name":"Tourism in Uttar Pradesh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tourism_in_Uttar_Pradesh"},{"link_name":"Tourism in Uttarakhand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tourism_in_Uttarakhand"},{"link_name":"Tourism in West Bengal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tourism_in_West_Bengal"},{"link_name":"Tourism in North East India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tourism_in_North_East_India"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Shikaras_at_Dal_Lake.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Khajuraho.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:India_Goa_Coastline_Tiracol.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gangotri_Glacier.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:A_Tea_Garden_of_Cachar,_Assam..JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:KAZIRANGA.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kumbh_Mela_2013_Sangam,_Allahabd.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Akshardham_Delhi.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:India_Gate_in_New_Delhi_03-2016.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Taj_Mahal_in_March_2004.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hunder-Ladakh_Region,_India.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:White_Rann_of_Kutch.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Thar_Khuri.jpg"}],"sub_title":"Tourism in states","text":"List of tourism in different states of IndiaTourism in Andaman and Nicobar\nTourism in Andhra Pradesh\nTourism in Arunachal Pradesh\nTourism in Assam\nTourism in Bihar\nTourism in Chandigarh\nTourism in Chhattisgarh\nTourism in Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu\nTourism in Delhi\nTourism in Goa\nTourism in Gujarat\nTourism in Haryana\nTourism in Himachal Pradesh\nTourism in Jammu and Kashmir\nTourism in Jharkhand\nTourism in Karnataka\nTourism in Kerala\nTourism in Ladakh\nTourism in Lakshadweep\nTourism in Madhya Pradesh\nTourism in Maharashtra\nTourism in Manipur\nTourism in Meghalaya\nTourism in Mizoram\nTourism in Nagaland\nTourism in Odisha\nTourism in Puducherry\nTourism in Punjab\nTourism in Rajasthan\nTourism in Sikkim\nTourism in Tamil Nadu\nTourism in Telangana\nTourism in Tripura\nTourism in Uttar Pradesh\nTourism in Uttarakhand\nTourism in West Bengal\nTourism in North East IndiaShikkaras at Dal lake, Jammu and Kashmir, India\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tKhajuraho Temple, Madhya Pradesh, India\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tBeach of Goa, India\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tGangotri Glacier, Uttarakhand, India\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tA Tea Garden of Cachar, Assam, India\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tKaziranga National Park, Assam, India\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tKumbh Mela Sangam, Allahabad, Uttar Pradesh, India\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tAkshardham Temple, Delhi, India\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tIndia Gate, New Delhi\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tTaj Mahal, Agra, Uttar Pradesh, India\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tLadakh is a popular mountaineering site for climbers and trekkers.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tThe White Rann of Kutch, Gujarat\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tThar Desert, Rajasthan","title":"Outline of tourism in India"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gupta, S. P.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S._P._Gupta"},{"link_name":"Tourism, museums, and monuments in India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=YNC1AAAAIAAJ"}],"text":"Gupta, S. P., and Krishna Lal. 1974. Tourism, museums, and monuments in India. Delhi: Oriental Publishers.","title":"Further reading"}]
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[{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Ashoka_Chakra.svg/80px-Ashoka_Chakra.svg.png"},{"image_text":"Chilika Lake, the largest lagoon of India","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Birds_eyeview_of_Chilika_Lake.jpg/220px-Birds_eyeview_of_Chilika_Lake.jpg"}]
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[{"title":"India portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:India"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Social_sciences.svg"},{"title":"Society portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Society"},{"title":"Economy of India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_India"},{"title":"Aviation in India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aviation_in_India"},{"title":"Fishing in India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fishing_in_India"},{"title":"Tourism in India by state","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tourism_in_India_by_state"},{"title":"Aerial lift in India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerial_lift_in_India"}]
|
[{"reference":"Bloom, Laura Begley. \"The World's 50 Most Beautiful Countries (You Won't Believe Where The U.S. Ranked)\". Forbes. Archived from the original on 4 May 2023. Retrieved 17 August 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.forbes.com/sites/laurabegleybloom/2022/02/22/the-worlds-50-most-beautiful-countries-you-wont-believe-where-the-us-ranked/","url_text":"\"The World's 50 Most Beautiful Countries (You Won't Believe Where The U.S. Ranked)\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230504074038/https://www.forbes.com/sites/laurabegleybloom/2022/02/22/the-worlds-50-most-beautiful-countries-you-wont-believe-where-the-us-ranked/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"India's Travel & Tourism could surpass pre-pandemic levels by the end of 2022\". WTTC. Archived from the original on 30 September 2022. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Gentle_Creature
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A Gentle Creature
|
["1 Plot summary","2 Analysis","3 Film adaptations","4 References"]
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1876 short story by Fyodor Dostoyevsky
For the films, see A Gentle Creature (1960 film) and A Gentle Creature (2017 film).
"A Gentle Creature"Short story by Fyodor DostoyevskyOriginal titleКроткая (Krotkaya)CountryRussian EmpireLanguageRussianGenre(s)Short storyPublicationMedia typePrintPublication date1876
"A Gentle Creature" (Russian: Кроткая, romanized: Krotkaya), sometimes also translated as "The Meek One", is a short story by Fyodor Dostoyevsky written in November 1876. A first-person stream of consciousness narrative, the piece comes with the subtitle of "A Fantastic Story", and it chronicles the relationship between a pawnbroker and a girl that frequents his shop. The story was inspired by a news report that Dostoyevsky read in April 1876 about the suicide of a seamstress. Dostoyevsky referred to it as a "meek suicide" that "keeps haunting you for a long time."
Plot summary
The story opens with the narrator in a frenzy about an apparent tragedy that has just befallen his household. His wife has apparently died, as he makes repeated references to her being laid out on a table, presumably lifeless. The narrator proceeds to make an attempt to relate the story to the reader in an effort to make sense of the situation.
The narrator is the owner of a pawnshop, and one of his repeated customers was a young girl of sixteen who always pawns items to earn money to advertise as a governess in the newspaper. The narrator could see that she was in a dire financial situation, and he often gave her much more for her pawned items than they were reasonably worth. The narrator slowly develops an interest in the girl.
The narrator investigates the girl's background, and finds that she is at the mercy of two greedy aunts. The aunts were arranging her marriage to a fat shopkeeper who previously beat both of his ex-wives to death. Once the shopkeeper proposed marriage to the girl, the narrator countered with his own proposal. The girl decides, after some deliberation, to marry the narrator.
The narrator's marriage started out nicely, but his miserly and reserved ways are taxing to his young wife. A dearth of communication and disagreements about how the pawnshop should be run eventually result in arguments, though the narrator insists that they never quarreled.
The narrator's wife begins to make a habit of leaving during the day, and eventually it is discovered that she is visiting Efimovich, a member of the narrator's former regiment. The narrator's wife eventually confronts the narrator with the details that she learned from Efimovich: details about the narrator's shameful departure from his regiment. The narrator is unfazed, at least externally, and his wife continues her visits to Efimovich. One time, the narrator follows his wife to Efimovich, bringing a revolver. He listens in delight to a verbal duel between his wife and Efimovich, at whom she laughs; and eventually he bursts in and reclaims his wife.
The narrator and his wife return home. They retire for the night separately. In the morning, the narrator opens his eyes to see that his wife is standing over him with the revolver pointed at his temple. He simply closes his eyes again, and he is convinced that he conquered her with his readiness to accept death. She does not shoot, and the narrator buys her a separate bed that day. That same day, she becomes ill.
The narrator spares no expense for his wife's medical care, and she slowly recovers. Throughout the entire winter the narrator watches his wife furtively, and a watershed moment happens when she begins to sing in his presence. The narrator kisses his wife's feet and promises to be a changed man. He recounts the story of his shame in the regiment, and he promises to take her to Boulogne-sur-Mer. Several days later, the narrator leaves the house to make arrangements for passports.
When the narrator returns home, he is met with a crowd of people outside his house. His wife has committed suicide: she has jumped out of the window while holding an icon. The narrator is convinced that he was only five minutes too late, even though it was ultimately his narcissistic love that drove his gentle wife to suicide.
Analysis
The characterization of the narrator has been compared to the underground man of Notes from Underground, and of the pawnbrokers in Crime and Punishment and The Idiot that seek to empower themselves through the accumulation of wealth. The characterization of the narrator and his wife's suicide are meant as a criticism of what Dostoyevsky refers to as kosnost or spiritual stagnation that results from material pursuits.
Film adaptations
In 1960, а film adaptation was made by Aleksandr Borisov; in 1969, another adaptation, Une femme douce (A Gentle Woman), was made by Robert Bresson; in 1995, by Mariusz Treliński as Łagodna; In 1991, Mani Kaul made Nazar, based on The Meek One. The film was produced by the National Film Development Corporation of India (NFDC) and finally, in 1998, Raphael Nadjari did a modern adaptation set in present-day New York, The Shade. In 2014, Sri Lankan filmmaker Prasanna Vithanage based his film, With you, without you. on this story. In 2015, a Vietnamese director Lê Văn Kiệt adapted this story in his film: Dịu Dàng - Gentle. Another 2015 adaption was the Russian film Клетка (The Cage). In 2017, Sergei Loznitsa adapted the story into the feature film A Gentle Creature, which was selected and had its world premiere in the Official Competition at the 2017 Festival de Cannes.
References
^ Magarshack, David (2005). "Introduction". The Best Stories of Fyodor Dostoevsky. New York City: The Modern Library. pp. xi–xxvi. ISBN 9780345481269.
^ Koehler (1985), pp. 113, 115.
^ Koehler (1985), p. 113.
^ Koehler (1985), pp. 121–2.
^ Une femme douce at IMDb
^ Łagodna at IMDb
^ Man to Man An article by Film Critic Deepa Gahlot in Mid Day.
^ Cát Khuê (26 March 2015). "Xem phim Dịu dàng: 'dịu dàng không chịu nổi'" . Tuổi Trẻ Online (in Vietnamese).
Koehler, Ludmila (1985). "Five Minutes Too Late...". Dostoyevsky Studies. Vol. 6. University of Toronto - International Dostoevsky Society. pp. 113, 115. Archived from the original on 2 October 2012.
vteFyodor Dostoevsky
Bibliography
Letters
Themes
Novels
Poor Folk (1846)
The Double (1846)
Netochka Nezvanova (1849)
The Village of Stepanchikovo (1859)
Humiliated and Insulted (1861)
The House of the Dead (1862)
Crime and Punishment (1866)
The Gambler (1867)
The Idiot (1869)
The Eternal Husband (1870)
Demons (1872)
The Adolescent (1875)
The Brothers Karamazov (1880)
Novellas
The Landlady (1847)
Uncle's Dream (1859)
Notes from Underground (1864)
Short stories
"Mr. Prokharchin" (1846)
"Another Man's Wife and a Husband Under the Bed" (1848)
"The Honest Thief" (1848)
"The Christmas Tree and a Wedding" (1848)
"White Nights" (1848)
"A Nasty Anecdote" (1862)
"The Crocodile" (1865)
"Bobok" (1873)
"The Beggar Boy at Christ's Christmas Tree" (1876)
"The Meek One" (1876)
"The Peasant Marey" (1876)
"The Dream of a Ridiculous Man" (1877)
Non-fiction
"Winter Notes on Summer Impressions" (1863)
A Writer's Diary (1873–1881)
Characters
Nastasya Filipovna
Alyosha Karamazov
Fyodor Karamazov
Prince Myshkin
Rodion Raskolnikov
Related
Anna Dostoevskaya (second wife)
Lyubov Dostoevskaya (daughter)
Mikhail Dostoevsky (brother)
Polina Suslova (mistress)
Dostoevsky Museum
"The Grand Inquisitor"
Pushkin Speech
Vremya magazine
Epoch magazine
Twenty Six Days from the Life of Dostoyevsky (1981 film)
vteFyodor Dostoevsky's "A Gentle Creature" (1876)Films
A Gentle Woman (1969)
Nazar (1991)
The Shade (1999)
Oba Nathuwa Oba Ekka (2012)
A Gentle Creature (2017)
Authority control databases International
VIAF
National
Spain
Germany
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The girl decides, after some deliberation, to marry the narrator.The narrator's marriage started out nicely, but his miserly and reserved ways are taxing to his young wife. A dearth of communication and disagreements about how the pawnshop should be run eventually result in arguments, though the narrator insists that they never quarreled.The narrator's wife begins to make a habit of leaving during the day, and eventually it is discovered that she is visiting Efimovich, a member of the narrator's former regiment. The narrator's wife eventually confronts the narrator with the details that she learned from Efimovich: details about the narrator's shameful departure from his regiment. The narrator is unfazed, at least externally, and his wife continues her visits to Efimovich. One time, the narrator follows his wife to Efimovich, bringing a revolver. He listens in delight to a verbal duel between his wife and Efimovich, at whom she laughs; and eventually he bursts in and reclaims his wife.The narrator and his wife return home. They retire for the night separately. In the morning, the narrator opens his eyes to see that his wife is standing over him with the revolver pointed at his temple. He simply closes his eyes again, and he is convinced that he conquered her with his readiness to accept death. She does not shoot, and the narrator buys her a separate bed that day. That same day, she becomes ill.The narrator spares no expense for his wife's medical care, and she slowly recovers. Throughout the entire winter the narrator watches his wife furtively, and a watershed moment happens when she begins to sing in his presence. The narrator kisses his wife's feet and promises to be a changed man. He recounts the story of his shame in the regiment, and he promises to take her to Boulogne-sur-Mer. Several days later, the narrator leaves the house to make arrangements for passports.When the narrator returns home, he is met with a crowd of people outside his house. His wife has committed suicide: she has jumped out of the window while holding an icon. The narrator is convinced that he was only five minutes too late, even though it was ultimately his narcissistic love that drove his gentle wife to suicide.","title":"Plot summary"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Notes from Underground","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Notes_from_Underground"},{"link_name":"Crime and Punishment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crime_and_Punishment"},{"link_name":"The Idiot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Idiot"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKoehler1985113-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKoehler1985121%E2%80%932-4"}],"text":"The characterization of the narrator has been compared to the underground man of Notes from Underground, and of the pawnbrokers in Crime and Punishment and The Idiot that seek to empower themselves through the accumulation of wealth.[3] The characterization of the narrator and his wife's suicide are meant as a criticism of what Dostoyevsky refers to as kosnost or spiritual stagnation that results from material pursuits.[4]","title":"Analysis"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Aleksandr Borisov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksandr_Borisov_(actor)"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Une femme douce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Une_femme_douce"},{"link_name":"Robert Bresson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Bresson"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Mani Kaul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mani_Kaul"},{"link_name":"Raphael Nadjari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raphael_Nadjari"},{"link_name":"The Shade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Shade_(1998_film)"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Prasanna Vithanage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prasanna_Vithanage"},{"link_name":"With you, without you","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/With_you,_without_you"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Sergei Loznitsa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergei_Loznitsa"},{"link_name":"A Gentle Creature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Gentle_Creature_(film)"}],"text":"In 1960, а film adaptation was made by Aleksandr Borisov;[citation needed] in 1969, another adaptation, Une femme douce (A Gentle Woman), was made by Robert Bresson;[5] in 1995, by Mariusz Treliński as Łagodna;[6] In 1991, Mani Kaul made Nazar, based on The Meek One. The film was produced by the National Film Development Corporation of India (NFDC) and finally, in 1998, Raphael Nadjari did a modern adaptation set in present-day New York, The Shade.[citation needed] In 2014, Sri Lankan filmmaker Prasanna Vithanage based his film, With you, without you.[7] on this story. In 2015, a Vietnamese director Lê Văn Kiệt adapted this story in his film: Dịu Dàng - Gentle.[8] Another 2015 adaption was the Russian film Клетка (The Cage).[citation needed] In 2017, Sergei Loznitsa adapted the story into the feature film A Gentle Creature, which was selected and had its world premiere in the Official Competition at the 2017 Festival de Cannes.","title":"Film adaptations"}]
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[]
| null |
[{"reference":"Magarshack, David (2005). \"Introduction\". The Best Stories of Fyodor Dostoevsky. New York City: The Modern Library. pp. xi–xxvi. ISBN 9780345481269.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City","url_text":"New York City"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780345481269","url_text":"9780345481269"}]},{"reference":"Cát Khuê (26 March 2015). \"Xem phim Dịu dàng: 'dịu dàng không chịu nổi'\" [Watch the movie Gentle: Unbearably gentle]. Tuổi Trẻ Online (in Vietnamese).","urls":[{"url":"http://tuoitre.vn/tin/van-hoa-giai-tri/dien-anh/20150326/xem-phim-diu-dang-diu-dang-khong-chiu-noi/725387.html","url_text":"\"Xem phim Dịu dàng: 'dịu dàng không chịu nổi'\""}]},{"reference":"Koehler, Ludmila (1985). \"Five Minutes Too Late...\". Dostoyevsky Studies. Vol. 6. University of Toronto - International Dostoevsky Society. pp. 113, 115. Archived from the original on 2 October 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121002140506/http://www.utoronto.ca/tsq/DS/06/113.shtml","url_text":"Dostoyevsky Studies"},{"url":"https://www.utoronto.ca/tsq/DS/06/113.shtml","url_text":"the original"}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0065152/","external_links_name":"Une femme douce"},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0113595/","external_links_name":"Łagodna"},{"Link":"http://www.mid-day.com/articles/man-to-man/15053037","external_links_name":"Man to Man"},{"Link":"http://tuoitre.vn/tin/van-hoa-giai-tri/dien-anh/20150326/xem-phim-diu-dang-diu-dang-khong-chiu-noi/725387.html","external_links_name":"\"Xem phim Dịu dàng: 'dịu dàng không chịu nổi'\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121002140506/http://www.utoronto.ca/tsq/DS/06/113.shtml","external_links_name":"Dostoyevsky Studies"},{"Link":"https://www.utoronto.ca/tsq/DS/06/113.shtml","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/308645787","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX5263202","external_links_name":"Spain"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/4099167-2","external_links_name":"Germany"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suisun/Fairfield_(Amtrak_station)
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Suisun–Fairfield station
|
["1 References","2 External links"]
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Coordinates: 38°14′36″N 122°02′29″W / 38.243287°N 122.041272°W / 38.243287; -122.041272Suisun–Fairfield, CACapitol Corridor train leaving Suisun–Fairfield station in 2019General informationLocation177 Main StreetSuisun City, CaliforniaUnited StatesCoordinates38°14′36″N 122°02′29″W / 38.243287°N 122.041272°W / 38.243287; -122.041272Owned byCity of Suisun (station)Union Pacific (platforms and tracks)Line(s)UP Martinez SubdivisionPlatforms1 side platform, 1 island platformTracks2Connections Delta Breeze: 50 FAST: 5, GX SolTrans: R VINE: 21 Greyhound LinesConstructionParking272 spacesBicycle facilitiesYesAccessibleYesOther informationStation codeAmtrak: SUIHistoryOpened1904Rebuilt1992PassengersFY 202238,530 (Amtrak)
Services
Preceding station
Amtrak
Following station
Martineztoward San Jose
Capitol Corridor
Fairfield–Vacavilletoward Auburn
California Zephyr does not stop here
Coast Starlight does not stop here
Former services
Preceding station
Amtrak
Following station
Martineztoward Emeryville
California ZephyrUntil 1998
Davistoward Chicago
Martineztoward Los Angeles
Spirit of California1981–1983
Davistoward Sacramento
Preceding station
Southern Pacific Railroad
Following station
Tealtoward Oakland Pier
Shasta Route
Tolenastoward Portland
Overland Route
Tolenastoward Ogden
Subeettoward Napa Junction
Napa Junction – Suisun
Terminus
Location
Suisun–Fairfield station is an Amtrak station in Suisun City, California. It serves both Suisun City and nearby Fairfield. It is served by the Amtrak Capitol Corridor commuter rail line between Auburn and San Jose through Oakland.
Connecting bus service is provided by Fairfield and Suisun Transit, SolTrans R line to the El Cerrito del Norte BART station, Rio Vista Delta Breeze, and VINE Transit. The station is under the State Route 12 overpass.
The current station opened in March 1914 and is the second depot to serve these two towns. The one-story wood-frame depot is one of two dozen “colonnade style” stations erected by the Southern Pacific Railroad. The design takes its name from the Tuscan columns used in the long porch that stretches out along the platform. Beneath its wide roof, passengers are protected from inclement weather. The colonnade style mixed elements of Colonial Revival and Arts and Crafts architecture.
In the 1970s, the depot fell into disrepair, but in the 1990s, in an effort to create a more inviting gateway to town, the Suisun City Redevelopment Authority gained control of the structure and used state transportation funds to carry out a full rehabilitation, which included a new landscaped courtyard.
Until 1998, the California Zephyr also stopped here. It also served the Spirit of California until it was discontinued in 1983.
References
^ a b c d "Suisun-Fairfield, CA (SUI)". Great American Stations. Amtrak.
^ SMA Rail Consulting (April 2016). "California Passenger Rail Network Schematics" (PDF). California Department of Transportation. p. 3.
^ a b Eberling, Barry (October 21, 2012). "Suisun City looks at train station improvements". Daily Republic.
^ "Amtrak Fact Sheet, Fiscal Year 2022: State of California" (PDF). Amtrak. June 2023. Retrieved August 30, 2023.
^ "The Spirit Was Willing, But Not the Funding". The Californian. Salinas, California. October 1, 1983. p. 2. Retrieved May 30, 2023 – via Newspapers.com.
External links
Media related to Suisun–Fairfield station at Wikimedia Commons
Suisun–Fairfield, CA – Amtrak
Suisun–Fairfield, CA – Station history at Great American Stations (Amtrak)
Suisun–Fairfield, CA – Capitol Corridor
Suisun–Fairfield, CA – USA RailGuide (TrainWeb)
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Amtrak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amtrak"},{"link_name":"Suisun City, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suisun_City,_California"},{"link_name":"Fairfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fairfield,_California"},{"link_name":"Capitol Corridor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capitol_Corridor"},{"link_name":"Auburn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auburn_station_(California)"},{"link_name":"San Jose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Jose_(Amtrak_station)"},{"link_name":"Fairfield and Suisun Transit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fairfield_and_Suisun_Transit"},{"link_name":"SolTrans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SolTrans"},{"link_name":"El Cerrito del Norte BART station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Cerrito_del_Norte_BART_station"},{"link_name":"Rio Vista Delta Breeze","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rio_Vista_Delta_Breeze"},{"link_name":"VINE Transit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VINE_Transit"},{"link_name":"State Route 12","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_State_Route_12"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-great-1"},{"link_name":"Southern Pacific Railroad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Pacific_Railroad"},{"link_name":"Colonial Revival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonial_Revival"},{"link_name":"Arts and Crafts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arts_and_Crafts"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-great-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-great-1"},{"link_name":"California Zephyr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_Zephyr"},{"link_name":"Spirit of California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spirit_of_California"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"Suisun–Fairfield station is an Amtrak station in Suisun City, California. It serves both Suisun City and nearby Fairfield. It is served by the Amtrak Capitol Corridor commuter rail line between Auburn and San Jose through Oakland.Connecting bus service is provided by Fairfield and Suisun Transit, SolTrans R line to the El Cerrito del Norte BART station, Rio Vista Delta Breeze, and VINE Transit. The station is under the State Route 12 overpass.The current station opened in March 1914 and is the second depot to serve these two towns.[1] The one-story wood-frame depot is one of two dozen “colonnade style” stations erected by the Southern Pacific Railroad. The design takes its name from the Tuscan columns used in the long porch that stretches out along the platform. Beneath its wide roof, passengers are protected from inclement weather. The colonnade style mixed elements of Colonial Revival and Arts and Crafts architecture.[1]In the 1970s, the depot fell into disrepair, but in the 1990s, in an effort to create a more inviting gateway to town, the Suisun City Redevelopment Authority gained control of the structure and used state transportation funds to carry out a full rehabilitation, which included a new landscaped courtyard.[1]Until 1998, the California Zephyr also stopped here. It also served the Spirit of California until it was discontinued in 1983.[5]","title":"Suisun–Fairfield station"}]
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[]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"Suisun-Fairfield, CA (SUI)\". Great American Stations. Amtrak.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.greatamericanstations.com/stations/suisun-fairfield-ca-sui/","url_text":"\"Suisun-Fairfield, CA (SUI)\""}]},{"reference":"SMA Rail Consulting (April 2016). \"California Passenger Rail Network Schematics\" (PDF). California Department of Transportation. p. 3.","urls":[{"url":"https://dot.ca.gov/-/media/dot-media/programs/rail-mass-transportation/documents/f0009927-ca-rail-schematics-a11y.pdf","url_text":"\"California Passenger Rail Network Schematics\""}]},{"reference":"Eberling, Barry (October 21, 2012). \"Suisun City looks at train station improvements\". Daily Republic.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daily_Republic","url_text":"Daily Republic"}]},{"reference":"\"Amtrak Fact Sheet, Fiscal Year 2022: State of California\" (PDF). Amtrak. June 2023. Retrieved August 30, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.amtrak.com/content/dam/projects/dotcom/english/public/documents/corporate/statefactsheets/CALIFORNIA22.pdf","url_text":"\"Amtrak Fact Sheet, Fiscal Year 2022: State of California\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amtrak","url_text":"Amtrak"}]},{"reference":"\"The Spirit Was Willing, But Not the Funding\". The Californian. Salinas, California. October 1, 1983. p. 2. Retrieved May 30, 2023 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-californian-spirit-of-california-oc/125569549/","url_text":"\"The Spirit Was Willing, But Not the Funding\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salinas,_California","url_text":"Salinas, California"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peronospora_sparsa
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Peronospora sparsa
|
["1 Importance","2 Environment","3 Disease cycle","4 Management","5 References","6 Further reading"]
|
Species of single-celled organism
Peronospora sparsa
Scientific classification
Domain:
Eukaryota
Clade:
Diaphoretickes
Clade:
SAR
Clade:
Stramenopiles
Phylum:
Oomycota
Order:
Peronosporales
Family:
Peronosporaceae
Genus:
Peronospora
Species:
P. sparsa
Binomial name
Peronospora sparsaBerk., (1862)
Synonyms
Peronoplasmopara sparsa (Berk.) Uljan., (1967)
Peronospora fragariae Roze & Cornu, (1876)
Peronospora rosae-gallicae Savul. & Rayss, (1934)
Peronospora rubi Rabenh. ex J. Schröt., (1888)
Pseudoperonospora sparsa (Berk.) Jacz., (1928)
Peronospora sparsa is an oomycete plant pathogen that causes downy mildew in berry producing plants; especially in the genus's Rubus and Rosa. Downy mildew plant pathogens are often host specific and cause problems in cloudberries, blackberries, boysenberries, strawberries, and arctic bramble. Since they are host specific, Peronospora sparsa will not cause downy mildew in grapes because a different plant pathogen causes downy mildew in grapes; Plasmopara viticola. Although it depends on the cultivar, symptoms do not normally start until later stages of disease and can look different on different plants. The most common symptoms include red lesions in the veins of leaves, with dry and deformed berries.
Importance
Peronospora sparsa causes fluctuations in yield of berries. A few examples are downy mildew on the Arctic Bramble issue in Finland and Colombian greenhouse rose production. Finland and Sweden have a great environment for an oomycete to thrive. Oomycetes are watermolds therefore cool, wet, humid conditions are perfect. The Arctic Bramble berries are used to make special Finland spelling liquor. However the irregular yield and “dryberry” effect from downy mildew has restricted the expansion of the industry. Downy mildew can devastate a crop in a short amount of time.
Environment
Oomycetes are watermolds therefore cool, wet, humid conditions are what they prefer. Peronospora sparsa is also an obligate biotroph. This means they require a living host to survive and reproduce. Obligate biotrophs are also commonly called obligate parasites because their existence is detrimental to the host.
Disease cycle
Downy mildew spread mostly by conidia, which are asexual spores. Conidia are often carried by wind or rain onto the leaves, stem, or berries. From there, they develop secondary infections which means this pathogen has a polycyclic life cycle. After the secondary infection the disease will continue to spread very fast if uninterrupted.
Management
The best control of Peronospora sparsa are resistant plant cultivars. Since this is a polycyclic disease that spreads by conidia, it's important to use disease management practices in the early stages of its life cycle. However, it can be hard to do so because symptoms of don't show until the disease has progressed and different cultivars can have different symptoms. The European Union has changed their legislation on pesticide use which is causing farmers to change their ways. "The products ALIETTE (fungicide), PHOSFIK (leaf fertiliser) and BION (pathogen defence elicitor) were effective in downy mildew control, Aliette and Phosfik being more effective than Bion especially in preventing yield losses. No arctic bramble cultivars known to be resistant to downy mildew are available." However, there are some cultivars that are less susceptible to infection. A few rose and blackberries have been found to be more resistant but breeding and other control methods need to be put in place.
The government has changed laws and will likely continue to become more restrictive around the world with pesticides. Constant use of fungicides can cause pathogen mutations and no longer control the downy mildew. Therefore, the best control is plant resistance.
References
^ Breese, Wendy A; Shattock, R C; Williamson, B; Hackett, Christine (August 1994). "In vitro spore germination and infection of cultivars of Rubus and Rosa by downy mildews from both hosts". Annals of Applied Biology. 125 (1): 73–85. doi:10.1111/j.1744-7348.1994.tb04948.x.
^ Lindqvist-Kreuze, Hannele; Koponen, Hilkka; Valkonen, Jari P.T. (2002). "Variability of Peronospora Sparsa (syn. P. rubi) in Finland as Measured by Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism". European Journal of Plant Pathology. 108 (4): 327–335. doi:10.1023/A:1015621931579. S2CID 23624081. ProQuest 821557874.
^ Gómez, Sonia Yamile; Filgueira-Duarte, Juan José (2012). "Monitoring the infective process of the downy mildew causal agent within micropropagated rose plants". Agronomía Colombiana. 30 (2): 214–221. ProQuest 1677579046.
^ a b Hukkanen, Anne; Pietikäinen, Liisa; Kärenlampi, Sirpa; Kokko, Harri (6 September 2006). "Quantification of downy mildew (Peronospora sparsa) in Rubus species using real-time PCR". European Journal of Plant Pathology. 116 (3): 225–235. doi:10.1007/s10658-006-9054-z. S2CID 29713805. ProQuest 821564990.
^ a b Kostamo, K.; Toljamo, A.; Palonen, P.; Valkonen, J.P.T.; Kärenlampi, S.O.; Kokko, H. (July 2015). "Control of downy mildew (Peronospora sparsa) in arctic bramble (Rubus arcticus ssp. arcticus)". Annals of Applied Biology. 167 (1): 90–101. doi:10.1111/aab.12211.
^ Kemen, Ariane C.; Agler, Matthew T.; Kemen, Eric (June 2015). "Host-microbe and microbe-microbe interactions in the evolution of obligate plant parasitism". New Phytologist. 206 (4): 1207–1228. doi:10.1111/nph.13284. PMID 25622918. ProQuest 1679364085.
^ Kim, Kwang Soo; Beresford, Robert M.; Walter, Monika (January 2014). "Development of a Disease Risk Prediction Model for Downy Mildew (Peronospora sparsa) in Boysenberry". Phytopathology. 104 (1): 50–56. doi:10.1094/PHYTO-02-13-0058-R. PMID 23883152.
Further reading
Mudiyanselage, A.M. Herath; Jaspers, M.V.; Ridgway, H.J.; Walter, M.; Langford, G.I.; Jones, E.E. (8 January 2013). "Evaluation of methods for long term storage of the boysenberry downy mildew pathogen Peronospora sparsa". New Zealand Plant Protection. 66: 254–258. doi:10.30843/nzpp.2013.66.5677.
Smith, S.; Roberson, S.; Cochran, K. (November 2014). "First Report of Downy Mildew on Blackberry Caused by Peronospora sparsa in Arkansas". Plant Disease. 98 (11): 1585. doi:10.1094/PDIS-05-14-0554-PDN. PMID 30699822.
