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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ardmore_distillery
Ardmore distillery
["1 History","2 Products","3 References","4 External links"]
Coordinates: 57°21′04″N 2°44′42″W / 57.35111°N 2.74500°W / 57.35111; -2.74500 Ardmore DistilleryRegion: HighlandLocationKennethmont, Scotland, UKOwnerSuntory Global SpiritsFounded1898StatusOperationalWater sourceSprings on Knockandy HillNo. of stills4 wash stills (15,000 each)4 spirit stills (15,000 each)Capacity5,530,000 litresWebsitewww.ardmorewhisky.comArdmoreTypeSingle maltAge(s)Traditional, Triple Wood, Legacy (NAS), 12 years (Port Wood), 25 years, 30 yearsCask type(s)American white oak ex-bourbon casks (first)quarter-casks (second)Port Wood (finish) Ardmore distillery is a single malt Scotch whisky distillery, located in the village of Kennethmont, Scotland. The distillery is owned and operated by Suntory Global Spirits, an subsidiary of Suntory Holdings of Osaka, Japan. History The distillery was built in 1898 by William Teacher's son, Adam, to secure fillings for their blend, Teacher's Highland Cream (of which it remains the principal component). Two stills were added in 1955, and four more in 1974, for a total of eight. The distillery had its own maltings until the mid-1970s, and its own cooperage until the late 1980s. Until early 2001 it used coal to fire the stills. Ardmore Traditional Cask was the distillery's single malt. It was bottled at 46% ABV, in bottles embossed with an image of a golden eagle. Unlike many single malts, barrier filtering, rather than chill filtering was used. Ardmore Traditional Cask was superseded by Ardmore Legacy in 2014, with ABV reduced to 40% and chill filtration used. This was a slightly controversial move, as many whisky enthusiasts prefer barrier-only filtration and the higher ABV, both of which help to preserve more of the malt's character and flavour. Ardmore Traditional Cask was re-launched in early 2015 as Ardmore Tradition at 46% ABV, and is now barrier filtered again. Also released since 2015 are Triple Wood and Port Wood expressions, both bottled at 46% ABV and barrier filtered only. Products Ardmore has six distillery-bottled whiskies: Ardmore Traditional (Discontinued from mass market on 2014 and repackaged as travel retail) Ardmore Legacy (No Age Statement) Ardmore Tradition (No Age Statement - Travel Retail Exclusive) Ardmore Triple Wood (No Age Statement) Ardmore Port Wood Finish (12 Years Old) Ardmore 25 years old References ^ Ardmore at Whisky.com ^ a b Helen Arthur (2002) . The single malt companion (in Dutch). Translated by Lisbeth Machielsen. Libero. p. 196. ISBN 978-90-5764-236-4. ^ MacLean, Charles. Malt Whisky. London: Octopus Publishing Group, 2006, p. 120. ISBN 1-84533-240-7. ^ a b Lardin, Miguel Angel Blanch. "Ardmore Traditional Cask". awardrobeofwhisky.com. ^ Lardin, Miguel Angel Blanch. "Ardmore 25 Year Old". awardrobeofwhisky.com. External links Official website vteSuntorySubsidiaries Château Lagrange S.A.S (1983) Florigene Pty Ltd (2003) Frucor Suntory (2008) Morrison Bowmore Distillers, Limited (1994) Orangina Schweppes (2009) Pepper Lunch1(1994) Suntory Global Spirits (2014) Distilleries Ardmore distillery Auchentoshan distillery Booker Noe distillery Bowmore distillery Chita distillery Glen Garioch distillery Hakushu distillery Jim Beam distillery Laphroaig distillery Maker's Mark Distillery Yamazaki distillery Beer All-Free Kin-Mugi The Premium Malt's Soft drinks Bikkle Boss Coffee C.C. Lemon Calcium and Iron Beverage Gini Green DAKARA Iyemon Lucozade MayTea Mizone Nature’s Twist Oasis Okky Iced Oolong Tea Orangina Pepsi Special Ribena Schweppes TEA+ Tennensui V SpiritsGin Larios Sipsmith Roku Liqueur DeKuyper Midori Sourz Rum Cruzan Tequila El Tesoro de Don Felipe Hornitos Sauza Tres Generaciones 100 Años Vodka Effen Haku Pinnacle Vox WhiskeyBourbon Baker's Basil Hayden's Beam's Eight Star Booker's Jim Beam Kessler Knob Creek Legent Maker's Mark Old Crow Old Grand-Dad Canadian Alberta Premium Canadian Club Irish Connemara Kilbeggan The Tyrconnell Japanese Chita Hakushu Hibiki Kakubin Yamazaki ScotchSingle malt Ardmore Auchentoshan Bowmore Glen Garioch Laphroaig Blended Teacher's Highland Cream Spanish DYC whisky Wine Akadama Delica Maison Château Lagrange Les Fiefs de Lagrange People Nobutada Saji Yuka Saitō Other Suntory Hall Suntory Music Award Suntory Mermaid II Suntory Open Suntory Ladies Open Suntory Sunbirds Suntory Sungoliath 1 International operations. Category vteWhisky distilleries in ScotlandScotch whiskyCampbeltown Glengyle Glen Scotia Springbank Highland Aberfeldy Arbikie Ardmore Ardnamurchan Ardross Balblair Ben Nevis Blair Athol Brora Burn O'Bennie Cairn Clynelish Dalmore Dalwhinnie Deanston Dornoch Edradour Fettercairn Glencadam Glendronach Glen Garioch Glenglassaugh Glengoyne Glenmorangie Glen Ord Glenturret GlenWyvis Loch Lomond Lone Wolf Royal Brackla Royal Lochnagar Macduff Nc'nean Oban Pulteney Strathearn Teaninich Tomatin Tullibardine Uile-bheist Wolfburn 8 Doors Island Abhainn Dearg Arran Barra Harris Highland Park Jura Kimbland Lagg Raasay Scapa Saxa Vord Talisker Tobermory Torabhaig Islay Ardbeg Ardnahoe Bowmore Bruichladdich Bunnahabhain Caol Ila Kilchoman Lagavulin Laphroaig Port Ellen Lowland Aberargie Ailsa Bay Annandale Auchentoshan Bladnoch Bonnington Borders Clydeside Crafty Daftmill Eden Mill Falkirk Glasgow Glenkinchie Holyrood Inchdairnie Jackton Kingsbarns Leven Lindores Abbey Lochlea Rosebank Speyside Aberlour Allt-A-Bhainne Auchroisk Aultmore Ballindalloch Balmenach Balvenie BenRiach Benrinnes Benromach Braeval Cardhu Cragganmore Craigellachie Dailuaine Dalmunach Dalwhinnie Dufftown Glenallachie Glenburgie Glendullan Glen Elgin Glenfarclas Glenfiddich Glen Grant Glen Keith Glenlivet Glenlossie Glen Moray Glenrothes Glen Spey Glentauchers Inchgower Kininvie Knockando Knockdhu Linkwood Longmorn Macallan Mannochmore Miltonduff Mortlach Roseisle Speyburn Speyside Strathisla Strathmill Tamdhu Tamnavulin Tomintoul Tormore Grain Cameronbridge Girvan Invergordon North British Starlaw Strathclyde Closed Ardgowan Auchinblae Auchinblae Ballechin Banff Ben Wyvis Caperdonich Coleburn Convalmore Dallas Dhu Finnieston Garnheathgrain Glen Albyn Glenesk Glenflagler Glengilp Glenugie Glenury Hazelburn Imperial Kinclaith Ladyburn Littlemill Lochside Millburn North Port Parkmore Pittyvaich Port Charlotte St. Magdalene Scotland portal Category Commons   Liquor portal 57°21′04″N 2°44′42″W / 57.35111°N 2.74500°W / 57.35111; -2.74500 Authority control databases International VIAF National United States
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Medusa_Touch
The Medusa Touch
["1 References"]
1973 novel by Peter Van Greenaway For the film based on the novel, see The Medusa Touch (film). The Medusa Touch Cover of the first editionAuthorPeter Van GreenawayLanguageEnglishGenreThriller novelPublisherGollanczPublication date1973Publication placeUnited KingdomMedia typePrint (Hardback & Paperback) The Medusa Touch is a 1973 novel by Peter Van Greenaway, which was adapted into a feature film in 1978. The novel tells the story of a novelist, John Morlar, who either has psychokinesis or clairvoyance. The Medusa Touch is one of several Van Greenaway books featuring the character Inspector Cherry of Scotland Yard. The 1978 movie version starred actor Richard Burton as Morlar. References ^ "The Medusa Touch (1978) - IMDb". IMDb. This article about a thriller novel of the 1970s is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.See guidelines for writing about novels. Further suggestions might be found on the article's talk page.vte
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria_Ward_Centers
Ward Centers
["1 Transformation to Ward Village","2 Early history","3 Victoria Ward Limited","4 References"]
Not to be confused with Ward Parkway Center. This article includes a list of general references, but it lacks sufficient corresponding inline citations. Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (January 2013) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Ward Centers, formerly known as Victoria Ward Centers, is a shopping complex near Waikiki at Kaka'ako in Honolulu, Hawai'i. Ward Centers is a retail hub as host to Ward Entertainment Center, Ward Centre, Ward Farmers Market, Ward Gateway Center, Ward Village Shops, Ward Warehouse and a new, multimillion-dollar 150,000 square foot (14,000 m2) entertainment center. The theater complex, owned by Consolidated Theatres, and high tech midway opened in 2001. Transformation to Ward Village The Howard Hughes Corporation plans to transform Ward Centers into Ward Village over the next decade. In addition to retail, Ward Village will feature residential towers. Early history Victoria Ward was the wife of Honolulu industrialist Curtis Perry Ward and daughter of influential British shipbuilder James Robinson. Victoria Ward and her husband owned a vast estate (over 100 acres) in central Honolulu that stretched from Thomas Square to the shores of Ala Moana. On the estate was their mansion, Old Plantation, the site of the present-day Neal S. Blaisdell Center. In 1882, Curtis Perry Ward died and left his holdings to his wife and daughters. Victoria Ward continued the family business, purchasing real estate which would be developed for commercial use. Victoria Ward Limited The Victoria Ward Limited acts as the owner and operator of Victoria Ward Centers; it operates as a The Howard Hughes Corporation. The company owns approximately 65 acres in Honolulu, including the Ward Entertainment Center, Ward Warehouse, Ward Village, and Village Shops. References ^ "Ward Centers". Retrieved 9 April 2014. ^ "The Howard Hughes Corporation Unveils a "Forward" Vision for Ward Village". 10 October 2012. Retrieved 9 April 2014. ^ "Ward Centers, About Us". Retrieved 9 April 2014. ^ "The Life and Legacy of Victoria Ward". Ward Village. 6 October 2015. Retrieved 28 June 2019. ^ "Company Overview of Victoria Ward, Limited". Archived from the original on July 31, 2013. Retrieved 9 April 2014. vteShopping malls in Hawaii Ala Moana Center Aloha Tower Marketplace Fairway Shops Kahala Mall Ko Olina Station and Center Kukui Grove Center Lahaina Cannery Mall Lahaina Gateway Pearlridge Prince Kuhio Plaza Ward Centers Windward Mall
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[]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiabulls
Indiabulls
["1 History","2 Listed companies","3 References","4 External links"]
Indian financial services conglomerate IndiabullsIndiabulls Blu Towers A, B & CCompany typeConglomerateIndustryFinancial servicesFoundedJanuary 2000HeadquartersIndiabulls House, Udyog Vihar, Gurgaon, Haryana, IndiaKey peopleSameer Gehlaut (Chairman & Founder)Abhishek Singh Chauhan (Vice-Chairman & MD)ProductsFinancial servicesReal estatePharmaceuticalConstruction equipment leasingLED lights and facilities sectorDivisionsIndiabulls Housing FinanceDhani ServicesIndiabulls Real EstateWebsitewww.indiabulls.com Old logo of Indiabulls The Indiabulls Group is an Indian conglomerate headquartered in Gurgaon, whose primary businesses are housing finance, consumer finance, and real estate. The group also has a presence in wealth management, construction equipment rentals, pharmaceuticals, and LED lighting. History Indiabulls was started in 2000 with the establishment of Indiabulls Financial Services, a stockbroking firm co-founded by three IIT Delhi graduates–Sameer Gehlaut, Rajiv Rattan and Saurabh Mittal. Indiabulls Financial Services subsequently went on to set up subsidiaries in stockbroking, consumer finance, housing finance and real estate, among others. In 2004, Indiabulls Financial Services became a publicly-listed company after its initial public offering. Indiabulls Real Estate was demerged from the company in 2006, whereas Indiabulls Securities was demerged in 2008. In 2013, Indiabulls Financial Services reverse merged with its wholly-owned subsidiary, Indiabulls Housing Finance, to form the flagship company of the group. In 2014, the group was split between the three promoters with Sameer Gehlaut retaining management control over Indiabulls Housing Finance, Indiabulls Real Estate, Indiabulls Securities and Indiabulls Wholesale Services, while Rajiv Rattan and Saurabh Mittal obtained control of Indiabulls Power (renamed RattanIndia Power) and Indiabulls Infrastructure (renamed RattanIndia Infrastructure). By 2017, Indiabulls Housing Finance had become the second-largest housing finance company in India and was included in the NIFTY 50 benchmark index. However, between late 2018 and 2019, its shares and bonds experienced a sharp decline in value due to a credit market crisis triggered by the collapse of IL&FS, the company's shrinking balance sheet, allegations of fraud by group promoters, and a proposed merger with the beleaguered Lakshmi Vilas Bank, which fell through. In 2020, the group announced that it would exit Indiabulls Real Estate in a merger deal with Embassy Group entities. Sameer Gehlaut stepped down as the chairman of Indiabulls Housing Finance in 2020 and ceased to be its promoter in 2023. In 2021, Groww acquired Indiabulls AMC, the mutual funds business of the group, for ₹175 crore. Listed companies Equity shares of the companies are listed on the Bombay Stock Exchange (BSE) and the National Stock Exchange (NSE). Indiabulls Housing Finance Dhani Services (formerly Indiabulls Ventures or Indiabulls Securities) Indiabulls Real Estate Indiabulls Enterprises (including Indiabulls Store One, Indiabulls LED, Indiabulls Pharmaceuticals) Yaari Digital Integrated Services (formerly Indiabulls Integrated Services or Indiabulls Wholesale Services) Indiabulls Blu Towers the 37th tallest building in India Indiabulls Sky the 65th tallest building in India Indiabulls Finance Centre References ^ Karthik, Hamsini (2 October 2023). "Indiabulls to be renamed as Samman Capital; will let go HFC tag and operate as NBFC". BusinessLine. Retrieved 19 April 2024. ^ "Indiabulls set to launch operations in Gulf countries". The Economic Times. 13 June 2013. Retrieved 19 April 2024. ^ "Ransomware allegedly hits Indiabulls Group: Cyble". The Economic Times. Archived from the original on 17 November 2020. Retrieved 22 August 2020. ^ "The Rs 29,000-crore surprise". Business Today. 4 October 2007. Retrieved 2 August 2023. ^ "Indiabulls set for revamp". The Times of India. 5 February 2007. Retrieved 2 August 2023. ^ "Indiabulls IPO at Rs 19". The Telegraph. Retrieved 2 August 2023. ^ "Indiabulls to demerge its real estate business". The Economic Times. 2 May 2006. Retrieved 2 August 2023. ^ "Indiabulls Financial slips on hiving off securities biz". The Economic Times. 1 January 2008. Retrieved 2 August 2023. ^ "Indiabulls Financial Services completes reverse merger". Business Standard. Retrieved 2 August 2023. ^ "Indiabulls' three promoters split Rs 8.8k cr group". The Times of India. 10 July 2014. Retrieved 2 August 2023. ^ "Indiabulls HF appoints Mundra as a director". The Hindu. 19 August 2018. Retrieved 8 September 2023. ^ "IOC, IBHFL to replace Idea, BHEL in NSE Nifty50 from March 31". Business Standard. Retrieved 8 September 2023. ^ "Indiabulls Housing: Sameer Gehlaut Sells Half His Stake, Plans on Exiting the Board by Fiscal End". The Wire. Retrieved 8 September 2023. ^ Priolker, Ashwini (18 August 2020). "Indiabulls Real Estate Approves Share-Swap Ratio For Merger With Embassy Group". BQ Prime. Retrieved 9 September 2023. ^ "Gehlaut steps down as chief of Indiabulls Housing Finance". The Times of India. 13 August 2020. Retrieved 10 September 2023. ^ "Exchanges approve reclassification of Indiabulls Housing promoter Sameer Gehlaut to public". CNBC TV18. 23 February 2023. Retrieved 10 September 2023. ^ "Zerodha-rival Groww gets approval to acquire Indiabulls mutual fund business". mint. 10 September 2021. Archived from the original on 19 November 2021. Retrieved 19 November 2021. ^ "Indiabulls forays in Car Loan Business". Business Standard News. Archived from the original on 13 February 2019. Retrieved 12 February 2019. ^ "Indiabulls Housing Finance increase home loan interest rates by 20bps". India Infoline. Archived from the original on 12 February 2019. Retrieved 11 February 2019. ^ "Indiabulls Ventures' subsidiary launches mobile application 'Dhani App'". Business Standard News. Archived from the original on 12 February 2019. Retrieved 11 February 2019. ^ "INDIABULLS REAL ESTATE LTD". Business Standard News. Archived from the original on 13 February 2019. Retrieved 12 February 2019. ^ "SORIL Infra Resources History". The Economic Times. Archived from the original on 19 November 2021. Retrieved 19 November 2021. ^ Sapam, Bidya (25 May 2017). "Indiabulls Group enters LED lighting business". mint. Archived from the original on 19 November 2021. Retrieved 19 November 2021. ^ "Indiabulls Pharma receives Rs 155 crore investment from Clermont Group". The Economic Times. Archived from the original on 19 November 2021. Retrieved 19 November 2021. ^ "Sebi exempts Sameer Gehlaut IIS Trust from open offer obligation". The Financial Express. 19 March 2021. Archived from the original on 22 November 2021. Retrieved 22 November 2021. External links Official website vte NIFTY 200 companiesNIFTY 200NIFTY 100NIFTY 50 Adani Enterprises Adani Ports Apollo Hospitals Asian Paints Axis Bank Bajaj Auto Bajaj Finance Bajaj Finserv Bharat Petroleum Bharti Airtel Britannia Cipla Coal India Divi's Labs Dr. Reddy's Labs Eicher Grasim HCLTech HDFC Bank HDFC Life Hero MotoCorp Hindalco HUL ICICI Bank IndusInd Bank Infosys ITC JSW Steel Kotak Mahindra L&T LTIMindtree M&M Maruti Suzuki NTPC Nestlé ONGC Power Grid Reliance SBI Life SBI Shriram Finance Sun Pharma Tata Consultancy Services Tata Consumer Products Tata Motors Tata Steel Tech Mahindra Titan UltraTech Wipro NIFTY Next 50 ABB India Adani Energy Solutions Adani Green Energy Adani Power Ambuja Cements Bank of Baroda Berger Paints BEL Bosch Canara Bank Cholamandalam Colgate-Palmolive Dabur DLF DMart GAIL Godrej Consumer Products Havells HAL ICICI Lombard ICICI Prudential Indian Oil IndiGo Info Edge IRCTC IRFC Jindal Steel Jio Financial Services LIC Marico Pidilite Power Finance PNB REC Samvardhana Motherson SBI Card Shree Cement Siemens India SRF Tata Power Torrent Pharma Trent TVS Motors United Spirits Varun Beverages Vedanta Zomato Zydus Lifesciences ACC Aditya Birla Fashion Alkem Labs Apollo Tyres Ashok Leyland Astral AU SFB Aurobindo Pharma Balkrishna Industries Bandhan Bank Bank of India Bank of Maharashtra Bharat Dynamics Bharat Forge BHEL Biocon BSE Coforge Container Corp CG Power Cummins India Dalmia Bharat Deepak Nitrite Delhivery Dixon Technologies Dr Lal PathLabs Escorts FACT Federal Bank Fortis Healthcare GMR Airports Godrej Properties Gujarat Gas Hindustan Petroleum IDBI Bank IDFC First Bank Indian Bank Indian Hotels Indraprastha Gas Indus Towers Ipca Laboratories JSW Energy Jubilant FoodWorks Kalyan Jewellers KPIT Technologies L&T Technology Services Laurus Labs LIC Housing Finance Lodha Lupin M&M Finance Mankind Pharma Max Financial Services Max Healthcare Mazagon Dock Shipbuilders Mphasis MRF NHPC NMDC Nykaa Oil India Oracle FSS Page Industries Patanjali Foods Paytm Persistent Systems Petronet LNG Piramal Enterprises Policybazaar Poonawalla Fincorp Prestige Estates RVNL SAIL SJVN Sun TV Supreme Industries Suzlon Syngene Tata Chemicals Tata Communications Tata Technologies Torrent Power Tube Investments Union Bank UPL Vodafone Idea Voltas Yes Bank Zee Entertainment This article about an Indian company is a stub. 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[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Indiabulls_logo.svg"},{"link_name":"conglomerate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conglomerate_(company)"},{"link_name":"Gurgaon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gurgaon"},{"link_name":"LED lighting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LED_lamp"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Karthik_2023_x615-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-The_Economic_Times_2013_m181-2"}],"text":"Old logo of IndiabullsThe Indiabulls Group is an Indian conglomerate headquartered in Gurgaon, whose primary businesses are housing finance, consumer finance, and real estate. The group also has a presence in wealth management, construction equipment rentals, pharmaceuticals, and LED lighting.[1][2]","title":"Indiabulls"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"IIT Delhi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IIT_Delhi"},{"link_name":"Sameer Gehlaut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sameer_Gehlaut"},{"link_name":"Rajiv Rattan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RattanIndia"},{"link_name":"Saurabh Mittal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saurabh_Mittal"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"publicly-listed company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Publicly-listed_company"},{"link_name":"initial public offering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Initial_public_offering"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"demerged","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demerger"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"promoters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corporate_promoter"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"NIFTY 50","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NIFTY_50"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"IL&FS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IL%26FS"},{"link_name":"balance sheet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balance_sheet"},{"link_name":"Lakshmi Vilas Bank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lakshmi_Vilas_Bank"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Embassy Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embassy_Group"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"}],"text":"Indiabulls was started in 2000 with the establishment of Indiabulls Financial Services, a stockbroking firm co-founded by three IIT Delhi graduates–Sameer Gehlaut, Rajiv Rattan and Saurabh Mittal.[3][4] Indiabulls Financial Services subsequently went on to set up subsidiaries in stockbroking, consumer finance, housing finance and real estate, among others.[5]In 2004, Indiabulls Financial Services became a publicly-listed company after its initial public offering.[6] Indiabulls Real Estate was demerged from the company in 2006,[7] whereas Indiabulls Securities was demerged in 2008.[8]In 2013, Indiabulls Financial Services reverse merged with its wholly-owned subsidiary, Indiabulls Housing Finance, to form the flagship company of the group.[9]In 2014, the group was split between the three promoters with Sameer Gehlaut retaining management control over Indiabulls Housing Finance, Indiabulls Real Estate, Indiabulls Securities and Indiabulls Wholesale Services, while Rajiv Rattan and Saurabh Mittal obtained control of Indiabulls Power (renamed RattanIndia Power) and Indiabulls Infrastructure (renamed RattanIndia Infrastructure).[10]By 2017, Indiabulls Housing Finance had become the second-largest housing finance company in India[11] and was included in the NIFTY 50 benchmark index.[12] However, between late 2018 and 2019, its shares and bonds experienced a sharp decline in value due to a credit market crisis triggered by the collapse of IL&FS, the company's shrinking balance sheet, allegations of fraud by group promoters, and a proposed merger with the beleaguered Lakshmi Vilas Bank, which fell through.[13]In 2020, the group announced that it would exit Indiabulls Real Estate in a merger deal with Embassy Group entities.[14] Sameer Gehlaut stepped down as the chairman of Indiabulls Housing Finance in 2020[15] and ceased to be its promoter in 2023.[16]In 2021, Groww acquired Indiabulls AMC, the mutual funds business of the group, for ₹175 crore.[17]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bombay Stock Exchange","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombay_Stock_Exchange"},{"link_name":"National Stock Exchange","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Stock_Exchange_of_India"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Indiabulls Housing Finance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiabulls_Housing_Finance"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Dhani Services","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dhani_(company)"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Indiabulls_blu_ispy.jpg"},{"link_name":"37th tallest building in India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_tallest_buildings_in_India"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Indiabulls_Sky.jpg"},{"link_name":"65th tallest building in India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_tallest_buildings_in_India"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:India_Bulls,_Parel,Mumbai_-_panoramio.jpg"}],"text":"Equity shares of the companies are listed on the Bombay Stock Exchange (BSE) and the National Stock Exchange (NSE).[18]Indiabulls Housing Finance[19]\nDhani Services (formerly Indiabulls Ventures or Indiabulls Securities)[20]\nIndiabulls Real Estate[21]\nIndiabulls Enterprises (including Indiabulls Store One,[22] Indiabulls LED,[23] Indiabulls Pharmaceuticals[24])\nYaari Digital Integrated Services (formerly Indiabulls Integrated Services or Indiabulls Wholesale Services)[25]Indiabulls Blu Towers the 37th tallest building in India\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tIndiabulls Sky the 65th tallest building in India\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tIndiabulls Finance Centre","title":"Listed companies"}]
[{"image_text":"Old logo of Indiabulls","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Indiabulls_logo.svg/220px-Indiabulls_logo.svg.png"}]
null
[{"reference":"Karthik, Hamsini (2 October 2023). \"Indiabulls to be renamed as Samman Capital; will let go HFC tag and operate as NBFC\". BusinessLine. Retrieved 19 April 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/money-and-banking/indiabulls-to-be-renamed-as-samman-capital-will-let-go-hfc-tag-and-operate-as-nbfc/article67372299.ece","url_text":"\"Indiabulls to be renamed as Samman Capital; will let go HFC tag and operate as NBFC\""}]},{"reference":"\"Indiabulls set to launch operations in Gulf countries\". The Economic Times. 13 June 2013. Retrieved 19 April 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/banking/finance/banking/indiabulls-set-to-launch-operations-in-gulf-countries/articleshow/20571577.cms?from=mdr","url_text":"\"Indiabulls set to launch operations in Gulf countries\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ransomware allegedly hits Indiabulls Group: Cyble\". The Economic Times. Archived from the original on 17 November 2020. Retrieved 22 August 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/banking/finance/ransomware-allegedly-hits-indiabulls-group-cyble/articleshow/76525764.cms","url_text":"\"Ransomware allegedly hits Indiabulls Group: Cyble\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Economic_Times","url_text":"The Economic Times"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201117225608/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/banking/finance/ransomware-allegedly-hits-indiabulls-group-cyble/articleshow/76525764.cms","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"The Rs 29,000-crore surprise\". Business Today. 4 October 2007. Retrieved 2 August 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.businesstoday.in/magazine/in-this-issue/story/the-rs-29000crore-surprise-13029-2007-10-04","url_text":"\"The Rs 29,000-crore surprise\""}]},{"reference":"\"Indiabulls set for revamp\". The Times of India. 5 February 2007. Retrieved 2 August 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/indiabulls-set-for-revamp/articleshow/1560581.cms","url_text":"\"Indiabulls set for revamp\""}]},{"reference":"\"Indiabulls IPO at Rs 19\". The Telegraph. Retrieved 2 August 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.telegraphindia.com/business/indiabulls-ipo-at-rs-19/cid/959368","url_text":"\"Indiabulls IPO at Rs 19\""}]},{"reference":"\"Indiabulls to demerge its real estate business\". The Economic Times. 2 May 2006. Retrieved 2 August 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/indiabulls-to-demerge-its-real-estate-business/articleshow/1511773.cms","url_text":"\"Indiabulls to demerge its real estate business\""}]},{"reference":"\"Indiabulls Financial slips on hiving off securities biz\". The Economic Times. 1 January 2008. Retrieved 2 August 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/markets/stocks/news/indiabulls-financial-slips-on-hiving-off-securities-biz/articleshow/2666712.cms","url_text":"\"Indiabulls Financial slips on hiving off securities biz\""}]},{"reference":"\"Indiabulls Financial Services completes reverse merger\". Business Standard. Retrieved 2 August 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.business-standard.com/article/finance/indiabulls-financial-services-completes-reverse-merger-113030900010_1.html","url_text":"\"Indiabulls Financial Services completes reverse merger\""}]},{"reference":"\"Indiabulls' three promoters split Rs 8.8k cr group\". The Times of India. 10 July 2014. Retrieved 2 August 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/indiabulls-three-promoters-split-rs-8-8k-cr-group/articleshow/38096408.cms","url_text":"\"Indiabulls' three promoters split Rs 8.8k cr group\""}]},{"reference":"\"Indiabulls HF appoints Mundra as a director\". The Hindu. 19 August 2018. Retrieved 8 September 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thehindu.com/business/Industry/indiabulls-hf-appoints-mundra-as-a-director/article24732078.ece","url_text":"\"Indiabulls HF appoints Mundra as a director\""}]},{"reference":"\"IOC, IBHFL to replace Idea, BHEL in NSE Nifty50 from March 31\". Business Standard. 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Retrieved 9 September 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bqprime.com/business/indiabulls-real-estate-approves-share-swap-ratio-for-merger-with-embassy-group","url_text":"\"Indiabulls Real Estate Approves Share-Swap Ratio For Merger With Embassy Group\""}]},{"reference":"\"Gehlaut steps down as chief of Indiabulls Housing Finance\". The Times of India. 13 August 2020. Retrieved 10 September 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/gehlaut-steps-down-as-chief-of-indiabulls-housing-fin/articleshow/77513160.cms","url_text":"\"Gehlaut steps down as chief of Indiabulls Housing Finance\""}]},{"reference":"\"Exchanges approve reclassification of Indiabulls Housing promoter Sameer Gehlaut to public\". CNBC TV18. 23 February 2023. 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Retrieved 19 November 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.livemint.com/mutual-fund/mf-news/zerodharival-groww-gets-cci-nod-to-acquire-indiabulls-mutual-fund-business-11631250687990.html","url_text":"\"Zerodha-rival Groww gets approval to acquire Indiabulls mutual fund business\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20211119211803/https://www.livemint.com/mutual-fund/mf-news/zerodharival-groww-gets-cci-nod-to-acquire-indiabulls-mutual-fund-business-11631250687990.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Indiabulls forays in Car Loan Business\". Business Standard News. Archived from the original on 13 February 2019. 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Retrieved 19 November 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.livemint.com/Industry/4d7BvxtiLC85MYXOt1vuML/Indiabulls-Group-enters-LED-lighting-business.html","url_text":"\"Indiabulls Group enters LED lighting business\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20211119211808/https://www.livemint.com/Industry/4d7BvxtiLC85MYXOt1vuML/Indiabulls-Group-enters-LED-lighting-business.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Indiabulls Pharma receives Rs 155 crore investment from Clermont Group\". The Economic Times. Archived from the original on 19 November 2021. Retrieved 19 November 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/healthcare/biotech/pharmaceuticals/indiabulls-pharma-receives-rs-155-crore-investment-from-clermont-group/articleshow/61919741.cms","url_text":"\"Indiabulls Pharma receives Rs 155 crore investment from Clermont Group\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20211119211804/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/healthcare/biotech/pharmaceuticals/indiabulls-pharma-receives-rs-155-crore-investment-from-clermont-group/articleshow/61919741.cms","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Sebi exempts Sameer Gehlaut IIS Trust from open offer obligation\". The Financial Express. 19 March 2021. Archived from the original on 22 November 2021. 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Cyble\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201117225608/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/banking/finance/ransomware-allegedly-hits-indiabulls-group-cyble/articleshow/76525764.cms","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.businesstoday.in/magazine/in-this-issue/story/the-rs-29000crore-surprise-13029-2007-10-04","external_links_name":"\"The Rs 29,000-crore surprise\""},{"Link":"https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/indiabulls-set-for-revamp/articleshow/1560581.cms","external_links_name":"\"Indiabulls set for revamp\""},{"Link":"https://www.telegraphindia.com/business/indiabulls-ipo-at-rs-19/cid/959368","external_links_name":"\"Indiabulls IPO at Rs 19\""},{"Link":"https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/indiabulls-to-demerge-its-real-estate-business/articleshow/1511773.cms","external_links_name":"\"Indiabulls to demerge its real estate business\""},{"Link":"https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/markets/stocks/news/indiabulls-financial-slips-on-hiving-off-securities-biz/articleshow/2666712.cms","external_links_name":"\"Indiabulls Financial slips on hiving off securities biz\""},{"Link":"https://www.business-standard.com/article/finance/indiabulls-financial-services-completes-reverse-merger-113030900010_1.html","external_links_name":"\"Indiabulls Financial Services completes reverse merger\""},{"Link":"https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/indiabulls-three-promoters-split-rs-8-8k-cr-group/articleshow/38096408.cms","external_links_name":"\"Indiabulls' three promoters split Rs 8.8k cr group\""},{"Link":"https://www.thehindu.com/business/Industry/indiabulls-hf-appoints-mundra-as-a-director/article24732078.ece","external_links_name":"\"Indiabulls HF appoints Mundra as a director\""},{"Link":"https://www.business-standard.com/article/markets/ioc-ibhfl-to-replace-idea-bhel-in-nse-nifty50-from-march-31-117021600934_1.html","external_links_name":"\"IOC, IBHFL to replace Idea, BHEL in NSE Nifty50 from March 31\""},{"Link":"https://thewire.in/business/indiabulls-housing-sameer-gehlaut-sells-half-his-stake-plans-on-exiting-the-board-by-fiscal-end","external_links_name":"\"Indiabulls Housing: Sameer Gehlaut Sells Half His Stake, Plans on Exiting the Board by Fiscal End\""},{"Link":"https://www.bqprime.com/business/indiabulls-real-estate-approves-share-swap-ratio-for-merger-with-embassy-group","external_links_name":"\"Indiabulls Real Estate Approves Share-Swap Ratio For Merger With Embassy Group\""},{"Link":"https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/gehlaut-steps-down-as-chief-of-indiabulls-housing-fin/articleshow/77513160.cms","external_links_name":"\"Gehlaut steps down as chief of Indiabulls Housing Finance\""},{"Link":"https://www.cnbctv18.com/business/companies/indiabulls-housing-finance-sameer-gehlaut-promoter-reclassification-to-public-shares-16011491.htm","external_links_name":"\"Exchanges approve reclassification of Indiabulls Housing promoter Sameer Gehlaut to public\""},{"Link":"https://www.livemint.com/mutual-fund/mf-news/zerodharival-groww-gets-cci-nod-to-acquire-indiabulls-mutual-fund-business-11631250687990.html","external_links_name":"\"Zerodha-rival Groww gets approval to acquire Indiabulls mutual fund business\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20211119211803/https://www.livemint.com/mutual-fund/mf-news/zerodharival-groww-gets-cci-nod-to-acquire-indiabulls-mutual-fund-business-11631250687990.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.business-standard.com/article/press-releases/indiabulls-forays-in-car-loan-business-110021000126_1.html","external_links_name":"\"Indiabulls forays in Car Loan Business\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190213125130/https://www.business-standard.com/article/press-releases/indiabulls-forays-in-car-loan-business-110021000126_1.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.indiainfoline.com/article/news-top-story/indiabulls-housing-finance-increase-home-loan-interest-rates-by-20bps-118080600299_1.html","external_links_name":"\"Indiabulls Housing Finance increase home loan interest rates by 20bps\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190212011458/https://www.indiainfoline.com/article/news-top-story/indiabulls-housing-finance-increase-home-loan-interest-rates-by-20bps-118080600299_1.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-cm/indiabulls-ventures-subsidiary-launches-mobile-application-dhani-app-117102500147_1.html","external_links_name":"\"Indiabulls Ventures' subsidiary launches mobile application 'Dhani App'\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190212011511/https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-cm/indiabulls-ventures-subsidiary-launches-mobile-application-dhani-app-117102500147_1.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.business-standard.com/company/indbull-realest-27800/information/company-history","external_links_name":"\"INDIABULLS REAL ESTATE LTD\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190213005902/https://www.business-standard.com/company/indbull-realest-27800/information/company-history","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/soril-infra-resources-ltd/infocompanyhistory/companyid-17663.cms","external_links_name":"\"SORIL Infra Resources History\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20211119211811/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/soril-infra-resources-ltd/infocompanyhistory/companyid-17663.cms","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.livemint.com/Industry/4d7BvxtiLC85MYXOt1vuML/Indiabulls-Group-enters-LED-lighting-business.html","external_links_name":"\"Indiabulls Group enters LED lighting business\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20211119211808/https://www.livemint.com/Industry/4d7BvxtiLC85MYXOt1vuML/Indiabulls-Group-enters-LED-lighting-business.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/healthcare/biotech/pharmaceuticals/indiabulls-pharma-receives-rs-155-crore-investment-from-clermont-group/articleshow/61919741.cms","external_links_name":"\"Indiabulls Pharma receives Rs 155 crore investment from Clermont Group\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20211119211804/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/healthcare/biotech/pharmaceuticals/indiabulls-pharma-receives-rs-155-crore-investment-from-clermont-group/articleshow/61919741.cms","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.financialexpress.com/market/sebi-exempts-sameer-gehlaut-iis-trust-from-open-offer-obligation/2216291/","external_links_name":"\"Sebi exempts Sameer Gehlaut IIS Trust from open offer obligation\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20211122085400/https://www.financialexpress.com/market/sebi-exempts-sameer-gehlaut-iis-trust-from-open-offer-obligation/2216291/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.indiabulls.com/","external_links_name":"Official website"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Indiabulls&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laird_Doyle
Laird Doyle
["1 Filmography","2 References","3 Bibliography","4 External links"]
American screenwriter Laird DoyleBornAugust 27, 1907Ashley, Illinois United StatesDiedNovember 2, 1936Glendale, California United StatesOccupationWriterYears active1932 - 1936 (film) Laird Doyle (1907–1936) was an American screenwriter. Doyle was under contract to Warner Brothers during the mid-1930s, before his sudden death at the age of twenty-nine. One of his final films was the British comedy Strangers on Honeymoon. Some of his screenplay work was used posthumously, his last credited film being in 1947. Filmography Hell Below (1933) Jimmy the Gent (1934) The Key (1934) British Agent (1934) Bordertown (1935) Front Page Woman (1935) Special Agent (1935) Dangerous (1935) Strangers on Honeymoon (1936) Hearts Divided (1936) Cain and Mabel (1936) The Prince and the Pauper (1937) San Quentin (1937) Another Dawn (1937) Singapore Woman (1941) Northwest Outpost (1947) References ^ Brown p.76 Bibliography Brown, Geoff. Launder and Gilliat. British Film Institute, 1977. External links Laird Doyle at IMDb Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Spain Germany Israel United States People Deutsche Biographie This article about an American screenwriter born in the 1900s is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[]
null
[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Woonsocket_(PF-32)
USS Woonsocket
["1 Construction","2 Service history","3 Peruvian service","4 References","5 External links"]
Tacoma-class patrol frigate History United States NameWoonsocket NamesakeCity of Woonsocket, Rhode Island BuilderWalter Butler Shipbuilding Company, Superior, Wisconsin Laid down12 August 1943 Launched27 September 1943 Commissioned1 September 1944 Decommissioned16 March 1946 Stricken14 May 1947 FateTransferred to the US Coast Guard, 16 March 1946 United States NameWoonsocket Commissioned16 March 1944 Decommissioned18 September 1946 FateSold to Peru, 1947 Peru NameTeniente Gálvez Acquired1948 Decommissioned1961 RenamedGálvez ReclassifiedFE-1 FateBroken up General characteristics Class and typeTacoma-class frigate Displacement1,264 long tons (1,284 t) Length303 ft 11 in (92.63 m) Beam37 ft 6 in (11.43 m) Draft13 ft 8 in (4.17 m) Propulsion 2 × 5,500 shp (4,101 kW) turbines 3 boilers 2 shafts Speed20 knots (37 km/h; 23 mph) Complement190 Armament 3 × 3"/50 dual purpose guns (3x1) 4 x 40 mm guns (2×2) 9 × 20 mm guns (9×1) 1 × Hedgehog anti-submarine mortar 8 × Y-gun depth charge projectors 2 × Depth charge tracks USS Woonsocket (PF-32) was a Tacoma-class frigate in service with the United States Navy from 1944 to 1946. She was sold to Peru in 1947, where she served as BAP Gálvez (F-1/FE-1) until 1961. Construction USS Woonsocket (PF-32) was named for Woonsocket, Rhode Island. She was originally classified as PG-140 and re-designated PF-32 on 25 June 1943, was laid down under a Maritime Commission contract (MC hull 1443) on 12 August 1943 at the Walter Butler Shipbuilding Company in Superior, Wisconsin; launched on 27 September 1943, sponsored by Mrs. Ernest E. Dupre, wife of the mayor of Woonsocket; ferried to the Boston Navy Yard for completion; accepted by the Navy on 27 July 1944; and commissioned with a Coast Guard crew on 1 September 1944. Service history Following shakedown off Bermuda, Woonsocket returned to Boston for conversion to a weather ship before proceeding to Newfoundland, arriving at NS Argentia on 30 October. She performed meteorological charting duties off Newfoundland through the end of World War II and into the early months of 1946. She was decommissioned by the Navy on 16 March 1946 and recommissioned simultaneously by the Coast Guard on a loan basis. Woonsocket served with the Coast Guard until her final decommissioning on 18 September 1946 at New Orleans, Louisiana Peruvian service For other ships with the same name, see BAP Gálvez. Struck from the Navy list on 14 May 1947, the frigate was subsequently transferred to the Government of Peru. She served the Peruvian Navy first as Teniente Gálvez (F 1) and later simply as Gálvez. Reclassified FE-1, she was decommissioned in 1961, and later broken up. References  This article incorporates text from the public domain Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships. The entry can be found here. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to USS Woonsocket (PF-32). Photo gallery of USS Woonsocket (PF-32) at NavSource Naval History vteTacoma-class frigates United States NavyCompleted Tacoma Sausalito Hoquiam Pasco Albuquerque Everett Pocatello Brownsville Grand Forks Casper Pueblo Grand Island Annapolis Bangor Key West Alexandria Huron Gulfport Bayonne Gloucester Shreveport Muskegon Charlottesville Poughkeepsie Newport Emporia Groton Hingham Grand Rapids Woonsocket Dearborn Long Beach Belfast Glendale San Pedro Coronado Ogden Eugene El Paso Van Buren Orange Corpus Christi Hutchinson Bisbee Gallup Rockford Muskogee Carson City Burlington Allentown Machias (PF-53) Sandusky Bath Covington Sheboygan Bridgeport / Abilene Beaufort Charlotte Manitowoc Worcester / Gladwyne Scranton / Moberly Knoxville Chattanooga / Uniontown Reading Peoria Brunswick Davenport Evansville New Bedford Hallowell / Machias (PF-72) Hamond Hargood Hotham Halstead Hannam Harland Harman Harvey Holmes Hornby Hoste Howett Pilford Pasley / St. Helena Patton Pearl Phillimore Popham Peyton Prowse Roanoke / Lorain (PF-93) Sitka / Milledgeville (PF-94) Orlando Racine Greensboro Forsyth Canceled Stamford Macon Vallejo / Lorain (PF-97) Milledgeville (PF-98)  Royal NavyColony class Anguilla (ex-Machias (PF-72)) Antigua (ex-Hamond) Ascension (ex-Hargood) Bahamas (ex-Hotham) Barbados (ex-Halstead) Caicos (ex-Hannam) Cayman (ex-Harland) Dominica (ex-Harman) Gold Coast / Labuan (ex-Harvey) Hong Kong / Tobago (ex-Holmes) Montserrat (ex-Hornby) Nyasaland (ex-Hoste) Papua (ex-Howett) Pitcairn (ex-Pilford) St. Helena (ex-Pasley) Sarawak (ex-Patton) Seychelles (ex-Pearl) Sierra Leone / Perim (ex-Phillimore) Somaliland (ex-Popham) Tortola (ex-Peyton) Zanzibar (ex-Prowse)  Soviet Navy EK-1 (ex-Charlottesville) EK-2 (ex-Long Beach) EK-3 (ex-Belfast) EK-4 (ex-Machias (PF-53)) EK-5 (ex-San Pedro) EK-6 (ex-Glendale) EK-7 (ex-Sandusky) EK-8 (ex-Coronado) EK-9 (ex-Allentown) EK-10 (ex-Ogden) EK-11 (ex-Tacoma) EK-12 (ex-Pasco) EK-13 (ex-Hoquiam) EK-14 (ex-Albuquerque) EK-15 (ex-Everett) EK-16 (ex-Sausalito) EK-17 (ex-Bisbee) EK-18 (ex-Rockford) EK-19 (ex-Muskogee) EK-20 (ex-Carson City) EK-21 (ex-Burlington) EK-22 (ex-Gallup) EK-25 (ex-Bayonne) EK-26 (ex-Gloucester) EK-27 (ex-Poughkeepsie) EK-28 (ex-Newport) EK-29 (ex-Bath) EK-30 (ex-Evansville) Post-World War II operators United States Coast Guard Brownsville Bangor Muskegon Woonsocket Corpus Christi Covington Sheboygan Beaufort Manitowoc Forsyth  Argentine Navy Heroína (ex-Reading) Sarandí (ex-Uniontown) Trinidad / Santísima Trinidad / Comodoro Augusto Lasserre (ex-Caicos)  Belgian Navy Lieutenant ter zee Victor Billet (ex-Sheboygan)  Colombian National Navy Almirante Padilla (ex-Groton) Capitán Tono (ex-Bisbee) Almirante Brión (ex-Burlington)  Cuban Revolutionary Navy José Martí (ex-Eugene) Antonio Maceo (ex-Peoria) Maximo Gomez (ex-Grand Island)  Dominican Navy Presidente Troncoso / Gregorio Luperón (ex-Pueblo) Presidente Peynado / Capitán General Pedro Santana (ex-Knoxville)  Ecuadorian Navy Guayas (ex-Covington)  French Navy La Place (ex-Lorain (PF-93)) Mermoz (ex-Muskegon) Le Brix (F715) (ex-Manitowoc) Le Verrier (ex-Emporia)  Japan Maritime Self-Defense Force Kusu / YAC-22 (ex-Ogden) Nara / YTE-8 (ex-Machias (PF-53)) Kashi / YAC-12 (ex-Pasco) Momi / YAC-13 (ex-Poughkeepsie) Sugi (ex-Coronado) Matsu / YAS-36 (ex-Charlottesville) Nire / YAC-19 (ex-Sandusky) Kaya / YAC-23 (ex-San Pedro) Ume / YAC-14 (ex-Allentown) Sakura / YAC-16 (ex-Carson City) Kiri / YAC-20 (ex-Everett) Tsuge (ex-Gloucester) Kaede / YAC-17 (ex-Newport) Buna / YAC-11 (ex-Bayonne) Keyaki / YAC-21 (ex-Evansville) Tochi / YAC-15 (ex-Albuquerque) Shii / YAS-44 (ex-Long Beach) Maki / YTE-9 (ex-Bath)  Republic of Korea Navy Duman (ex-Muskogee) Apnok (ex-Rockford) Taedong (ex-Tacoma) Nae Tong (ex-Hoquiam) Imchin (ex-Sausalito)  Mexican Navy California (ex-Hutchinson) General José María Morelos / Golfo de Tehuantepec (ex-Bangor) General Vicente Guerrero / Río Usumacinta (ex-Annapolis) Papaloapan (ex-Gladwyne) Netherlands Government Cirrus (ex-Abilene) Cumulus (ex-Forsyth)  Peruvian Navy Teniente Gálvez / Gálvez (ex-Woonsocket)  Royal Thai Navy Tachin (ex-Glendale) Prasae (ex-Gallup) Preceded by: Asheville class (USN) / River class (RN) Followed by: None List of patrol vessels of the United States Navy List of patrol vessels of the Royal Navy List of Project Hula ships
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tacoma-class","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tacoma-class_frigate"},{"link_name":"frigate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frigate"},{"link_name":"United States Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Navy"},{"link_name":"Peru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peruvian_Navy"}],"text":"USS Woonsocket (PF-32) was a Tacoma-class frigate in service with the United States Navy from 1944 to 1946. She was sold to Peru in 1947, where she served as BAP Gálvez (F-1/FE-1) until 1961.","title":"USS Woonsocket"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Woonsocket, Rhode Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woonsocket,_Rhode_Island"},{"link_name":"Maritime Commission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maritime_Commission"},{"link_name":"Walter Butler Shipbuilding Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Butler_Shipbuilding_Company"},{"link_name":"Superior, Wisconsin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superior,_Wisconsin"},{"link_name":"Boston Navy Yard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Navy_Yard"},{"link_name":"Coast Guard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Coast_Guard"}],"text":"USS Woonsocket (PF-32) was named for Woonsocket, Rhode Island. She was originally classified as PG-140 and re-designated PF-32 on 25 June 1943, was laid down under a Maritime Commission contract (MC hull 1443) on 12 August 1943 at the Walter Butler Shipbuilding Company in Superior, Wisconsin; launched on 27 September 1943, sponsored by Mrs. Ernest E. Dupre, wife of the mayor of Woonsocket; ferried to the Boston Navy Yard for completion; accepted by the Navy on 27 July 1944; and commissioned with a Coast Guard crew on 1 September 1944.","title":"Construction"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"shakedown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shakedown_cruise"},{"link_name":"Bermuda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bermuda"},{"link_name":"weather ship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weather_ship"},{"link_name":"Newfoundland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominion_of_Newfoundland"},{"link_name":"NS Argentia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naval_Station_Argentia"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"New Orleans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Orleans"}],"text":"Following shakedown off Bermuda, Woonsocket returned to Boston for conversion to a weather ship before proceeding to Newfoundland, arriving at NS Argentia on 30 October. She performed meteorological charting duties off Newfoundland through the end of World War II and into the early months of 1946. She was decommissioned by the Navy on 16 March 1946 and recommissioned simultaneously by the Coast Guard on a loan basis. Woonsocket served with the Coast Guard until her final decommissioning on 18 September 1946 at New Orleans, Louisiana","title":"Service history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"BAP Gálvez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BAP_G%C3%A1lvez"},{"link_name":"Navy list","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navy_list"},{"link_name":"Peru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peru"},{"link_name":"Peruvian Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peruvian_Navy"}],"text":"For other ships with the same name, see BAP Gálvez.Struck from the Navy list on 14 May 1947, the frigate was subsequently transferred to the Government of Peru. She served the Peruvian Navy first as Teniente Gálvez (F 1) and later simply as Gálvez. Reclassified FE-1, she was decommissioned in 1961, and later broken up.","title":"Peruvian service"}]
[]
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[]
[{"Link":"https://www.history.navy.mil/content/history/nhhc/research/histories/ship-histories/danfs/w/woonsocket-i.html","external_links_name":"here"},{"Link":"http://www.navsource.org/archives/12/08032.htm","external_links_name":"Photo gallery"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rain_on_Your_Parade
Rain on Your Parade
["1 Release and background","1.1 Promotion","2 Reception","2.1 Critical","2.2 Chart performance","3 Music video","4 Track listing","5 Release history","6 Charts","6.1 End of year","7 References","8 External links"]
2008 single by Duffy"Rain on Your Parade"Single by Duffyfrom the album Rockferry (Deluxe edition) B-side"Smoke Without Fire""Big Flame""Syrup & Honey"Released9 November 2008Recorded2008;Bookerland StudiosGenrePopLength3:29LabelA&MSongwriter(s)Aimée DuffySteve BookerProducer(s)Steve BookerDuffy singles chronology "Stepping Stone" (2008) "Rain on Your Parade" (2008) "Well, Well, Well" (2010) "Rain on Your Parade" is a song by Welsh singer Duffy from the deluxe version of her debut studio album Rockferry (2008). It was released as the lead and only single from the deluxe album worldwide on 9 November 2008. The song was written by Duffy and Rockferry collaborator Steve Booker and produced by Booker. It is an up-tempo pop song in which Duffy uses an idiom for ruining her lover and their intentions. The song marked a departure from the down-tempo soul and balladry of the original version of Rockferry, incorporating elements of R&B and soul. It received positive reviews from critics, with many complimenting Duffy's vocals. Musically, the song bears a striking resemblance to James Bond songs, making notable use of strings. It was called a "big, retro-sounding pop-soul number". Commercially, the song was a moderate chart success, peaking at number 15 on the UK Singles Chart, and reaching the top ten on the Italian FIMI Singles Chart. The song's accompanying music video featured Duffy in a style never previously connected with her, with a complicated dance routine and violin players. Duffy performed "Rain on Your Parade" on several television shows including The Royal Variety Show and New Year Live, whilst it has since featured on several film soundtracks and compilation albums. The song was released alongside three B-sides, one of which, titled "Smoke Without Fire" was written for the film An Education. Release and background Promotion Duffy performed the song on various TV shows and broadcast festivals in order to promote the release. Shows included The Royal Variety Show, New Year Live and various others. The song as well as "I'm Scared" featured in the 2009 film, Bride Wars. She also performed the track on the BBC Comic Relief charity appeal. The song features a prevalent string section that plays the main riff on the track. The song is used to promote the season 5 of Desperate Housewives in Australia. Reception Critical The song was well received by critics with many picking up on the "James Bond" feel to the track. Digital Spy gave the single four out of five stars and predicted that it would be another "smash" for Duffy with its "distinctive" vocals. Music.Com described it as a "big, retro-sounding pop-soul number". Chart performance On the UK Singles Chart, it debuted at number twenty two on digital download sales, before rising to number fifteen, giving Duffy her third top twenty hit, and then falling to number twenty two again. After leaving the top forty the song re-entered the chart, at number thirty seven then went up 5 places to number thirty two, where it stayed for two weeks. The following week, it left the top forty again. As of 2023, it remains Duffy's final top 40 hit to date. Duffy in the music video for the song wearing black clothes, while men in the dark are dancing to the rhythm of the song. The song was also Duffy's second top ten hit on the Italian Singles Chart where it entered the chart at number ten giving Rain on Your Parade its first top ten chart placing in Europe. The song was also Duffy's fourth top forty hit on many European single charts. Music video The music video was shot in London, with director Sophie Muller and premiered via YouTube on 17 October 2008. The video has Duffy in a black background which changes to white, it also has people playing violins, and has male dancers around her whilst she stands in the centre of the room. Inspiration for the video came from the Judy Garland number "Get Happy" in the 1950 film Summer Stock. The video was released onto UK iTunes on 14 October. Track listing CD single "Rain on Your Parade" "Syrup & Honey" (Duffy, Bernard Butler) 7" vinyl "Rain on Your Parade" "Smoke Without Fire" (Duffy, Butler) European enhanced maxi-single "Rain on Your Parade" "Syrup & Honey" "Smoke Without Fire" "Big Flame" (Richard J. Parfitt) "Rain on Your Parade" (music video) European CD single "Rain on Your Parade" "Smoke Without Fire" Digital download "Rain on Your Parade" Australian digital download "Rain on Your Parade" "Syrup & Honey" "Smoke Without Fire" "Big Flame" (Richard J. Parfitt) Music video download "Rain on Your Parade" (music video) Release history Region Date Format United Kingdom 9 November 2008 Digital download 17 November 2008 CD single7" United States 1 December 2008 Digital downloadCD Germany 5 December 2008 Charts Charts (2008-2009) Peakposition Australian ARIA Singles Chart 55 Austrian Singles Chart 49 Belgian Ultratop 50 Singles (Flanders) 27 Czech IFPI Singles Chart 26 Dutch Top 40 31 Euro Digital Songs (Billboard) 19 German Singles Chart 29 Irish Singles Chart 50 Italian Singles Chart 10 Norway Singles Chart 17 Swedish Singles Chart 32 Swiss Singles Chart 36 UK Singles Chart 15 End of year Chart (2008) Position UK Singles Chart 151 References ^ "Duffy: 'Rain on Your Parade' – Music Singles Review". Digital Spy. 11 November 2008. Retrieved 6 March 2012. ^ "Music | Unreality Shout". Music.unrealitytv.co.uk. Retrieved 6 March 2012. ^ "Duffy – Rain on Your Parade | track reviews". musicOMH.com. Retrieved 6 March 2012. ^ "Rain on Your Parade: Duffy". Amazon.co.uk. Retrieved 10 March 2012. ^ "Rain on Your Parade 7" vinyl Single". Amazon.co.uk. Retrieved 10 March 2012. ^ "Rain on Your Parade". Amazon.de. Retrieved 10 March 2012. ^ "Rain on Your Parade". Amazon.de. Retrieved 10 March 2012. ^ "Duffy "Rain on Your Parade (CD SINGLE)"". HMV. Retrieved 28 October 2008. ^ "The ARIA Report: Issue 992" (PDF). webarchive.nla.gov.au. 23 August 2006. Archived from the original (PDF) on 19 March 2009. Retrieved 6 March 2012. ^ "Euro Digital Song Sales Chart (The week of December 6, 2008)". Billboard. Archived from the original on 23 May 2020. Retrieved 22 May 2020. ^ "Official Singles Chart – 2008" (PDF). Ukchartplus.co.uk. Retrieved 7 July 2013. External links "Duffy - Rain On Your Parade (WIth Mastered Audio)" on YouTube vteDuffy Discography Awards and nominations Studio albums Rockferry Endlessly Singles "Rockferry" "Mercy" "Warwick Avenue" "Stepping Stone" "Rain on Your Parade" "Well, Well, Well" Extended plays Aimée Duffy Deluxe EP Related articles Legend Patagonia See You in the Morning Wawffactor Authority control databases MusicBrainz release group