Taxon identifiersPeronospora sparsa
Wikidata: Q7169462
Wikispecies: Peronospora sparsa
AusFungi: 60016499
CoL: 4F8K2
EoL: 1030788
EPPO: PSPESR
Fungorum: 143418
GBIF: 3203846
iNaturalist: 383461
IRMNG: 10667458
MycoBank: 143418
NBN: NBNSYS0000015460
NCBI: 70743
NZOR: 3c307c7a-71f9-47d4-a400-1ae47fefc185
Open Tree of Life: 380687
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Plasmopara viticola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasmopara_viticola"}],"text":"Peronospora sparsa is an oomycete plant pathogen that causes downy mildew in berry producing plants; especially in the genus's Rubus and Rosa.[1] Downy mildew plant pathogens are often host specific and cause problems in cloudberries, blackberries, boysenberries, strawberries, and arctic bramble.[2] Since they are host specific, Peronospora sparsa will not cause downy mildew in grapes because a different plant pathogen causes downy mildew in grapes; Plasmopara viticola. Although it depends on the cultivar, symptoms do not normally start until later stages of disease and can look different on different plants. The most common symptoms include red lesions in the veins of leaves, with dry and deformed berries.","title":"Peronospora sparsa"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Oomycetes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oomycete"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hukkanen_et_al_2006-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kostamo_et_al_2015-5"}],"text":"Peronospora sparsa causes fluctuations in yield of berries. A few examples are downy mildew on the Arctic Bramble issue in Finland and Colombian greenhouse rose production.[3] Finland and Sweden have a great environment for an oomycete to thrive. Oomycetes are watermolds therefore cool, wet, humid conditions are perfect. The Arctic Bramble berries are used to make special Finland spelling liquor. However the irregular yield and “dryberry” effect from downy mildew has restricted the expansion of the industry. Downy mildew can devastate a crop in a short amount of time.[4][5]","title":"Importance"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"Oomycetes are watermolds therefore cool, wet, humid conditions are what they prefer. Peronospora sparsa is also an obligate biotroph. This means they require a living host to survive and reproduce. Obligate biotrophs are also commonly called obligate parasites because their existence is detrimental to the host.[6]","title":"Environment"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hukkanen_et_al_2006-4"}],"text":"Downy mildew spread mostly by conidia, which are asexual spores. Conidia are often carried by wind or rain onto the leaves, stem, or berries. From there, they develop secondary infections which means this pathogen has a polycyclic life cycle. After the secondary infection the disease will continue to spread very fast if uninterrupted.[4]","title":"Disease cycle"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kostamo_et_al_2015-5"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"The best control of Peronospora sparsa are resistant plant cultivars. Since this is a polycyclic disease that spreads by conidia, it's important to use disease management practices in the early stages of its life cycle. However, it can be hard to do so because symptoms of don't show until the disease has progressed and different cultivars can have different symptoms. The European Union has changed their legislation on pesticide use which is causing farmers to change their ways. \"The products ALIETTE (fungicide), PHOSFIK (leaf fertiliser) and BION (pathogen defence elicitor) were effective in downy mildew control, Aliette and Phosfik being more effective than Bion especially in preventing yield losses. No arctic bramble cultivars known to be resistant to downy mildew are available.\"[5] However, there are some cultivars that are less susceptible to infection. A few rose and blackberries have been found to be more resistant but breeding and other control methods need to be put in place.[7]The government has changed laws and will likely continue to become more restrictive around the world with pesticides. Constant use of fungicides can cause pathogen mutations and no longer control the downy mildew. Therefore, the best control is plant resistance.[citation needed]","title":"Management"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"\"Evaluation of methods for long term storage of the boysenberry downy mildew pathogen Peronospora sparsa\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.30843%2Fnzpp.2013.66.5677"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.30843/nzpp.2013.66.5677","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.30843%2Fnzpp.2013.66.5677"},{"link_name":"\"First Report of Downy Mildew on Blackberry Caused by Peronospora sparsa in Arkansas\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1094%2FPDIS-05-14-0554-PDN"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1094/PDIS-05-14-0554-PDN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1094%2FPDIS-05-14-0554-PDN"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"30699822","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30699822"},{"link_name":"Taxon identifiers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Taxon_identifiers"},{"link_name":"Wikidata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikidata"},{"link_name":"Q7169462","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7169462"},{"link_name":"Wikispecies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikispecies"},{"link_name":"Peronospora sparsa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Peronospora_sparsa"},{"link_name":"AusFungi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_online_fauna_%26_flora_databases"},{"link_name":"60016499","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//id.biodiversity.org.au/name/fungi/60016499"},{"link_name":"CoL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catalogue_of_Life"},{"link_name":"4F8K2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/4F8K2"},{"link_name":"EoL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Life"},{"link_name":"1030788","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//eol.org/pages/1030788"},{"link_name":"EPPO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EPPO_Code"},{"link_name":"PSPESR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//gd.eppo.int/taxon/PSPESR"},{"link_name":"Fungorum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_Fungorum"},{"link_name":"143418","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.indexfungorum.org/names/NamesRecord.asp?RecordID=143418"},{"link_name":"GBIF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_Biodiversity_Information_Facility"},{"link_name":"3203846","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.gbif.org/species/3203846"},{"link_name":"iNaturalist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/INaturalist"},{"link_name":"383461","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//inaturalist.org/taxa/383461"},{"link_name":"IRMNG","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interim_Register_of_Marine_and_Nonmarine_Genera"},{"link_name":"10667458","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.irmng.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=10667458"},{"link_name":"MycoBank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MycoBank"},{"link_name":"143418","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.mycobank.org/MB/143418"},{"link_name":"NBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Biodiversity_Network"},{"link_name":"NBNSYS0000015460","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//data.nbn.org.uk/Taxa/NBNSYS0000015460"},{"link_name":"NCBI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Center_for_Biotechnology_Information"},{"link_name":"70743","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=70743"},{"link_name":"3c307c7a-71f9-47d4-a400-1ae47fefc185","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.nzor.org.nz/names/3c307c7a-71f9-47d4-a400-1ae47fefc185"},{"link_name":"Open Tree of Life","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Tree_of_Life"},{"link_name":"380687","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//tree.opentreeoflife.org/taxonomy/browse?id=380687"}],"text":"Mudiyanselage, A.M. Herath; Jaspers, M.V.; Ridgway, H.J.; Walter, M.; Langford, G.I.; Jones, E.E. (8 January 2013). \"Evaluation of methods for long term storage of the boysenberry downy mildew pathogen Peronospora sparsa\". New Zealand Plant Protection. 66: 254–258. doi:10.30843/nzpp.2013.66.5677.\nSmith, S.; Roberson, S.; Cochran, K. (November 2014). \"First Report of Downy Mildew on Blackberry Caused by Peronospora sparsa in Arkansas\". Plant Disease. 98 (11): 1585. doi:10.1094/PDIS-05-14-0554-PDN. PMID 30699822.Taxon identifiersPeronospora sparsa\nWikidata: Q7169462\nWikispecies: Peronospora sparsa\nAusFungi: 60016499\nCoL: 4F8K2\nEoL: 1030788\nEPPO: PSPESR\nFungorum: 143418\nGBIF: 3203846\niNaturalist: 383461\nIRMNG: 10667458\nMycoBank: 143418\nNBN: NBNSYS0000015460\nNCBI: 70743\nNZOR: 3c307c7a-71f9-47d4-a400-1ae47fefc185\nOpen Tree of Life: 380687","title":"Further reading"}]
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[{"reference":"Breese, Wendy A; Shattock, R C; Williamson, B; Hackett, Christine (August 1994). \"In vitro spore germination and infection of cultivars of Rubus and Rosa by downy mildews from both hosts\". Annals of Applied Biology. 125 (1): 73–85. doi:10.1111/j.1744-7348.1994.tb04948.x.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1744-7348.1994.tb04948.x","url_text":"10.1111/j.1744-7348.1994.tb04948.x"}]},{"reference":"Lindqvist-Kreuze, Hannele; Koponen, Hilkka; Valkonen, Jari P.T. (2002). \"Variability of Peronospora Sparsa (syn. P. rubi) in Finland as Measured by Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism\". European Journal of Plant Pathology. 108 (4): 327–335. doi:10.1023/A:1015621931579. S2CID 23624081. ProQuest 821557874.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1023%2FA%3A1015621931579","url_text":"10.1023/A:1015621931579"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:23624081","url_text":"23624081"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ProQuest_(identifier)","url_text":"ProQuest"},{"url":"https://search.proquest.com/docview/821557874","url_text":"821557874"}]},{"reference":"Gómez, Sonia Yamile; Filgueira-Duarte, Juan José (2012). \"Monitoring the infective process of the downy mildew causal agent within micropropagated rose plants\". Agronomía Colombiana. 30 (2): 214–221. ProQuest 1677579046.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ProQuest_(identifier)","url_text":"ProQuest"},{"url":"https://search.proquest.com/docview/1677579046","url_text":"1677579046"}]},{"reference":"Hukkanen, Anne; Pietikäinen, Liisa; Kärenlampi, Sirpa; Kokko, Harri (6 September 2006). \"Quantification of downy mildew (Peronospora sparsa) in Rubus species using real-time PCR\". European Journal of Plant Pathology. 116 (3): 225–235. doi:10.1007/s10658-006-9054-z. S2CID 29713805. ProQuest 821564990.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10658-006-9054-z","url_text":"10.1007/s10658-006-9054-z"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:29713805","url_text":"29713805"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ProQuest_(identifier)","url_text":"ProQuest"},{"url":"https://search.proquest.com/docview/821564990","url_text":"821564990"}]},{"reference":"Kostamo, K.; Toljamo, A.; Palonen, P.; Valkonen, J.P.T.; Kärenlampi, S.O.; Kokko, H. (July 2015). \"Control of downy mildew (Peronospora sparsa) in arctic bramble (Rubus arcticus ssp. arcticus)\". Annals of Applied Biology. 167 (1): 90–101. doi:10.1111/aab.12211.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Faab.12211","url_text":"10.1111/aab.12211"}]},{"reference":"Kemen, Ariane C.; Agler, Matthew T.; Kemen, Eric (June 2015). \"Host-microbe and microbe-microbe interactions in the evolution of obligate plant parasitism\". New Phytologist. 206 (4): 1207–1228. doi:10.1111/nph.13284. PMID 25622918. ProQuest 1679364085.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fnph.13284","url_text":"\"Host-microbe and microbe-microbe interactions in the evolution of obligate plant parasitism\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fnph.13284","url_text":"10.1111/nph.13284"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25622918","url_text":"25622918"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ProQuest_(identifier)","url_text":"ProQuest"},{"url":"https://search.proquest.com/docview/1679364085","url_text":"1679364085"}]},{"reference":"Kim, Kwang Soo; Beresford, Robert M.; Walter, Monika (January 2014). \"Development of a Disease Risk Prediction Model for Downy Mildew (Peronospora sparsa) in Boysenberry\". Phytopathology. 104 (1): 50–56. doi:10.1094/PHYTO-02-13-0058-R. PMID 23883152.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1094%2FPHYTO-02-13-0058-R","url_text":"\"Development of a Disease Risk Prediction Model for Downy Mildew (Peronospora sparsa) in Boysenberry\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1094%2FPHYTO-02-13-0058-R","url_text":"10.1094/PHYTO-02-13-0058-R"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23883152","url_text":"23883152"}]},{"reference":"Mudiyanselage, A.M. Herath; Jaspers, M.V.; Ridgway, H.J.; Walter, M.; Langford, G.I.; Jones, E.E. (8 January 2013). \"Evaluation of methods for long term storage of the boysenberry downy mildew pathogen Peronospora sparsa\". 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PMID 30699822.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1094%2FPDIS-05-14-0554-PDN","url_text":"\"First Report of Downy Mildew on Blackberry Caused by Peronospora sparsa in Arkansas\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1094%2FPDIS-05-14-0554-PDN","url_text":"10.1094/PDIS-05-14-0554-PDN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30699822","url_text":"30699822"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gizra_language
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Gizrra language
|
["1 References"]
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Papuan language of New Guinea
GizrraNative toPapua New GuineaNative speakers1,100 (2002)Language familyTrans-Fly
Eastern Trans-FlyGizrraLanguage codesISO 639-3tofGlottologgizr1240ELPGizrra
Gizrra, or Toga, is a Papuan language of New Guinea. Its two varieties are Western Gizrra and Waidoro.
References
^ Gizrra at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
vteList of Torres Strait topicsTorres Strait Islands,islets, and caysBellevue group
Aipus
Cap
Kamutnab
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People, culture,communities andlanguagesNotable Torres Strait Islanders
Christine Anu
Seaman Dan
Aaron Fa'aoso
Josh Hoffman
Nathan Jawai
Ellen Jose
Robert Lui
Eddie Mabo
Rachael Maza
Patty Mills
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Culture
Indigenous music of Australia
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Languages
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Governance andlegal mattersGovernance
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Legal cases and principles
Akiba v Commonwealth
Mabo v Queensland
No 1
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Terra nullius
Buildings and structures
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Other
Adolphus Channel
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Endeavour Strait
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Category Commons See also: List of Torres Strait Islands
vteLanguages of Papua New GuineaOfficial languages
English
Hiri Motu
Tok Pisin
Papua New Guinean Sign Language
Major Indigenouslanguages
Adzera
Amanab
Awad Bing
Barok
Bimin
Bola
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Seimat
Solong
Somba-Siawari
Suau
Sulka
Tangga
Tobo
Uneapa
Ura
Vitu
Waris
Other PapuanlanguagesAngan
Akoye
Angaataha
Ankave
Hamtai
Kamasa
Kawacha
Menya
Safeyoka
Simbari
Susuami
Tainae
Yagwoia
Yipma
Awin–Pa
Awin
Pa
Binanderean
Baruga
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Ewage
Korafe
Orokaiva
Suena
Yekora
Zia
Bosavi
Aimele
Beami
Edolo
Kaluli
Kasua
Onobasulu
Sonia
Chimbu–Wahgi
Chuave
Dom
Golin
Kandawo
Kaugel
Kuman
Maring
Melpa
Narak
Nii
Nomane
Salt-Yui
Sinasina
Tembagla
Wahgi
New Ireland
Bilur
Fanamaket
Kandas
Konomala
Kuanua
Label
Niwer Mil
Patpatar
Ramoaaina
Siar
Sursurunga
Warwar Feni
Duna–Pogaya
Duna
Pogaya
East Kutubuan
Fasu
Fiwaga
Foi
East Strickland
Fembe
Gobasi
Konai
Kubo
Odoodee
Samo
Engan
Angal
Bisorio
Enga
Huli
Ipili
Kewa
Kyaka
Lembena
Samberigi
Eleman
Kaki Ae
Keoru
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Orokolo
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Tairuma
Ok–Oksapmin
Bimin
Faiwol
Mian
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Setaman
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Telefol
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Baramu
Bitur
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Were
Turama–Kikorian
Ikobi
Omati
Rumu
Larger families
Finisterre–Huon
Kainantu–Goroka
Madang
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Sepik
Southeast Papuan
Torricelli
Sign languages
Enga
Kailge
Mehek
Mount Avejaha
Rossel Island
Sinasina
Wanib
This Papuan languages-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Papuan language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papuan_language"},{"link_name":"New Guinea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Guinea"}],"text":"Gizrra, or Toga, is a Papuan language of New Guinea. Its two varieties are Western Gizrra and Waidoro.","title":"Gizrra language"}]
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[]
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[]
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[{"Link":"https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/gizr1240","external_links_name":"gizr1240"},{"Link":"http://www.endangeredlanguages.com/lang/7369","external_links_name":"Gizrra"},{"Link":"https://www.ethnologue.com/18/language/tof/","external_links_name":"Gizrra"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gizrra_language&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ski_collector
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Current collector
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["1 Pantographs and poles","1.1 Trolley pole wheel","1.2 Collector pole","2 Contact shoe","2.1 Contact ski","3 See also","4 References","5 External links"]
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Device that carries electrical power from lines or rails
This article is about sliding contacts for transmitting electric power to vehicles. For a connection to a transistor, see Bipolar junction transistor. For a battery electrode component, see Electrode § Structure of the electrode.
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Current collector" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (February 2022) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Trolley pole wheel on top of the trolley pole of Twin City Rapid Transit Company No. 1300
A current collector (often called a "pickup") is a device used in trolleybuses, trams, electric locomotives and EMUs to carry electric power (current) from overhead lines, electric third rails, or ground-level power supplies to the electrical equipment of the vehicles. Those for overhead wires are roof-mounted devices, those for rails are mounted on the bogies.
Typically, electric current connectors have one or more spring-loaded arms that press a collector or contact shoe against the rail or overhead wire. As the vehicle moves, the contact shoe slides along the wire or rail to draw the electricity needed to run the vehicle's motor.
The current collector arms are electrically conductive but mounted insulated on the vehicle's roof, side or base. An insulated cable connects the collector with the switch, transformer or motor. The steel rails of the tracks act as the electrical return.
Pantographs and poles
Electric vehicles that collect their current from an overhead line system use different forms of one- or two-arm pantograph collectors, bow collectors or trolley poles. The current collection device presses against the underside of the lowest wire of an overhead line system, which is called a contact wire.
Most overhead supply systems are either DC or single phase AC, using a single wire with return through the grounded running rails. Three phase AC systems use a pair of overhead wires, and paired trolley poles.
Electric overhead cranes and gantry cranes may use a current collector system to provide power over the full length of their operating area. The current collector assembly use sliding shoes that run on rails. Depending on the size of crane, contact rails may be copper wires, copper bars, or steel channels. mounted on insulating supports. Two rails are used for DC supply, and three for three-phase AC, with grounding of the crane through contact with the runway rails. The contact rails are mounted out of the reach of people working in the area to prevent an electric shock hazard.
Overhead current collectors
Modern one-arm "pantograph" collector with double collector shoes
Trolleybuses with trolley-type current collectors, i.e. trolley poles on trolley wires
A bow collector on a small electric locomotive
Bumper cars at Taunus Wunderland showing collector poles.
A trolley pole on a streetcar of the Toronto streetcar system
Trolley pole wheel
The trolley pole wheel is a grooved contact wheel mounted on top of the trolley pole instead of a trolley shoe. The trolley pole wheel somewhat resembles a pulley. Trolley pole wheels are now rarely used.
Collector pole
A collector pole is the pole at the end of a bumper car. It has a contact shoe on top.
Contact shoe
Electric railways with third rails or fourth rails carry collector or contact shoes, or paddles (the name used by MARTA), projecting laterally (sideways), or vertically, from their bogies. The contact shoe may slide on top of the third rail (top running), on the bottom (bottom running) or on the side (side running). The side running contact shoe is used against the guide bars on rubber-tired metros. A vertical contact shoe is used on fourth rail systems. A pair of contact shoes was used on underground current collection systems. Contact shoes may also be used on overhead conductor rails, on guide bars or on trolley wires in the case of trams or trolleybuses. Most railways use three rails, while the London Underground uses four rails. Trams or trolleybuses use a grooved trolley shoe at the end of a trolley pole. A contact shoe is used as a ground on the running rail of a rubber-tired metro.
Contact ski
A long and narrow contact shoe shaped like a ski, or "skid" or "ski collector" or "contact ski", was historically used on stud contact systems so it maintains contact with small studs in the road placed at large intervals. A single ski was as long as 12 feet (3.7 m) in some systems.: 107–116 Stud contact systems were short-lived due to safety issues with the studs. They were supposed to be electrified only when compatible vehicles passed over them, but the studs often malfunctioned and remained electrified continuously, posing an electrocution hazard.
Contact shoes
Contact shoe on Metro-North M8 railcar, designed for both over- and under-running third rail
A contact shoe for top-contact third rail on SEPTA's Norristown High Speed Line (third rail not visible)
Chicago Transit Authority third-rail contact shoe of Chicago 'L' car
The contact shoe of a NYC Subway car making contact with the third rail
Third-rail contact shoe installed on the front bogie of an RTL-II car for operation into New York Penn Station
A rubber-tyred metro bogie. Between the two large tires, a contact shoe touches the guidebar and electrically grounds the car.
See also
Bumper cars
Conduit current collection
Electromote
Guide bar
List of railway electrification systems
Overhead line
Pantographs and underbody collectors
Railway electrification systems
References
^ Gerry Colley (November 27, 2014), Electrifying the streets: the surface-contact controversy in give English towns 1880-1920 (PDF), doi:10.21954/ou.ro.0000d65c
^ J Baggs (March 9, 2006), "5.1 Ground Level Power Supply", Wire-Free Traction System Technology Review (PDF), Edinburgh Tram Network
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Current collectors.
vteRailway electrificationCurrent collectors
Bow collector
Pantograph
Trolley pole
Contact shoe
Power delivery
Railway electrification
Overhead line
Third rail
Fourth rail
Ground-level power supply
Stud contact system
Conduit current collection
Rolling stock
Railway electric traction
Power car
Electric locomotive
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Electro-diesel locomotive
Electro-diesel multiple unit
Multi-system
Rubber-tyred metro
Power network
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Traction substation
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By country
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For a connection to a transistor, see Bipolar junction transistor. For a battery electrode component, see Electrode § Structure of the electrode.Trolley pole wheel on top of the trolley pole of Twin City Rapid Transit Company No. 1300A current collector (often called a \"pickup\") is a device used in trolleybuses, trams, electric locomotives and EMUs to carry electric power (current) from overhead lines, electric third rails, or ground-level power supplies to the electrical equipment of the vehicles. Those for overhead wires are roof-mounted devices, those for rails are mounted on the bogies.Typically, electric current connectors have one or more spring-loaded arms that press a collector or contact shoe against the rail or overhead wire. As the vehicle moves, the contact shoe slides along the wire or rail to draw the electricity needed to run the vehicle's motor.The current collector arms are electrically conductive but mounted insulated on the vehicle's roof, side or base. An insulated cable connects the collector with the switch, transformer or motor. The steel rails of the tracks act as the electrical return.","title":"Current collector"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"overhead line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overhead_line"},{"link_name":"pantograph collectors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pantograph_(transport)"},{"link_name":"bow collectors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bow_collector"},{"link_name":"trolley poles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trolley_pole"},{"link_name":"contact wire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contact_wire"},{"link_name":"Three phase AC systems","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three-phase_AC_railway_electrification"},{"link_name":"trolley poles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trolley_pole"},{"link_name":"Electric overhead cranes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_overhead_traveling_crane"},{"link_name":"gantry cranes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gantry_crane"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pantograaf_mat64.jpg"},{"link_name":"pantograph","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pantograph_(transport)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:BCLM_various_trolleybuses.jpg"},{"link_name":"Trolleybuses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trolleybus"},{"link_name":"trolley poles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trolley_pole"},{"link_name":"trolley wires","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overhead_line#Parallel_overhead_lines"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bow-Corrector-of-CDK-DeKi3.jpg"},{"link_name":"bow collector","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bow_collector"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Autoscooter1.jpg"},{"link_name":"Bumper cars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bumper_car"},{"link_name":"Taunus Wunderland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Taunus_Wunderland&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"de","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taunus_Wunderland"},{"link_name":"collector poles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collector_pole"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:CLRV_Trolley_Pole.jpg"},{"link_name":"trolley pole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trolley_pole"},{"link_name":"Toronto streetcar system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toronto_streetcar_system"}],"text":"Electric vehicles that collect their current from an overhead line system use different forms of one- or two-arm pantograph collectors, bow collectors or trolley poles. The current collection device presses against the underside of the lowest wire of an overhead line system, which is called a contact wire.Most overhead supply systems are either DC or single phase AC, using a single wire with return through the grounded running rails. Three phase AC systems use a pair of overhead wires, and paired trolley poles.Electric overhead cranes and gantry cranes may use a current collector system to provide power over the full length of their operating area. The current collector assembly use sliding shoes that run on rails. Depending on the size of crane, contact rails may be copper wires, copper bars, or steel channels. mounted on insulating supports. Two rails are used for DC supply, and three for three-phase AC, with grounding of the crane through contact with the runway rails. The contact rails are mounted out of the reach of people working in the area to prevent an electric shock hazard.Overhead current collectors\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tModern one-arm \"pantograph\" collector with double collector shoes\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tTrolleybuses with trolley-type current collectors, i.e. trolley poles on trolley wires\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tA bow collector on a small electric locomotive\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tBumper cars at Taunus Wunderland [de] showing collector poles.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tA trolley pole on a streetcar of the Toronto streetcar system","title":"Pantographs and poles"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"grooved","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groove_(engineering)"},{"link_name":"pulley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulley"}],"sub_title":"Trolley pole wheel","text":"The trolley pole wheel is a grooved contact wheel mounted on top of the trolley pole instead of a trolley shoe. The trolley pole wheel somewhat resembles a pulley. Trolley pole wheels are now rarely used.","title":"Pantographs and poles"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"bumper car","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bumper_cars#Design"}],"sub_title":"Collector pole","text":"A collector pole is the pole at the end of a bumper car. It has a contact shoe on top.","title":"Pantographs and poles"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"third rails","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third_rail#Shoe_contact"},{"link_name":"fourth rails","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fourth_rail"},{"link_name":"MARTA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metropolitan_Atlanta_Rapid_Transit_Authority"},{"link_name":"bogies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bogie"},{"link_name":"guide bars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guide_bar"},{"link_name":"rubber-tired metros","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rubber-tired_metro"},{"link_name":"fourth rail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fourth_rail"},{"link_name":"underground current collection systems","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conduit_current_collection"},{"link_name":"overhead conductor rails","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overhead_conductor_rail"},{"link_name":"guide bars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guide_bar"},{"link_name":"trolley wires","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overhead_line"},{"link_name":"trams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tram"},{"link_name":"trolleybuses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trolleybus"},{"link_name":"three rails","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third_rail"},{"link_name":"London Underground","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Underground"},{"link_name":"four rails","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Railway_electrification_system#Fourth_rail"},{"link_name":"grooved","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groove_(engineering)"},{"link_name":"trolley pole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trolley_pole"},{"link_name":"ground","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ground_(electricity)"},{"link_name":"rail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rail_profile"}],"text":"Electric railways with third rails or fourth rails carry collector or contact shoes, or paddles (the name used by MARTA), projecting laterally (sideways), or vertically, from their bogies. The contact shoe may slide on top of the third rail (top running), on the bottom (bottom running) or on the side (side running). The side running contact shoe is used against the guide bars on rubber-tired metros. A vertical contact shoe is used on fourth rail systems. A pair of contact shoes was used on underground current collection systems. Contact shoes may also be used on overhead conductor rails, on guide bars or on trolley wires in the case of trams or trolleybuses. Most railways use three rails, while the London Underground uses four rails. Trams or trolleybuses use a grooved trolley shoe at the end of a trolley pole. A contact shoe is used as a ground on the running rail of a rubber-tired metro.","title":"Contact shoe"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contact_ski"},{"link_name":"stud contact systems","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stud_contact_system#Collectors"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Colley2014-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Baggs-2"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:M8_railcar_-9101_contact_shoe,_September_2016.jpg"},{"link_name":"Metro-North","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metro-North_Railroad"},{"link_name":"M8 railcar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M8_(railcar)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Third_Rail_contact_shoe.jpg"},{"link_name":"SEPTA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SEPTA"},{"link_name":"Norristown High Speed Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norristown_High_Speed_Line"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:CTA_third_rail_contact_shoe.jpg"},{"link_name":"Chicago Transit Authority","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_Transit_Authority"},{"link_name":"contact shoe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contact_shoe"},{"link_name":"Chicago 'L'","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_%27L%27"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:NYC_Subway_Third_Rail_Induction_Motor.jpg"},{"link_name":"NYC Subway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City_Subway"},{"link_name":"third rail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third_rail"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Amt_Turboliner-3rd-rail-shoe.jpg"},{"link_name":"bogie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bogie"},{"link_name":"RTL-II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turboliner#RTL-II"},{"link_name":"New York Penn Station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penn_Station_(New_York)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bogie_avant_MR-63_metro_de_Montreal.jpg"},{"link_name":"rubber-tyred metro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rubber-tyred_metro"},{"link_name":"electrically grounds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ground_(electricity)"}],"sub_title":"Contact ski","text":"A long and narrow contact shoe shaped like a ski, or \"skid\" or \"ski collector\" or \"contact ski\", was historically used on stud contact systems so it maintains contact with small studs in the road placed at large intervals. A single ski was as long as 12 feet (3.7 m) in some systems.[1]: 107–116 Stud contact systems were short-lived due to safety issues with the studs. They were supposed to be electrified only when compatible vehicles passed over them, but the studs often malfunctioned and remained electrified continuously, posing an electrocution hazard.[2]Contact shoes\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tContact shoe on Metro-North M8 railcar, designed for both over- and under-running third rail\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tA contact shoe for top-contact third rail on SEPTA's Norristown High Speed Line (third rail not visible)\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tChicago Transit Authority third-rail contact shoe of Chicago 'L' car\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tThe contact shoe of a NYC Subway car making contact with the third rail\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tThird-rail contact shoe installed on the front bogie of an RTL-II car for operation into New York Penn Station\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tA rubber-tyred metro bogie. Between the two large tires, a contact shoe touches the guidebar and electrically grounds the car.","title":"Contact shoe"}]
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[{"image_text":"Trolley pole wheel on top of the trolley pole of Twin City Rapid Transit Company No. 1300","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Trolley_Wheel.jpg/200px-Trolley_Wheel.jpg"}]
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[{"title":"Bumper cars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bumper_cars"},{"title":"Conduit current collection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conduit_current_collection"},{"title":"Electromote","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromote"},{"title":"Guide bar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guide_bar"},{"title":"List of railway electrification systems","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_railway_electrification_systems"},{"title":"Overhead line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overhead_line"},{"title":"Pantographs and underbody collectors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battery_electric_bus#Pantographs_and_underbody_collectors_at_bus_stops_and_depots"},{"title":"Railway electrification systems","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Railway_electrification_system"}]
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[{"reference":"Gerry Colley (November 27, 2014), Electrifying the streets: the surface-contact controversy in give English towns 1880-1920 (PDF), doi:10.21954/ou.ro.0000d65c","urls":[{"url":"https://oro.open.ac.uk/54876/1/690467.pdf","url_text":"Electrifying the streets: the surface-contact controversy in give English towns 1880-1920"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.21954%2Fou.ro.0000d65c","url_text":"10.21954/ou.ro.0000d65c"}]},{"reference":"J Baggs (March 9, 2006), \"5.1 Ground Level Power Supply\", Wire-Free Traction System Technology Review (PDF), Edinburgh Tram Network","urls":[{"url":"https://dcstreetcar.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/10/Section-D-Part-2-281-498-pagesred.pdf","url_text":"Wire-Free Traction System Technology Review"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edinburgh_Tram_Network","url_text":"Edinburgh Tram Network"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryan_K._Buchanan
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Ryan K. Buchanan
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["1 Education","2 Career","2.1 U.S. attorney for the Northern District of Georgia","3 References","4 External links"]
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American lawyer
Ryan BuchananUnited States Attorney for the Northern District of GeorgiaIncumbentAssumed office May 2, 2022PresidentJoe BidenPreceded byB. J. Pak
Personal detailsBornRyan Karim Buchanan (1979-01-08) January 8, 1979 (age 45)EducationSamford University (BA)Vanderbilt University (JD)
Ryan Karim Buchanan is an American lawyer who has served as the United States attorney for the Northern District of Georgia since 2022.
Education
Buchanan earned a Bachelor of Science from Samford University in 2001 and a Juris Doctor the Vanderbilt University Law School in 2005.
Career
In 2005 and 2006, Buchanan served as a law clerk for Judge Inge Prytz Johnson of the United States District Court for the Northern District of Alabama. From 2006 to 2010, he was an associate at McGuireWoods. He joined the United States Attorney's Office for the Northern District of Georgia in 2010.
U.S. attorney for the Northern District of Georgia
On November 12, 2021, President Joe Biden announced his intent to nominate Buchanan to serve as the United States attorney for the Northern District of Georgia. On November 15, 2021, his nomination was sent to the United States Senate. On January 13, 2022, his nomination was reported out of the Senate Judiciary Committee. On April 27, 2022, his nomination was confirmed in the Senate by voice vote. He was sworn into office on May 2, 2022.
References
^ https://patch.com/georgia/atlanta/veteran-prosecutor-bidens-choice-lead-justice-atlanta
^ a b "President Biden Announces First U.S. Marshal Nominees and Eight New Nominees to Serve as U.S. Attorneys". The White House. November 13, 2021. Retrieved November 13, 2021. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
^ "Ryan Buchanan, Assistant U.S. Attorney, Northern District of Georgia". Daily Report. Retrieved November 13, 2021.
^ "Veteran Prosecutor Biden's Choice To Lead Justice Department In Northern Georgia District". Atlanta, GA Patch. November 15, 2021. Retrieved November 15, 2021.
^ "Nominations Sent to the Senate" (Press release). Washington, D.C.: The White House. November 15, 2021. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
^ "PN1374 - Nomination of Ryan K. Buchanan for Department of Justice, 117th Congress (2021-2022)". www.congress.gov. January 13, 2022. Retrieved April 27, 2022.
^ "Ryan K. Buchanan sworn in as U.S. Attorney for the Northern District of Georgia" (Press release). Atlanta, Georgia: U.S. Attorney’s Office for the Northern District of Georgia. May 2, 2022. Retrieved May 2, 2022.
External links
"Meet the U.S. Attorney". U.S. Department of Justice. May 2, 2022. Retrieved May 12, 2022.
Legal offices
Preceded byKurt ErskineActing
United States Attorney for the Northern District of Georgia 2022–present
Incumbent
This article about a person from the U.S. state of Georgia is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
This American law–related biographical article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadway_Limited
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Broadway Limited
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["1 History","1.1 Pennsylvania Railroad","1.2 Amtrak","2 Equipment","3 Notes","4 References","5 External links"]
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Former Pennsylvania Railroad and Amtrak passenger train
This article is about the train. For the 1941 film, see Broadway Limited (film). For the episode of Boardwalk Empire, see Broadway Limited (Boardwalk Empire).
Broadway LimitedThe Amtrak Broadway Limited at Lewistown in 1991OverviewPredecessorPennsylvania SpecialFirst serviceNovember 14, 1912Last serviceSeptember 9, 1995SuccessorThree RiversFormer operator(s)Pennsylvania Railroad (1912–1968)Penn Central (1968–1971)Amtrak (1971–1995)RouteTerminiNew York, New YorkChicago, IllinoisDistance travelled907.7 miles (1,460.8 km)Service frequencyDailyLine(s) usedMain Line (Pennsylvania Railroad)On-board servicesSeating arrangementsno coach; all Pullman carSleeping arrangementsroomettes, double bedrooms, compartmentsCatering facilitiesdining carBaggage facilitiesnone (1954, 1964)TechnicalTimetable number(s)28: eastbound, 29: westbound
The Broadway Limited was a passenger train operated by the Pennsylvania Railroad (PRR) between New York City and Chicago. It operated from 1912 to 1995. It was the Pennsylvania's premier train, competing directly with the New York Central Railroad's 20th Century Limited. The Broadway Limited continued operating after the formation of Penn Central (PC) in February 1968, one of the few long-distance trains to do so. PC conveyed the train to Amtrak in 1971, who operated it until 1995. The train's name referred not to Broadway in Manhattan, but rather to the "broad way" of PRR's four-track right-of-way along the majority of its route.
History
Pennsylvania Railroad
The Broadway Limited in the early 1920s.
Broadway Limited
vteLegend
0 mi0 km
New York
New YorkNew Jersey
10.0 mi16.1 km
Newark
New JerseyPennsylvania
85.9 mi138.2 km
North Philadelphia
111.4 mi179.3 km
Paoli
194.6 mi313.2 km
Harrisburg
325.4 mi523.7 km
Altoona
439.3 mi707 km
Pittsburgh
PennsylvaniaOhio
628.1 mi1010.8 km
Crestline
OhioIndiana
759.7 mi1222.6 km
Fort Wayne
IndianaIllinois
900.7 mi1449.5 km
Englewood
907.7 mi1460.8 km
Chicago Union Station
The Pennsylvania Special was one of nine express trains the Pennsylvania Railroad (PRR) operated between New York City and Chicago. On November 14, 1912, PRR renamed it the Broadway Limited, to avoid confusion with the similarly-named Pennsylvania Limited. The name, though spelled as "Broadway", honored PRR's four-track "broad way" main line. In the heavyweight era the Broadway Limited was an extra-fare, all sleeper (no coach service) train with an open-platform observation car at the end, such as Continental Hall and Washington Hall. The scheduled running time was 20 hours until it was reduced to 18 hours in 1932. Further reductions took place between 1932 and 1935, with the final heavyweight running time at 16 hours, 30 minutes.
On June 15, 1938, the Broadway Limited received lightweight streamlined cars to replace its heavyweight steel cars; on the same day rival New York Central Railroad's (NYC) 20th Century Limited was streamlined. Raymond Loewy styled the new cars and the PRR GG1 electric locomotive as well as some streamlined steam locomotives for PRR, notably the S1 and T1 Duplex drive engines. The Broadway Limited was one of four pre-World War II PRR trains to receive such equipment; the others being the General (New York–Chicago), Spirit of St. Louis (New York–St. Louis), and Liberty Limited (Washington–Chicago). Other PRR trains continued to use heavyweight cars until after the end of World War II. Most of the 1938 cars were built new by Pullman-Standard between March and May of that year, but the diners, RPO and baggage cars were rebuilt from heavyweight cars by the railroad's Altoona shops. The Broadway Limited was the only PRR train to be completely re-equipped with lightweight sleeping cars before World War II. The train's running time was further reduced to 16 hours.
Equipment and services on the Broadway Limited in the 1920s.
In 1949 PRR again re-equipped the Broadway Limited with new streamlined equipment. The all-sleeper train carried compartments, bedrooms, duplex rooms, roomettes for a single occupant and drawing rooms for three persons. The buffet-lounge-observation cars built by Pullman Standard were named Mountain View and Tower View. They had squared-off observation ends, instead of the tapered or rounded ends in the 1938 version, and contained two master rooms with radio and showers.
The Broadway Limited 1928
Also introduced was a twin-unit dining car and a mid-train lounge car, such as Harbor Rest, described by a PRR brochure as "cheerful, spacious ... richly appointed for leisure with deep, soft carpets ... latest periodicals are in the libraries." The February 1956 Official Guide listed the westbound Broadway Limited (Train 29) consist as having fourteen cars normally assigned: nine sleeping cars between New York and Chicago, one additional sleeping car from New York continuing through to Los Angeles on the Santa Fe's Super Chief, the twin-unit dining car, lounge car, and observation car. The train departed New York at 6:00 p.m. Eastern Time and arrived at Chicago the following morning at 9:00 a.m. Central Time.
The Broadway Limited was not immune to the decline in passenger rail transport, though it resisted longer than most. The competitor 20th Century Limited began carrying coaches in 1957. The PRR in October 1957 eliminated the train's transcontinental sleeping cars connecting with the original California Zephyr and the Santa Fe's Super Chief. Factors in the termination were declining ridership, and in the case of the Super Chief the time-consuming transfer of a sleeping car between Union Station, which the PRR used, and Dearborn Station, which the Santa Fe used. In late 1967, when the Illinois Central Railroad's Panama Limited also began carrying coaches, the Broadway Limited became the last "all-Pullman" train in the United States, a distinction that did not last long. PRR merged the Broadway Limited with the General on December 13, 1967. The train was one of the few long-distance trains to survive the merger of PRR and NYC into the Penn Central (PC). Also, the train began stopping at some smaller cities it had bypassed until then.
Amtrak
Amtrak Broadway Limited
vteLegend
0 mi0 km
New York
NYNJ
10 mi16 km
Newark Penn
58 mi93 km
Trenton
NJPA
North PhiladelphiaBypasssed 1980
91 mi146 km
Philadelphia
110 mi177 km
Paoli
158 mi254 km
Lancaster
195 mi314 km
Harrisburg
256 mi412 km
Lewistown
293 mi472 km
Huntingdon
327 mi526 km
Altoona
366 mi589 km
Johnstown
413 mi665 km
Greensburg
444 mi715 km
Pittsburgh
PAOH
pre-1990 route
518 mi834 km
Youngstown
571 mi919 km
Akron
Canton–Akron
Crestline
Lima
682 mi1098 km
Fostoria
OHIN
772 mi1242 km
Garrett
Fort Wayne
Warsaw
817 mi1315 km
Nappanee
Valparaiso
GaryBypasssed 1979
900 mi1448 km
Hammond–Whiting
INIL
915 mi1473 km
Chicago
Amtrak's incorporators selected the Broadway Limited as the new company's sole New York–Chicago route. Amtrak's Broadway Limited had a Washington, D.C. section east of Harrisburg that used the Port Road Branch. Amtrak refurbished the train in 1972, but the improvements did not persist. Author George H. Drury was critical in a 1974 Trains article: "In May 1972... he train was as fresh and new as a spring bride. In December 1973 the Broadway looked as though Amtrak had found a mistress elsewhere." In the 1970s, the Broadway Limited experienced chronic lateness due to poor track conditions in the Midwest. The route changed in 1979 when PC successor Conrail abandoned trackage west of Youngstown, Ohio. These changes included:
A minor re-route over the ex-New York Central in Gary, Indiana in 1979.
A major re-route over the ex-Baltimore and Ohio Railroad (B&O) in Indiana and Ohio, due to Conrail's desire to abandon part of the former Pittsburgh, Fort Wayne and Chicago Railway. This change took effect on November 10, 1990. This resulted in Fort Wayne, Indiana losing service; a new station was built 25 miles (40 km) to the north in Waterloo, and was used by Amtrak's Capitol Limited. The new Broadway Limited route also resulted in the restoration of service to Akron, Ohio and Youngstown, Ohio.
Amtrak ultimately discontinued the Broadway Limited on September 10, 1995, in the face of significant funding problems. The Broadway Limited then earned $6.6 million against costs of $24 million. Amtrak replaced it with the all-coach Three Rivers, which would in turn be discontinued in 2005.
The Broadway Limited at Fort Wayne, Indiana in 1974.
Equipment
Sample consist #11938 equipment
City-series sleeping car (18 roomettes)
Harbor-series sleeper-bar-lounge (2 double bedrooms)
Heavyweight dining car
Imperial-series sleeping car (4 compartments, 2 drawing rooms, 4 double bedrooms)
County-series sleeping car (13 double bedrooms)
View-series sleeper-buffet-lounge-observation (2 master rooms, 1 double bedroom)
The Mountain View sleeper-buffet-lounge-observation car at Chicago's Union Station in 1963
Pullman-Standard built the entirety of the equipment pool for the 1938 lightweight re-equipping, with the exception of two dining cars which were rebuilt in PRR's Altoona shops. The equipment delivered included eight 18-roomette sleeping cars; two sleeper-bar-lounges; four 4-compartment, 2-drawing room, 4-double bedroom sleeping cars; two 13-double bedroom sleeping cars; and two View series sleeper-buffet-lounge-observation cars. The dining car seated 24 at tables (in both 1x1 and 2x2 configurations) and featured a small bar at one end with seating for two. The sleeper-bar-lounge included a secretary's room, barber shop, shower-bath, and a bar/lounge with both booth and chair seating.
The Broadway Limited received additional Pullman equipment in 1949. This included Harbor Cove and Harbor Rest, sleeper-bar-lounges with three double bedrooms, and Mountain View and Tower View, sleeper-buffet-lounge-observation cars with two master rooms and a double bedroom. The Broadway Limited received coaches for the first time in 1967, when it merged with the General. Under PC the train carried "two or more coaches, two lounges, twin-unit diner, and four sleepers." This was better than most remaining passenger trains, which often had only two-three cars.
Sample consist #21949 equipment
Inn-series sleeping car (21 roomettes)
Creek Series sleeping car (12 duplex bedrooms, 4 double bedrooms
Imperial-series sleeping car (4 compartments, 2 drawing rooms, 4 double bedrooms)
Harbor-series sleeper-bar-lounge (2 double bedrooms)
Twin-unit dining car
Rapids-series sleeping car (10 roomettes, 6 double bedrooms)
View-series sleeper-buffet-lounge-observation (2 master rooms, 1 double bedroom)
Amtrak singled out the Broadway Limited for special treatment and in 1972 completely refurbished its equipment, most of which was ex-PC, although former Union Pacific Railroad sleeping cars were also used. Amtrak also added a Slumbercoach to the consist. In 1974 Amtrak tried out rebuilt 6-bedroom, 8-roomette ex-Rock Island sleeping cars, but their limited capacity reduced revenue. The Broadway Limited began receiving rebuilt Heritage Fleet cars in 1980, and Amfleet coaches thereafter. 68 cars were rebuilt at a total cost of $9.8 million.
Notes
^ Sanders 2003, p. 110
^ Kratville 1962, pp. 190–193
^ Welsh 2006, p. 62
^ Johnston, Welsh & Schafer 2001, pp. 42–46
^ Wayner 1972, pp. 1–4
^ Welsh 2006, p. 62
^ Welsh 2006, pp. 90–93
^ Johnston, Welsh & Schafer 2001, pp. 53–54
^ Ball 1986, p. 203
^ Official Guide of the Railways. New York: National Railway Publication Co. February 1956. pp. 292–300. OCLC 6340864.
^ Sanders 2003, p. 114
^ Christopher T. Baer, 'A GENERAL CHRONOLOGY OF THE PENNSYLVANIA RAILROAD COMPANY ITS PREDECESSORS AND SUCCESSORS AND ITS HISTORICAL CONTEXT' http://www.prrths.com/newprr_files/Hagley/PRR1957.pdf
^ Schafer & Welsh 1997, p. 116
^ Sanders 2006, p. 17
^ Penn Central East-West timetable, October, 1968
^ Sanders 2006, pp. 22–25
^ Drury, George H. (July 1974). "Amtrak East". Trains. Vol. 34, no. 9. pp. 28–32.
^ Sanders 2006, pp. 22–25
^ 'Amtrak National Timetable,' April 1991, p. 19
^ 'Amtrak National Timetable,' October 1990, p. 44
^ Sanders 2006, p. 27
^ Wayner 1972, p. 1
^ Wayner 1972, p. 1
^ Wayner 1972, p. 11
^ Sanders 2006, p. 17
^ Wayner 1972, p. 1
^ Sanders 2006, pp. 33–34
^ "Lake Shore Gets Upgraded Cars". Amtrak News. 6 (12): 5. November 1979.
References
Ball, Don Jr. (1986). The Pennsylvania Railroad 1940s–1950s. New York: W. W. Norton. ISBN 0-393-02357-5.
Johnston, Bob; Welsh, Joe; Schafer, Mike (2001). The Art of the Streamliner. New York: Metro Books. ISBN 978-1-58663-146-8.
Kratville, William W. (1962). Steam Steel and Limiteds. A Saga of the Great Varnish Era. Omaha, NE: Barnhart Press. OCLC 1301983.
Sanders, Craig (2006). Amtrak in the Heartland. Bloomington, Indiana: Indiana University Press. ISBN 978-0-253-34705-3.
Sanders, Craig (2003). Limiteds, Locals, and Expresses in Indiana, 1838–1971. Bloomington, Indiana: Indiana University Press. ISBN 978-0-253-34216-4.
Schafer, Mike; Welsh, Joe (1997). Classic American Streamliners. Osceola, Wisconsin: MotorBooks International. ISBN 978-0-7603-0377-1.
Wayner, Robert J., ed. (1972). Car Names, Numbers and Consists. New York: Wayner Publications. OCLC 8848690.
Welsh, Joe (2006). Pennsylvania Railroad's Broadway Limited. Saint Paul, MN: Voyageur Press. ISBN 978-0-7603-2302-1.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Broadway Limited.
Inside the Broadway Limited promotional booklet published by the Pennsylvania Railroad
Amtrak route guide, 1977
vteNamed trains of the Pennsylvania RailroadNamed trains
Admiral
Advance General
Aiken-Augusta Special
Akronite
American
Afternoon Steeler
Birmingham Special
Broadway Limited
Buckeye
Buffalo Day Express
Bullet
Cavalier
Cincinnati Limited
Clevelander
Colonial
Del-Mar-Va Express
Dominion Express
Duquesne
East Wind
Federal
Florida Arrow
General
Indianapolis Limited
Jeffersonian
Juniata
Kentuckian
Keystone
Liberty Limited
Manhattan Limited
Metropolitan
Northern Express / Southern Express
Morning Steeler
Northern Arrow
Patriot
Penn Texas
Pennsylvania Limited
Pittsburgher
Red Arrow
Senator
South Wind
Southland
Spirit of St. Louis
St. Louisan
Steeler
Sunshine Special
Trail Blazer
Union
Valpo Local
Rolling stock
View series
vteNamed trains of Penn Central
Admiral
Birmingham Special
Broadway Limited
Champion
Cincinnati Limited
Colonial
Duquesne
Federal
James Whitcomb Riley
Juniata
Manhattan Limited
Merchants Limited
Patriot
Pelican
Penn Texas
Pennsylvania Limited
Pilgrim
Senator
Silver Meteor
Silver Star
South Wind
Spirit of St. Louis
vteFormer Amtrak routesLongdistanceWest
Chief
City of San Francisco
Denver Zephyr
Desert Wind
El Capitan
Inter-American
Lone Star
North Coast Hiawatha
Pioneer
San Francisco Zephyr
Super Chief
Texas Chief
East
Broadway Limited
Champion
Floridian
Hilltopper
James Whitcomb Riley
Mountaineer
National Limited
Lake Shore
Panama Limited
River Cities
Silver Palm (1996–2002)
South Wind
Spirit of St. Louis
Three Rivers
Vacationer (seasonal)
CorridorWest
Coast Daylight
Expo '74
Las Vegas Limited
Orange County Commuter
Pacific International
San Diegan
Spirit of California
Willamette Valley
Midwest
Abraham Lincoln
Ann Rutledge
Arrowhead
Black Hawk
Blue Ridge
Calumet
Campus
Hoosier State
Indiana Connection
International
Kansas City Mule
Kentucky Cardinal
Lake Cities
Lake Country Limited
Limited
Loop
Michigan Executive
North Star
Prairie Marksman
Shawnee
St. Louis Mule
State House
Turboliner
Twilight Limited
Twin Cities Hiawatha
East
George Washington
Gulf Breeze
Gulf Coast Limited
Montrealer
Shenandoah
Silver Palm (1982–1985)
West Virginian
Northeast Corridor
Atlantic City Express
Bankers
Beacon Hill
Cape Codder (seasonal)
Chesapeake
Clamdigger
Clocker
Colonial
Connecticut Yankee
Fast Mail
Merchants Limited
Metroliner
Night Owl
Twilight Shoreliner
Empire Corridor
Empire State Express
Niagara Rainbow
Keystone Corridor
Atlantic City Express
Fort Pitt
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United States
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Broadway Limited (film)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadway_Limited_(film)"},{"link_name":"Broadway Limited (Boardwalk Empire)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadway_Limited_(Boardwalk_Empire)"},{"link_name":"passenger train","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passenger_train"},{"link_name":"Pennsylvania Railroad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvania_Railroad"},{"link_name":"New York City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City"},{"link_name":"Chicago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago"},{"link_name":"New York Central Railroad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Central_Railroad"},{"link_name":"20th Century Limited","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/20th_Century_Limited"},{"link_name":"Penn Central","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penn_Central_Transportation_Company"},{"link_name":"Amtrak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amtrak"},{"link_name":"Broadway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadway_(Manhattan)"},{"link_name":"Manhattan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manhattan"},{"link_name":"four-track right-of-way","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quadruple_track"}],"text":"Former Pennsylvania Railroad and Amtrak passenger trainThis article is about the train. For the 1941 film, see Broadway Limited (film). For the episode of Boardwalk Empire, see Broadway Limited (Boardwalk Empire).The Broadway Limited was a passenger train operated by the Pennsylvania Railroad (PRR) between New York City and Chicago. It operated from 1912 to 1995. It was the Pennsylvania's premier train, competing directly with the New York Central Railroad's 20th Century Limited. The Broadway Limited continued operating after the formation of Penn Central (PC) in February 1968, one of the few long-distance trains to do so. PC conveyed the train to Amtrak in 1971, who operated it until 1995. The train's name referred not to Broadway in Manhattan, but rather to the \"broad way\" of PRR's four-track right-of-way along the majority of its route.","title":"Broadway Limited"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Broadway_Limited_1931.png"},{"link_name":"Pennsylvania Railroad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvania_Railroad"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"streamlined cars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Streamliner_cars_(rail)"},{"link_name":"New York Central Railroad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Central_Railroad"},{"link_name":"20th Century Limited","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/20th_Century_Limited"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Raymond Loewy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raymond_Loewy"},{"link_name":"PRR GG1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PRR_GG1"},{"link_name":"S1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PRR_S1"},{"link_name":"T1 Duplex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PRR_T1"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"General","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_(train)"},{"link_name":"Spirit of St. Louis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spirit_of_St._Louis_(train)"},{"link_name":"Liberty Limited","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberty_Limited"},{"link_name":"Pullman-Standard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pullman-Standard"},{"link_name":"diners","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dining_car"},{"link_name":"RPO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Railway_Post_Office"},{"link_name":"baggage cars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baggage_car"},{"link_name":"Altoona shops","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altoona_Works"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:PRR_Broadway_Limited_Services_1920s.jpg"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_Broadway_Limited_April_29,_1928.jpg"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Official Guide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Official_Guide_of_the_Railways"},{"link_name":"Santa Fe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atchison,_Topeka_and_Santa_Fe_Railway"},{"link_name":"Super Chief","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super_Chief"},{"link_name":"Eastern Time","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Time_Zone"},{"link_name":"Central Time","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Time_Zone"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-og195602-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"California Zephyr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_Zephyr_(1949%E2%80%931970)"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Illinois Central Railroad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illinois_Central_Railroad"},{"link_name":"Panama Limited","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panama_Limited"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"General","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_(train)"},{"link_name":"Penn Central","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penn_Central_Transportation"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"sub_title":"Pennsylvania Railroad","text":"The Broadway Limited in the early 1920s.The Pennsylvania Special was one of nine express trains the Pennsylvania Railroad (PRR) operated between New York City and Chicago. On November 14, 1912, PRR renamed it the Broadway Limited, to avoid confusion with the similarly-named Pennsylvania Limited. The name, though spelled as \"Broadway\", honored PRR's four-track \"broad way\" main line.[1] In the heavyweight era the Broadway Limited was an extra-fare, all sleeper (no coach service) train with an open-platform observation car at the end, such as Continental Hall and Washington Hall.[2] The scheduled running time was 20 hours until it was reduced to 18 hours in 1932. Further reductions took place between 1932 and 1935, with the final heavyweight running time at 16 hours, 30 minutes.[3]On June 15, 1938, the Broadway Limited received lightweight streamlined cars to replace its heavyweight steel cars; on the same day rival New York Central Railroad's (NYC) 20th Century Limited was streamlined.[4] Raymond Loewy styled the new cars and the PRR GG1 electric locomotive as well as some streamlined steam locomotives for PRR, notably the S1 and T1 Duplex drive engines. The Broadway Limited was one of four pre-World War II PRR trains to receive such equipment; the others being the General (New York–Chicago), Spirit of St. Louis (New York–St. Louis), and Liberty Limited (Washington–Chicago). Other PRR trains continued to use heavyweight cars until after the end of World War II. Most of the 1938 cars were built new by Pullman-Standard between March and May of that year, but the diners, RPO and baggage cars were rebuilt from heavyweight cars by the railroad's Altoona shops. The Broadway Limited was the only PRR train to be completely re-equipped with lightweight sleeping cars before World War II.[5] The train's running time was further reduced to 16 hours.[6]Equipment and services on the Broadway Limited in the 1920s.In 1949 PRR again re-equipped the Broadway Limited with new streamlined equipment. The all-sleeper train carried compartments, bedrooms, duplex rooms, roomettes for a single occupant and drawing rooms for three persons. The buffet-lounge-observation cars built by Pullman Standard were named Mountain View and Tower View. They had squared-off observation ends, instead of the tapered or rounded ends in the 1938 version, and contained two master rooms with radio and showers.[7]The Broadway Limited 1928Also introduced was a twin-unit dining car and a mid-train lounge car, such as Harbor Rest, described by a PRR brochure as \"cheerful, spacious ... richly appointed for leisure with deep, soft carpets ... latest periodicals are in the libraries.\"[8][9] The February 1956 Official Guide listed the westbound Broadway Limited (Train 29) consist as having fourteen cars normally assigned: nine sleeping cars between New York and Chicago, one additional sleeping car from New York continuing through to Los Angeles on the Santa Fe's Super Chief, the twin-unit dining car, lounge car, and observation car. The train departed New York at 6:00 p.m. Eastern Time and arrived at Chicago the following morning at 9:00 a.m. Central Time.[10]The Broadway Limited was not immune to the decline in passenger rail transport, though it resisted longer than most. The competitor 20th Century Limited began carrying coaches in 1957.[11] The PRR in October 1957 eliminated the train's transcontinental sleeping cars connecting with the original California Zephyr and the Santa Fe's Super Chief. Factors in the termination were declining ridership, and in the case of the Super Chief the time-consuming transfer of a sleeping car between Union Station, which the PRR used, and Dearborn Station, which the Santa Fe used.[12] In late 1967, when the Illinois Central Railroad's Panama Limited also began carrying coaches, the Broadway Limited became the last \"all-Pullman\" train in the United States, a distinction that did not last long.[13] PRR merged the Broadway Limited with the General on December 13, 1967. The train was one of the few long-distance trains to survive the merger of PRR and NYC into the Penn Central (PC).[14] Also, the train began stopping at some smaller cities it had bypassed until then.[15]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Washington, D.C.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington,_D.C."},{"link_name":"Port Road Branch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_and_Port_Deposit_Railroad"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Trains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trains_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Conrail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conrail"},{"link_name":"Youngstown, Ohio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Youngstown,_Ohio"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Gary, Indiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary,_Indiana"},{"link_name":"Baltimore and Ohio Railroad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baltimore_and_Ohio_Railroad"},{"link_name":"Pittsburgh, Fort Wayne and Chicago Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pittsburgh,_Fort_Wayne_and_Chicago_Railway"},{"link_name":"Fort Wayne, Indiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Wayne,_Indiana"},{"link_name":"Waterloo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waterloo,_Indiana"},{"link_name":"Capitol Limited","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capitol_Limited"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Akron, Ohio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akron,_Ohio"},{"link_name":"Youngstown, Ohio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Youngstown,_Ohio"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Three Rivers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three_Rivers_(train)"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:AMTRAK%27S_BROADWAY_LIMITED_MAKES_A_STOP_ENROUTE_FROM_CHICAGO_TO_POINTS_EAST_TO_PICK_UP_AND_DISCHARGE_PASSENGERS._MANY..._-_NARA_-_556840.jpg"},{"link_name":"Fort Wayne, Indiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Wayne,_Indiana"}],"sub_title":"Amtrak","text":"Amtrak's incorporators selected the Broadway Limited as the new company's sole New York–Chicago route. Amtrak's Broadway Limited had a Washington, D.C. section east of Harrisburg that used the Port Road Branch.[16] Amtrak refurbished the train in 1972, but the improvements did not persist. Author George H. Drury was critical in a 1974 Trains article: \"In May 1972... [t]he train was as fresh and new as a spring bride. In December 1973 the Broadway looked as though Amtrak had found a mistress elsewhere.\"[17] In the 1970s, the Broadway Limited experienced chronic lateness due to poor track conditions in the Midwest. The route changed in 1979 when PC successor Conrail abandoned trackage west of Youngstown, Ohio. These changes included:[18]A minor re-route over the ex-New York Central in Gary, Indiana in 1979.\nA major re-route over the ex-Baltimore and Ohio Railroad (B&O) in Indiana and Ohio, due to Conrail's desire to abandon part of the former Pittsburgh, Fort Wayne and Chicago Railway. This change took effect on November 10, 1990. This resulted in Fort Wayne, Indiana losing service; a new station was built 25 miles (40 km) to the north in Waterloo, and was used by Amtrak's Capitol Limited.[19] The new Broadway Limited route also resulted in the restoration of service to Akron, Ohio and Youngstown, Ohio.[20]Amtrak ultimately discontinued the Broadway Limited on September 10, 1995, in the face of significant funding problems. The Broadway Limited then earned $6.6 million against costs of $24 million. Amtrak replaced it with the all-coach Three Rivers, which would in turn be discontinued in 2005.[21]The Broadway Limited at Fort Wayne, Indiana in 1974.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mountain_View_(PRR_car).jpg"},{"link_name":"Chicago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago"},{"link_name":"Union Station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_Station_(Chicago)"},{"link_name":"Pullman-Standard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pullman_Company"},{"link_name":"Altoona shops","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altoona_Works"},{"link_name":"View series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/View_series"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"General","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_(train)"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"Union Pacific Railroad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_Pacific_Railroad"},{"link_name":"Slumbercoach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slumbercoach"},{"link_name":"Rock Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago,_Rock_Island_and_Pacific_Railroad"},{"link_name":"Heritage Fleet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heritage_Fleet"},{"link_name":"Amfleet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amfleet"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-an197911-28"}],"text":"The Mountain View sleeper-buffet-lounge-observation car at Chicago's Union Station in 1963Pullman-Standard built the entirety of the equipment pool for the 1938 lightweight re-equipping, with the exception of two dining cars which were rebuilt in PRR's Altoona shops. The equipment delivered included eight 18-roomette sleeping cars; two sleeper-bar-lounges; four 4-compartment, 2-drawing room, 4-double bedroom sleeping cars; two 13-double bedroom sleeping cars; and two View series sleeper-buffet-lounge-observation cars. The dining car seated 24 at tables (in both 1x1 and 2x2 configurations) and featured a small bar at one end with seating for two. The sleeper-bar-lounge included a secretary's room, barber shop, shower-bath, and a bar/lounge with both booth and chair seating.[23]The Broadway Limited received additional Pullman equipment in 1949. This included Harbor Cove and Harbor Rest, sleeper-bar-lounges with three double bedrooms, and Mountain View and Tower View, sleeper-buffet-lounge-observation cars with two master rooms and a double bedroom.[24] The Broadway Limited received coaches for the first time in 1967, when it merged with the General. Under PC the train carried \"two or more coaches, two lounges, twin-unit diner, and four sleepers.\" This was better than most remaining passenger trains, which often had only two-three cars.[25]Amtrak singled out the Broadway Limited for special treatment and in 1972 completely refurbished its equipment, most of which was ex-PC, although former Union Pacific Railroad sleeping cars were also used. Amtrak also added a Slumbercoach to the consist. In 1974 Amtrak tried out rebuilt 6-bedroom, 8-roomette ex-Rock Island sleeping cars, but their limited capacity reduced revenue. The Broadway Limited began receiving rebuilt Heritage Fleet cars in 1980, and Amfleet coaches thereafter.[27] 68 cars were rebuilt at a total cost of $9.8 million.[28]","title":"Equipment"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"Sanders 2003","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFSanders2003"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"Kratville 1962","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFKratville1962"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"Welsh 2006","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFWelsh2006"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"Johnston, Welsh & Schafer 2001","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFJohnstonWelshSchafer2001"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"Wayner 1972","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFWayner1972"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"Welsh 2006","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFWelsh2006"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-7"},{"link_name":"Welsh 2006","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFWelsh2006"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-8"},{"link_name":"Johnston, Welsh & Schafer 2001","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFJohnstonWelshSchafer2001"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-9"},{"link_name":"Ball 1986","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFBall1986"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-og195602_10-0"},{"link_name":"Official Guide of the Railways","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Official_Guide_of_the_Railways"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"6340864","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/6340864"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-11"},{"link_name":"Sanders 2003","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFSanders2003"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-12"},{"link_name":"http://www.prrths.com/newprr_files/Hagley/PRR1957.pdf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.prrths.com/newprr_files/Hagley/PRR1957.pdf"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-13"},{"link_name":"Schafer & Welsh 1997","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFSchaferWelsh1997"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-14"},{"link_name":"Sanders 2006","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFSanders2006"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-15"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-16"},{"link_name":"Sanders 2006","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFSanders2006"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-17"},{"link_name":"Trains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trains_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-18"},{"link_name":"Sanders 2006","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFSanders2006"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-19"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-20"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-21"},{"link_name":"Sanders 2006","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFSanders2006"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-22"},{"link_name":"Wayner 1972","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFWayner1972"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-23"},{"link_name":"Wayner 1972","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFWayner1972"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-24"},{"link_name":"Wayner 1972","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFWayner1972"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-25"},{"link_name":"Sanders 2006","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFSanders2006"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-26"},{"link_name":"Wayner 1972","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFWayner1972"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-27"},{"link_name":"Sanders 2006","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFSanders2006"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-an197911_28-0"},{"link_name":"\"Lake Shore Gets Upgraded Cars\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//history.amtrak.com/archives/amtrak-news-november-1979"}],"text":"^ Sanders 2003, p. 110\n\n^ Kratville 1962, pp. 190–193\n\n^ Welsh 2006, p. 62\n\n^ Johnston, Welsh & Schafer 2001, pp. 42–46\n\n^ Wayner 1972, pp. 1–4\n\n^ Welsh 2006, p. 62\n\n^ Welsh 2006, pp. 90–93\n\n^ Johnston, Welsh & Schafer 2001, pp. 53–54\n\n^ Ball 1986, p. 203\n\n^ Official Guide of the Railways. New York: National Railway Publication Co. February 1956. pp. 292–300. OCLC 6340864.\n\n^ Sanders 2003, p. 114\n\n^ Christopher T. Baer, 'A GENERAL CHRONOLOGY OF THE PENNSYLVANIA RAILROAD COMPANY ITS PREDECESSORS AND SUCCESSORS AND ITS HISTORICAL CONTEXT' http://www.prrths.com/newprr_files/Hagley/PRR1957.pdf\n\n^ Schafer & Welsh 1997, p. 116\n\n^ Sanders 2006, p. 17\n\n^ Penn Central East-West timetable, October, 1968\n\n^ Sanders 2006, pp. 22–25\n\n^ Drury, George H. (July 1974). \"Amtrak East\". Trains. Vol. 34, no. 9. pp. 28–32.\n\n^ Sanders 2006, pp. 22–25\n\n^ 'Amtrak National Timetable,' April 1991, p. 19\n\n^ 'Amtrak National Timetable,' October 1990, p. 44\n\n^ Sanders 2006, p. 27\n\n^ Wayner 1972, p. 1\n\n^ Wayner 1972, p. 1\n\n^ Wayner 1972, p. 11\n\n^ Sanders 2006, p. 17\n\n^ Wayner 1972, p. 1\n\n^ Sanders 2006, pp. 33–34\n\n^ \"Lake Shore Gets Upgraded Cars\". Amtrak News. 6 (12): 5. November 1979.","title":"Notes"}]
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[{"image_text":"The Broadway Limited in the early 1920s.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Broadway_Limited_1931.png/220px-Broadway_Limited_1931.png"},{"image_text":"Equipment and services on the Broadway Limited in the 1920s.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/PRR_Broadway_Limited_Services_1920s.jpg/500px-PRR_Broadway_Limited_Services_1920s.jpg"},{"image_text":"The Broadway Limited 1928","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/The_Broadway_Limited_April_29%2C_1928.jpg/350px-The_Broadway_Limited_April_29%2C_1928.jpg"},{"image_text":"The Broadway Limited at Fort Wayne, Indiana in 1974.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/AMTRAK%27S_BROADWAY_LIMITED_MAKES_A_STOP_ENROUTE_FROM_CHICAGO_TO_POINTS_EAST_TO_PICK_UP_AND_DISCHARGE_PASSENGERS._MANY..._-_NARA_-_556840.jpg/220px-AMTRAK%27S_BROADWAY_LIMITED_MAKES_A_STOP_ENROUTE_FROM_CHICAGO_TO_POINTS_EAST_TO_PICK_UP_AND_DISCHARGE_PASSENGERS._MANY..._-_NARA_-_556840.jpg"},{"image_text":"The Mountain View sleeper-buffet-lounge-observation car at Chicago's Union Station in 1963","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Mountain_View_%28PRR_car%29.jpg/220px-Mountain_View_%28PRR_car%29.jpg"}]
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[{"reference":"Official Guide of the Railways. New York: National Railway Publication Co. February 1956. pp. 292–300. OCLC 6340864.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Official_Guide_of_the_Railways","url_text":"Official Guide of the Railways"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/6340864","url_text":"6340864"}]},{"reference":"Drury, George H. (July 1974). \"Amtrak East\". Trains. Vol. 34, no. 9. pp. 28–32.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trains_(magazine)","url_text":"Trains"}]},{"reference":"\"Lake Shore Gets Upgraded Cars\". Amtrak News. 6 (12): 5. November 1979.","urls":[{"url":"http://history.amtrak.com/archives/amtrak-news-november-1979","url_text":"\"Lake Shore Gets Upgraded Cars\""}]},{"reference":"Ball, Don Jr. (1986). The Pennsylvania Railroad 1940s–1950s. New York: W. W. Norton. ISBN 0-393-02357-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-393-02357-5","url_text":"0-393-02357-5"}]},{"reference":"Johnston, Bob; Welsh, Joe; Schafer, Mike (2001). The Art of the Streamliner. New York: Metro Books. ISBN 978-1-58663-146-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58663-146-8","url_text":"978-1-58663-146-8"}]},{"reference":"Kratville, William W. (1962). Steam Steel and Limiteds. A Saga of the Great Varnish Era. Omaha, NE: Barnhart Press. OCLC 1301983.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1301983","url_text":"1301983"}]},{"reference":"Sanders, Craig (2006). Amtrak in the Heartland. Bloomington, Indiana: Indiana University Press. ISBN 978-0-253-34705-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiana_University_Press","url_text":"Indiana University Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-253-34705-3","url_text":"978-0-253-34705-3"}]},{"reference":"Sanders, Craig (2003). Limiteds, Locals, and Expresses in Indiana, 1838–1971. Bloomington, Indiana: Indiana University Press. ISBN 978-0-253-34216-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=X9IoXE2tSK0C","url_text":"Limiteds, Locals, and Expresses in Indiana, 1838–1971"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiana_University_Press","url_text":"Indiana University Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-253-34216-4","url_text":"978-0-253-34216-4"}]},{"reference":"Schafer, Mike; Welsh, Joe (1997). Classic American Streamliners. Osceola, Wisconsin: MotorBooks International. ISBN 978-0-7603-0377-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Schafer_(author)","url_text":"Schafer, Mike"},{"url":"https://openlibrary.org/books/OL23276732M/Classic_American_streamliners","url_text":"Classic American Streamliners"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MotorBooks_International","url_text":"MotorBooks International"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7603-0377-1","url_text":"978-0-7603-0377-1"}]},{"reference":"Wayner, Robert J., ed. (1972). Car Names, Numbers and Consists. New York: Wayner Publications. OCLC 8848690.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/8848690","url_text":"8848690"}]},{"reference":"Welsh, Joe (2006). Pennsylvania Railroad's Broadway Limited. Saint Paul, MN: Voyageur Press. ISBN 978-0-7603-2302-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=HVPQTanDDAkC","url_text":"Pennsylvania Railroad's Broadway Limited"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voyageur_Press","url_text":"Voyageur Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7603-2302-1","url_text":"978-0-7603-2302-1"}]}]
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[{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/6340864","external_links_name":"6340864"},{"Link":"http://www.prrths.com/newprr_files/Hagley/PRR1957.pdf","external_links_name":"http://www.prrths.com/newprr_files/Hagley/PRR1957.pdf"},{"Link":"http://history.amtrak.com/archives/amtrak-news-november-1979","external_links_name":"\"Lake Shore Gets Upgraded Cars\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1301983","external_links_name":"1301983"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=X9IoXE2tSK0C","external_links_name":"Limiteds, Locals, and Expresses in Indiana, 1838–1971"},{"Link":"https://openlibrary.org/books/OL23276732M/Classic_American_streamliners","external_links_name":"Classic American Streamliners"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/8848690","external_links_name":"8848690"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=HVPQTanDDAkC","external_links_name":"Pennsylvania Railroad's Broadway Limited"},{"Link":"http://prr.railfan.net/documents/BroadwayLtd.html","external_links_name":"Inside the Broadway Limited"},{"Link":"http://history.amtrak.com/archives/i-broadway-limited-i-route-guide-1977","external_links_name":"Amtrak route guide, 1977"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007536864905171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh88006715","external_links_name":"United States"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_drive
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Food drive
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["1 Overview","2 Criticism","3 Largest food drive","4 See also","5 References","6 External links"]
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This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Food drive" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (June 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
A food drive is a form of charity that is conducted by a group of individuals or a corporation to stockpile and distribute foodstuffs to people who cannot afford food.