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Duffy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duffy_(singer)"},{"link_name":"Rockferry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rockferry"},{"link_name":"lead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lead_single"},{"link_name":"Steve Booker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Booker_(producer)"},{"link_name":"pop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pop_music"},{"link_name":"idiom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idiom"},{"link_name":"R&B","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhythm_and_blues"},{"link_name":"soul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soul_music"},{"link_name":"strings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strings_(music)"},{"link_name":"UK Singles Chart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UK_Singles_Chart"},{"link_name":"Italian FIMI Singles Chart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federation_of_the_Italian_Music_Industry"},{"link_name":"music video","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_video"},{"link_name":"The Royal Variety Show","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Royal_Variety_Show"},{"link_name":"New Year Live","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Year_Live"},{"link_name":"B-sides","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A-side_and_B-side"},{"link_name":"An Education","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Education"}],"text":"2008 single by Duffy\"Rain on Your Parade\" is a song by Welsh singer Duffy from the deluxe version of her debut studio album Rockferry (2008). It was released as the lead and only single from the deluxe album worldwide on 9 November 2008. The song was written by Duffy and Rockferry collaborator Steve Booker and produced by Booker. It is an up-tempo pop song in which Duffy uses an idiom for ruining her lover and their intentions. The song marked a departure from the down-tempo soul and balladry of the original version of Rockferry, incorporating elements of R&B and soul. It received positive reviews from critics, with many complimenting Duffy's vocals. Musically, the song bears a striking resemblance to James Bond songs, making notable use of strings. It was called a \"big, retro-sounding pop-soul number\".Commercially, the song was a moderate chart success, peaking at number 15 on the UK Singles Chart, and reaching the top ten on the Italian FIMI Singles Chart. The song's accompanying music video featured Duffy in a style never previously connected with her, with a complicated dance routine and violin players. Duffy performed \"Rain on Your Parade\" on several television shows including The Royal Variety Show and New Year Live, whilst it has since featured on several film soundtracks and compilation albums. The song was released alongside three B-sides, one of which, titled \"Smoke Without Fire\" was written for the film An Education.","title":"Rain on Your Parade"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Release and background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Royal Variety Show","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Royal_Variety_Show"},{"link_name":"Bride Wars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bride_Wars"},{"link_name":"BBC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC"},{"link_name":"Desperate Housewives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desperate_Housewives"}],"sub_title":"Promotion","text":"Duffy performed the song on various TV shows and broadcast festivals in order to promote the release. Shows included The Royal Variety Show, New Year Live and various others. The song as well as \"I'm Scared\" featured in the 2009 film, Bride Wars. She also performed the track on the BBC Comic Relief charity appeal. The song features a prevalent string section that plays the main riff on the track.\nThe song is used to promote the season 5 of Desperate Housewives in Australia.","title":"Release and background"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"sub_title":"Critical","text":"The song was well received by critics with many picking up on the \"James Bond\" feel to the track.[1][2][3] Digital Spy gave the single four out of five stars and predicted that it would be another \"smash\" for Duffy with its \"distinctive\" vocals. Music.Com described it as a \"big, retro-sounding pop-soul number\".","title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"UK Singles Chart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UK_Singles_Chart"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:DuffyParadeVideo.jpg"},{"link_name":"Italian Singles Chart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_Singles_Chart"}],"sub_title":"Chart performance","text":"On the UK Singles Chart, it debuted at number twenty two on digital download sales, before rising to number fifteen, giving Duffy her third top twenty hit, and then falling to number twenty two again. After leaving the top forty the song re-entered the chart, at number thirty seven then went up 5 places to number thirty two, where it stayed for two weeks. The following week, it left the top forty again. As of 2023, it remains Duffy's final top 40 hit to date.Duffy in the music video for the song wearing black clothes, while men in the dark are dancing to the rhythm of the song.The song was also Duffy's second top ten hit on the Italian Singles Chart where it entered the chart at number ten giving Rain on Your Parade its first top ten chart placing in Europe. The song was also Duffy's fourth top forty hit on many European single charts.","title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sophie Muller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sophie_Muller"},{"link_name":"Judy Garland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judy_Garland"},{"link_name":"Get Happy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Get_Happy_(song)"},{"link_name":"Summer Stock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Summer_Stock"}],"text":"The music video was shot in London, with director Sophie Muller and premiered via YouTube on 17 October 2008. The video has Duffy in a black background which changes to white, it also has people playing violins, and has male dancers around her whilst she stands in the centre of the room. Inspiration for the video came from the Judy Garland number \"Get Happy\" in the 1950 film Summer Stock. The video was released onto UK iTunes on 14 October.","title":"Music video"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Bernard Butler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernard_Butler"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"CD single[4]\n\"Rain on Your Parade\"\n\"Syrup & Honey\" (Duffy, Bernard Butler)\n7\" vinyl[5]\n\"Rain on Your Parade\"\n\"Smoke Without Fire\" (Duffy, Butler)\nEuropean enhanced maxi-single[6]\n\"Rain on Your Parade\"\n\"Syrup & Honey\"\n\"Smoke Without Fire\"\n\"Big Flame\" (Richard J. Parfitt)\n\"Rain on Your Parade\" (music video)\n\n\n\n\nEuropean CD single[7]\n\"Rain on Your Parade\"\n\"Smoke Without Fire\"\nDigital download\n\"Rain on Your Parade\"\nAustralian digital download\n\"Rain on Your Parade\"\n\"Syrup & Honey\"\n\"Smoke Without Fire\"\n\"Big Flame\" (Richard J. Parfitt)\nMusic video download\n\"Rain on Your Parade\" (music video)","title":"Track listing"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Release history"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Charts"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"End of year","title":"Charts"}]
[{"image_text":"Duffy in the music video for the song wearing black clothes, while men in the dark are dancing to the rhythm of the song.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fd/DuffyParadeVideo.jpg/200px-DuffyParadeVideo.jpg"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volumes_3_%26_4
Volumes 3 & 4
["1 Track listing","2 Personnel","3 References"]
1998 compilation album by The Desert SessionsVol. III / IVCompilation album by The Desert SessionsReleasedOctober 23, 1998 (1998-10-23)Recorded1997–1998StudioRancho De La Luna, Joshua Tree, CAGenreDesert rockLength34:09LabelMan's RuinThe Desert Sessions chronology Volumes 1 & 2(1998) Vol. III / IV(1998) Volumes 5 & 6(1999) Professional ratingsReview scoresSourceRatingAllmusic Volumes 3 & 4 is the second compilation of Josh Homme's project The Desert Sessions. Volume 3: Set Coordinates for the White Dwarf!!! and Volume 4: Hard Walls and Little Trips were released separately on 10-inch vinyl, and then compiled on CD with the extra track "You Keep on Talkin'". Track listing No.TitleLength1."Nova"3:242."At the Helm of Hell's Ships"4:053."Avon"3:244."Sugar Rush"4:195."The Gosso King of Crater Lake"2:586."Monsters in the Parasol"3:427."Jr. High Love"1:518."Eccentric Man"4:099."Hogleg"2:3710."You Keep on Talkin'"2:37 Personnel This Desert Sessions set featured several bands. The earthlings? (Pete Stahl, Dave Catching, Fred Drake, and Musharitas) perform "At the Helm of Hell's Ships" and "Sugar Rush" The Eagles of Death Metal (consisting of Jesse 'The Devil' Hughes, Loo Balls, Carlo Von Sexron, Craig Armstrong and T. Fresh) performed "The Gosso King of Crater Lake", "Hogleg" and "You Keep On Talkin'". The Eagles of Death Metal has since become a real band centered on Jesse Hughes guitars and singing instead of Loo Balls vocals. Also, 'Carlo Von Sexron' is in fact, one of Joshua Homme's monikers. He is also known to record drums and/or bass guitar for EODM to this day, though he doesn't tour with them regularly. The Green Monarchs (consisting of Alfredo Hernández, Larry Lalli, Mario Lalli, Joshua Homme, Chris Goss, Nick Oliveri, Tony Tornay) performed "Monster In The Parasol", "Jr. High Love" and "Eccentric Man". An unnamed grouping consisting of Pete Stahl, John McBain, Joshua Homme, Ben Shepherd, and Alfredo Hernandez performed "Nova" and "Avon", which were likely leftovers from the original set of Desert Sessions. The music tracks of both of these songs are identical with different vocal tracks. Pete Stahl sings "Nova" and Homme sings "Avon". Homme has said that this was an experiment to show how two different vocalists would treat the same piece of music. Josh Homme: Guitar, Vocals, Drums Fred Drake: Bass, Drums Dave Catching: Guitar, Bass Alfredo Hernández: Drums Pete Stahl: Vocals, Guitar & more Ben Shepherd: Bass John McBain: Guitar Nick Oliveri: Guitar, Vocals Mario Lalli: Keyboards, Guitar, Vocals Larry Lalli: Bass Jesse Hughes: Guitar, Vocals Craig Armstrong: Bass Loo Balls: Vocals T. Fresh: Turntables, Table Turner Tony Tornay: Drums References ^ "Desert Session, Vols. 3 & 4 - Desert Sessions". Allmusic. vteThe Desert Sessions Josh Homme PJ Harvey Twiggy Ramirez Dave Catching Nick Oliveri Mark Lanegan John McBain Josh Freese Chris Goss Alain Johannes Dean Ween Alfredo Hernández Fred Drake Brant Bjork Ben Shepherd Pete Stahl Jesse Hughes Craig Armstrong Mario Lalli Larry Lalli T. Fresh Blag Dahlia Gene Trautmann Adam Maples Teddy Quinn Tony Mason Barrett Martin Natasha Shneider Brendon McNichol Samantha Maloney Joey Castillo Brian O'Connor Troy Van Leeuwen Original 10" vinyl releases Volume 1: Instrumental Driving Music for Felons Volume 2: Status: Ships Commander Butchered Volume 3: Set Coordinates for the White Dwarf!!! Volume 4: Hard Walls and Little Trips Volume 5: Poetry for the Masses (SeaShedShitheadByTheSheSore) Volume 6: Black Anvil Ego Volume 7: Gypsy Marches Volume 8: Can You See Under My Thumb? There You Are. Volume 9: I See You Hearin' Me Volume 10: I Heart Disco Volume 11: Arrivederci Despair Volume 12: Tightwads & Nitwits & Critics & Heels Compilations Volumes 1 & 2 Volumes 3 & 4 Volumes 5 & 6 Volumes 7 & 8 Volumes 9 & 10 Volumes 11 & 12 Songs "In My Head...Or Something" "I Wanna Make It wit Chu" Related Discography Kyuss Kyuss Lives!/Vista Chino Queens of the Stone Age earthlings? Masters of Reality Eagles of Death Metal Nick Oliveri and the Mondo Generator Monster Magnet Goatsnake Soundgarden Screaming Trees Orquesta del Desierto Yawning Man Yellow #5 Goon Moon Fu Manchu Brant Bjork & The Bros Hater Wellwater Conspiracy Scream Wool The Dwarves Fatso Jetson Eleven Ween Royal Blood Authority control databases MusicBrainz release group
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Josh Homme","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josh_Homme"},{"link_name":"The Desert Sessions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Desert_Sessions"},{"link_name":"Volume 3: Set Coordinates for the White Dwarf!!!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volume_3:_Set_Coordinates_for_the_White_Dwarf!!!"},{"link_name":"Volume 4: Hard Walls and Little Trips","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volume_4:_Hard_Walls_and_Little_Trips"},{"link_name":"vinyl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gramophone_record"},{"link_name":"CD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compact_Disc"}],"text":"Volumes 3 & 4 is the second compilation of Josh Homme's project The Desert Sessions. Volume 3: Set Coordinates for the White Dwarf!!! and Volume 4: Hard Walls and Little Trips were released separately on 10-inch vinyl, and then compiled on CD with the extra track \"You Keep on Talkin'\".","title":"Volumes 3 & 4"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Avon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queens_of_the_Stone_Age_(album)#Track_listing"},{"link_name":"Monsters in the Parasol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rated_R_(Queens_of_the_Stone_Age_album)#Track_listing"},{"link_name":"Jr. High Love","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Drug_Problem_That_Never_Existed#Track_listing"},{"link_name":"Eccentric Man","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thank_Christ_for_the_Bomb#Track_listing"}],"text":"No.TitleLength1.\"Nova\"3:242.\"At the Helm of Hell's Ships\"4:053.\"Avon\"3:244.\"Sugar Rush\"4:195.\"The Gosso King of Crater Lake\"2:586.\"Monsters in the Parasol\"3:427.\"Jr. High Love\"1:518.\"Eccentric Man\"4:099.\"Hogleg\"2:3710.\"You Keep on Talkin'\"2:37","title":"Track listing"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"earthlings?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earthlings%3F"},{"link_name":"Pete Stahl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pete_Stahl"},{"link_name":"Dave Catching","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dave_Catching"},{"link_name":"Fred Drake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fred_Drake"},{"link_name":"Eagles of Death Metal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eagles_of_Death_Metal"},{"link_name":"Jesse 'The Devil' Hughes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesse_%27The_Devil%27_Hughes"},{"link_name":"Carlo Von Sexron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlo_Von_Sexron"},{"link_name":"Joshua Homme","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joshua_Homme"},{"link_name":"Alfredo Hernández","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfredo_Hern%C3%A1ndez"},{"link_name":"Mario Lalli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mario_Lalli"},{"link_name":"Chris Goss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Goss_(U.S.)"},{"link_name":"Nick Oliveri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nick_Oliveri"},{"link_name":"John McBain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_McBain_(musician)"},{"link_name":"Ben Shepherd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben_Shepherd"},{"link_name":"Avon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avon_(song)"},{"link_name":"Josh Homme","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josh_Homme"},{"link_name":"Guitar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guitar"},{"link_name":"Vocals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singing"},{"link_name":"Drums","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drum_Kit"},{"link_name":"Fred Drake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fred_Drake"},{"link_name":"Bass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bass_guitar"},{"link_name":"Dave Catching","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dave_Catching"},{"link_name":"Alfredo Hernández","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfredo_Hern%C3%A1ndez"},{"link_name":"Pete Stahl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pete_Stahl"},{"link_name":"Ben Shepherd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben_Shepherd"},{"link_name":"John McBain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_McBain_(musician)"},{"link_name":"Nick Oliveri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nick_Oliveri"},{"link_name":"Keyboards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keyboard_instrument"},{"link_name":"Jesse Hughes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesse_Hughes_(musician)"},{"link_name":"Turntables","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turntables"}],"text":"This Desert Sessions set featured several bands.The earthlings? (Pete Stahl, Dave Catching, Fred Drake, and Musharitas) perform \"At the Helm of Hell's Ships\" and \"Sugar Rush\"The Eagles of Death Metal (consisting of Jesse 'The Devil' Hughes, Loo Balls, Carlo Von Sexron, Craig Armstrong and T. Fresh) performed \"The Gosso King of Crater Lake\", \"Hogleg\" and \"You Keep On Talkin'\". The Eagles of Death Metal has since become a real band centered on Jesse Hughes guitars and singing instead of Loo Balls vocals. Also, 'Carlo Von Sexron' is in fact, one of Joshua Homme's monikers. He is also known to record drums and/or bass guitar for EODM to this day, though he doesn't tour with them regularly.The Green Monarchs (consisting of Alfredo Hernández, Larry Lalli, Mario Lalli, Joshua Homme, Chris Goss, Nick Oliveri, Tony Tornay) performed \"Monster In The Parasol\", \"Jr. High Love\" and \"Eccentric Man\".An unnamed grouping consisting of Pete Stahl, John McBain, Joshua Homme, Ben Shepherd, and Alfredo Hernandez performed \"Nova\" and \"Avon\", which were likely leftovers from the original set of Desert Sessions. The music tracks of both of these songs are identical with different vocal tracks. Pete Stahl sings \"Nova\" and Homme sings \"Avon\". Homme has said that this was an experiment to show how two different vocalists would treat the same piece of music.Josh Homme: Guitar, Vocals, Drums\nFred Drake: Bass, Drums\nDave Catching: Guitar, Bass\nAlfredo Hernández: Drums\nPete Stahl: Vocals, Guitar & more\nBen Shepherd: Bass\nJohn McBain: Guitar\nNick Oliveri: Guitar, Vocals\nMario Lalli: Keyboards, Guitar, Vocals\nLarry Lalli: Bass\nJesse Hughes: Guitar, Vocals\nCraig Armstrong: Bass\nLoo Balls: Vocals\nT. Fresh: Turntables, Table Turner\nTony Tornay: Drums","title":"Personnel"}]
[]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tartu_GP
Tartu GP
["1 Past winners","2 External links"]
Road cycling race Not to be confused with Tallinn–Tartu GP. This article does not cite any sources. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Tartu GP" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (February 2022) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Tartu GPRace detailsDateEarly JuneRegionTartu, EstoniaDisciplineRoad raceCompetitionUCI Europe TourTypeSingle-dayOrganiserClub Tartu MaratonHistoryFirst edition2001 (2001)Editions12Final edition2012First winner Jaan Kirsipuu (EST)Most wins Jaan Kirsipuu (EST) (3 wins)Final winner Rene Mandri (EST) The Tartu GP was a one-day road cycling race in Tartu, Estonia. It was first run in 2001 and became part of the UCI Europe Tour as a 1.1 event in 2005. The most successful rider was Jaan Kirsipuu with three consecutive victories. The race was discontinued in 2012 and has instead been run as the final stage of the Tour of Estonia since that race's inception in 2013. Past winners Year Country Rider Team 2001  Estonia Jaan Kirsipuu AG2R Prévoyance 2002  Estonia Jaan Kirsipuu AG2R Prévoyance 2003  Estonia Jaan Kirsipuu AG2R Prévoyance 2004  Ireland Mark Scanlon AG2R Prévoyance 2005  Lithuania Tomas Vaitkus AG2R Prévoyance 2006  Poland Wojciech Pawłak Knauf Team 2007  Estonia Erki Pütsep Bouygues Télécom 2008  Latvia Aleksejs Saramotins Rietumu Bank-Riga 2009  Germany Hannes Blank Continental Team Differdange 2010  Estonia Tanel Kangert Estonia (national team) 2011  France Jean-Eudes Demaret Cofidis 2012  Estonia Rene Mandri Endura Racing External links Tartu GP palmares at Cycling Archives This cycling race-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte This article about sports in Estonia is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tallinn–Tartu GP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tallinn%E2%80%93Tartu_GP"},{"link_name":"road cycling race","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Road_cycling_race"},{"link_name":"Tartu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tartu"},{"link_name":"Estonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estonia"},{"link_name":"UCI Europe Tour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UCI_Europe_Tour"},{"link_name":"1.1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UCI_race_classifications"},{"link_name":"Jaan Kirsipuu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaan_Kirsipuu"},{"link_name":"Tour of Estonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tour_of_Estonia"}],"text":"Not to be confused with Tallinn–Tartu GP.The Tartu GP was a one-day road cycling race in Tartu, Estonia. It was first run in 2001 and became part of the UCI Europe Tour as a 1.1 event in 2005. The most successful rider was Jaan Kirsipuu with three consecutive victories. The race was discontinued in 2012 and has instead been run as the final stage of the Tour of Estonia since that race's inception in 2013.","title":"Tartu GP"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Past winners"}]
[]
null
[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Westmore
Mount Westmore
["1 History","2 Discography","2.1 Studio albums","2.2 Singles","3 References"]
American hip hop supergroup Mount WestmoreClockwise from top: E-40, Too Short, Snoop Dogg, Ice CubeBackground informationOriginCalifornia, U.S.GenresWest Coast hip hopYears active2020–presentLabelsDef JamMNRKMembersE-40Too ShortIce CubeSnoop Dogg Mount Westmore is an American hip hop supergroup composed of California-based rappers Snoop Dogg, E-40, Too Short, and Ice Cube. Formed in late 2020, the group's debut album was initially released via blockchain mid-2022 under the title "'Bad MF's'". The album was released on streaming services on December 9, 2022, and included unreleased tracks which were not featured on the original version under the new title "Snoop Cube 40 $hort". History Members Too Short and E-40 have been releasing collaborative songs since the mid-1990s, with their debut collaborative albums History: Function Music and History: Mob Music being released in 2012. Creation of a supergroup was in discussion shortly thereafter, but never came to fruition until December 2020. In a 2021 interview with DJ Vlad, Too Short stated that the group's debut album would be followed up with "volumes", similar in style to his release of The Pimp Tape (2018). In April 2021, the group performed a song titled "Big Subwoofer" at the Jake Paul vs. Ben Askren fight. The song was officially released on October 20, 2021, alongside its music video for Snoop Dogg's Def Jam debut compilation Snoop Dogg Presents Algorithm. On October 11, Ice Cube announced the "Too Big" single release date which came out on October 21. Their debut album, titled Snoop Cube 40 $hort, officially released on December 9, 2022 on all digital platforms with a CD release to follow. Discography Studio albums List of studio albums, with release date, label and chart position shown Title Album details Peak chart positions US Snoop Cube 40 $hort Released: December 9, 2022 Label: MNRK Music Group, Mount Westmore Formats: Digital, CD 188 Singles List of singles, with year released, selected chart positions, and album name shown Title Year Peak chart positions Album NZHot "Big Subwoofer" 2021 16 Snoop, Cube, 40, $hort "Too Big " 2022 3 References ^ "Snoop Dogg, Ice Cube, Too Short and E-40 form supergroup Mt. Westmore". NME. March 17, 2021. ^ "Mount Westmore Announce New Single and Album Release Date for Streaming Services". October 8, 2022. ^ "Billboard 200: Week of December 24, 2022". Billboard. Retrieved December 21, 2022. ^ "Snoop Cube 40 $Hort". Spotify. ^ Gonzalez, Alex (May 31, 2022). "Snoop Dogg Reveals the Release Date for the Mount Westmore Album With E-40, Ice Cube, and Too Short". Uproxx. Retrieved May 31, 2022. ^ "NZ Hot Singles Chart for the week dated 1 November 2021". Recorded Music NZ. November 1, 2021. Retrieved February 15, 2022. Authority control databases: Artists MusicBrainz
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[]
null
[{"reference":"\"Snoop Dogg, Ice Cube, Too Short and E-40 form supergroup Mt. Westmore\". NME. March 17, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nme.com/en_au/news/music/snoop-dogg-ice-cube-too-short-and-e-40-form-supergroup-mt-westmore-2902863","url_text":"\"Snoop Dogg, Ice Cube, Too Short and E-40 form supergroup Mt. Westmore\""}]},{"reference":"\"Mount Westmore Announce New Single and Album Release Date for Streaming Services\". October 8, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://hiphop-n-more.com/2022/10/mount-westmore-announce-new-single-album-release-date-on-streaming-services/","url_text":"\"Mount Westmore Announce New Single and Album Release Date for Streaming Services\""}]},{"reference":"\"Billboard 200: Week of December 24, 2022\". Billboard. Retrieved December 21, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.billboard.com/charts/billboard-200/2022-12-24/","url_text":"\"Billboard 200: Week of December 24, 2022\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)","url_text":"Billboard"}]},{"reference":"\"Snoop Cube 40 $Hort\". Spotify.","urls":[{"url":"https://open.spotify.com/album/5G9QOLi5KSYTuZoMpJMa2e","url_text":"\"Snoop Cube 40 $Hort\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spotify","url_text":"Spotify"}]},{"reference":"Gonzalez, Alex (May 31, 2022). \"Snoop Dogg Reveals the Release Date for the Mount Westmore Album With E-40, Ice Cube, and Too Short\". Uproxx. Retrieved May 31, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://uproxx.com/music/snoop-dogg-e40-too-short-ice-cube-mount-westmore/","url_text":"\"Snoop Dogg Reveals the Release Date for the Mount Westmore Album With E-40, Ice Cube, and Too Short\""}]},{"reference":"\"NZ Hot Singles Chart for the week dated 1 November 2021\". Recorded Music NZ. November 1, 2021. Retrieved February 15, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://nztop40.co.nz/chart/hotsingles?chart=5224","url_text":"\"NZ Hot Singles Chart for the week dated 1 November 2021\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recorded_Music_NZ","url_text":"Recorded Music NZ"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquila_and_Priscilla
Priscilla and Aquila
["1 New Testament references","2 The couple","2.1 Priscilla","2.2 Aquila","3 Significance","3.1 Chronology","4 Veneration","5 See also","6 References","7 External links"]
1st century Christian missionary married couple SaintsAquila and Priscilla of RomeDepiction of Saint Paul (left) in the home of Saints Aquila and Priscilla.Holy Couple and MartyrsBornUnknownDiedRomeVenerated in Catholic Church Eastern Orthodoxy Oriental Orthodoxy Lutheran Church CanonizedPre-CongregationFeast 8 July (Catholic Church) 13 February (Eastern Orthodoxy) 14 July (other Orthodox Churches commemorate Saint Aquila alone as an Apostle) AttributesCrown of MartyrdomMartyr's palmCrossPatronage Love Marriage Priscilla (/prɪˈsɪlə/; Greek: Πρίσκιλλα, Priskilla or Priscila) and Aquila (/ˈækwɪlə/; Greek: Ἀκύλας, Akylas) were a first-century Christian missionary married couple described in the New Testament. Aquila is traditionally listed among the Seventy Disciples. They lived, worked, and traveled with the Apostle Paul, who described them as his "fellow workers in Christ Jesus" (Romans 16:3). Priscilla and Aquila are described in the New Testament as providing a presence that strengthened the early Christian churches. Paul was generous in his recognition and acknowledgment of his indebtedness to them (Romans 16:3–4). Together, they are credited with instructing Apollos, a major evangelist of the first century, and " to him the way of God more accurately" (Acts 18:26). It is thought by some to be possible, in light of her apparent prominence, that Priscilla held the office of presbyter. She also is thought by some to be the anonymous author of the Epistle to the Hebrews. New Testament references They are mentioned six times in four different books of the New Testament, always named as a couple and never individually. Of those six references, Aquila's name is mentioned first only twice: and one of the times on account of it being Paul's first encounter with them, probably through Aquila first. Acts 18:2–3: "There he became acquainted with a Jew named Aquila, born in Pontus, who had recently arrived from Italy with his wife, Priscilla. They had left Italy when Claudius Caesar deported all Jews from Rome. Paul lived and worked with them, for they were tentmakers just as he was." Acts 18:18: "Paul stayed in Corinth for some time after that, then said good-bye to the brothers and sisters and went to nearby Cenchrea. There he shaved his head according to Jewish custom, marking the end of a vow. Then he set sail for Syria, taking Priscilla and Aquila with him." Acts 18:26: "When Priscilla and Aquila heard him preaching in the synagogue, they took him aside and explained the way of God even more accurately." Romans 16:3: "Give my greetings to Priscilla and Aquila, my co-workers in the ministry of Christ Jesus." 1 Corinthians 16:19: "The churches here in the province of Asia send greetings in the Lord, as do Aquila and Priscilla and all the others who gather in their home for church meetings." 2 Timothy 4:19: "Give my greetings to Priscilla and Aquila and those living in the household of Onesiphorus." Note: This is not KJV; in the KJV, Acts 18:26 lists their names as "Aquila and Priscilla" making the count three and three. The couple Saint Paul in the House of Priscilla and Aquila (17th century): Paul is at left, writing a letter; Priscilla is at right, spinning, and her husband Aquila is in the background. Priscilla and Aquila were tentmakers as was Paul. Priscilla and Aquila had been among the Jews expelled from Rome by the Roman Emperor Claudius in the year 49 as written by Suetonius. They ended up in Corinth. Paul lived with Priscilla and Aquila for approximately 18 months. Then the couple started out to accompany Paul when he proceeded to Syria, but stopped at Ephesus in the Roman province of Asia, now part of modern Turkey. In 1 Corinthians 16:19, Paul passes on the greetings of Priscilla and Aquila to their friends in Corinth, indicating that the couple were in his company. Paul founded the church in Corinth. His including them in his greetings implies that Priscilla and Aquila were also involved in the founding of that church. Since 1 Corinthians discusses a crisis deriving from a conflict between the followers of Apollos and the followers of Cephas (possibly the apostle Peter), it can be inferred that Apollos accompanied Priscilla and Aquila when they returned to Corinth. This happened before 54, when Claudius died and the expulsion of the Jews from Rome was lifted. In Romans 16:3–4, thought to have been written in 56 or 57, Paul sends his greetings to Priscilla and Aquila and proclaims that both of them "risked their necks" to save Paul's life. Tradition reports that Aquila and Priscilla were martyred together. Priscilla Priscilla illustration from the Women of the Bible, Harold Copping Priscilla was a woman of Jewish heritage and one of the earliest known Christian converts who lived in Rome. Her name is a Roman diminutive for Prisca which was her formal name. She is often thought to have been the first example of a female preacher or teacher in early church history. Coupled with her husband, she was a celebrated missionary, and a friend and co-worker of Paul. While the view is not widely held among scholars, some scholars have suggested that Priscilla was the author of the Book of Hebrews. Although acclaimed for its artistry, originality, and literary excellence, it is one of the few books in the New Testament with author anonymity (along with the Gospels and Acts). Hoppin and others suggest that Priscilla was the author, but that her name was omitted either to suppress its female authorship, or to protect the letter itself from suppression. She is the only Priscilla named in the New Testament. The fact that she is always mentioned with her husband, Aquila, disambiguates her from different women revered as saints in Catholicism, Orthodoxy and Lutheranism, such as (1) Priscilla of the Roman Glabrio family, the wife of Quintus Cornelius Pudens, who according to some traditions hosted St. Peter circa AD 42, and (2) a third-century virgin martyr named Priscilla and also called Prisca. Aquila Aquila, husband of Priscilla, was originally from Pontus Acts 18:2 and also was a Jewish Christian. According to church tradition, Aquila did not dwell long in Rome: the Apostle Paul is said to have made him a bishop in Asia Minor. The Apostolic Constitutions identify Aquila, along with Nicetas, as the first bishops of Asia Minor (7.46). Significance This couple were among the earliest known Christian missionaries in the first century. In Acts 18:24–28, Luke reports the couple explaining Jesus' baptism to Apollos, an important Jewish-Christian evangelist in Ephesus. Paul indicates Apollos is an apostle,: pp.230–231  an "eloquent speaker" who had a "thorough knowledge of the Scriptures". He had been "instructed in the way of the Lord" which he taught with great "enthusiasm". He began to preach boldly in the synagogue. However, he knew only the baptism of John the Baptist—not the baptism taught by Jesus. When Priscilla and Aquila heard him, they took him aside and explained the Way of God to him "more accurately". Amongst churches today, this passage is often held in perceived tension with 1 Timothy 2:12–14, in which the author, Paul, writes, "I do not permit a woman to teach or have authority over a man; rather, she is to remain quiet. For Adam was formed first, then Eve; and Adam was not deceived but the woman was deceived and became a transgressor." Opponents of female pastorship cite his reference to Adam and Eve to be indicating that the issue is a matter of universal gender propriety. On the other hand, Catherine and Richard Kroeger have written: The fact is that women did indeed teach men, that women served as leaders, and that in doing so they enjoyed God’s blessing and won the praise of other believers. Priscilla instructed the learned Apollos, Lois and Eunice taught Timothy, and Phoebe is named as an overseer and a deacon in the church at Cenchrea. Furthermore, believers are enjoined to teach and to learn from one another, without reference to gender. Advocates of female pastorship perceive this as an imperative that was a reflection of cultural and legal restrictions of the day. They cite 1 Corinthians 11:11–12, where Paul writes "Nevertheless, in the Lord woman is not independent of man nor man of woman; for as woman was made from man, so man is now born of woman. And all things are from God" and his affirmation of Priscilla's instruction of the prominent evangelist Apollos as evidence that Paul was acceding to the law and customs of his day. Chronology The appearance of the two in the Acts of the Apostles helps to provide a chronological synchronism for the chronology of Paul's life. According to Acts 18:2f, before Paul meets them in Corinth, they were part of a group of Jews whom the Emperor Claudius ordered expelled from Rome; if this edict of the Emperor can be dated, then we would be able to infer when Paul arrived in Corinth. The evidence of other ancient sources points to two possible periods during the reign of Claudius: either during his first regnal year (AD 41; so Dio Cassius, Roman History 60.6.6), or during his nexpulsion took place: some, like Jerome Murphy-O'Connor, argue for the earlier year, while others, like Joseph Fitzmyer, argue for the later year. Veneration Priscilla and Aquila are regarded as saints in most Christian churches that canonize saints. In the Catholic Church, the Roman Martyrology lists their feast as July 8. The Greek Orthodox Church and the Antiochian Orthodox Church commemorate them together on February 13. In addition, the Greek Orthodox Church recognizes Aquila separately as an apostle on July 14. The Lutheran Church commemorates them on the same day along with Apollos. See also Early centers of Christianity#Greece References ^ Keller, Marie Noël. Priscilla and Aquila: Paul's Coworkers in Christ Jesus. Liturgical Press, 2010. ISBN 978-0-8146-5284-8. ^ Torrance, Thomas F. "The Ministry of Women: An Argument for the Ordination of Women". Forward Ministry. Retrieved 19 June 2019. ^ a b c Hoppin, Ruth. Priscilla's Letter: Finding the Author of the Epistle to the Hebrews. Lost Coast Press, 2000. ISBN 1-882897-50-1 ^ Acts 18:1–3; Acts 20:33–35; Philippians 4:14–16. ^ 1 Cor. 4:15 ^ Bruce, F. F. (1983). The Epistle of Paul to the Romans: An Introduction and Commentary. Tyndale New Testament Commentaries. Leicester, England: Inter-Varsity Press. ^ "Sts. Aquila and Priscilla". Catholic News Agency (CNA) ^ "Apostle Aquila of the Seventy". Orthodox Church in America ^ Bilezikian, Gilbert. Beyond Sex Roles. Baker, 1989. ISBN 0-8010-0885-9. pp.200–201 ^ Adolph von Harnack, "Probabilia uber die Addresse und den Verfasser des Habraerbriefes", Zeitschrift fur die Neutestamentliche Wissenschaft und die Kunde der aelteren Kirche (E. Preuschen, Berlin: Forschungen und Fortschritte, 1900), 1:16–41. English translation available in Lee Anna Starr, The Bible Status of Woman. Zarephath, New Jersey: Pillar of Fire, 1955, 392–415 ^ a b Maas, Anthony. "Aquila and Priscilla", The Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 1. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1907, accessed 23 December 2013 ^ Mansfield, Dr Merrilyn. "How a Woman Taught an Apostle and we Missed It". Academia.edu. Retrieved 9 December 2021. ^ v.26 ^ I Timothy 1:1 ^ Kroeger, Richard and Kroeger, Catherine. I Suffer Not a Woman: Rethinking 1 Timothy 2:11–15 in Light of Ancient Evidence (Baker, 1992) ^ Paul: A critical life (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1996), pp. 8–15 ^ The Acts of the Apostles (New York: Doubleday, 1998), pp. 619f ^ "St. Priscilla, with her husband, Aquila, at Ephesus | Antiochian Orthodox Christian Archdiocese". 1.antiochian.org. Retrieved 9 December 2021. ^ "Name Days", In Touch 17.2, Feb. 2009. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Priscilla and Aquila. 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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"/prɪˈsɪlə/","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/English"},{"link_name":"Greek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_language"},{"link_name":"/ˈækwɪlə/","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/English"},{"link_name":"Greek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_language"},{"link_name":"first-century","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianity_in_the_1st_century"},{"link_name":"Christian missionary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_missionary"},{"link_name":"New Testament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Testament"},{"link_name":"Seventy Disciples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seventy_Disciples"},{"link_name":"Apostle Paul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apostle_Paul"},{"link_name":"Romans 16:3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Romans+16:3&version=nasb"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Keller-1"},{"link_name":"early Christian churches","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_Christian_churches"},{"link_name":"Romans 16:3–4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:Romans%2016:3%E2%80%934"},{"link_name":"Apollos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollos"},{"link_name":"Acts 18:26","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//bible.oremus.org/?passage=Acts%2018:26&version=nrsv"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Epistle to the Hebrews","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epistle_to_the_Hebrews"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hoppin-3"}],"text":"Priscilla (/prɪˈsɪlə/; Greek: Πρίσκιλλα, Priskilla or Priscila) and Aquila (/ˈækwɪlə/; Greek: Ἀκύλας, Akylas) were a first-century Christian missionary married couple described in the New Testament. Aquila is traditionally listed among the Seventy Disciples. They lived, worked, and traveled with the Apostle Paul, who described them as his \"fellow workers in Christ Jesus\" (Romans 16:3).[1]Priscilla and Aquila are described in the New Testament as providing a presence that strengthened the early Christian churches. Paul was generous in his recognition and acknowledgment of his indebtedness to them (Romans 16:3–4). Together, they are credited with instructing Apollos, a major evangelist of the first century, and \"[explaining] to him the way of God more accurately\" (Acts 18:26).It is thought by some to be possible, in light of her apparent prominence, that Priscilla held the office of presbyter.[2] She also is thought by some to be the anonymous author of the Epistle to the Hebrews.[3]","title":"Priscilla and Aquila"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"New Testament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Testament"},{"link_name":"Acts 18:2–3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=nlt:Acts%2018:2%E2%80%933"},{"link_name":"Claudius Caesar deported all Jews from Rome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claudius%27_expulsion_of_Jews_from_Rome"},{"link_name":"Acts 18:18","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=nlt:Acts%2018:18"},{"link_name":"Acts 18:26","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=nlt:Acts%2018:26"},{"link_name":"Romans 16:3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=nlt:Romans%2016:3"},{"link_name":"1 Corinthians 16:19","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=nlt:1%20Corinthians%2016:19"},{"link_name":"2 Timothy 4:19","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=nlt:2%20Timothy%204:19"}],"text":"They are mentioned six times in four different books of the New Testament, always named as a couple and never individually. Of those six references, Aquila's name is mentioned first only twice: and one of the times on account of it being Paul's first encounter with them, probably through Aquila first.Acts 18:2–3: \"There he became acquainted with a Jew named Aquila, born in Pontus, who had recently arrived from Italy with his wife, Priscilla. They had left Italy when Claudius Caesar deported all Jews from Rome. Paul lived and worked with them, for they were tentmakers just as he was.\"\nActs 18:18: \"Paul stayed in Corinth for some time after that, then said good-bye to the brothers and sisters and went to nearby Cenchrea. There he shaved his head according to Jewish custom, marking the end of a vow. Then he set sail for Syria, taking Priscilla and Aquila with him.\"\nActs 18:26: \"When Priscilla and Aquila heard him preaching in the synagogue, they took him aside and explained the way of God even more accurately.\"\nRomans 16:3: \"Give my greetings to Priscilla and Aquila, my co-workers in the ministry of Christ Jesus.\"\n1 Corinthians 16:19: \"The churches here in the province of Asia send greetings in the Lord, as do Aquila and Priscilla and all the others who gather in their home for church meetings.\"\n2 Timothy 4:19: \"Give my greetings to Priscilla and Aquila and those living in the household of Onesiphorus.\"Note: This is not KJV; in the KJV, Acts 18:26 lists their names as \"Aquila and Priscilla\" making the count three and three.","title":"New Testament references"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sint-Paulus_bij_de_heiligen_Aquila_en_Priscilla,_onbekend,_schilderij,_Museum_Plantin-Moretus_(Antwerpen)_-_MPM_V_IV_118.jpg"},{"link_name":"Paul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_of_Tarsus"},{"link_name":"letter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epistles_of_Paul"},{"link_name":"tentmakers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tentmakers"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Jews","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jew"},{"link_name":"Roman Emperor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Emperor"},{"link_name":"Claudius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claudius"},{"link_name":"Suetonius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suetonius"},{"link_name":"Corinth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corinth"},{"link_name":"Syria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syria"},{"link_name":"Ephesus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ephesus"},{"link_name":"Roman province of Asia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asia_(Roman_province)"},{"link_name":"Turkey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey"},{"link_name":"1 Corinthians 16:19","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//bible.oremus.org/?passage=1%20Corinthians%2016:19&version=nrsv"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Peter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Peter"},{"link_name":"Romans 16:3–4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//bible.oremus.org/?passage=Romans%2016:3%E2%80%934&version=nrsv"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"martyred","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martyr"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"Saint Paul in the House of Priscilla and Aquila (17th century): Paul is at left, writing a letter; Priscilla is at right, spinning, and her husband Aquila is in the background.Priscilla and Aquila were tentmakers as was Paul.[4] Priscilla and Aquila had been among the Jews expelled from Rome by the Roman Emperor Claudius in the year 49 as written by Suetonius. They ended up in Corinth. Paul lived with Priscilla and Aquila for approximately 18 months. Then the couple started out to accompany Paul when he proceeded to Syria, but stopped at Ephesus in the Roman province of Asia, now part of modern Turkey.In 1 Corinthians 16:19, Paul passes on the greetings of Priscilla and Aquila to their friends in Corinth, indicating that the couple were in his company. Paul founded the church in Corinth.[5] His including them in his greetings implies that Priscilla and Aquila were also involved in the founding of that church. Since 1 Corinthians discusses a crisis deriving from a conflict between the followers of Apollos and the followers of Cephas (possibly the apostle Peter), it can be inferred that Apollos accompanied Priscilla and Aquila when they returned to Corinth. This happened before 54, when Claudius died and the expulsion of the Jews from Rome was lifted.In Romans 16:3–4, thought to have been written in 56 or 57,[6] Paul sends his greetings to Priscilla and Aquila and proclaims that both of them \"risked their necks\" to save Paul's life.Tradition reports that Aquila and Priscilla were martyred together.[7][8]","title":"The couple"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Harold_Copping_-_Priscilla_illustration_from_Women_of_the_Bible_published_by_-_(MeisterDrucke-225035).jpg"},{"link_name":"Harold Copping","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold_Copping"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bilezikian-9"},{"link_name":"Book of Hebrews","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_of_Hebrews"},{"link_name":"New Testament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Testament"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hoppin-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hoppin-3"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-von-10"},{"link_name":"New Testament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Testament"},{"link_name":"Priscilla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Priscilla"},{"link_name":"Quintus Cornelius Pudens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quintus_Cornelius_Pudens"},{"link_name":"St. Peter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Peter"},{"link_name":"Priscilla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Prisca"}],"sub_title":"Priscilla","text":"Priscilla illustration from the Women of the Bible, Harold CoppingPriscilla was a woman of Jewish heritage and one of the earliest known Christian converts who lived in Rome. Her name is a Roman diminutive for Prisca which was her formal name. She is often thought to have been the first example of a female preacher or teacher in early church history. Coupled with her husband, she was a celebrated missionary, and a friend and co-worker of Paul.[9]While the view is not widely held among scholars, some scholars have suggested that Priscilla was the author of the Book of Hebrews. Although acclaimed for its artistry, originality, and literary excellence, it is one of the few books in the New Testament with author anonymity (along with the Gospels and Acts).[3] Hoppin and others suggest that Priscilla was the author, but that her name was omitted either to suppress its female authorship, or to protect the letter itself from suppression.[3][10]She is the only Priscilla named in the New Testament. The fact that she is always mentioned with her husband, Aquila, disambiguates her from different women revered as saints in Catholicism, Orthodoxy and Lutheranism, such as (1) Priscilla of the Roman Glabrio family, the wife of Quintus Cornelius Pudens, who according to some traditions hosted St. Peter circa AD 42, and (2) a third-century virgin martyr named Priscilla and also called Prisca.","title":"The couple"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pontus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pontus_(region)"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-maas-11"},{"link_name":"Acts 18:2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//bible.oremus.org/?passage=Acts%2018:2&version=nrsv"},{"link_name":"Jewish Christian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_Christian"},{"link_name":"Asia Minor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_centers_of_Christianity#Anatolia"},{"link_name":"Apostolic Constitutions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apostolic_Constitutions"}],"sub_title":"Aquila","text":"Aquila, husband of Priscilla, was originally from Pontus[11] Acts 18:2 and also was a Jewish Christian. According to church tradition, Aquila did not dwell long in Rome: the Apostle Paul is said to have made him a bishop in Asia Minor. The Apostolic Constitutions identify Aquila, along with Nicetas, as the first bishops of Asia Minor (7.46).","title":"The couple"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Acts 18:24–28","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:Acts%2018:24%E2%80%9328"},{"link_name":"Apollos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollos"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"1 Timothy 2:12–14","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1_Timothy_2:12"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"1 Corinthians 11:11–12","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//bible.oremus.org/?passage=1%20Corinthians%2011:11%E2%80%9312&version=nrsv"}],"text":"This couple were among the earliest known Christian missionaries in the first century. In Acts 18:24–28, Luke reports the couple explaining Jesus' baptism to Apollos, an important Jewish-Christian evangelist in Ephesus. Paul indicates Apollos is an apostle,[12]: pp.230–231  an \"eloquent speaker\" who had a \"thorough knowledge of the Scriptures\". He had been \"instructed in the way of the Lord\" which he taught with great \"enthusiasm\". He began to preach boldly in the synagogue. However, he knew only the baptism of John the Baptist—not the baptism taught by Jesus. When Priscilla and Aquila heard him, they took him aside and explained the Way of God to him \"more accurately\".[13]Amongst churches today, this passage is often held in perceived tension with 1 Timothy 2:12–14, in which the author, Paul,[14] writes, \"I do not permit a woman to teach or have authority over a man; rather, she is to remain quiet. For Adam was formed first, then Eve; and Adam was not deceived but the woman was deceived and became a transgressor.\" Opponents of female pastorship cite his reference to Adam and Eve to be indicating that the issue is a matter of universal gender propriety. On the other hand, Catherine and Richard Kroeger have written:The fact is that women did indeed teach men, that women served as leaders, and that in doing so they enjoyed God’s blessing and won the praise of other believers. Priscilla instructed the learned Apollos, Lois and Eunice taught Timothy, and Phoebe is named as an overseer and a deacon in the church at Cenchrea. Furthermore, believers are enjoined to teach and to learn from one another, without reference to gender.[15]Advocates of female pastorship perceive this as an imperative that was a reflection of cultural and legal restrictions of the day. They cite 1 Corinthians 11:11–12, where Paul writes \"Nevertheless, in the Lord woman is not independent of man nor man of woman; for as woman was made from man, so man is now born of woman. And all things are from God\" and his affirmation of Priscilla's instruction of the prominent evangelist Apollos as evidence that Paul was acceding to the law and customs of his day.","title":"Significance"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"chronological synchronism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chronological_synchronism"},{"link_name":"Acts 18:2f","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//bible.oremus.org/?passage=Acts%2018:2&version=nrsv"},{"link_name":"Claudius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claudius"},{"link_name":"Dio Cassius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dio_Cassius"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"}],"sub_title":"Chronology","text":"The appearance of the two in the Acts of the Apostles helps to provide a chronological synchronism for the chronology of Paul's life. According to Acts 18:2f, before Paul meets them in Corinth, they were part of a group of Jews whom the Emperor Claudius ordered expelled from Rome; if this edict of the Emperor can be dated, then we would be able to infer when Paul arrived in Corinth.The evidence of other ancient sources points to two possible periods during the reign of Claudius: either during his first regnal year (AD 41; so Dio Cassius, Roman History 60.6.6), or during his nexpulsion took place: some, like Jerome Murphy-O'Connor, argue for the earlier year,[16] while others, like Joseph Fitzmyer, argue for the later year.[17]","title":"Significance"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"canonize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canonization"},{"link_name":"Catholic Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_Church"},{"link_name":"Roman Martyrology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Martyrology"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-maas-11"},{"link_name":"Greek Orthodox Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_Orthodox_Church"},{"link_name":"Antiochian Orthodox Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_Orthodox_Church_of_Antioch"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Lutheran Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lutheran_Church"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Priscilla and Aquila are regarded as saints in most Christian churches that canonize saints. In the Catholic Church, the Roman Martyrology lists their feast as July 8.[11] The Greek Orthodox Church and the Antiochian Orthodox Church commemorate them together on February 13.[18][19] \nIn addition, the Greek Orthodox Church recognizes Aquila separately as an apostle on July 14.[citation needed] The Lutheran Church commemorates them on the same day along with Apollos.[citation needed]","title":"Veneration"}]
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[{"title":"Early centers of Christianity#Greece","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_centers_of_Christianity#Greece"}]
[{"reference":"Torrance, Thomas F. \"The Ministry of Women: An Argument for the Ordination of Women\". Forward Ministry. Retrieved 19 June 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.forwardministryonline.com/links/ordinationofwomen/womenpriestsinantiquity.htm","url_text":"\"The Ministry of Women: An Argument for the Ordination of Women\""}]},{"reference":"Mansfield, Dr Merrilyn. \"How a Woman Taught an Apostle and we Missed It\". Academia.edu. Retrieved 9 December 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.academia.edu/4072844","url_text":"\"How a Woman Taught an Apostle and we Missed It\""}]},{"reference":"\"St. Priscilla, with her husband, Aquila, at Ephesus | Antiochian Orthodox Christian Archdiocese\". 1.antiochian.org. Retrieved 9 December 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://ww1.antiochian.org/node/17511","url_text":"\"St. Priscilla, with her husband, Aquila, at Ephesus | Antiochian Orthodox Christian Archdiocese\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selfish_genetic_element
Selfish genetic element
["1 History","1.1 Early observations","1.2 Conceptual developments","1.3 Current views","2 Logic","2.1 Rule 1: Spread requires sex and outbreeding","2.2 Rule 2: Presence is often revealed in hybrids","3 Examples","3.1 Segregation distorters","3.2 Homing endonucleases","3.3 Transposable elements","3.4 B chromosomes","3.5 Selfish mitochondria","3.6 Genomic imprinting","3.7 Greenbeards","4 Consequences to the host","4.1 Species extinction","4.2 Speciation","4.3 Genome-size variation","5 Applications in agriculture and biotechnology","5.1 Cytoplasmic male sterility in plant breeding","5.2 PiggyBac vectors","5.3 CRISPR gene drive and homing endonuclease systems","6 Mathematical theory","6.1 Segregation distorters","6.2 Gene-drive systems","6.3 Transposable elements","7 See also","8 References","9 Further reading"]