Overview
Non-perishable food items collected during a holiday food drive.
Food drives are operated in order to stock food banks that distribute food to homeless people, soup kitchens, vulnerable seniors, orphanages, refugees, and victims of disasters. There are also food drives to help people hold feasts on Christmas and Thanksgiving. Many are organized by community organizations, nonprofits, churches, and even individuals.
Criticism
Many people involved in charity work are critical of the inefficiency of food drives. Emergency food providers are able to buy surplus stock from the food industry at a significant discount, Katherina Rosqueta of the Center for High Impact Philanthropy estimating it at 5% of retail price. Instead of buying canned food at store prices and physically donating it, a monetary donation to the same value could be used to acquire a much greater amount of food, and of a variety chosen by the food charity.
"Food Not Bombs" is a network of collectives that recover surplus food from grocery stores and create vegan and vegetarian food to share with those needy."
Greg Bloom of Bread for the City expressed concern over the health value of donated food, saying that "almost half of what comes to us in any given food drive just doesn’t meet our nutritional standards".
Contemporary food drives often work towards a radical approach to food provisions and aid. Organizations like "Food Not Bombs" pair vegan and vegetarian food provisions to those in need with a radical political agenda. The organization protests the military industrial complex, a phenomenon that fuels wars and usurps almost half of all tax money. According to the organization, the tax money utilized for war could fuel better social infrastructure to provide food aid to all who need a cushion of support.
Largest food drive
The largest food drive by a non-charitable organization in 24 hours was set by the North Carolina School of Science and Mathematics Food drive. It collected 559,885 pounds of food in Durham, North Carolina, USA, on March 5, 2011.
See also
Bake sale
Blood drive
Pending Meal
Toy drive
References
^ a b Yglesias, Matthew (2011-12-07). "Can the Cans". Slate. ISSN 1091-2339. Retrieved 2017-02-05.
^ "FOODNOTBOMBS.NET". foodnotbombs.net. Retrieved 2023-12-02.
^ "Largest food drive in 24 hours - single location". 2021-03-01. Retrieved 2021-03-01.
External links
Look up food drive in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
Illustrative example of Food Drive Challenge, Delhi FoodBank
Food Drive FoodAThon by Delhi FoodBank, Aidmatrix Foundation, India
This food-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[{"image_text":"Non-perishable food items collected during a holiday food drive.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Non-perishable_food_items_collected_during_a_holiday_food_drive.jpg/220px-Non-perishable_food_items_collected_during_a_holiday_food_drive.jpg"},{"image_text":"\"Food Not Bombs\" is a network of collectives that recover surplus food from grocery stores and create vegan and vegetarian food to share with those needy.\"","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/A_mural_of_%22food_not_bombs%22_in_Berlin%2C_Germany.jpg/220px-A_mural_of_%22food_not_bombs%22_in_Berlin%2C_Germany.jpg"}]
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[{"title":"Bake sale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bake_sale"},{"title":"Blood drive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_donation"},{"title":"Pending Meal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pending_Meal"},{"title":"Toy drive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toy_drive"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Frankenstein_(1944_film)
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House of Frankenstein (film)
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["1 Plot","2 Cast","3 Production","3.1 Background and pre-production","3.2 Filming and post-production","4 Release","5 Reception","6 See also","7 References","7.1 Sources","8 External links"]
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1944 filmHouse of FrankensteinTheatrical release posterDirected byErle C. KentonScreenplay byEdward T. LoweBased onThe Devil's Broodby Curt SiodmakProduced byPaul MalvernStarring
Boris Karloff
Lon Chaney Jr.
John Carradine
J. Carrol Naish
CinematographyGeorge RobinsonEdited byPhilip CahnProductioncompanyUniversal Pictures Company, Inc.Distributed byUniversal Pictures Company, Inc.Release dates
15 December 1944 (1944-12-15) (New York City)
16 February 1945 (1945-02-16) (United States)
Running time70 minutesCountryUnited StatesBudget$354,000
House of Frankenstein is a 1944 American horror film starring Boris Karloff, Lon Chaney Jr. and John Carradine. It was directed by Erle C. Kenton and produced by Universal Pictures. Based on Curt Siodmak's story "The Devil's Brood", the film is about Dr. Gustav Niemann, who escapes from prison and promises to create a new body for his assistant Daniel. Over the course of the film, they encounter Count Dracula, the Wolf Man (Larry Talbot) and Frankenstein's monster. The film is a sequel to Frankenstein Meets the Wolf Man (1943).
Universal had initially planned a film titled Chamber of Horrors, which would have included several of their horror-themed characters, but this project was canceled. The concept was later revived as House of Frankenstein. Filming began on April 4, 1944, with the highest budget for a Universal Frankenstein film at that time, and ended in early May. Screenings started in New York City on December 15, 1944. It was not among the highest-grossing films for Universal that year, but it managed to make more money than other Universal horror-related output such as Ghost Catchers (1944) and The Invisible Man's Revenge (1944).
Film historian Gregory W. Mank notes that the critics "made mincemeat" out of House of Frankenstein upon its release. Retrospective reviews focused on the absurdity of connecting the monsters together and the lack of scares in the film. A sequel titled House of Dracula that involved much of the same cast and crew was released in 1945.
Plot
For trying to replicate Dr. Frankenstein's experiments, Dr. Gustav Niemann is put in prison, where he meets another incarcerated criminal, the hunchback Daniel. Promising to create a new, beautiful body for Daniel, Niemann convinces him to become his assistant. During an earthquake, the two escape. Niemman and Daniel stumble upon traveling showman Professor Lampini, murder him and take over his horror exhibit, which includes the recovered corpse of Count Dracula. To exact revenge on Burgomaster Hussman for putting him in prison, Niemann revives Dracula. Dracula hypnotizes Hussman's granddaughter-in-law Rita and kills the Burgomaster. Hussman's grandson notices what is going on and alerts the police, who go after Dracula. Waiting in a nearby carriage, Niemann notices it is Dracula whom the police are after and jettisons Dracula's coffin to flee with Daniel. As Dracula scrambles to get back inside, the sun rises and kills him.
Niemann and Daniel travel to the flooded ruins of Castle Frankenstein in Visaria. En route, Daniel saves a Romani woman named Ilonka from being whipped by her companion over an argument about money. Smitten by Ilonka, Daniel convinces her to join them in their travels. At the Castle, they find the bodies of Frankenstein's monster and Larry Talbot, preserved in the frozen cavern beneath the castle. Niemann thaws their bodies, and Talbot turns back into human form. Niemann promises to cure his werewolf curse by transferring his brain into a different body if Talbot leads them to Frankenstein's notes. Seeing Ilonka has fallen in love with Talbot, Daniel suggests Niemann transfer his brain into Talbot's vacated body. Talbot finds the notes, but Niemann is more interested in reviving the monster and exacting revenge on two traitorous former associates than in keeping his promises to Talbot and Daniel. Aided by Daniel, Niemann kidnaps his former associates and plans to transfer their brains into the monsters' bodies, cursing them to live the tragic lives of the creatures. That night, Talbot transforms into a werewolf and kills a man, sending the villagers into a panic.
Daniel warns Ilonka that Talbot is a werewolf, but she is undeterred. Not trusting Niemann to cure him, Talbot instructs her to build silver bullets, load them into a gun and wait at night near his bedroom. That night, Niemann revives the monster and Talbot turns into a werewolf. The Wolf Man attacks and fatally wounds Ilonka, who shoots and kills him before dying. Daniel blames Niemann for Ilonka's death, reasoning that if he had transferred Daniel's brain as asked then she would not have gotten involved with a werewolf, and attacks him. Having bonded with the man who revived him, the monster intervenes and throws Daniel out the window. With Daniel dead, the monster carries the half-conscious Niemann outside, where the villagers chase them into the marshes. There, the monster and Niemann drown in quicksand.
Cast
Cast sourced from the book Universal Horrors:
Boris Karloff as Dr. Gustav Niemann
Lon Chaney Jr. as Lawrence Stewart Talbot, the Wolf Man
John Carradine as Count Dracula
J. Carrol Naish as Daniel
Glenn Strange as The Monster
Anne Gwynne as Rita Hussman
Peter Coe as Carl Hussman
Lionel Atwill as Insp. Arnz
George Zucco as Prof. Bruno Lampini
Elena Verdugo as Ilonka
Sig Ruman as Burgomaster Hussman
William Edmunds as Fejos
Charles F. Miller as Tobermann
Julius Tannen as Hertz
Philip Van Zandt as Insp. Müller
Hans Herbert as Meier
Dick Dickinson as Born
George Lynn as Gerlach
Michael Mark as Frederick Strauss
Production
Background and pre-production
On June 7, 1943, a film production titled Chamber of Horrors was announced by The Hollywood Reporter, noting that the cast would include Boris Karloff, Lon Chaney Jr., Bela Lugosi, Peter Lorre, Claude Rains, George Zucco, and James Barton with characters such as the Invisible Man, the Mad Ghoul, the Mummy and "other assorted monsters". Chamber of Horrors never went into production. Curt Siodmak spoke little on developing the story for the film, stating that "the idea was to put all the horror characters into one picture. I only wrote the story. I didn't write the script. I never saw the picture". The screenplay was written by Edward T. Lowe, who had previously written scripts for The Hunchback of Notre Dame (1923) and The Vampire Bat (1933). Lowe's script changed parts of Siodmak's story, including removing the mummy Kharis.
Behind-the-scenes publicity still for House of Frankenstein showing producer Paul Malvern (left) and Glenn Strange (right), in his Frankenstein's monster make-up
The film's producer Paul Malvern began assigning a cast that included Karloff, who Universal had on for a two-picture deal, Lon Chaney Jr., John Carradine and J. Carrol Naish. The cast was officially assembled in February 1944. On discussions with the cast, Anne Gwynne confided later in an interview with Michael Fitzgerald that she did not think Karloff was happy with his mad scientist role in the film. In an interview in early 1944, Karloff stated he would "never play Frankenstein's Monster again Other people have taken similar roles and the edge is off of it. I am through with it.... I made these horror films. They were of little importance in anybody's scheme of things, including my own, and though I did make a disgraceful amount of money, I was getting nowhere."
The role of the monster was given to Glenn Strange, who over the previous 12 years spent his time in Western films, Universal's The Mummy's Tomb (1942), and Producers Releasing Corporation's The Mad Monster (1942) and The Monster Maker (1944). Prior to Strange's casting, Lane Chandler tested for the role. Strange was unaware that he was being called to play the monster and only found out when he was reported to Jack Pierce's make-up studio to have a scar applied to him. After which, Pierce phoned producer Paul Malvern stating they had found their new monster.
Filming and post-production
" give us a chance to let our imagination run wild. The art department can go to town on creep sets. Prop men have fun with cobwebs. The cameraman has fun with trick lighting and shadows. The director has fun. We have more fun making a horror picture than a comedy."
— Director Erle C. Kenton in 1944.
Preparations for House of Frankenstein began in August 1943 under the title The Devil's Brood. The film's budget was $354,000. This was the highest budget set for a Universal Frankenstein film at that time, though Frankenstein (1931) and Bride of Frankenstein exceeded this amount by running over-budget. It was given a 30-day shooting schedule with initial shooting to begin on April 4, 1944 using the sets from Green Hell (1940) and Pittsburgh (1942). Other sets from Gung Ho! (1943) and Tower of London (1939) were also used.
On set, Carradine treated those on set to recitations from the works of Shakespeare and Chaney would occasionally prepare lavish lunches for his dressing room co-stars. Strange noted the monster make-up was uncomfortable on set, making him feel like he had water on the brain and that he was not allowed into the studio commissary, having to eat a sack lunch away from others, leading Strange to speculate, "I guess they didn't want me to turn the stomachs of stars and starlets." The scene where Niemann thaws the monster's tissues with steam was accomplished by putting Strange in a glass case and pumping vapor into it. Long rubber hoses were put in Strange's nose so that he could breathe in spite of the vapor, but while shooting the scene Strange found he could not exhale efficiently through the hoses and was suffocating, prompting him to frantically push a panic button which the prop crew had installed inside the case. Strange also had a scene where he throws J. Carrol Naish through a window and onto prop mattresses. Strange misjudged his throw, leading to Naish missing the mattress and landing on the cement floor. Naish's large padded hunchback cushioned his fall sufficiently to prevent serious injury.
Blonde-haired Elena Verdugo wore a brunette wig for her part, since the studio would not accept a blonde gypsy. She choreographed Ilonka's gypsy dance herself, and had to make it work around the rocks which littered the filming location.
Director Erle C. Kenton set the scenes involving Count Dracula to be shot last. Filming was completed on May 8. The music score was a collaborative effort between Hans J. Salter, Paul Dessau and Charles Previn. Most of the film's score was written specifically for House of Frankenstein, as opposed other films of the period that re-used older musical cues. After filming was completed in May and prior to its premiere, the film's title was changed to House of Frankenstein.
Release
House of Frankenstein was shown at the 594-seat Rialto Theatre in New York City on December 15, 1944. The film was so popular that it ran all night and then played at the theatre for three weeks. On December 22, House of Frankenstein and The Mummy's Curse opened at the 1,100-seat Hawaii Theatre in Hollywood. The film continued screening there for six weeks. On February 20, the film had a week-long run at Los Angeles's 2,200-seat Orpheum Theatre. The film was distributed theatrically by Universal Pictures. The film was released nationally on February 16, 1945, following the initial in New York premieres in December 1944. According to the National Box Office Digest, the film grossed between $200,000 to $500,000. It was not among the highest grossing films for Universal that year which included Can't Help Singing (1944) and Ali Baba and the Forty Thieves (1944), as well as the studio's other horror outings with The Climax (1944). It managed to outgross similar horror-related output from Universal such as Ghost Catchers (1944) and The Invisible Man's Revenge (1944).
The first news of a follow-up to House of Frankenstein appeared in Hollywood trade papers in April 1944 with the announcement of a film titled The Wolf Man vs. Dracula. This sequel would become House of Dracula (1945), albeit with a different script. Bernard Schubert was hired to write the script and turned in his first draft on May 19, 1944. House of Dracula is a continuation of the film House of Frankenstein and used much of that film's crew. Actors John Carradine, Glen Strange, and Lon Chaney Jr. reprise their roles as Count Dracula, Frankenstein's monster, and the Wolf Man, respectively. It was released on December 7, 1945.
House of Frankenstein was released on home video in 1992 by MCA Home Video. The film was released on DVD as part of The Monster Legacy Collection and Frankenstein: The Legacy Collection on April 27, 2004. House of Frankenstein was released on Blu-ray on August 28, 2018.
Reception
Film historian Gregory W. Mank declared that, on the film's premiere in New York City, critics "made mincemeat" out of it. Wanda Hale of the New York Daily News gave the film a two-and-a-half star rating, commenting that "settings, lighting and costumes, impressively eerie and horrendous, will help you enter into the sinister proceedings", while noting that audiences should "be sure and check your credulity outside". A. H. Weiler of The New York Times stated that as a film "this grisly congress doesn't hit hard; it merely has speed and a change of pace. As such, then, it is bound to garner as many chuckles as it does chills". The New York Herald Tribune gave a negative review, stating the "plot stumbles along endlessly in its top-heavy attempt to carry on its shoulders too many of yesterday's nightmares" concluding that the film "is only a little more terrifying than the house that Jack built". Harrison's Reports called it "only a mild horror picture, more ludicrous than terrifying. The whole thing is a rehash of the fantastic doings of these characters in previous pictures and, since they do exactly what is expected of them, the spectator is neither shocked nor chilled".
A reviewer for the Motion Picture Herald deemed the picture an "excellent horror film", complimenting the acting, makeup, clever photography, lighting and score, also noting that at their screening at the Rialto Theatre in New York the "matinee audience was more than satisfied". In 1946 Boris Karloff, referred to the film as "the monster clambake", while working on Val Lewton-produced pictures for RKO, referring to Lewton as "the man who rescued me from the living dead and restored my soul." Gwynne spoke of her role later in her career stating that "the part was nice but not great, I had fun with it, but I'm only in the first 25 minutes and then zap, I'm off for the rest of the film!"
In retrospective reviews, Carlos Clarens wrote about Universal's character cross-over films, also known as the Monster Rally films, in his book An Illustrated History of the Horror Film summarizing that "the sole charm of these films resides in the very proficient contract players that populated them, portraying gypsies, mad scientists, lustful high priests, vampire-killers, or mere red herrings". Kim Newman discussed the Monster Rally films in his book The Definitive Guide to Horror Movies, stating that they were endearing in trying to find ways around the monsters seemingly permanent deaths but that they also "don't even try to be terrifying, and seem to be entirely pitched at children's matinees." In his book Horror!, Drake Douglas commented that "The Monster became a clumsy automation", and that Strange's monster "had chubby cheeks and dead eyes and the face of a mindless somnambulist rather than a vibrantly living, evil creature." In his book on Universal's Frankenstein series, Gregory W. Mank stated that, despite the virtues of its exciting action sequences, moody ice cavern scene, directorial style, beautiful score, and impressive cast, "the film has never succeeded in transcending its ignoble purpose: to cram together as many horrors as 70 minutes allow. Nor has it ever been forgiven by the more discriminating terror film aficionados for taking another giant step in the degradation of Frankenstein's monster." A review in Phil Hardy's book Science Fiction (1984) declared that "the film's cheap-skate opportunity verges on surrealism at times as it moves from monster to monster with bewildering rapidity" while finding the film less ludicrous than its follow-up, House of Dracula.
See also
List of horror films of the 1940s
List of Universal Pictures films (1940–1949)
References
^ a b c d "House of Frankenstein (1945)". American Film Institute. Retrieved June 18, 2021.
^ a b c d Weaver, Brunas & Brunas 2007, p. 447.
^ a b c d e f g h i j Weaver, Brunas & Brunas 2007, p. 448.
^ Gilliam.
^ a b c d e Mank 1981, p. 138.
^ Mank 1981, p. 132.
^ a b Weaver, Brunas & Brunas 2007, p. 453.
^ Mank 2022, pp. 335–336.
^ a b c d Mank 1981, p. 134.
^ Mank 2022, p. 337.
^ Mank 2022, p. 338.
^ a b c Mank 1981, p. 135.
^ Mank 1981, p. 135-136.
^ Mank 1981, p. 136.
^ a b c Mank 1981, p. 137.
^ Weaver, Brunas & Brunas 2007, p. 449.
^ a b Weaver, Brunas & Brunas 2007, p. 451.
^ Mank 1981, p. 125.
^ a b c Mank 2022, p. 355.
^ Mank 2022, p. 356.
^ Mank 2020, p. 48.
^ a b c "All Features Released in 1944". National Box Office Digest Annual. Los Angeles, California. 1945 – via Internet Archive.
^ a b c Weaver, Brunas & Brunas 2007, p. 502.
^ Riley 2020, p. 107.
^ Weaver, Brunas & Brunas 2007, p. 501.
^ Harti, John (September 11, 1992). "Celebrate Halloween Early with Video Releases". The Post-Star. p. CF.
^ "House of Frankenstein (1944) – Erle C. Kenton | Releases". AllMovie. Archived from the original on May 5, 2021. Retrieved December 11, 2021.
^ Squires 2018.
^ Hale 1944.
^ Weiler 1944.
^ ""House of Frankenstein" with Boris Karloff and Lon Chaney". Harrison's Reports. Vol. 26, no. 52. December 23, 1944. p. 207. Retrieved April 13, 2023 – via Archive.org.
^ Weaver, Brunas & Brunas 2007, pp. 455–456.
^ Mank 2022, p. 357.
^ Clarens 1997, p. 103.
^ Weaver, Brunas & Brunas 2007, p. 323.
^ Marriott & Newman 2018, p. 53.
^ Hardy 1984, pp. 113–114.
Sources
Clarens, Carlos (1997) . An Illustrated History of Horror and Science-Fiction Films. Da Capo Press. ISBN 0-306-80800-5.
Gilliam, Richard. "House of Frankenstein Review". Allmovie. Archived from the original on May 18, 2024. Retrieved May 18, 2024.
Hale, Wanda (December 16, 1944). "Old Monsters Parade in New Horror Film". Daily News. p. 16.
Hardy, Phil, ed. (1984). Science Fiction. Morrow. ISBN 0688008429.
Mank, Gregory William (1981). It's Alive! The Classic Cinema Saga of Frankenstein. A.S. Barnes & Company, Inc. ISBN 0-498-02473-3.
Mank, Gregory Wm. (2020) . "Production Background". In Riley, Philip J. (ed.). House of Dracula. BearManor Media. ISBN 978-1629336169.
Mank, Gregory William (2022). Angels and Ministers of Grace Defend Us!. McFarland & Company. ISBN 978-1-4766-6553-5.
Marriott, James; Newman, Kim (2018) . The Definitive Guide to Horror Movies. London: Carlton Books. ISBN 9781787391390.
Riley, Philip J., ed. (2020) . House of Dracula. BearManor Media. ISBN 978-1629336169.
Squires, John (June 25, 2018). "Universal Monsters Complete 30 Film Collection Finally Coming to Blu-ray!". Bloody Disgusting. Archived from the original on June 28, 2018. Retrieved December 11, 2018.
Weaver, Tom; Brunas, Michael; Brunas, John (2007) . Universal Horrors (2 ed.). McFarland & Company. ISBN 978-0-7864-2974-5.
Weiler, A. H (December 16, 1944). "At the Rialto". The New York Times. Retrieved June 18, 2021.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to House of Frankenstein (film).
Wikiquote has quotations related to House of Frankenstein (film).