Genetic segments that can enhance their own transmission at the expense of other genes Selfish genetic elements (historically also referred to as selfish genes, ultra-selfish genes, selfish DNA, parasitic DNA and genomic outlaws) are genetic segments that can enhance their own transmission at the expense of other genes in the genome, even if this has no positive or a net negative effect on organismal fitness. Genomes have traditionally been viewed as cohesive units, with genes acting together to improve the fitness of the organism. However, when genes have some control over their own transmission, the rules can change, and so just like all social groups, genomes are vulnerable to selfish behaviour by their parts. Early observations of selfish genetic elements were made almost a century ago, but the topic did not get widespread attention until several decades later. Inspired by the gene-centred views of evolution popularized by George Williams and Richard Dawkins, two papers were published back-to-back in Nature in 1980 – by Leslie Orgel and Francis Crick and by Ford Doolittle and Carmen Sapienza – introducing the concept of selfish genetic elements (at the time called "selfish DNA") to the wider scientific community. Both papers emphasized that genes can spread in a population regardless of their effect on organismal fitness as long as they have a transmission advantage. Selfish genetic elements have now been described in most groups of organisms, and they demonstrate a remarkable diversity in the ways by which they promote their own transmission. Though long dismissed as genetic curiosities, with little relevance for evolution, they are now recognized to affect a wide swath of biological processes, ranging from genome size and architecture to speciation. History Early observations Observations of what is now referred to as selfish genetic elements go back to the early days in the history of genetics. Already in 1928, Russian geneticist Sergey Gershenson reported the discovery of a driving X chromosome in Drosophila obscura. Crucially, he noted that the resulting female-biased sex ratio may drive a population extinct (see Species extinction). The earliest clear statement of how chromosomes may spread in a population not because of their positive fitness effects on the individual organism, but because of their own "parasitic" nature came from the Swedish botanist and cytogeneticist Gunnar Östergren in 1945. Discussing B chromosomes in plants he wrote: In many cases these chromosomes have no useful function at all to the species carrying them, but that they often lead an exclusively parasitic existence ... need not be useful for the plants. They need only be useful to themselves. Around the same time, several other examples of selfish genetic elements were reported. For example, the American maize geneticist Marcus Rhoades described how chromosomal knobs led to female meiotic drive in maize. Similarly, this was also when it was first suggested that an intragenomic conflict between uniparentally inherited mitochondrial genes and biparentally inherited nuclear genes could lead to cytoplasmic male sterility in plants. Then, in the early 1950s, Barbara McClintock published a series of papers describing the existence of transposable elements, which are now recognized to be among the most successful selfish genetic elements. The discovery of transposable elements led to her being awarded the Nobel Prize in Medicine or Physiology in 1983. Conceptual developments The empirical study of selfish genetic elements benefited greatly from the emergence of the so-called gene-centred view of evolution in the nineteen sixties and seventies. In contrast with Darwin's original formulation of the theory of evolution by natural selection that focused on individual organisms, the gene's-eye view takes the gene to be the central unit of selection in evolution. It conceives evolution by natural selection as a process involving two separate entities: replicators (entities that produce faithful copies of themselves, usually genes) and vehicles (or interactors; entities that interact with the ecological environment, usually organisms). Since organisms are temporary occurrences, present in one generation and gone in the next, genes (replicators) are the only entity faithfully transmitted from parent to offspring. Viewing evolution as a struggle between competing replicators made it easier to recognize that not all genes in an organism would share the same evolutionary fate. The gene's-eye view was a synthesis of the population genetic models of the modern synthesis, in particular the work of RA Fisher, and the social evolution models of W. D. Hamilton. The view was popularized by George Williams's Adaptation and Natural Selection and Richard Dawkins's best seller The Selfish Gene. Dawkins summarized a key benefit from the gene's-eye view as follows: "If we allow ourselves the license of talking about genes as if they had conscious aims, always reassuring ourselves that we could translate our sloppy language back into respectable terms if we wanted to, we can ask the question, what is a single selfish gene trying to do?" — Richard Dawkins, The Selfish Gene: p. 88  In 1980, two high-profile papers published back-to-back in Nature by Leslie Orgel and Francis Crick, and by Ford Doolittle and Carmen Sapienza, brought the study of selfish genetic elements to the centre of biological debate. The papers took their starting point in the contemporary debate of the so-called C-value paradox, the lack of correlation between genome size and perceived complexity of a species. Both papers attempted to counter the prevailing view of the time that the presence of differential amounts of non-coding DNA and transposable elements is best explained from the perspective of individual fitness, described as the "phenotypic paradigm" by Doolittle and Sapienza. Instead, the authors argued that much of the genetic material in eukaryotic genomes persists, not because of its phenotypic effects, but can be understood from a gene's-eye view, without invoking individual-level explanations. The two papers led to a series of exchanges in Nature. Current views If the selfish DNA papers marked the beginning of the serious study of selfish genetic elements, the subsequent decades have seen an explosion in theoretical advances and empirical discoveries. Leda Cosmides and John Tooby wrote a landmark review about the conflict between maternally inherited cytoplasmic genes and biparentally inherited nuclear genes. The paper also provided a comprehensive introduction to the logic of genomic conflicts, foreshadowing many themes that would later be subject of much research. Then in 1988 John H. Werren and colleagues wrote the first major empirical review of the topic. This paper achieved three things. First, it coined the term selfish genetic element, putting an end to a sometimes confusingly diverse terminology (selfish genes, ultra-selfish genes, selfish DNA, parasitic DNA, genomic outlaws). Second, it formally defined the concept of selfish genetic elements. Finally, it was the first paper to bring together all different kinds of selfish genetic elements known at the time (genomic imprinting, for example, was not covered). In the late 1980s, most molecular biologists considered selfish genetic elements to be the exception, and that genomes were best thought of as highly integrated networks with a coherent effect on organismal fitness. In 2006, when Austin Burt and Robert Trivers published the first book-length treatment of the topic, the tide was changing. While their role in evolution long remained controversial, in a review published a century after their first discovery, William R. Rice concluded that "nothing in genetics makes sense except in the light of genomic conflicts". Logic Though selfish genetic elements show a remarkable diversity in the way they promote their own transmission, some generalizations about their biology can be made. In a classic 2001 review, Gregory D.D. Hurst and John H. Werren proposed two ‘rules' of selfish genetic elements. Rule 1: Spread requires sex and outbreeding Sexual reproduction involves the mixing of genes from two individuals. According to Mendel's Law of Segregation, alleles in a sexually reproducing organism have a 50% chance of being passed from parent to offspring. Meiosis is therefore sometimes referred to as "fair". Highly self-fertilizing or asexual genomes are expected to experience less conflict between selfish genetic elements and the rest of the host genome than outcrossing sexual genomes. There are several reasons for this. First, sex and outcrossing put selfish genetic elements into new genetic lineages. In contrast, in a highly selfing or asexual lineage, any selfish genetic element is essentially stuck in that lineage, which should increase variation in fitness among individuals. The increased variation should result in stronger purifying selection in selfers/asexuals, as a lineage without the selfish genetic elements should out-compete a lineage with the selfish genetic element. Second, the increased homozygosity in selfers removes the opportunity for competition among homologous alleles. Third, theoretical work has shown that the greater linkage disequilibrium in selfing compared to outcrossing genomes may in some, albeit rather limited, cases cause selection for reduced transposition rates. Overall, this reasoning leads to the prediction that asexuals/selfers should experience a lower load of selfish genetic elements. One caveat to this is that the evolution of selfing is associated with a reduction in the effective population size. A reduction in the effective population size should reduce the efficacy of selection and therefore leads to the opposite prediction: higher accumulation of selfish genetic elements in selfers relative to outcrossers. Empirical evidence for the importance of sex and outcrossing comes from a variety of selfish genetic elements, including transposable elements, self-promoting plasmids, and B chromosomes. Rule 2: Presence is often revealed in hybrids The presence of selfish genetic elements can be difficult to detect in natural populations. Instead, their phenotypic consequences often become apparent in hybrids. The first reason for this is that some selfish genetic elements rapidly sweep to fixation, and the phenotypic effects will therefore not be segregating in the population. Hybridization events, however, will produce offspring with and without the selfish genetic elements and so reveal their presence. The second reason is that host genomes have evolved mechanisms to suppress the activity of the selfish genetic elements, for example the small RNA administered silencing of transposable elements. The co-evolution between selfish genetic elements and their suppressors can be rapid, and follow a Red Queen dynamics, which may mask the presence of selfish genetic elements in a population. Hybrid offspring, on the other hand, may  inherit a given selfish genetic element, but not the corresponding suppressor and so reveal the phenotypic effect of the selfish genetic element. Examples Segregation distorters Segregation distorters (here shown in red) get transmitted to >50% of the gametes. Some selfish genetic elements manipulate the genetic transmission process to their own advantage, and so end up being overrepresented in the gametes. Such distortion can occur in various ways, and the umbrella term that encompasses all of them is segregation distortion. Some elements can preferentially be transmitted in egg cells as opposed to polar bodies during meiosis, where only the former will be fertilized and transmitted to the next generation. Any gene that can manipulate the odds of ending up in the egg rather than the polar body will have a transmission advantage, and will increase in frequency in a population. Segregation distortion can happen in several ways. When this process occurs during meiosis it is referred to as meiotic drive. Many forms of segregation distortion occur in male gamete formation, where there is differential mortality of spermatids during the process of sperm maturation or spermiogenesis. The segregation distorter (SD) in Drosophila melanogaster is the best studied example, and it involves a nuclear envelope protein Ran-GAP and the X-linked repeat array called Responder (Rsp), where the SD allele of Ran-GAP favors its own transmission only in the presence of a Rspsensitive allele on the homologous chromosome. SD acts to kill RSPsensitive sperm, in a post-meiotic process (hence it is not strictly speaking meiotic drive). Systems like this can have interesting rock-paper-scissors dynamics, oscillating between the SD-RSPinsensitive, SD+-RSPinsensitive and SD+-RSPsensitive haplotypes. The SD-RSPsensitive haplotype is not seen because it essentially commits suicide. When segregation distortion acts on sex chromosomes, they can skew the sex ratio. The SR system in Drosophila pseudoobscura, for example, is on the X chromosome, and XSR/Y males produce only daughters, whereas females undergo normal meiosis with Mendelian proportions of gametes. Segregation distortion systems would drive the favored allele to fixation, except that most of the cases where these systems have been identified have the driven allele opposed by some other selective force. One example is the lethality of the t-haplotype in mice, another is the effect on male fertility of the Sex Ratio system in D. pseudoobscura. Homing endonucleases Homing endonucleases can recognize a target sequence, cut it, and then use its own sequence as a template during double strand break repair. This converts a heterozygote into a homozygote. A phenomenon closely related to segregation distortion is homing endonucleases. These are enzymes that cut DNA in a sequence-specific way, and those cuts, generally double-strand breaks, are then "healed" by the regular DNA repair machinery. Homing endonucleases insert themselves into the genome at the site homologous to the first insertion site, resulting in a conversion of a heterozygote into a homozygote bearing a copy of the homing endonuclease on both homologous chromosomes. This gives homing endonucleases an allele frequency dynamics rather similar to a segregation distortion system, and generally unless opposed by strong countervailing selection, they are expected to go to fixation in a population. CRISPR-Cas9 technology allows the artificial construction of homing endonuclease systems. These so-called "gene drive" systems pose a combination of great promise for biocontrol but also potential risk. Transposable elements Transposable elements self-replicate through two main mechanisms: via an RNA intermediate ("copy-and-paste"; class 1) or straight excision-insertion ("cut-and-paste"; class 2). Transposable elements (TEs) include a wide variety of DNA sequences that all have the ability to move to new locations in the genome of their host. Transposons do this by a direct cut-and-paste mechanism, whereas retrotransposons need to produce an RNA intermediate to move. TEs were first discovered in maize by Barbara McClintock in the 1940s and their ability to occur in both active and quiescent states in the genome was also first elucidated by McClintock. TEs have been referred to as selfish genetic elements because they have some control over their own propagation in the genome. Most random insertions into the genome appear to be relatively innocuous, but they can disrupt critical gene functions with devastating results. For example, TEs have been linked to a variety of human diseases, ranging from cancer to haemophilia. TEs that tend to avoid disrupting vital functions in the genome tend to remain in the genome longer, and hence they are more likely to be found in innocuous locations. Both plant and animal hosts have evolved means for reducing the fitness impact of TEs, both by directly silencing them and by reducing their ability to transpose in the genome. It would appear that hosts in general are fairly tolerant of TEs in their genomes, since a sizable portion (30-80%) of the genome of many animals and plants is TEs. When the host is able to stop their movement, TEs can simply be frozen in place, and it then can take millions of years for them to mutate away. The fitness of a TE is a combination of its ability to expand in numbers within a genome, to evade host defenses, but also to avoid eroding host fitness too drastically. The effect of TEs in the genome is not entirely selfish. Because their insertion into the genome can disrupt gene function, sometimes those disruptions can have positive fitness value for the host. Many adaptive changes in Drosophila and dogs for example, are associated with TE insertions. B chromosomes B chromosomes refer to chromosomes that are not required for the viability or fertility of the organism, but exist in addition to the normal (A) set. They persist in the population and accumulate because they have the ability to propagate their own transmission independently of the A chromosomes. They often vary in copy number between individuals of the same species. B chromosomes were first detected over a century ago. Though typically smaller than normal chromosomes, their gene poor, heterochromatin-rich structure made them visible to early cytogenetic techniques. B chromosomes have been thoroughly studied and are estimated to occur in 15% of all eukaryotic species. In general, they appear to be particularly common among eudicot plants, rare in mammals, and absent in birds. In 1945, they were the subject of Gunnar Östergren's classic paper "Parasitic nature of extra fragment chromosomes", where he argues that the variation in abundance of B chromosomes between and within species is because of the parasitic properties of the Bs. This was the first time genetic material was referred to as "parasitic" or "selfish". B chromosome number correlates positively with genome size and has also been linked to a decrease in egg production in the grasshopper Eyprepocnemis plorans. Genetic conflicts often arise because not all genes are inherited in the same way. Examples include cytoplasmic male sterility (see Selfish mitochondria). While mitochondrial and chloroplast genes are generally maternally inherited, B chromosomes can be preferentially transmitted through both males and females. Selfish mitochondria Genomic conflicts often arise because not all genes are inherited in the same way. Probably the best example of this is the conflict between uniparentally (usually but not always, maternally) inherited mitochondrial and biparentally inherited nuclear genes. Indeed, one of the earliest clear statements about the possibility of genomic conflict was made by the English botanist Dan Lewis in reference to the conflict between maternally inherited mitochondrial and biparentally inherited nuclear genes over sex allocation in hermaphroditic plants. A single cell typically contains multiple mitochondria, creating a situation for competition over transmission. Uniparental inheritance has been suggested to be a way to reduce the opportunity for selfish mitochondria to spread, as it ensures all mitochondria share the same genome, thus removing the opportunity for competition. This view remains widely held, but has been challenged. Why inheritance ended up being maternal, rather than paternal, is also much debated, but one key hypothesis is that the mutation rate is lower in female compared to male gametes. The conflict between mitochondrial and nuclear genes is especially easy to study in flowering plants. Flowering plants are typically hermaphrodites, and the conflict thus occurs within a single individual. Mitochondrial genes are typically only transmitted through female gametes, and therefore from their point of view the production of pollen leads to an evolutionary dead end. Any mitochondrial mutation that can affect the amount of resources the plant invests in the female reproductive functions at the expense of the male reproductive functions improves its own chance of transmission. Cytoplasmic male sterility is the loss of male fertility, typically through loss of functional pollen production, resulting from a mitochondrial mutation. In many species where cytoplasmic male sterility occurs, the nuclear genome has evolved so-called restorer genes, which repress the effects of the cytoplasmic male sterility genes and restore the male function, making the plant a hermaphrodite again. The co-evolutionary arms race between selfish mitochondrial genes and nuclear compensatory alleles can often be detected by crossing individuals from different species that have different combinations of male sterility genes and nuclear restorers, resulting in hybrids with a mismatch. Another consequence of the maternal inheritance of the mitochondrial genome is the so-called Mother's Curse. Because genes in the mitochondrial genome are strictly maternally inherited, mutations that are beneficial in females can spread in a population even if they are deleterious in males. Explicit screens in fruit flies have successfully identified such female-neutral but male-harming mtDNA mutations. Furthermore, a 2017 paper showed how a mitochondrial mutation causing Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy, a male-biased eye disease, was brought over by one of the Filles du roi that arrived in Quebec, Canada, in the 17th century and subsequently spread among many descendants. Genomic imprinting Igf2 is an example of genomic imprinting. In mice, the insulin-like growth factor 2 gene, Igf2, which is linked to hormone production and increased offspring growth is paternally expressed (maternally silenced) and the insulin-like growth factor 2 receptor gene Igf2r, which binds the growth protein and so slows growth, is maternally expressed (paternally silenced). The offspring is normal sized when both genes are present, or both genes are absent. When the maternally expressed gene (Igf2r) is experimentally knocked out the offspring has an unusually large size, and when the paternally expressed gene (Igf2) is knocked out, the offspring is unusually small. Another sort of conflict that genomes face is that between the mother and father competing for control of gene expression in the offspring, including the complete silencing of one parental allele. Due to differences in methylation status of gametes, there is an inherent asymmetry to the maternal and paternal genomes that can be used to drive a differential parent-of-origin expression. This results in a violation of Mendel's rules at the level of expression, not transmission, but if the gene expression affects fitness, it can amount to a similar result. Imprinting seems like a maladaptive phenomenon, since it essentially means giving up diploidy, and heterozygotes for one defective allele are in trouble if the active allele is the one that is silenced. Several human diseases, such as Prader-Willi and Angelman syndromes, are associated with defects in imprinted genes. The asymmetry of maternal and paternal expression suggests that some kind of conflict between these two genomes might be driving the evolution of imprinting. In particular, several genes in placental mammals display expression of paternal genes that maximize offspring growth, and maternal genes that tend to keep that growth in check. Many other conflict-based theories about the evolution of genomic imprinting have been put forward. At the same time, genomic or sexual conflict are not the only possible mechanisms whereby imprinting can evolve. Several molecular mechanisms for genomic imprinting have been described, and all have the aspect that maternally and paternally derived alleles are made to have distinct epigenetic marks, in particular the degree of methylation of cytosines. An important point to note regarding genomic imprinting is that it is quite heterogeneous, with different mechanisms and different consequences of having single parent-of-origin expression. For example, examining the imprinting status of closely related species allows one to see that a gene that is moved by an inversion into close proximity of imprinted genes may itself acquire an imprinted status, even if there is no particular fitness consequence of the imprinting. Greenbeards A greenbeard gene is a gene that has the ability to recognize copies of itself in other individuals and then make its carrier act preferentially toward such individuals. The name itself comes from thought-experiment first presented by Bill Hamilton and then it was developed and given its current name by Richard Dawkins in The Selfish Gene. The point of the thought experiment was to highlight that from a gene's-eye view, it is not the genome-wide relatedness that matters (which is usually how kin selection operates, i.e. cooperative behavior is directed towards relatives), but the relatedness at the particular locus that underlies the social behavior. The simplest form of greenbeard mechanism. An individual with the greenbeard allele preferentially helps a fellow greenbeard individual. Following Dawkins, a greenbeard is usually defined as a gene, or set of closely linked genes, that has three effects: It gives carriers of the gene a phenotypic label, such as a greenbeard. The carrier is able to recognize other individuals with the same label. The carrier then behaves altruistically towards individuals with the same label. Greenbeards were long thought to be a fun theoretical idea, with limited possibility of them actually existing in nature. However, since its conception, several examples have been identified, including in yeast, slime moulds, and fire ants.   There has been some debate whether greenbeard genes should be considered selfish genetic elements. Conflict between a greenbeard locus and the rest of the genome can arise because during a given social interaction between two individuals, the relatedness at the greenbeard locus can be higher than at other loci in the genome. As a consequence, it may in the interest of the greenbeard locus to perform a costly social act, but not in the interest of the rest of the genome. In conjunction with selfish genetic elements, greenbeard selection has also been used as a theoretical explanation for suicide. Consequences to the host Species extinction Perhaps one of the clearest ways to see that the process of natural selection does not always have organismal fitness as the sole driver is when selfish genetic elements have their way without restriction. In such cases, selfish elements can, in principle, result in species extinction. This possibility was pointed out already in 1928 by Sergey Gershenson and then in 1967, Bill Hamilton developed a formal population genetic model for a case of segregation distortion of sex chromosomes driving a population to extinction. In particular, if a selfish element should be able to direct the production of sperm, such that males bearing the element on the Y chromosome would produce an excess of Y-bearing sperm, then in the absence of any countervailing force, this would ultimately result in the Y chromosome going to fixation in the population, producing an extremely male-biased sex ratio. In ecologically challenged species, such biased sex ratios imply that the conversion of resources to offspring becomes very inefficient, to the point of risking extinction. Speciation Selfish genetic elements have been shown to play a role in speciation. This could happen because the presence of selfish genetic elements can result in changes in morphology and/or life history, but ways by which the co-evolution between selfish genetic elements and their suppressors can cause reproductive isolation through so-called Bateson–Dobzhansky–Muller incompatibilities has received particular attention. An early striking example of hybrid dysgenesis induced by a selfish genetic element was the P element in Drosophila. If males carrying the P element were crossed to females lacking it, the resulting offspring suffered from reduced fitness. However, offspring of the reciprocal cross were normal, as would be expected since piRNAs are maternally inherited. The P element is typically present only in wild strains, and not in lab strains of D. melanogaster, as the latter were collected before the P elements were introduced into the species, probably from a closely related Drosophila species. The P element story is also a good example of how the rapid co-evolution between selfish genetic elements and their silencers can lead to incompatibilities on short evolutionary time scales, as little as within a few decades. Several other examples of selfish genetic elements causing reproductive isolation have since been demonstrated. Crossing different species of Arabidopsis results in both higher activity of transposable elements and disruption in imprinting, both of which have been linked to fitness reduction in the resulting hybrids. Hybrid dysgenesis has also been shown to be caused by centromeric drive in barley and in several species of angiosperms by mito-nuclear conflict. Genome-size variation Attempts to understand the extraordinary variation in genome size (C-value)—animals vary 7,000 fold and land plants some 2,400-fold—has a long history in biology. However, this variation is poorly correlated with gene number or any measure of organismal complexity, which led CA Thomas to coin the term C-value paradox in 1971. The discovery of non-coding DNA resolved some of the paradox, and most current researchers now use the term "C-value enigma". Two kinds of selfish genetic elements in particular have been shown to contribute to genome-size variation: B chromosomes and transposable elements. The contribution of transposable elements to the genome is especially well studied in plants. A striking example is how the genome of the model organism Arabidopsis thaliana contains the same number of genes as that of the Norwegian spruce (Picea abies), around 30,000, but accumulation of transposons means that the genome of the latter is some 100 times larger. Transposable element abundance has also been shown to cause the unusually large genomes found in salamanders. The presence of an abundance of transposable elements in many eukaryotic genomes was a central theme of the original selfish DNA papers mentioned above (See Conceptual developments). Most people quickly accepted the central message of those papers, that the existence of transposable elements can be explained by selfish selection at the gene level and there is no need to invoke individual level selection. However, the idea that organisms keep transposable elements around as genetic reservoir to "speed up evolution" or for other regulatory functions persists in some quarters. In 2012, when the ENCODE Project published a paper claiming that 80% of the human genome can be assigned a function, a claim interpreted by many as the death of the idea of junk DNA, this debate was reignited. Applications in agriculture and biotechnology Cytoplasmic male sterility in plant breeding A common problem for plant breeders is unwanted self-fertilization. This is particularly a problem when breeders try to cross two different strains to create a new hybrid strain. One way to avoid this is manual emasculation, i.e. physically removing anthers to render the individual male sterile. Cytoplasmic male sterility offers an alternative to this laborious exercise. Breeders cross a strain that carries a cytoplasmic male sterility mutation with a strain that does not, the latter acting as the pollen donor. If the hybrid offspring are to be harvested for their seed (like maize), and therefore needs to be male fertile, the parental strains need to be homozygous for the restorer allele. In contrast, in species that harvested for their vegetable parts, like onions, this is not an issue. This technique has been used in a wide variety of crops, including rice, maize, sunflower, wheat, and cotton. PiggyBac vectors While many transposable elements seem to do no good for the host, some transposable elements have been "tamed" by molecular biologists so that the elements can be made to insert and excise at the will of the scientist. Such elements are especially useful for doing genetic manipulations, like inserting foreign DNA into the genomes of a variety of organisms. One excellent example of this is PiggyBac, a transposable element that can efficiently move between cloning vectors and chromosomes using a "cut and paste" mechanism. The investigator constructs a PiggyBac element with the desired payload spliced in, and a second element (the PiggyBac transposase), located on another plasmid vector, can be co-transfected into the target cell. The PiggyBac transposase cuts at the inverted terminal repeat sequences located on both ends of the PiggyBac vector and efficiently moves the contents from the original sites and integrates them into chromosomal positions where the sequence TTAA is found. The three things that make PiggyBac so useful are the remarkably high efficiency of this cut-and-paste operation, its ability to take payloads up to 200 kb in size, and its ability to leave a perfectly seamless cut from a genomic site, leaving no sequences or mutations behind. CRISPR gene drive and homing endonuclease systems CRISPR allows the construction of artificial homing endonucleases, where the construct produces guide RNAs that cut the target gene, and homologous flanking sequences then allow insertion of the same construct harboring the Cas9 gene and the guide RNAs. Such gene drives ought to have the ability to rapidly spread in a population (see Gene-drive systems), and one practical application of such a system that has been proposed is to apply it to a pest population, greatly reducing its numbers or even driving it extinct. This has not yet been attempted in the field, but gene drive constructs have been tested in the lab, and the ability to insert into the wild-type homologous allele in heterozygotes for the gene drive has been demonstrated. Unfortunately, the double-strand break that is introduced by Cas9 can be corrected by homology directed repair, which would make a perfect copy of the drive, or by non-homologous end joining, which would produce "resistant" alleles unable to further propagate themselves. When Cas9 is expressed outside of meiosis, it seems like non-homologous end joining predominates, making this the biggest hurdle to practical application of gene drives. Mathematical theory Much of the confusion regarding ideas about selfish genetic elements center on the use of language and the way the elements and their evolutionary dynamics are described. Mathematical models allow the assumptions and the rules to be given a priori for establishing mathematical statements about the expected dynamics of the elements in populations. The consequences of having such elements in genomes can then be explored objectively. The mathematics can define very crisply the different classes of elements by their precise behavior within a population, sidestepping any distracting verbiage about the inner hopes and desires of greedy selfish genes. There are many good examples of this approach, and this article focuses on segregation distorters, gene drive systems and transposable elements. Segregation distorters The mouse t-allele is a classic example of a segregation distorter system that has been modeled in great detail. Heterozygotes for a t-haplotype produce >90% of their gametes bearing the t (see Segregation distorters), and homozygotes for a t-haplotype die as embryos. This can result in a stable polymorphism, with an equilibrium frequency that depends on the drive strength and direct fitness impacts of t-haplotypes. This is a common theme in the mathematics of segregation distorters:virtually every example we know entails a countervailing selective effect, without which the allele with biased transmission would go to fixation and the segregation distortion would no longer be manifested. Whenever sex chromosomes undergo segregation distortion, the population sex ratio is altered, making these systems particularly interesting. Two classic examples of segregation distortion involving sex chromosomes include the "Sex Ratio" X chromosomes of Drosophila pseudoobscura and Y chromosome drive suppressors of Drosophila mediopunctata. A crucial point about the theory of segregation distorters is that just because there are fitness effects acting against the distorter, this does not guarantee that there will be a stable polymorphism. In fact, some sex chromosome drivers can produce frequency dynamics with wild oscillations and cycles. Gene-drive systems The idea of spreading a gene into a population as a means of population control is actually quite old, and models for the dynamics of introduced compound chromosomes date back to the 1970s. Subsequently, the population genetics theory for homing endonucleases and CRISPR-based gene drives has become much more advanced. An important component of modeling these processes in natural populations is to consider the genetic response in the target population. For one thing, any natural population will harbor standing genetic variation, and that variation might well include polymorphism in the sequences homologous to the guide RNAs, or the homology arms that are meant to direct the repair. In addition, different hosts and different constructs may have quite different rates of non-homologous end joining, the form of repair that results in broken or resistant alleles that no longer spread. Full accommodation of the host factors presents considerable challenge for getting a gene drive construct to go to fixation, and Unckless and colleagues show that in fact the current constructs are quite far from being able to attain even moderate frequencies in natural populations. This is another excellent example showing that just because an element appears to have a strong selfish transmission advantage, whether it can successfully spread may depend on subtle configurations of other parameters in the population. Transposable elements To model the dynamics of transposable elements (TEs) within a genome, one has to realize that the elements behave like a population within each genome, and they can jump from one haploid genome to another by horizontal transfer. The mathematics has to describe the rates and dependencies of these transfer events. It was observed early on that the rate of jumping of many TEs varies with copy number, and so the first models simply used an empirical function for the rate of transposition. This had the advantage that it could be measured by experiments in the lab, but it left open the question of why the rate differs among elements and differs with copy number. Stan Sawyer and Daniel L. Hartl fitted models of this sort to a variety of bacterial TEs, and obtained quite good fits between copy number and transmission rate and the population-wide incidence of the TEs. TEs in higher organisms, like Drosophila, have a very different dynamics because of sex, and Brian Charlesworth, Deborah Charlesworth, Charles Langley, John Brookfield and others modeled TE copy number evolution in Drosophila and other species. What is impressive about all these modeling efforts is how well they fitted empirical data, given that this was decades before discovery of the fact that the host fly has a powerful defense mechanism in the form of piRNAs. Incorporation of host defense along with TE dynamics into evolutionary models of TE regulation is still in its infancy. See also C-value enigma Endogenous retrovirus Gene-centered view of evolution Genome size Intragenomic conflict Introns: introns as mobile genetic elements Junk DNA Mobile genetic elements Mutation Noncoding DNA Retrotransposon Transposable element References This article was adapted from the following source under a CC BY 4.0 license (2018) (reviewer reports): J Arvid Ågren; Andrew G. 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Res. 42: 1–27. doi:10.1017/S0016672300021455. ^ Lu J, Clark AG (February 2010). "Population dynamics of PIWI-interacting RNAs (piRNAs) and their targets in Drosophila". Genome Research. 20 (2): 212–27. doi:10.1101/gr.095406.109. PMC 2813477. PMID 19948818. Further reading Burt A, Trivers R (2006). Genes in conflict: the biology of selfish genetic elements. Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-02722-0.
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:21-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"vulnerable to selfish behaviour by their parts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tragedy_of_the_commons"},{"link_name":"gene-centred views of evolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene-centred_views_of_evolution"},{"link_name":"George Williams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_C._Williams_(biologist)"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-7"},{"link_name":"Richard Dawkins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Dawkins"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TSG-8"},{"link_name":"Leslie Orgel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leslie_Orgel"},{"link_name":"Francis Crick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Crick"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-9"},{"link_name":"Ford Doolittle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ford_Doolittle"},{"link_name":"Carmen Sapienza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carmen_Sapienza&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:30-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"text":"Genetic segments that can enhance their own transmission at the expense of other genesSelfish genetic elements (historically also referred to as selfish genes, ultra-selfish genes, selfish DNA, parasitic DNA and genomic outlaws) are genetic segments that can enhance their own transmission at the expense of other genes in the genome, even if this has no positive or a net negative effect on organismal fitness.[1][2][3][4][5][6] Genomes have traditionally been viewed as cohesive units, with genes acting together to improve the fitness of the organism. However, when genes have some control over their own transmission, the rules can change, and so just like all social groups, genomes are vulnerable to selfish behaviour by their parts.Early observations of selfish genetic elements were made almost a century ago, but the topic did not get widespread attention until several decades later. Inspired by the gene-centred views of evolution popularized by George Williams[7] and Richard Dawkins,[8] two papers were published back-to-back in Nature in 1980 – by Leslie Orgel and Francis Crick[9] and by Ford Doolittle and Carmen Sapienza[10] – introducing the concept of selfish genetic elements (at the time called \"selfish DNA\") to the wider scientific community. Both papers emphasized that genes can spread in a population regardless of their effect on organismal fitness as long as they have a transmission advantage.Selfish genetic elements have now been described in most groups of organisms, and they demonstrate a remarkable diversity in the ways by which they promote their own transmission.[11] Though long dismissed as genetic curiosities, with little relevance for evolution, they are now recognized to affect a wide swath of biological processes, ranging from genome size and architecture to speciation.[12]","title":"Selfish genetic element"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"history of genetics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_genetics"},{"link_name":"Sergey Gershenson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sergey_Gershenson&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"X chromosome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X_chromosome"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:5-13"},{"link_name":"Species extinction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Species_extinction"},{"link_name":"Gunnar Östergren","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gunnar_%C3%96stergren&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:6-14"},{"link_name":"B chromosomes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B_chromosome"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:6-14"},{"link_name":"Marcus Rhoades","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcus_Morton_Rhoades"},{"link_name":"meiotic drive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meiotic_drive"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"intragenomic conflict","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intragenomic_conflict"},{"link_name":"uniparentally inherited","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uniparental_inheritance"},{"link_name":"cytoplasmic male sterility","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cytoplasmic_male_sterility"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:7-16"},{"link_name":"Barbara McClintock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbara_McClintock"},{"link_name":"transposable elements","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transposable_element"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:8-17"},{"link_name":"Nobel Prize in Medicine or Physiology in 1983","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicine"}],"sub_title":"Early observations","text":"Observations of what is now referred to as selfish genetic elements go back to the early days in the history of genetics. Already in 1928, Russian geneticist Sergey Gershenson reported the discovery of a driving X chromosome in Drosophila obscura.[13] Crucially, he noted that the resulting female-biased sex ratio may drive a population extinct (see Species extinction). The earliest clear statement of how chromosomes may spread in a population not because of their positive fitness effects on the individual organism, but because of their own \"parasitic\" nature came from the Swedish botanist and cytogeneticist Gunnar Östergren in 1945.[14] Discussing B chromosomes in plants he wrote:[14]In many cases these chromosomes have no useful function at all to the species carrying them, but that they often lead an exclusively parasitic existence ... [B chromosomes] need not be useful for the plants. They need only be useful to themselves.Around the same time, several other examples of selfish genetic elements were reported. For example, the American maize geneticist Marcus Rhoades described how chromosomal knobs led to female meiotic drive in maize.[15] Similarly, this was also when it was first suggested that an intragenomic conflict between uniparentally inherited mitochondrial genes and biparentally inherited nuclear genes could lead to cytoplasmic male sterility in plants.[16] Then, in the early 1950s, Barbara McClintock published a series of papers describing the existence of transposable elements, which are now recognized to be among the most successful selfish genetic elements.[17] The discovery of transposable elements led to her being awarded the Nobel Prize in Medicine or Physiology in 1983.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:25-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:25-18"},{"link_name":"RA Fisher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RA_Fisher"},{"link_name":"W. D. Hamilton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W._D._Hamilton"},{"link_name":"George Williams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_C._Williams_(biologist)"},{"link_name":"Adaptation and Natural Selection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adaptation_and_Natural_Selection"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-7"},{"link_name":"Richard Dawkins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Dawkins"},{"link_name":"The Selfish Gene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Selfish_Gene"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TSG-8"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TSG-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-10"},{"link_name":"C-value paradox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C-value"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"}],"sub_title":"Conceptual developments","text":"The empirical study of selfish genetic elements benefited greatly from the emergence of the so-called gene-centred view of evolution in the nineteen sixties and seventies.[18] In contrast with Darwin's original formulation of the theory of evolution by natural selection that focused on individual organisms, the gene's-eye view takes the gene to be the central unit of selection in evolution.[19] It conceives evolution by natural selection as a process involving two separate entities: replicators (entities that produce faithful copies of themselves, usually genes) and vehicles (or interactors; entities that interact with the ecological environment, usually organisms).[20][21][22]Since organisms are temporary occurrences, present in one generation and gone in the next, genes (replicators) are the only entity faithfully transmitted from parent to offspring. Viewing evolution as a struggle between competing replicators made it easier to recognize that not all genes in an organism would share the same evolutionary fate.[18]The gene's-eye view was a synthesis of the population genetic models of the modern synthesis, in particular the work of RA Fisher, and the social evolution models of W. D. Hamilton. The view was popularized by George Williams's Adaptation and Natural Selection[7] and Richard Dawkins's best seller The Selfish Gene.[8] Dawkins summarized a key benefit from the gene's-eye view as follows:\"If we allow ourselves the license of talking about genes as if they had conscious aims, always reassuring ourselves that we could translate our sloppy language back into respectable terms if we wanted to, we can ask the question, what is a single selfish gene trying to do?\" — Richard Dawkins, The Selfish Gene[8]: p. 88In 1980, two high-profile papers published back-to-back in Nature by Leslie Orgel and Francis Crick, and by Ford Doolittle and Carmen Sapienza, brought the study of selfish genetic elements to the centre of biological debate.[9][10] The papers took their starting point in the contemporary debate of the so-called C-value paradox, the lack of correlation between genome size and perceived complexity of a species. Both papers attempted to counter the prevailing view of the time that the presence of differential amounts of non-coding DNA and transposable elements is best explained from the perspective of individual fitness, described as the \"phenotypic paradigm\" by Doolittle and Sapienza. Instead, the authors argued that much of the genetic material in eukaryotic genomes persists, not because of its phenotypic effects, but can be understood from a gene's-eye view, without invoking individual-level explanations. The two papers led to a series of exchanges in Nature.[23][24][25][26]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Leda Cosmides","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leda_Cosmides"},{"link_name":"John Tooby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Tooby"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:20-27"},{"link_name":"John H. Werren","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John_H._Werren&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"genomic imprinting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomic_imprinting"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:30-11"},{"link_name":"Austin Burt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Austin_Burt&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Robert Trivers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Trivers"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:30-11"},{"link_name":"William R. Rice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=William_R._Rice&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"}],"sub_title":"Current views","text":"If the selfish DNA papers marked the beginning of the serious study of selfish genetic elements, the subsequent decades have seen an explosion in theoretical advances and empirical discoveries. Leda Cosmides and John Tooby wrote a landmark review about the conflict between maternally inherited cytoplasmic genes and biparentally inherited nuclear genes.[27] The paper also provided a comprehensive introduction to the logic of genomic conflicts, foreshadowing many themes that would later be subject of much research. Then in 1988 John H. Werren and colleagues wrote the first major empirical review of the topic.[1] This paper achieved three things. First, it coined the term selfish genetic element, putting an end to a sometimes confusingly diverse terminology (selfish genes, ultra-selfish genes, selfish DNA, parasitic DNA, genomic outlaws). Second, it formally defined the concept of selfish genetic elements. Finally, it was the first paper to bring together all different kinds of selfish genetic elements known at the time (genomic imprinting, for example, was not covered).[1]In the late 1980s, most molecular biologists considered selfish genetic elements to be the exception, and that genomes were best thought of as highly integrated networks with a coherent effect on organismal fitness.[1][11] In 2006, when Austin Burt and Robert Trivers published the first book-length treatment of the topic, the tide was changing.[11] While their role in evolution long remained controversial, in a review published a century after their first discovery, William R. Rice concluded that \"nothing in genetics makes sense except in the light of genomic conflicts\".[28]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-4"}],"text":"Though selfish genetic elements show a remarkable diversity in the way they promote their own transmission, some generalizations about their biology can be made. In a classic 2001 review, Gregory D.D. Hurst and John H. Werren proposed two ‘rules' of selfish genetic elements.[4]","title":"Logic"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mendel's Law of Segregation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mendelian_inheritance"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:13-33"},{"link_name":"effective population size","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Effective_population_size"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"}],"sub_title":"Rule 1: Spread requires sex and outbreeding","text":"Sexual reproduction involves the mixing of genes from two individuals. According to Mendel's Law of Segregation, alleles in a sexually reproducing organism have a 50% chance of being passed from parent to offspring. Meiosis is therefore sometimes referred to as \"fair\".[29]Highly self-fertilizing or asexual genomes are expected to experience less conflict between selfish genetic elements and the rest of the host genome than outcrossing sexual genomes.[30][31][32] There are several reasons for this. First, sex and outcrossing put selfish genetic elements into new genetic lineages. In contrast, in a highly selfing or asexual lineage, any selfish genetic element is essentially stuck in that lineage, which should increase variation in fitness among individuals. The increased variation should result in stronger purifying selection in selfers/asexuals, as a lineage without the selfish genetic elements should out-compete a lineage with the selfish genetic element. Second, the increased homozygosity in selfers removes the opportunity for competition among homologous alleles. Third, theoretical work has shown that the greater linkage disequilibrium in selfing compared to outcrossing genomes may in some, albeit rather limited, cases cause selection for reduced transposition rates.[33] Overall, this reasoning leads to the prediction that asexuals/selfers should experience a lower load of selfish genetic elements. One caveat to this is that the evolution of selfing is associated with a reduction in the effective population size.[34] A reduction in the effective population size should reduce the efficacy of selection and therefore leads to the opposite prediction: higher accumulation of selfish genetic elements in selfers relative to outcrossers.Empirical evidence for the importance of sex and outcrossing comes from a variety of selfish genetic elements, including transposable elements,[35][36] self-promoting plasmids,[37] and B chromosomes.[38]","title":"Logic"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"Red Queen dynamics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Queen_hypothesis"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:9-40"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:10-41"}],"sub_title":"Rule 2: Presence is often revealed in hybrids","text":"The presence of selfish genetic elements can be difficult to detect in natural populations. Instead, their phenotypic consequences often become apparent in hybrids. The first reason for this is that some selfish genetic elements rapidly sweep to fixation, and the phenotypic effects will therefore not be segregating in the population. Hybridization events, however, will produce offspring with and without the selfish genetic elements and so reveal their presence. The second reason is that host genomes have evolved mechanisms to suppress the activity of the selfish genetic elements, for example the small RNA administered silencing of transposable elements.[39] The co-evolution between selfish genetic elements and their suppressors can be rapid, and follow a Red Queen dynamics, which may mask the presence of selfish genetic elements in a population. Hybrid offspring, on the other hand, may  inherit a given selfish genetic element, but not the corresponding suppressor and so reveal the phenotypic effect of the selfish genetic element.[40][41]","title":"Logic"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Examples"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Segregation_distorters.png"},{"link_name":"genetic transmission process","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transmission_(genetics)"},{"link_name":"polar bodies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polar_body"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:21-5"},{"link_name":"meiotic drive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meiotic_drive"},{"link_name":"spermiogenesis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spermiogenesis"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:26-43"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:26-43"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:11-47"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:14-49"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:11-47"}],"sub_title":"Segregation distorters","text":"Segregation distorters (here shown in red) get transmitted to >50% of the gametes.Some selfish genetic elements manipulate the genetic transmission process to their own advantage, and so end up being overrepresented in the gametes. Such distortion can occur in various ways, and the umbrella term that encompasses all of them is segregation distortion. Some elements can preferentially be transmitted in egg cells as opposed to polar bodies during meiosis, where only the former will be fertilized and transmitted to the next generation. Any gene that can manipulate the odds of ending up in the egg rather than the polar body will have a transmission advantage, and will increase in frequency in a population.[5]Segregation distortion can happen in several ways. When this process occurs during meiosis it is referred to as meiotic drive. Many forms of segregation distortion occur in male gamete formation, where there is differential mortality of spermatids during the process of sperm maturation or spermiogenesis. The segregation distorter (SD) in Drosophila melanogaster is the best studied example, and it involves a nuclear envelope protein Ran-GAP and the X-linked repeat array called Responder (Rsp), where the SD allele of Ran-GAP favors its own transmission only in the presence of a Rspsensitive allele on the homologous chromosome.[42][43][44][45][46] SD acts to kill RSPsensitive sperm, in a post-meiotic process (hence it is not strictly speaking meiotic drive). Systems like this can have interesting rock-paper-scissors dynamics, oscillating between the SD-RSPinsensitive, SD+-RSPinsensitive and SD+-RSPsensitive haplotypes. The SD-RSPsensitive haplotype is not seen because it essentially commits suicide.[43]When segregation distortion acts on sex chromosomes, they can skew the sex ratio. The SR system in Drosophila pseudoobscura, for example, is on the X chromosome, and XSR/Y males produce only daughters, whereas females undergo normal meiosis with Mendelian proportions of gametes.[47][48] Segregation distortion systems would drive the favored allele to fixation, except that most of the cases where these systems have been identified have the driven allele opposed by some other selective force. One example is the lethality of the t-haplotype in mice,[49] another is the effect on male fertility of the Sex Ratio system in D. pseudoobscura.[47]","title":"Examples"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Homing_endonucleases.png"},{"link_name":"homing endonucleases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homing_endonuclease"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:15-50"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"},{"link_name":"CRISPR-Cas9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CRISPR"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:16-53"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:17-54"}],"sub_title":"Homing endonucleases","text":"Homing endonucleases can recognize a target sequence, cut it, and then use its own sequence as a template during double strand break repair. This converts a heterozygote into a homozygote.A phenomenon closely related to segregation distortion is homing endonucleases.[50][51][52] These are enzymes that cut DNA in a sequence-specific way, and those cuts, generally double-strand breaks, are then \"healed\" by the regular DNA repair machinery. Homing endonucleases insert themselves into the genome at the site homologous to the first insertion site, resulting in a conversion of a heterozygote into a homozygote bearing a copy of the homing endonuclease on both homologous chromosomes. This gives homing endonucleases an allele frequency dynamics rather similar to a segregation distortion system, and generally unless opposed by strong countervailing selection, they are expected to go to fixation in a population. CRISPR-Cas9 technology allows the artificial construction of homing endonuclease systems. These so-called \"gene drive\" systems pose a combination of great promise for biocontrol but also potential risk.[53][54]","title":"Examples"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Transposable_elements_(2).png"},{"link_name":"Barbara McClintock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbara_McClintock"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:8-17"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:29-57"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:29-57"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:18-58"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:19-59"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-60"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-61"}],"sub_title":"Transposable elements","text":"Transposable elements self-replicate through two main mechanisms: via an RNA intermediate (\"copy-and-paste\"; class 1) or straight excision-insertion (\"cut-and-paste\"; class 2).Transposable elements (TEs) include a wide variety of DNA sequences that all have the ability to move to new locations in the genome of their host. Transposons do this by a direct cut-and-paste mechanism, whereas retrotransposons need to produce an RNA intermediate to move. TEs were first discovered in maize by Barbara McClintock in the 1940s[17] and their ability to occur in both active and quiescent states in the genome was also first elucidated by McClintock.[55] TEs have been referred to as selfish genetic elements because they have some control over their own propagation in the genome. Most random insertions into the genome appear to be relatively innocuous, but they can disrupt critical gene functions with devastating results.[56] For example, TEs have been linked to a variety of human diseases, ranging from cancer to haemophilia.[57] TEs that tend to avoid disrupting vital functions in the genome tend to remain in the genome longer, and hence they are more likely to be found in innocuous locations.[57]Both plant and animal hosts have evolved means for reducing the fitness impact of TEs, both by directly silencing them and by reducing their ability to transpose in the genome. It would appear that hosts in general are fairly tolerant of TEs in their genomes, since a sizable portion (30-80%) of the genome of many animals and plants is TEs.[58][59] When the host is able to stop their movement, TEs can simply be frozen in place, and it then can take millions of years for them to mutate away. The fitness of a TE is a combination of its ability to expand in numbers within a genome, to evade host defenses, but also to avoid eroding host fitness too drastically. The effect of TEs in the genome is not entirely selfish. Because their insertion into the genome can disrupt gene function, sometimes those disruptions can have positive fitness value for the host. Many adaptive changes in Drosophila[60] and dogs[61] for example, are associated with TE insertions.","title":"Examples"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"B chromosomes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B_chromosome"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-62"},{"link_name":"when?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-63"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-64"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:6-14"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:12-65"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-66"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cell_with_transmission_patterns.png"},{"link_name":"Selfish mitochondria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Selfish_mitochondria"}],"sub_title":"B chromosomes","text":"B chromosomes refer to chromosomes that are not required for the viability or fertility of the organism, but exist in addition to the normal (A) set.[62] They persist in the population and accumulate because they have the ability to propagate their own transmission independently of the A chromosomes. They often vary in copy number between individuals of the same species.B chromosomes were first detected over a century ago.[when?][63] Though typically smaller than normal chromosomes, their gene poor, heterochromatin-rich structure made them visible to early cytogenetic techniques. B chromosomes have been thoroughly studied and are estimated to occur in 15% of all eukaryotic species.[64] In general, they appear to be particularly common among eudicot plants, rare in mammals, and absent in birds. In 1945, they were the subject of Gunnar Östergren's classic paper \"Parasitic nature of extra fragment chromosomes\", where he argues that the variation in abundance of B chromosomes between and within species is because of the parasitic properties of the Bs.[14] This was the first time genetic material was referred to as \"parasitic\" or \"selfish\". B chromosome number correlates positively with genome size[65] and has also been linked to a decrease in egg production in the grasshopper Eyprepocnemis plorans.[66]Genetic conflicts often arise because not all genes are inherited in the same way. Examples include cytoplasmic male sterility (see Selfish mitochondria). While mitochondrial and chloroplast genes are generally maternally inherited, B chromosomes can be preferentially transmitted through both males and females.","title":"Examples"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"uniparentally","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uniparental_inheritance"},{"link_name":"hermaphroditic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermaphrodite"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:7-16"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:20-27"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-67"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-68"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-69"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-70"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-71"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-72"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-73"},{"link_name":"Cytoplasmic male sterility","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cytoplasmic_male_sterility"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-74"},{"link_name":"[75]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-75"},{"link_name":"[76]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-76"},{"link_name":"[77]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-77"},{"link_name":"Mother's Curse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mother%27s_curse"},{"link_name":"[78]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-78"},{"link_name":"[79]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-79"},{"link_name":"[80]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-80"},{"link_name":"[81]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-81"},{"link_name":"Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leber%27s_hereditary_optic_neuropathy"},{"link_name":"Filles du roi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King%27s_Daughters"},{"link_name":"[82]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-82"}],"sub_title":"Selfish mitochondria","text":"Genomic conflicts often arise because not all genes are inherited in the same way. Probably the best example of this is the conflict between uniparentally (usually but not always, maternally) inherited mitochondrial and biparentally inherited nuclear genes. Indeed, one of the earliest clear statements about the possibility of genomic conflict was made by the English botanist Dan Lewis in reference to the conflict between maternally inherited mitochondrial and biparentally inherited nuclear genes over sex allocation in hermaphroditic plants.[16]A single cell typically contains multiple mitochondria, creating a situation for competition over transmission. Uniparental inheritance has been suggested to be a way to reduce the opportunity for selfish mitochondria to spread, as it ensures all mitochondria share the same genome, thus removing the opportunity for competition.[27][67][68] This view remains widely held, but has been challenged.[69] Why inheritance ended up being maternal, rather than paternal, is also much debated, but one key hypothesis is that the mutation rate is lower in female compared to male gametes.[70]The conflict between mitochondrial and nuclear genes is especially easy to study in flowering plants.[71][72] Flowering plants are typically hermaphrodites,[73] and the conflict thus occurs within a single individual. Mitochondrial genes are typically only transmitted through female gametes, and therefore from their point of view the production of pollen leads to an evolutionary dead end. Any mitochondrial mutation that can affect the amount of resources the plant invests in the female reproductive functions at the expense of the male reproductive functions improves its own chance of transmission. Cytoplasmic male sterility is the loss of male fertility, typically through loss of functional pollen production, resulting from a mitochondrial mutation.[74] In many species where cytoplasmic male sterility occurs, the nuclear genome has evolved so-called restorer genes, which repress the effects of the cytoplasmic male sterility genes and restore the male function, making the plant a hermaphrodite again.[75][76]The co-evolutionary arms race between selfish mitochondrial genes and nuclear compensatory alleles can often be detected by crossing individuals from different species that have different combinations of male sterility genes and nuclear restorers, resulting in hybrids with a mismatch.[77]Another consequence of the maternal inheritance of the mitochondrial genome is the so-called Mother's Curse.[78] Because genes in the mitochondrial genome are strictly maternally inherited, mutations that are beneficial in females can spread in a population even if they are deleterious in males.[79] Explicit screens in fruit flies have successfully identified such female-neutral but male-harming mtDNA mutations.[80][81] Furthermore, a 2017 paper showed how a mitochondrial mutation causing Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy, a male-biased eye disease, was brought over by one of the Filles du roi that arrived in Quebec, Canada, in the 17th century and subsequently spread among many descendants.[82]","title":"Examples"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Imprt.png"},{"link_name":"[83]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-83"},{"link_name":"[84]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:22-84"},{"link_name":"Prader-Willi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prader%E2%80%93Willi_syndrome"},{"link_name":"Angelman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angelman_syndrome"},{"link_name":"[85]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-85"},{"link_name":"[86]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-86"},{"link_name":"[84]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:22-84"},{"link_name":"[84]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:22-84"}],"sub_title":"Genomic imprinting","text":"Igf2 is an example of genomic imprinting. In mice, the insulin-like growth factor 2 gene, Igf2, which is linked to hormone production and increased offspring growth is paternally expressed (maternally silenced) and the insulin-like growth factor 2 receptor gene Igf2r, which binds the growth protein and so slows growth, is maternally expressed (paternally silenced). The offspring is normal sized when both genes are present, or both genes are absent. When the maternally expressed gene (Igf2r) is experimentally knocked out the offspring has an unusually large size, and when the paternally expressed gene (Igf2) is knocked out, the offspring is unusually small.[83]Another sort of conflict that genomes face is that between the mother and father competing for control of gene expression in the offspring, including the complete silencing of one parental allele. Due to differences in methylation status of gametes, there is an inherent asymmetry to the maternal and paternal genomes that can be used to drive a differential parent-of-origin expression. This results in a violation of Mendel's rules at the level of expression, not transmission, but if the gene expression affects fitness, it can amount to a similar result.[84]Imprinting seems like a maladaptive phenomenon, since it essentially means giving up diploidy, and heterozygotes for one defective allele are in trouble if the active allele is the one that is silenced. Several human diseases, such as Prader-Willi and Angelman syndromes, are associated with defects in imprinted genes. The asymmetry of maternal and paternal expression suggests that some kind of conflict between these two genomes might be driving the evolution of imprinting. In particular, several genes in placental mammals display expression of paternal genes that maximize offspring growth, and maternal genes that tend to keep that growth in check. Many other conflict-based theories about the evolution of genomic imprinting have been put forward.[85][86]At the same time, genomic or sexual conflict are not the only possible mechanisms whereby imprinting can evolve.[84] Several molecular mechanisms for genomic imprinting have been described, and all have the aspect that maternally and paternally derived alleles are made to have distinct epigenetic marks, in particular the degree of methylation of cytosines. An important point to note regarding genomic imprinting is that it is quite heterogeneous, with different mechanisms and different consequences of having single parent-of-origin expression. For example, examining the imprinting status of closely related species allows one to see that a gene that is moved by an inversion into close proximity of imprinted genes may itself acquire an imprinted status, even if there is no particular fitness consequence of the imprinting.[84]","title":"Examples"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"greenbeard gene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green-beard_effect"},{"link_name":"[87]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:27-87"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TSG-8"},{"link_name":"[87]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:27-87"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:GreenbeardsAug18.png"},{"link_name":"[88]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-88"},{"link_name":"[89]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-89"},{"link_name":"[90]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-90"},{"link_name":"[91]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-91"},{"link_name":"[92]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-92"},{"link_name":"[93]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-93"},{"link_name":"[94]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:23-94"},{"link_name":"[94]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:23-94"},{"link_name":"[95]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-95"}],"sub_title":"Greenbeards","text":"A greenbeard gene is a gene that has the ability to recognize copies of itself in other individuals and then make its carrier act preferentially toward such individuals. The name itself comes from thought-experiment first presented by Bill Hamilton[87] and then it was developed and given its current name by Richard Dawkins in The Selfish Gene. The point of the thought experiment was to highlight that from a gene's-eye view, it is not the genome-wide relatedness that matters (which is usually how kin selection operates, i.e. cooperative behavior is directed towards relatives), but the relatedness at the particular locus that underlies the social behavior.[8][87]The simplest form of greenbeard mechanism. An individual with the greenbeard allele preferentially helps a fellow greenbeard individual.Following Dawkins, a greenbeard is usually defined as a gene, or set of closely linked genes, that has three effects:[88]It gives carriers of the gene a phenotypic label, such as a greenbeard.\nThe carrier is able to recognize other individuals with the same label.\nThe carrier then behaves altruistically towards individuals with the same label.Greenbeards were long thought to be a fun theoretical idea, with limited possibility of them actually existing in nature. However, since its conception, several examples have been identified, including in yeast,[89] slime moulds,[90] and fire ants.[91]There has been some debate whether greenbeard genes should be considered selfish genetic elements.[92][93][94] Conflict between a greenbeard locus and the rest of the genome can arise because during a given social interaction between two individuals, the relatedness at the greenbeard locus can be higher than at other loci in the genome. As a consequence, it may in the interest of the greenbeard locus to perform a costly social act, but not in the interest of the rest of the genome.[94]In conjunction with selfish genetic elements, greenbeard selection has also been used as a theoretical explanation for suicide.[95]","title":"Examples"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Consequences to the host"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:5-13"},{"link_name":"Bill Hamilton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W._D._Hamilton"},{"link_name":"[96]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-96"},{"link_name":"[97]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-97"}],"sub_title":"Species extinction","text":"Perhaps one of the clearest ways to see that the process of natural selection does not always have organismal fitness as the sole driver is when selfish genetic elements have their way without restriction. In such cases, selfish elements can, in principle, result in species extinction. This possibility was pointed out already in 1928 by Sergey Gershenson[13] and then in 1967, Bill Hamilton[96] developed a formal population genetic model for a case of segregation distortion of sex chromosomes driving a population to extinction. In particular, if a selfish element should be able to direct the production of sperm, such that males bearing the element on the Y chromosome would produce an excess of Y-bearing sperm, then in the absence of any countervailing force, this would ultimately result in the Y chromosome going to fixation in the population, producing an extremely male-biased sex ratio. In ecologically challenged species, such biased sex ratios imply that the conversion of resources to offspring becomes very inefficient, to the point of risking extinction.[97]","title":"Consequences to the host"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"speciation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speciation"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:9-40"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:10-41"},{"link_name":"[98]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-98"},{"link_name":"Bateson–Dobzhansky–Muller incompatibilities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bateson%E2%80%93Dobzhansky%E2%80%93Muller_model"},{"link_name":"[99]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-99"},{"link_name":"[100]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-100"},{"link_name":"piRNAs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piwi-interacting_RNA"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:9-40"},{"link_name":"[101]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-101"},{"link_name":"[102]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-102"},{"link_name":"[103]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-103"},{"link_name":"[104]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-104"}],"sub_title":"Speciation","text":"Selfish genetic elements have been shown to play a role in speciation.[40][41][98] This could happen because the presence of selfish genetic elements can result in changes in morphology and/or life history, but ways by which the co-evolution between selfish genetic elements and their suppressors can cause reproductive isolation through so-called Bateson–Dobzhansky–Muller incompatibilities has received particular attention.An early striking example of hybrid dysgenesis induced by a selfish genetic element was the P element in Drosophila.[99][100] If males carrying the P element were crossed to females lacking it, the resulting offspring suffered from reduced fitness. However, offspring of the reciprocal cross were normal, as would be expected since piRNAs are maternally inherited. The P element is typically present only in wild strains, and not in lab strains of D. melanogaster, as the latter were collected before the P elements were introduced into the species, probably from a closely related Drosophila species. The P element story is also a good example of how the rapid co-evolution between selfish genetic elements and their silencers can lead to incompatibilities on short evolutionary time scales, as little as within a few decades.[40]Several other examples of selfish genetic elements causing reproductive isolation have since been demonstrated. Crossing different species of Arabidopsis results in both higher activity of transposable elements[101] and disruption in imprinting,[102] both of which have been linked to fitness reduction in the resulting hybrids. Hybrid dysgenesis has also been shown to be caused by centromeric drive in barley[103] and in several species of angiosperms by mito-nuclear conflict.[104]","title":"Consequences to the host"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"C-value","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C-value"},{"link_name":"[105]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-105"},{"link_name":"[106]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-106"},{"link_name":"[107]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-107"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:12-65"},{"link_name":"[108]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-108"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:18-58"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:19-59"},{"link_name":"[109]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-109"},{"link_name":"Arabidopsis thaliana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabidopsis_thaliana"},{"link_name":"[110]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-110"},{"link_name":"Conceptual developments","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Conceptual_developments"},{"link_name":"[111]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-111"},{"link_name":"ENCODE Project","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ENCODE"},{"link_name":"junk DNA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-coding_DNA"},{"link_name":"[112]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-112"},{"link_name":"[113]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-113"}],"sub_title":"Genome-size variation","text":"Attempts to understand the extraordinary variation in genome size (C-value)—animals vary 7,000 fold and land plants some 2,400-fold—has a long history in biology.[105] However, this variation is poorly correlated with gene number or any measure of organismal complexity, which led CA Thomas to coin the term C-value paradox in 1971.[106] The discovery of non-coding DNA resolved some of the paradox, and most current researchers now use the term \"C-value enigma\".[107]Two kinds of selfish genetic elements in particular have been shown to contribute to genome-size variation: B chromosomes and transposable elements.[65][108] The contribution of transposable elements to the genome is especially well studied in plants.[58][59][109] A striking example is how the genome of the model organism Arabidopsis thaliana contains the same number of genes as that of the Norwegian spruce (Picea abies), around 30,000, but accumulation of transposons means that the genome of the latter is some 100 times larger. Transposable element abundance has also been shown to cause the unusually large genomes found in salamanders.[110]The presence of an abundance of transposable elements in many eukaryotic genomes was a central theme of the original selfish DNA papers mentioned above (See Conceptual developments). Most people quickly accepted the central message of those papers, that the existence of transposable elements can be explained by selfish selection at the gene level and there is no need to invoke individual level selection. However, the idea that organisms keep transposable elements around as genetic reservoir to \"speed up evolution\" or for other regulatory functions persists in some quarters.[111] In 2012, when the ENCODE Project published a paper claiming that 80% of the human genome can be assigned a function, a claim interpreted by many as the death of the idea of junk DNA, this debate was reignited.[112][113]","title":"Consequences to the host"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Applications in agriculture and biotechnology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[114]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-114"},{"link_name":"[115]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-115"}],"sub_title":"Cytoplasmic male sterility in plant breeding","text":"A common problem for plant breeders is unwanted self-fertilization. This is particularly a problem when breeders try to cross two different strains to create a new hybrid strain. One way to avoid this is manual emasculation, i.e. physically removing anthers to render the individual male sterile. Cytoplasmic male sterility offers an alternative to this laborious exercise.[114] Breeders cross a strain that carries a cytoplasmic male sterility mutation with a strain that does not, the latter acting as the pollen donor. If the hybrid offspring are to be harvested for their seed (like maize), and therefore needs to be male fertile, the parental strains need to be homozygous for the restorer allele. In contrast, in species that harvested for their vegetable parts, like onions, this is not an issue. This technique has been used in a wide variety of crops, including rice, maize, sunflower, wheat, and cotton.[115]","title":"Applications in agriculture and biotechnology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[116]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-116"},{"link_name":"PiggyBac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PiggyBac_Transposon_System"},{"link_name":"[117]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-117"},{"link_name":"[118]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-118"}],"sub_title":"PiggyBac vectors","text":"While many transposable elements seem to do no good for the host, some transposable elements have been \"tamed\" by molecular biologists so that the elements can be made to insert and excise at the will of the scientist. Such elements are especially useful for doing genetic manipulations, like inserting foreign DNA into the genomes of a variety of organisms.[116]One excellent example of this is PiggyBac, a transposable element that can efficiently move between cloning vectors and chromosomes using a \"cut and paste\" mechanism.[117] The investigator constructs a PiggyBac element with the desired payload spliced in, and a second element (the PiggyBac transposase), located on another plasmid vector, can be co-transfected into the target cell. The PiggyBac transposase cuts at the inverted terminal repeat sequences located on both ends of the PiggyBac vector and efficiently moves the contents from the original sites and integrates them into chromosomal positions where the sequence TTAA is found. The three things that make PiggyBac so useful are the remarkably high efficiency of this cut-and-paste operation, its ability to take payloads up to 200 kb in size, and its ability to leave a perfectly seamless cut from a genomic site, leaving no sequences or mutations behind.[118]","title":"Applications in agriculture and biotechnology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"CRISPR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CRISPR"},{"link_name":"Gene-drive systems","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Gene-drive_systems"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:17-54"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:16-53"},{"link_name":"homology directed repair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homology_directed_repair"},{"link_name":"non-homologous end joining","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-homologous_end_joining"},{"link_name":"[119]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-119"}],"sub_title":"CRISPR gene drive and homing endonuclease systems","text":"CRISPR allows the construction of artificial homing endonucleases, where the construct produces guide RNAs that cut the target gene, and homologous flanking sequences then allow insertion of the same construct harboring the Cas9 gene and the guide RNAs. Such gene drives ought to have the ability to rapidly spread in a population (see Gene-drive systems), and one practical application of such a system that has been proposed is to apply it to a pest population, greatly reducing its numbers or even driving it extinct.[54] This has not yet been attempted in the field, but gene drive constructs have been tested in the lab, and the ability to insert into the wild-type homologous allele in heterozygotes for the gene drive has been demonstrated.[53] Unfortunately, the double-strand break that is introduced by Cas9 can be corrected by homology directed repair, which would make a perfect copy of the drive, or by non-homologous end joining, which would produce \"resistant\" alleles unable to further propagate themselves. When Cas9 is expressed outside of meiosis, it seems like non-homologous end joining predominates, making this the biggest hurdle to practical application of gene drives.[119]","title":"Applications in agriculture and biotechnology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[120]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:24-120"},{"link_name":"[120]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:24-120"}],"text":"Much of the confusion regarding ideas about selfish genetic elements center on the use of language and the way the elements and their evolutionary dynamics are described.[120] Mathematical models allow the assumptions and the rules to be given a priori for establishing mathematical statements about the expected dynamics of the elements in populations. The consequences of having such elements in genomes can then be explored objectively. The mathematics can define very crisply the different classes of elements by their precise behavior within a population, sidestepping any distracting verbiage about the inner hopes and desires of greedy selfish genes. There are many good examples of this approach, and this article focuses on segregation distorters, gene drive systems and transposable elements.[120]","title":"Mathematical theory"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:14-49"},{"link_name":"[121]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-121"},{"link_name":"Segregation distorters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Segregation_distorters"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:11-47"},{"link_name":"[122]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-122"},{"link_name":"[123]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-123"}],"sub_title":"Segregation distorters","text":"The mouse t-allele is a classic example of a segregation distorter system that has been modeled in great detail.[49][121] Heterozygotes for a t-haplotype produce >90% of their gametes bearing the t (see Segregation distorters), and homozygotes for a t-haplotype die as embryos. This can result in a stable polymorphism, with an equilibrium frequency that depends on the drive strength and direct fitness impacts of t-haplotypes. This is a common theme in the mathematics of segregation distorters:virtually every example we know entails a countervailing selective effect, without which the allele with biased transmission would go to fixation and the segregation distortion would no longer be manifested. Whenever sex chromosomes undergo segregation distortion, the population sex ratio is altered, making these systems particularly interesting. Two classic examples of segregation distortion involving sex chromosomes include the \"Sex Ratio\" X chromosomes of Drosophila pseudoobscura[47] and Y chromosome drive suppressors of Drosophila mediopunctata.[122] A crucial point about the theory of segregation distorters is that just because there are fitness effects acting against the distorter, this does not guarantee that there will be a stable polymorphism. In fact, some sex chromosome drivers can produce frequency dynamics with wild oscillations and cycles.[123]","title":"Mathematical theory"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[124]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-124"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:15-50"},{"link_name":"[125]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:28-125"},{"link_name":"[126]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-126"},{"link_name":"[125]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:28-125"}],"sub_title":"Gene-drive systems","text":"The idea of spreading a gene into a population as a means of population control is actually quite old, and models for the dynamics of introduced compound chromosomes date back to the 1970s.[124] Subsequently, the population genetics theory for homing endonucleases and CRISPR-based gene drives has become much more advanced.[50][125] An important component of modeling these processes in natural populations is to consider the genetic response in the target population. For one thing, any natural population will harbor standing genetic variation, and that variation might well include polymorphism in the sequences homologous to the guide RNAs, or the homology arms that are meant to direct the repair. In addition, different hosts and different constructs may have quite different rates of non-homologous end joining, the form of repair that results in broken or resistant alleles that no longer spread. Full accommodation of the host factors presents considerable challenge for getting a gene drive construct to go to fixation, and Unckless and colleagues[126] show that in fact the current constructs are quite far from being able to attain even moderate frequencies in natural populations. This is another excellent example showing that just because an element appears to have a strong selfish transmission advantage, whether it can successfully spread may depend on subtle configurations of other parameters in the population.[125]","title":"Mathematical theory"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[127]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-127"},{"link_name":"Brian Charlesworth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_Charlesworth"},{"link_name":"Deborah Charlesworth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deborah_Charlesworth"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:13-33"},{"link_name":"[128]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-128"},{"link_name":"[129]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-129"},{"link_name":"[130]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-130"}],"sub_title":"Transposable elements","text":"To model the dynamics of transposable elements (TEs) within a genome, one has to realize that the elements behave like a population within each genome, and they can jump from one haploid genome to another by horizontal transfer. The mathematics has to describe the rates and dependencies of these transfer events. It was observed early on that the rate of jumping of many TEs varies with copy number, and so the first models simply used an empirical function for the rate of transposition. This had the advantage that it could be measured by experiments in the lab, but it left open the question of why the rate differs among elements and differs with copy number. Stan Sawyer and Daniel L. Hartl[127] fitted models of this sort to a variety of bacterial TEs, and obtained quite good fits between copy number and transmission rate and the population-wide incidence of the TEs. TEs in higher organisms, like Drosophila, have a very different dynamics because of sex, and Brian Charlesworth, Deborah Charlesworth, Charles Langley, John Brookfield and others[33][128][129] modeled TE copy number evolution in Drosophila and other species. What is impressive about all these modeling efforts is how well they fitted empirical data, given that this was decades before discovery of the fact that the host fly has a powerful defense mechanism in the form of piRNAs. Incorporation of host defense along with TE dynamics into evolutionary models of TE regulation is still in its infancy.[130]","title":"Mathematical theory"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-674-02722-0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-02722-0"}],"text":"Burt A, Trivers R (2006). Genes in conflict: the biology of selfish genetic elements. Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-02722-0.","title":"Further reading"}]
[{"image_text":"Segregation distorters (here shown in red) get transmitted to >50% of the gametes.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Segregation_distorters.png/220px-Segregation_distorters.png"},{"image_text":"Homing endonucleases can recognize a target sequence, cut it, and then use its own sequence as a template during double strand break repair. This converts a heterozygote into a homozygote.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Homing_endonucleases.png/220px-Homing_endonucleases.png"},{"image_text":"Transposable elements self-replicate through two main mechanisms: via an RNA intermediate (\"copy-and-paste\"; class 1) or straight excision-insertion (\"cut-and-paste\"; class 2).","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Transposable_elements_%282%29.png/220px-Transposable_elements_%282%29.png"},{"image_text":"Genetic conflicts often arise because not all genes are inherited in the same way. Examples include cytoplasmic male sterility (see Selfish mitochondria). While mitochondrial and chloroplast genes are generally maternally inherited, B chromosomes can be preferentially transmitted through both males and females.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Cell_with_transmission_patterns.png/220px-Cell_with_transmission_patterns.png"},{"image_text":"Igf2 is an example of genomic imprinting. In mice, the insulin-like growth factor 2 gene, Igf2, which is linked to hormone production and increased offspring growth is paternally expressed (maternally silenced) and the insulin-like growth factor 2 receptor gene Igf2r, which binds the growth protein and so slows growth, is maternally expressed (paternally silenced). The offspring is normal sized when both genes are present, or both genes are absent. When the maternally expressed gene (Igf2r) is experimentally knocked out the offspring has an unusually large size, and when the paternally expressed gene (Igf2) is knocked out, the offspring is unusually small.[83]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Imprt.png/220px-Imprt.png"},{"image_text":"The simplest form of greenbeard mechanism. An individual with the greenbeard allele preferentially helps a fellow greenbeard individual.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/GreenbeardsAug18.png/220px-GreenbeardsAug18.png"}]
[{"title":"C-value enigma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C-value#C-value_enigma"},{"title":"Endogenous retrovirus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endogenous_retrovirus"},{"title":"Gene-centered view of evolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene-centered_view_of_evolution"},{"title":"Genome size","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genome#Genome_size"},{"title":"Intragenomic conflict","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intragenomic_conflict"},{"title":"Introns: introns as mobile genetic elements","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intron#As_mobile_genetic_elements"},{"title":"Junk DNA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noncoding_DNA#Junk_DNA"},{"title":"Mobile genetic elements","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_genetic_elements"},{"title":"Mutation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutation"},{"title":"Noncoding DNA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noncoding_DNA"},{"title":"Retrotransposon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retrotransposon"},{"title":"Transposable element","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transposable_element"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serenade_to_a_Soul_Sister
Serenade to a Soul Sister
["1 Silver's guidelines to musical composition","2 Reception","3 Track listing","4 Personnel","4.1 Musicians","4.2 Production","5 References"]
1968 studio album by Horace SilverSerenade to a Soul SisterStudio album by Horace SilverReleasedEarly June 1968RecordedFebruary 23 and March 29, 1968StudioVan Gelder Studio, Englewood CliffsGenreJazzLength37:54LabelBlue NoteBST 84277ProducerFrancis WolffHorace Silver chronology The Jody Grind(1966) Serenade to a Soul Sister(1968) You Gotta Take a Little Love(1969) Professional ratingsReview scoresSourceRatingAllMusicThe Penguin Guide to JazzThe Rolling Stone Jazz Record Guide Serenade to a Soul Sister is an album by jazz pianist Horace Silver released on the Blue Note label in 1968, featuring performances by Silver with Charles Tolliver, Stanley Turrentine, Bennie Maupin, Bob Cranshaw, John Williams, Mickey Roker and Billy Cobham. The album was re-mastered, for the CD release in the 24-bit series, by Rudy Van Gelder, in 2004. Silver's guidelines to musical composition The album's liner notes include Silver's guidelines to musical composition: a. Melodic Beauty b. Meaningful Simplicity c. Harmonic Beauty d. Rhythm e. Environmental, Hereditary, Regional, and Spiritual Influences Reception AllMusic writer Steve Huey awarded the album 4½ stars and stated: "One of the last great Horace Silver albums for Blue Note, Serenade to a Soul Sister is also one of the pianist's most infectiously cheerful, good-humored outings... You'd never know this album was recorded in one of the most tumultuous years in American history, but as Silver says in the liner notes' indirect jab at the avant-garde, he simply didn't believe in allowing "politics, hatred, or anger" into his music. Whether you agree with that philosophy or not, it's hard to argue with musical results as joyous and tightly performed as Serenade to a Soul Sister." Track listing All compositions by Horace Silver. "Psychedelic Sally" – 7:14 "Serenade to a Soul Sister" – 6:19 "Rain Dance" – 6:21 "Jungle Juice" – 6:46 "Kindred Spirits" – 5:55 "Next Time I Fall in Love" – 5:19 Personnel Musicians on tracks 1 – 3 (February 23, 1968) Horace Silver – piano Charles Tolliver – trumpet Stanley Turrentine – tenor saxophone Bob Cranshaw – bass, electric bass (on track 1) Mickey Roker – drums on tracks 4 – 6 (March 29, 1968) Horace Silver – piano Charles Tolliver – trumpet (exc. track 6) Bennie Maupin – tenor saxophone (exc. track 6) John Williams – bass Billy Cobham – drums Production Francis Wolff – production Rudy Van Gelder – engineering Forlenza Venosa Associates – design Billy Cobham (Cover), Francis Wolff (Interior) – photography References ^ Billboard June 1, 1968 ^ a b Huey, S.AllMusic Review accessed November 23, 2009. ^ Cook, Richard; Morton, Brian (2008). The Penguin Guide to Jazz Recordings (9th ed.). Penguin. p. 1299. ISBN 978-0-14-103401-0. ^ Swenson, J., ed. (1985). The Rolling Stone Jazz Record Guide. USA: Random House/Rolling Stone. p. 181. ISBN 0-394-72643-X. ^ Horace Silver discography accessed November 23, 2009. ^ "The Horace Silver Quintet Featuring Stanley Turrentine – Serenade to a Soul Sister (2004, Paper Sleeve, CD)". Discogs. ^ Rosenthal, David H. (1993-09-09). Hard Bop: Jazz and Black Music 1955-1965. Oxford University Press. p. 36. ISBN 978-0-19-535899-5. ^ Kirchner, Bill (2005-07-14). The Oxford Companion to Jazz. Oxford University Press, USA. p. 382. ISBN 978-0-19-518359-7. vteHorace SilverYears indicated are for the recording(s), not first release.BlueNotealbums New Faces New Sounds (Introducing the Horace Silver Trio) (1952)/Horace Silver Trio and Art Blakey-Sabu (1952–53) Horace Silver and the Jazz Messengers (1954–55) 6 Pieces of Silver (1956–58) The Stylings of Silver (1957) Further Explorations (1958) Live at Newport '58 (1958) Finger Poppin' with the Horace Silver Quintet (1959) Blowin' the Blues Away (1959) Horace-Scope (1960) Doin' the Thing (1961) The Tokyo Blues (1962) Silver's Serenade (1963) Song for My Father (1963–64) The Cape Verdean Blues (1965) The Jody Grind (1966) Serenade to a Soul Sister (1968) You Gotta Take a Little Love (1969) That Healin' Feelin', The United States of Mind, Phase 1 (1970) Total Response, The United States of Mind, Phase 2 (1970–71) All, The United States of Mind, Phase 3 (1972) The United States of Mind (compilation of the 3 'Phase' albums, 1970–72) In Pursuit of the 27th Man (1972) Silver 'n Brass (1975) Silver 'n Wood (1975–76) Silver 'n Voices (1976) Silver 'n Percussion (1977) Silver 'n Strings Play the Music of the Spheres (1978–79) Albumsreleasedonotherlabels Silver's Blue (1956) Live 1964 (1964) Guides to Growing Up (1981) Spiritualizing the Senses (1983) There's No Need to Struggle (1983) The Continuity of Spirit (1985) Music to Ease Your Disease (1988) Rockin' with Rachmaninoff (1991) It's Got to Be Funky (1993) Pencil Packin' Papa (1994) The Hardbop Grandpop (1996) A Prescription for the Blues (1997) Jazz Has a Sense of Humor (1998) ArtBlakey/TheJazzMessengers A Night at Birdland Vol. 1 (1954) A Night at Birdland Vol. 2 (1954) A Night at Birdland Vol. 3 (1954) At the Cafe Bohemia, Vol. 1 (1955) At the Cafe Bohemia, Vol. 2 (1955) The Jazz Messengers (1956) The Cool Voice of Rita Reys (1956) Originally (1956) Withothers Introducing Nat Adderley (1955) Love and Peace: A Tribute to Horace Silver (Dee Dee Bridgewater, 1994) Byrd's Eye View (Donald Byrd, 1955) Whims of Chambers (Paul Chambers, 1956) Bohemia After Dark (Kenny Clarke, 1955) Al Cohn's Tones (Al Cohn, 1950) Miles Davis, Volume 3 (1954) Miles Davis Quartet/Blue Haze/Miles Davis Quintet/Miles Davis All-Star Sextet/Walkin' (1953/54) Miles Davis with Sonny Rollins/Bags' Groove (1954) Quartet/Quintet/Sextet (Lou Donaldson, 1952) Afro-Cuban (Kenny Dorham, 1955) The Art Farmer Septet (1953–54) When Farmer Met Gryce (Art Farmer/Gigi Gryce, 1955) The Complete Roost Recordings (Stan Getz, 1950–51) Nica's Tempo (Gigi Gryce, 1955) Disorder at the Border (Coleman Hawkins, 1952) Milt Jackson Quartet (1955) Plenty, Plenty Soul (Milt Jackson, 1957) The Eminent Jay Jay Johnson Volume 2 (J.J. Johnson, 1955) Blowing in from Chicago (Clifford Jordan & John Gilmore, 1957) Hank Mobley Quartet (1955) Hank Mobley Sextet (1956) Hank Mobley and His All Stars (1957) Hank Mobley Quintet (1957) J. R. Monterose (1956) Lee Morgan Indeed! (1956) Lee Morgan Sextet (1956) Sonny Rollins, Vol. 2 (1957) Clark Terry (1955) Selectedsingles "Opus de Funk" (1953) "The Preacher"/"Doodlin'" (1955/54) "Señor Blues" (1956) "Sister Sadie" (1959) "Nica's Dream" (1960) "Song for My Father" (1964) Discography vteStanley TurrentineYears given are for the recording(s), including the soundtrack albums, not first release.As leaderor co-leader Blue Hour (and The Three Sounds, 1960) Look Out! (1960) Stan "The Man" Turrentine (1960) Comin' Your Way (1961) Up at "Minton's" (1961) ZT's Blues (1961) That's Where It's At (1962) Jubilee Shout!!! (1962) In Memory Of (1964) Mr. Natural (1964) Joyride (1965) Rough 'n' Tumble (1966) Easy Walker (1966–69) The Spoiler (1966) A Bluish Bag (1967) The Return of the Prodigal Son (1967) The Look of Love (1968) Always Something There (1968) Another Story (1969) Sugar (1970) Gilberto with Turrentine (with Astrud Gilberto, 1971) Salt Song (1971) The Sugar Man (1971) Cherry (1972) Freddie Hubbard/Stanley Turrentine in Concert Volume One (1973) In Concert Volume Two (Freddie Hubbard & Stanley Turrentine album) (and Freddie Hubbard, 1973) Don't Mess with Mister T. (1973) Pieces of Dreams (1974) Have You Ever Seen the Rain (1975) In the Pocket (1975) Everybody Come On Out (1976) The Man with the Sad Face (1976) Nightwings (1977) Tender Togetherness (1981) Straight Ahead (1984) Wonderland (1986) AndShirley Scott Hip Soul (session led by Scott, 1961) Hip Twist (Scott, 1961) Dearly Beloved (1962) The Soul Is Willing (Scott, 1963) A Chip off the Old Block (1963) Never Let Me Go (1963) Soul Shoutin' (Scott, 1963) Blue Flames (joint leaders, 1964) Everybody Loves a Lover (Scott, 1964) Hustlin' (1964) Let It Go (1966) Queen of the Organ (Scott, 1966) Common Touch (1968) Soul Song (1968) WithMax Roach Moon Faced and Starry Eyed (1959) Quiet as It's Kept (1959) Long as You're Living (1960) Parisian Sketches (1960) With others Freedom (Kenny Burrell, 1963–64) Midnight Blue (Kenny Burrell, 1963) I'm Tryin' to Get Home (Donald Byrd, 1964) Up with Donald Byrd (1964) With the Tenors of Our Time (Roy Hargrove, 1994) Life Flight (Freddie Hubbard, 1987) Flight to Jordan (Duke Jordan, 1960) Only Trust Your Heart (Diana Krall, 1994) Abbey Is Blue (Abbey Lincoln, 1959) Les McCann Ltd. in New York (Les McCann, 1961) Electric Funk (Jimmy McGriff, 1969) Speakin' My Piece (Horace Parlan, 1960) On the Spur of the Moment (Horace Parlan, 1961) The Right Touch (Duke Pearson, 1967) Easy Living/Congo Lament (Ike Quebec, 1962) Comin' On! (Dizzy Reece, 1960) Serenade to a Soul Sister (Horace Silver, 1968) Back at the Chicken Shack (Jimmy Smith, 1960) Midnight Special (Jimmy Smith, 1960) Prayer Meetin' (Jimmy Smith, 1961) A.T.'s Delight (Art Taylor, 1960) Authority control databases MusicBrainz release group
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Melodic Beauty\nb. Meaningful Simplicity\nc. Harmonic Beauty\nd. Rhythm\ne. Environmental, Hereditary, Regional, and Spiritual Influences[7][8]","title":"Silver's guidelines to musical composition"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"AllMusic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AllMusic"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AllMusic-2"}],"text":"AllMusic writer Steve Huey awarded the album 4½ stars and stated:\"One of the last great Horace Silver albums for Blue Note, Serenade to a Soul Sister is also one of the pianist's most infectiously cheerful, good-humored outings... You'd never know this album was recorded in one of the most tumultuous years in American history, but as Silver says in the liner notes' indirect jab at the avant-garde, he simply didn't believe in allowing \"politics, hatred, or anger\" into his music. Whether you agree with that philosophy or not, it's hard to argue with musical results as joyous and tightly performed as Serenade to a Soul Sister.\"[2]","title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"All compositions by Horace Silver.\"Psychedelic Sally\" – 7:14\n\"Serenade to a Soul Sister\" – 6:19\n\"Rain Dance\" – 6:21\n\"Jungle Juice\" – 6:46\n\"Kindred Spirits\" – 5:55\n\"Next Time I Fall in Love\" – 5:19","title":"Track listing"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Personnel"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Horace Silver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horace_Silver"},{"link_name":"piano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piano"},{"link_name":"Charles Tolliver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Tolliver"},{"link_name":"trumpet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trumpet"},{"link_name":"Stanley Turrentine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanley_Turrentine"},{"link_name":"tenor saxophone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenor_saxophone"},{"link_name":"Bob Cranshaw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Cranshaw"},{"link_name":"bass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double_bass"},{"link_name":"electric bass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_bass"},{"link_name":"Mickey Roker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mickey_Roker"},{"link_name":"drums","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drum_kit"},{"link_name":"Bennie Maupin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bennie_Maupin"},{"link_name":"John Williams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Williams_(bassist)"},{"link_name":"Billy Cobham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billy_Cobham"}],"sub_title":"Musicians","text":"on tracks 1 – 3 (February 23, 1968)Horace Silver – piano\nCharles Tolliver – trumpet\nStanley Turrentine – tenor saxophone\nBob Cranshaw – bass, electric bass (on track 1)\nMickey Roker – drumson tracks 4 – 6 (March 29, 1968)Horace Silver – piano\nCharles Tolliver – trumpet (exc. track 6)\nBennie Maupin – tenor saxophone (exc. track 6)\nJohn Williams – bass\nBilly Cobham – drums","title":"Personnel"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Francis Wolff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Wolff"},{"link_name":"production","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Record_producer"},{"link_name":"Rudy Van Gelder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudy_Van_Gelder"},{"link_name":"engineering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audio_engineering"},{"link_name":"design","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graphic_design"},{"link_name":"Francis Wolff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Wolff"},{"link_name":"photography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photography"}],"sub_title":"Production","text":"Francis Wolff – production\nRudy Van Gelder – engineering\nForlenza Venosa Associates – design\nBilly Cobham (Cover), Francis Wolff (Interior) – photography","title":"Personnel"}]
[]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pancreatic_branches_of_splenic_artery
Pancreatic branches of splenic artery
["1 Branches","2 References","3 External links"]
Pancreatic branches of splenic arteryBranches of the celiac arteryDetailsSourceSplenic arteryIdentifiersLatinrami pancreatici arteriae splenicaeTA98A12.2.12.041TA24240FMA71551Anatomical terminology The pancreatic branches or pancreatic arteries are numerous small vessels derived from the splenic artery as it runs behind the upper border of the pancreas, supplying its body and tail. One of these, larger than the rest, is sometimes given off near the tail of the pancreas; it runs from left to right near the posterior surface of the gland, following the course of the pancreatic duct, and is called the greater pancreatic artery. These vessels anastomose with the pancreatic branches of the superior and inferior pancreaticoduodenal artery that are given off by the gastroduodenal artery and superior mesenteric artery respectively. Branches There are four main pancreatic branches of the splenic artery: Greater pancreatic artery Dorsal pancreatic artery Inferior pancreatic artery (aka transverse pancreatic artery) Caudal pancreatic artery References ^ Casillas, Javier; Levi, Joe U. (2016). Multidisciplinary Teaching Atlas of the Pancreas. Heidelberg, Germany: Springer. pp. 63–64. ISBN 9783662467459. This article incorporates text in the public domain from the 20th edition of Gray's Anatomy (1918) External links Anatomy photo:38:05-0102 at the SUNY Downstate Medical Center Pancreas at The Anatomy Lesson by Wesley Norman (Georgetown University) (pancreasvessels) vteArteries of the abdomen and pelvisAbdominalaortaInferior phrenic Superior suprarenal CeliacLeft gastric Esophageal branches Common hepatic Proper hepatic cystic Right gastric Gastroduodenal right gastroepiploic superior pancreaticoduodenal supraduodenal Splenic Pancreatic branches greater dorsal Short gastrics Left gastroepiploic Superior mesenteric Inferior pancreaticoduodenal Intestinal jejunal ileal arcades vasa recta Ileocolic colic anterior cecal posterior cecal ileal branch appendicular Right colic Middle colic Marginal Suprarenal Middle suprarenal Renal Inferior suprarenal Ureteral Gonadal Testicular artery Ovarian artery Lumbar Lumbar arteries Inferior mesenteric Left colic Marginal Sigmoid Superior rectal Common iliacInternal iliacPosterior surfaceIliolumbar Lumbar branch Iliac branch Anterior surfaceSuperior vesical artery Umbilical artery Medial umbilical ligament to ductus deferens Obturator Anterior branch Pubic branch Posterior branch Acetabular branch Cruciate anastomosis Corona mortis Middle rectal Vaginal branch ♀ / Prostatic branch ♂ Uterine ♀ Arcuate Vaginal branches Ovarian branches Tubal branches Spiral Vaginal ♀ / Inferior vesical ♂ Inferior gluteal Accompanying of sciatic nerve Cruciate anastomosis Internal pudendal Inferior rectal Perineal posterior scrotal posterior labial Bulb of penis/vestibule Urethral Deep artery of the penis helicine Deep artery of clitoris Dorsal of the penis Dorsal of the clitoris External iliac Inferior epigastric Corona mortis Deep circumflex iliac Femoral see arteries of lower limbs Median sacral Coccygeal glomus Portal: Anatomy Authority control databases Terminologia Anatomica This cardiovascular system article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"splenic artery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Splenic_artery"},{"link_name":"pancreas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pancreas"},{"link_name":"body","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Body_of_pancreas"},{"link_name":"tail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tail_of_pancreas"},{"link_name":"greater pancreatic artery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greater_pancreatic_artery"},{"link_name":"superior","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superior_pancreaticoduodenal_artery"},{"link_name":"inferior pancreaticoduodenal artery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inferior_pancreaticoduodenal_artery"},{"link_name":"gastroduodenal artery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gastroduodenal_artery"},{"link_name":"superior mesenteric artery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superior_mesenteric_artery"}],"text":"The pancreatic branches or pancreatic arteries are numerous small vessels derived from the splenic artery as it runs behind the upper border of the pancreas, supplying its body and tail.One of these, larger than the rest, is sometimes given off near the tail of the pancreas; it runs from left to right near the posterior surface of the gland, following the course of the pancreatic duct, and is called the greater pancreatic artery.These vessels anastomose with the pancreatic branches of the superior and inferior pancreaticoduodenal artery that are given off by the gastroduodenal artery and superior mesenteric artery respectively.","title":"Pancreatic branches of splenic artery"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Greater pancreatic artery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greater_pancreatic_artery"},{"link_name":"Dorsal pancreatic artery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorsal_pancreatic_artery"},{"link_name":"Caudal pancreatic artery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Caudal_pancreatic_artery&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"There are four main pancreatic branches of the splenic artery:[1]Greater pancreatic artery\nDorsal pancreatic artery\nInferior pancreatic artery (aka transverse pancreatic artery)\nCaudal pancreatic artery","title":"Branches"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"Casillas, Javier; Levi, Joe U. (2016). Multidisciplinary Teaching Atlas of the Pancreas. Heidelberg, Germany: Springer. pp. 63–64. ISBN 9783662467459.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=uSjUCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA63","url_text":"Multidisciplinary Teaching Atlas of the Pancreas"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783662467459","url_text":"9783662467459"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lydiard_Park
Lydiard Park
["1 History","2 Lydiard House","3 In fiction","4 References","5 Further reading","6 External links"]