House of Frankenstein at AllMovie
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FilmsUniversal series
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The Devil's Messenger (1961, uncredited)
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"horror film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horror_film"},{"link_name":"Boris Karloff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boris_Karloff"},{"link_name":"Lon Chaney Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lon_Chaney_Jr."},{"link_name":"John Carradine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Carradine"},{"link_name":"Erle C. Kenton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erle_C._Kenton"},{"link_name":"Universal Pictures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_Pictures"},{"link_name":"Curt Siodmak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curt_Siodmak"},{"link_name":"Count Dracula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Count_Dracula"},{"link_name":"Larry Talbot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larry_Talbot"},{"link_name":"Frankenstein's monster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankenstein%27s_monster"},{"link_name":"Frankenstein Meets the Wolf Man","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankenstein_Meets_the_Wolf_Man"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilliam-4"},{"link_name":"Universal Frankenstein film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankenstein_(Universal_film_series)"},{"link_name":"Ghost Catchers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghost_Catchers"},{"link_name":"The Invisible Man's Revenge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Invisible_Man%27s_Revenge"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMank1981138-5"},{"link_name":"House of Dracula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Dracula"}],"text":"1944 filmHouse of Frankenstein is a 1944 American horror film starring Boris Karloff, Lon Chaney Jr. and John Carradine. It was directed by Erle C. Kenton and produced by Universal Pictures. Based on Curt Siodmak's story \"The Devil's Brood\", the film is about Dr. Gustav Niemann, who escapes from prison and promises to create a new body for his assistant Daniel. Over the course of the film, they encounter Count Dracula, the Wolf Man (Larry Talbot) and Frankenstein's monster. The film is a sequel to Frankenstein Meets the Wolf Man (1943).[4]Universal had initially planned a film titled Chamber of Horrors, which would have included several of their horror-themed characters, but this project was canceled. The concept was later revived as House of Frankenstein. Filming began on April 4, 1944, with the highest budget for a Universal Frankenstein film at that time, and ended in early May. Screenings started in New York City on December 15, 1944. It was not among the highest-grossing films for Universal that year, but it managed to make more money than other Universal horror-related output such as Ghost Catchers (1944) and The Invisible Man's Revenge (1944).Film historian Gregory W. Mank notes that the critics \"made mincemeat\" out of House of Frankenstein upon its release.[5] Retrospective reviews focused on the absurdity of connecting the monsters together and the lack of scares in the film. A sequel titled House of Dracula that involved much of the same cast and crew was released in 1945.","title":"House of Frankenstein (film)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"hunchback","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunchback"},{"link_name":"Count Dracula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Count_Dracula"},{"link_name":"Visaria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visaria"},{"link_name":"Romani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romani_people"},{"link_name":"Frankenstein's monster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankenstein%27s_monster"},{"link_name":"Larry Talbot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larry_Talbot"},{"link_name":"werewolf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Werewolf"},{"link_name":"silver bullets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silver_bullet"}],"text":"For trying to replicate Dr. Frankenstein's experiments, Dr. Gustav Niemann is put in prison, where he meets another incarcerated criminal, the hunchback Daniel. Promising to create a new, beautiful body for Daniel, Niemann convinces him to become his assistant. During an earthquake, the two escape. Niemman and Daniel stumble upon traveling showman Professor Lampini, murder him and take over his horror exhibit, which includes the recovered corpse of Count Dracula. To exact revenge on Burgomaster Hussman for putting him in prison, Niemann revives Dracula. Dracula hypnotizes Hussman's granddaughter-in-law Rita and kills the Burgomaster. Hussman's grandson notices what is going on and alerts the police, who go after Dracula. Waiting in a nearby carriage, Niemann notices it is Dracula whom the police are after and jettisons Dracula's coffin to flee with Daniel. As Dracula scrambles to get back inside, the sun rises and kills him.Niemann and Daniel travel to the flooded ruins of Castle Frankenstein in Visaria. En route, Daniel saves a Romani woman named Ilonka from being whipped by her companion over an argument about money. Smitten by Ilonka, Daniel convinces her to join them in their travels. At the Castle, they find the bodies of Frankenstein's monster and Larry Talbot, preserved in the frozen cavern beneath the castle. Niemann thaws their bodies, and Talbot turns back into human form. Niemann promises to cure his werewolf curse by transferring his brain into a different body if Talbot leads them to Frankenstein's notes. Seeing Ilonka has fallen in love with Talbot, Daniel suggests Niemann transfer his brain into Talbot's vacated body. Talbot finds the notes, but Niemann is more interested in reviving the monster and exacting revenge on two traitorous former associates than in keeping his promises to Talbot and Daniel. Aided by Daniel, Niemann kidnaps his former associates and plans to transfer their brains into the monsters' bodies, cursing them to live the tragic lives of the creatures. That night, Talbot transforms into a werewolf and kills a man, sending the villagers into a panic.Daniel warns Ilonka that Talbot is a werewolf, but she is undeterred. Not trusting Niemann to cure him, Talbot instructs her to build silver bullets, load them into a gun and wait at night near his bedroom. That night, Niemann revives the monster and Talbot turns into a werewolf. The Wolf Man attacks and fatally wounds Ilonka, who shoots and kills him before dying. Daniel blames Niemann for Ilonka's death, reasoning that if he had transferred Daniel's brain as asked then she would not have gotten involved with a werewolf, and attacks him. Having bonded with the man who revived him, the monster intervenes and throws Daniel out the window. With Daniel dead, the monster carries the half-conscious Niemann outside, where the villagers chase them into the marshes. There, the monster and Niemann drown in quicksand.","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeaverBrunasBrunas2007447-2"},{"link_name":"Boris Karloff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boris_Karloff"},{"link_name":"Lon Chaney Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lon_Chaney_Jr."},{"link_name":"Lawrence Stewart Talbot, the Wolf Man","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larry_Talbot"},{"link_name":"John Carradine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Carradine"},{"link_name":"Count Dracula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Count_Dracula"},{"link_name":"J. Carrol Naish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._Carrol_Naish"},{"link_name":"Glenn Strange","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glenn_Strange"},{"link_name":"The Monster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankenstein%27s_monster"},{"link_name":"Anne Gwynne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anne_Gwynne"},{"link_name":"Lionel Atwill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lionel_Atwill"},{"link_name":"George Zucco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Zucco"},{"link_name":"Elena Verdugo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elena_Verdugo"},{"link_name":"Sig Ruman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sig_Ruman"},{"link_name":"William Edmunds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Edmunds_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Charles F. Miller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_F._Miller"},{"link_name":"Julius Tannen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julius_Tannen"},{"link_name":"Philip Van Zandt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_Van_Zandt"},{"link_name":"Dick Dickinson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dick_Dickinson"},{"link_name":"George Lynn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Lynn_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Michael Mark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Mark_(actor)"}],"text":"Cast sourced from the book Universal Horrors:[2]Boris Karloff as Dr. Gustav Niemann\nLon Chaney Jr. as Lawrence Stewart Talbot, the Wolf Man\nJohn Carradine as Count Dracula\nJ. Carrol Naish as Daniel\nGlenn Strange as The Monster\nAnne Gwynne as Rita Hussman\nPeter Coe as Carl Hussman\nLionel Atwill as Insp. Arnz\nGeorge Zucco as Prof. Bruno Lampini\nElena Verdugo as Ilonka\nSig Ruman as Burgomaster Hussman\nWilliam Edmunds as Fejos\nCharles F. Miller as Tobermann\nJulius Tannen as Hertz\nPhilip Van Zandt as Insp. Müller\nHans Herbert as Meier\nDick Dickinson as Born\nGeorge Lynn as Gerlach\nMichael Mark as Frederick Strauss","title":"Cast"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Production"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Hollywood Reporter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hollywood_Reporter"},{"link_name":"Boris Karloff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boris_Karloff"},{"link_name":"Lon Chaney Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lon_Chaney_Jr."},{"link_name":"Bela Lugosi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bela_Lugosi"},{"link_name":"Peter Lorre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Lorre"},{"link_name":"Claude Rains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claude_Rains"},{"link_name":"George Zucco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Zucco"},{"link_name":"James Barton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Barton_(actor)"},{"link_name":"the Mad Ghoul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Mad_Ghoul"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeaverBrunasBrunas2007448-3"},{"link_name":"Curt Siodmak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curt_Siodmak"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeaverBrunasBrunas2007448-3"},{"link_name":"Edward T. Lowe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_T._Lowe_Jr."},{"link_name":"The Hunchback of Notre Dame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hunchback_of_Notre_Dame_(1923_film)"},{"link_name":"The Vampire Bat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Vampire_Bat"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeaverBrunasBrunas2007448-3"},{"link_name":"Kharis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kharis"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMank1981132-6"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Paul_Malvern_and_Glenn_Strange_(1944).jpg"},{"link_name":"Paul Malvern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Malvern"},{"link_name":"Glenn Strange","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glenn_Strange"},{"link_name":"Paul Malvern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Malvern"},{"link_name":"John Carradine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Carradine"},{"link_name":"J. Carrol Naish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._Carrol_Naish"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeaverBrunasBrunas2007448-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeaverBrunasBrunas2007448-3"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeaverBrunasBrunas2007453-7"},{"link_name":"Frankenstein's Monster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankenstein%27s_Monster"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMank2022335%E2%80%93336-8"},{"link_name":"Glenn Strange","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glenn_Strange"},{"link_name":"Western","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_(genre)"},{"link_name":"The Mummy's Tomb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Mummy%27s_Tomb"},{"link_name":"Producers Releasing Corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Producers_Releasing_Corporation"},{"link_name":"The Mad Monster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Mad_Monster"},{"link_name":"The Monster Maker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Monster_Maker"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMank1981134-9"},{"link_name":"Lane Chandler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lane_Chandler"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMank1981134-9"},{"link_name":"Jack Pierce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Pierce_(make-up_artist)"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMank1981134-9"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMank1981134-9"}],"sub_title":"Background and pre-production","text":"On June 7, 1943, a film production titled Chamber of Horrors was announced by The Hollywood Reporter, noting that the cast would include Boris Karloff, Lon Chaney Jr., Bela Lugosi, Peter Lorre, Claude Rains, George Zucco, and James Barton with characters such as the Invisible Man, the Mad Ghoul, the Mummy and \"other assorted monsters\".[3] Chamber of Horrors never went into production. Curt Siodmak spoke little on developing the story for the film, stating that \"the idea was to put all the horror characters into one picture. I only wrote the story. I didn't write the script. I never saw the picture\".[3] The screenplay was written by Edward T. Lowe, who had previously written scripts for The Hunchback of Notre Dame (1923) and The Vampire Bat (1933).[3] Lowe's script changed parts of Siodmak's story, including removing the mummy Kharis.[6]Behind-the-scenes publicity still for House of Frankenstein showing producer Paul Malvern (left) and Glenn Strange (right), in his Frankenstein's monster make-upThe film's producer Paul Malvern began assigning a cast that included Karloff, who Universal had on for a two-picture deal, Lon Chaney Jr., John Carradine and J. Carrol Naish.[3] The cast was officially assembled in February 1944.[3] On discussions with the cast, Anne Gwynne confided later in an interview with Michael Fitzgerald that she did not think Karloff was happy with his mad scientist role in the film.[7] In an interview in early 1944, Karloff stated he would \"never play Frankenstein's Monster again [...] Other people have taken similar roles and the edge is off of it. I am through with it.... I made these horror films. They were of little importance in anybody's scheme of things, including my own, and though I did make a disgraceful amount of money, I was getting nowhere.\"[8]The role of the monster was given to Glenn Strange, who over the previous 12 years spent his time in Western films, Universal's The Mummy's Tomb (1942), and Producers Releasing Corporation's The Mad Monster (1942) and The Monster Maker (1944).[9] Prior to Strange's casting, Lane Chandler tested for the role.[9] Strange was unaware that he was being called to play the monster and only found out when he was reported to Jack Pierce's make-up studio to have a scar applied to him.[9] After which, Pierce phoned producer Paul Malvern stating they had found their new monster.[9]","title":"Production"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Erle C. Kenton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erle_C._Kenton"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMank2022337-10"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeaverBrunasBrunas2007448-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeaverBrunasBrunas2007448-3"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMank2022338-11"},{"link_name":"Green Hell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_Hell_(film)"},{"link_name":"Pittsburgh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pittsburgh_(1942_film)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeaverBrunasBrunas2007448-3"},{"link_name":"Gung Ho!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gung_Ho!"},{"link_name":"Tower of London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tower_of_London_(1939_film)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeaverBrunasBrunas2007448-3"},{"link_name":"Shakespeare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shakespeare"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMank1981135-12"},{"link_name":"water on the brain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrocephalus"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMank1981135-12"},{"link_name":"panic button","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panic_button"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMank1981135-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMank1981135-136-13"},{"link_name":"Elena Verdugo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elena_Verdugo"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMank1981136-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMank1981137-15"},{"link_name":"Erle C. Kenton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erle_C._Kenton"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeaverBrunasBrunas2007449-16"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMank1981137-15"},{"link_name":"Hans J. Salter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_J._Salter"},{"link_name":"Paul Dessau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Dessau"},{"link_name":"Charles Previn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Previn"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeaverBrunasBrunas2007451-17"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeaverBrunasBrunas2007451-17"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMank1981137-15"}],"sub_title":"Filming and post-production","text":"\"[Horror films] give us a chance to let our imagination run wild. The art department can go to town on creep sets. Prop men have fun with cobwebs. The cameraman has fun with trick lighting and shadows. The director has fun. We have more fun making a horror picture than a comedy.\"\n\n\n— Director Erle C. Kenton in 1944.[10]Preparations for House of Frankenstein began in August 1943 under the title The Devil's Brood.[3] The film's budget was $354,000.[3] This was the highest budget set for a Universal Frankenstein film at that time, though Frankenstein (1931) and Bride of Frankenstein exceeded this amount by running over-budget.[11] It was given a 30-day shooting schedule with initial shooting to begin on April 4, 1944 using the sets from Green Hell (1940) and Pittsburgh (1942).[3] Other sets from Gung Ho! (1943) and Tower of London (1939) were also used.[3]On set, Carradine treated those on set to recitations from the works of Shakespeare and Chaney would occasionally prepare lavish lunches for his dressing room co-stars.[12] Strange noted the monster make-up was uncomfortable on set, making him feel like he had water on the brain and that he was not allowed into the studio commissary, having to eat a sack lunch away from others, leading Strange to speculate, \"I guess they didn't want me to turn the stomachs of stars and starlets.\"[12] The scene where Niemann thaws the monster's tissues with steam was accomplished by putting Strange in a glass case and pumping vapor into it. Long rubber hoses were put in Strange's nose so that he could breathe in spite of the vapor, but while shooting the scene Strange found he could not exhale efficiently through the hoses and was suffocating, prompting him to frantically push a panic button which the prop crew had installed inside the case.[12] Strange also had a scene where he throws J. Carrol Naish through a window and onto prop mattresses. Strange misjudged his throw, leading to Naish missing the mattress and landing on the cement floor. Naish's large padded hunchback cushioned his fall sufficiently to prevent serious injury.[13]Blonde-haired Elena Verdugo wore a brunette wig for her part, since the studio would not accept a blonde gypsy.[14] She choreographed Ilonka's gypsy dance herself, and had to make it work around the rocks which littered the filming location.[15]Director Erle C. Kenton set the scenes involving Count Dracula to be shot last.[16] Filming was completed on May 8.[15] The music score was a collaborative effort between Hans J. Salter, Paul Dessau and Charles Previn.[17] Most of the film's score was written specifically for House of Frankenstein, as opposed other films of the period that re-used older musical cues.[17] After filming was completed in May and prior to its premiere, the film's title was changed to House of Frankenstein.[15]","title":"Production"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rialto Theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rialto_Theatre_(New_York_City)"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMank1981125-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMank2022355-19"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMank2022355-19"},{"link_name":"The Mummy's Curse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Mummy%27s_Curse"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMank2022355-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMank2022356-20"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-afi-1"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMank202048-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nboda-22"},{"link_name":"Can't Help Singing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Can%27t_Help_Singing"},{"link_name":"Ali Baba and the Forty Thieves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali_Baba_and_the_Forty_Thieves_(1944_film)"},{"link_name":"The Climax","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Climax_(1944_film)"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nboda-22"},{"link_name":"Ghost Catchers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghost_Catchers"},{"link_name":"The Invisible Man's Revenge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Invisible_Man%27s_Revenge"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nboda-22"},{"link_name":"House of Dracula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Dracula"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeaverBrunasBrunas2007502-23"},{"link_name":"Bernard Schubert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernard_Schubert"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiley2020107-24"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeaverBrunasBrunas2007502-23"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeaverBrunasBrunas2007502-23"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeaverBrunasBrunas2007501-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dvd-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESquires2018-28"}],"text":"House of Frankenstein was shown at the 594-seat Rialto Theatre in New York City on December 15, 1944.[18][19] The film was so popular that it ran all night and then played at the theatre for three weeks.[19] On December 22, House of Frankenstein and The Mummy's Curse opened at the 1,100-seat Hawaii Theatre in Hollywood. The film continued screening there for six weeks.[19] On February 20, the film had a week-long run at Los Angeles's 2,200-seat Orpheum Theatre.[20] The film was distributed theatrically by Universal Pictures.[1] The film was released nationally on February 16, 1945, following the initial in New York premieres in December 1944.[21] According to the National Box Office Digest, the film grossed between $200,000 to $500,000.[22] It was not among the highest grossing films for Universal that year which included Can't Help Singing (1944) and Ali Baba and the Forty Thieves (1944), as well as the studio's other horror outings with The Climax (1944).[22] It managed to outgross similar horror-related output from Universal such as Ghost Catchers (1944) and The Invisible Man's Revenge (1944).[22]The first news of a follow-up to House of Frankenstein appeared in Hollywood trade papers in April 1944 with the announcement of a film titled The Wolf Man vs. Dracula. This sequel would become House of Dracula (1945), albeit with a different script.[23] Bernard Schubert was hired to write the script and turned in his first draft on May 19, 1944.[24] House of Dracula is a continuation of the film House of Frankenstein and used much of that film's crew.[23] Actors John Carradine, Glen Strange, and Lon Chaney Jr. reprise their roles as Count Dracula, Frankenstein's monster, and the Wolf Man, respectively.[23] It was released on December 7, 1945.[25]House of Frankenstein was released on home video in 1992 by MCA Home Video.[26] The film was released on DVD as part of The Monster Legacy Collection and Frankenstein: The Legacy Collection on April 27, 2004.[27] House of Frankenstein was released on Blu-ray on August 28, 2018.[28]","title":"Release"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMank1981138-5"},{"link_name":"New York Daily News","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Daily_News"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHale1944-29"},{"link_name":"A. H. Weiler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A._H._Weiler"},{"link_name":"The New York Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeiler1944-30"},{"link_name":"New York Herald Tribune","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Herald_Tribune"},{"link_name":"the house that Jack built","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_House_that_Jack_built"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMank1981138-5"},{"link_name":"Harrison's Reports","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harrison%27s_Reports"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"Motion Picture Herald","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motion_Picture_Herald"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeaverBrunasBrunas2007455%E2%80%93456-32"},{"link_name":"Val Lewton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Val_Lewton"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMank2022357-33"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeaverBrunasBrunas2007453-7"},{"link_name":"Carlos Clarens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlos_Clarens"},{"link_name":"An Illustrated History of the Horror Film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Illustrated_History_of_the_Horror_Film"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClarens1997103-34"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeaverBrunasBrunas2007323-35"},{"link_name":"Kim Newman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kim_Newman"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarriottNewman201853-36"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMank1981138-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMank1981138-5"},{"link_name":"Phil Hardy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phil_Hardy_(journalist)"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHardy1984113%E2%80%93114-37"}],"text":"Film historian Gregory W. Mank declared that, on the film's premiere in New York City, critics \"made mincemeat\" out of it.[5] Wanda Hale of the New York Daily News gave the film a two-and-a-half star rating, commenting that \"settings, lighting and costumes, impressively eerie and horrendous, will help you enter into the sinister proceedings\", while noting that audiences should \"be sure and check your credulity outside\".[29] A. H. Weiler of The New York Times stated that as a film \"this grisly congress doesn't hit hard; it merely has speed and a change of pace. As such, then, it is bound to garner as many chuckles as it does chills\".[30] The New York Herald Tribune gave a negative review, stating the \"plot stumbles along endlessly in its top-heavy attempt to carry on its shoulders too many of yesterday's nightmares\" concluding that the film \"is only a little more terrifying than the house that Jack built\".[5] Harrison's Reports called it \"only a mild horror picture, more ludicrous than terrifying. The whole thing is a rehash of the fantastic doings of these characters in previous pictures and, since they do exactly what is expected of them, the spectator is neither shocked nor chilled\".[31]A reviewer for the Motion Picture Herald deemed the picture an \"excellent horror film\", complimenting the acting, makeup, clever photography, lighting and score, also noting that at their screening at the Rialto Theatre in New York the \"matinee audience was more than satisfied\".[32] In 1946 Boris Karloff, referred to the film as \"the monster clambake\", while working on Val Lewton-produced pictures for RKO, referring to Lewton as \"the man who rescued me from the living dead and restored my soul.\"[33] Gwynne spoke of her role later in her career stating that \"the part was nice but not great, I had fun with it, but I'm only in the first 25 minutes and then zap, I'm off for the rest of the film!\"[7]In retrospective reviews, Carlos Clarens wrote about Universal's character cross-over films, also known as the Monster Rally films, in his book An Illustrated History of the Horror Film summarizing that \"the sole charm of these films resides in the very proficient contract players that populated them, portraying gypsies, mad scientists, lustful high priests, vampire-killers, or mere red herrings\".[34][35] Kim Newman discussed the Monster Rally films in his book The Definitive Guide to Horror Movies, stating that they were endearing in trying to find ways around the monsters seemingly permanent deaths but that they also \"don't even try to be terrifying, and seem to be entirely pitched at children's matinees.\"[36] In his book Horror!, Drake Douglas commented that \"The Monster became a clumsy automation\", and that Strange's monster \"had chubby cheeks and dead eyes and the face of a mindless somnambulist rather than a vibrantly living, evil creature.\"[5] In his book on Universal's Frankenstein series, Gregory W. Mank stated that, despite the virtues of its exciting action sequences, moody ice cavern scene, directorial style, beautiful score, and impressive cast, \"the film has never succeeded in transcending its ignoble purpose: to cram together as many horrors as 70 minutes allow. Nor has it ever been forgiven by the more discriminating terror film aficionados for taking another giant step in the degradation of Frankenstein's monster.\"[5] A review in Phil Hardy's book Science Fiction (1984) declared that \"the film's cheap-skate opportunity verges on surrealism at times as it moves from monster to monster with bewildering rapidity\" while finding the film less ludicrous than its follow-up, House of Dracula.[37]","title":"Reception"}]
|
[{"image_text":"Behind-the-scenes publicity still for House of Frankenstein showing producer Paul Malvern (left) and Glenn Strange (right), in his Frankenstein's monster make-up","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Paul_Malvern_and_Glenn_Strange_%281944%29.jpg/220px-Paul_Malvern_and_Glenn_Strange_%281944%29.jpg"}]
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[{"title":"List of horror films of the 1940s","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_horror_films_of_the_1940s"},{"title":"List of Universal Pictures films (1940–1949)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Universal_Pictures_films_(1940%E2%80%931949)"}]
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[{"reference":"\"House of Frankenstein (1945)\". American Film Institute. Retrieved June 18, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://catalog.afi.com/Film/24453-HOUSE-OFFRANKENSTEIN?sid=69e08d40-6f56-492d-80ef-1b3e133d081b&sr=9.259744&cp=1&pos=0","url_text":"\"House of Frankenstein (1945)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Film_Institute","url_text":"American Film Institute"}]},{"reference":"\"All Features Released in 1944\". National Box Office Digest Annual. Los Angeles, California. 1945 – via Internet Archive.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/nationalboxoffic09nati/page/n7/mode/2up?q=All+Features+Released+in+1944","url_text":"\"All Features Released in 1944\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Archive","url_text":"Internet Archive"}]},{"reference":"Harti, John (September 11, 1992). \"Celebrate Halloween Early with Video Releases\". The Post-Star. p. CF.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Post-Star","url_text":"The Post-Star"}]},{"reference":"\"House of Frankenstein (1944) – Erle C. Kenton | Releases\". AllMovie. Archived from the original on May 5, 2021. Retrieved December 11, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210505195216/https://www.allmovie.com/movie/house-of-frankenstein-v23349/releases","url_text":"\"House of Frankenstein (1944) – Erle C. Kenton | Releases\""},{"url":"https://www.allmovie.com/movie/house-of-frankenstein-v23349/releases","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"\"House of Frankenstein\" with Boris Karloff and Lon Chaney\". Harrison's Reports. Vol. 26, no. 52. December 23, 1944. p. 207. Retrieved April 13, 2023 – via Archive.org.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/harrisonsreports26harr/page/206/mode/2up","url_text":"\"\"House of Frankenstein\" with Boris Karloff and Lon Chaney\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harrison%27s_Reports","url_text":"Harrison's Reports"}]},{"reference":"Clarens, Carlos (1997) [1st pub. 1967]. An Illustrated History of Horror and Science-Fiction Films. Da Capo Press. ISBN 0-306-80800-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlos_Clarens","url_text":"Clarens, Carlos"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Illustrated_History_of_the_Horror_Film","url_text":"An Illustrated History of Horror and Science-Fiction Films"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Da_Capo_Press","url_text":"Da Capo Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-306-80800-5","url_text":"0-306-80800-5"}]},{"reference":"Gilliam, Richard. \"House of Frankenstein Review\". Allmovie. Archived from the original on May 18, 2024. Retrieved May 18, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240518014135/https://www.allmovie.com/movie/house-of-frankenstein-vm431041/review","url_text":"\"House of Frankenstein Review\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allmovie","url_text":"Allmovie"},{"url":"https://www.allmovie.com/movie/house-of-frankenstein-vm431041/review","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Hale, Wanda (December 16, 1944). \"Old Monsters Parade in New Horror Film\". Daily News. p. 16.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Daily_News","url_text":"Daily News"}]},{"reference":"Hardy, Phil, ed. (1984). Science Fiction. Morrow. ISBN 0688008429.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phil_Hardy_(journalist)","url_text":"Hardy, Phil"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/sciencefiction00hard","url_text":"Science Fiction"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Morrow_and_Company","url_text":"Morrow"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0688008429","url_text":"0688008429"}]},{"reference":"Mank, Gregory William (1981). It's Alive! The Classic Cinema Saga of Frankenstein. A.S. Barnes & Company, Inc. ISBN 0-498-02473-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-498-02473-3","url_text":"0-498-02473-3"}]},{"reference":"Mank, Gregory Wm. (2020) [1993]. \"Production Background\". In Riley, Philip J. (ed.). House of Dracula. BearManor Media. ISBN 978-1629336169.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1629336169","url_text":"978-1629336169"}]},{"reference":"Mank, Gregory William (2022). Angels and Ministers of Grace Defend Us!. McFarland & Company. ISBN 978-1-4766-6553-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4766-6553-5","url_text":"978-1-4766-6553-5"}]},{"reference":"Marriott, James; Newman, Kim (2018) [1st pub. 2006]. The Definitive Guide to Horror Movies. London: Carlton Books. ISBN 9781787391390.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Marriott_(author)","url_text":"Marriott, James"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kim_Newman","url_text":"Newman, Kim"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlton_Publishing_Group","url_text":"Carlton Books"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781787391390","url_text":"9781787391390"}]},{"reference":"Riley, Philip J., ed. (2020) [1993]. House of Dracula. BearManor Media. ISBN 978-1629336169.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1629336169","url_text":"978-1629336169"}]},{"reference":"Squires, John (June 25, 2018). \"Universal Monsters Complete 30 Film Collection Finally Coming to Blu-ray!\". Bloody Disgusting. Archived from the original on June 28, 2018. Retrieved December 11, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180628003408/https://bloody-disgusting.com/home-video/3506231/universal-monsters-complete-30-film-collection-finally-coming-blu-ray/","url_text":"\"Universal Monsters Complete 30 Film Collection Finally Coming to Blu-ray!\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloody_Disgusting","url_text":"Bloody Disgusting"},{"url":"https://bloody-disgusting.com/home-video/3506231/universal-monsters-complete-30-film-collection-finally-coming-blu-ray/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Weaver, Tom; Brunas, Michael; Brunas, John (2007) [1990]. Universal Horrors (2 ed.). McFarland & Company. ISBN 978-0-7864-2974-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-2974-5","url_text":"978-0-7864-2974-5"}]},{"reference":"Weiler, A. H (December 16, 1944). \"At the Rialto\". The New York Times. Retrieved June 18, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A._H._Weiler","url_text":"Weiler, A. H"},{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1944/12/16/archives/at-the-rialto.html","url_text":"\"At the Rialto\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franc_Lesko%C5%A1ek
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Franc Leskošek
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["1 Biography","2 References"]
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Franc LeskošekFranc Leskošek in 1959Secretary of the League of Communists of SloveniaIn office1937–1945Preceded byPosition EstablishedSucceeded byBoris Kidrič
Personal detailsBorn9 December 1897Celje, Austria-HungaryDied5 July 1993(1993-07-05) (aged 95)Ljubljana, PR Slovenia, YugoslaviaPolitical partyLeague of Communists
Frank Leskošek (nom de guerre Luka; 9 December 1897 – 5 July 1983) was a Yugoslav politician and partisan commander.
Biography
Born in Celje, Slovenia, Leskošek worked as a locksmith in his youth. He was drafted in to the Austro-Hungarian Army during World War I and fought mostly in the Isonzo Front. After the war he returned to his hometown and became active in the trade union movement and participated in many strikes.
Leskošek joined the Communist Party of Yugoslavia (KPJ) and in 1926 and became a member of its Central Committee in 1934. He was secretary of the Association of Metalworkers for Slovenia and chairman of the expert commission of the United Workers' Trade Unions of Slovenia. During this period he successfully hid his KPJ membership from Yugoslav authorities.
In 1935 he traveled to the Soviet Union alongside Edvard Kardelj and became a functionary in the Communist International and was appointed a member of the Politburo of the KPJ in 1936 in a conference held in Moscow. After the appointment of Josip Tito as the general secretary of the KPJ, Leskošek became one of the leading members of the party. In the fourth congress of the Communist Party of Slovenia, he was elected the first secretary of the party.
During the final elections in Yugoslavia he participated as a member of the United Opposition. After 1940 he avoided arrest by retiring the KPJ in time. He resumed his illegal activities and was once again elected to KPJ leadership.
Leskošek giving a speech during a rally in Bočna. October 1944
After the creation of the Slovene Partisan units Leskošek was appointed commander of its main staff. After the war and communist take over of Yugoslavia he remained first secretary of the KPS until 1945 and was also president of the Assembly of the Delegates of the Slovene Nation.
He was Minister of Industry and Mining in the first Slovenian government. From 1948 to 1951 he was the Federal Yugoslav Minister of Heavy Industry. From 1951 to 1953 he was chairman of the Council for Industrialization of Slovenia, then until 1958 he was a member of the executive committee of the National Group of the Federal People's Republic of Yugoslavia (FNRJ). From 1958 to 1963 he was vice-chairman of the People's Group of the FNRJ and from 1963 he was a member of the Federation Council. From 1945 to 1963 he was a member of the Slovenian group and from 1946 to 1953 and 1958 to 1963 of the federal group.
He was a member of the executive committee of the Central Committee of the Union of Communists of Slovenia (ÚV SKS) from 1956 to 1966 and then (1966 to 1968) he was a member of the presidency of ÚV SKS. Until 1964 he was a member of the Politburo of the Central Committee of the League of Communists of Yugoslavia (ÚV SKJ) and until 1969 a member of the ÚV SKJ. From 1953 he was a member of the Main Department of the Socialist Union of Working People (SSRN) of Yugoslavia and from 1967 he was a member of the presidency of the Slovenian Republican Conference of the SSRN.
Leskošek died in Ljubljana on 5 July 1983.
References
^ a b c "LESKOŠEK , Franc". Obrazi slovenskih pokrajin (in Slovenian). Retrieved 24 July 2021.
^ a b "Franc Leskošek Luka, častni občan občine Kamnik". www.kamnik.si. Archived from the original on 24 July 2021. Retrieved 24 July 2021.