Coordinates: 51°33′38″N 01°51′06″W / 51.56056°N 1.85167°W / 51.56056; -1.85167Public space and historic house in Swindon, England Lydiard Park collage Lydiard Park is a 260-acre (110-hectare) country park at Lydiard Tregoze, which was its former name, about 3 miles (5 km) west of central Swindon, Wiltshire, England, in West Swindon parish, near Junction 16 of the M4 motorway. The park, which is included on the Historic England Register of Historic Parks and Gardens at Grade II, surrounds the Grade I listed Lydiard House, a mansion built in the 17th and 18th centuries. History A settlement at Lediar, with woodland, is mentioned in the Domesday Book and was owned by the Tregoze family from about 1198. In 1259, Henry III gave Robert Tregoze a royal licence to create a deer park in nearby woodland. In 1420 the estate came by marriage to the St John family (whose seat was at Battersea, London), and they owned it until the Second World War. Formal gardens and a canal were created as part of changes made to the medieval house in the 17th century; Sir John St John also laid out a series of formal avenues. However, many of the formal elements of the park had been removed by 1766. Surviving features from the 18th century include a semi-underground listed ice house and a walled garden, with a bronze sundial at its centre. Large parts of the park were sold off in the 1920s and 1930s. From 1942 the park was used as a military hospital by the American Forces, and then between about 1943 and about March 1946 it was a Prisoner of War hospital for German soldiers as POW camp No.160. In 1943, Councillor and Alderman Francis Akers bought the estate and the dilapidated house at auction and sold the whole to the local authority, the Corporation of Swindon, for £4,500. Part of lake and park, with house and church tower in the background Since 1955, the park has been open to the public all year round. The park was designated Grade II on the Register of Historic Parks and Gardens in 1987, as an example of a mid-18th century park having archaeological evidence of its 17th-century formal layout. The walls of the walled garden are Grade II listed as is the sundial within it. In 2005, Swindon Borough Council received £3m from the Heritage Lottery Fund towards a restoration project which included reinstating a two-acre lake. The park hosted Radio 1's Big Weekend in 2009. In 2017, the park was transferred from Lydiard Tregoze parish to the newly created West Swindon parish. As a result of the 2022 heatwaves, traces of formal gardens thought to date from the 17th century became visible from the air. Lydiard House Lydiard House from the southwest The manor house, known as Lydiard House or Lydiard Park, has medieval origins and was remodelled in the 17th century and the 1740s, when the south and east fronts were reworked in Palladian style, probably by Roger Morris. The house was designated as Grade I listed in 1955. When the estate was bought by Swindon Corporation, almost none of the original furnishings remained. In the 1950s, the corporation began to collect suitable contents for the house, aiming in particular to restore the 18th century State Rooms. These efforts were much helped in 1955 when some good furniture arrived on loan from the National Art Collections Fund, part of the E. E. Cook bequest. During the 1960s Lord Bolingbroke loaned several St John family portraits to the house and later sold them to the corporation. When he died in 1974, he bequeathed to the trustees of the house everything he owned which had come from it. The art collection at Lydiard House includes landscapes and busts as well as portraits spanning over 300 years. The portraits include works by William Aikman, Michael Dahl, John Greenhill, Cornelius Johnson, Godfrey Kneller, Sir Peter Lely, Jonathan Richardson and Maria Verelst. The corporation's successor, Swindon Borough Council, owns and manages the house and park. The house, with its collections of furniture and art – including painted wall panels by Lady Diana Beauclerk – is open to the public in the summer months. The house and a modern annex are operated as a conference centre and wedding venue, with accommodation for guests. Immediately north of the house stands the parish church of St Mary, which is all that remains of the medieval village. The church has 13th-century origins and was refurbished and enlarged in the 15th and 17th centuries; it is Grade I listed. In fiction The dereliction of the hall and the declining fortunes of the St John family formed the backdrop of the 1967 novel The Heir of Starvelings by American writer Evelyn Berckman. References ^ a b c Parks & Gardens UK, accessed 5 June 2012 ^ Lydiard in the Domesday Book ^ a b Dunning, R.W.; Rogers, K.H.; Spalding, P.A.; Shrimpton, Colin; Stevenson, Janet H.; Tomlinson, Margaret (1970). Crittall, Elizabeth (ed.). "Victoria County History: Wiltshire: Vol 9 pp75-90 - Parishes: Lydiard Tregoze". British History Online. University of London. Retrieved 15 May 2018. ^ a b c d Historic England. "Lydiard Park (1001238)". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 14 May 2018. ^ Historic England. "Ice House, approx. 200m west of Lydiard Park Mansion (1355896)". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 14 May 2018. ^ a b Historic England. "Walled Garden north-west of Lydiard Park (1023478)". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 14 May 2018. ^ a b Historic England. "Sundial (1283843)". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 15 May 2018. ^ "Restoration of park". Lydiard Park. Swindon Borough Council. Retrieved 14 May 2018. ^ "BBC - Radio 1's Big Weekend - 2009 - Line Up". www.bbc.co.uk. Retrieved 24 May 2022. ^ "Election Maps: Great Britain". Ordnance Survey. Retrieved 26 February 2024. ^ "Community governance review". Swindon Borough Council. 2 February 2017. Archived from the original on 22 February 2017 – via Internet Archive. ^ "Lost Gardens of Lydiard revealed after heatwave". BBC News. 18 August 2022. Retrieved 18 August 2022. ^ Historic England. "Lydiard Park (1198420)". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 14 May 2018. ^ "Two George I chairs by Unknown Artist". Art Fund. Retrieved 14 May 2018. ^ "Lydiard House". Art UK. Retrieved 13 June 2022. ^ "Plan Your Visit". Lydiard Park. Swindon Borough Council. Retrieved 14 May 2018. ^ "Conference Centre". Lydiard Park. Swindon Borough Council. Retrieved 14 May 2018. ^ Historic England. "Church of St. Mary, Lydiard Park (1023470)". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 17 May 2018. ^ "10 Facts about Lydiard Park". Less Known Facts. 2 April 2017. Retrieved 24 May 2022. Further reading Pevsner, Nikolaus; Cherry, Bridget (revision) (1975) . Wiltshire. The Buildings of England (2nd ed.). Harmondsworth: Penguin Books. pp. 318–319. ISBN 0-14-0710-26-4. External links Official website Lydiard House at Art UK Wikimedia Commons has media related to Lydiard Park. 51°33′38″N 01°51′06″W / 51.56056°N 1.85167°W / 51.56056; -1.85167
[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lydiard.jpg"},{"link_name":"Lydiard Tregoze","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lydiard_Tregoze"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-P&G-1"},{"link_name":"Swindon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swindon"},{"link_name":"Wiltshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wiltshire"},{"link_name":"West Swindon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Swindon"},{"link_name":"M4 motorway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M4_motorway"},{"link_name":"Historic England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historic_England"},{"link_name":"Register of Historic Parks and Gardens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Register_of_Historic_Parks_and_Gardens_of_Special_Historic_Interest_in_England"}],"text":"Public space and historic house in Swindon, EnglandLydiard Park collageLydiard Park is a 260-acre (110-hectare) country park at Lydiard Tregoze, which was its former name,[1] about 3 miles (5 km) west of central Swindon, Wiltshire, England, in West Swindon parish, near Junction 16 of the M4 motorway.The park, which is included on the Historic England Register of Historic Parks and Gardens at Grade II, surrounds the Grade I listed Lydiard House, a mansion built in the 17th and 18th centuries.","title":"Lydiard Park"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Domesday Book","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domesday_Book"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-3"},{"link_name":"Henry III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_III_of_England"},{"link_name":"deer park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deer_park_(England)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-P&G-1"},{"link_name":"St John family","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viscount_Bolingbroke"},{"link_name":"Battersea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battersea"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-parklisting-4"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-P&G-1"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-7"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-parklisting-4"},{"link_name":"Prisoner of War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prisoner_of_War"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-parklisting-4"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lydiard_House,_Lydiard_Park_-_Swindon_(geograph_3121575).jpg"},{"link_name":"Register of Historic Parks and Gardens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Register_of_Historic_Parks_and_Gardens_of_special_historic_interest_in_England"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-parklisting-4"},{"link_name":"walled garden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walled_garden"},{"link_name":"Grade II listed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grade_II_listed"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-6"},{"link_name":"sundial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sundial"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-7"},{"link_name":"Heritage Lottery Fund","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heritage_Lottery_Fund"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Radio 1's Big Weekend","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_1%27s_Big_Weekend"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"West Swindon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Swindon"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"2022 heatwaves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_United_Kingdom_heatwaves"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"text":"A settlement at Lediar, with woodland, is mentioned in the Domesday Book[2] and was owned by the Tregoze family from about 1198.[3] In 1259, Henry III gave Robert Tregoze a royal licence to create a deer park in nearby woodland.[1] In 1420 the estate came by marriage to the St John family (whose seat was at Battersea, London), and they owned it until the Second World War.[3]Formal gardens and a canal were created as part of changes made to the medieval house in the 17th century; Sir John St John also laid out a series of formal avenues.[4] However, many of the formal elements of the park had been removed by 1766.[1] Surviving features from the 18th century include a semi-underground listed ice house[5] and a walled garden,[6] with a bronze sundial at its centre.[7] Large parts of the park were sold off in the 1920s and 1930s.[4]From 1942 the park was used as a military hospital by the American Forces, and then between about 1943 and about March 1946 it was a Prisoner of War hospital for German soldiers as POW camp No.160. In 1943,[4] Councillor and Alderman Francis Akers bought the estate and the dilapidated house at auction and sold the whole to the local authority, the Corporation of Swindon, for £4,500.[citation needed]Part of lake and park, with house and church tower in the backgroundSince 1955, the park has been open to the public all year round. The park was designated Grade II on the Register of Historic Parks and Gardens in 1987, as an example of a mid-18th century park having archaeological evidence of its 17th-century formal layout.[4] The walls of the walled garden are Grade II listed[6] as is the sundial within it.[7]In 2005, Swindon Borough Council received £3m from the Heritage Lottery Fund towards a restoration project which included reinstating a two-acre lake.[8] The park hosted Radio 1's Big Weekend in 2009.[9]In 2017, the park was transferred from Lydiard Tregoze parish to the newly created West Swindon parish.[10][11]As a result of the 2022 heatwaves, traces of formal gardens thought to date from the 17th century became visible from the air.[12]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lydiard_House,_Swindon.jpg"},{"link_name":"manor house","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manor_house"},{"link_name":"Palladian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palladian_architecture"},{"link_name":"Roger Morris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Morris_(1695%E2%80%931749)"},{"link_name":"Grade I listed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grade_I_listed"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"National Art Collections Fund","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Art_Fund"},{"link_name":"E. E. Cook","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernest_Cook"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Lord Bolingbroke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vernon_Henry_St_John,_6th_Viscount_Bolingbroke,_7th_Viscount_St_John"},{"link_name":"William Aikman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Aikman_(painter)"},{"link_name":"Michael Dahl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Dahl"},{"link_name":"John Greenhill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Greenhill"},{"link_name":"Cornelius Johnson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornelius_Johnson_(artist)"},{"link_name":"Godfrey Kneller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Godfrey_Kneller"},{"link_name":"Sir Peter Lely","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Lely"},{"link_name":"Jonathan Richardson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonathan_Richardson"},{"link_name":"Maria Verelst","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Verelst"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Swindon Borough Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swindon_Borough_Council"},{"link_name":"Lady Diana Beauclerk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lady_Diana_Beauclerk"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"parish church of St Mary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_St_Mary,_Lydiard_Tregoze"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"}],"text":"Lydiard House from the southwestThe manor house, known as Lydiard House or Lydiard Park, has medieval origins and was remodelled in the 17th century and the 1740s, when the south and east fronts were reworked in Palladian style, probably by Roger Morris. The house was designated as Grade I listed in 1955.[13]When the estate was bought by Swindon Corporation, almost none of the original furnishings remained. In the 1950s, the corporation began to collect suitable contents for the house, aiming in particular to restore the 18th century State Rooms. These efforts were much helped in 1955 when some good furniture arrived on loan from the National Art Collections Fund, part of the E. E. Cook bequest.[14] During the 1960s Lord Bolingbroke loaned several St John family portraits to the house and later sold them to the corporation. When he died in 1974, he bequeathed to the trustees of the house everything he owned which had come from it.The art collection at Lydiard House includes landscapes and busts as well as portraits spanning over 300 years. The portraits include works by William Aikman, Michael Dahl, John Greenhill, Cornelius Johnson, Godfrey Kneller, Sir Peter Lely, Jonathan Richardson and Maria Verelst.[15]The corporation's successor, Swindon Borough Council, owns and manages the house and park. The house, with its collections of furniture and art – including painted wall panels by Lady Diana Beauclerk – is open to the public in the summer months.[16] The house and a modern annex are operated as a conference centre and wedding venue, with accommodation for guests.[17]Immediately north of the house stands the \nparish church of St Mary, which is all that remains of the medieval village. The church has 13th-century origins and was refurbished and enlarged in the 15th and 17th centuries; it is Grade I listed.[18]","title":"Lydiard House"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Evelyn Berckman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evelyn_Berckman"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"}],"text":"The dereliction of the hall and the declining fortunes of the St John family formed the backdrop of the 1967 novel The Heir of Starvelings by American writer Evelyn Berckman.[19]","title":"In fiction"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pevsner, Nikolaus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikolaus_Pevsner"},{"link_name":"The Buildings of England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Buildings_of_England"},{"link_name":"Penguin Books","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penguin_Books"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-14-0710-26-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-14-0710-26-4"}],"text":"Pevsner, Nikolaus; Cherry, Bridget (revision) (1975) [1963]. Wiltshire. The Buildings of England (2nd ed.). Harmondsworth: Penguin Books. pp. 318–319. ISBN 0-14-0710-26-4.","title":"Further reading"}]
[{"image_text":"Lydiard Park collage","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/3/3a/Lydiard.jpg/220px-Lydiard.jpg"},{"image_text":"Part of lake and park, with house and church tower in the background","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Lydiard_House%2C_Lydiard_Park_-_Swindon_%28geograph_3121575%29.jpg/220px-Lydiard_House%2C_Lydiard_Park_-_Swindon_%28geograph_3121575%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Lydiard House from the southwest","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Lydiard_House%2C_Swindon.jpg/220px-Lydiard_House%2C_Swindon.jpg"}]
null
[{"reference":"Dunning, R.W.; Rogers, K.H.; Spalding, P.A.; Shrimpton, Colin; Stevenson, Janet H.; Tomlinson, Margaret (1970). Crittall, Elizabeth (ed.). \"Victoria County History: Wiltshire: Vol 9 pp75-90 - Parishes: Lydiard Tregoze\". British History Online. University of London. Retrieved 15 May 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.british-history.ac.uk/vch/wilts/vol9/pp75-90","url_text":"\"Victoria County History: Wiltshire: Vol 9 pp75-90 - Parishes: Lydiard Tregoze\""}]},{"reference":"Historic England. \"Lydiard Park (1001238)\". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 14 May 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1001238","url_text":"\"Lydiard Park (1001238)\""}]},{"reference":"Historic England. \"Ice House, approx. 200m west of Lydiard Park Mansion (1355896)\". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 14 May 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historic_England","url_text":"Historic England"},{"url":"https://historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1355896","url_text":"\"Ice House, approx. 200m west of Lydiard Park Mansion (1355896)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Heritage_List_for_England","url_text":"National Heritage List for England"}]},{"reference":"Historic England. \"Walled Garden north-west of Lydiard Park (1023478)\". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 14 May 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1023478","url_text":"\"Walled Garden north-west of Lydiard Park (1023478)\""}]},{"reference":"Historic England. \"Sundial (1283843)\". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 15 May 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1283843","url_text":"\"Sundial (1283843)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Restoration of park\". Lydiard Park. Swindon Borough Council. Retrieved 14 May 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.lydiardpark.org.uk/park/Pages/restoration.aspx","url_text":"\"Restoration of park\""}]},{"reference":"\"BBC - Radio 1's Big Weekend - 2009 - Line Up\". www.bbc.co.uk. Retrieved 24 May 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/radio1/bigweekend/2009/lineup/","url_text":"\"BBC - Radio 1's Big Weekend - 2009 - Line Up\""}]},{"reference":"\"Election Maps: Great Britain\". Ordnance Survey. Retrieved 26 February 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ordnancesurvey.co.uk/election-maps/gb/","url_text":"\"Election Maps: Great Britain\""}]},{"reference":"\"Community governance review\". Swindon Borough Council. 2 February 2017. Archived from the original on 22 February 2017 – via Internet Archive.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170222174253/http://www.swindon.gov.uk/info/20021/councillors_democracy_and_elections/687/community_governance_review_-_next_steps","url_text":"\"Community governance review\""},{"url":"http://www.swindon.gov.uk/info/20021/councillors_democracy_and_elections/687/community_governance_review_-_next_steps","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Lost Gardens of Lydiard revealed after heatwave\". BBC News. 18 August 2022. Retrieved 18 August 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-wiltshire-62575839","url_text":"\"Lost Gardens of Lydiard revealed after heatwave\""}]},{"reference":"Historic England. \"Lydiard Park (1198420)\". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 14 May 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1198420","url_text":"\"Lydiard Park (1198420)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Two George I chairs by Unknown Artist\". Art Fund. Retrieved 14 May 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.artfund.org/supporting-museums/art-weve-helped-buy/artwork/8126/two-george-i-chairs","url_text":"\"Two George I chairs by Unknown Artist\""}]},{"reference":"\"Lydiard House\". Art UK. Retrieved 13 June 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://artuk.org/visit/venues/lydiard-house-3538","url_text":"\"Lydiard House\""}]},{"reference":"\"Plan Your Visit\". Lydiard Park. Swindon Borough Council. Retrieved 14 May 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.lydiardpark.org.uk/visit/Pages/plan-your-visit.aspx","url_text":"\"Plan Your Visit\""}]},{"reference":"\"Conference Centre\". Lydiard Park. Swindon Borough Council. Retrieved 14 May 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.lydiardpark.org.uk/events/Pages/conference.aspx","url_text":"\"Conference Centre\""}]},{"reference":"Historic England. \"Church of St. Mary, Lydiard Park (1023470)\". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 17 May 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1023470","url_text":"\"Church of St. Mary, Lydiard Park (1023470)\""}]},{"reference":"\"10 Facts about Lydiard Park\". Less Known Facts. 2 April 2017. Retrieved 24 May 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://lessknownfacts.com/10-facts-about-lydiard-park/","url_text":"\"10 Facts about Lydiard Park\""}]},{"reference":"Pevsner, Nikolaus; Cherry, Bridget (revision) (1975) [1963]. Wiltshire. The Buildings of England (2nd ed.). Harmondsworth: Penguin Books. pp. 318–319. ISBN 0-14-0710-26-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikolaus_Pevsner","url_text":"Pevsner, Nikolaus"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Buildings_of_England","url_text":"The Buildings of England"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penguin_Books","url_text":"Penguin Books"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-14-0710-26-4","url_text":"0-14-0710-26-4"}]}]
[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Lydiard_Park&params=51_33_38_N_01_51_06_W_type:forest_region:GB-WIL","external_links_name":"51°33′38″N 01°51′06″W / 51.56056°N 1.85167°W / 51.56056; -1.85167"},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20121223140212/http://www.parksandgardens.ac.uk/component/option,com_parksandgardens/task,site/id,2173/tab,history/Itemid,292/","external_links_name":"Parks & Gardens UK, accessed 5 June 2012"},{"Link":"https://opendomesday.org/place/SU1084/lydiard-tregoze/","external_links_name":"Lydiard [Tregoze"},{"Link":"http://www.british-history.ac.uk/vch/wilts/vol9/pp75-90","external_links_name":"\"Victoria County History: Wiltshire: Vol 9 pp75-90 - Parishes: Lydiard Tregoze\""},{"Link":"https://historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1001238","external_links_name":"\"Lydiard Park (1001238)\""},{"Link":"https://historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1355896","external_links_name":"\"Ice House, approx. 200m west of Lydiard Park Mansion (1355896)\""},{"Link":"https://historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1023478","external_links_name":"\"Walled Garden north-west of Lydiard Park (1023478)\""},{"Link":"https://historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1283843","external_links_name":"\"Sundial (1283843)\""},{"Link":"http://www.lydiardpark.org.uk/park/Pages/restoration.aspx","external_links_name":"\"Restoration of park\""},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/radio1/bigweekend/2009/lineup/","external_links_name":"\"BBC - Radio 1's Big Weekend - 2009 - Line Up\""},{"Link":"https://www.ordnancesurvey.co.uk/election-maps/gb/","external_links_name":"\"Election Maps: Great Britain\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170222174253/http://www.swindon.gov.uk/info/20021/councillors_democracy_and_elections/687/community_governance_review_-_next_steps","external_links_name":"\"Community governance review\""},{"Link":"http://www.swindon.gov.uk/info/20021/councillors_democracy_and_elections/687/community_governance_review_-_next_steps","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-wiltshire-62575839","external_links_name":"\"Lost Gardens of Lydiard revealed after heatwave\""},{"Link":"https://historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1198420","external_links_name":"\"Lydiard Park (1198420)\""},{"Link":"https://www.artfund.org/supporting-museums/art-weve-helped-buy/artwork/8126/two-george-i-chairs","external_links_name":"\"Two George I chairs by Unknown Artist\""},{"Link":"https://artuk.org/visit/venues/lydiard-house-3538","external_links_name":"\"Lydiard House\""},{"Link":"http://www.lydiardpark.org.uk/visit/Pages/plan-your-visit.aspx","external_links_name":"\"Plan Your Visit\""},{"Link":"http://www.lydiardpark.org.uk/events/Pages/conference.aspx","external_links_name":"\"Conference Centre\""},{"Link":"https://historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1023470","external_links_name":"\"Church of St. Mary, Lydiard Park (1023470)\""},{"Link":"https://lessknownfacts.com/10-facts-about-lydiard-park/","external_links_name":"\"10 Facts about Lydiard Park\""},{"Link":"https://www.lydiardpark.org.uk/","external_links_name":"Official website"},{"Link":"https://artuk.org/visit/venues/lydiard-house-3538","external_links_name":"Lydiard House"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Lydiard_Park&params=51_33_38_N_01_51_06_W_type:forest_region:GB-WIL","external_links_name":"51°33′38″N 01°51′06″W / 51.56056°N 1.85167°W / 51.56056; -1.85167"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Gift_To_Last
A Gift to Last
["1 Christmas special","2 Series","3 Stage play","4 External links"]
Canadian TV series or program A Gift to LastCreated byPeter WildebloodStarringGordon PinsentCountry of originCanadaNo. of seasons3No. of episodes23 (including christmas special)ProductionRunning time60 minutesOriginal releaseNetworkCBCReleaseDecember 19, 1976 (1976-12-19) –December 16, 1979 (1979-12-16) A Gift to Last is a CBC Television Christmas special broadcast in 1976, a subsequent family drama series that ran from 1978 to 1979, and a stage play based on the pilot episode. In both the special and series, Gordon Pinsent portrayed Sgt Edgar Sturgess. The series, A Gift To Last, originated in a special of the same name, produced for Christmas 1976. In the special, written by Gordon Pinsent, Melvyn Douglas played Clement Sturgess, an elderly man who looked back on his childhood Christmases at the turn of the century, and especially to his family hero, his uncle, the colourful and irresponsible Sergeant Edgar Sturgess of the Royal Canadian Regiment, played by Pinsent himself. Christmas special Melvyn Douglas was cast as the senior Clement Sturgess, a nephew of Sgt Edgar Sturgess. The special dramatises Clement's Christmas memories of his life around the year 1900. Mark Polley, the brother of Sarah Polley, was cast in the role of the young Clement. Series The series was set during 1899–1905, around the time of the Second Boer War. Stage play The pilot Christmas episode of A Gift to Last was adapted for the stage by Walter Learning and Alden Nowlan in 1978. The play has since become a perennial Canadian Christmas favourite and is regularly presented at regional theatres across the country. In 2012, Theatre Orangeville presented A Gift to Last with playwright Walter Learning in the role of the older Clement. External links Television portalCanada portal Queen's University Directory of CBC Television Series (A Gift to Last archived listing link via archive.org) A Gift to Last, History of Canadian Broadcasting A Gift to Last (Christmas special) at IMDb A Gift to Last (series) at IMDb This article relating to a drama television series in Canada is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[]
null
[]
[{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160304090036/http://www.queensu.ca/filmandmedia/sites/webpublish.queensu.ca.fmwww/files/files/CBC%20Television%20Linked%20Listings.pdf","external_links_name":"Queen's University Directory of CBC Television Series"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150114075958/http://www.film.queensu.ca/CBC/G.html","external_links_name":"A Gift to Last archived listing link"},{"Link":"https://broadcasting-history.com/programming/television/gift-last","external_links_name":"A Gift to Last, History of Canadian Broadcasting"},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0077015/","external_links_name":"A Gift to Last (Christmas special)"},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0252763/","external_links_name":"A Gift to Last (series)"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=A_Gift_to_Last&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infectious_cancer
Clonally transmissible cancer
["1 General mechanism","2 Humans","3 Other animals","3.1 Canine transmissible venereal tumor","3.2 Contagious reticulum cell sarcoma","3.3 Devil facial tumour disease","3.4 Bivalves","4 See also","5 References","6 External links"]
Cancer capable of infecting other individuals A transmissible cancer is a cancer cell or cluster of cancer cells that can be transferred between individuals without the involvement of an infectious agent, such as an oncovirus. The evolution of transmissible cancer has occurred naturally in other animal species, but human cancer transmission is rare. This transfer is typically between members of the same species or closely related species. General mechanism Transmissible cancers require a specific combination of related circumstances to occur. These conditions involve both the host species and the tumors being transferred. These typically include low genetic diversity among individuals, an effective physical and environmental transport system, and a high enough dose of infective material. The cancers reproduce faster in larger quantities with different means of reproduction tend to be favored for transmission if host conditions are met. Transmissible cancers follow the general pattern of cancer spread, starting with the growth of primary cancer cells at tumor sites followed by invasion of surrounding tissue and subsequent spread throughout the organism. The main hurdles for surviving cells of a successful spread to a new host are histocompatibility barriers. The cancers have to bypass the self recognition system, survive the difference in nutrients and induce the correct response in the new hosts to begin the cycle anew. Transmissible cancers behave as true parasites, relying primarily on transport systems like direct contact, environmental transport and vectors, rather than hematogenous and lymphatic carriers to spread between organisms. The amount of shredded cancer cells from initial host has to be high enough to increase survival probability. Direct contact transmissions through sexual or general contact such as in DFTD and CVTD ensures a higher potential for transmission. Population factors also play an important role. A dense population of available and uninfected potential hosts is ideal for the tumors given the complexity and difficulty of the overall process, hence its virulence and potency must be adequately controlled. Humans In humans, a significant fraction of Kaposi's sarcoma occurring after transplantation may be due to tumorous outgrowth of donor cells. Although Kaposi's sarcoma is caused by a virus (Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus), in these cases, it appears likely that transmission of virus-infected tumor cells—rather than the free virus—caused tumors in the transplant recipients. In 2007, four people (three women and one man) received different organ transplants (liver, both lungs and kidneys) from a 53-year-old woman who had recently died from intracranial bleeding. Before transplantation, the organ donor was deemed to have no signs of cancer upon medical examination. The organ recipients developed metastatic breast cancer from the organs and three of them died from the cancer between 2009–2017. In 2014, a case of parasite-to-host cancer transmission occurred in a 41-year-old man in Colombia with a compromised immune system due to HIV. The man's tumor cells were shown to have originated from the dwarf tapeworm, Hymenolepis nana. In the 1990s, an undifferentiated pleomorphic sarcoma was transmitted from a 32-year-old patient to his 53-year-old surgeon when the surgeon injured his hand during an operation. Within five months, a tumor had developed on the hand of the surgeon and was subsequently excised. Histologic examinations of the tumor tissues from the patient and surgeon showed that both were morphologically identical. In 1986, a 19-year-old laboratory worker mistakenly punctured her hand with a needle previously used to extract human colonic cancer cells. No injection of the substance occurred, and the worker suffered a small puncture wound with bleeding. Within 19 days, she had developed a small cancerous nodule on her hand. The tumor was removed soon after, and has since shown no sign of reoccurrence. Other animals Contagious cancers are known to occur in dogs, Tasmanian devils, Syrian hamsters, and some marine bivalves including soft-shell clams. These cancers have a relatively stable genome as they are transmitted. Recent studies have tested whether other highly prevalent wildlife cancers, such as urogenital carcinomas in Californian sea lions, could also be contagious but so far there is no evidence for this. Clonally transmissible cancer, caused by a clone of malignant cells rather than a virus, is an extremely rare disease modality, with few transmissible cancers being known. The evolution of transmissible cancer is unlikely, because the cell clone must be adapted to survive a physical transmission of living cells between hosts, and must be able to survive in the environment of a new host's immune system. Animals that have undergone population bottlenecks may be at greater risks of contracting transmissible cancers due to a lack of overall genetic diversity. Infectious cancers may also evolve to circumvent immune response by means of natural selection in order to spread. Because of their transmission, it was initially thought that these diseases were caused by the transfer of oncoviruses, in the manner of cervical cancer caused by human papillomavirus. However, canine transmissible venereal tumor mutes the expression of the immune response, whereas the Syrian hamster disease spreads due to lack of genetic diversity. Canine transmissible venereal tumor Main article: Canine transmissible venereal tumor Canine transmissible venereal tumor (CTVT) is sexually transmitted cancer which induces cancerous tumors on the genitalia of both male and female dogs, typically during mating. It was first described medically by a veterinary practitioner in London in 1810. It was experimentally transplanted between dogs in 1876 by M. A. Novinsky (1841–1914). A single malignant clone of CTVT cells has colonized dogs worldwide, representing the oldest known malignant cell line in continuous propagation, a fact that was uncovered in 2006. Researchers deduced that the CTVT went through 2 million mutations to reach its actual state, and inferred it started to develop in ancient dog species 11 000 years ago. Contagious reticulum cell sarcoma Main article: Contagious reticulum cell sarcoma Contagious reticulum cell sarcoma of the Syrian hamster can be transmitted from one Syrian hamster to another through various mechanisms. It has been seen to spread within a laboratory population, presumably through gnawing at tumours and cannibalism. It can also be spread by means of the bite of the mosquito Aedes aegypti. Devil facial tumour disease Main article: Devil facial tumour disease Devil facial tumour disease (DFTD) is a transmissible parasitic cancer in the Tasmanian devil. Since its discovery in 1996, DFTD has spread and infected 4/5 of all Tasmanian devils and threatens them with extinction. DFTD has a near 100% fatality rate, and has killed up to 90% of Tasmanian devil populations living in some reserves. A new DFTD tumor-type cancer was recently uncovered on 5 Tasmanian devils (DFT2), histologically different from DFT1, leading researchers to believe that the Tasmanian devil "is particularly prone to the emergence of transmissible cancers". Bivalves Soft-shell clams, Mya arenaria, have been found to be vulnerable to a transmissible neoplasm of the hemolymphatic system — effectively, leukemia. The cells have infected clam beds hundreds of miles from each other, making this clonally transmissible cancer the only one that does not require contact for transmission. Horizontally transmitted cancers have also been discovered in three other species of marine bivalves: bay mussels (Mytilus trossulus), common cockles (Cerastoderma edule) and golden carpet shell clams (Polititapes aureus). The golden carpet shell clam cancer was found to have been transmitted from another species, the pullet carpet shell (Venerupis corrugata). 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"The role of the Major Histocompatibility Complex in the spread of contagious cancers". Mammalian Genome. 22 (1–2): 83–90. doi:10.1007/s00335-010-9294-2. PMID 20963591. S2CID 8303843. ^ Siddle HV, Kreiss A, Eldridge MD, Noonan E, Clarke CJ, Pyecroft S, et al. (October 2007). "Transmission of a fatal clonal tumor by biting occurs due to depleted MHC diversity in a threatened carnivorous marsupial". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 104 (41): 16221–6. doi:10.1073/pnas.0704580104. PMC 1999395. PMID 17911263. ^ a b c d Harrison C (May 2018). "Clonally transmissible cancers in nature". Cancer Therapy Advisor. Retrieved 2019-10-03. ^ Murgia C, Pritchard JK, Kim SY, Fassati A, Weiss RA (August 2006). "Clonal origin and evolution of a transmissible cancer". Cell. 126 (3): 477–87. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2006.05.051. PMC 2593932. PMID 16901782. ^ Copper HL, Mackay CM, Banfield WG (October 1964). 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"Selfish shellfish cells cause contagious clam cancer". National Geographic. Archived from the original on 2015-09-05. Retrieved 2015-04-10. ^ Metzger MJ, Reinisch C, Sherry J, Goff SP (April 2015). "Horizontal transmission of clonal cancer cells causes leukemia in soft-shell clams". Cell. 161 (2): 255–63. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2015.02.042. PMC 4393529. PMID 25860608. ^ Metzger MJ, Villalba A, Carballal MJ, Iglesias D, Sherry J, Reinisch C, et al. (June 2016). "Widespread transmission of independent cancer lineages within multiple bivalve species". Nature. 534 (7609): 705–9. Bibcode:2016Natur.534..705M. doi:10.1038/nature18599. PMC 4939143. PMID 27338791. ^ Frierman EM, Andrews JD (February 1976). "Occurrence of hematopoietic neoplasms in Virginia oysters (Crassostrea virginica)". Journal of the National Cancer Institute. 56 (2): 319–24. doi:10.1093/jnci/56.2.319. PMID 1255763. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Transmissible cancer. Clonally transmissible cancers Archived 2017-11-15 at the Wayback Machine at plos.org. vteOverview of tumors, cancer and oncologyConditionsBenign tumors Hyperplasia Cyst Pseudocyst Hamartoma Malignant progression Dysplasia Carcinoma in situ Cancer Metastasis Primary tumor Sentinel lymph node Topography Head and neck oral oropharyngeal laryngeal nasopharyngeal Digestive system Respiratory system Bone Skin Blood Urogenital Nervous system Endocrine system Histology Carcinoma Sarcoma Blastoma Papilloma Adenoma Other Precancerous condition Paraneoplastic syndrome Staging/grading TNM Ann Arbor Prostate cancer staging Gleason grading system Dukes classification Carcinogenesis Cancer cell Carcinogen Tumor suppressor genes/oncogenes Clonally transmissible cancer Oncovirus Carcinogenic bacteria Misc. 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Non-cellular lifeVirus Viroid SatelliteRealms Adnaviria Duplodnaviria Monodnaviria Riboviria Ribozyviria Varidnaviria UnassignedClassesNaldaviricetesFamilies Alphasatellitidae Ampullaviridae Anelloviridae Avsunviroidae Bicaudaviridae Clavaviridae Finnlakeviridae Fuselloviridae Globuloviridae Guttaviridae Halspiviridae Ovaliviridae Plasmaviridae Polydnaviridae Portogloboviridae Pospiviroidae Spiraviridae Thaspiviridae Tolecusatellitidae Genera Dinodnavirus Rhizidiovirus Other Nanobe (?) Obelisk Comparablestructures Bio-like structure Cancer cell HeLa Clonally transmissible cancer Cosmid Defective interfering particle Endogenous viral element Fosmid Integrative and conjugative element Jeewanu "Nanobacterium" Phagemid Plasmid Prion Fungal prion Proteinoid microsphere Retroelements not elsewhere classified Retron Diversity-generating retroelement Telomerase reverse transcriptase Reverse transcriptase-related cellular gene Ribozyme Spiegelman's Monster Tandem repeat Transposable element Retroposon Transpoviron Xenobot
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"cancer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cancer"},{"link_name":"transferred","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transmissible_disease"},{"link_name":"oncovirus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oncovirus"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ostrander_et_al-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Welsh_JS-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Welsh_JS-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-3"}],"text":"A transmissible cancer is a cancer cell or cluster of cancer cells that can be transferred between individuals without the involvement of an infectious agent, such as an oncovirus.[1][2] The evolution of transmissible cancer has occurred naturally in other animal species, but human cancer transmission is rare.[2] This transfer is typically between members of the same species or closely related species.[3]","title":"Clonally transmissible cancer"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-4"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-3"}],"text":"Transmissible cancers require a specific combination of related circumstances to occur. These conditions involve both the host species and the tumors being transferred. These typically include low genetic diversity among individuals, an effective physical and environmental transport system, and a high enough dose of infective material.[4] The cancers reproduce faster in larger quantities with different means of reproduction tend to be favored for transmission if host conditions are met. Transmissible cancers follow the general pattern of cancer spread, starting with the growth of primary cancer cells at tumor sites followed by invasion of surrounding tissue and subsequent spread throughout the organism.[5] The main hurdles for surviving cells of a successful spread to a new host are histocompatibility barriers. The cancers have to bypass the self recognition system, survive the difference in nutrients and induce the correct response in the new hosts to begin the cycle anew.[6]Transmissible cancers behave as true parasites, relying primarily on transport systems like direct contact, environmental transport and vectors, rather than hematogenous and lymphatic carriers to spread between organisms.[4] The amount of shredded cancer cells from initial host has to be high enough to increase survival probability. Direct contact transmissions through sexual or general contact such as in DFTD and CVTD ensures a higher potential for transmission.[4] Population factors also play an important role. A dense population of available and uninfected potential hosts is ideal for the tumors given the complexity and difficulty of the overall process, hence its virulence and potency must be adequately controlled.[3]","title":"General mechanism"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kaposi's sarcoma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaposi%27s_sarcoma"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaposi%27s_sarcoma-associated_herpesvirus"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Welsh_JS-2"},{"link_name":"organ transplants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organ_transplant"},{"link_name":"intracranial bleeding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intracranial_bleeding"},{"link_name":"metastatic breast cancer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metastatic_breast_cancer"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"HIV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HIV"},{"link_name":"dwarf tapeworm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dwarf_tapeworm"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"undifferentiated pleomorphic sarcoma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Undifferentiated_pleomorphic_sarcoma"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"text":"In humans, a significant fraction of Kaposi's sarcoma occurring after transplantation may be due to tumorous outgrowth of donor cells.[7] Although Kaposi's sarcoma is caused by a virus (Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus), in these cases, it appears likely that transmission of virus-infected tumor cells—rather than the free virus—caused tumors in the transplant recipients.[2]In 2007, four people (three women and one man) received different organ transplants (liver, both lungs and kidneys) from a 53-year-old woman who had recently died from intracranial bleeding. Before transplantation, the organ donor was deemed to have no signs of cancer upon medical examination. The organ recipients developed metastatic breast cancer from the organs and three of them died from the cancer between 2009–2017.[8]In 2014, a case of parasite-to-host cancer transmission occurred in a 41-year-old man in Colombia with a compromised immune system due to HIV. The man's tumor cells were shown to have originated from the dwarf tapeworm, Hymenolepis nana.[9] In the 1990s, an undifferentiated pleomorphic sarcoma was transmitted from a 32-year-old patient to his 53-year-old surgeon when the surgeon injured his hand during an operation. Within five months, a tumor had developed on the hand of the surgeon and was subsequently excised. Histologic examinations of the tumor tissues from the patient and surgeon showed that both were morphologically identical.[10] In 1986, a 19-year-old laboratory worker mistakenly punctured her hand with a needle previously used to extract human colonic cancer cells. No injection of the substance occurred, and the worker suffered a small puncture wound with bleeding. Within 19 days, she had developed a small cancerous nodule on her hand. The tumor was removed soon after, and has since shown no sign of reoccurrence.[11]","title":"Humans"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"dogs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dog"},{"link_name":"Tasmanian devils","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tasmanian_devil"},{"link_name":"Syrian hamsters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syrian_hamster"},{"link_name":"bivalves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bivalve"},{"link_name":"soft-shell clams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soft-shell_clam"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Californian sea lions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Californian_sea_lion"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"virus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oncovirus"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ostrander_et_al-1"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"population bottlenecks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Population_bottleneck"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"oncoviruses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oncovirus"},{"link_name":"cervical cancer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cervical_cancer"},{"link_name":"human papillomavirus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_papillomavirus"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Welsh_JS-2"},{"link_name":"canine transmissible venereal tumor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canine_transmissible_venereal_tumor"},{"link_name":"genetic diversity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetic_diversity"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"}],"text":"Contagious cancers are known to occur in dogs, Tasmanian devils, Syrian hamsters, and some marine bivalves including soft-shell clams. These cancers have a relatively stable genome as they are transmitted.[12] Recent studies have tested whether other highly prevalent wildlife cancers, such as urogenital carcinomas in Californian sea lions, could also be contagious but so far there is no evidence for this.[13]Clonally transmissible cancer, caused by a clone of malignant cells rather than a virus,[14] is an extremely rare disease modality,[15] with few transmissible cancers being known.[1] The evolution of transmissible cancer is unlikely, because the cell clone must be adapted to survive a physical transmission of living cells between hosts, and must be able to survive in the environment of a new host's immune system.[16] Animals that have undergone population bottlenecks may be at greater risks of contracting transmissible cancers due to a lack of overall genetic diversity. Infectious cancers may also evolve to circumvent immune response by means of natural selection in order to spread.[17] Because of their transmission, it was initially thought that these diseases were caused by the transfer of oncoviruses, in the manner of cervical cancer caused by human papillomavirus.[2] However, canine transmissible venereal tumor mutes the expression of the immune response, whereas the Syrian hamster disease spreads due to lack of genetic diversity.[18]","title":"Other animals"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Canine transmissible venereal tumor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canine_transmissible_venereal_tumor"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CTCiN-19"},{"link_name":"cell line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_culture"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CTCiN-19"}],"sub_title":"Canine transmissible venereal tumor","text":"Canine transmissible venereal tumor (CTVT) is sexually transmitted cancer which induces cancerous tumors on the genitalia of both male and female dogs, typically during mating. It was first described medically by a veterinary practitioner in London in 1810.[19] It was experimentally transplanted between dogs in 1876 by M. A. Novinsky (1841–1914). A single malignant clone of CTVT cells has colonized dogs worldwide, representing the oldest known malignant cell line in continuous propagation,[20] a fact that was uncovered in 2006. Researchers deduced that the CTVT went through 2 million mutations to reach its actual state, and inferred it started to develop in ancient dog species 11 000 years ago.[19]","title":"Other animals"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Contagious reticulum cell sarcoma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contagious_reticulum_cell_sarcoma"},{"link_name":"Syrian hamster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syrian_hamster"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ostrander_et_al-1"},{"link_name":"Aedes aegypti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aedes_aegypti"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"}],"sub_title":"Contagious reticulum cell sarcoma","text":"Contagious reticulum cell sarcoma of the Syrian hamster[21] can be transmitted from one Syrian hamster to another through various mechanisms. It has been seen to spread within a laboratory population, presumably through gnawing at tumours and cannibalism.[1] It can also be spread by means of the bite of the mosquito Aedes aegypti.[22]","title":"Other animals"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Devil facial tumour disease","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devil_facial_tumour_disease"},{"link_name":"Tasmanian devil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tasmanian_devil"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CTCiN-19"}],"sub_title":"Devil facial tumour disease","text":"Devil facial tumour disease (DFTD) is a transmissible parasitic cancer in the Tasmanian devil.[23] Since its discovery in 1996, DFTD has spread and infected 4/5 of all Tasmanian devils and threatens them with extinction. DFTD has a near 100% fatality rate, and has killed up to 90% of Tasmanian devil populations living in some reserves.[24] A new DFTD tumor-type cancer was recently uncovered on 5 Tasmanian devils (DFT2), histologically different from DFT1, leading researchers to believe that the Tasmanian devil \"is particularly prone to the emergence of transmissible cancers\".[19]","title":"Other animals"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Soft-shell clams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soft-shell_clam"},{"link_name":"leukemia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leukemia"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NatGeo-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CTCiN-19"},{"link_name":"bivalves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bivalve"},{"link_name":"bay mussels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mytilus_trossulus"},{"link_name":"common cockles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerastoderma_edule"},{"link_name":"golden carpet shell clams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polititapes_aureus"},{"link_name":"pullet carpet shell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venerupis_corrugata"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"}],"sub_title":"Bivalves","text":"Soft-shell clams, Mya arenaria, have been found to be vulnerable to a transmissible neoplasm of the hemolymphatic system — effectively, leukemia.[25][26] The cells have infected clam beds hundreds of miles from each other, making this clonally transmissible cancer the only one that does not require contact for transmission.[19]Horizontally transmitted cancers have also been discovered in three other species of marine bivalves: bay mussels (Mytilus trossulus), common cockles (Cerastoderma edule) and golden carpet shell clams (Polititapes aureus). The golden carpet shell clam cancer was found to have been transmitted from another species, the pullet carpet shell (Venerupis corrugata).[27][28]","title":"Other animals"}]
[]
[{"title":"Allotransplantation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allotransplantation"},{"title":"Anne-Maree Pearse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anne-Maree_Pearse"},{"title":"Myxosporea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myxosporea"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robyn_Love
Robyn Love
["1 Biography","2 Achievements","3 Personal life","4 References","5 External links"]
British wheelchair basketball player Robyn LoveRobyn LovePersonal informationNationalityBritishBorn (1990-08-28) 28 August 1990 (age 33)Ayr, ScotlandHeight164 cm (5 ft 5 in)Weight60 kg (9 st 6 lb; 132 lb)SportCountryGreat BritainSportWheelchair basketballDisability class3.5EventWomen's teamClubLothian Phoenix Medal record Wheelchair basketball 2015 Worcester, United Kingdom Women's wheelchair basketball 2017 Tenriffe, Spain Women's wheelchair basketball Women's World Championships 2018 Hamburg, Germany Women's wheelchair basketball Robyn Love (born 28 August 1990) is a 3.5 point British wheelchair basketball player who represented Great Britain at the 2016 Paralympic Games. Biography Robyn Love was born in Ayr, Scotland, on 28 August 1990. She was born with arthrogryposis, a rare condition in which the muscles are shortened, due to the wrapping of the umbilical cord around her legs. As a result, her right leg is shorter than her left, and she is missing muscles in both legs. At school, she played football and tennis, but refused to participate in athletics because she knew her disability prevented her from running as fast as the other kids. During her 2008 gap year before university, surgeons at Glasgow Royal Infirmary attempted to lengthen her leg by breaking it and using plaster and pins to keep it straight. The pins had to be tightened daily, which was excruciatingly painful. They also inserted a plate in her femur that helped her walk better, but her right leg remained 10 centimetres (3.9 in) shorter, and she still walked with a limp. In 2009, she entered Edinburgh Napier University, where she studied biomedical sciences. One of the first things she did was find sports organisations, and she started playing basketball. By embracing her disability, Love was set on the path to becoming an elite athlete. A friend suggested she try wheelchair basketball. Love attended a "come and try" day run by the Lothian Phoenix club in November 2013, and met Tina Gordon from Sportscotland, who became her coach. Love was classified a 3.5-point player, and Gordon trained her, and even bought her a £1,000 wheelchair basketball sports chair. Love played her first wheelchair basketball game in January 2014, shooting 16 points in a winning game. She went on to win the Scottish Cup with Lothian Phoenix and the Scottish Universities Cup with Edinburgh Napier University. In October 2014, she attended a national team training camp, and in 2015 she relocated to the University of Worcester, where the national team is based. She made her international debut with the national team at the Osaka Cup in Japan in February 2015, winning silver. This was followed by bronze at the European Championships in September 2015, securing a place for the British team at the 2016 Paralympic Games in Rio de Janeiro. In May 2016, she was selected as part of the side for Rio. The British team produced its best ever performance at the Paralympics, making it all the way to the semi-finals, but lost to the semi-final to the United States, and then the bronze medal match to the Netherlands. Achievements 2015: Bronze at the European Championships (Worcester, England) 2016: Fourth at the 2016 Paralympics (Rio de Janeiro, Brazil) 2017: Bronze at the European Championships (Tenerife, Spain) 2018: Silver at the 2018 Wheelchair Basketball World Championship (Hamburg, Germany) Personal life She is engaged to fellow wheelchair basketball player Laurie Williams. They have a child together. References ^ a b "Love, Robyn". International Paralympic Committee. Archived from the original on 16 September 2016. Retrieved 15 September 2016. ^ a b c d e "Wheelchair basketball's Robyn Love eyes Olympics". Edinburgh Evening News. 8 December 2014. Retrieved 15 September 2016. ^ a b c Hudson, Elizabeth (7 September 2016). "How Robyn Love found wheelchair basketball in time for Rio Paralympics". BBC Sport. Retrieved 15 September 2016. ^ "Robyn Love – Rio 2016". ParalympicsGB. Retrieved 15 September 2016. ^ a b c "Robyn Love". British Wheelchair Basketball. Retrieved 11 September 2016. ^ a b "Germany earn 10th women's European Wheelchair Basketball Championship title as hosts Britain win men's gold". Inside the Games. Retrieved 9 September 2015. ^ "British women's wheelchair basketball team named for Rio". International Paralympic Committee. 13 May 2016. Retrieved 15 September 2016. ^ Berkeley, Geoff (17 September 2016). "University of Worcester-based GB women's wheelchair basketball team miss out on bronze medal to dominant Dutch in Rio Paralympics". Worcester News. Retrieved 18 September 2016. ^ "Summary - Wheelchair Basketball". International Paralympic Committee. Retrieved 11 February 2017. ^ "Robin Love". British Wheelchair Basketball. Retrieved 1 September 2018. ^ "NED v GBR". FIBA LiveStats. Retrieved 1 September 2018. ^ Ennis, Dawn (23 February 2020). "Robyn Love and Laurie Williams are wheelchair basketball teammates in love". Outsports. ^ Ransom, Nick (1 June 2023). "Pride Month: Paralympians Robyn Love and Laurie Williams on life as new mums and representing LGBTQ+ disabled athletes". Sky Sports. Retrieved 17 June 2023. External links Robyn Love at the International Paralympic Committee Robyn Love at the British Paralympic Association Robyn Love at Team Scotland vteGreat Britain women's national wheelchair basketball team – 2016 Summer Paralympics 1 . 2 . 3 . 4 Charlotte Moore 5 Sophie Carrigill 6 Clare Griffiths 7 Helen Freeman 8 Laurie Williams 9 Judith Hamer 10 Amy Conroy 11 Katie Morrow 12 Leah Evans 13 Jordanna Bartlett 14 Joy Haizelden 15 Robyn Love Coach: Miles Thompson Portals: Biography Sports
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At school, she played football and tennis, but refused to participate in athletics because she knew her disability prevented her from running as fast as the other kids.[3] During her 2008 gap year before university, surgeons at Glasgow Royal Infirmary attempted to lengthen her leg by breaking it and using plaster and pins to keep it straight. The pins had to be tightened daily, which was excruciatingly painful. They also inserted a plate in her femur that helped her walk better, but her right leg remained 10 centimetres (3.9 in) shorter, and she still walked with a limp. In 2009, she entered Edinburgh Napier University, where she studied biomedical sciences. One of the first things she did was find sports organisations, and she started playing basketball.[2]By embracing her disability, Love was set on the path to becoming an elite athlete. A friend suggested she try wheelchair basketball. Love attended a \"come and try\" day run by the Lothian Phoenix club in November 2013, and met Tina Gordon from Sportscotland,[2][3] who became her coach.[1] Love was classified a 3.5-point player, and Gordon trained her, and even bought her a £1,000 wheelchair basketball sports chair. Love played her first wheelchair basketball game in January 2014, shooting 16 points in a winning game.[2][3] She went on to win the Scottish Cup with Lothian Phoenix and the Scottish Universities Cup with Edinburgh Napier University.[4] In October 2014, she attended a national team training camp,[2] and in 2015 she relocated to the University of Worcester, where the national team is based. She made her international debut with the national team at the Osaka Cup in Japan in February 2015, winning silver.[5] This was followed by bronze at the European Championships in September 2015, securing a place for the British team at the 2016 Paralympic Games in Rio de Janeiro.[5][6] In May 2016, she was selected as part of the side for Rio.[7] The British team produced its best ever performance at the Paralympics, making it all the way to the semi-finals, but lost to the semi-final to the United States, and then the bronze medal match to the Netherlands.[8]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Worcester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Worcester,_England"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gbwba-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-euro2015-6"},{"link_name":"2016 Paralympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wheelchair_basketball_at_the_2016_Summer_Paralympics_%E2%80%93_Women"},{"link_name":"Rio de Janeiro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rio_de_Janeiro"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Tenerife","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenerife"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Team_GB-10"},{"link_name":"2018 Wheelchair Basketball World Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_Wheelchair_Basketball_World_Championship"},{"link_name":"Hamburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamburg"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"text":"2015: Bronze at the European Championships (Worcester, England)[5][6]\n2016: Fourth at the 2016 Paralympics (Rio de Janeiro, Brazil)[9]\n2017: Bronze at the European Championships (Tenerife, Spain)[10]\n2018: Silver at the 2018 Wheelchair Basketball World Championship (Hamburg, Germany)[11]","title":"Achievements"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Laurie Williams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laurie_Williams_(wheelchair_basketball)"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"text":"She is engaged to fellow wheelchair basketball player Laurie Williams.[12] They have a child together.[13]","title":"Personal life"}]