^ Bjeloš, Nenad (2002). Odlikovani Slovenci 1944-1950. v Vojnozgodovinski zbornik št. 9. Logatec.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
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vteMembers of the Presidency of the League of Communists of Yugoslavia5th term (1948–1952)
Đilas
Gošnjak
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Ranković
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6th term (1952–1958)
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7th term (1958–1964)
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Žarković
13th term (1986–1990)Members
Brigić
Čkrebić
Gačić
Grbović
Korošec
Krunić
Muževič
Orlandić
Pančevski
Racan
Radmilović
Renovica
Šetinc
Široka
Škundrić
Šuvar
Tupurkovski
Uzelac
Varosha
Varošlija
Vukotić
Vukotić
Žarković
Zejnullahu
Ex-officio
Bulatović
Duraković
Gošev
Jashari
Jovičić
Kolgeci
Kovačević
Kučan
Lazaroski
Milošević
Morina
Mutapčić
Pejanović
Račan
Radović
Ribičič
Šogorov
Šimić
Šipovac
Stojčević
Stojšić
Trifunović
Uzelac
Vllasi
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"nom de guerre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nom_de_guerre"}],"text":"Frank Leskošek (nom de guerre Luka; 9 December 1897 – 5 July 1983) was a Yugoslav politician and partisan commander.","title":"Franc Leskošek"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Austro-Hungarian Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austro-Hungarian_Army"},{"link_name":"World War I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I"},{"link_name":"Isonzo Front","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battles_of_the_Isonzo"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"Communist Party of Yugoslavia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/League_of_Communists_of_Yugoslavia"},{"link_name":"Central Committee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Committee_of_the_League_of_Communists_of_Yugoslavia"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Edvard Kardelj","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edvard_Kardelj"},{"link_name":"Communist International","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communist_International"},{"link_name":"Josip Tito","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josip_Broz_Tito"},{"link_name":"Communist Party of Slovenia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/League_of_Communists_of_Slovenia"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Franc_Lesko%C5%A1ek_%E2%80%93_Luka_na_mitingu_v_Bo%C4%8Dni.jpg"},{"link_name":"Bočna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bo%C4%8Dna"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-2"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"}],"text":"Born in Celje, Slovenia, Leskošek worked as a locksmith in his youth. He was drafted in to the Austro-Hungarian Army during World War I and fought mostly in the Isonzo Front. After the war he returned to his hometown and became active in the trade union movement and participated in many strikes.[1]Leskošek joined the Communist Party of Yugoslavia (KPJ) and in 1926 and became a member of its Central Committee in 1934. He was secretary of the Association of Metalworkers for Slovenia and chairman of the expert commission of the United Workers' Trade Unions of Slovenia. During this period he successfully hid his KPJ membership from Yugoslav authorities.[citation needed]In 1935 he traveled to the Soviet Union alongside Edvard Kardelj and became a functionary in the Communist International and was appointed a member of the Politburo of the KPJ in 1936 in a conference held in Moscow. After the appointment of Josip Tito as the general secretary of the KPJ, Leskošek became one of the leading members of the party. In the fourth congress of the Communist Party of Slovenia, he was elected the first secretary of the party.[1]During the final elections in Yugoslavia he participated as a member of the United Opposition. After 1940 he avoided arrest by retiring the KPJ in time. He resumed his illegal activities and was once again elected to KPJ leadership.[citation needed]Leskošek giving a speech during a rally in Bočna. October 1944After the creation of the Slovene Partisan units Leskošek was appointed commander of its main staff. After the war and communist take over of Yugoslavia he remained first secretary of the KPS until 1945 and was also president of the Assembly of the Delegates of the Slovene Nation.[2]He was Minister of Industry and Mining in the first Slovenian government. From 1948 to 1951 he was the Federal Yugoslav Minister of Heavy Industry. From 1951 to 1953 he was chairman of the Council for Industrialization of Slovenia, then until 1958 he was a member of the executive committee of the National Group of the Federal People's Republic of Yugoslavia (FNRJ). From 1958 to 1963 he was vice-chairman of the People's Group of the FNRJ and from 1963 he was a member of the Federation Council. From 1945 to 1963 he was a member of the Slovenian group and from 1946 to 1953 and 1958 to 1963 of the federal group.[3]He was a member of the executive committee of the Central Committee of the Union of Communists of Slovenia (ÚV SKS) from 1956 to 1966 and then (1966 to 1968) he was a member of the presidency of ÚV SKS. Until 1964 he was a member of the Politburo of the Central Committee of the League of Communists of Yugoslavia (ÚV SKJ) and until 1969 a member of the ÚV SKJ. From 1953 he was a member of the Main Department of the Socialist Union of Working People (SSRN) of Yugoslavia and from 1967 he was a member of the presidency of the Slovenian Republican Conference of the SSRN.[2]Leskošek died in Ljubljana on 5 July 1983.[1]","title":"Biography"}]
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[{"image_text":"Leskošek giving a speech during a rally in Bočna. October 1944","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Franc_Lesko%C5%A1ek_%E2%80%93_Luka_na_mitingu_v_Bo%C4%8Dni.jpg/220px-Franc_Lesko%C5%A1ek_%E2%80%93_Luka_na_mitingu_v_Bo%C4%8Dni.jpg"}]
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[{"reference":"\"LESKOŠEK , Franc\". Obrazi slovenskih pokrajin (in Slovenian). Retrieved 24 July 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.obrazislovenskihpokrajin.si/oseba/leskosek-luka-franc/","url_text":"\"LESKOŠEK , Franc\""}]},{"reference":"\"Franc Leskošek Luka, častni občan občine Kamnik\". www.kamnik.si. Archived from the original on 24 July 2021. Retrieved 24 July 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210724170438/https://www.kamnik.si/resources/castni-obcani/leskosek/index.php","url_text":"\"Franc Leskošek Luka, častni občan občine Kamnik\""},{"url":"https://www.kamnik.si/resources/castni-obcani/leskosek/index.php","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Bjeloš, Nenad (2002). Odlikovani Slovenci 1944-1950. v Vojnozgodovinski zbornik št. 9. Logatec.","urls":[]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lancashire_cheese
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Lancashire cheese
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["1 Creamy Lancashire","2 Tasty Lancashire","3 Crumbly Lancashire","4 See also","5 References"]
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LancashireCountry of originEnglandRegionLancashireSource of milkCowsPasteurisedDepends on varietyTextureHard, creamy to crumblyAging time1–24 monthsCertificationBeacon Fell Traditional Lancashire Cheese only: PDONamed afterLancashire Related media on Commons
Lancashire is an English cow's-milk cheese from the county of Lancashire. There are three distinct varieties of Lancashire cheese. Young Creamy Lancashire and mature Tasty Lancashire are produced by a traditional method, whereas Crumbly Lancashire (more commonly known as Lancashire Crumbly within Lancashire) is a more recent creation suitable for mass production.
It is traditionally paired with Eccles cakes and Chorley cakes.
Creamy Lancashire
Eccles cake and Lancashire cheese at a restaurant
For centuries, Lancashire dairy farmers' wives made cheese from surplus milk. On small farms there was insufficient milk from a single day to make a cheese, and so each day's milk was curdled and accumulated for several days until there was enough curd to make a cheese. Uniquely amongst all British cheeses, two or three days' curd of varying maturity are blended together, giving Lancashire cheese a distinctive character. The traditional method was standardised in the 1890s by Joseph Gornall of Garstang and Pilling, a county council employee, who visited many Lancashire farms to establish a method and recipe that is still used today – the "Gornall method". His "Gornall Patent Cheesemaker" was sold between 1892 and 1919.
Creamy Lancashire cheese is made by this traditional method and matured for a period of four to twelve weeks. It has a fluffy texture and creamy flavour, and is good for toasting, as it does not become stringy when melted.
Beacon Fell Traditional Lancashire Cheese is a Protected Designation of Origin name. The name can be used only for cheese made with milk from an area north of the River Ribble including the Fylde, Preston, and Blackpool and made in the same area by a designated method. The verbatim PDO-registered name is "Beacon Fell Traditional Lancashire Cheese". It is named after Beacon Fell within the designated area.
Tasty Lancashire
Tasty Lancashire cheese is made by the same traditional method as Creamy Lancashire, but is matured for longer, from 12 weeks to 24 months. It has a mature nutty taste.
Leigh Cheese was a version of Lancashire Cheese that ceased production in the 19th century.
Crumbly Lancashire
In the 1950s, Crumbly Lancashire cheese was created. Unlike the other Lancashire varieties, this is made from a single day's milk and resembles other crumbly cheeses such as Cheshire and Wensleydale. It is the only Lancashire cheese that is produced outside the county of Lancashire. It tends to be matured for only 6–8 weeks, resulting in a crumbly, fresh, high-acid cheese.
See also
List of British cheeses
List of cheeses
References
^ Ridgway, Judy (2002). The Cheese Companion. Apple Press. ISBN 1-84092-339-3.
^ Barthélemy, R.; Sperat-Czar, A. (2004). Cheeses of the World. Hachette. ISBN 1-84430-115-X.
^ "Chorley Cakes and Lancashire Cheese" (PDF). VisitLancashire.com. Marketing Lancashire. Archived from the original (PDF) on 14 April 2016. Retrieved 3 November 2016.
^ a b c d "Lancashire". British Cheese Board. Archived from the original on 1 November 2019. Retrieved 13 December 2011.
^ "Creamy Lancashire Cheese Trail" (PDF). Rural Futures. Archived from the original (PDF) on 9 March 2012. Retrieved 15 July 2010.
^ "Joseph Gornall – Lancashire's 'Mr Cheese'". Lancashire Pioneers. Archived from the original on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 20 July 2010.
^ "EU Protected Food Names Scheme: Beacon Fell traditional Lancashire cheese". Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs. 21 July 2003. Archived from the original on 6 November 2009. Retrieved 20 July 2010.
^ Barham, Elizabeth; Sylvander, Bertil (2011). "System VI: Beacon Fell Traditional Lancashire Cheese (England)". Labels of Origin for Food: Local Development, Global Recognition. CABI. pp. 190–193. ISBN 9781845933777.
^ "The Famous Leigh Cheese" (PDF). Past Forward. No. 41. Wigan Heritage Service. November 2005. p. 30. Archived from the original (PDF) on 28 September 2007. Retrieved 20 July 2010.
^ "Crumbly Lancashire Cheese". Greenfields. Retrieved 12 May 2024.
vteBritish cheesesEngland
Applewood
Beacon Fell Traditional Lancashire
Beenleigh Blue
Berkswell
Buxton Blue
Cheddar
Cheshire
Chevington
Coquetdale
Cornish Blue
Cornish Brie
Cornish Yarg
Derby
Dorset Blue Vinney
Dovedale
Fine Fettle Yorkshire
Gloucester
Hereford Hop
Harbourne Blue
Keltic Gold
Lancashire
Lincolnshire Poacher
Little Derby
Norbury Blue
Red Leicester
Red Windsor
Sage Derby
Shropshire Blue
Stichelton
Stilton
Stinking Bishop
Suffolk Gold
Sussex Slipcote
Swaledale
Tesyn
Waterloo
Wensleydale
Scotland
Bonchester
Caboc
Crowdie
Dunlop
Isle of Mull Cheddar
Lanark Blue
Teviotdale
Wales
Caerphilly
Pantysgawn
Tintern
Y Fenni
Northern Ireland
Coleraine Cheddar
Manufacturers& brands
Cathedral City
Coleraine
Davidstow Cheddar
Davidstow Creamery
First Milk
Ilchester Cheese Company
Neal's Yard Dairy
Pilgrims Choice
Saputo Dairy UK
Yeo Valley
See also
List of English cheeses
vteEnglish cuisineRoman timesDishes
Sausages
Middle Agesto 15th centuryExemplars
Utilis Coquinario (c. 1300)
The Forme of Cury (c. 1390)
Dishes
Apple pie
Bacon
Banbury cake
Cheesecake
Custard
Game pie
Gingerbread
Kippers
Mince pie
Mortis
Pasty
Pease pudding
Pie
Pottage
16th centuryExemplars
Richard Pynson (The Boke of Cokery, 1500)
Thomas Dawson (The Good Huswifes Jewell, 1585)
Dishes
Black pudding
Fruit fool
Pancake
Scones
Syllabub
Trifle (without jelly)
17th centuryExemplars
Elinor Fettiplace (Receipt Book, 1604)
Gervase Markham (The English Huswife, 1615)
Robert May (The Accomplisht Cook, 1660)
Hannah Woolley (The Queen-like Closet or Rich Cabinet 1670)
Kenelm Digby (The Closet Opened 1699)
Dishes
Battalia pie
Currant bun
Queen of Puddings
Sponge cake
Sussex pond pudding
Sweet and sour
Tea
18th centuryExemplars
Mary Kettilby (A Collection of Above Three Hundred Receipts in Cookery, Physick and Surgery 1714)
Mary Eales (Mrs Mary Eales's Receipts 1718)
John Nott (The Cooks and Confectioners Dictionary, 1723)
Eliza Smith (The Compleat Housewife 1727)
Hannah Glasse (The Art of Cookery Made Plain and Easy 1747)
Ann Cook (Professed Cookery, 1754)
Martha Bradley (The British Housewife 1758)
Elizabeth Raffald (The Experienced English Housekeeper 1769)
Richard Briggs (The English Art of Cookery 1788)
William Augustus Henderson (The Housekeeper's Instructor 1791)
Dishes
Bread and butter pudding
Christmas pudding
Chutney
Curry
Cottage or Shepherd's pie
Cumberland rum nicky
Eccles cake
Jellied eels
Jugged hare
Ketchup
Marmalade
Parkin
Piccalilli
Pork pie
Roast beef
Sandwich
Scouse
Suet pudding
Toad in the hole
Trifle (with jelly)
Welsh rarebit
Yorkshire pudding
19th centuryExemplars
Maria Rundell (A New System of Domestic Cookery 1806)
Eliza Acton (Modern Cookery for Private Families 1845)
Charles Elmé Francatelli (The Modern Cook 1846)
Isabella Beeton (Mrs. Beeton's Book of Household Management 1861)
Dishes
Bubble and squeak
Cauliflower cheese
Cobbler
Devilled kidneys
Faggots
Fish and chips
Full English breakfast
HP Sauce
Ice cream cone
Lancashire hotpot
Potted shrimps
Sausage roll
Steak and kidney pudding
Battenberg cake
Eton mess
Eve's pudding
Jam roly-poly
Lardy cake
Madeira cake
Summer pudding
Windsor soup
Worcestershire sauce
20th centuryExemplars
Florence Petty
Elizabeth David (A Book of Mediterranean Food 1950)
Dorothy Hartley (Food in England 1954)
Constance Spry
Fanny Cradock
Marguerite Patten
Jane Grigson
Delia Smith
Rick Stein
Nigel Slater
Keith Floyd
Marco Pierre White
Nigella Lawson
Jamie Oliver
Fergus Henderson (The Whole Beast 1999)
Gordon Ramsay
Gary Rhodes
Mary Berry
Dishes
Bakewell tart
Beef Wellington
Carrot cake
Chicken tikka masala
Coronation chicken
Crumble
Knickerbocker glory
Ploughman's lunch
Salad cream
Sticky toffee pudding
21st centuryExemplars
Michel Roux Jr. (Le Gavroche)
Hugh Fearnley-Whittingstall (River Cottage)
Antony Worrall Thompson
Heston Blumenthal (The Fat Duck)
Clarissa Dickson Wright (A History of English Food 2011)
Rachel Khoo
Dishes
Coronation quiche
Platinum Pudding
Related
Food in England (1954)
List of English dishes
List of English cheeses
List of savoury puddings
List of sweet puddings
Rationing in the United Kingdom
Portals: Food England United Kingdom
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Young Creamy Lancashire and mature Tasty Lancashire are produced by a traditional method, whereas Crumbly Lancashire (more commonly known as Lancashire Crumbly within Lancashire) is a more recent creation suitable for mass production.It is traditionally paired with Eccles cakes[citation needed] and Chorley cakes.[3]","title":"Lancashire cheese"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Eccles_cake_and_Lancashire_cheese,_St._John_restaurant,_London.JPG"},{"link_name":"curd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curd"},{"link_name":"Garstang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garstang"},{"link_name":"Pilling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pilling"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cheeseboard-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-creamytrail-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gornall-6"},{"link_name":"permanent dead link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cheeseboard-4"},{"link_name":"Protected Designation of Origin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protected_Designation_of_Origin"},{"link_name":"River Ribble","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_Ribble"},{"link_name":"the Fylde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Fylde"},{"link_name":"Preston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_of_Preston,_Lancashire"},{"link_name":"Blackpool","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackpool"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-defra-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ref1-8"},{"link_name":"Beacon Fell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beacon_Fell_Country_Park"}],"text":"Eccles cake and Lancashire cheese at a restaurantFor centuries, Lancashire dairy farmers' wives made cheese from surplus milk. On small farms there was insufficient milk from a single day to make a cheese, and so each day's milk was curdled and accumulated for several days until there was enough curd to make a cheese. Uniquely amongst all British cheeses, two or three days' curd of varying maturity are blended together, giving Lancashire cheese a distinctive character. The traditional method was standardised in the 1890s by Joseph Gornall of Garstang and Pilling, a county council employee, who visited many Lancashire farms to establish a method and recipe that is still used today – the \"Gornall method\".[4][5] His \"Gornall Patent Cheesemaker\" was sold between 1892 and 1919.[6][permanent dead link]Creamy Lancashire cheese is made by this traditional method and matured for a period of four to twelve weeks. It has a fluffy texture and creamy flavour, and is good for toasting,[4] as it does not become stringy when melted.Beacon Fell Traditional Lancashire Cheese is a Protected Designation of Origin name. The name can be used only for cheese made with milk from an area north of the River Ribble including the Fylde, Preston, and Blackpool and made in the same area by a designated method. The verbatim PDO-registered name is \"Beacon Fell Traditional Lancashire Cheese\".[7][8] It is named after Beacon Fell within the designated area.","title":"Creamy Lancashire"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cheeseboard-4"},{"link_name":"Leigh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leigh,_Greater_Manchester"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-leigh-9"}],"text":"Tasty Lancashire cheese is made by the same traditional method as Creamy Lancashire, but is matured for longer, from 12 weeks to 24 months. It has a mature nutty taste.[4]Leigh Cheese was a version of Lancashire Cheese that ceased production in the 19th century.[9]","title":"Tasty Lancashire"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Cheshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheshire_cheese"},{"link_name":"Wensleydale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wensleydale_cheese"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cheeseboard-4"}],"text":"In the 1950s, Crumbly Lancashire cheese was created.[10] Unlike the other Lancashire varieties, this is made from a single day's milk and resembles other crumbly cheeses such as Cheshire and Wensleydale. It is the only Lancashire cheese that is produced outside the county of Lancashire.[4] It tends to be matured for only 6–8 weeks, resulting in a crumbly, fresh, high-acid cheese.","title":"Crumbly Lancashire"}]
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[{"title":"List of British cheeses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_British_cheeses"},{"title":"List of cheeses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cheeses"}]
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[{"reference":"Ridgway, Judy (2002). The Cheese Companion. Apple Press. ISBN 1-84092-339-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-84092-339-3","url_text":"1-84092-339-3"}]},{"reference":"Barthélemy, R.; Sperat-Czar, A. (2004). Cheeses of the World. Hachette. ISBN 1-84430-115-X.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hachette_Livre","url_text":"Hachette"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-84430-115-X","url_text":"1-84430-115-X"}]},{"reference":"\"Chorley Cakes and Lancashire Cheese\" (PDF). VisitLancashire.com. Marketing Lancashire. Archived from the original (PDF) on 14 April 2016. Retrieved 3 November 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160414120554/http://www.visitlancashire.com/downloads/Chorley%20Cakes%20and%20Lancashrie%20Cheese-2016(1).pdf","url_text":"\"Chorley Cakes and Lancashire Cheese\""},{"url":"http://www.visitlancashire.com/downloads/Chorley%20Cakes%20and%20Lancashrie%20Cheese-2016(1).pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Lancashire\". British Cheese Board. Archived from the original on 1 November 2019. Retrieved 13 December 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20191101140952/http://www.britishcheese.com/lancashire/lancashire-22","url_text":"\"Lancashire\""},{"url":"http://www.britishcheese.com/lancashire/lancashire-22","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Creamy Lancashire Cheese Trail\" (PDF). Rural Futures. Archived from the original (PDF) on 9 March 2012. Retrieved 15 July 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120309183216/http://www.ruralfutures.co.uk/resources/LancsCheese_Creamy_LoRes.pdf","url_text":"\"Creamy Lancashire Cheese Trail\""},{"url":"http://www.ruralfutures.co.uk/resources/LancsCheese_Creamy_LoRes.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Joseph Gornall – Lancashire's 'Mr Cheese'\". Lancashire Pioneers. Archived from the original on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 20 July 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160303172908/http://www.lancashirepioneers.com/gornall/default","url_text":"\"Joseph Gornall – Lancashire's 'Mr Cheese'\""},{"url":"http://www.lancashirepioneers.com/gornall/default","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"EU Protected Food Names Scheme: Beacon Fell traditional Lancashire cheese\". Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs. 21 July 2003. Archived from the original on 6 November 2009. Retrieved 20 July 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20091106090654/http%3A//www.defra.gov.uk/foodfarm/food/industry/regional/foodname/products/registered/beacon.htm","url_text":"\"EU Protected Food Names Scheme: Beacon Fell traditional Lancashire cheese\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Department_for_Environment,_Food_and_Rural_Affairs","url_text":"Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs"},{"url":"http://www.defra.gov.uk/foodfarm/food/industry/regional/foodname/products/registered/beacon.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Barham, Elizabeth; Sylvander, Bertil (2011). \"System VI: Beacon Fell Traditional Lancashire Cheese (England)\". Labels of Origin for Food: Local Development, Global Recognition. CABI. pp. 190–193. ISBN 9781845933777.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=us6pBFbdb3UC&pg=PA190","url_text":"\"System VI: Beacon Fell Traditional Lancashire Cheese (England)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781845933777","url_text":"9781845933777"}]},{"reference":"\"The Famous Leigh Cheese\" (PDF). Past Forward. No. 41. Wigan Heritage Service. November 2005. p. 30. Archived from the original (PDF) on 28 September 2007. Retrieved 20 July 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070928014315/http://www.wlct.org/Culture/Heritage/pf41.pdf","url_text":"\"The Famous Leigh Cheese\""},{"url":"http://www.wlct.org/Culture/Heritage/pf41.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Crumbly Lancashire Cheese\". Greenfields. Retrieved 12 May 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.greenfieldsdairy.co.uk/product/crumbly-lancashire-cheese/","url_text":"\"Crumbly Lancashire Cheese\""}]}]
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[{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160414120554/http://www.visitlancashire.com/downloads/Chorley%20Cakes%20and%20Lancashrie%20Cheese-2016(1).pdf","external_links_name":"\"Chorley Cakes and Lancashire Cheese\""},{"Link":"http://www.visitlancashire.com/downloads/Chorley%20Cakes%20and%20Lancashrie%20Cheese-2016(1).pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20191101140952/http://www.britishcheese.com/lancashire/lancashire-22","external_links_name":"\"Lancashire\""},{"Link":"http://www.britishcheese.com/lancashire/lancashire-22","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120309183216/http://www.ruralfutures.co.uk/resources/LancsCheese_Creamy_LoRes.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Creamy Lancashire Cheese Trail\""},{"Link":"http://www.ruralfutures.co.uk/resources/LancsCheese_Creamy_LoRes.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160303172908/http://www.lancashirepioneers.com/gornall/default","external_links_name":"\"Joseph Gornall – Lancashire's 'Mr Cheese'\""},{"Link":"http://www.lancashirepioneers.com/gornall/default","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20091106090654/http%3A//www.defra.gov.uk/foodfarm/food/industry/regional/foodname/products/registered/beacon.htm","external_links_name":"\"EU Protected Food Names Scheme: Beacon Fell traditional Lancashire cheese\""},{"Link":"http://www.defra.gov.uk/foodfarm/food/industry/regional/foodname/products/registered/beacon.htm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=us6pBFbdb3UC&pg=PA190","external_links_name":"\"System VI: Beacon Fell Traditional Lancashire Cheese (England)\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070928014315/http://www.wlct.org/Culture/Heritage/pf41.pdf","external_links_name":"\"The Famous Leigh Cheese\""},{"Link":"http://www.wlct.org/Culture/Heritage/pf41.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.greenfieldsdairy.co.uk/product/crumbly-lancashire-cheese/","external_links_name":"\"Crumbly Lancashire Cheese\""}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudo-Dionysian
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Pseudo-Dionysius the Areopagite
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["1 Historic confusions","2 Corpus","2.1 Works","2.2 Dating","2.3 Authorship","3 Thought","3.1 Mystical Theology","4 Influence","4.1 Eastern Christianity","4.2 Latin Christianity","5 Modern appraisal","6 See also","7 Notes","8 References","9 Sources","10 Further reading","10.1 Greek editions","10.2 Modern translations","10.3 Secondary sources","11 External links"]
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Christian theologian
Not to be confused with Dionysius the Areopagite.
"Pseudo-Dionysius" redirects here. For the chronicle once attributed to Dionysius Telmaharoyo, see Zuqnin Chronicle.
Pseudo-Dionysius the AreopagiteIcon by Feofan KritskyBornunknown(5th–6th century AD)Diedunknown(5th–6th century AD)Other names
"Dionysius"
"Denys"
"(Saint) Dionysius the Areopagite" (mistaken identification)
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Pseudo-Dionysius the Areopagite (or Dionysius the Pseudo-Areopagite) was a Greek author, Christian theologian and Neoplatonic philosopher of the late 5th to early 6th century, who wrote a set of works known as the Corpus Areopagiticum or Corpus Dionysiacum.
Dionysius the Areopagite
The author pseudepigraphically identifies himself in the corpus as "Dionysios", portraying himself as Dionysius the Areopagite, the Athenian convert of Paul the Apostle mentioned in Acts 17:34.
Historic confusions
In the early sixth century, a series of writings of a mystical nature, employing Neoplatonic language to elucidate Christian theological and mystical ideas, was ascribed to the Areopagite. They have long been recognized as pseudepigrapha, and their author is now called "Pseudo-Dionysius the Areopagite".
Corpus
Works
The surviving corpus comprises:
Divine Names (Περὶ θείων ὀνομάτων);
Celestial Hierarchy (Περὶ τῆς οὐρανίου ἱεραρχίας);
Ecclesiastical Hierarchy (Περὶ τῆς ἐκκλησιαστικῆς ἱεραρχίας);
Mystical Theology (Περὶ μυστικῆς θεολογίας), "a brief but powerful work that deals with negative or apophatic theology and in which theology becomes explicitly 'mystical' for the first time in history";
Ten epistles.
Seven other works are mentioned repeatedly by pseudo-Dionysius in his surviving works, and are presumed either to be lost or to be fictional works mentioned by the Areopagite as a literary device to give the impression to his sixth-century readers of engaging with the surviving fragments of a much larger first-century corpus of writings. These seven other works are:
Theological Outlines (Θεολογικαὶ ὑποτυπώσεις),
Symbolic Theology (Συμβολικὴ θεολογία),
On Angelic Properties and Orders (Περὶ ἀγγελικῶν ἰδιοτήτων καὶ τάξεων),
On the Just and Divine Judgement (Περὶ δικαίου καὶ θείου δικαστηρίου),
On the Soul (Περὶ ψυχῆς),
On Intelligible and Sensible Beings,
On the Divine Hymns.
Dating
In the Ecclesiastical Hierarchy Dionysius twice seems to allude to the recitation of the Creed in the course of the liturgy (EH 3.2 and 3.III.7). It is often asserted that Peter the Fuller first mandated the inclusion of the Nicene Creed in the liturgy in 476, thus providing an earliest date for the composition of the Corpus. Bernard Capelle argues that it is far more likely that Timothy, patriarch of Constantinople, was responsible for this liturgical innovation, around 515—thus suggesting a later date for the Corpus.
It is often suggested that because Dionysius seems to eschew divisive Christological language, he was probably writing after the Henoticon of Zeno was in effect, sometime after 482. It is also possible that Dionysius eschewed traditional Christological formulae in order to preserve an overall apostolic ambience for his works, rather than because of the influence of the Henoticon. Also, given that the Henoticon was rescinded in 518, if Dionysius was writing after this date, he may have been untroubled by this policy.
In terms of the latest date for the composition of the Corpus, the earliest datable reference to Dionysius' writing comes in 528, the year in which the treatise of Severus of Antioch entitled Adversus apologiam Juliani was translated into Syriac—though it is possible the treatise may originally have been composed up to nine years earlier.
Another widely cited latest date for Dionysius' writing comes in 532, when, in a report on a colloquy held between two groups (orthodox and monophysite) debating the decrees of the Council of Chalcedon, Severus of Antioch and his monophysite supporters cited Dionysius' Fourth Letter in defence of their view. It is possible that pseudo-Dionysius was himself a member of this group, though debate continues over whether his writings do in fact reveal a monophysite understanding of Christ. It seems likely that the writer was located in Syria, as revealed, for example, by the accounts of the sacramental rites he gives in The Ecclesiastical Hierarchy, which seem only to bear resemblance to Syriac rites.
Authorship
The author pseudonymously identifies himself in the corpus as "Dionysios", portraying himself as the figure of Dionysius the Areopagite, the Athenian convert of Paul the Apostle mentioned in Acts 17:34.
Various legends existed surrounding the figure of Dionysius, who became emblematic of the spread of the gospel to the Greek world. A tradition quickly arose that he became the first bishop of Cyprus or of Milan, or that he was the author of the Epistle to the Hebrews; according to Eusebius, he was also said to be the first bishop of Athens. It is therefore not surprising that that author of these works would have chosen to adopt the name of this otherwise briefly mentioned figure.
The authorship of the Dionysian Corpus was initially disputed; Severus and his party affirmed its apostolic dating, largely because it seemed to agree with their Christology. This dating was disputed by Hypatius of Ephesus, who met the monophysite party during the 532 meeting with Emperor Justinian I; Hypatius denied its authenticity on the ground that none of the Fathers or Councils ever cited or referred to it. Hypatius condemned it along with the Apollinarian texts, distributed during the Nestorian controversy under the names of Pope Julius and Athanasius, which the monophysites entered as evidence supporting their position.
The first defense of its authenticity is undertaken by John of Scythopolis, whose commentary, the Scholia (c. 540), on the Dionysian Corpus constitutes the first defense of its apostolic dating, wherein he specifically argues that the work is neither Apollinarian nor a forgery, probably in response both to monophysites and Hypatius—although even he, given his unattributed citations of Plotinus in interpreting Dionysius, might have known better. Dionysius' authenticity is criticized later in the century, and defended by Theodore of Raithu; and by the 7th century, it is taken as demonstrated, affirmed by both Maximus the Confessor and the Lateran Council of 649. From that point until the Renaissance, the authorship was less questioned, though Thomas Aquinas, Peter Abelard and Nicholas of Cusa expressed suspicions about its authenticity; their concerns were generally ignored.
The Florentine humanist Lorenzo Valla (d. 1457), in his 1457 commentaries on the New Testament, did much to establish that the author of the Corpus Areopagiticum could not have been St. Paul's convert, though he was unable to identify the actual historical author. William Grocyn pursued Valla's lines of textual criticism, and Valla's critical viewpoint of the authorship of the highly influential Corpus was accepted and publicized by Erasmus from 1504 onward, for which he was criticized by Catholic theologians. In the Leipzig disputation with Martin Luther, in 1519, Johann Eck used the Corpus, specifically the Angelic Hierarchy, as argument for the apostolic origin of papal supremacy, pressing the Platonist analogy, "as above, so below".
During the 19th century modernist Catholics too came generally to accept that the author must have lived after the time of Proclus. The author became known as 'Pseudo-Dionysius the Areopagite' only after the philological work of J. Stiglmayr and H. Koch, whose papers, published independently in 1895, demonstrated the thoroughgoing dependence of the Corpus upon Proclus. Both showed that Dionysius had used, in his treatise on evil in Chapter 4 of The Divine Names, the De malorum subsistentia of Proclus.
Dionysius' identity is still disputed. Corrigan and Harrington find pseudo-Dionysius to be most probably...
... a pupil of Proclus, perhaps of Syrian origin, who knew enough of Platonism and the Christian tradition to transform them both. Since Proclus died in 485, and since the first clear citation of Dionysius' works is by Severus of Antioch between 518 and 528, then we can place Dionysius' authorship between 485 and 518-28. Ronald Hathaway provides a table listing most of the major identifications of Dionysius: e.g., Ammonius Saccas, Pope Dionysius of Alexandria, Peter the Fuller, Dionysius the Scholastic, Severus of Antioch, Sergius of Reshaina, unnamed Christian followers of everyone from Origen to Basil of Caesarea, Eutyches to Proclus.
In the past half-century, Alexander Golitzin, Georgian academician Shalva Nutsubidze and Belgian professor Ernest Honigmann have all proposed identifying pseudo-Dionysius the Areopagite with Peter the Iberian. A more recent identification is with Damascius, the last scholarch of the Neoplatonic Academy of Athens. There is therefore no current scholarly consensus on the question of pseudo-Dionysius' identification.
The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy claims:
It must also be recognized that "forgery" is a modern notion. Like Plotinus and the Cappadocian Fathers before him, Dionysius does not claim to be an innovator, but rather a communicator of a tradition. Others scholars such as Bart D. Ehrman disagree, see for example Forged. While pseudo-Dionysius can be seen as a communicator of tradition, he can also be seen as a polemicist, who tried to alter Neo-Platonic tradition in a novel way for the Christian world that would make notions of complicated Divine Hierarchies more of an emphasis than notions of direct relationship with the figure of Christ as Mediator.
A minority of scholars, including Romanian theologian Dumitru Staniloae, argue in favor of the Dionysian corpus being authentic, citing internal historical details and the existence of explicit citations of Dionysius predating Proclus by writers such as Dionysius of Alexandria and Gregory Nazianzus. Even Proclus himself appears to cite an external authority for a euphemism ("flowers and supersubstantial lights") when the said verbiage is found explicitly in the Corpus Dionysiacum.
Thought
Dionysius attributed his inspiration to pseudo-Hierotheus, professing that he was writing to popularize the teachings of his master. Pseudo-Hierotheus was the author of "The book of Hierotheus on the hidden mysteries of the house of God." Pseudo-Hierotheus is believed to be the fifth century Syrian monk Stephen Bar Sudhaile, a pantheistic writer.