[]
null
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Retrieved 11 September 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.gbwba.org.uk/gbwba/index.cfm/gb-teams/gb-players/gb-women/robyn-love/","url_text":"\"Robyn Love\""}]},{"reference":"\"Germany earn 10th women's European Wheelchair Basketball Championship title as hosts Britain win men's gold\". Inside the Games. Retrieved 9 September 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.insidethegames.biz/articles/1029917/germany-earn-10th-womens-european-wheelchair-basketball-championship-title-as-hosts-britain-win-mens-gold","url_text":"\"Germany earn 10th women's European Wheelchair Basketball Championship title as hosts Britain win men's gold\""}]},{"reference":"\"British women's wheelchair basketball team named for Rio\". International Paralympic Committee. 13 May 2016. Retrieved 15 September 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.paralympic.org/news/british-women-s-wheelchair-basketball-team-named-rio","url_text":"\"British women's wheelchair basketball team named for Rio\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Paralympic_Committee","url_text":"International Paralympic Committee"}]},{"reference":"Berkeley, Geoff (17 September 2016). \"University of Worcester-based GB women's wheelchair basketball team miss out on bronze medal to dominant Dutch in Rio Paralympics\". Worcester News. Retrieved 18 September 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.worcesternews.co.uk/sport/14748897.GB_women___s_wheelchair_basketball_team_miss_out_on_bronze_medal_to_dominant_Dutch_in_Rio/","url_text":"\"University of Worcester-based GB women's wheelchair basketball team miss out on bronze medal to dominant Dutch in Rio Paralympics\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Worcester_News","url_text":"Worcester News"}]},{"reference":"\"Summary - Wheelchair Basketball\". International Paralympic Committee. Retrieved 11 February 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.paralympic.org/static/info/rio-2016/eng/wb/engwb_wheelchair-basketball-summary-women-s.htm","url_text":"\"Summary - Wheelchair Basketball\""}]},{"reference":"\"Robin Love\". British Wheelchair Basketball. Retrieved 1 September 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.britishwheelchairbasketball.co.uk/gbwba/index.cfm/gb-teams/gb-players/gb-women/robyn-love/","url_text":"\"Robin Love\""}]},{"reference":"\"NED v GBR\". FIBA LiveStats. Retrieved 1 September 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.fibalivestats.com/u/IWBFW/916102/bs.html","url_text":"\"NED v GBR\""}]},{"reference":"Ennis, Dawn (23 February 2020). \"Robyn Love and Laurie Williams are wheelchair basketball teammates in love\". Outsports.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.outsports.com/2020/2/23/21149647/wheelchair-basketball-paralympians-engaged-great-britain-uk-robyn-love-laurie-williams","url_text":"\"Robyn Love and Laurie Williams are wheelchair basketball teammates in love\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outsports","url_text":"Outsports"}]},{"reference":"Ransom, Nick (1 June 2023). \"Pride Month: Paralympians Robyn Love and Laurie Williams on life as new mums and representing LGBTQ+ disabled athletes\". Sky Sports. Retrieved 17 June 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.skysports.com/basketball/news/12040/12893529/pride-month-paralympians-robyn-love-and-laurie-williams-on-life-as-new-mums-and-representing-lgbtq-disabled-athletes","url_text":"\"Pride Month: Paralympians Robyn Love and Laurie Williams on life as new mums and representing LGBTQ+ disabled athletes\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sky_Sports","url_text":"Sky Sports"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bold_Ruler
Bold Ruler
["1 Background","2 Racing career","2.1 1957: three-year-old season","2.2 1958: four-year-old season","3 Stud record","4 Death and legacy","5 Pedigree","6 See also","7 References"]
American-bred Thoroughbred racehorse Bold RulerSireNasrullahGrandsireNearcoDamMiss DiscoDamsireDiscoverySexStallionFoaled6 April 1954 Claiborne Farm Paris, KentuckyDied12 July 1971CountryUnited StatesColorDark bayBreederWheatley StableOwnerWheatley StableTrainerSunny Jim FitzsimmonsRecord33: 23-4-2Earnings$764,204Major winsFuturity Stakes (1956)Juvenile Stakes (1956)Youthful Stakes (1956)Bahamas Stakes (1957)Flamingo Stakes (1957)Wood Memorial (1957)Jerome Handicap (1957) Vosburgh Handicap (1957)Queens County Handicap (1957)Trenton Handicap (1957)Toboggan Handicap (1958)Carter Handicap (1958)Stymie Handicap (1958)Suburban Handicap (1958)Monmouth Handicap (1958) American Classic Race wins:Preakness Stakes (1957)AwardsU.S. 3-Yr-Old Champion Male (1957)American Horse of the Year (1957)U.S. Champion Sprint Horse (1958)Leading sire in North America(1963–1969, 1973)HonoursU.S. Racing Hall of Fame (1973)Bold Ruler Handicap at Aqueduct Racetrack#19 - Top 100 U.S. Racehorses of the 20th Century Bold Ruler (April 6, 1954 – July 12, 1971) was an American Thoroughbred Hall of Fame racehorse who was the 1957 Horse of the Year. This following a three-year-old campaign that included wins in the Preakness Stakes and Trenton Handicap, in which he defeated fellow Hall of Fame inductees Round Table and Gallant Man. Bold Ruler was named American Champion Sprinter at age four, and upon retirement became the leading sire in North America eight times between 1963 and 1973, the most of any sire in the twentieth century. Bold Ruler is now best known as the sire of the 1973 Triple Crown winner Secretariat, and was also the great-grandsire of 1977 Triple Crown winner Seattle Slew. He was an outstanding sire of sires, whose modern descendants include many classic winners such as California Chrome. Background Bred by the Wheatley Stable of Gladys Mills Phipps, Bold Ruler was foaled on April 6, 1954, at Claiborne Farm in Paris, Kentucky. His sire was Nasrullah, who has the distinction of being a champion sire in both Europe and North America. Bold Ruler's dam was the stakes-winning sprinter Miss Disco, by Discovery. By coincidence, he and rival Round Table were foaled on the same night at Claiborne, and both returned to stand at stud there after their racing careers. He was trained by Sunny Jim Fitzsimmons, and was regularly ridden by Eddie Arcaro. Bold Ruler was a big, leggy horse, standing 16.1 hands (65 inches, 165 cm) with a great shoulder, powerful hindquarter, and a distinctive long, sloping hip going down to a straight hind leg. This conformation can still be found, especially in horses descended through the Seattle Slew line. Racing career The American foal crop of 1954 is considered to be one of the best of the twentieth century, containing three Hall of Fame horses: Bold Ruler, Gallant Man and Round Table, not to mention early standout Gen. Duke and Kentucky Derby winner Iron Liege. Bold Ruler stood out because of his raw speed, combined with courage that allowed him to overcome infirmities ranging from a tender mouth to chronic arthritis and soreness. At age two, Bold Ruler won seven starts, including the Youthful and Juvenile and the Futurity Stakes. However, he injured his back in the Youthful Stakes when he slammed into the starting gate, then developed a hock problem. He did not race in the Garden State Stakes, then one of the most prestigious races for two-year-olds, and lost the title for champion 2-year-old to the winner of that race, Barbizon. 1957: three-year-old season Bold Ruler began his three-year-old campaign in Florida by winning the Bahamas Stakes on January 30, 1957 while equaling the track record. He then finished second in the Everglade Stakes before taking the Flamingo Stakes while breaking the track record. On March 30, he finished second in the Florida Derby to Gen. Duke, who tied the then-world record of 1:464⁄5 for 9 furlongs. Bold Ruler was then shipped north to Aqueduct Racetrack in New York for the Wood Memorial Stakes, where he went off as the 1-2 favorite in a field of seven. He opened up an early four-length lead, but Gallant Man gradually closed ground and surged to the front at the top of the stretch. Bold Ruler then fought back and nosed out Gallant Man in the final strides while setting a new track record of 1:484⁄5 for 1+1⁄8 miles. The original favorite for the 1957 Kentucky Derby, held on May 4, was the Calumet Farm entry of Gen. Duke, who had defeated Bold Ruler in the Florida Derby, and the more lightly regarded Iron Liege. However, Gen. Duke was scratched after he went lame shortly before the race, so Bold Ruler went off as the 6-5 favorite. He fought against Arcaro's restraint and was carried wide around the first turn while battling for the lead with Federal Hill. He remained in contention until the far turn but faded down the homestretch to finish fourth behind Iron Liege. The race became notorious when Gallant Man, who looked certain to win the race, had his stride briefly checked at the 16th pole by jockey Bill Shoemaker, who had misjudged the position of the finish line. Fitzsimmons later revealed that Bold Ruler was suffering from a sore mouth, dating back to an incident as a yearling when he nearly tore his tongue in two after catching it on something in his stall. After the Derby, Fitzsimmons decided to use a strip of cloth to tie down the colt's tongue, relieving the pressure caused by the bit. In the Preakness Stakes on May 18, Bold Ruler responded with a front-running victory, with Iron Liege two lengths back in second. Arcaro had let Bold Ruler run at his own pace and later attributed the loss in the Derby to his attempt to restrain the colt. Gallant Man had bypassed the Preakness, instead winning the Peter Pan Stakes on June 1. The two colts met again in the Belmont Stakes on June 15, with Bold Ruler going off as the 17-20 favorite, while Gallant Man and his stablemate Bold Nero went off at odds of 19-20. Bold Ruler went to the early lead but was closely challenged by Bold Nero. The two set fast early fractions before first Bold Nero then Bold Ruler faltered. Bold Ruler hung on for third but was so tired after the race that he didn't want to return to the unsaddling enclosure. Gallant Man won convincingly and set an American record for 1+1⁄2 miles of 2:263⁄5. This remained the stakes record until 1973 when Bold Ruler's son Secretariat broke it. Bold Ruler was given a long layoff to recover from the race and a variety of physical issues. He finally returned to the racetrack in the Times Square Handicap on September 9, in which he carried top weight of 128 pounds. Going off as the 17-20 favorite, he won in front-running fashion by 5+1⁄2 lengths. He followed this up with a six length victory in the Jerome Handicap on September 14 while carrying 130 pounds. In the Jerome, Arcaro was able to get the colt to settle behind a fast early pace, then took command turning into the stretch. "He's a different colt," said Arcaro. "He's lost all those goofy habits and takes off just when you want him." On September 28, Bold Ruler entered the Woodward Stakes over a distance of 1+1⁄4 miles. His three rivals included Gallant Man, who was on a six-race winning streak, and Dedicate, a top-class older horse. Bold Ruler broke well but soon settled into second behind Reneged, who set a brisk early pace. With three furlongs remaining, Bold Ruler moved up to battle for the lead while Gallant Man and Dedicate started to close ground. The four horses were tightly bunched at the eight pole before Dedicate took command to win by 1+1⁄2 lengths over Gallant Man, with Bold Ruler finishing third. In the Vosburgh Handicap on October 9, Bold Ruler was assigned the top weight in a field of eight, six of which were older horses. He battled for the early lead with Nearctic, then started to draw away to win by nine lengths. Over a muddy track and despite being eased by Arcaro down the stretch, he set a track record of 1:212⁄5 for seven furlongs. On October 19, Bold Ruler carried 133 pounds in the Queens County Handicap, giving away from 19 to 23 pounds to his competitors. He went to the early lead and opened up a six length lead before being eased in the stretch. The final margin of victory was 2+1⁄2 lengths. He followed up with a dominating win in the Benjamin Franklin Handicap on November 2, winning by 12 lengths despite carrying 136 pounds. Jockey Bill Hartack, riding the third place finisher, commented after the race, "I don't know how good Bold Ruler is. I never got close enough to see." With a record of ten wins from 15 starts in 1957, Bold Ruler was still considered only the third best three-year-old in the country. Gallant Man had won eight races, including wins over Bold Ruler in the Belmont and Woodward, while Round Table had accumulated 14 wins over dirt and turf surfaces, mainly in California. The battle for Horse of the Year honors would be decided in the Trenton Handicap at 1+1⁄4 miles on November 9, in what North American racing historians rank among the greatest meetings ever of three horses in one race. Round Table and Gallant Man were both assigned 124 pounds while Bold Ruler carried 122 pounds. Bold Ruler went to the early lead, opening an advantage of seven or eight lengths going into the far turn. Gallant Man closed the lead to four lengths at the top of the stretch and looked like he might mount a challenge. Arcaro then looked back and waved his whip at Bold Ruler, who responded to hold off Gallant Man by 2+1⁄2 lengths. Round Table was far back in third. "I didn't think they would let me get so far in front," said Arcaro of his racing tactics. "I thought they'd be on me from the half-mile pole on, but they weren't. I stayed out from the rail, out towards the middle of the track, because the going was better there." His performances that year earned Bold Ruler the title of American Champion Three-Year-Old Male Horse. In the Horse of the Year poll organised by the publishers of Daily Racing Form, he received 16 votes to beat Gallant Man (9 votes) and older horse Dedicate (4 votes). Dedicate was controversially selected over Bold Ruler in the rival Thoroughbred Racing Association award, but Bold Ruler's win in a third poll conducted by Turf and Sport Digest magazine made him the "consensus" choice as Horse of the Year. 1958: four-year-old season At age four, Bold Ruler carried from 133 to 136 pounds in his seven starts, was the odds-on favorite in all seven, and won five. He won at distances from six furlongs in the Toboggan Handicap to 1+1⁄4 miles in the Suburban and Monmouth Handicaps. Bold Ruler started the year in Florida, first targeting a seven-furlong sprint in January for his debut, then the Widener Handicap in February. However, in both cases he became injured shortly before the race and was given time off to recover. He was then scheduled to debut at Jamaica Racetrack in late March but suffered another setback. As it turned out, he did not make his first start of the year until May 17 in the Toboggan Handicap, a six-furlong sprint at Belmont Park. Carrying top weight of 133 pounds, he settled into third place in the early running then sprinted clear down the stretch to win by half a length over Clem, who was carrying only 117 pounds. In the 7-furlong Carter Handicap on May 30, Bold Ruler faced his old rival Gallant Man, who was making his seasonal debut. Bold Ruler was assigned 135 pounds compared to 128 pounds for Gallant Man. Bold Ruler once again rated close behind the early pace, while Gallant Man was far back. Gallant Man made a strong late run to finish third, but never threatened Bold Ruler, who drew off for a 1+1⁄2 length win. Gallant Man gained his revenge in the Metropolitan Handicap on June 14, closing from well back to overtake the front-running Bold Ruler in deep stretch. Arcaro attributed the loss to the high weight of 135 pounds combined with a strong headwind, which took its toll in the final furlong of the one-mile race. For Bold Ruler's next start, Fitzsimmons was faced with the choice of being assigned 138 pounds in the Roseben Handicap, run at Bold Ruler's favorite distance of seven furlongs, or 133 pounds in the Stymie Handicap, over nine furlongs. Fitzsimmon chose the longer race with a lower weight, explaining, "I don't mind horses getting beaten. The only way you can avoid that is to keep them in the barn. But I've got to keep this horse sound and I don't think weight helps me do that." Bold Ruler responded with a front running five-length victory while setting a new track record. On July 4, Bold Ruler stretched out to a distance of 10 furlongs in the Suburban Handicap while carrying 134 pounds – at least 18 pounds more than any of his rivals. He vied for the lead with Clem and Beau Diable for the first half mile, then cut over to the rail and opened a three length lead as they rounded the final turn. Down the stretch, Clem started to close ground and actually got a head in front before Bold Ruler rallied in the final strides to win by a nose. Bold Ruler made his next start on July 18 in the Monmouth Handicap, also at a distance of 10 furlongs while carrying 134 pounds. He went straight to the lead and set an even tempo, then "coasted home" to win by three-quarters of a length over Sharpsburg. Despite the apparent ease of the win, Fitzsimmons called it a "real hard race" and said that he might bypass the upcoming Brooklyn Handicap. But he ultimately decided to enter the colt in the race despite being assigned 136 pounds. Bold Ruler settled in third place but was heavily bumped by Sharpsburg on the final turn and faded to seventh. Sharpsburg went on to finish second but was disqualified to last for the interference. Arcaro felt that the bump did not cost Bold Ruler a chance to win, saying "he just wasn't operating right at any point in the race." Just three weeks later, Fitzsimmons announced that Bold Ruler was being retired because of an ankle injury. "He may have injured the ankle in the Brooklyn, or in training," he said. "I know that something happened to him, but I don't know when it happened or exactly what he's got." Although a return to racing later in the year might have been possible, Fitzsimmons felt Bold Ruler was too valuable to risk. He ended his career with 23 wins, including 17 stakes wins, from 33 starts, with earnings of $764,204. Despite having made only two starts during the year at distances under a mile, Bold Ruler was still named the American Champion Sprint Horse of 1958. Stud record Bold Ruler retired to stud at Claiborne Farm in 1959, where he became the leading sire in North America from 1963 to 1969 and again in 1973. His eight titles were the highest for a North American sire in the twentieth century. Although several of his runners won at 10 furlongs or more, Bold Ruler was best known as a sire of precocious 2-year-olds, leading the juvenile sire list a then-record six times. From 366 named foals, he sired 240 winners (65.6%) and 82 stakes winners (22.4%), including Hall of Famers Gamely and Secretariat. He sired 11 champions: Lamb Chop (b. 1960) - American Champion Three-Year-Old Filly Bold Bidder (b. 1962) - American Co-champion Older Male Horse (1966) Bold Lad (b. 1962) - American Champion Two-Year-Old Colt Queen Empress (b. 1962) - American Champion Two-Year-Old Filly Gamely (b. 1964) - American Champion Three-Year-Old Filly, American Champion Older Female Horse (1968–69), Hall of Fame (1980) Bold Lad (IRE) (b. 1964) - Top rated British Two-Year-Old, bred and raced by Gladys Phipps' sister, Beatrice Mills Forbes, Countess Granard. Successor (b. 1964) - American Champion Two-Year-Old Colt Queen of the Stage (b. 1965) - American Champion Two-Year-Old Filly Vitriolic (b. 1965) - American Champion Two-Year-Old Colt Secretariat (b. 1970) - 9th U.S. Triple Crown Champion, American Horse of the Year (1972–73), 1972 Champion Two-Year-Old Colt, 1973 Champion Three-Year-Old colt, 1973 American Champion Turf Horse, Hall of Fame (1974) Wajima (b. 1972) - American Champion Three-Year-Old Male Horse Bold Ruler was also the dominant American sire of sires in the 1970s. His sire line includes: Bold and Brave, sire of Bold 'n Determined, elected to the Hall of Fame in 1997 Bold Bidder, sire of 1974 Kentucky Derby winner Cannonade and Spectacular Bid, who won the 1979 Kentucky Derby and Preakness Stakes and was elected to the Hall of Fame in 1982. Grandsire of Hall of Fame inductee Bayakoa. Bold Commander, sire of 1970 Kentucky Derby winner Dust Commander, who would in turn sire 1975 Preakness Stakes winner Master Derby Boldnesian, sire of Bold Reasoning, sire of 1977 Triple Crown Winner and Hall of Fame inductee Seattle Slew Irish Castle, sire of 1976 Kentucky Derby and Belmont Stakes winner Bold Forbes Raja Baba, leading sire of 1980 Reviewer, sire of 1975 champion 3-year-old filly Ruffian, elected to the Hall of Fame in 1976 Top Command, sire of Hall of Fame inductee Mom's Command Secretariat, sire of Risen Star, winner of the 1988 Preakness and Belmont, and Lady's Secret, 1986 Horse of the Year and Hall of Fame inductee What a Pleasure, sire of 1975 Kentucky Derby winner and Hall of Fame inductee Foolish Pleasure His sire line almost died out in the 1980s but was revived by Seattle Slew's son A.P. Indy (who was also a grandson of Secretariat on his dam's side). Much like Bold Ruler, A.P. Indy was a Horse of the Year, a leading sire and would go on to become an important sire of sires. In 2014, A.P. Indy's great-grandson California Chrome became the 16th male-line descendant of Bold Ruler to capture an American classic. A.P. Indy is also the grandsire of leading sire Tapit, who sired three winners of the Belmont Stakes in the four years between 2014 and 2017. Death and legacy Bold Ruler was the first horse to undergo radiation therapy when he was diagnosed with sinus cancer in 1971. At age 17, he died at Claiborne Farm on July 12, 1971, and is interred there. In 1973, he was posthumously inducted into the National Museum of Racing and Hall of Fame. Bold Ruler was listed at No. 19 in the Blood-Horse magazine ranking of the top 100 United States thoroughbred horse racing champions of the 20th century. The Bold Ruler Handicap at Aqueduct is named in his honor. Pedigree Pedigree of Bold Ruler SireNasrullah Nearco Pharos Phalaris Scapa Flow Nogara Havresac Catnip Mumtaz Begum Blenheim Blandford Malva Mumtaz Mahal The Tetrarch Lady Josephine DamMiss Disco Discovery Display Fair Play Cicuta Ariadne Light Brigade Adrienne Outdone Pompey Sun Briar Cleopatra Sweep Out Sweep On Dugout See also List of racehorses References ^ a b "Bold Ruler Profile". www.equibase.com. Retrieved 18 June 2016. ^ a b c d e f Avalyn Hunter. "Bold Ruler (horse)". American Classic Pedigrees. Retrieved 10 March 2018. ^ a b c d e f Peters, Anne. "The Influence of Bold Ruler". BloodHorse.com. Retrieved 18 June 2016. ^ Spiletta42. "Round Table: 1958 Horse of the Year". Spiletta.com. Archived from the original on 2016-04-20. Retrieved 2012-02-27.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) ^ a b c d Hale, Ron. "History challenge: Foal crop of 1954 had talent to spare". Daily Racing Form. Retrieved 18 June 2016. ^ "WORLD MARK TIED; Gen. Duke Beats Bold Ruler in 1:46 4/5 for Mile and Eighth". The New York Times. 31 March 1957. Retrieved 10 March 2018. ^ Liebowitz, Meyer (21 April 1957). "TRACK RECORD SET; Bold Ruler, in 1:48.8 for 1 1/8 Miles, Noses Out Gallant Man". The New York Times. Retrieved 30 March 2018. ^ Roach, James (1 May 1957). "CALUMET ENTRY RUNS TWO, FIVE; Gen. Duke, Iron Liege Still Favored for Derby Despite Federal Hill's Victory In Front All the Way Last Finisher Probably Out". The New York Times. Retrieved 31 March 2018. ^ Roach, James (5 May 1957). "8-1 SHOT TRIUMPHS; Iron Liege Gains Nose Victory for Sixth Calumet Derby". The New York Times. Retrieved 31 March 2018. ^ a b Roach, James (19 May 1957). "7-5 SHOT SCORES; Bold Ruler Shows Way by Two Lengths-- Inside Tract 3d". The New York Times. Retrieved 31 March 2018. ^ "NEW 'EQUIPMENT' AIDED BOLD RULER; Cloth Was Used as Anchor for Colt's Tender Tongue in Preakness Victory". The New York Times. 20 May 1957. Retrieved 31 March 2018. ^ Roach, James (2 June 1957). "PETER PAN TAKEN BY GALLANT MAN; 9-20 Favorite Scores Under Shoemaker at Belmont-- Promised Land Next". The New York Times. Retrieved 31 March 2018. ^ Roach, James (16 June 1957). "BOLD RULER THIRD; Gallant Man, in 2:26.6 Sets American Mark in 1 -Mile Belmont Lots of Gaps in Rear Seesaw on Tote Board BELMONT IS TAKEN BY GALLANT MAN 'A Good, Sharp Horse' Most Happy Fella Most Happy Owner Bold Ruler in Lead". The New York Times. Retrieved 31 March 2018. ^ "ESPN.com: Secretariat remains No. 1 name in racing". www.espn.com. Retrieved 31 March 2018. ^ Nichols, Joseph C. (10 September 1957). "Bold Ruler Is Easy Victor In Return to Racing; 17-20 SHOT WINS AT BELMONT PARK Bold Ruler, Out Since June 15, Beats Greek Game by Five and Half Lengths Needles Is Retired $87,000 Colt Second". The New York Times. Retrieved 31 March 2018. ^ Roach, James (15 September 1957). "BOLD RULER, 1 TO 5, FIRST AT BELMONT; Beats Bureaucracy by Six Lengths in Jerome. With Winged Mercury Third BOLD RULER, 1 TO 5, FIRST AT BELMONT". The New York Times. Retrieved 31 March 2018. ^ Roach, James (29 September 1957). "19-5 SHOT SCORES; Dedicate, Hartack Up, Beats Gallant Man --Jester Pays $13 Gallant Man at 13-20 Four Running as Team Dedicate Takes Woodward and Jester Scoes in Futurity at Belmont Park GALLANT MAN 2D IN $106,100 RACE Jester Earns $81,005 No. 11 for Dedicate 3 Mounts, 3 Winners". The New York Times. Retrieved 31 March 2018. ^ Nichols, Joseph C. (10 October 1957). "Bold Ruler Sets Belmont 7-Furlong Mark in Taking Vosburgh by 9 Lengths; 2-5 CHOICE WINS IN MUD IN 1:21.4 Bold Ruler Completes Triple for Arcaro". The New York Times. Retrieved 31 March 2018. ^ Nichols, Joseph C. (20 October 1957). "Bold Ruler Scores Easily of Jamaica; BOLD RULER, 1-4, JAMAICA VICTOR Bold Ruler Away Fast Odds-on Icarian Third". The New York Times. Retrieved 31 March 2018. ^ Conklin, William R. (3 November 1957). "Bold Ruler Scores By Twelve Lengths; BOLD RULER WINS AT GARDEN STATE". The New York Times. Retrieved 31 March 2018. ^ "1957 Racing Records Of Trenton's Big Four". The New York Times. 5 November 1957. Retrieved 31 March 2018. ^ Roach, James (10 November 1957). "GALLANT MAN IS 2D; Round Table Far Back as 8-5 Bold Ruler Triumphs Easily". The New York Times. Retrieved 31 March 2018. ^ "Bold Ruler Captures Horse of the Year Honors". St. Petersburg Times. 1957-11-26. Retrieved 2012-02-27. ^ "Horsemen Argue Top Selection". Washington Reporter. 1957-12-06. Retrieved 2012-02-27. ^ "Bold Ruler Horse of the Year in Consensus of Turf Polls". Youngstown Vindicator. 1957-12-21. Retrieved 2012-02-27. ^ Roach, James (21 February 1958). "AILING BOLD RULER IS OUT OF WIDENER; Injured Leg Forces Action". The New York Times. Retrieved 1 April 2018. ^ "BOLD RULER OUT OF JAMAICA RACE; Clem Draws 126 Pounds for Paumonok, Opening Feature on Friday". The New York Times. 25 March 1958. Retrieved 1 April 2018. ^ Conklin, William R. (18 May 1958). "Bold Ruler Wins Toboggan;; 37,502 at Belmont". The New York Times. Retrieved 1 April 2018. ^ Nichols, Joseph C. (31 May 1958). "Bold Ruler Beats Tick Tock as Gallant Man Runs Third in Carter Handicap; ARCARO TRIUMPHS ON WHEATLEY COLT Gains Triple, First Carter Score With Bold Ruler -Guerin Wins 3 Races". The New York Times. Retrieved 1 April 2018. ^ Nichols, Joseph C. (15 June 1958). "Gallant Man Beats Bold Ruler;; 33,657 See Upset". The New York Times. Retrieved 1 April 2018. ^ Nichols, Joseph C. (25 June 1958). "Bold Ruler to Run in Stymie Handicap Today and Pass Up Roseben; TRAINER DECIDES ON LONGER EVENT Fitzsimmons Agrees to 133 Pounds in Stymie Rather Than 138 in Roseben". The New York Times. Retrieved 1 April 2018. ^ Nichols, Joseph C. (26 June 1958). "Bold Ruler Captures Stymie Handicap;; 2-5 CHOICE SCORES UNDER 133 POUNDS". The New York Times. Retrieved 1 April 2018. ^ Nichols, Joseph C. (5 July 1958). "Bold Ruler Rallies Near Finish to Beat Clem by Nose in $83,400 Suburban; ARCARO TRIUMPHS IN BELMONT STAKE 36,048 See Him Score With Bold Ruler, $3, En Route to Consecutive Triple". The New York Times. Retrieved 3 April 2018. ^ "Bold Ruler Takes Monmouth;; Sharpsburg Is 2d". The New York Times. 20 July 1958. Retrieved 8 April 2018. ^ Nichols, Joseph C. (27 July 1958). "Cohoes Wins, Bold Ruler 7th;; 31, 102 at Jamaica". The New York Times. Retrieved 9 April 2018. ^ "Bold Ruler Is Retired From Racing Competition Because of Ankle Injury; WHEATLEY TO PUT STAR COLT IN STUD". The New York Times. 5 August 1958. Retrieved 9 April 2018. ^ Johnson, J. Keeler. "What's in a (Race) Name? The Versatility of Bold Ruler". www.americasbestracing.net. Archived from the original on 9 April 2018. Retrieved 9 April 2018. ^ Wicks, B. M. (1973), The Australian Racehorse, Canberra: Libra Books, ISBN 0-909619-00-X ^ "Sparkman: A.P. Indy pulls off a double double". www.drf.com. Retrieved 10 March 2018. ^ "Pedigree of Bold Ruler". Equineline. Retrieved 10 March 2018. Bowen, Edward L. (2005), Bold Ruler: Thoroughbred Legends, Lexington, KY: Eclipse Press, ISBN 1-58150-130-7. Avalyn Hunter (2003). "chapter 8". American classic pedigrees (1914-2002) : a decade-by-decade review of Kentucky Derby, Preakness, and Belmont winners, plus Kentucky Oaks and Coaching Club American Oaks (1st ed.). Lexington, Ky.: Eclipse Press. ISBN 1581500955. vtePreakness Stakes winners 1873 Survivor 1874 Culpepper 1875 Tom Ochiltree 1876 Shirley 1877 Cloverbrook 1878 Duke of Magenta 1879 Harold 1880 Grenada 1881 Saunterer 1882 Vanguard 1883 Jacobus 1884 Knight of Ellerslie 1885 Tecumseh 1886 The Bard 1887 Dunboyne 1888 Refund 1889 Buddhist 1890 Montague 1894 Assignee 1895 Belmar 1896 Margrave 1897 Paul Kauvar 1898 Sly Fox 1899 Half Time 1900 Hindus 1901 The Parader 1902 Old England 1903 Flocarline ♥ 1904 Bryn Mawr 1905 Cairngorm 1906 Whimsical ♥ 1907 Don Enrique 1908 Royal Tourist 1909 Effendi 1910 Layminster 1911 Watervale 1912 Colonel Holloway 1913 Buskin 1914 Holiday 1915 Rhine Maiden ♥ 1916 Damrosch 1917 Kalitan 1918 War Cloud 1918 Jack Hare Jr. 1919 Sir Barton ₩ 1920 Man o' War 1921 Broomspun 1922 Pillory 1923 Vigil 1924 Nellie Morse ♥ 1925 Coventry 1926 Display 1927 Bostonian 1928 Victorian 1929 Dr. Freeland 1930 Gallant Fox ₩ 1931 Mate 1932 Burgoo King 1933 Head Play 1934 High Quest 1935 Omaha ₩ 1936 Bold Venture 1937 War Admiral ₩ 1938 Dauber 1939 Challedon 1940 Bimelech 1941 Whirlaway ₩ 1942 Alsab 1943 Count Fleet ₩ 1944 Pensive 1945 Polynesian 1946 Assault ₩ 1947 Faultless 1948 Citation ₩ 1949 Capot 1950 Hill Prince 1951 Bold 1952 Blue Man 1953 Native Dancer 1954 Hasty Road 1955 Nashua 1956 Fabius 1957 Bold Ruler 1958 Tim Tam 1959 Royal Orbit 1960 Bally Ache 1961 Carry Back 1962 Greek Money 1963 Candy Spots 1964 Northern Dancer 1965 Tom Rolfe 1966 Kauai King 1967 Damascus 1968 Forward Pass 1969 Majestic Prince 1970 Personality 1971 Canonero II 1972 Bee Bee Bee 1973 Secretariat ₩ 1974 Little Current 1975 Master Derby 1976 Elocutionist 1977 Seattle Slew ₩ 1978 Affirmed ₩ 1979 Spectacular Bid 1980 Codex 1981 Pleasant Colony 1982 Aloma's Ruler 1983 Deputed Testamony 1984 Gate Dancer 1985 Tank's Prospect 1986 Snow Chief 1987 Alysheba 1988 Risen Star 1989 Sunday Silence 1990 Summer Squall 1991 Hansel 1992 Pine Bluff 1993 Prairie Bayou 1994 Tabasco Cat 1995 Timber Country 1996 Louis Quatorze 1997 Silver Charm 1998 Real Quiet 1999 Charismatic 2000 Red Bullet 2001 Point Given 2002 War Emblem 2003 Funny Cide 2004 Smarty Jones 2005 Afleet Alex 2006 Bernardini 2007 Curlin 2008 Big Brown 2009 Rachel Alexandra ♥ 2010 Lookin At Lucky 2011 Shackleford 2012 I'll Have Another 2013 Oxbow 2014 California Chrome 2015 American Pharoah ₩ 2016 Exaggerator 2017 Cloud Computing 2018 Justify ₩ 2019 War of Will 2020 Swiss Skydiver ♥ 2021 Rombauer 2022 Early Voting 2023 National Treasure 2024 Seize the Grey Legend – ₩ = Triple Crown Winners, ♥ = Filly Authority control databases: National Israel United States
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Thoroughbred","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thoroughbred"},{"link_name":"Hall of Fame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Museum_of_Racing_and_Hall_of_Fame"},{"link_name":"racehorse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racehorse"},{"link_name":"Horse of the Year","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Horse_of_the_Year"},{"link_name":"Preakness Stakes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preakness_Stakes"},{"link_name":"Trenton Handicap","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trenton_Handicap"},{"link_name":"Hall of Fame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Museum_of_Racing_and_Hall_of_Fame"},{"link_name":"Round Table","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Round_Table_(horse)"},{"link_name":"Gallant Man","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallant_Man"},{"link_name":"leading sire in North America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leading_sire_in_North_America"},{"link_name":"Secretariat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secretariat_(horse)"},{"link_name":"Seattle Slew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seattle_Slew"},{"link_name":"California Chrome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_Chrome"}],"text":"Bold Ruler (April 6, 1954 – July 12, 1971) was an American Thoroughbred Hall of Fame racehorse who was the 1957 Horse of the Year. This following a three-year-old campaign that included wins in the Preakness Stakes and Trenton Handicap, in which he defeated fellow Hall of Fame inductees Round Table and Gallant Man. Bold Ruler was named American Champion Sprinter at age four, and upon retirement became the leading sire in North America eight times between 1963 and 1973, the most of any sire in the twentieth century.Bold Ruler is now best known as the sire of the 1973 Triple Crown winner Secretariat, and was also the great-grandsire of 1977 Triple Crown winner Seattle Slew. He was an outstanding sire of sires, whose modern descendants include many classic winners such as California Chrome.","title":"Bold Ruler"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Wheatley Stable","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wheatley_Stable"},{"link_name":"Gladys Mills Phipps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gladys_Mills_Phipps"},{"link_name":"Claiborne Farm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claiborne_Farm"},{"link_name":"Paris, Kentucky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris,_Kentucky"},{"link_name":"Nasrullah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasrullah_(horse)"},{"link_name":"champion sire in both Europe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leading_sire_in_Great_Britain_and_Ireland"},{"link_name":"North America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leading_sire_in_North_America"},{"link_name":"Discovery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discovery_(horse)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ACP-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Influence-3"},{"link_name":"Round Table","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Round_Table_(horse)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Sunny Jim Fitzsimmons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunny_Jim_Fitzsimmons"},{"link_name":"Eddie Arcaro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eddie_Arcaro"},{"link_name":"hands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hand_(unit)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Influence-3"}],"text":"Bred by the Wheatley Stable of Gladys Mills Phipps, Bold Ruler was foaled on April 6, 1954, at Claiborne Farm in Paris, Kentucky. His sire was Nasrullah, who has the distinction of being a champion sire in both Europe and North America. Bold Ruler's dam was the stakes-winning sprinter Miss Disco, by Discovery.[2][3] By coincidence, he and rival Round Table were foaled on the same night at Claiborne, and both returned to stand at stud there after their racing careers.[4] He was trained by Sunny Jim Fitzsimmons, and was regularly ridden by Eddie Arcaro.Bold Ruler was a big, leggy horse, standing 16.1 hands (65 inches, 165 cm) with a great shoulder, powerful hindquarter, and a distinctive long, sloping hip going down to a straight hind leg. This conformation can still be found, especially in horses descended through the Seattle Slew line.[3]","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gallant Man","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallant_Man"},{"link_name":"Round Table","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Round_Table_(horse)"},{"link_name":"Gen. Duke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gen._Duke"},{"link_name":"Iron Liege","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron_Liege"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-History-5"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Influence-3"},{"link_name":"Youthful","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Youthful_Stakes"},{"link_name":"Juvenile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Juvenile_Stakes_(Belmont_Park)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Futurity Stakes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Futurity_Stakes_(USA)"},{"link_name":"hock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hock_(anatomy)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ACP-2"},{"link_name":"Garden State Stakes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garden_State_Stakes"},{"link_name":"champion 2-year-old","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Champion_Two-Year-Old_Male_Horse"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-History-5"}],"text":"The American foal crop of 1954 is considered to be one of the best of the twentieth century, containing three Hall of Fame horses: Bold Ruler, Gallant Man and Round Table, not to mention early standout Gen. Duke and Kentucky Derby winner Iron Liege.[5] Bold Ruler stood out because of his raw speed, combined with courage that allowed him to overcome infirmities ranging from a tender mouth to chronic arthritis and soreness.[3]At age two, Bold Ruler won seven starts, including the Youthful and Juvenile and the Futurity Stakes. However, he injured his back in the Youthful Stakes when he slammed into the starting gate, then developed a hock problem.[2] He did not race in the Garden State Stakes, then one of the most prestigious races for two-year-olds, and lost the title for champion 2-year-old to the winner of that race, Barbizon.[5]","title":"Racing career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bahamas Stakes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahamas_Stakes"},{"link_name":"Flamingo Stakes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flamingo_Stakes"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EquibaseProfile-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ACP-2"},{"link_name":"Florida Derby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florida_Derby"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Aqueduct Racetrack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aqueduct_Racetrack"},{"link_name":"Wood Memorial Stakes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wood_Memorial_Stakes"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"1957 Kentucky Derby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1957_Kentucky_Derby"},{"link_name":"Calumet Farm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calumet_Farm"},{"link_name":"Iron Liege","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron_Liege"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Gallant Man","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallant_Man"},{"link_name":"Bill Shoemaker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Shoemaker"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYTPreakness-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Preakness Stakes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preakness_Stakes"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYTPreakness-10"},{"link_name":"Peter Pan Stakes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Pan_Stakes"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Belmont Stakes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belmont_Stakes"},{"link_name":"Gallant Man","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallant_Man"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Secretariat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secretariat_(horse)"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Jerome Handicap","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerome_Handicap"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Woodward Stakes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woodward_Stakes"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Vosburgh Handicap","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vosburgh_Handicap"},{"link_name":"Nearctic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nearctic_(horse)"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Queens County Handicap","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queens_County_Handicap"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Bill Hartack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Hartack"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"Trenton Handicap","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trenton_Handicap"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-History-5"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"American Champion Three-Year-Old Male Horse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Champion_Three-Year-Old_Male_Horse"},{"link_name":"Horse of the Year","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eclipse_Award_for_Horse_of_the_Year"},{"link_name":"Daily Racing Form","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daily_Racing_Form"},{"link_name":"Gallant Man","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallant_Man"},{"link_name":"Dedicate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dedicate_(horse)"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"}],"sub_title":"1957: three-year-old season","text":"Bold Ruler began his three-year-old campaign in Florida by winning the Bahamas Stakes on January 30, 1957 while equaling the track record. He then finished second in the Everglade Stakes before taking the Flamingo Stakes while breaking the track record.[1][2] On March 30, he finished second in the Florida Derby to Gen. Duke, who tied the then-world record of 1:464⁄5 for 9 furlongs.[6]Bold Ruler was then shipped north to Aqueduct Racetrack in New York for the Wood Memorial Stakes, where he went off as the 1-2 favorite in a field of seven. He opened up an early four-length lead, but Gallant Man gradually closed ground and surged to the front at the top of the stretch. Bold Ruler then fought back and nosed out Gallant Man in the final strides while setting a new track record of 1:484⁄5 for 1+1⁄8 miles.[7]The original favorite for the 1957 Kentucky Derby, held on May 4, was the Calumet Farm entry of Gen. Duke, who had defeated Bold Ruler in the Florida Derby, and the more lightly regarded Iron Liege.[8] However, Gen. Duke was scratched after he went lame shortly before the race, so Bold Ruler went off as the 6-5 favorite. He fought against Arcaro's restraint and was carried wide around the first turn while battling for the lead with Federal Hill. He remained in contention until the far turn but faded down the homestretch to finish fourth behind Iron Liege. The race became notorious when Gallant Man, who looked certain to win the race, had his stride briefly checked at the 16th pole by jockey Bill Shoemaker, who had misjudged the position of the finish line.[9][10]Fitzsimmons later revealed that Bold Ruler was suffering from a sore mouth, dating back to an incident as a yearling when he nearly tore his tongue in two after catching it on something in his stall. After the Derby, Fitzsimmons decided to use a strip of cloth to tie down the colt's tongue, relieving the pressure caused by the bit.[11] In the Preakness Stakes on May 18, Bold Ruler responded with a front-running victory, with Iron Liege two lengths back in second. Arcaro had let Bold Ruler run at his own pace and later attributed the loss in the Derby to his attempt to restrain the colt.[10]Gallant Man had bypassed the Preakness, instead winning the Peter Pan Stakes on June 1.[12] The two colts met again in the Belmont Stakes on June 15, with Bold Ruler going off as the 17-20 favorite, while Gallant Man and his stablemate Bold Nero went off at odds of 19-20. Bold Ruler went to the early lead but was closely challenged by Bold Nero. The two set fast early fractions before first Bold Nero then Bold Ruler faltered. Bold Ruler hung on for third but was so tired after the race that he didn't want to return to the unsaddling enclosure. Gallant Man won convincingly and set an American record for 1+1⁄2 miles of 2:263⁄5.[13] This remained the stakes record until 1973 when Bold Ruler's son Secretariat broke it.[14]Bold Ruler was given a long layoff to recover from the race and a variety of physical issues. He finally returned to the racetrack in the Times Square Handicap on September 9, in which he carried top weight of 128 pounds. Going off as the 17-20 favorite, he won in front-running fashion by 5+1⁄2 lengths.[15] He followed this up with a six length victory in the Jerome Handicap on September 14 while carrying 130 pounds. In the Jerome, Arcaro was able to get the colt to settle behind a fast early pace, then took command turning into the stretch. \"He's a different colt,\" said Arcaro. \"He's lost all those goofy habits and takes off just when you want him.\"[16]On September 28, Bold Ruler entered the Woodward Stakes over a distance of 1+1⁄4 miles. His three rivals included Gallant Man, who was on a six-race winning streak, and Dedicate, a top-class older horse. Bold Ruler broke well but soon settled into second behind Reneged, who set a brisk early pace. With three furlongs remaining, Bold Ruler moved up to battle for the lead while Gallant Man and Dedicate started to close ground. The four horses were tightly bunched at the eight pole before Dedicate took command to win by 1+1⁄2 lengths over Gallant Man, with Bold Ruler finishing third.[17]In the Vosburgh Handicap on October 9, Bold Ruler was assigned the top weight in a field of eight, six of which were older horses. He battled for the early lead with Nearctic, then started to draw away to win by nine lengths. Over a muddy track and despite being eased by Arcaro down the stretch, he set a track record of 1:212⁄5 for seven furlongs.[18]On October 19, Bold Ruler carried 133 pounds in the Queens County Handicap, giving away from 19 to 23 pounds to his competitors. He went to the early lead and opened up a six length lead before being eased in the stretch. The final margin of victory was 2+1⁄2 lengths.[19] He followed up with a dominating win in the Benjamin Franklin Handicap on November 2, winning by 12 lengths despite carrying 136 pounds. Jockey Bill Hartack, riding the third place finisher, commented after the race, \"I don't know how good Bold Ruler is. I never got close enough to see.\"[20]With a record of ten wins from 15 starts in 1957, Bold Ruler was still considered only the third best three-year-old in the country. Gallant Man had won eight races, including wins over Bold Ruler in the Belmont and Woodward, while Round Table had accumulated 14 wins over dirt and turf surfaces, mainly in California.[21] The battle for Horse of the Year honors would be decided in the Trenton Handicap at 1+1⁄4 miles on November 9, in what North American racing historians rank among the greatest meetings ever of three horses in one race. Round Table and Gallant Man were both assigned 124 pounds while Bold Ruler carried 122 pounds. Bold Ruler went to the early lead, opening an advantage of seven or eight lengths going into the far turn. Gallant Man closed the lead to four lengths at the top of the stretch and looked like he might mount a challenge. Arcaro then looked back and waved his whip at Bold Ruler, who responded to hold off Gallant Man by 2+1⁄2 lengths. Round Table was far back in third. \"I didn't think they would let me get so far in front,\" said Arcaro of his racing tactics. \"I thought they'd be on me from the half-mile pole on, but they weren't. I stayed out from the rail, out towards the middle of the track, because the going was better there.\"[5][22]His performances that year earned Bold Ruler the title of American Champion Three-Year-Old Male Horse. In the Horse of the Year poll organised by the publishers of Daily Racing Form, he received 16 votes to beat Gallant Man (9 votes) and older horse Dedicate (4 votes).[23] Dedicate was controversially[24] selected over Bold Ruler in the rival Thoroughbred Racing Association award, but Bold Ruler's win in a third poll conducted by Turf and Sport Digest magazine made him the \"consensus\" choice as Horse of the Year.[25]","title":"Racing career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Toboggan Handicap","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toboggan_Handicap"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-History-5"},{"link_name":"Widener Handicap","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Widener_Handicap"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"Toboggan Handicap","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toboggan_Handicap"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"Carter Handicap","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carter_Handicap"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"Metropolitan Handicap","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metropolitan_Handicap"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"Stymie Handicap","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stymie_Handicap"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"Suburban Handicap","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suburban_Handicap"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"Monmouth Handicap","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monmouth_Handicap"},{"link_name":"Brooklyn Handicap","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brooklyn_Handicap"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"American Champion Sprint Horse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Champion_Sprint_Horse"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"}],"sub_title":"1958: four-year-old season","text":"At age four, Bold Ruler carried from 133 to 136 pounds in his seven starts, was the odds-on favorite in all seven, and won five. He won at distances from six furlongs in the Toboggan Handicap to 1+1⁄4 miles in the Suburban and Monmouth Handicaps.[5]Bold Ruler started the year in Florida, first targeting a seven-furlong sprint in January for his debut, then the Widener Handicap in February. However, in both cases he became injured shortly before the race and was given time off to recover.[26] He was then scheduled to debut at Jamaica Racetrack in late March but suffered another setback.[27] As it turned out, he did not make his first start of the year until May 17 in the Toboggan Handicap, a six-furlong sprint at Belmont Park. Carrying top weight of 133 pounds, he settled into third place in the early running then sprinted clear down the stretch to win by half a length over Clem, who was carrying only 117 pounds.[28]In the 7-furlong Carter Handicap on May 30, Bold Ruler faced his old rival Gallant Man, who was making his seasonal debut. Bold Ruler was assigned 135 pounds compared to 128 pounds for Gallant Man. Bold Ruler once again rated close behind the early pace, while Gallant Man was far back. Gallant Man made a strong late run to finish third, but never threatened Bold Ruler, who drew off for a 1+1⁄2 length win.[29]Gallant Man gained his revenge in the Metropolitan Handicap on June 14, closing from well back to overtake the front-running Bold Ruler in deep stretch. Arcaro attributed the loss to the high weight of 135 pounds combined with a strong headwind, which took its toll in the final furlong of the one-mile race.[30]For Bold Ruler's next start, Fitzsimmons was faced with the choice of being assigned 138 pounds in the Roseben Handicap, run at Bold Ruler's favorite distance of seven furlongs, or 133 pounds in the Stymie Handicap, over nine furlongs. Fitzsimmon chose the longer race with a lower weight, explaining, \"I don't mind horses getting beaten. The only way you can avoid that is to keep them in the barn. But I've got to keep this horse sound and I don't think weight helps me do that.\"[31] Bold Ruler responded with a front running five-length victory while setting a new track record.[32]On July 4, Bold Ruler stretched out to a distance of 10 furlongs in the Suburban Handicap while carrying 134 pounds – at least 18 pounds more than any of his rivals. He vied for the lead with Clem and Beau Diable for the first half mile, then cut over to the rail and opened a three length lead as they rounded the final turn. Down the stretch, Clem started to close ground and actually got a head in front before Bold Ruler rallied in the final strides to win by a nose.[33]Bold Ruler made his next start on July 18 in the Monmouth Handicap, also at a distance of 10 furlongs while carrying 134 pounds. He went straight to the lead and set an even tempo, then \"coasted home\" to win by three-quarters of a length over Sharpsburg. Despite the apparent ease of the win, Fitzsimmons called it a \"real hard race\" and said that he might bypass the upcoming Brooklyn Handicap.[34] But he ultimately decided to enter the colt in the race despite being assigned 136 pounds. Bold Ruler settled in third place but was heavily bumped by Sharpsburg on the final turn and faded to seventh. Sharpsburg went on to finish second but was disqualified to last for the interference. Arcaro felt that the bump did not cost Bold Ruler a chance to win, saying \"he just wasn't operating right at any point in the race.\"[35]Just three weeks later, Fitzsimmons announced that Bold Ruler was being retired because of an ankle injury. \"He may have injured the ankle in the Brooklyn, or in training,\" he said. \"I know that something happened to him, but I don't know when it happened or exactly what he's got.\" Although a return to racing later in the year might have been possible, Fitzsimmons felt Bold Ruler was too valuable to risk. He ended his career with 23 wins, including 17 stakes wins, from 33 starts, with earnings of $764,204.[36]Despite having made only two starts during the year at distances under a mile, Bold Ruler was still named the American Champion Sprint Horse of 1958.[37]","title":"Racing career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Claiborne Farm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claiborne_Farm"},{"link_name":"leading sire in North America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leading_sire_in_North_America"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Influence-3"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ACP-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ACP-2"},{"link_name":"Gamely","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamely_(horse)"},{"link_name":"Secretariat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secretariat_(horse)"},{"link_name":"Lamb Chop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lamb_Chop_(horse)"},{"link_name":"American Champion Three-Year-Old Filly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Champion_Three-Year-Old_Filly"},{"link_name":"Bold Bidder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bold_Bidder"},{"link_name":"American Co-champion Older Male Horse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Champion_Older_Male_Horse"},{"link_name":"Bold Lad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bold_Lad"},{"link_name":"American Champion Two-Year-Old Colt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Champion_Two-Year-Old_Colt"},{"link_name":"Queen Empress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_Empress_(horse)"},{"link_name":"Gamely","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamely_(horse)"},{"link_name":"American Champion Older Female Horse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Champion_Older_Female_Horse"},{"link_name":"Hall of Fame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Museum_of_Racing_and_Hall_of_Fame"},{"link_name":"Bold Lad (IRE)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bold_Lad_(IRE)"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wicks-38"},{"link_name":"Successor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Successor_(horse)"},{"link_name":"Queen of the Stage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Queen_of_the_Stage&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Vitriolic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vitriolic_(horse)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Secretariat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secretariat_(horse)"},{"link_name":"9th U.S. Triple Crown Champion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Triple_Crown_of_Thoroughbred_Racing"},{"link_name":"American Horse of the Year","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Horse_of_the_Year"},{"link_name":"Wajima","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wajima_(horse)"},{"link_name":"American Champion Three-Year-Old Male Horse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Champion_Three-Year-Old_Male_Horse"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Influence-3"},{"link_name":"Bold 'n Determined","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bold_%27n_Determined"},{"link_name":"Bold Bidder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bold_Bidder"},{"link_name":"Cannonade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannonade"},{"link_name":"Spectacular Bid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spectacular_Bid"},{"link_name":"Bayakoa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayakoa"},{"link_name":"Dust Commander","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dust_Commander"},{"link_name":"Master Derby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master_Derby"},{"link_name":"Boldnesian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boldnesian"},{"link_name":"Bold Reasoning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bold_Reasoning"},{"link_name":"Seattle Slew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seattle_Slew"},{"link_name":"Bold Forbes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bold_Forbes"},{"link_name":"Raja Baba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raja_Baba"},{"link_name":"Reviewer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reviewer_(horse)"},{"link_name":"Ruffian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruffian_(horse)"},{"link_name":"Mom's Command","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mom%27s_Command"},{"link_name":"Risen Star","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Risen_Star"},{"link_name":"Lady's Secret","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lady%27s_Secret"},{"link_name":"What a Pleasure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/What_a_Pleasure"},{"link_name":"Foolish Pleasure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foolish_Pleasure"},{"link_name":"A.P. Indy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A.P._Indy"},{"link_name":"California Chrome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_Chrome"},{"link_name":"Tapit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tapit"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Influence-3"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sparkman-39"}],"text":"Bold Ruler retired to stud at Claiborne Farm in 1959, where he became the leading sire in North America from 1963 to 1969 and again in 1973. His eight titles were the highest for a North American sire in the twentieth century. Although several of his runners won at 10 furlongs or more, Bold Ruler was best known as a sire of precocious 2-year-olds, leading the juvenile sire list a then-record six times.[3][2] From 366 named foals, he sired 240 winners (65.6%) and 82 stakes winners (22.4%),[2] including Hall of Famers Gamely and Secretariat.He sired 11 champions:Lamb Chop (b. 1960) - American Champion Three-Year-Old Filly\nBold Bidder (b. 1962) - American Co-champion Older Male Horse (1966)\nBold Lad (b. 1962) - American Champion Two-Year-Old Colt\nQueen Empress (b. 1962) - American Champion Two-Year-Old Filly\nGamely (b. 1964) - American Champion Three-Year-Old Filly, American Champion Older Female Horse (1968–69), Hall of Fame (1980)\nBold Lad (IRE) (b. 1964) - Top rated British Two-Year-Old, bred and raced by Gladys Phipps' sister, Beatrice Mills Forbes, Countess Granard.[38]\nSuccessor (b. 1964) - American Champion Two-Year-Old Colt\nQueen of the Stage (b. 1965) - American Champion Two-Year-Old Filly\nVitriolic (b. 1965) - American Champion Two-Year-Old Colt\nSecretariat (b. 1970) - 9th U.S. Triple Crown Champion, American Horse of the Year (1972–73), 1972 Champion Two-Year-Old Colt, 1973 Champion Three-Year-Old colt, 1973 American Champion Turf Horse, Hall of Fame (1974)\nWajima (b. 1972) - American Champion Three-Year-Old Male HorseBold Ruler was also the dominant American sire of sires in the 1970s. His sire line includes:[3]Bold and Brave, sire of Bold 'n Determined, elected to the Hall of Fame in 1997\nBold Bidder, sire of 1974 Kentucky Derby winner Cannonade and Spectacular Bid, who won the 1979 Kentucky Derby and Preakness Stakes and was elected to the Hall of Fame in 1982. Grandsire of Hall of Fame inductee Bayakoa.\nBold Commander, sire of 1970 Kentucky Derby winner Dust Commander, who would in turn sire 1975 Preakness Stakes winner Master Derby\nBoldnesian, sire of Bold Reasoning, sire of 1977 Triple Crown Winner and Hall of Fame inductee Seattle Slew\nIrish Castle, sire of 1976 Kentucky Derby and Belmont Stakes winner Bold Forbes\nRaja Baba, leading sire of 1980\nReviewer, sire of 1975 champion 3-year-old filly Ruffian, elected to the Hall of Fame in 1976\nTop Command, sire of Hall of Fame inductee Mom's Command\nSecretariat, sire of Risen Star, winner of the 1988 Preakness and Belmont, and Lady's Secret, 1986 Horse of the Year and Hall of Fame inductee\nWhat a Pleasure, sire of 1975 Kentucky Derby winner and Hall of Fame inductee Foolish PleasureHis sire line almost died out in the 1980s but was revived by Seattle Slew's son A.P. Indy (who was also a grandson of Secretariat on his dam's side). Much like Bold Ruler, A.P. Indy was a Horse of the Year, a leading sire and would go on to become an important sire of sires. In 2014, A.P. Indy's great-grandson California Chrome became the 16th male-line descendant of Bold Ruler to capture an American classic. A.P. Indy is also the grandsire of leading sire Tapit, who sired three winners of the Belmont Stakes in the four years between 2014 and 2017.[3][39]","title":"Stud record"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Claiborne Farm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claiborne_Farm"},{"link_name":"National Museum of Racing and Hall of Fame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Museum_of_Racing_and_Hall_of_Fame"},{"link_name":"Blood-Horse magazine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood-Horse_magazine"},{"link_name":"top 100 United States thoroughbred horse racing champions of the 20th century","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood-Horse_magazine_List_of_the_Top_100_Racehorses_of_the_20th_Century"},{"link_name":"Bold Ruler Handicap","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bold_Ruler_Handicap"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ACP-2"}],"text":"Bold Ruler was the first horse to undergo radiation therapy when he was diagnosed with sinus cancer in 1971. At age 17, he died at Claiborne Farm on July 12, 1971, and is interred there. In 1973, he was posthumously inducted into the National Museum of Racing and Hall of Fame. Bold Ruler was listed at No. 19 in the Blood-Horse magazine ranking of the top 100 United States thoroughbred horse racing champions of the 20th century. The Bold Ruler Handicap at Aqueduct is named in his honor.[2]","title":"Death and legacy"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Pedigree"}]
[]
[{"title":"List of racehorses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_racehorses"}]
[{"reference":"\"Bold Ruler Profile\". www.equibase.com. Retrieved 18 June 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.equibase.com/profiles/Results.cfm?type=Horse&refno=53865&registry=T&rbt=TB","url_text":"\"Bold Ruler Profile\""}]},{"reference":"Avalyn Hunter. \"Bold Ruler (horse)\". American Classic Pedigrees. Retrieved 10 March 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Avalyn_Hunter&action=edit&redlink=1","url_text":"Avalyn Hunter"},{"url":"http://www.americanclassicpedigrees.com/bold-ruler.html","url_text":"\"Bold Ruler (horse)\""}]},{"reference":"Peters, Anne. \"The Influence of Bold Ruler\". BloodHorse.com. Retrieved 18 June 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.bloodhorse.com/horse-racing/articles/115401/the-influence-of-bold-ruler","url_text":"\"The Influence of Bold Ruler\""}]},{"reference":"Spiletta42. \"Round Table: 1958 Horse of the Year\". Spiletta.com. Archived from the original on 2016-04-20. Retrieved 2012-02-27.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160420115838/http://www.spiletta.com/UTHOF/roundtable.html","url_text":"\"Round Table: 1958 Horse of the Year\""},{"url":"http://www.spiletta.com/UTHOF/roundtable.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Hale, Ron. \"History challenge: Foal crop of 1954 had talent to spare\". Daily Racing Form. Retrieved 18 June 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.drf.com/news/history-challenge-foal-crop-1954-had-talent-spare","url_text":"\"History challenge: Foal crop of 1954 had talent to spare\""}]},{"reference":"\"WORLD MARK TIED; Gen. Duke Beats Bold Ruler in 1:46 4/5 for Mile and Eighth\". The New York Times. 31 March 1957. Retrieved 10 March 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1957/03/31/archives/world-mark-tied-gen-duke-beats-bold-ruler-in-14645-for-mile-and.html","url_text":"\"WORLD MARK TIED; Gen. Duke Beats Bold Ruler in 1:46 4/5 for Mile and Eighth\""}]},{"reference":"Liebowitz, Meyer (21 April 1957). \"TRACK RECORD SET; Bold Ruler, in 1:48.8 for 1 1/8 Miles, Noses Out Gallant Man\". The New York Times. Retrieved 30 March 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1957/04/21/archives/track-record-set-bold-ruler-in-1488-for-1-18-miles-noses-out.html","url_text":"\"TRACK RECORD SET; Bold Ruler, in 1:48.8 for 1 1/8 Miles, Noses Out Gallant Man\""}]},{"reference":"Roach, James (1 May 1957). \"CALUMET ENTRY RUNS TWO, FIVE; Gen. Duke, Iron Liege Still Favored for Derby Despite Federal Hill's Victory In Front All the Way Last Finisher Probably Out\". The New York Times. Retrieved 31 March 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1957/05/01/archives/calumet-entry-runs-two-five-gen-duke-iron-liege-still-favored-for.html","url_text":"\"CALUMET ENTRY RUNS TWO, FIVE; Gen. Duke, Iron Liege Still Favored for Derby Despite Federal Hill's Victory In Front All the Way Last Finisher Probably Out\""}]},{"reference":"Roach, James (5 May 1957). \"8-1 SHOT TRIUMPHS; Iron Liege Gains Nose Victory for Sixth Calumet Derby\". The New York Times. Retrieved 31 March 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1957/05/05/archives/81-shot-triumphs-iron-liege-gains-nose-victory-for-sixth-calumet.html","url_text":"\"8-1 SHOT TRIUMPHS; Iron Liege Gains Nose Victory for Sixth Calumet Derby\""}]},{"reference":"Roach, James (19 May 1957). \"7-5 SHOT SCORES; Bold Ruler Shows Way by Two Lengths-- Inside Tract 3d\". The New York Times. Retrieved 31 March 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1957/05/19/archives/75-shot-scores-bold-ruler-shows-way-by-two-lengths-inside-tract-3d.html","url_text":"\"7-5 SHOT SCORES; Bold Ruler Shows Way by Two Lengths-- Inside Tract 3d\""}]},{"reference":"\"NEW 'EQUIPMENT' AIDED BOLD RULER; Cloth Was Used as Anchor for Colt's Tender Tongue in Preakness Victory\". The New York Times. 20 May 1957. Retrieved 31 March 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1957/05/20/archives/new-equipment-aided-bold-ruler-cloth-was-used-as-anchor-for-colts.html","url_text":"\"NEW 'EQUIPMENT' AIDED BOLD RULER; Cloth Was Used as Anchor for Colt's Tender Tongue in Preakness Victory\""}]},{"reference":"Roach, James (2 June 1957). \"PETER PAN TAKEN BY GALLANT MAN; 9-20 Favorite Scores Under Shoemaker at Belmont-- Promised Land Next\". The New York Times. Retrieved 31 March 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1957/06/02/archives/peter-pan-taken-by-gallant-man-920-favorite-scores-under-shoemaker.html","url_text":"\"PETER PAN TAKEN BY GALLANT MAN; 9-20 Favorite Scores Under Shoemaker at Belmont-- Promised Land Next\""}]},{"reference":"Roach, James (16 June 1957). \"BOLD RULER THIRD; Gallant Man, in 2:26.6 Sets American Mark in 1 -Mile Belmont Lots of Gaps in Rear Seesaw on Tote Board BELMONT IS TAKEN BY GALLANT MAN 'A Good, Sharp Horse' Most Happy Fella Most Happy Owner Bold Ruler in Lead\". The New York Times. Retrieved 31 March 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1957/06/16/archives/bold-ruler-third-gallant-man-in-2266-sets-american-mark-in-1-mile.html","url_text":"\"BOLD RULER THIRD; Gallant Man, in 2:26.6 Sets American Mark in 1 -Mile Belmont Lots of Gaps in Rear Seesaw on Tote Board BELMONT IS TAKEN BY GALLANT MAN 'A Good, Sharp Horse' Most Happy Fella Most Happy Owner Bold Ruler in Lead\""}]},{"reference":"\"ESPN.com: Secretariat remains No. 1 name in racing\". www.espn.com. Retrieved 31 March 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.espn.com/sportscentury/features/00016464.html","url_text":"\"ESPN.com: Secretariat remains No. 1 name in racing\""}]},{"reference":"Nichols, Joseph C. (10 September 1957). \"Bold Ruler Is Easy Victor In Return to Racing; 17-20 SHOT WINS AT BELMONT PARK Bold Ruler, Out Since June 15, Beats Greek Game by Five and Half Lengths Needles Is Retired $87,000 Colt Second\". The New York Times. Retrieved 31 March 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1957/09/10/archives/bold-ruler-is-easy-victor-in-return-to-racing-1720-shot-wins-at.html","url_text":"\"Bold Ruler Is Easy Victor In Return to Racing; 17-20 SHOT WINS AT BELMONT PARK Bold Ruler, Out Since June 15, Beats Greek Game by Five and Half Lengths Needles Is Retired $87,000 Colt Second\""}]},{"reference":"Roach, James (15 September 1957). \"BOLD RULER, 1 TO 5, FIRST AT BELMONT; Beats Bureaucracy by Six Lengths in Jerome. With Winged Mercury Third BOLD RULER, 1 TO 5, FIRST AT BELMONT\". The New York Times. Retrieved 31 March 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1957/09/15/archives/bold-ruler-1-to-5-first-at-belmont-beats-bureaucracy-by-six-lengths.html","url_text":"\"BOLD RULER, 1 TO 5, FIRST AT BELMONT; Beats Bureaucracy by Six Lengths in Jerome. With Winged Mercury Third BOLD RULER, 1 TO 5, FIRST AT BELMONT\""}]},{"reference":"Roach, James (29 September 1957). \"19-5 SHOT SCORES; Dedicate, Hartack Up, Beats Gallant Man --Jester Pays $13 Gallant Man at 13-20 Four Running as Team Dedicate Takes Woodward and Jester Scoes in Futurity at Belmont Park GALLANT MAN 2D IN $106,100 RACE Jester Earns $81,005 No. 11 for Dedicate 3 Mounts, 3 Winners\". The New York Times. Retrieved 31 March 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1957/09/29/archives/195-shot-scores-dedicate-hartack-up-beats-gallant-man-jester-pays.html","url_text":"\"19-5 SHOT SCORES; Dedicate, Hartack Up, Beats Gallant Man --Jester Pays $13 Gallant Man at 13-20 Four Running as Team Dedicate Takes Woodward and Jester Scoes in Futurity at Belmont Park GALLANT MAN 2D IN $106,100 RACE Jester Earns $81,005 No. 11 for Dedicate 3 Mounts, 3 Winners\""}]},{"reference":"Nichols, Joseph C. (10 October 1957). \"Bold Ruler Sets Belmont 7-Furlong Mark in Taking Vosburgh by 9 Lengths; 2-5 CHOICE WINS IN MUD IN 1:21.4 Bold Ruler Completes Triple for Arcaro\". The New York Times. Retrieved 31 March 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1957/10/10/archives/bold-ruler-sets-belmont-7furlong-mark-in-taking-vosburgh-by-9.html","url_text":"\"Bold Ruler Sets Belmont 7-Furlong Mark in Taking Vosburgh by 9 Lengths; 2-5 CHOICE WINS IN MUD IN 1:21.4 Bold Ruler Completes Triple for Arcaro\""}]},{"reference":"Nichols, Joseph C. (20 October 1957). \"Bold Ruler Scores Easily of Jamaica; BOLD RULER, 1-4, JAMAICA VICTOR Bold Ruler Away Fast Odds-on Icarian Third\". The New York Times. Retrieved 31 March 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1957/10/20/archives/bold-ruler-scores-easily-of-jamaica-bold-ruler-14-jamaica-victor.html","url_text":"\"Bold Ruler Scores Easily of Jamaica; BOLD RULER, 1-4, JAMAICA VICTOR Bold Ruler Away Fast Odds-on Icarian Third\""}]},{"reference":"Conklin, William R. (3 November 1957). \"Bold Ruler Scores By Twelve Lengths; BOLD RULER WINS AT GARDEN STATE\". The New York Times. Retrieved 31 March 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1957/11/03/archives/bold-ruler-scores-by-twelve-lengths-bold-ruler-wins-at-garden-state.html","url_text":"\"Bold Ruler Scores By Twelve Lengths; BOLD RULER WINS AT GARDEN STATE\""}]},{"reference":"\"1957 Racing Records Of Trenton's Big Four\". The New York Times. 5 November 1957. Retrieved 31 March 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1957/11/05/archives/1957-racing-records-of-trentons-big-four.html","url_text":"\"1957 Racing Records Of Trenton's Big Four\""}]},{"reference":"Roach, James (10 November 1957). \"GALLANT MAN IS 2D; Round Table Far Back as 8-5 Bold Ruler Triumphs Easily\". The New York Times. Retrieved 31 March 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1957/11/10/archives/gallant-man-is-2d-round-table-far-back-as-85-bold-ruler-triumphs.html","url_text":"\"GALLANT MAN IS 2D; Round Table Far Back as 8-5 Bold Ruler Triumphs Easily\""}]},{"reference":"\"Bold Ruler Captures Horse of the Year Honors\". St. Petersburg Times. 1957-11-26. Retrieved 2012-02-27.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=WJlSAAAAIBAJ&sjid=P3YDAAAAIBAJ&pg=7407,5539876&dq=bold-ruler+horse-of-the-year&hl=en","url_text":"\"Bold Ruler Captures Horse of the Year Honors\""}]},{"reference":"\"Horsemen Argue Top Selection\". Washington Reporter. 1957-12-06. Retrieved 2012-02-27.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=stVkAAAAIBAJ&sjid=wHUNAAAAIBAJ&pg=2771,3715315&dq=dedicate+horse-of-the-year&hl=en","url_text":"\"Horsemen Argue Top Selection\""}]},{"reference":"\"Bold Ruler Horse of the Year in Consensus of Turf Polls\". Youngstown Vindicator. 1957-12-21. Retrieved 2012-02-27.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=2nU_AAAAIBAJ&sjid=ylQMAAAAIBAJ&pg=2125,1846790&dq=dedicate+digest+horse-of-the-year&hl=en","url_text":"\"Bold Ruler Horse of the Year in Consensus of Turf Polls\""}]},{"reference":"Roach, James (21 February 1958). \"AILING BOLD RULER IS OUT OF WIDENER; Injured Leg Forces Action\". The New York Times. Retrieved 1 April 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1958/02/21/archives/ailing-bold-ruler-is-out-of-widener-injured-leg-forces-action.html","url_text":"\"AILING BOLD RULER IS OUT OF WIDENER; Injured Leg Forces Action\""}]},{"reference":"\"BOLD RULER OUT OF JAMAICA RACE; Clem Draws 126 Pounds for Paumonok, Opening Feature on Friday\". The New York Times. 25 March 1958. Retrieved 1 April 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1958/03/25/archives/bold-ruler-out-of-jamaica-race-clem-draws-126-pounds-for-paumonok.html","url_text":"\"BOLD RULER OUT OF JAMAICA RACE; Clem Draws 126 Pounds for Paumonok, Opening Feature on Friday\""}]},{"reference":"Conklin, William R. (18 May 1958). \"Bold Ruler Wins Toboggan;; 37,502 at Belmont\". The New York Times. Retrieved 1 April 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1958/05/18/archives/bold-ruler-wins-toboggan-37502-at-belmont.html","url_text":"\"Bold Ruler Wins Toboggan;; 37,502 at Belmont\""}]},{"reference":"Nichols, Joseph C. (31 May 1958). \"Bold Ruler Beats Tick Tock as Gallant Man Runs Third in Carter Handicap; ARCARO TRIUMPHS ON WHEATLEY COLT Gains Triple, First Carter Score With Bold Ruler -Guerin Wins 3 Races\". The New York Times. Retrieved 1 April 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1958/05/31/archives/bold-ruler-beats-tick-tock-as-gallant-man-runs-third-in-carter.html","url_text":"\"Bold Ruler Beats Tick Tock as Gallant Man Runs Third in Carter Handicap; ARCARO TRIUMPHS ON WHEATLEY COLT Gains Triple, First Carter Score With Bold Ruler -Guerin Wins 3 Races\""}]},{"reference":"Nichols, Joseph C. (15 June 1958). \"Gallant Man Beats Bold Ruler;; 33,657 See Upset\". The New York Times. Retrieved 1 April 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1958/06/15/archives/gallant-man-beats-bold-ruler-33657-see-upset.html","url_text":"\"Gallant Man Beats Bold Ruler;; 33,657 See Upset\""}]},{"reference":"Nichols, Joseph C. (25 June 1958). \"Bold Ruler to Run in Stymie Handicap Today and Pass Up Roseben; TRAINER DECIDES ON LONGER EVENT Fitzsimmons Agrees to 133 Pounds in Stymie Rather Than 138 in Roseben\". The New York Times. Retrieved 1 April 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1958/06/25/archives/bold-ruler-to-run-in-stymie-handicap-today-and-pass-up-roseben.html","url_text":"\"Bold Ruler to Run in Stymie Handicap Today and Pass Up Roseben; TRAINER DECIDES ON LONGER EVENT Fitzsimmons Agrees to 133 Pounds in Stymie Rather Than 138 in Roseben\""}]},{"reference":"Nichols, Joseph C. (26 June 1958). \"Bold Ruler Captures Stymie Handicap;; 2-5 CHOICE SCORES UNDER 133 POUNDS\". The New York Times. Retrieved 1 April 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1958/06/26/archives/bold-ruler-captures-stymie-handicap-25-choice-scores-under-133.html","url_text":"\"Bold Ruler Captures Stymie Handicap;; 2-5 CHOICE SCORES UNDER 133 POUNDS\""}]},{"reference":"Nichols, Joseph C. (5 July 1958). \"Bold Ruler Rallies Near Finish to Beat Clem by Nose in $83,400 Suburban; ARCARO TRIUMPHS IN BELMONT STAKE 36,048 See Him Score With Bold Ruler, $3, En Route to Consecutive Triple\". The New York Times. Retrieved 3 April 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1958/07/05/archives/bold-ruler-rallies-near-finish-to-beat-clem-by-nose-in-83400.html","url_text":"\"Bold Ruler Rallies Near Finish to Beat Clem by Nose in $83,400 Suburban; ARCARO TRIUMPHS IN BELMONT STAKE 36,048 See Him Score With Bold Ruler, $3, En Route to Consecutive Triple\""}]},{"reference":"\"Bold Ruler Takes Monmouth;; Sharpsburg Is 2d\". The New York Times. 20 July 1958. Retrieved 8 April 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1958/07/20/archives/bold-ruler-takes-monmouth-sharpsburg-is-2d.html","url_text":"\"Bold Ruler Takes Monmouth;; Sharpsburg Is 2d\""}]},{"reference":"Nichols, Joseph C. (27 July 1958). \"Cohoes Wins, Bold Ruler 7th;; 31, 102 at Jamaica\". The New York Times. Retrieved 9 April 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1958/07/27/archives/cohoes-wins-bold-ruler-7th-31-102-at-jamaica.html","url_text":"\"Cohoes Wins, Bold Ruler 7th;; 31, 102 at Jamaica\""}]},{"reference":"\"Bold Ruler Is Retired From Racing Competition Because of Ankle Injury; WHEATLEY TO PUT STAR COLT IN STUD\". The New York Times. 5 August 1958. Retrieved 9 April 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1958/08/05/archives/bold-ruler-is-retired-from-racing-competition-because-of-ankle.html","url_text":"\"Bold Ruler Is Retired From Racing Competition Because of Ankle Injury; WHEATLEY TO PUT STAR COLT IN STUD\""}]},{"reference":"Johnson, J. Keeler. \"What's in a (Race) Name? The Versatility of Bold Ruler\". www.americasbestracing.net. Archived from the original on 9 April 2018. Retrieved 9 April 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180409110100/https://www.americasbestracing.net/the-sport/2017-whats-race-name-the-versatility-bold-ruler","url_text":"\"What's in a (Race) Name? The Versatility of Bold Ruler\""},{"url":"https://www.americasbestracing.net/the-sport/2017-whats-race-name-the-versatility-bold-ruler","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Wicks, B. M. (1973), The Australian Racehorse, Canberra: Libra Books, ISBN 0-909619-00-X","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-909619-00-X","url_text":"0-909619-00-X"}]},{"reference":"\"Sparkman: A.P. Indy pulls off a double double\". www.drf.com. Retrieved 10 March 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.drf.com/news/sparkman-ap-indy-pulls-double-double","url_text":"\"Sparkman: A.P. Indy pulls off a double double\""}]},{"reference":"\"Pedigree of Bold Ruler\". Equineline. Retrieved 10 March 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.equineline.com/Free-5X-Pedigree.cfm/Bold%20Ruler?page_state=DISPLAY_REPORT&reference_number=53865&registry=T&horse_name=Bold+Ruler&foaling_year=1954&dam_name=Miss+Disco&include_sire_line=Y&nicking_stats_indicator=Y&sire_reference_number=0&dam_reference_number=0&color=&sex=&hypo_foaling_year=&breeder=&g-recaptcha-response=03ANcjosoHt3Wg1dQqRv1JRKHST69ZTvETkY7YrOsEvlLB7wtNc5U_1JtUr9481Zdhj0pYdV38ttAno5yI4irzPnC4xewxCMVQZwqshRc3wFHzxWF41IqOHvEOQSltOBNFujhrOiyjOxurxH5XEtHEY3oUgQBKYsNecIbyckuK4qHPN6dqudRGOCs2eVip5NDeNRhsmA1NKLhomC-HMAiuffXSkDU12EUBJDVg588jAk5J7Je15PAwTFD4RpOdIUiuCnzQ5LRI1pndUw1rkouF1G_gSHu80GNYNKCFPSumiuks5_zYYaL-NsqMV0wHHNGqnHUboGexwQixSnx0tx-8NS1PJK7MgsHCOpJCVtzBioXSRNnZ90noQI26i3d0qicmixTfchhpR6TdtIRTQ7M8SMl8mhpBIY9EP_ObKyNSTjxRag_ZyO2SFMs","url_text":"\"Pedigree of Bold Ruler\""}]},{"reference":"Bowen, Edward L. (2005), Bold Ruler: Thoroughbred Legends, Lexington, KY: Eclipse Press, ISBN 1-58150-130-7","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_L._Bowen","url_text":"Bowen, Edward L."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eclipse_Press","url_text":"Eclipse Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-58150-130-7","url_text":"1-58150-130-7"}]},{"reference":"Avalyn Hunter (2003). \"chapter 8\". American classic pedigrees (1914-2002) : a decade-by-decade review of Kentucky Derby, Preakness, and Belmont winners, plus Kentucky Oaks and Coaching Club American Oaks (1st ed.). Lexington, Ky.: Eclipse Press. ISBN 1581500955.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Avalyn_Hunter&action=edit&redlink=1","url_text":"Avalyn Hunter"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1581500955","url_text":"1581500955"}]}]
[{"Link":"http://www.equibase.com/profiles/Results.cfm?type=Horse&refno=53865&registry=T&rbt=TB","external_links_name":"\"Bold Ruler Profile\""},{"Link":"http://www.americanclassicpedigrees.com/bold-ruler.html","external_links_name":"\"Bold Ruler (horse)\""},{"Link":"http://www.bloodhorse.com/horse-racing/articles/115401/the-influence-of-bold-ruler","external_links_name":"\"The Influence of Bold Ruler\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160420115838/http://www.spiletta.com/UTHOF/roundtable.html","external_links_name":"\"Round Table: 1958 Horse of the Year\""},{"Link":"http://www.spiletta.com/UTHOF/roundtable.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.drf.com/news/history-challenge-foal-crop-1954-had-talent-spare","external_links_name":"\"History challenge: Foal crop of 1954 had talent to spare\""},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/1957/03/31/archives/world-mark-tied-gen-duke-beats-bold-ruler-in-14645-for-mile-and.html","external_links_name":"\"WORLD MARK TIED; Gen. Duke Beats Bold Ruler in 1:46 4/5 for Mile and Eighth\""},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/1957/04/21/archives/track-record-set-bold-ruler-in-1488-for-1-18-miles-noses-out.html","external_links_name":"\"TRACK RECORD SET; Bold Ruler, in 1:48.8 for 1 1/8 Miles, Noses Out Gallant Man\""},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/1957/05/01/archives/calumet-entry-runs-two-five-gen-duke-iron-liege-still-favored-for.html","external_links_name":"\"CALUMET ENTRY RUNS TWO, FIVE; Gen. Duke, Iron Liege Still Favored for Derby Despite Federal Hill's Victory In Front All the Way Last Finisher Probably Out\""},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/1957/05/05/archives/81-shot-triumphs-iron-liege-gains-nose-victory-for-sixth-calumet.html","external_links_name":"\"8-1 SHOT TRIUMPHS; Iron Liege Gains Nose Victory for Sixth Calumet Derby\""},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/1957/05/19/archives/75-shot-scores-bold-ruler-shows-way-by-two-lengths-inside-tract-3d.html","external_links_name":"\"7-5 SHOT SCORES; Bold Ruler Shows Way by Two Lengths-- Inside Tract 3d\""},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/1957/05/20/archives/new-equipment-aided-bold-ruler-cloth-was-used-as-anchor-for-colts.html","external_links_name":"\"NEW 'EQUIPMENT' AIDED BOLD RULER; Cloth Was Used as Anchor for Colt's Tender Tongue in Preakness Victory\""},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/1957/06/02/archives/peter-pan-taken-by-gallant-man-920-favorite-scores-under-shoemaker.html","external_links_name":"\"PETER PAN TAKEN BY GALLANT MAN; 9-20 Favorite Scores Under Shoemaker at Belmont-- Promised Land Next\""},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/1957/06/16/archives/bold-ruler-third-gallant-man-in-2266-sets-american-mark-in-1-mile.html","external_links_name":"\"BOLD RULER THIRD; Gallant Man, in 2:26.6 Sets American Mark in 1 -Mile Belmont Lots of Gaps in Rear Seesaw on Tote Board BELMONT IS TAKEN BY GALLANT MAN 'A Good, Sharp Horse' Most Happy Fella Most Happy Owner Bold Ruler in Lead\""},{"Link":"http://www.espn.com/sportscentury/features/00016464.html","external_links_name":"\"ESPN.com: Secretariat remains No. 1 name in racing\""},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/1957/09/10/archives/bold-ruler-is-easy-victor-in-return-to-racing-1720-shot-wins-at.html","external_links_name":"\"Bold Ruler Is Easy Victor In Return to Racing; 17-20 SHOT WINS AT BELMONT PARK Bold Ruler, Out Since June 15, Beats Greek Game by Five and Half Lengths Needles Is Retired $87,000 Colt Second\""},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/1957/09/15/archives/bold-ruler-1-to-5-first-at-belmont-beats-bureaucracy-by-six-lengths.html","external_links_name":"\"BOLD RULER, 1 TO 5, FIRST AT BELMONT; Beats Bureaucracy by Six Lengths in Jerome. With Winged Mercury Third BOLD RULER, 1 TO 5, FIRST AT BELMONT\""},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/1957/09/29/archives/195-shot-scores-dedicate-hartack-up-beats-gallant-man-jester-pays.html","external_links_name":"\"19-5 SHOT SCORES; Dedicate, Hartack Up, Beats Gallant Man --Jester Pays $13 Gallant Man at 13-20 Four Running as Team Dedicate Takes Woodward and Jester Scoes in Futurity at Belmont Park GALLANT MAN 2D IN $106,100 RACE Jester Earns $81,005 No. 11 for Dedicate 3 Mounts, 3 Winners\""},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/1957/10/10/archives/bold-ruler-sets-belmont-7furlong-mark-in-taking-vosburgh-by-9.html","external_links_name":"\"Bold Ruler Sets Belmont 7-Furlong Mark in Taking Vosburgh by 9 Lengths; 2-5 CHOICE WINS IN MUD IN 1:21.4 Bold Ruler Completes Triple for Arcaro\""},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/1957/10/20/archives/bold-ruler-scores-easily-of-jamaica-bold-ruler-14-jamaica-victor.html","external_links_name":"\"Bold Ruler Scores Easily of Jamaica; BOLD RULER, 1-4, JAMAICA VICTOR Bold Ruler Away Fast Odds-on Icarian Third\""},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/1957/11/03/archives/bold-ruler-scores-by-twelve-lengths-bold-ruler-wins-at-garden-state.html","external_links_name":"\"Bold Ruler Scores By Twelve Lengths; BOLD RULER WINS AT GARDEN STATE\""},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/1957/11/05/archives/1957-racing-records-of-trentons-big-four.html","external_links_name":"\"1957 Racing Records Of Trenton's Big Four\""},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/1957/11/10/archives/gallant-man-is-2d-round-table-far-back-as-85-bold-ruler-triumphs.html","external_links_name":"\"GALLANT MAN IS 2D; Round Table Far Back as 8-5 Bold Ruler Triumphs Easily\""},{"Link":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=WJlSAAAAIBAJ&sjid=P3YDAAAAIBAJ&pg=7407,5539876&dq=bold-ruler+horse-of-the-year&hl=en","external_links_name":"\"Bold Ruler Captures Horse of the Year Honors\""},{"Link":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=stVkAAAAIBAJ&sjid=wHUNAAAAIBAJ&pg=2771,3715315&dq=dedicate+horse-of-the-year&hl=en","external_links_name":"\"Horsemen Argue Top Selection\""},{"Link":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=2nU_AAAAIBAJ&sjid=ylQMAAAAIBAJ&pg=2125,1846790&dq=dedicate+digest+horse-of-the-year&hl=en","external_links_name":"\"Bold Ruler Horse of the Year in Consensus of Turf Polls\""},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/1958/02/21/archives/ailing-bold-ruler-is-out-of-widener-injured-leg-forces-action.html","external_links_name":"\"AILING BOLD RULER IS OUT OF WIDENER; Injured Leg Forces Action\""},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/1958/03/25/archives/bold-ruler-out-of-jamaica-race-clem-draws-126-pounds-for-paumonok.html","external_links_name":"\"BOLD RULER OUT OF JAMAICA RACE; Clem Draws 126 Pounds for Paumonok, Opening Feature on Friday\""},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/1958/05/18/archives/bold-ruler-wins-toboggan-37502-at-belmont.html","external_links_name":"\"Bold Ruler Wins Toboggan;; 37,502 at Belmont\""},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/1958/05/31/archives/bold-ruler-beats-tick-tock-as-gallant-man-runs-third-in-carter.html","external_links_name":"\"Bold Ruler Beats Tick Tock as Gallant Man Runs Third in Carter Handicap; ARCARO TRIUMPHS ON WHEATLEY COLT Gains Triple, First Carter Score With Bold Ruler -Guerin Wins 3 Races\""},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/1958/06/15/archives/gallant-man-beats-bold-ruler-33657-see-upset.html","external_links_name":"\"Gallant Man Beats Bold Ruler;; 33,657 See Upset\""},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/1958/06/25/archives/bold-ruler-to-run-in-stymie-handicap-today-and-pass-up-roseben.html","external_links_name":"\"Bold Ruler to Run in Stymie Handicap Today and Pass Up Roseben; TRAINER DECIDES ON LONGER EVENT Fitzsimmons Agrees to 133 Pounds in Stymie Rather Than 138 in Roseben\""},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/1958/06/26/archives/bold-ruler-captures-stymie-handicap-25-choice-scores-under-133.html","external_links_name":"\"Bold Ruler Captures Stymie Handicap;; 2-5 CHOICE SCORES UNDER 133 POUNDS\""},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/1958/07/05/archives/bold-ruler-rallies-near-finish-to-beat-clem-by-nose-in-83400.html","external_links_name":"\"Bold Ruler Rallies Near Finish to Beat Clem by Nose in $83,400 Suburban; ARCARO TRIUMPHS IN BELMONT STAKE 36,048 See Him Score With Bold Ruler, $3, En Route to Consecutive Triple\""},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/1958/07/20/archives/bold-ruler-takes-monmouth-sharpsburg-is-2d.html","external_links_name":"\"Bold Ruler Takes Monmouth;; Sharpsburg Is 2d\""},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/1958/07/27/archives/cohoes-wins-bold-ruler-7th-31-102-at-jamaica.html","external_links_name":"\"Cohoes Wins, Bold Ruler 7th;; 31, 102 at Jamaica\""},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/1958/08/05/archives/bold-ruler-is-retired-from-racing-competition-because-of-ankle.html","external_links_name":"\"Bold Ruler Is Retired From Racing Competition Because of Ankle Injury; WHEATLEY TO PUT STAR COLT IN STUD\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180409110100/https://www.americasbestracing.net/the-sport/2017-whats-race-name-the-versatility-bold-ruler","external_links_name":"\"What's in a (Race) Name? The Versatility of Bold Ruler\""},{"Link":"https://www.americasbestracing.net/the-sport/2017-whats-race-name-the-versatility-bold-ruler","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.drf.com/news/sparkman-ap-indy-pulls-double-double","external_links_name":"\"Sparkman: A.P. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93Mexico_relations
China–Mexico relations
["1 History","1.1 2009 swine flu dispute","1.2 Post-2016 United States presidential election","1.3 Relations in the 2020s","2 High-level visits","3 Academic connections","4 Bilateral Agreements","5 Tourism and travel","6 Trade","7 Hong Kong","7.1 Bilateral agreements","7.2 Trade relations","8 Macao","8.1 Bilateral agreements","8.2 Trade relations","9 Resident diplomatic missions","10 See also","11 References"]
Bilateral relationsChina-Mexican relations China Mexico China–Mexico relations are the diplomatic relations between the People's Republic of China and the United Mexican States. Diplomatic relations were established in 1972. and both nations are members of the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation, Forum of East Asia–Latin America Cooperation, G-20 major economies and the United Nations. History The work by the Mexico-based Augustinian Juan González de Mendoza may have been the first book published in Europe (1585) containing (an attempt at a reproduction of) Chinese characters. Here, apparently, Mendoza tries to draw the character 城 ("city"). Chinese-Mexican contacts date to the early days of the Spanish Colonial Empire in the Americas and the Philippines. In the 16th-17th century, people, goods, and news traveling between China and Spain usually did so through the Philippines (where there was a large Chinese settlement) and (via the Manila galleon trade) to Mexico. The first two galleons loaded with Chinese goods arrived from the Philippines to Acapulco in 1573. Of particular significance for the trade between the Spanish Colonial Empire and Ming and Qing China were the so-called "Spanish dollars", fine silver coins many of which were minted in Mexico from Mexican silver. Even after Mexican independence, and, later, the Spain's loss of the Philippines, Mexican dollars remained important for China's monetary system. During the late Qing, they became the standard relative to which the silver coins that China's provincial mints started to produce were to be valued. This historic connection between the two countries is attested by two important early Spanish-language books (soon translated to Europe's other major languages) that were authored by Spanish ecclesiastics stationed in Mexico: Juan González de Mendoza's The history of the great and mighty kingdom of China and the situation thereof (1585) and Juan de Palafox y Mendoza's The History of the Conquest of China by the Tartars (posthumously published in 1670). In December 1899, Imperial China and Mexico formally established diplomatic relations after signing a Treaty of Amity, Commerce and Navigation between the two nations. In 1904, Mexico opened its first diplomatic mission in Beijing and maintained a diplomatic mission in several cities where it was forced to move (Nanjing and Shanghai) during various wars and instability until the mission was finally closed due to the Japanese invasion of China in 1941. In 1942, Mexico re-opened a diplomatic mission in the city of Chongqing and in 1943 diplomatic missions between the two nations were elevated to embassies. Chinese Premier Zhao Ziyang in Cancún attending the North–South Summit in 1981. It was the first visit by a Chinese head of government in Latin America. In 1971, Mexico decided to break formal diplomatic relations with the Republic of China (Taiwan) after the successful passing of Resolution 2758 at the United Nations recognizing the People's Republic of China as the only legitimate representative of China to the United Nations. In February 1972, the People's Republic of China and Mexico established diplomatic relations. In 1973, Mexican President Luis Echeverría paid an official visit to China and met with Chinese Communist Party chairman Mao Zedong. In 2005, Chinese leader Hu Jintao came to Mexico promising increased investment in industries like automobile-parts manufacture and mineral exportation. In July 2008, Mexican President Felipe Calderón reciprocated with a visit to Beijing in a bid to improve bilateral trade. Nevertheless, China has focused more on South American commodity producers such as Brazil and Chile to meet this end and fuel its chiefly-export economy. In 2008, Mexico exported just $2 billion worth of goods to China while importing some $34 billion from them, including clothing, electronics and "tourist trinkets". 2009 swine flu dispute In 2009, in the wake of fears of a worldwide swine flu pandemic, thought to have started in Mexico, relations between the two countries cooled substantially over China's decision to quarantine some seventy Mexican citizens, despite none of them showing symptoms of the virus. The Mexican government responded with outrage and, although China imposed the same measures on four nationals from the United States and more than twenty from Canada; dubbed the act discriminatory. Mexican Foreign Minister Patricia Espinosa used such terms as "unacceptable" and "without foundation", and advised compatriots not to travel to China. Despite this, a mutual desire to increase bilateral trade and increase shipping of Mexican raw materials into China suggested that diplomatic tensions would be only temporary. "This should not affect the relationship in the medium-term because we are talking about an overreaction on both sides", said Enrique Dussel, an expert on Mexican-Chinese trade at the National Autonomous University of Mexico in Mexico City. Post-2016 United States presidential election After the election of Donald Trump, China and Mexico pledged to deepen their diplomatic ties. On 12 December 2016, Chinese State Councillor Yang Jiechi met with Mexican Foreign Minister Claudia Ruiz Massieu to discuss improving transportation and trade between their countries. In July 2019, Mexican Foreign Minister Marcelo Ebrard paid a visit to China to give renewed impetus to trade and investment between both countries. Relations in the 2020s In 2021, Mexican President Andrés Manuel López Obrador apologized for his country's role in the Torreón massacre where more than 300 Chinese Mexicans were massacred in 1911 in the northern city of Torreón during an unprovoked act of racism towards Mexico's Asian community. In June 2022, both nations celebrated 50 years of diplomatic relations. In November 2023, President López Obrador and President Xi held a meeting during the APEC Summit in San Francisco. High-level visits Mexican President Enrique Peña Nieto and Chinese President Xi Jinping (and their wives) in Chichen Itza, Mexico during President Xi state visit to the country in June 2013. CCP leader, President and Premier visits from China to Mexico Premier Zhao Ziyang (1981) President Yang Shangkun (1990) Premier Li Peng (1995) President Jiang Zemin (1997, 2002) Premier Wen Jiabao (2003) President Hu Jintao (2005, 2012) President Xi Jinping (2013) Presidential visits from Mexico to China President Luis Echeverría Álvarez (1973) President José López Portillo (1978) President Miguel de la Madrid (1986) President Carlos Salinas de Gortari (1993) President Ernesto Zedillo (1996) President Vicente Fox (June & October 2001) President Felipe Calderón (2008) President Enrique Peña Nieto (2013, 2014, 2016, 2017) Academic connections The National Autonomous University of Mexico has established a Center for Chinese-Mexican Studies in the faculty of economics, aimed at increasing the understanding of China and its relationship to Mexico. The center hosts conferences and publishes reports, among other activities. The university also has an academic office located at the Beijing Foreign Studies University. Bilateral Agreements Both nations have signed numerous bilateral agreements such as an Agreement on Trade (1973); Agreement on Tourism Cooperation (1978); Agreement on Cultural Exchanges (1978); Consular Agreement (1986); Agreement on Technical and Scientific Cooperation (1989); Agreement on Air Transportation (2004); Agreement on Mutual Legal Assistance in Criminal Matters (2005); Agreement on Maritime Transport (2005); Agreement to Avoid Double Taxation and Prevent Tax Evasion in Income Taxes (2005); Agreement on Trade Remedy Measures (2008); Agreement for the Promotion and Reciprocal Protection of Investments (2008); Extradition Treaty (2008); Agreement for Recognition of Studies, Titles and Academic Degrees (2010); Agreement in Matters of Protection, Preservation, Return and Restitution of Cultural Property and Prevention of Theft, Clandestine Excavation and Illicit Import and Export of Cultural Property (2012); Agreement of Mutual Administrative Assistance in Customs Matters (2012); Memorandum of Understanding between the Mexican Secretariat of Foreign Affairs and the Chinese Ministry of Science and Technology on Strengthening Cooperation in Advanced and New Technology and its Industrialization (2014); Agreement of Cooperation in Joint call on Research Projects on Science and Technology (2014); Memorandum of Understanding and Cooperation between the China National Petroleum Corporation and Pemex (2014); Memorandum of Understanding between the Mexican Secretariat of Economy and the Chinese National Development and Reform Commission for the Promotion of Investment and Industrial Cooperation (2014); Memorandum of Understanding on the Traceability of Tequila (2015); Memorandum of Understanding on Agricultural Cooperation (2015); Memorandum of Understanding for Electronic Exchange of Import and Export Certificates of Agricultural, Aquaculture and Fishing Goods (2015); Agreement for the Protocol of Phytosanitary Requirements for the Export of Maize (2015); Agreement for the Inspection, Quarantine and Veterinary Health Conditions to Export Frozen Bovine Meat (2015) and a Memorandum of Understanding on Cooperation in Industrial Property Matters (2015) (among others). Tourism and travel In 2019, approximately 170,000 Chinese citizens visited Mexico for tourism. Holders of Hong Kong passports and Macao passports do not need a visa to visit Mexico (mainland Chinese passport holders do require a visa). There are commercial flights between both nations with China Southern Airlines. Several airlines offer direct cargo services between both nations. Trade China is Mexico's second largest trading partner globally. As a result of nearshoring China has invested heavily in Mexico to take advantage of Mexico's geographic proximity and free trade agreement with the United States through USMCA. In 2023, two-way trade between both nations amounted to US$123 billion (not including trade with Hong Kong or Macao). From January 1999 to December 2023, Mexico has received a total of US$2.5 billion in Chinese foreign direct investments. Several Chinese multinational companies operate in Mexico such as Hisense, Huawei, JAC Motors, Lenovo and ZTE (among others). At the same time, several Mexican multinational companies operate in China such as Gruma, Grupo Bimbo, Nemak and Softtek (among others). Hong Kong Bilateral relationsHong Kong–Mexico relations Hong Kong Mexico While Mexico was part of the Spanish Empire, trade between Spain and China would traverse Mexico with the Manila galleon. Ships laden with goods from Mexico would make call primarily in Macau, where trade with nearby ports, including Hong Kong, may have occurred. Those goods would then return to Mexico, before being transferred onwards to Spain. In 1962, Mexican President Adolfo Lopez Mateos stopped on an overnight visit to Hong Kong (a British colony at the time) and was met by representatives of the local government. In 1966, Mexico opened a consulate-general in Hong Kong. In October 2002, Hong Kong's Chief Executive, Tung Chee-hwa, paid a visit to Mexico to attend the APEC Summit in Los Cabos. In April 2013, Mexican President Enrique Peña Nieto paid a visit to Hong Kong, the first visit by a Mexican head of state to the special administrative region. During his visit, President Peña Nieto met with Chief Executive Leung Chun-ying and discussed increasing trade between Mexico and Hong Kong. President Peña Nieto also met with businessmen and monetary and financial authorities of the city. In August 2015, Hong Kong's Secretary for Commerce and Economic Development, Gregory So, paid a visit to Mexico. There are direct cargo flights with Cathay Pacific between Hong Kong and Mexico. Bilateral agreements Mexico and Hong Kong have signed a few bilateral agreements, such as an Agreement for the Suppression of visas for holders of Ordinary Passports (2004); Agreement on Air Transportation (2006); Agreement to Avoid Double Taxation and Prevent Tax Evasion with respect to Income Taxes (2012); and an Agreement for the Promotion and Reciprocal Protection of Investments (2020). Trade relations In 2023, two-way trade between Mexico and Hong Kong amounted to US$1.6 billion. Hong Kong's main exports products include: electronic integrated circuits and various other electronic equipment; motor vehicles, aluminum, iron and steel products, chemical based products, clothing, jewelry, and food based products. Mexico's main export products include: telephones and mobile phones, electronic integrated circuits, beef and fish, minerals, motor vehicles, scrap metals, clothing, and vegetables. Macao Bilateral relationsMacau–Mexico relations Macau Mexico First contact between Mexico and Macau took place when ships from the Manila galleon would visit the port of Portuguese Macau. The consulate-general of Mexico in Hong Kong maintains a presence periodically in Macao and there are channels for dialogue with local authorities. Bilateral agreements Since 2008, Mexico and Macau have had an Agreement for the Elimination of Visas for holders of Ordinary Passports. Trade relations In 2023, two-way trade between Mexico and Mexico amounted to US$26.7 million. Macau's main exports products include: electrical parts, parts and accessories for motor vehicles, plastic, clothing, and antibiotics. Mexico's main exports products include: telephones including mobile phones and video game consoles. Resident diplomatic missions China has an embassy in Mexico City and a consulate-general in Tijuana. Mexico has an embassy in Beijing and consulates-general in Guangzhou, Hong Kong, and Shanghai. Embassy of China in Mexico City Embassy of Mexico in Beijing See also Chinese immigration to Mexico Embassy of Mexico, Beijing Mexico–Taiwan relations Torreón massacre References ^ a b c History of diplomatic relations between Mexico and China (in Spanish) ^ See footnotes to pp. 121-122 in the annotated 1853 English edition: The history of the great and mighty kingdom of China and the situation thereof ^ Twitchett 1998, p. 391 ^ Twitchett, Denis C., ed. (1998), The Cambridge History of China: Volume 8, The Ming Dynasty, Part 2; Parts 1368-1644, Cambridge University Press, pp. 407–408, ISBN 0521243335 ^ Nathan, Andrew James (1976), Peking politics, 1918-1923: factionalism and failure of constitutionalism, Volume 8 of Michigan Studies on China, University of California Press, ISBN 0520027841 ^ Chen, Min-Sun (2003), Mythistory in Sino-Western Contacts. Jesuit Missionaries and the Pillars of Chinese Catholic Religion, Thunder Bay (Ontario): Lakehead University Printing Services, pp. 159–172, ISBN 0-88663-045-2 ^ González, Fredy (2017). Paisanos Chinos: Transpacific Politics among Chinese Immigrants in Mexico. University of California Press. p. 177. ISBN 978-0-520-96448-8. ^ Quoted in Reuters 2009. ^ "After Trump's win, China and Mexico move to deepen ties". Reuters. December 13, 2016. Retrieved December 13, 2016. ^ Foreign Secretary Marcelo Ebrard Begins Visit to China ^ "Mexican president apologizes for 1911 massacre of Chinese". Associated Press. 2021-05-18. Archived from the original on 2021-05-17 – via ABC News. ^ "Mexican president apologizes for 1911 massacre of Chinese". The Washington Post. ^ SRE conmemora el 50 aniversario del inicio de relaciones diplomáticas entre México y la República Popular China (in Spanish) ^ Xi Jinping Meets with President of Mexico Andrés Manuel López Obrador ^ a b 40 años de la relación entre México y China (in Spanish) ^ Centro de Estudios China-México ^ Bilateral agreements between Mexico and China (in Spanish) ^ China vuelve a permitir viajes de turismo a México y a otros países latinoamericanos (in Spanish) ^ Manufacturing in Mexico is having its moment. The US is buying in — and so is China ^ a b Data México: China ^ a b El Galeón de China (in Spanish) ^ When Mexico’s President Adolfo Lopez Mateos visited Hong Kong as the Cold War simmered, and refused to talk about the situation in Cuba ^ a b c d Contactos de México con Hong Kong, China (in Spanish) ^ a b Presidente Enrique Peña Nieto en China (in Spanish) ^ Bilateral agreements between Mexico and Hong Kong (in Spanish) ^ a b Data México: Hong Kong ^ a b Data México: Macau ^ Embassy of China in Mexico City ^ Embassy of Mexico in Beijing vteForeign relations of ChinaBilateral relationsAfrica Algeria Angola Benin Botswana Burkina Faso Burundi Cameroon Cape Verde Central African Republic Chad Comoros Congo, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Republic of the Djibouti Egypt Equatorial Guinea Eritrea Ethiopia Gabon Gambia Ghana Guinea Guinea-Bissau Ivory Coast Kenya Lesotho Liberia Libya Madagascar Malawi Mali Mauritania Mauritius Morocco Mozambique Namibia Niger Nigeria Rwanda São Tomé and Príncipe Senegal Seychelles Sierra Leone Somalia South Africa South Sudan Sudan Tanzania Togo Tunisia Uganda Zambia Zimbabwe Americas Antigua and Barbuda Argentina Bahamas Barbados Bolivia Brazil Canada Chile Colombia Costa Rica Cuba Dominican Republic Ecuador El Salvador Grenada Haiti Honduras Jamaica Mexico Nicaragua Panama Peru Suriname Trinidad and Tobago United States Uruguay Venezuela Asia Afghanistan Armenia Azerbaijan Bangladesh Bhutan Brunei Cambodia East Timor Georgia India Indonesia Iran Iraq Israel Japan history Kazakhstan Kyrgyzstan Laos Lebanon Malaysia Maldives Mongolia Myanmar Nepal North Korea History Pakistan Palestine Philippines Qatar Saudi Arabia Singapore South Korea History Sri Lanka Syria Taiwan Tajikistan Thailand Turkey Turkmenistan United Arab Emirates Uzbekistan Vietnam Northern Domination Yemen Europe Albania Austria Belarus Belgium Bulgaria Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Finland France Germany Greece Hungary Iceland Ireland Italy Kosovo Lithuania Luxembourg Moldova Montenegro Netherlands Norway Poland Portugal Romania Russia San Marino Serbia Spain Sweden Switzerland Ukraine United Kingdom Vatican City Oceania Australia Fiji Kiribati Micronesia Nauru New Zealand Niue Papua New Guinea Samoa Solomon Islands Tonga Vanuatu Former states Soviet Union Yugoslavia Multilateral relations BCIM Economic Corridor BIMSTEC Africa Arab League BRICS Caribbean China–Japan–South Korea European Union Latin America Oceania Third World United Nations Arctic policy of China China and the Antarctic Diplomacy Central Foreign Affairs Commission (General Secretary) Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Foreign Minister) Diplomatic missions of China / in China Belt and Road Initiative China's peaceful rise Chinese Century Confucius Institute Dates of diplomatic recognition Foreign policy of China Foreign Relations Law Foreign relations of Hong Kong Nine-dash line Panda diplomacy Political status of Taiwan Chinese unification Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership Stadium diplomacy String of Pearls Major historical splits Albania Soviet Shanghai Cooperation Organisation Treaties Theater diplomacy Wolf warrior diplomacy Xi Jinping Thought on Diplomacy vte Foreign relations of MexicoBilateral relationsAfrica Algeria Angola Chad Democratic Republic of the Congo Egypt Equatorial Guinea Ethiopia Ghana Ivory Coast Kenya Libya Morocco Mozambique Namibia Nigeria Sahrawi Republic Senegal South Africa Tanzania Tunisia Uganda Zimbabwe Americas Antigua and Barbuda Argentina Bahamas Barbados Belize Bolivia Brazil Canada Chile Colombia Costa Rica Cuba Dominica Dominican Republic Ecuador El Salvador Grenada Guatemala Guyana Haiti Honduras Jamaica Nicaragua Panama Paraguay Peru Saint Kitts and Nevis Saint Lucia Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Suriname Trinidad and Tobago United States (Texas) Uruguay Venezuela Asia Afghanistan Armenia Azerbaijan Bangladesh China East Timor Georgia India Indonesia Iran Iraq Israel Japan Jordan Kazakhstan North Korea South Korea Kuwait Lebanon Malaysia Mongolia Oman Pakistan Palestine Philippines Qatar Saudi Arabia Singapore Sri Lanka Syria Taiwan Thailand Turkey United Arab Emirates Vietnam Europe Andorra Austria Belarus Belgium Bulgaria Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Finland France Germany Greece Holy See Hungary Iceland Ireland Italy Latvia Lithuania Luxembourg Monaco Netherlands Norway Poland Portugal Romania Russia Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland Ukraine United Kingdom Oceania Australia Fiji New Zealand Papua New Guinea Former Yugoslavia Multilateral relations European Union United Nations Coffee Club G20 IMF USMCA NIC OAS OEI Rio Group UNECLAC World Bank Colorado river dispute Rio Grande border disputes Diplomacy Ministry of Foreign Affairs Diplomatic missions of / in Mexico Mexican diaspora Castañeda Doctrine Estrada Doctrine Visa policy of Mexico Visa requirements for Mexican citizens