The works of Dionysius are mystical, and show strong Neoplatonic influence. For example, he uses Plotinus' well-known analogy of a sculptor cutting away that which does not enhance the desired image, and shows familiarity with Proclus. He also shows influence from Clement of Alexandria, the Cappadocian Fathers, Origen, and others.
Mystical Theology
According to pseudo-Dionysius, God is better characterized and approached by negations than by affirmations. All names and theological representations must be negated. According to pseudo-Dionysius, when all names are negated, "divine silence, darkness, and unknowing" will follow.
Influence
Eastern Christianity
His thought was initially used by Miaphysites to back up parts of their arguments but his writings were eventually adopted by other church theologians, primarily due to the work of John of Scythopolis and Maximus the Confessor in producing an orthodox interpretation. Writing a single generation at most after Dionysius, perhaps between 537 and 543, John of Scythopolis composed an extensive set (c. 600) of scholia (that is, marginal annotations) to the works of Dionysius.
These were in turn prefaced by a long prologue in which John set out his reasons for commenting on the corpus. All Greek manuscripts of the Corpus Areopagiticum surviving today stem from an early sixth-century manuscript containing John's Scholia and Prologue — so John of Scythopolis had an enormous influence on how Dionysius was read in the Greek-speaking world.
Theologians such as John of Damascus and Germanus I of Constantinople also made ample use of Dionysius' writing.
The Dionysian writings and their mystical teaching were universally accepted throughout the East, amongst both Chalcedonians and non-Chalcedonians. Gregory Palamas, for example, in referring to these writings, calls the author, "an unerring beholder of divine things".
The Corpus is also present in Syriac and Armenian versions, the former of which, by Sergius of Reshaina in the early sixth century, serves as a terminus ante quem for the dating of the original Greek.
Latin Christianity
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Catholicism portal Philosophy portalvte
The first notice of Dionysius in the West comes from Pope Gregory I, who probably brought a codex of the Corpus Areopagitum back with him on his return from his mission as papal legate to the Emperor in Constantinople in c. 585. Gregory refers occasionally in his writings to Dionysius, although Gregory's Greek was probably not adequate to fully engage with Dionysius's work. In the seventh and eighth centuries, Dionysius was not widely known in the West, aside from a few scattered references.
The real influence of Dionysius in the West began with the gift in 827 of a Greek copy of his works by the Byzantine emperor Michael II to the Carolingian emperor Louis the Pious. King Louis in turn gave the manuscript to the Abbey of St. Denis near Paris where, in about 838, Dionysius' works were translated into Latin for the first time by Hilduin, abbot of the monastery. It may well have been Hilduin himself who promoted his work (and his abbey) by developing the legend (which would be widely accepted during subsequent centuries), that Denis was the same person as Dionysius the Areopagite of Acts 17.34, and that he had traveled to Rome and then was commissioned by the Pope to preach in Gaul, where he was martyred. Hilduin's translation is almost unintelligible.
About twenty years later, a subsequent Carolingian Emperor, Charles the Bald, requested the Irishman John Scotus Eriugena to make a fresh translation. He finished this in 862. This translation itself did not widely circulate in subsequent centuries. Moreover, although Eriugena's own works, such as the Homily on the Prologue of St John, show the influence of Dionysian ideas, these works were not widely copied or read in subsequent centuries. The Benedictine monasticism that formed the standard monasticism of the eighth to eleventh centuries, therefore, in general paid little attention to Dionysius.
In the twelfth century, greater use gradually began to be made of Dionysius among various traditions of thought:
Among Benedictines (especially at the Abbey of Saint-Denis), greater interest began to be shown in Dionysius. For example, one of the monks of Saint Denys, John Sarrazin, wrote a commentary on The Celestial Hierarchy in 1140, and then in 1165 made a translation of the work. Also, Suger, abbot of Saint-Denis from 1122 to 1151, drew on Dionysian themes to explain how the architecture of his new 'Gothic' abbey church helped raise the soul to God.
Among the Canons Regular. Hugh of Saint Victor edited two commentaries on The Celestial Hierarchy between 1125 and 1137, later revising and combining them as one. Richard of Saint Victor was familiar with Dionysius through Hugh. Through Hugh, others became exposed to Dionysian thought, including Thomas Gallus and Gilbert de la Porrée.
In the Cistercian tradition, it seems that early writers such as Bernard of Clairvaux, William of St Thierry and Aelred of Rievaulx were not influenced by Dionysian thought. Among second-generation Cistercians, Isaac of Stella clearly shows the influence of Dionysian ideas.
It is in the Schools, though, that the twelfth-century growth in influence of Dionysius was truly significant. There are few references to Dionysius in scholastic theology during the tenth and eleventh centuries. At the beginning of the twelfth century, though, the masters of the Cathedral school at Laon, especially Anselm of Laon, introduced extracts from John Scotus Eriugena's Commentary on St John into the Sentences and the Glossa Ordinaria. In this manner, Dionysian concepts found their way into the writing of Peter Lombard and others.
Bonaventure uses images and even direct quotations from Dionysius' Mystical Theology in the last chapter of his famous work Itinerarium Mentis in Deum (The Soul's Journey into God).
During the thirteenth century, the Franciscan Robert Grosseteste made an important contribution by bringing out between 1240 and 1243 a translation, with commentary, of the Dionysian corpus. Soon after, the Dominican Albertus Magnus did likewise. The thirteenth-century Parisian corpus provided an important reference point by combining the "Old Translation" of John Scotus Eriugena with the "New Translation" of John Sarrazin, along with glosses and scholia by Maximus the Confessor, John of Scythopolis and others, as well as the "Extracts" by Thomas Gallus, and several commentaries such as John Scotus Eriugena, John Sarrazin and Hugh of Saint Victor on The Celestial Hierarchy. It quickly became common to make reference to Dionysius. Thomas Aquinas wrote an explanation for several works, and cites him over 1700 times. Bonaventure called him the "prince of mystics".
It was subsequently in the area of mysticism that Dionysius, especially his portrayal of the via negativa, was particularly influential. In the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries his fundamental themes were hugely influential on thinkers such as Marguerite Porete, Meister Eckhart, Johannes Tauler, John of Ruusbroec, the author of The Cloud of Unknowing (who made an expanded Middle English translation of Dionysius' Mystical Theology), Jean Gerson, Nicholas of Cusa, Denis the Carthusian, Julian of Norwich, Hendrik Herp and Catherine of Genoa . His influence can also be traced in the Spanish Carmelite thought of the sixteenth century among Teresa of Ávila and John of the Cross.
Modern appraisal
In recent decades, interest has increased again in the Corpus Areopagiticum, for three main reasons: because of a recovery of the huge impact of Dionysian thought in later Christian thought, because of an increasing repudiation of older criticisms that Dionysius's thought represented a fundamentally Neoplatonic approach to theology, and finally because of interest in parallels between aspects of modern linguistic theory and Dionysius's reflections on language and negative theology.
Andrew Louth offers the following modern appraisal of the Areopagite;
Dionysius/Denys' vision is remarkable because, on the one hand, his understanding of hierarchy makes possible a rich symbolic system in terms of which we can understand God and the cosmos and our place within it, and, on the other, he finds room within this strictly hierarchical society for an escape from it, beyond it, by transcending symbols and realizing directly one's relationship with God as his creature, the creature of his love. There is space within the Dionysian universe for a multitude of ways of responding to God's love. That spaciousness is worth exploring: and therein, perhaps, lies the enduring value of the vision of Dionysius/Denys the Areopagite.
See also
Pseudepigrapha
St. Dionysus Institute in Paris
Theoria
Notes
^ a b Acts 17:34: "A few men became followers of Paul and believed. Among them was Dionysius, a member of the Areopagus, also a woman named Damaris, and a number of others."
^ Also known as The Intelligible and the Sensible; this is only referred to in the Ecclesiastical Hierarchy.
^ This is only referred to in the Celestial Hierarchy.
^ a b "It must also be recognized that "forgery" is a modern notion. Like Plotinus and the Cappadocians before him, Dionysius does not claim to be an innovator, but rather a communicator of a tradition. Adopting the persona of an ancient figure was a long established rhetorical device (known as declamatio), and others in Dionysius' circle also adopted pseudonymous names from the New Testament. Dionysius' works, therefore, are much less a forgery in the modern sense than an acknowledgement of reception and transmission, namely, a kind of coded recognition that the resonances of any sacred undertaking are intertextual, bringing the diachronic structures of time and space together in a synchronic way, and that this theological teaching, at least, is dialectically received from another. Dionysius represents his own teaching as coming from a certain Hierotheus and as being addressed to a certain Timotheus. He seems to conceive of himself, therefore, as an in-between figure, very like a Dionysius the Areopagite, in fact.
References
^ Brock, Sebastian (2011). "Pseudo-Dionysius the Areopagite — Gorgias Encyclopedic Dictionary". Gorgias Encyclopedic Dictionary.
^ "Pseudo-Dionysius the Areopagite summary | Britannica". www.britannica.com. Retrieved 2022-08-09.
^ Acts 17:34
^ Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy on the confusion between Dionysius and Pseudo-Dionysius
^ Pseudo Dionysius: The Complete Works, 1987, Paulist Press, ISBN 0-8091-2838-1.
^ a b c Corrigan & Harrington 2014.
^ Andrew Louth, "The Reception of Dionysius up to Maximus the Confessor", in: Sarah Coakley, Charles M. Stang (eds), Re-thinking Dionysius the Areopagite, John Wiley & Sons, 2011, p. 49.
^ In support of this view, there is no trace at all of these 'lost' treatises: despite the interest in Dionysius from as early as the sixth century, no mention of them is to be found. See Louth, Dionysius the Areopagite, (1987), p. 20.
^ a b Paul Rorem and John C. Lamoreaux, John of Scythopolis and the Dionysian Corpus: Annotating the Areopagite, (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1998), p. 9. The point was first proposed by Stiglmayr.
^ Hathaway, Hierarchy and the Definition of Order in the Letters of Pseudo-Dionysius, p. 4, supports the dating of 519 for this treatise.
^ Andrew Louth, Dionysius the Areopagite (1987), reissued by Continuum Press, London & New York, 2001, under the title Denys the Areopagite.
^ See Louth, Dionysius the Areopagite (1987), p. 14, who suggests that, although ambiguous, Dionysius is not monophysite (he also points out that Severus and his supporters misquote Dionysius's Fourth Epistle to back up their view). Paul Rorem and John C. Lamoreaux, John of Scythopolis and the Dionysian Corpus: Annotating the Areopagite, (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1998), esp. p. 11, make an extensive study of the early evidence, arguing that (1) Hypatius's apparent rejection in 532 of the works of Dionysite as monophysite is not as straightforward as often suggested, and that (2) Dionysius's writing was appealed to by just about all parties in the sixth-century Christian east, and at no point was it considered the exclusive preserve of the Monophysites.
^ Dionysius' description in the Ecclesiastical Hierarchy corresponds well with what is known of Syriac worship from other sources, for example: (1) his account of baptism and the Eucharist is similar to the Homilies on Baptism and the Eucharist of Theodore of Mopsuetsia, which depict worship in the Church of West Syria at the beginning of the fifth century. See Louth, Dionysius the Areopagite (1987), p. 55; (2) Dionysius' account of the sacrament of oil in the Ecclesiastical Hierarchy is not found in most other patristic sources, except for those in the Syrian tradition. See Louth, Dionysius the Areopagite (1987), p. 64; (3) his understanding of monasticism. See Louth, Dionysius the Areopagite (1987), p. 70. Louth is certain that Dionysius/Denys was writing in Syria. See p.14 and passim.
^ Acts 17:34.
^ Luibheid, Pseudo-Dionysius, (1987), p. 22.
^ Hathaway, Hierarchy and the Definition of Order in the Letters of Pseudo-Dionysius, p. 13
^ Rorem, "John of Scythopolis on Apollinarian Christology," p. 482. John of Scythopolis was also proficient identifier of Apollinarian forgeries, giving his defense that much more credibility.
^ Jean-Yves Lacoste, Encyclopedia of Christian Theology, 3 vols., vol. 1, p. 439.
^ a b Franke 2007, p. 158.
^ Hathaway, Hierarchy and the Definition of Order in the Letters of Pseudo-Dionysius, p. 31
^ Sh. Nutsubidze. "Mystery of Pseudo-Dionys Areopagit (a monograph), Tbilisi, 1942; E. Honigmann, Pierre l'Iberian et les ecrits du Pseudo-Denys l'Areopagita. Bruxelles, 1952; Golitzin, Alexander. Et Introibo Ad Altare Dei: The Mystagogy of Dionysius Areopagita, with Special Reference to Its Predecessors in the Eastern Christian Tradition. (Thessalonika: Patriarchikon Idruma Paterikôn Meletôn, 1994), p. 419.
^ Carlo Maria Mazzucchi, Damascio, Autore del Corpus Dionysiacum, e il dialogo Περι Πολιτικης Επιστημης, Aevum: Rassegna di scienze storiche linguistiche e filologiche, ISSN 0001-9593, Anno 80, Nº 2, 2006, pp. 299-334. Mazzucchi's arguments have been dismissed by Emiliano Fiori in his review of the article, in Adamantius 14 (2009), pp. 670-673.
^ Pseudo-Dionysius in the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
^ "One might ask why it is necessary to have an ordered hierarchy of angels at all in the Christian tradition, considering that the Bible has no concept of celestial hierarchy. ... That it was found necessary to invent a system of this nature after 500 years is tantamount to denying the efficacy of Christ as mediator altogether." Rosemarie A. Arthur. (2011) The Pseudo Dionysius as Polemicist: The Development and Purpose of the Angelic Hierarchy in Sixth Century Syria, pp. 63–64. London: Ashgate.
^ "The Dionysian Authorship of the "Corpus Areopagiticum" According to Fr. Dumitru Staniloae". johnsanidopoulos.com. Retrieved 2023-12-06.
^ Anthony Pavoni and Evangelos Nikitopoulos, The Life of Saint Dionysius the Areopogite. Scriptorium Press: Montreal, 2023, 14-180.
^ Ibid., 94-96.
^ Inge, William Ralph. Christian Mysticism, The Brampton Lectures, London: Methuen, 1899. p 102.
^ Marsh, Fred Shipley, ed. & trans. Stephanus Bar Sudhaile. The Book which is called The Book of the Holy Hierotheos, with extracts from the prolegomena and commentary of Theodosius of Antioch and from the Book of Excerpts and other works of Gregory Bar-Hebraeus. APA-Philo Press, 1927 (reprint).
^ Frothingham, Arthur Lincoln. Stephen bar Sudaili, The Syrian Mystic and The Book of Hierotheos. Leiden: Brill, 1886 (Reprinted Eugene, OR: Wipf And Stock, 2010).
^ Rorem, Pseudo-Dionysius, p. 14
^ Paul Rorem and John C. Lamoreaux, John of Scythopolis and the Dionysian Corpus: Annotating the Areopagite, (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1998), p. 39.
^ Paul Rorem and John C. Lamoreaux, John of Scythopolis and the Dionysian Corpus: Annotating the Areopagite, (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1998), p. 38.
^ Paul Rorem and John C. Lamoreaux, John of Scythopolis and the Dionysian Corpus: Annotating the Areopagite, (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1998), pp. 1-3. Rorem and Lamoreaux produce a translation of about two-thirds of John's Prologue and Scholia on pp. 144-263.
^ Louth, Dionysius the Areopagite, (1987), p. 120.
^ Jean LeClercq, 'Influence and Noninfluence of Dionysius in the Western Middle Ages', in Pseudo-Dionysius: The Complete Works, trans. Colm Luibheid, (New York: Paulist Press, 1987), pp. 25-33.
^ Roman Martyrology. Lutétiæ Parisiórum natális sanctórum Mártyrum Dionysii Areopagítæ Epíscopi, Rústici Presbyteri, et Eleuthérii Diáconi. Ex his Dionysius, ab Apóstolo Paulo baptizátus, primus Atheniénsium Epíscopus ordinátus est; deínde Romam venit, atque inde a beáto Cleménte, Románo Pontífice, in Gállias prædicándi grátia diréctus est. ).{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location (link)
^ a b c d e f g h i Jean LeClercq, 'Influence and Noninfluence of Dionysius in the Western Middle Ages', in Pseudo-Dionysius: The Complete Works, trans. Colm Luibheid, (New York: Paulist Press, 1987), pp. 25-33.
^ Louth, Dionysius the Areopagite (1987), p. 122, citing E. Panofsky (Edited, translated and annotated) Abbot Suger on the Abbey Church of St-Denis and its Art Treasures (Princetown, NJ,) 2nd ed. 1979.
^ "Journey of the Mind into God by St Bonaventure of Bagnoregio" (PDF).
^ Karlfried Froehlich, 'Pseudo-Dionysius and the Reformation of the Sixteenth Century', in Pseudo-Dionysius: The Complete Works, trans. Colm Luibheid, (New York: Paulist Press, 1987), pp. 33-46.
^ Doherty, K.F. "St. Thomas and the Pseudo-Dionysian Symbol of Light". In: The New. Scholasticism, 34 (1960), pp. 170-189.
^ Andrew Louth Dionysius the Areopagite 1987. Reissued in 2001 under the title Denys the Areopagite.
Sources
Corrigan, Kevin; Harrington, L. Michael (2014), Pseudo-Dionysius the Areopagite, Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
Franke, William (2007), On What Cannot Be Said: Apophatic Discourses in Philosophy, Religion, Literature, and the Arts Volume 1, ISBN 978-0268028824
Lamarre, Mark, Pseudo-Dionysius the Areopagite (fl. c. 650—c. 725 CE), Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy
Elena Ene D-Vasilescu, "Pseudo-Dionysius the Areopagite and Byzantine Art", Journal of Early Christian History, Taylor & Francis, Volume 11, Issue 2, 2021, pp. 50-75; DOI: 10.1080/2222582X.2020.1743955
Elena Ene D-Vasilescu, "If you wish to contemplate God': Pseudo-Dionysius on the notion of will", Studia Patristica, vol. C (100), 2020: 247-257
Further reading
Greek editions
Migne, Patrologiae Cursus Completus, Series Graeca III, (Paris, 1857)
Beate Regina Suchla (ed.), Corpus Dionysiacum, 2 vols (Berlin: Walter de Gruyter, 1990–1)
La Hiérarchie Céleste, ed. Roques R, Heil G and Gandillac M, Sources Chrétiennes 58 (Paris: Les Éditions de Cerf, 1958)
Pseudo-Dionysius Areopagita, De Coelesti Hierarchia, London, 2012. limovia.net, ISBN 978-1-78336-010-9
Modern translations
Pseudo-Dionysius: The Complete Works, trans. Colm Luibheid (New York: Paulist Press, 1987)
Dionysius the Pseudo-Areopagite: The Ecclesiastical Hierarchy, trans. Thomas L. Campbell, (Lanham, MD: University Press of America, 1981)
Hathaway, Ronald F, Hierarchy and the definition of order in the letters of Pseudo-Dionysius. A study in the form and meaning of the Pseudo-Dionysian writings, (The Hague, Nijhoff, 1969),
Jones, John D, The Divine Names and Mystical Theology, (Milwaukee, 1980)
Rolt, CE, The Divine Names and the Mystical Theology, (London: SPCK, 1920)
The Works of Dionysius the Areopagite, trans. Rev. John Parker (James Parker and Co., 1897) Internet Archive
Secondary sources
Bucur, Bogdan, ed., (Collegeville, MN: Cistercian Publications, 2014), a revised edition of Et Introibo Ad Altare Dei: The Mystagogy of Dionysius Areopagita, with Special Reference to Its Predecessors in the Eastern Christian Tradition (Thessalonika: Patriarchikon Idruma Paterikôn Meletôn, 1994)
Coakley, Sarah and Charles M Stang, eds., Re-Thinking Dionysius the Areopagite, (Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell, 2008)
Frend, W. H. C., The Rise of the Monophysite Movement (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1972).
Golitzin, Alexander, Mystagogy: A Monastic Reading of Dionysius Areopagita. Cistercian Studies 250.
Griffith, R., "Neo-Platonism and Christianity: Pseudo-Dionysius and Damascius", in E. A. Livingstone, ed., Studia patristica XXIX. Papers presented at the Twelfth International Conference on Patristic Studies held in Oxford 1995 (Leuven: Peeters, 1997), pp. 238–243
Hathaway, Ronald F., Hierarchy and the definition of order in the letters of Pseudo-Dionysius: A study in the form and meaning of the Pseudo-Dionysian writings (The Hague, Nijhoff, 1969)
Ivanovic, Filip, Symbol and Icon: Dionysius the Areopagite and the Iconoclastic Crisis (Eugene: Pickwick, 2010). ISBN 978-1-60899-335-2
LeClercq, Jean, 'Influence and noninfluence of Dionysius in the Western Middle Ages', in Pseudo-Dionysius: The Complete Works, trans. Colm Luibheid (New York: Paulist Press, 1987), pp. 25–33
Louth, Andrew, Dionysius the Areopagite (London: Geoffrey Chapman, 1989). Reissued by Continuum Press (London & New York) 2001 under the title Denys the Areopagite.
Perl, Eric D., Theophany: The Neoplatonic Philosophy of Dionysius the Areopagite (Albany: SUNY Press, 2007). ISBN 978-0-7914-7111-1.
Rorem, Paul, Pseudo-Dionysius: A commentary on the texts and an introduction to their influence (New York: Oxford University Press, 1993)
Rorem, Paul, and John C Lamoreaux, John of Scythopolis and the Dionysian Corpus: Annotating the Areopagite (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1998)
Scouteris, Constantine, Platonic Elements in Pseudo-Dionysius Anti-Manichaean Ontology, Ἐπιστημονική Ἐπετηρίς τῆς Θεολογικῆς Σχολῆς τοῦ Πανεπιστημίου Ἀθηνῶν, Τόμος ΚΘ΄, Πανεπιστήμιον Ἀθηνῶν, Ἀθῆναι 1994, pp. 193-201
Scouteris, Constantine, "Malum privatio est": St. Gregory of Nyssa and Psedo-Dionysius on the Existence of Evil (Some further Comments), paper presented at the Ninth International Conference on Patristic Studies held in Oxford 1983, Studia Patristica, 18 (1990), pp. 539–550
Stock, Wiebke-Marie, Theurgisches Denken. Zur "Kirchlichen Hierarchie" des Dionysius Areopagita (Berlin: de Gruyter, 2008) (Transformationen der Antike, 4)
Elena Ene D-Vasilescu, "'If you wish to contemplate God': Pseudo-Dionysius on the notion of will", Studia Patristica, vol. C (100), 2020: 247–257
External links
Wikiquote has quotations related to Pseudo-Dionysius the Areopagite.
Works by or about Pseudo-Dionysius the Areopagite at Wikisource
Corrigan, Kevin; Harrington, Michael. "Pseudo-Dionysius the Areopagite". In Zalta, Edward N. (ed.). Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy.
"Pseudo-Dionysius the Areopagite". Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy.
"Dionysius the Pseudo-Areopagite" in the Catholic Encyclopedia
Commentary by Clarence Rolt (1920) on pseudo-Dionysius's works (available in PDF, HTML, and plain text formats) accessed September 1, 2006
Works about Dionysius the Pseudo-Areopagite Christian Classics Ethereal Library
The Identity of Dionysius Areopagite. A Philosophical Approach. Logos 1–2007.
Pope Benedict XVI on Pseudo-Dionysius the Areopagite May 14, 2008, Zenit.org
In Defense of the Dionysian Authorship Three essays from the Eastern Orthodox website Pravoslavie
Works by Pseudo-Dionysius the Areopagite at LibriVox (public domain audiobooks)
External links to bibliography
"Celestial Hierarchy". September 1, 2006.
Mystical Theology (Theologica Mystica) accessed September 1, 2006
Works (Corpus Areopagiticum) of pseudo-Dionysius including The Divine Names, Mystical Theology, Celestial Hierarchy, Ecclesiastical Hierarchy, and Letters (available in PDF, HTML, and text formats) accessed September 1, 2006 Christian Classics Ethereal Library
De caelesti hierarchia 14th century Greek manuscript found at Constantinople, page images at Oxford Digital Library from Magdalen College, Oxford
Theologia vivificans, cibus solidus; Dionysii Opera omnia () / translatio per Ambrosium Traversarium; Jacobus Faber Stapulensis edidit – per Johannem Higmanum et Wolfgangum Hopylium (Parisius), 1498. http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k543103.r=.langEN accessed September 7, 2010.
S. Dionysii Areopagitae martyris inclyti, athenarum episcopi, et galliarum apostoli opera () / translatio nova Ambrosii Florentini,... – A. Wechelum (Paris), 1555. http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k52472f.r=.langEN accessed September 7, 2010.
S. Dionysii Areopagitae Opera omnia, Georgii Pachymerae paraphrasi continenter illustrata / opera et studio Balthasaris Corderii,...; Patrologiae Graecae, Latine Tantum Editae, Tomus II. J. P. Migne (Petit-Montrouge), 1856. http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k411615d.r=.langEN accessed September 7, 2010.
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dionysius the Areopagite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dionysius_the_Areopagite"},{"link_name":"Zuqnin Chronicle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zuqnin_Chronicle"},{"link_name":"Greek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greeks"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Christian theologian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_theology"},{"link_name":"Neoplatonic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neoplatonic"},{"link_name":"philosopher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosopher"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Denis_Areopagite.jpg"},{"link_name":"Dionysius the Areopagite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dionysius_the_Areopagite"},{"link_name":"pseudepigraphically","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudepigrapha"},{"link_name":"Dionysius the Areopagite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dionysius_the_Areopagite"},{"link_name":"Paul the Apostle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_the_Apostle"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[note 1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-identity-4"}],"text":"Not to be confused with Dionysius the Areopagite.\"Pseudo-Dionysius\" redirects here. For the chronicle once attributed to Dionysius Telmaharoyo, see Zuqnin Chronicle.Pseudo-Dionysius the Areopagite (or Dionysius the Pseudo-Areopagite) was a Greek[1] author, Christian theologian and Neoplatonic philosopher of the late 5th to early 6th century, who wrote a set of works known as the Corpus Areopagiticum or Corpus Dionysiacum.Dionysius the AreopagiteThe author pseudepigraphically identifies himself in the corpus as \"Dionysios\", portraying himself as Dionysius the Areopagite, the Athenian convert of Paul the Apostle mentioned in Acts 17:34.[2][3][note 1]","title":"Pseudo-Dionysius the Areopagite"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"mystical nature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_mysticism"},{"link_name":"Neoplatonic language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neoplatonism"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"pseudepigrapha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudepigrapha"}],"text":"In the early sixth century, a series of writings of a mystical nature, employing Neoplatonic language to elucidate Christian theological and mystical ideas, was ascribed to the Areopagite.[4] They have long been recognized as pseudepigrapha, and their author is now called \"Pseudo-Dionysius the Areopagite\".","title":"Historic confusions"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Corpus"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Celestial Hierarchy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_Coelesti_Hierarchia"},{"link_name":"mystical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mystical_theology"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECorriganHarrington2014-7"},{"link_name":"epistles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epistle"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[note 2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[note 3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"sub_title":"Works","text":"The surviving corpus comprises:[5]Divine Names (Περὶ θείων ὀνομάτων);\nCelestial Hierarchy (Περὶ τῆς οὐρανίου ἱεραρχίας);\nEcclesiastical Hierarchy (Περὶ τῆς ἐκκλησιαστικῆς ἱεραρχίας);\nMystical Theology (Περὶ μυστικῆς θεολογίας), \"a brief but powerful work that deals with negative or apophatic theology and in which theology becomes explicitly 'mystical' for the first time in history\";[6]\nTen epistles.Seven other works are mentioned repeatedly by pseudo-Dionysius in his surviving works, and are presumed either to be lost[7] or to be fictional works mentioned by the Areopagite as a literary device to give the impression to his sixth-century readers of engaging with the surviving fragments of a much larger first-century corpus of writings.[8] These seven other works are:Theological Outlines (Θεολογικαὶ ὑποτυπώσεις),\nSymbolic Theology (Συμβολικὴ θεολογία),\nOn Angelic Properties and Orders (Περὶ ἀγγελικῶν ἰδιοτήτων καὶ τάξεων),\nOn the Just and Divine Judgement (Περὶ δικαίου καὶ θείου δικαστηρίου),\nOn the Soul (Περὶ ψυχῆς),\nOn Intelligible and Sensible Beings,[note 2]\nOn the Divine Hymns.[note 3]","title":"Corpus"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Peter the Fuller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_the_Fuller"},{"link_name":"Nicene Creed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicene_Creed"},{"link_name":"Timothy, patriarch of Constantinople","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timothy_I_of_Constantinople"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-John_C_Lamoreaux_1998_p9-12"},{"link_name":"Christological","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christology"},{"link_name":"Henoticon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henotikon"},{"link_name":"Zeno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zeno_(emperor)"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-John_C_Lamoreaux_1998_p9-12"},{"link_name":"Severus of Antioch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Severus_of_Antioch"},{"link_name":"Syriac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syriac_language"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"orthodox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orthodoxy"},{"link_name":"monophysite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monophysitism"},{"link_name":"Council of Chalcedon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Council_of_Chalcedon"},{"link_name":"Severus of Antioch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Severus_of_Antioch"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"}],"sub_title":"Dating","text":"In the Ecclesiastical Hierarchy Dionysius twice seems to allude to the recitation of the Creed in the course of the liturgy (EH 3.2 and 3.III.7). It is often asserted that Peter the Fuller first mandated the inclusion of the Nicene Creed in the liturgy in 476, thus providing an earliest date for the composition of the Corpus. Bernard Capelle argues that it is far more likely that Timothy, patriarch of Constantinople, was responsible for this liturgical innovation, around 515—thus suggesting a later date for the Corpus.[9]\nIt is often suggested that because Dionysius seems to eschew divisive Christological language, he was probably writing after the Henoticon of Zeno was in effect, sometime after 482. It is also possible that Dionysius eschewed traditional Christological formulae in order to preserve an overall apostolic ambience for his works, rather than because of the influence of the Henoticon. Also, given that the Henoticon was rescinded in 518, if Dionysius was writing after this date, he may have been untroubled by this policy.[9]In terms of the latest date for the composition of the Corpus, the earliest datable reference to Dionysius' writing comes in 528, the year in which the treatise of Severus of Antioch entitled Adversus apologiam Juliani was translated into Syriac—though it is possible the treatise may originally have been composed up to nine years earlier.[10]Another widely cited latest date for Dionysius' writing comes in 532, when, in a report on a colloquy held between two groups (orthodox and monophysite) debating the decrees of the Council of Chalcedon, Severus of Antioch and his monophysite supporters cited Dionysius' Fourth Letter in defence of their view.[11] It is possible that pseudo-Dionysius was himself a member of this group, though debate continues over whether his writings do in fact reveal a monophysite understanding of Christ.[12] It seems likely that the writer was located in Syria, as revealed, for example, by the accounts of the sacramental rites he gives in The Ecclesiastical Hierarchy, which seem only to bear resemblance to Syriac rites.[13]","title":"Corpus"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dionysius the Areopagite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dionysius_the_Areopagite"},{"link_name":"Paul the Apostle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_the_Apostle"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[note 1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-identity-4"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Hypatius of Ephesus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypatius_of_Ephesus"},{"link_name":"Justinian I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justinian_I"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"John of Scythopolis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_of_Scythopolis"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Theodore of Raithu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodore_of_Raithu"},{"link_name":"Maximus the Confessor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maximus_the_Confessor"},{"link_name":"Lateran Council of 649","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lateran_Council_of_649"},{"link_name":"Thomas Aquinas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"Peter Abelard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Abelard"},{"link_name":"Nicholas of Cusa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicholas_of_Cusa"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFranke2007158-22"},{"link_name":"Lorenzo Valla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lorenzo_Valla"},{"link_name":"New Testament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Testament"},{"link_name":"William Grocyn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Grocyn"},{"link_name":"Erasmus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erasmus"},{"link_name":"Leipzig disputation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leipzig_Debate"},{"link_name":"Martin Luther","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Luther"},{"link_name":"Johann Eck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Eck"},{"link_name":"papal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papal"},{"link_name":"modernist Catholics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modernism_in_the_Catholic_Church"},{"link_name":"Proclus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proclus"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFranke2007158-22"},{"link_name":"Syrian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syria"},{"link_name":"Severus of Antioch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Severus_of_Antioch"},{"link_name":"[note 4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Stanford-23"},{"link_name":"Ammonius Saccas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ammonius_Saccas"},{"link_name":"Pope Dionysius of Alexandria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Dionysius_of_Alexandria"},{"link_name":"Peter the Fuller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_the_Fuller"},{"link_name":"Severus of Antioch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Severus_of_Antioch"},{"link_name":"Sergius of Reshaina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergius_of_Reshaina"},{"link_name":"Origen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origen"},{"link_name":"Basil of Caesarea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basil_of_Caesarea"},{"link_name":"Eutyches","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eutyches"},{"link_name":"Proclus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proclus"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"Georgian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_(country)"},{"link_name":"Shalva Nutsubidze","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shalva_Nutsubidze"},{"link_name":"Belgian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demographics_of_Belgium"},{"link_name":"Peter the Iberian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_the_Iberian"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"Damascius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damascius"},{"link_name":"Neoplatonic Academy of Athens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platonic_Academy#Neoplatonic_Academy"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanford_Encyclopedia_of_Philosophy"},{"link_name":"Plotinus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plotinus"},{"link_name":"Cappadocian Fathers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cappadocian_Fathers"},{"link_name":"[note 4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Stanford-23"},{"link_name":"Bart D. Ehrman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bart_D._Ehrman"},{"link_name":"Forged","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forged_(book)"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"Dumitru Staniloae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dumitru_Staniloae"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"Proclus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proclus"},{"link_name":"Dionysius of Alexandria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dionysius_of_Alexandria"},{"link_name":"Gregory Nazianzus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregory_Nazianzus"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"}],"sub_title":"Authorship","text":"The author pseudonymously identifies himself in the corpus as \"Dionysios\", portraying himself as the figure of Dionysius the Areopagite, the Athenian convert of Paul the Apostle mentioned in Acts 17:34.[14][note 1]Various legends existed surrounding the figure of Dionysius, who became emblematic of the spread of the gospel to the Greek world. A tradition quickly arose that he became the first bishop of Cyprus or of Milan, or that he was the author of the Epistle to the Hebrews; according to Eusebius, he was also said to be the first bishop of Athens. It is therefore not surprising that that author of these works would have chosen to adopt the name of this otherwise briefly mentioned figure.[15]The authorship of the Dionysian Corpus was initially disputed; Severus and his party affirmed its apostolic dating, largely because it seemed to agree with their Christology. This dating was disputed by Hypatius of Ephesus, who met the monophysite party during the 532 meeting with Emperor Justinian I; Hypatius denied its authenticity on the ground that none of the Fathers or Councils ever cited or referred to it. Hypatius condemned it along with the Apollinarian texts, distributed during the Nestorian controversy under the names of Pope Julius and Athanasius, which the monophysites entered as evidence supporting their position.[16]The first defense of its authenticity is undertaken by John of Scythopolis, whose commentary, the Scholia (c. 540), on the Dionysian Corpus constitutes the first defense of its apostolic dating, wherein he specifically argues that the work is neither Apollinarian nor a forgery, probably in response both to monophysites and Hypatius—although even he, given his unattributed citations of Plotinus in interpreting Dionysius, might have known better.[17] Dionysius' authenticity is criticized later in the century, and defended by Theodore of Raithu; and by the 7th century, it is taken as demonstrated, affirmed by both Maximus the Confessor and the Lateran Council of 649. From that point until the Renaissance, the authorship was less questioned, though Thomas Aquinas,[18] Peter Abelard and Nicholas of Cusa expressed suspicions about its authenticity; their concerns were generally ignored.[19]The Florentine humanist Lorenzo Valla (d. 1457), in his 1457 commentaries on the New Testament, did much to establish that the author of the Corpus Areopagiticum could not have been St. Paul's convert, though he was unable to identify the actual historical author. William Grocyn pursued Valla's lines of textual criticism, and Valla's critical viewpoint of the authorship of the highly influential Corpus was accepted and publicized by Erasmus from 1504 onward, for which he was criticized by Catholic theologians. In the Leipzig disputation with Martin Luther, in 1519, Johann Eck used the Corpus, specifically the Angelic Hierarchy, as argument for the apostolic origin of papal supremacy, pressing the Platonist analogy, \"as above, so below\".During the 19th century modernist Catholics too came generally to accept that the author must have lived after the time of Proclus. The author became known as 'Pseudo-Dionysius the Areopagite' only after the philological work of J. Stiglmayr and H. Koch, whose papers, published independently in 1895, demonstrated the thoroughgoing dependence of the Corpus upon Proclus.[19] Both showed that Dionysius had used, in his treatise on evil in Chapter 4 of The Divine Names, the De malorum subsistentia of Proclus.Dionysius' identity is still disputed. Corrigan and Harrington find pseudo-Dionysius to be most probably...... a pupil of Proclus, perhaps of Syrian origin, who knew enough of Platonism and the Christian tradition to transform them both. Since Proclus died in 485, and since the first clear citation of Dionysius' works is by Severus of Antioch between 518 and 528, then we can place Dionysius' authorship between 485 and 518-28.[note 4]Ronald Hathaway provides a table listing most of the major identifications of Dionysius: e.g., Ammonius Saccas, Pope Dionysius of Alexandria, Peter the Fuller, Dionysius the Scholastic, Severus of Antioch, Sergius of Reshaina, unnamed Christian followers of everyone from Origen to Basil of Caesarea, Eutyches to Proclus.[20]In the past half-century, Alexander Golitzin, Georgian academician Shalva Nutsubidze and Belgian professor Ernest Honigmann have all proposed identifying pseudo-Dionysius the Areopagite with Peter the Iberian.[21] A more recent identification is with Damascius, the last scholarch of the Neoplatonic Academy of Athens.[22] There is therefore no current scholarly consensus on the question of pseudo-Dionysius' identification.The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy claims:It must also be recognized that \"forgery\" is a modern notion. Like Plotinus and the Cappadocian Fathers before him, Dionysius does not claim to be an innovator, but rather a communicator of a tradition.[note 4]Others scholars such as Bart D. Ehrman disagree, see for example Forged. While pseudo-Dionysius can be seen as a communicator of tradition, he can also be seen as a polemicist, who tried to alter Neo-Platonic tradition in a novel way for the Christian world that would make notions of complicated Divine Hierarchies more of an emphasis than notions of direct relationship with the figure of Christ as Mediator.[24]A minority of scholars, including Romanian theologian Dumitru Staniloae,[25] argue in favor of the Dionysian corpus being authentic, citing internal historical details and the existence of explicit citations of Dionysius predating Proclus by writers such as Dionysius of Alexandria and Gregory Nazianzus.[26] Even Proclus himself appears to cite an external authority for a euphemism (\"flowers and supersubstantial lights\") when the said verbiage is found explicitly in the Corpus Dionysiacum.[27]","title":"Corpus"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"Stephen Bar Sudhaile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Bar_Sudhaile"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"pantheistic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pantheism"},{"link_name":"mystical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mysticism"},{"link_name":"Neoplatonic influence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neoplatonism"},{"link_name":"Plotinus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plotinus"},{"link_name":"Proclus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proclus"},{"link_name":"Clement of Alexandria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clement_of_Alexandria"},{"link_name":"Cappadocian Fathers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cappadocian_Fathers"},{"link_name":"Origen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origen"}],"text":"Dionysius attributed his inspiration to pseudo-Hierotheus, professing that he was writing to popularize the teachings of his master.[28] Pseudo-Hierotheus was the author of \"The book of Hierotheus on the hidden mysteries of the house of God.\" Pseudo-Hierotheus is believed to be the fifth century Syrian monk Stephen Bar Sudhaile,[29][30] a pantheistic writer.The works of Dionysius are mystical, and show strong Neoplatonic influence. For example, he uses Plotinus' well-known analogy of a sculptor cutting away that which does not enhance the desired image, and shows familiarity with Proclus. He also shows influence from Clement of Alexandria, the Cappadocian Fathers, Origen, and others.","title":"Thought"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"negations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apophatic_theology"},{"link_name":"affirmations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cataphatic_theology"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECorriganHarrington2014-7"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECorriganHarrington2014-7"}],"sub_title":"Mystical Theology","text":"According to pseudo-Dionysius, God is better characterized and approached by negations than by affirmations.[6] All names and theological representations must be negated. According to pseudo-Dionysius, when all names are negated, \"divine silence, darkness, and unknowing\" will follow.[6]","title":"Thought"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Influence"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Miaphysites","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miaphysites"},{"link_name":"John of Scythopolis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_of_Scythopolis"},{"link_name":"Maximus the Confessor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maximus_the_Confessor"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"John of Damascus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_of_Damascus"},{"link_name":"Germanus I of Constantinople","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanus_I_of_Constantinople"},{"link_name":"Gregory Palamas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregory_Palamas"},{"link_name":"terminus ante quem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terminus_ante_quem"}],"sub_title":"Eastern Christianity","text":"His thought was initially used by Miaphysites to back up parts of their arguments but his writings were eventually adopted by other church theologians, primarily due to the work of John of Scythopolis and Maximus the Confessor in producing an orthodox interpretation.[31] Writing a single generation at most after Dionysius, perhaps between 537 and 543,[32] John of Scythopolis composed an extensive set (c. 600)[33] of scholia (that is, marginal annotations) to the works of Dionysius.These were in turn prefaced by a long prologue in which John set out his reasons for commenting on the corpus. All Greek manuscripts of the Corpus Areopagiticum surviving today stem from an early sixth-century manuscript containing John's Scholia and Prologue — so John of Scythopolis had an enormous influence on how Dionysius was read in the Greek-speaking world.[34]Theologians such as John of Damascus and Germanus I of Constantinople also made ample use of Dionysius' writing.The Dionysian writings and their mystical teaching were universally accepted throughout the East, amongst both Chalcedonians and non-Chalcedonians. Gregory Palamas, for example, in referring to these writings, calls the author, \"an unerring beholder of divine things\".The Corpus is also present in Syriac and Armenian versions, the former of which, by Sergius of Reshaina in the early sixth century, serves as a terminus ante quem for the dating of the original Greek.","title":"Influence"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pope Gregory I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Gregory_I"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"Byzantine emperor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantine_emperor"},{"link_name":"Michael II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_II"},{"link_name":"Carolingian emperor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carolingian_dynasty"},{"link_name":"Louis the Pious","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_the_Pious"},{"link_name":"Abbey of St. Denis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abbey_of_St._Denis"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"Hilduin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hilduin_of_Saint-Denis"},{"link_name":"Denis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Denis_of_Paris"},{"link_name":"Acts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acts_of_the_Apostles"},{"link_name":"Gaul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaul"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LeClercq-p25-33-42"},{"link_name":"Charles the Bald","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_the_Bald"},{"link_name":"John Scotus Eriugena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Scotus_Eriugena"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LeClercq-p25-33-42"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LeClercq-p25-33-42"},{"link_name":"John Sarrazin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Sarrazin"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LeClercq-p25-33-42"},{"link_name":"Suger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suger"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"Canons Regular","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canons_Regular"},{"link_name":"Hugh of Saint Victor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_of_Saint_Victor"},{"link_name":"Richard of Saint Victor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_of_Saint_Victor"},{"link_name":"Thomas Gallus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Gallus"},{"link_name":"Gilbert de la Porrée","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilbert_de_la_Porr%C3%A9e"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LeClercq-p25-33-42"},{"link_name":"Cistercian tradition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cistercians"},{"link_name":"Bernard of Clairvaux","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernard_of_Clairvaux"},{"link_name":"William of St Thierry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_of_St_Thierry"},{"link_name":"Aelred of Rievaulx","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aelred_of_Rievaulx"},{"link_name":"Isaac of Stella","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaac_of_Stella"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LeClercq-p25-33-42"},{"link_name":"Laon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laon"},{"link_name":"Anselm of Laon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anselm_of_Laon"},{"link_name":"Peter Lombard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Lombard"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LeClercq-p25-33-42"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"Robert Grosseteste","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Grosseteste"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LeClercq-p25-33-42"},{"link_name":"Albertus Magnus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albertus_Magnus"},{"link_name":"John Sarrazin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Sarrazin"},{"link_name":"Maximus the Confessor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maximus_the_Confessor"},{"link_name":"John of Scythopolis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_of_Scythopolis"},{"link_name":"Thomas Gallus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Gallus"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"Thomas Aquinas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"Bonaventure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bonaventure"},{"link_name":"mysticism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_mysticism"},{"link_name":"via negativa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apophatic_theology"},{"link_name":"Marguerite Porete","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marguerite_Porete"},{"link_name":"Meister Eckhart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meister_Eckhart"},{"link_name":"Johannes Tauler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannes_Tauler"},{"link_name":"John of Ruusbroec","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_of_Ruusbroec"},{"link_name":"The Cloud of Unknowing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Cloud_of_Unknowing"},{"link_name":"Middle English","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_English"},{"link_name":"Jean Gerson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Gerson"},{"link_name":"Nicholas of Cusa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicholas_of_Cusa"},{"link_name":"Denis the Carthusian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denis_the_Carthusian"},{"link_name":"Julian of Norwich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julian_of_Norwich"},{"link_name":"Hendrik Herp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hendrik_Herp"},{"link_name":"Carmelite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carmelites"},{"link_name":"Teresa of Ávila","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teresa_of_%C3%81vila"},{"link_name":"John of the Cross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_of_the_Cross"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LeClercq-p25-33-42"}],"sub_title":"Latin Christianity","text":"The first notice of Dionysius in the West comes from Pope Gregory I, who probably brought a codex of the Corpus Areopagitum back with him on his return from his mission as papal legate to the Emperor in Constantinople in c. 585. Gregory refers occasionally in his writings to Dionysius, although Gregory's Greek was probably not adequate to fully engage with Dionysius's work.[35] In the seventh and eighth centuries, Dionysius was not widely known in the West, aside from a few scattered references.The real influence of Dionysius in the West began with the gift in 827 of a Greek copy of his works by the Byzantine emperor Michael II to the Carolingian emperor Louis the Pious. King Louis in turn gave the manuscript to the Abbey of St. Denis near Paris[36] where, in about 838, Dionysius' works were translated into Latin for the first time by Hilduin, abbot of the monastery. It may well have been Hilduin himself who promoted his work (and his abbey) by developing the legend (which would be widely accepted during subsequent centuries), that Denis was the same person as Dionysius the Areopagite of Acts 17.34, and that he had traveled to Rome and then was commissioned by the Pope to preach in Gaul, where he was martyred.[37] Hilduin's translation is almost unintelligible.[38]About twenty years later, a subsequent Carolingian Emperor, Charles the Bald, requested the Irishman John Scotus Eriugena to make a fresh translation. He finished this in 862.[38] This translation itself did not widely circulate in subsequent centuries. Moreover, although Eriugena's own works, such as the Homily on the Prologue of St John, show the influence of Dionysian ideas, these works were not widely copied or read in subsequent centuries.[38] The Benedictine monasticism that formed the standard monasticism of the eighth to eleventh centuries, therefore, in general paid little attention to Dionysius.In the twelfth century, greater use gradually began to be made of Dionysius among various traditions of thought:Among Benedictines (especially at the Abbey of Saint-Denis), greater interest began to be shown in Dionysius. For example, one of the monks of Saint Denys, John Sarrazin, wrote a commentary on The Celestial Hierarchy in 1140, and then in 1165 made a translation of the work.[38] Also, Suger, abbot of Saint-Denis from 1122 to 1151, drew on Dionysian themes to explain how the architecture of his new 'Gothic' abbey church helped raise the soul to God.[39]\nAmong the Canons Regular. Hugh of Saint Victor edited two commentaries on The Celestial Hierarchy between 1125 and 1137, later revising and combining them as one. Richard of Saint Victor was familiar with Dionysius through Hugh. Through Hugh, others became exposed to Dionysian thought, including Thomas Gallus and Gilbert de la Porrée.[38]\nIn the Cistercian tradition, it seems that early writers such as Bernard of Clairvaux, William of St Thierry and Aelred of Rievaulx were not influenced by Dionysian thought. Among second-generation Cistercians, Isaac of Stella clearly shows the influence of Dionysian ideas.[38]\nIt is in the Schools, though, that the twelfth-century growth in influence of Dionysius was truly significant. There are few references to Dionysius in scholastic theology during the tenth and eleventh centuries. At the beginning of the twelfth century, though, the masters of the Cathedral school at Laon, especially Anselm of Laon, introduced extracts from John Scotus Eriugena's Commentary on St John into the Sentences and the Glossa Ordinaria. In this manner, Dionysian concepts found their way into the writing of Peter Lombard and others.[38]\nBonaventure uses images and even direct quotations from Dionysius' Mystical Theology in the last chapter of his famous work Itinerarium Mentis in Deum (The Soul's Journey into God).[40]During the thirteenth century, the Franciscan Robert Grosseteste made an important contribution by bringing out between 1240 and 1243 a translation, with commentary, of the Dionysian corpus.[38] Soon after, the Dominican Albertus Magnus did likewise. The thirteenth-century Parisian corpus provided an important reference point by combining the \"Old Translation\" of John Scotus Eriugena with the \"New Translation\" of John Sarrazin, along with glosses and scholia by Maximus the Confessor, John of Scythopolis and others, as well as the \"Extracts\" by Thomas Gallus, and several commentaries such as John Scotus Eriugena, John Sarrazin and Hugh of Saint Victor on The Celestial Hierarchy.[41] It quickly became common to make reference to Dionysius. Thomas Aquinas wrote an explanation for several works, and cites him over 1700 times.[42] Bonaventure called him the \"prince of mystics\".It was subsequently in the area of mysticism that Dionysius, especially his portrayal of the via negativa, was particularly influential. In the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries his fundamental themes were hugely influential on thinkers such as Marguerite Porete, Meister Eckhart, Johannes Tauler, John of Ruusbroec, the author of The Cloud of Unknowing (who made an expanded Middle English translation of Dionysius' Mystical Theology), Jean Gerson, Nicholas of Cusa, Denis the Carthusian, Julian of Norwich, Hendrik Herp and Catherine of Genoa [\"The Mystical Element of Religion as Studied in Saint Catherine of Genoa and Her Friends (1908)]. His influence can also be traced in the Spanish Carmelite thought of the sixteenth century among Teresa of Ávila and John of the Cross.[38]","title":"Influence"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Neoplatonic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neoplatonism"},{"link_name":"linguistic theory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistics"},{"link_name":"negative theology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negative_theology"},{"link_name":"Andrew Louth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Louth"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"}],"text":"In recent decades, interest has increased again in the Corpus Areopagiticum, for three main reasons: because of a recovery of the huge impact of Dionysian thought in later Christian thought, because of an increasing repudiation of older criticisms that Dionysius's thought represented a fundamentally Neoplatonic approach to theology, and finally because of interest in parallels between aspects of modern linguistic theory and Dionysius's reflections on language and negative theology.Andrew Louth offers the following modern appraisal of the Areopagite;Dionysius/Denys' vision is remarkable because, on the one hand, his understanding of hierarchy makes possible a rich symbolic system in terms of which we can understand God and the cosmos and our place within it, and, on the other, he finds room within this strictly hierarchical society for an escape from it, beyond it, by transcending symbols and realizing directly one's relationship with God as his creature, the creature of his love. There is space within the Dionysian universe for a multitude of ways of responding to God's love. That spaciousness is worth exploring: and therein, perhaps, lies the enduring value of the vision of Dionysius/Denys the Areopagite.[43]","title":"Modern appraisal"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-identity_4-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-identity_4-1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-10"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-11"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Stanford_23-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Stanford_23-1"},{"link_name":"dialectically","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dialectical"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"}],"text":"^ a b Acts 17:34: \"A few men became followers of Paul and believed. Among them was Dionysius, a member of the Areopagus, also a woman named Damaris, and a number of others.\"\n\n^ Also known as The Intelligible and the Sensible; this is only referred to in the Ecclesiastical Hierarchy.\n\n^ This is only referred to in the Celestial Hierarchy.\n\n^ a b \"It must also be recognized that \"forgery\" is a modern notion. Like Plotinus and the Cappadocians before him, Dionysius does not claim to be an innovator, but rather a communicator of a tradition. Adopting the persona of an ancient figure was a long established rhetorical device (known as declamatio), and others in Dionysius' circle also adopted pseudonymous names from the New Testament. Dionysius' works, therefore, are much less a forgery in the modern sense than an acknowledgement of reception and transmission, namely, a kind of coded recognition that the resonances of any sacred undertaking are intertextual, bringing the diachronic structures of time and space together in a synchronic way, and that this theological teaching, at least, is dialectically received from another. Dionysius represents his own teaching as coming from a certain Hierotheus and as being addressed to a certain Timotheus. He seems to conceive of himself, therefore, as an in-between figure, very like a Dionysius the Areopagite, in fact.[23]","title":"Notes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pseudo-Dionysius the Areopagite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//plato.stanford.edu/entries/pseudo-dionysius-areopagite/"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0268028824","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0268028824"},{"link_name":"Pseudo-Dionysius the Areopagite (fl. c. 650—c. 725 CE)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.iep.utm.edu/pseudodi/"}],"text":"Corrigan, Kevin; Harrington, L. Michael (2014), Pseudo-Dionysius the Areopagite, Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy\nFranke, William (2007), On What Cannot Be Said: Apophatic Discourses in Philosophy, Religion, Literature, and the Arts Volume 1, ISBN 978-0268028824\nLamarre, Mark, Pseudo-Dionysius the Areopagite (fl. c. 650—c. 725 CE), Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy\nElena Ene D-Vasilescu, \"Pseudo-Dionysius the Areopagite and Byzantine Art\", Journal of Early Christian History, Taylor & Francis, Volume 11, Issue 2, 2021, pp. 50-75; DOI: 10.1080/2222582X.2020.1743955\nElena Ene D-Vasilescu, \"If you wish to contemplate God': Pseudo-Dionysius on the notion of will\", Studia Patristica, vol. C (100), 2020: 247-257","title":"Sources"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Further reading"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-78336-010-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78336-010-9"}],"sub_title":"Greek editions","text":"Migne, Patrologiae Cursus Completus, Series Graeca III, (Paris, 1857) [Greek text]\nBeate Regina Suchla (ed.), Corpus Dionysiacum, 2 vols (Berlin: Walter de Gruyter, 1990–1) [the modern critical edition]\nLa Hiérarchie Céleste, ed. Roques R, Heil G and Gandillac M, Sources Chrétiennes 58 (Paris: Les Éditions de Cerf, 1958) [Critical edition of the Celestial Hierarchy with French translation]\nPseudo-Dionysius Areopagita, De Coelesti Hierarchia, London, 2012. limovia.net, ISBN 978-1-78336-010-9","title":"Further reading"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-89254-095-8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-89254-095-8"},{"link_name":"The Works of Dionysius the Areopagite, trans. Rev. John Parker (James Parker and Co., 1897) Internet Archive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/worksofdionysius00pseu/"}],"sub_title":"Modern translations","text":"Pseudo-Dionysius: The Complete Works, trans. Colm Luibheid (New York: Paulist Press, 1987) [The only complete modern English translation (and the only modern English translation of The Celestial Hierarchy), based almost entirely on the text in Migne]\nDionysius the Pseudo-Areopagite: The Ecclesiastical Hierarchy, trans. Thomas L. Campbell, (Lanham, MD: University Press of America, 1981)\nHathaway, Ronald F, Hierarchy and the definition of order in the letters of Pseudo-Dionysius. A study in the form and meaning of the Pseudo-Dionysian writings, (The Hague, Nijhoff, 1969), [Includes a translation of the Letters on pp130–160]\nJones, John D, The Divine Names and Mystical Theology, (Milwaukee, 1980)\nRolt, CE, The Divine Names and the Mystical Theology, (London: SPCK, 1920) [reprinted as Clarence Edwin Rolt, Dionysius the Areopagite on the Divine Names and the Mystical Theology, 2004, IBIS PRESS, ISBN 0-89254-095-8]\nThe Works of Dionysius the Areopagite, trans. Rev. John Parker (James Parker and Co., 1897) Internet Archive","title":"Further reading"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Coakley, Sarah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarah_Coakley"},{"link_name":"Frend, W. H. C.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frend,_W._H._C."},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-60899-335-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60899-335-2"},{"link_name":"LeClercq, Jean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Leclercq,_OSB"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-7914-7111-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-7111-1"},{"link_name":"Scouteris, Constantine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantine_B._Scouteris"},{"link_name":"Platonic Elements in Pseudo-Dionysius Anti-Manichaean Ontology, Ἐπιστημονική Ἐπετηρίς τῆς Θεολογικῆς Σχολῆς τοῦ Πανεπιστημίου Ἀθηνῶν, Τόμος ΚΘ΄, Πανεπιστήμιον Ἀθηνῶν, Ἀθῆναι 1994, pp. 193-201","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.orthodoxresearchinstitute.org/articles/dogmatics/scouteris_ontology.html"}],"sub_title":"Secondary sources","text":"Bucur, Bogdan, ed., (Collegeville, MN: Cistercian Publications, 2014), a revised edition of Et Introibo Ad Altare Dei: The Mystagogy of Dionysius Areopagita, with Special Reference to Its Predecessors in the Eastern Christian Tradition (Thessalonika: Patriarchikon Idruma Paterikôn Meletôn, 1994)\nCoakley, Sarah and Charles M Stang, eds., Re-Thinking Dionysius the Areopagite, (Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell, 2008) [also published as Modern Theology 24:4, (2008)]\nFrend, W. H. C., The Rise of the Monophysite Movement (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1972).\nGolitzin, Alexander, Mystagogy: A Monastic Reading of Dionysius Areopagita. Cistercian Studies 250.\nGriffith, R., \"Neo-Platonism and Christianity: Pseudo-Dionysius and Damascius\", in E. A. Livingstone, ed., Studia patristica XXIX. Papers presented at the Twelfth International Conference on Patristic Studies held in Oxford 1995 (Leuven: Peeters, 1997), pp. 238–243\nHathaway, Ronald F., Hierarchy and the definition of order in the letters of Pseudo-Dionysius: A study in the form and meaning of the Pseudo-Dionysian writings (The Hague, Nijhoff, 1969)\nIvanovic, Filip, Symbol and Icon: Dionysius the Areopagite and the Iconoclastic Crisis (Eugene: Pickwick, 2010). ISBN 978-1-60899-335-2\nLeClercq, Jean, 'Influence and noninfluence of Dionysius in the Western Middle Ages', in Pseudo-Dionysius: The Complete Works, trans. Colm Luibheid (New York: Paulist Press, 1987), pp. 25–33\nLouth, Andrew, Dionysius the Areopagite (London: Geoffrey Chapman, 1989). Reissued by Continuum Press (London & New York) 2001 under the title Denys the Areopagite.\nPerl, Eric D., Theophany: The Neoplatonic Philosophy of Dionysius the Areopagite (Albany: SUNY Press, 2007). ISBN 978-0-7914-7111-1.\nRorem, Paul, Pseudo-Dionysius: A commentary on the texts and an introduction to their influence (New York: Oxford University Press, 1993)\nRorem, Paul, and John C Lamoreaux, John of Scythopolis and the Dionysian Corpus: Annotating the Areopagite (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1998)\nScouteris, Constantine, Platonic Elements in Pseudo-Dionysius Anti-Manichaean Ontology, Ἐπιστημονική Ἐπετηρίς τῆς Θεολογικῆς Σχολῆς τοῦ Πανεπιστημίου Ἀθηνῶν, Τόμος ΚΘ΄, Πανεπιστήμιον Ἀθηνῶν, Ἀθῆναι 1994, pp. 193-201\nScouteris, Constantine, \"Malum privatio est\": St. Gregory of Nyssa and Psedo-Dionysius on the Existence of Evil (Some further Comments), paper presented at the Ninth International Conference on Patristic Studies held in Oxford 1983, Studia Patristica, 18 (1990), pp. 539–550\nStock, Wiebke-Marie, Theurgisches Denken. Zur \"Kirchlichen Hierarchie\" des Dionysius Areopagita (Berlin: de Gruyter, 2008) (Transformationen der Antike, 4)\nElena Ene D-Vasilescu, \"'If you wish to contemplate God': Pseudo-Dionysius on the notion of will\", Studia Patristica, vol. C (100), 2020: 247–257","title":"Further reading"}]
|
[{"image_text":"Dionysius the Areopagite","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Denis_Areopagite.jpg/200px-Denis_Areopagite.jpg"}]
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[{"title":"Pseudepigrapha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudepigrapha"},{"title":"St. Dionysus Institute in Paris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Dionysus_Institute_in_Paris"},{"title":"Theoria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theoria"}]
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[{"reference":"Brock, Sebastian (2011). \"Pseudo-Dionysius the Areopagite — Gorgias Encyclopedic Dictionary\". Gorgias Encyclopedic Dictionary.","urls":[{"url":"https://gedsh.bethmardutho.org/Dionysius-the-Areopagite-Pseudo-","url_text":"\"Pseudo-Dionysius the Areopagite — Gorgias Encyclopedic Dictionary\""}]},{"reference":"\"Pseudo-Dionysius the Areopagite summary | Britannica\". www.britannica.com. Retrieved 2022-08-09.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.britannica.com/summary/Pseudo-Dionysius-the-Areopagite","url_text":"\"Pseudo-Dionysius the Areopagite summary | Britannica\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Dionysian Authorship of the \"Corpus Areopagiticum\" According to Fr. Dumitru Staniloae\". johnsanidopoulos.com. Retrieved 2023-12-06.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.johnsanidopoulos.com/2009/10/apostolic-authorship-of-corpus.html","url_text":"\"The Dionysian Authorship of the \"Corpus Areopagiticum\" According to Fr. Dumitru Staniloae\""}]},{"reference":"Roman Martyrology. Lutétiæ Parisiórum natális sanctórum Mártyrum Dionysii Areopagítæ Epíscopi, Rústici Presbyteri, et Eleuthérii Diáconi. Ex his Dionysius, ab Apóstolo Paulo baptizátus, primus Atheniénsium Epíscopus ordinátus est; deínde Romam venit, atque inde a beáto Cleménte, Románo Pontífice, in Gállias prædicándi grátia diréctus est. [October 9 (Séptimo Idus Octóbris]).","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Journey of the Mind into God by St Bonaventure of Bagnoregio\" (PDF).","urls":[{"url":"http://faculty.uml.edu/rinnis/45.304%20God%20and%20Philosophy/ITINERARIUM.pdf","url_text":"\"Journey of the Mind into God by St Bonaventure of Bagnoregio\""}]},{"reference":"Corrigan, Kevin; Harrington, L. Michael (2014), Pseudo-Dionysius the Areopagite, Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy","urls":[{"url":"https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/pseudo-dionysius-areopagite/","url_text":"Pseudo-Dionysius the Areopagite"}]},{"reference":"Franke, William (2007), On What Cannot Be Said: Apophatic Discourses in Philosophy, Religion, Literature, and the Arts Volume 1, ISBN 978-0268028824","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0268028824","url_text":"978-0268028824"}]},{"reference":"Lamarre, Mark, Pseudo-Dionysius the Areopagite (fl. c. 650—c. 725 CE), Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy","urls":[{"url":"http://www.iep.utm.edu/pseudodi/","url_text":"Pseudo-Dionysius the Areopagite (fl. c. 650—c. 725 CE)"}]},{"reference":"Corrigan, Kevin; Harrington, Michael. \"Pseudo-Dionysius the Areopagite\". In Zalta, Edward N. (ed.). Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy.","urls":[{"url":"https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/pseudo-dionysius-areopagite/","url_text":"\"Pseudo-Dionysius the Areopagite\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_N._Zalta","url_text":"Zalta, Edward N."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanford_Encyclopedia_of_Philosophy","url_text":"Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy"}]},{"reference":"\"Pseudo-Dionysius the Areopagite\". Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.iep.utm.edu/pseudodi","url_text":"\"Pseudo-Dionysius the Areopagite\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Encyclopedia_of_Philosophy","url_text":"Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy"}]},{"reference":"\"Celestial Hierarchy\". September 1, 2006.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.esoteric.msu.edu/VolumeII/CelestialHierarchy.html","url_text":"\"Celestial Hierarchy\""}]}]
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