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Diplomatic relations were established in 1972.[1] and both nations are members of the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation, Forum of East Asia–Latin America Cooperation, G-20 major economies and the United Nations.","title":"China–Mexico relations"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mendoza-1585-f134.png"},{"link_name":"Augustinian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augustinians"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Spanish Colonial Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_Empire"},{"link_name":"Philippines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippines"},{"link_name":"Manila galleon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manila_galleon"},{"link_name":"Acapulco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acapulco"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Ming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ming_Dynasty"},{"link_name":"Qing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qing_Dynasty"},{"link_name":"Spanish dollars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_dollar"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Mexican dollars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexican_dollar"},{"link_name":"started to produce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qing_dynasty_coinage"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Juan González de Mendoza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Gonz%C3%A1lez_de_Mendoza"},{"link_name":"Juan de Palafox y Mendoza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_de_Palafox_y_Mendoza"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Imperial China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qing_dynasty"},{"link_name":"Beijing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beijing"},{"link_name":"Nanjing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanjing"},{"link_name":"Shanghai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shanghai"},{"link_name":"Japanese invasion of China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War"},{"link_name":"Chongqing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chongqing"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-History-1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Heads_of_State_Cancun_Summit_1981.jpg"},{"link_name":"Cancún","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canc%C3%BAn"},{"link_name":"North–South Summit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North%E2%80%93South_Summit"},{"link_name":"Republic of China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_China"},{"link_name":"Taiwan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwan"},{"link_name":"Resolution 2758","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_General_Assembly_Resolution_2758"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-History-1"},{"link_name":"Luis Echeverría","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luis_Echeverr%C3%ADa"},{"link_name":"Chinese Communist Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Party"},{"link_name":"chairman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chairman_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party"},{"link_name":"Mao Zedong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mao_Zedong"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Chinese leader","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paramount_leader"},{"link_name":"Hu Jintao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hu_Jintao"},{"link_name":"Felipe Calderón","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Felipe_Calder%C3%B3n"},{"link_name":"Brazil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazil"},{"link_name":"Chile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chile"}],"text":"The work by the Mexico-based Augustinian Juan González de Mendoza may have been the first book published in Europe (1585) containing (an attempt at a reproduction of) Chinese characters. Here, apparently, Mendoza tries to draw the character 城 (\"city\").[2]Chinese-Mexican contacts date to the early days of the Spanish Colonial Empire in the Americas and the Philippines. In the 16th-17th century, people, goods, and news traveling between China and Spain usually did so through the Philippines (where there was a large Chinese settlement) and (via the Manila galleon trade) to Mexico. The first two galleons loaded with Chinese goods arrived from the Philippines to Acapulco in 1573.[3]Of particular significance for the trade between the Spanish Colonial Empire and Ming and Qing China were the so-called \"Spanish dollars\", fine silver coins many of which were minted in Mexico from Mexican silver.[4] Even after Mexican independence, and, later, the Spain's loss of the Philippines, Mexican dollars remained important for China's monetary system. During the late Qing, they became the standard relative to which the silver coins that China's provincial mints started to produce were to be valued.[5]This historic connection between the two countries is attested by two important early Spanish-language books (soon translated to Europe's other major languages) that were authored by Spanish ecclesiastics stationed in Mexico: Juan González de Mendoza's The history of the great and mighty kingdom of China and the situation thereof (1585) and Juan de Palafox y Mendoza's The History of the Conquest of China by the Tartars (posthumously published in 1670).[6]In December 1899, Imperial China and Mexico formally established diplomatic relations after signing a Treaty of Amity, Commerce and Navigation between the two nations. In 1904, Mexico opened its first diplomatic mission in Beijing and maintained a diplomatic mission in several cities where it was forced to move (Nanjing and Shanghai) during various wars and instability until the mission was finally closed due to the Japanese invasion of China in 1941. In 1942, Mexico re-opened a diplomatic mission in the city of Chongqing and in 1943 diplomatic missions between the two nations were elevated to embassies.[1]Chinese Premier Zhao Ziyang in Cancún attending the North–South Summit in 1981. It was the first visit by a Chinese head of government in Latin America.In 1971, Mexico decided to break formal diplomatic relations with the Republic of China (Taiwan) after the successful passing of Resolution 2758 at the United Nations recognizing the People's Republic of China as the only legitimate representative of China to the United Nations. In February 1972, the People's Republic of China and Mexico established diplomatic relations.[1] In 1973, Mexican President Luis Echeverría paid an official visit to China and met with Chinese Communist Party chairman Mao Zedong.[7]In 2005, Chinese leader Hu Jintao came to Mexico promising increased investment in industries like automobile-parts manufacture and mineral exportation. In July 2008, Mexican President Felipe Calderón reciprocated with a visit to Beijing in a bid to improve bilateral trade. Nevertheless, China has focused more on South American commodity producers such as Brazil and Chile to meet this end and fuel its chiefly-export economy. In 2008, Mexico exported just $2 billion worth of goods to China while importing some $34 billion from them, including clothing, electronics and \"tourist trinkets\".","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"swine flu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swine_flu"},{"link_name":"quarantine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quarantine"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada"},{"link_name":"Patricia Espinosa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patricia_Espinosa"},{"link_name":"Enrique Dussel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enrique_Dussel"},{"link_name":"National Autonomous University of Mexico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Autonomous_University_of_Mexico"},{"link_name":"Mexico City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico_City"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Quoted_in_Reuters_2009-8"}],"sub_title":"2009 swine flu dispute","text":"In 2009, in the wake of fears of a worldwide swine flu pandemic, thought to have started in Mexico, relations between the two countries cooled substantially over China's decision to quarantine some seventy Mexican citizens, despite none of them showing symptoms of the virus. The Mexican government responded with outrage and, although China imposed the same measures on four nationals from the United States and more than twenty from Canada; dubbed the act discriminatory. Mexican Foreign Minister Patricia Espinosa used such terms as \"unacceptable\" and \"without foundation\", and advised compatriots not to travel to China.Despite this, a mutual desire to increase bilateral trade and increase shipping of Mexican raw materials into China suggested that diplomatic tensions would be only temporary. \"This should not affect the relationship in the medium-term because we are talking about an overreaction on both sides\", said Enrique Dussel, an expert on Mexican-Chinese trade at the National Autonomous University of Mexico in Mexico City.[8]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"election of Donald Trump","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_States_presidential_election"},{"link_name":"Chinese State Councillor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_State_Councillor"},{"link_name":"Yang Jiechi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yang_Jiechi"},{"link_name":"Claudia Ruiz Massieu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claudia_Ruiz_Massieu"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Marcelo Ebrard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcelo_Ebrard"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"sub_title":"Post-2016 United States presidential election","text":"After the election of Donald Trump, China and Mexico pledged to deepen their diplomatic ties. On 12 December 2016, Chinese State Councillor Yang Jiechi met with Mexican Foreign Minister Claudia Ruiz Massieu to discuss improving transportation and trade between their countries.[9] In July 2019, Mexican Foreign Minister Marcelo Ebrard paid a visit to China to give renewed impetus to trade and investment between both countries.[10]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Andrés Manuel López Obrador","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andr%C3%A9s_Manuel_L%C3%B3pez_Obrador"},{"link_name":"Torreón massacre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torre%C3%B3n_massacre"},{"link_name":"Chinese Mexicans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_immigration_to_Mexico"},{"link_name":"Torreón","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torre%C3%B3n"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"APEC Summit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/APEC_United_States_2023"},{"link_name":"San Francisco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"sub_title":"Relations in the 2020s","text":"In 2021, Mexican President Andrés Manuel López Obrador apologized for his country's role in the Torreón massacre where more than 300 Chinese Mexicans were massacred in 1911 in the northern city of Torreón during an unprovoked act of racism towards Mexico's Asian community.[11][12]In June 2022, both nations celebrated 50 years of diplomatic relations.[13] In November 2023, President López Obrador and President Xi held a meeting during the APEC Summit in San Francisco.[14]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Enrique_Pe%C3%B1a_Nieto_y_Xi_Jinping_en_Chichen_Itz%C3%A1.jpg"},{"link_name":"Chichen Itza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chichen_Itza"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Relations-15"},{"link_name":"Zhao Ziyang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhao_Ziyang"},{"link_name":"Yang Shangkun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yang_Shangkun"},{"link_name":"Li Peng","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Li_Peng"},{"link_name":"Jiang Zemin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jiang_Zemin"},{"link_name":"Wen Jiabao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wen_Jiabao"},{"link_name":"Hu Jintao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hu_Jintao"},{"link_name":"Xi Jinping","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xi_Jinping"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Relations-15"},{"link_name":"Luis Echeverría Álvarez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luis_Echeverr%C3%ADa"},{"link_name":"José López Portillo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_L%C3%B3pez_Portillo"},{"link_name":"Miguel de la Madrid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miguel_de_la_Madrid"},{"link_name":"Carlos Salinas de Gortari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlos_Salinas_de_Gortari"},{"link_name":"Ernesto Zedillo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernesto_Zedillo"},{"link_name":"Vicente Fox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vicente_Fox"},{"link_name":"Felipe Calderón","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Felipe_Calder%C3%B3n"},{"link_name":"Enrique Peña Nieto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enrique_Pe%C3%B1a_Nieto"}],"text":"Mexican President Enrique Peña Nieto and Chinese President Xi Jinping (and their wives) in Chichen Itza, Mexico during President Xi state visit to the country in June 2013.CCP leader, President and Premier visits from China to Mexico[15]Premier Zhao Ziyang (1981)\nPresident Yang Shangkun (1990)\nPremier Li Peng (1995)\nPresident Jiang Zemin (1997, 2002)\nPremier Wen Jiabao (2003)\nPresident Hu Jintao (2005, 2012)\nPresident Xi Jinping (2013)Presidential visits from Mexico to China [15]President Luis Echeverría Álvarez (1973)\nPresident José López Portillo (1978)\nPresident Miguel de la Madrid (1986)\nPresident Carlos Salinas de Gortari (1993)\nPresident Ernesto Zedillo (1996)\nPresident Vicente Fox (June & October 2001)\nPresident Felipe Calderón (2008)\nPresident Enrique Peña Nieto (2013, 2014, 2016, 2017)","title":"High-level visits"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"National Autonomous University of Mexico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Autonomous_University_of_Mexico"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Beijing Foreign Studies University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beijing_Foreign_Studies_University"}],"text":"The National Autonomous University of Mexico has established a Center for Chinese-Mexican Studies in the faculty of economics, aimed at increasing the understanding of China and its relationship to Mexico. The center hosts conferences and publishes reports, among other activities.[16]\nThe university also has an academic office located at the Beijing Foreign Studies University.","title":"Academic connections"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Secretariat of Foreign Affairs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secretariat_of_Foreign_Affairs_(Mexico)"},{"link_name":"Ministry of Science and Technology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Science_and_Technology_(China)"},{"link_name":"China National Petroleum Corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China_National_Petroleum_Corporation"},{"link_name":"Pemex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pemex"},{"link_name":"Secretariat of Economy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secretariat_of_Economy_(Mexico)"},{"link_name":"National Development and Reform Commission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Development_and_Reform_Commission"},{"link_name":"Tequila","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tequila"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"}],"text":"Both nations have signed numerous bilateral agreements such as an Agreement on Trade (1973); Agreement on Tourism Cooperation (1978); Agreement on Cultural Exchanges (1978); Consular Agreement (1986); Agreement on Technical and Scientific Cooperation (1989); Agreement on Air Transportation (2004); Agreement on Mutual Legal Assistance in Criminal Matters (2005); Agreement on Maritime Transport (2005); Agreement to Avoid Double Taxation and Prevent Tax Evasion in Income Taxes (2005); Agreement on Trade Remedy Measures (2008); Agreement for the Promotion and Reciprocal Protection of Investments (2008); Extradition Treaty (2008); Agreement for Recognition of Studies, Titles and Academic Degrees (2010); Agreement in Matters of Protection, Preservation, Return and Restitution of Cultural Property and Prevention of Theft, Clandestine Excavation and Illicit Import and Export of Cultural Property (2012); Agreement of Mutual Administrative Assistance in Customs Matters (2012); Memorandum of Understanding between the Mexican Secretariat of Foreign Affairs and the Chinese Ministry of Science and Technology on Strengthening Cooperation in Advanced and New Technology and its Industrialization (2014); Agreement of Cooperation in Joint call on Research Projects on Science and Technology (2014); Memorandum of Understanding and Cooperation between the China National Petroleum Corporation and Pemex (2014); Memorandum of Understanding between the Mexican Secretariat of Economy and the Chinese National Development and Reform Commission for the Promotion of Investment and Industrial Cooperation (2014); Memorandum of Understanding on the Traceability of Tequila (2015); Memorandum of Understanding on Agricultural Cooperation (2015); Memorandum of Understanding for Electronic Exchange of Import and Export Certificates of Agricultural, Aquaculture and Fishing Goods (2015); Agreement for the Protocol of Phytosanitary Requirements for the Export of Maize (2015); Agreement for the Inspection, Quarantine and Veterinary Health Conditions to Export Frozen Bovine Meat (2015) and a Memorandum of Understanding on Cooperation in Industrial Property Matters (2015) (among others).[17]","title":"Bilateral Agreements"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Tourism-18"},{"link_name":"Hong Kong passports","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong_Special_Administrative_Region_passport"},{"link_name":"Macao passports","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macao_Special_Administrative_Region_passport"},{"link_name":"Chinese passport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_passport"},{"link_name":"China Southern Airlines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China_Southern_Airlines"}],"text":"In 2019, approximately 170,000 Chinese citizens visited Mexico for tourism.[18] Holders of Hong Kong passports and Macao passports do not need a visa to visit Mexico (mainland Chinese passport holders do require a visa). There are commercial flights between both nations with China Southern Airlines. Several airlines offer direct cargo services between both nations.","title":"Tourism and travel"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"nearshoring","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outsourcing"},{"link_name":"USMCA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States%E2%80%93Mexico%E2%80%93Canada_Agreement"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Trade-20"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Trade-20"},{"link_name":"Hisense","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hisense"},{"link_name":"Huawei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huawei"},{"link_name":"JAC Motors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JAC_Motors"},{"link_name":"Lenovo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenovo"},{"link_name":"ZTE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ZTE"},{"link_name":"Gruma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gruma"},{"link_name":"Grupo Bimbo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grupo_Bimbo"},{"link_name":"Nemak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nemak"},{"link_name":"Softtek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Softtek"}],"text":"China is Mexico's second largest trading partner globally. As a result of nearshoring China has invested heavily in Mexico to take advantage of Mexico's geographic proximity and free trade agreement with the United States through USMCA.[19] In 2023, two-way trade between both nations amounted to US$123 billion (not including trade with Hong Kong or Macao).[20] From January 1999 to December 2023, Mexico has received a total of US$2.5 billion in Chinese foreign direct investments.[20] Several Chinese multinational companies operate in Mexico such as Hisense, Huawei, JAC Motors, Lenovo and ZTE (among others). At the same time, several Mexican multinational companies operate in China such as Gruma, Grupo Bimbo, Nemak and Softtek (among others).","title":"Trade"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Spanish Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_Empire"},{"link_name":"Manila galleon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manila_galleon"},{"link_name":"Macau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macau"},{"link_name":"Hong Kong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Exploration-21"},{"link_name":"Adolfo Lopez Mateos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolfo_Lopez_Mateos"},{"link_name":"Hong Kong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Hong_Kong"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Contact-23"},{"link_name":"Tung Chee-hwa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tung_Chee-hwa"},{"link_name":"APEC Summit in Los Cabos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/APEC_Mexico_2002"},{"link_name":"Enrique Peña Nieto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enrique_Pe%C3%B1a_Nieto"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Nieto-24"},{"link_name":"Leung Chun-ying","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leung_Chun-ying"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Nieto-24"},{"link_name":"Gregory So","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregory_So"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Contact-23"},{"link_name":"Cathay Pacific","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cathay_Pacific"}],"text":"Bilateral relationsWhile Mexico was part of the Spanish Empire, trade between Spain and China would traverse Mexico with the Manila galleon. Ships laden with goods from Mexico would make call primarily in Macau, where trade with nearby ports, including Hong Kong, may have occurred. Those goods would then return to Mexico, before being transferred onwards to Spain.[21]In 1962, Mexican President Adolfo Lopez Mateos stopped on an overnight visit to Hong Kong (a British colony at the time) and was met by representatives of the local government.[22] In 1966, Mexico opened a consulate-general in Hong Kong.[23]In October 2002, Hong Kong's Chief Executive, Tung Chee-hwa, paid a visit to Mexico to attend the APEC Summit in Los Cabos. In April 2013, Mexican President Enrique Peña Nieto paid a visit to Hong Kong, the first visit by a Mexican head of state to the special administrative region.[24] During his visit, President Peña Nieto met with Chief Executive Leung Chun-ying and discussed increasing trade between Mexico and Hong Kong. President Peña Nieto also met with businessmen and monetary and financial authorities of the city.[24] In August 2015, Hong Kong's Secretary for Commerce and Economic Development, Gregory So, paid a visit to Mexico.[23]There are direct cargo flights with Cathay Pacific between Hong Kong and Mexico.","title":"Hong Kong"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"}],"sub_title":"Bilateral agreements","text":"Mexico and Hong Kong have signed a few bilateral agreements, such as an Agreement for the Suppression of visas for holders of Ordinary Passports (2004); Agreement on Air Transportation (2006); Agreement to Avoid Double Taxation and Prevent Tax Evasion with respect to Income Taxes (2012); and an Agreement for the Promotion and Reciprocal Protection of Investments (2020).[25]","title":"Hong Kong"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Commerce-26"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Commerce-26"}],"sub_title":"Trade relations","text":"In 2023, two-way trade between Mexico and Hong Kong amounted to US$1.6 billion.[26] Hong Kong's main exports products include: electronic integrated circuits and various other electronic equipment; motor vehicles, aluminum, iron and steel products, chemical based products, clothing, jewelry, and food based products. Mexico's main export products include: telephones and mobile phones, electronic integrated circuits, beef and fish, minerals, motor vehicles, scrap metals, clothing, and vegetables.[26]","title":"Hong Kong"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Macau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macau"},{"link_name":"Portuguese Macau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portuguese_Macau"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Exploration-21"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Contact-23"}],"text":"Bilateral relationsFirst contact between Mexico and Macau took place when ships from the Manila galleon would visit the port of Portuguese Macau.[21] The consulate-general of Mexico in Hong Kong maintains a presence periodically in Macao and there are channels for dialogue with local authorities.[23]","title":"Macao"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Contact-23"}],"sub_title":"Bilateral agreements","text":"Since 2008, Mexico and Macau have had an Agreement for the Elimination of Visas for holders of Ordinary Passports.[23]","title":"Macao"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Exchange-27"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Exchange-27"}],"sub_title":"Trade relations","text":"In 2023, two-way trade between Mexico and Mexico amounted to US$26.7 million.[27] Macau's main exports products include: electrical parts, parts and accessories for motor vehicles, plastic, clothing, and antibiotics. Mexico's main exports products include: telephones including mobile phones and video game consoles.[27]","title":"Macao"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mexico City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico_City"},{"link_name":"Tijuana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tijuana"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"Beijing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beijing"},{"link_name":"Guangzhou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guangzhou"},{"link_name":"Hong Kong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong"},{"link_name":"Shanghai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shanghai"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Embajada_de_China_en_Ciudad_de_M%C3%A9xico.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Embajada_de_M%C3%A9xico_en_China.jpg"}],"text":"China has an embassy in Mexico City and a consulate-general in Tijuana.[28]\nMexico has an embassy in Beijing and consulates-general in Guangzhou, Hong Kong, and Shanghai.[29]Embassy of China in Mexico City\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tEmbassy of Mexico in Beijing","title":"Resident diplomatic missions"}]
[{"image_text":"The work by the Mexico-based Augustinian Juan González de Mendoza may have been the first book published in Europe (1585) containing (an attempt at a reproduction of) Chinese characters. Here, apparently, Mendoza tries to draw the character 城 (\"city\").[2]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Mendoza-1585-f134.png/220px-Mendoza-1585-f134.png"},{"image_text":"Chinese Premier Zhao Ziyang in Cancún attending the North–South Summit in 1981. It was the first visit by a Chinese head of government in Latin America.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Heads_of_State_Cancun_Summit_1981.jpg/220px-Heads_of_State_Cancun_Summit_1981.jpg"},{"image_text":"Mexican President Enrique Peña Nieto and Chinese President Xi Jinping (and their wives) in Chichen Itza, Mexico during President Xi state visit to the country in June 2013.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Enrique_Pe%C3%B1a_Nieto_y_Xi_Jinping_en_Chichen_Itz%C3%A1.jpg/220px-Enrique_Pe%C3%B1a_Nieto_y_Xi_Jinping_en_Chichen_Itz%C3%A1.jpg"}]
[{"title":"Chinese immigration to Mexico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_immigration_to_Mexico"},{"title":"Embassy of Mexico, Beijing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embassy_of_Mexico,_Beijing"},{"title":"Mexico–Taiwan relations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico%E2%80%93Taiwan_relations"},{"title":"Torreón massacre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torre%C3%B3n_massacre"}]
[{"reference":"Twitchett, Denis C., ed. (1998), The Cambridge History of China: Volume 8, The Ming Dynasty, Part 2; Parts 1368-1644, Cambridge University Press, pp. 407–408, ISBN 0521243335","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=tVhvh6ibLJcC&pg=PA407","url_text":"The Cambridge History of China: Volume 8, The Ming Dynasty, Part 2; Parts 1368-1644"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0521243335","url_text":"0521243335"}]},{"reference":"Nathan, Andrew James (1976), Peking politics, 1918-1923: factionalism and failure of constitutionalism, Volume 8 of Michigan Studies on China, University of California Press, ISBN 0520027841","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=rwGLn-zCiVgC&pg=PR13","url_text":"Peking politics, 1918-1923: factionalism and failure of constitutionalism"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0520027841","url_text":"0520027841"}]},{"reference":"Chen, Min-Sun [Chen Mingsheng] (2003), Mythistory in Sino-Western Contacts. Jesuit Missionaries and the Pillars of Chinese Catholic Religion, Thunder Bay (Ontario): Lakehead University Printing Services, pp. 159–172, ISBN 0-88663-045-2","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lakehead_University","url_text":"Lakehead University"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-88663-045-2","url_text":"0-88663-045-2"}]},{"reference":"González, Fredy (2017). Paisanos Chinos: Transpacific Politics among Chinese Immigrants in Mexico. University of California Press. p. 177. ISBN 978-0-520-96448-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=wZiqDgAAQBAJ&pg=PA177","url_text":"Paisanos Chinos: Transpacific Politics among Chinese Immigrants in Mexico"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-96448-8","url_text":"978-0-520-96448-8"}]},{"reference":"\"After Trump's win, China and Mexico move to deepen ties\". Reuters. December 13, 2016. Retrieved December 13, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.reuters.com/article/us-mexico-china-idUSKBN142027","url_text":"\"After Trump's win, China and Mexico move to deepen ties\""}]},{"reference":"\"Mexican president apologizes for 1911 massacre of Chinese\". Associated Press. 2021-05-18. Archived from the original on 2021-05-17 – via ABC News.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210517161538/https://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory/mexican-president-apologizes-1911-massacre-chinese-77738535","url_text":"\"Mexican president apologizes for 1911 massacre of Chinese\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Associated_Press","url_text":"Associated Press"},{"url":"https://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory/mexican-president-apologizes-1911-massacre-chinese-77738535","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Mexican president apologizes for 1911 massacre of Chinese\". The Washington Post.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/mexican-president-apologizes-for-1911-massacre-of-chinese/2021/05/17/b8e415de-b729-11eb-bc4a-62849cf6cca9_story.html","url_text":"\"Mexican president apologizes for 1911 massacre of Chinese\""}]}]
[{"Link":"http://www.sre.gob.mx/images/stories/docnormateca/manexte/embajadas/moemchina.pdf","external_links_name":"History of diplomatic relations between Mexico and China (in Spanish)"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/historyofgreatmi14151gonz","external_links_name":"The history of the great and mighty kingdom of China and the situation thereof"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=tVhvh6ibLJcC&pg=PA407","external_links_name":"The Cambridge History of China: Volume 8, The Ming Dynasty, Part 2; Parts 1368-1644"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=rwGLn-zCiVgC&pg=PR13","external_links_name":"Peking politics, 1918-1923: factionalism and failure of constitutionalism"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=wZiqDgAAQBAJ&pg=PA177","external_links_name":"Paisanos Chinos: Transpacific Politics among Chinese Immigrants in Mexico"},{"Link":"https://www.reuters.com/article/us-mexico-china-idUSKBN142027","external_links_name":"\"After Trump's win, China and Mexico move to deepen ties\""},{"Link":"https://www.gob.mx/sre/articulos/foreign-secretary-marcelo-ebrard-begins-visit-to-china-207282","external_links_name":"Foreign Secretary Marcelo Ebrard Begins Visit to China"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210517161538/https://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory/mexican-president-apologizes-1911-massacre-chinese-77738535","external_links_name":"\"Mexican president apologizes for 1911 massacre of Chinese\""},{"Link":"https://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory/mexican-president-apologizes-1911-massacre-chinese-77738535","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/mexican-president-apologizes-for-1911-massacre-of-chinese/2021/05/17/b8e415de-b729-11eb-bc4a-62849cf6cca9_story.html","external_links_name":"\"Mexican president apologizes for 1911 massacre of Chinese\""},{"Link":"https://www.gob.mx/sre/prensa/sre-conmemora-el-50-aniversario-del-inicio-de-relaciones-diplomaticas-entre-mexico-y-la-republica-popular-china","external_links_name":"SRE conmemora el 50 aniversario del inicio de relaciones diplomáticas entre México y la República Popular China (in Spanish)"},{"Link":"http://az.china-embassy.gov.cn/eng/zgyw/202311/t20231130_11190298.htm","external_links_name":"Xi Jinping Meets with President of Mexico Andrés Manuel López Obrador"},{"Link":"https://dusselpeters.com/CECHIMEX/libroChinaMexico40anhos.pdf","external_links_name":"40 años de la relación entre México y China (in Spanish)"},{"Link":"http://www.economia.unam.mx/cechimex/index.php/en/","external_links_name":"Centro de Estudios China-México"},{"Link":"https://cja.sre.gob.mx/tratadosmexico/buscador?keywords=&category_id=&theme_id=&country_id=32&organization_id=","external_links_name":"Bilateral agreements between Mexico and China (in Spanish)"},{"Link":"https://www.forbes.com.mx/china-vuelve-a-permitir-viajes-de-turismo-a-mexico-y-a-otros-paises-latinoamericanos/","external_links_name":"China vuelve a permitir viajes de turismo a México y a otros países latinoamericanos (in Spanish)"},{"Link":"https://www.cnn.com/2024/04/28/business/us-china-mexico-manufacturing-nearshoring-hnk-intl/index.html","external_links_name":"Manufacturing in Mexico is having its moment. The US is buying in — and so is China"},{"Link":"https://www.economia.gob.mx/datamexico/en/profile/country/china-chn","external_links_name":"Data México: China"},{"Link":"https://multimedia.scmp.com/culture/article/spanish-galleon/es/capitulo_01.html","external_links_name":"El Galeón de China (in Spanish)"},{"Link":"https://www.scmp.com/magazines/post-magazine/short-reads/article/3238071/when-mexicos-president-adolfo-lopez-mateos-visited-hong-kong-cold-war-simmered-and-refused-talk","external_links_name":"When Mexico’s President Adolfo Lopez Mateos visited Hong Kong as the Cold War simmered, and refused to talk about the situation in Cuba"},{"Link":"https://comisiones.senado.gob.mx/relaciones_exteriores/reu/docs/dictamen3_250321.pdf","external_links_name":"Contactos de México con Hong Kong, China (in Spanish)"},{"Link":"https://www.diputados.gob.mx/sedia/sia/dir/DIR-ISS-04-17/ANEXOInformes_Actividades/004_China_Y_Japon.pdf","external_links_name":"Presidente Enrique Peña Nieto en China (in Spanish)"},{"Link":"https://cja.sre.gob.mx/tratadosmexico/buscador?keywords=&category_id=&theme_id=&country_id=266&organization_id=","external_links_name":"Bilateral agreements between Mexico and Hong Kong (in Spanish)"},{"Link":"https://www.economia.gob.mx/datamexico/en/profile/country/hong-kong","external_links_name":"Data México: Hong Kong"},{"Link":"https://www.economia.gob.mx/datamexico/en/profile/country/macau","external_links_name":"Data México: Macau"},{"Link":"http://mx.china-embassy.gov.cn/esp/","external_links_name":"Embassy of China in Mexico City"},{"Link":"https://embamex.sre.gob.mx/china/","external_links_name":"Embassy of Mexico in Beijing"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lan_Cheng-lung
Lan Cheng-lung
["1 Career","2 Personal life","3 Filmography","3.1 Television series","3.2 Film","3.3 Music video appearances","4 Awards and nominations","5 References","6 External links"]
Taiwanese actor and director In this Chinese name, the family name is Lan. Lan Cheng-lungLan at the 2023 Tokyo International Film FestivalBorn (1979-03-01) March 1, 1979 (age 45)Luodong, Yilan, TaiwanOther namesBlue LanAlma materHwa Hsia University of TechnologyOccupation(s)Actor, film directorYears active1999—presentSpouse Jade Chou ​(m. 2014)​Children2Chinese nameTraditional Chinese藍正龍Simplified Chinese蓝正龙Hanyu PinyinLán ZhènglóngHokkien POJNâ Chèng-liông Lan Cheng-lung (Chinese: 藍正龍; Pe̍h-ōe-jī: Nâ Chèng-liông, born March 1, 1979) is a Taiwanese actor and film director. He was born in Yilan, Taiwan. Career Lan made his acting debut in 2001 and gained attention for one of his first roles, a small cameo as Ya-men in Meteor Garden. Lan has appeared in many popular films and dramas since then, including Night Market Hero (2011) and The Wonderful Wedding (2015). Personal life Lan was in a high–profile relationship with actress Barbie Hsu from 2001 to 2005. He met his future wife, Jade Chou, in 2003 but the two only began dating in 2011 after they shot a commercial together. They married in May 2014. They have a daughter and a son. Filmography Television series Year English title Original title Role Notes 2000 Big Hospital Small Doctor 大醫院小醫師 Yang Ko 2001 Spicy Teacher 麻辣鮮師 Lan Hsing-lung 2001 Duo Sang and Rose 多桑與紅玫瑰 Cheng Ping-hua 2001 Meteor Garden 流星花園 Ya-men 2001 Three-line Chasing Husband 追夫三人行 Lin Tien-hsing 2001 Magical Love 愛情大魔咒 Li Tao 2002 Forever Remember 永遠的銘記 Chin Nan-chih 2003 Banquet 赴宴 Kuo Min-feng 2003 The Outsiders 鬥魚 Shan Li-chieh 2004 Say Yes Enterprise 求婚事務所-情書 Hsieh Yi-shu Story 3: Love Letter 2004 Jia You Fei Fei 家有菲菲 Hsu Shao-wei 2004 Blazing Courage 火線任務 Tang Han-sheng 2004 Cold Fronts 冷鋒過境 Hsiao-lung 2005 Main dans la main 45度C天空下 Lin Yu-cheng 2005 The Legend of Hero 中華英雄 Mu Xi 2006 Golden Age 金色年華 Cheng Tzu-hua 2006 Dangerous Mind 危險心靈 Lawrence Wang 2007 Aurora 北極光 Sung Huai-en 2008 Police et vous 波麗士大人 Liu Han-chiang / Liu Kuo-chang (young) 2008 I Do? 幸福的抉擇 Li Hao-che 2009 Easy Fortune Happy Life 福氣又安康 Yen Wang-tsai (young) / Yen Ta-feng 2009 Fall in Love with You Before the Sunset 日落之前愛上你 Chang Shih-ling 2010 Strands of Love 絲絲心動 Ouyang Chen 2010 PS Man 偷心大聖PS男 Hsia Ho-chieh 2010 The Gifts 女王不下班 Wu Tien-liang 2012 I Love You So Much 粉愛粉愛你 Chang Yu-chieh 2012 Happy Michelin Kitchen 幸福三顆星 An Shao-cheng 2014 Chocolat 流氓蛋糕店 Chin Shih-wu 2014 Apple in Your Eye 妹妹 Tai Yao-chi 2016 Jiang Teacher, You Talked About Love It 姜老師，妳談過戀愛嗎 Chen Wei-lin 2017 Wake Up 2 麻醉風暴2 Hsieh Teng-feng 2017 Running Man 逃婚一百次 Bartender 2018 My Ex-Man 前男友不是人!? Tai Hai-an 2018 Chosen 殺無赦 Dai Huan 2019 All Is Well 你那邊怎樣·我這邊OK Kuo Hao-sen TBA 中元大餐 Film Year English title Original title Role Notes 2000 A Matter of Time 新賭國仇城 Hsiao-chu 2005 Fall... in Love 戀人 Alan 2006 Heaven in Ten Days 十日天堂 Wang Tsung 2007 Brotherhood of Legion 神選者 Ren Fang 2009 L-O-V-E 愛到底 Vincent Segment "Hua Shan 24" 2010 Fantome, Ou es-tu? 酷馬 Coach Liu 2011 Night Market Hero 雞排英雄 A-hwa 2011 A Big Deal 巨額交易 Chang Tse 2011 Spin Kid 電哪吒 Hao 2011 Joyful Reunion 飲食男女2：好遠又好近 Chang Chuan 2013 Forever Love 阿嬤的夢中情人 Liu Chi-sheng 2013 Lift to Hell 電梯驚魂 Dr. Lin Fei 2014 The Love Frequency 愛的頻率 2014 Dangerous Game 夫妻游戲 Wang Yuan 2015 The Bag's Secret 包裡的秘密 2015 The Wonderful Wedding 大囍臨門 Airport staff Cameo 2017 Hanky Panky 大釣哥 Lan Hsiao-lung 2017 The Mysterious Family 神秘家族 The stranger 2018 The Outsiders 鬥魚 Shan Li-jie (adult) Special appearance 2019 A Fool in Love, Love Like a Fool 傻傻愛你，傻傻愛我 Ke Fu Also as director 2023 After School 成功補習班 As director Music video appearances Year Artist Song title 1999 Ginny Liu "5AM" 1999 T-ana "Lies" 2001 Freya Lim "It's All Him" 2003 Sammi Cheng "Beautiful Misunderstanding" 2004 Phil Chang "Destroy" 2008 Ding Dang "One I Loved" 2015 Cyndi Wang "Far Away" 2019 Ricky Hsiao "Migratory Bird" Awards and nominations Year Award Category Nominated work Result 2004 39th Golden Bell Awards Best Leading Actor in a Television Series Cold Fronts Nominated 2014 49th Golden Bell Awards Best Leading Actor in a Television Series Chocolat Nominated 2015 50th Golden Bell Awards Best Leading Actor in a Television Series Apple in Your Eye Won 2017 52nd Golden Bell Awards Best Leading Actor in a Television Series Jiang Teacher, You Talked About Love It Nominated References ^ Lan Cheng-lung at douban.com ^ Lan Cheng-lung at chinesemov.com ^ 藍正龍周幼婷結婚 戀3年成正果 External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Lan Cheng-lung. Lan Cheng-lung at IMDb Lan Cheng-lung at the Hong Kong Movie Database vteGolden Bell Award for Best Leading Actor in a Television Series1980s Yueh Yang (1980) Lee Li-chun (1981) Ku Pao-ming (1982) Yi Ming (1983) Chang Feng (1984) Lin Tsai-pei (1985) Chang Feng (1986) Kou Feng (1987) Chang Fu-chien (1988) Meng Yuan (1989) 1990s Lei Ming (1990) Wang Jui (1991) Chang Chen-kuang (1992) Chang Fu-chien (1993) Jin Chao-chun (1995) Sihung Lung (1997) Chu Chung-heng (1999) 2000s Leon Dai (2000) Chiu Hsin-chih (2001) Shen Mengsheng (2002) Liang Hsiu-sheng (2003) Chang Chen-kuang (2004) Tuo Tsung-hua (2005) Lee Tien-chu (2006) River Huang (2007) Lei Hung (2008) Mark Chao (2009) 2010s Wu Cheng-ti (2010) Will Pan (2011) Chen Bolin (2012) Vic Chou (2013) Christopher Lee (2014) Lan Cheng-lung (2015) Wu Kang-ren (2016) Liu Te-kai (2017) Crowd Lu (2018) Lung Shao-hua (2019) 2020s Yao Chun-yao (2020) Hsueh Shih-ling (2021) Chen Ya-lan (2022) Hsueh Shih-ling (2023) Best Actress Best Supporting Actor Best Supporting Actress Best Actor (Miniseries or Television Film) Best Actress (Miniseries or Television Film) Best Supporting Actor (Miniseries or Television Film) Best Supporting Actress (Miniseries or Television Film) Best Newcomer in a Television Series Best Host in a Variety Show Best Host in a Reality or Game Show
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[]
null
[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Accreditation_Authority_for_Translators_and_Interpreters
National Accreditation Authority for Translators and Interpreters
["1 NAATI Certification","1.1 Previous NAATI credentials","1.2 Nil credentialed","2 Organisation Structure","3 Operational functions","4 Outline of NAATI credentials","4.1 Example of the kind of document needing a NAATI-certified translation","5 References"]
This article includes a list of general references, but it lacks sufficient corresponding inline citations. Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (December 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this message) "NAATI" redirects here. For the language, see Naati language. The National Accreditation Authority for Translators and Interpreters Ltd (known as NAATI) is the national standards and certifying body for translators and interpreters in Australia. NAATI's mission, as outlined in the NAATI Constitution, is to set and maintain high national standards in translating and interpreting to enable the existence of a pool of accredited translators and interpreters responsive to the changing needs and demography of the Australian community. The core focus of the company is issuing certification for practitioners who wish to work as translators and interpreters in Australia. NAATI Certification NAATI certification provides quality assurance to the consumers of translators and interpreting services and gives credibility to agencies that engage certified practitioners. Certified Conference Interpreter Suitable for international or high level events and meetings involving conference type settings, which require consecutive or simultaneous interpreting. Use of conference interpreting booths and equipment are often required by the interpreter to deliver interpreting services. Certified Interpreter Suitable for specialisations such as health, legal and formal proceedings. Also suitable for general conversations and interpreting non-specialist dialogues. Certified Provisional Interpreter Suitable for general conversations and interpreting non-specialist dialogues. Recognised Practising Interpreter Granted in emerging languages or languages with low community demand for which NAATI does not offer certification. Interpreters with this credential have recent and regular experience as an interpreter and are required to complete regular professional development. Suitable for general conversations and interpreting non-specialist dialogues. In a small number of cases Recognised Practicing Interpreter may also be provided as an interim arrangement in established languages where interpreters have been trained but testing is not currently available. Previous NAATI credentials There are some translators and interpreters who decided not to transition to the new certification scheme introduced by NAATI in January 2018. If there are no transitioned translators and interpreters available, translators and interpreters who hold older NAATI accreditation credentials, starting with the highest old credential, are still available. While these accreditation credentials do not have all the benefits of the new NAATI certification scheme and are not subject to its revalidation requirements, they do remain valid. These accreditation credentials are: Senior Conference Interpreter Conference Interpreter Professional Interpreter Professional Translator Paraprofessional Interpreter Recognition Those translation and interpreting professionals who opted out of transition to the new certification scheme introduced in 2018 have been accredited by NAATI in the years since NAATI was founded in 1977. They still hold perpetual accreditations not requiring revalidation. Since the certification system was introduced in 2018, practitioners accredited under the previous system who did not transition are not included in the NAATI online directory of credentialed language professionals. Nil credentialed Some interpreters hold none of the credentials outlined above and are referred to by the Translating and Interpreting Service (TIS National) to as ‘Nil credentialed’. This generally occurs in very low demand languages where NAATI offers neither certification nor recognised practising status. Organisation Structure NAATI is a not-for-profit company, limited by guarantee, incorporated in Australia under the Corporations Act 2001. The company is owned jointly by the Commonwealth, State and Territory governments of Australia. and is governed by a Board of Directors, who are appointed by the owners. The members of NAATI are the nine ministers who are responsible for multicultural affairs and/or citizenship in the Commonwealth, State and Territory governments. Members may appoint a representative to exercise any of their powers in relation to NAATI. These Member Representatives are separate to the NAATI board of directors. Operational functions NAATI provides eight key services to assist people to gain and maintain a credential to work as a translator or interpreter in Australia. These services include: Testing for NAATI certification Credentialed Community Language Test - language ability assessment at a community level, commonly used for immigration points in Australia. Community Language Aide - a test used in the public or private sector which recognises language ability in the workplace for the purpose of gaining a language allowance. Skills assessments for migration purposes There are two types of NAATI credentials – Certification and Recognised Practicing NAATI certification is an acknowledgement that an individual has demonstrated the ability to meet the professional standards required by the translation and interpreting industry. NAATI assesses practitioners and aspiring translators and interpreters against these standards so that English speaking and non-English speaking Australians can interact effectively with each other. There are a couple of different ways you can gain NAATI accreditation, including: NAATI recognition is granted in emerging languages or languages with very low community demand for which NAATI does not offer certification. Recognised Practising Translators or Interpreters meet the minimum experience and ability to interact as translator or interpreter with the Australian community and has recent and regular experience with no defined skill level. The NAATI Recognised Practicing credential is not offered in languages where there is a pool of certified practitioners or if NAATI offers certification testing on a regular basis for that language, Outline of NAATI credentials Under NAATI's current system, there are ten different types of credentials. These are listed in the table below. Credential Name Pre-1992 Level Description Conference Interpreter (Senior) 5 This is the highest level of NAATI interpreting accreditation. It reflects a level of excellence in conference interpreting, recognised through demonstrated extensive experience and international leadership. It encompasses and builds on the competencies of Conference Interpreter accreditation. Advanced Translator (Senior) 5 This is the highest level of NAATI translating accreditation. It reflects a level of excellence in specialised translating, recognised through demonstrated extensive experience and international leadership. It encompasses and builds on the competencies of Advanced Translator accreditation. Conference Interpreter 4 (I) This represents the level of competence required to handle complex, technical and sophisticated interpreting, in both consecutive and simultaneous modes, in line with recognised international practice. Conference interpreters operate in diverse situations including at conferences, high-level negotiations, court proceedings or may choose to specialise in a particular area(s). Advanced Translator 4 (T) This represents the level of competence required to handle complex, technical and sophisticated translations in line with recognised international practice. Advanced Translators operate in diverse situations and may choose to specialise in a particular area(s) – including translating technical manuals, research papers, conferences, high-level negotiations and court proceedings. Professional Interpreter 3 (I) This represents the minimum level of competence for professional interpreting and is the minimum level recommended by NAATI for work in most settings including banking, law, health, social and community services. Professional Interpreters are capable of interpreting across a wide range of semi-specialised situations and are capable of using the consecutive mode to interpret speeches or presentations. Professional Translator 3 (T) This represents the minimum level of competence for professional translating and is the minimum level recommended by NAATI for work in settings including banking, law, health, social and community services. Translators at this level work across a wide range of subjects involving documents with specialised content. Paraprofessional Interpreter 2 (I) This represents a level of competence in interpreting for the purpose of general conversations. Paraprofessional Interpreters generally undertake the interpretation of non-specialist dialogues. Practitioners at this level are encouraged to obtain Professional level accreditation if available. Paraprofessional Translator 2 (T) This represents a level of competence enabling the production of a translation of non-specialised information (e.g. a birth certificate). Practitioners at this level are encouraged to obtain Professional level accreditation if available. Recognised Interpreter – This credential is an acknowledgement that at the time of the award the applicant has had recent and regular work experience as an interpreter, but no level of proficiency is specified. Recognised interpreters are encouraged to obtain accreditation as it becomes available. Recognised Translator – This credential is an acknowledgement that at the time of the award the applicant has had recent and regular work experience as a translator, but no level of proficiency is specified. Recognised translators are encouraged to obtain accreditation as it becomes available. NAATI certification for Translator is usually awarded in one of the following directions: From a Language other Than English (LOTE) into English; or From English into a LOTE; or Both directions. NAATI certification for interpreters is awarded in both directions. Occasionally, NAATI has awarded a credential in a language combination that does not feature English at the Conference Interpreter or Advanced Translator level e.g. Advanced Translator French to German or Conference Interpreter (Senior) French to/from Russian. This sort of accreditation can only be awarded on the basis of a professional membership of an international association such as AIIC or AITC. Example of the kind of document needing a NAATI-certified translation Translations by a NAATI-certified translator are generally required by government authorities for immigration-related official documents, such as: - Payslips - Academic Transcripts - Bank Statements - Birth Certificates - Marriage Certificates - Death Certificates - Driving Licences - Divorce Certificates - Police Checks - Educational Qualifications References ^ Search results startrade.altervista.org ^ Australian Government Department of Home Affairs. "Translating and Interpreting Service". TIS National. Retrieved 20 July 2019. NAATI website Brief explanation of difference between AUSIT and NAATI How do I become an Auslan Interpreter (ASLIA) Interpreter information (TIS National) NAATI CCL Test Practice HI-COM article regarding NAATI translations
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Naati language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naati_language"},{"link_name":"interpreters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Language_interpretation"},{"link_name":"certification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Certification"}],"text":"\"NAATI\" redirects here. For the language, see Naati language.The National Accreditation Authority for Translators and Interpreters Ltd (known as NAATI) is the national standards and certifying body for translators and interpreters in Australia. NAATI's mission, as outlined in the NAATI Constitution, is to set and maintain high national standards in translating and interpreting to enable the existence of a pool of accredited translators and interpreters responsive to the changing needs and demography of the Australian community. The core focus of the company is issuing certification for practitioners who wish to work as translators and interpreters in Australia.","title":"National Accreditation Authority for Translators and Interpreters"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"NAATI certification provides quality assurance to the consumers of translators and interpreting services and\ngives credibility to agencies that engage certified practitioners.","title":"NAATI Certification"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"sub_title":"Previous NAATI credentials","text":"There are some translators and interpreters who decided not to transition to the new certification scheme introduced by NAATI in January 2018.\nIf there are no transitioned translators and interpreters available, translators and interpreters who hold older NAATI accreditation credentials, starting with the highest old credential, are still available. While these accreditation credentials do not have all the benefits of the new NAATI certification scheme and are not subject to its revalidation requirements,[1] they do remain valid. \nThese accreditation credentials are:Senior Conference Interpreter\nConference Interpreter\nProfessional Interpreter\nProfessional Translator\nParaprofessional Interpreter\nRecognitionThose translation and interpreting professionals who opted out of transition to the new certification scheme introduced in 2018 have been accredited by NAATI in the years since NAATI was founded in 1977. They still hold perpetual accreditations not requiring revalidation. Since the certification system was introduced in 2018, practitioners accredited under the previous system who did not transition are not included in the NAATI online directory of credentialed language professionals.","title":"NAATI Certification"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"sub_title":"Nil credentialed","text":"Some interpreters hold none of the credentials outlined above and are referred to by the Translating and Interpreting Service (TIS National)[2] to as ‘Nil credentialed’. This generally occurs in very low demand languages where NAATI offers neither certification nor recognised practising status.","title":"NAATI Certification"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Corporations Act 2001","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.legislation.gov.au/Details/C2018C00031"},{"link_name":"Commonwealth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Australia"},{"link_name":"State and Territory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/States_and_territories_of_Australia"},{"link_name":"ministers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minister_(government)"},{"link_name":"citizenship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citizenship"}],"text":"NAATI is a not-for-profit company, limited by guarantee, incorporated in Australia under the Corporations Act 2001. The company is owned jointly by the Commonwealth, State and Territory governments of Australia. and is governed by a Board of Directors, who are appointed by the owners.The members of NAATI are the nine ministers who are responsible for multicultural affairs and/or citizenship in the Commonwealth, State and Territory governments. Members may appoint a representative to exercise any of their powers in relation to NAATI. These Member Representatives are separate to the NAATI board of directors.","title":"Organisation Structure"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"NAATI provides eight key services to assist people to gain and maintain a credential to work as a translator or interpreter in Australia. These services include:Testing for NAATI certification\nCredentialed Community Language Test - language ability assessment at a community level, commonly used for immigration points in Australia.\nCommunity Language Aide - a test used in the public or private sector which recognises language ability in the workplace for the purpose of gaining a language allowance.\nSkills assessments for migration purposesThere are two types of NAATI credentials – Certification and Recognised PracticingNAATI certification is an acknowledgement that an individual has demonstrated the ability to meet the professional standards required by the translation and interpreting industry. NAATI assesses practitioners and aspiring translators and interpreters against these standards so that English speaking and non-English speaking Australians can interact effectively with each other.There are a couple of different ways you can gain NAATI accreditation, including:NAATI recognition is granted in emerging languages or languages with very low community demand for which NAATI does not offer certification. Recognised Practising Translators or Interpreters meet the minimum experience and ability to interact as translator or interpreter with the Australian community and has recent and regular experience with no defined skill level.The NAATI Recognised Practicing credential is not offered in languages where there is a pool of certified practitioners or if NAATI offers certification testing on a regular basis for that language,","title":"Operational functions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Language other Than English","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_Other_Than_English"},{"link_name":"AIIC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Association_of_Conference_Interpreters"}],"text":"Under NAATI's current system, there are ten different types of credentials. These are listed in the table below.NAATI certification for Translator is usually awarded in one of the following directions:From a Language other Than English (LOTE) into English; or\nFrom English into a LOTE; or\nBoth directions.NAATI certification for interpreters is awarded in both directions.Occasionally, NAATI has awarded a credential in a language combination that does not feature English at the Conference Interpreter or Advanced Translator level e.g. Advanced Translator French to German or Conference Interpreter (Senior) French to/from Russian. This sort of accreditation can only be awarded on the basis of a professional membership of an international association such as AIIC or AITC.","title":"Outline of NAATI credentials"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Example of the kind of document needing a NAATI-certified translation","text":"Translations by a NAATI-certified translator are generally required by government authorities for immigration-related official documents, such as:- Payslips- Academic Transcripts- Bank Statements- Birth Certificates- Marriage Certificates- Death Certificates- Driving Licences- Divorce Certificates- Police Checks- Educational Qualifications","title":"Outline of NAATI credentials"}]
[]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_Radio
Radio Radio
["1 Background","2 Release","2.1 \"Tiny Steps\"","3 Reception","4 Saturday Night Live performance","5 Charts","6 Cover versions and later performances","7 References"]
1978 single by Elvis Costello For the Canadian musical group, see Radio Radio (band). "Radio Radio"Single by Elvis Costello and the Attractionsfrom the album This Year’s Model B-side"Tiny Steps"Released20 October 1978Recorded1978Genre New wave power pop Length3:04LabelRadar RecordsSongwriter(s)Elvis CostelloProducer(s)Nick LoweElvis Costello and the Attractions singles chronology "This Year's Girl" (1978) "Radio Radio" (1978) "Oliver's Army" (1979) Music video"Radio Radio” on YouTube "Radio Radio" is a song written by Elvis Costello and performed by Elvis Costello and the Attractions. The song originated as a Bruce Springsteen-inspired song called "Radio Soul" that Costello had written in 1974. In 1977, Costello reworked the song to feature a more aggressive arrangement and more direct, sarcastic lyrics that criticised the commercialism of British radio. Costello and the Attractions recorded the song around the time of his second album, This Year's Model. "Radio Radio" was released as a standalone single in the United Kingdom in October 1978, reaching number 29. The track was appended onto the US version of their second album, This Year's Model, released earlier that year. The song has since seen critical acclaim, being marked as one of Costello's best by many writers and appearing on several compilation albums. Costello and the Attractions famously performed the song live on the American television show Saturday Night Live in 1977; originally scheduled to perform Costello's debut single "Less Than Zero", Costello abruptly switched songs live against the wishes of his record company and SNL, resulting in Costello being banned from the show for 11 years. Background "Radio Radio" originated as a song titled "Radio Soul", which Costello had written in 1974 while a member of the pub rock band Flip City. "Radio Soul" featured a softer arrangement and, alongside an early version of "Living in Paradise", was one of the songs that Costello had sent to A&M Records before he got a record deal. Lyrically, this early version was, according to Costello, about "the idea that the radio broadcasting from within you was ultimately of more value than the radio in the dashboard or the wireless on the shelf". Costello described the song as a "shameless imitation" of Bruce Springsteen's songs from The Wild, the Innocent & the E Street Shuffle. He explained, When I was sitting at home in England in 1975, in the thrall of Bruce Springsteen, he sort of made it feel like a big dream in America where a radio was playing and it was always the perfect song. And even though there's sadness in the song, I wanted to believe that somewhere it was like that and it wasn't like it was in the suburbs, where you couldn't hear any music you liked half the time. So that was a wishful song. Provoked by the BBC's airplay ban on the Sex Pistols' song, "God Save the Queen", Costello revived "Radio Soul" in 1977 as "Radio Radio", a more cynical critique of the commercialisation of English radio. Costello explained that these new lyrics reflected the moment when "you get into the business of making records and you realise what it's really about is some guy going off with a big sack of money to give it to somebody with hookers and cocaine so that they play your record enough times that people get batted to death with it and that makes it a hit". He later described English radio as "a smug, soothing appeaser". When asked about the song's relevance in 2003, Costello stated: Oh, you might as well just admit now that radio has nothing to do with music anymore—it's in the advertising business. There's a real skill to programming in an intelligent way, but nobody does that anymore. It's all done by computer, by committee. Radio is absolutely the enemy of music. They are my sworn and mortal enemy, and I will have nothing to do with them. Costello's reworked ending to the song was inspired by performing with Tom Petty and the Heartbreakers in 1977 and hearing them play "Listen to Her Heart", as asserted by Petty. Release Recorded either during the sessions for This Year's Model or slightly afterwards, "Radio Radio" was released as a standalone single in October 1978. The single peaked number 29 in the UK and number 93 in Australia. Costello attributed the relative lack of chart success to radio censorship, explaining, "Radio One realised it was anti-radio and not pro-radio when they listened to the lyrics of the verse instead of just the chorus, radio play stopped overnight and the record dropped like a stone. It was steaming away up until then". The song was also added onto the American release of This Year's Model, replacing "(I Don't Want to Go to) Chelsea" and "Night Rally". Costello speculated that this was a reaction to the notoriety the song had achieved from its appearance on Saturday Night Live. The song was also accompanied by a music video. Since its release, "Radio Radio" has appeared on several compilation albums, including The Best of Elvis Costello and the Attractions, The Very Best of Elvis Costello and The Attractions 1977–86, The Very Best of Elvis Costello, and The Best of Elvis Costello: The First 10 Years. The song also appeared on live albums Live at Hollywood High and Live at the El Mocambo. "Tiny Steps" The B-side for the single was the non-album track "Tiny Steps". In the liner notes for Armed Forces, Costello noted that the song was a contender for that album, but was rejected likely for being too similar to the sound of This Year's Model. The song contained themes of abuse, a reoccurring theme in Costello's work: he joked, "That song contains the densest and most neurotic juggling of words in order to simply state that promiscuity wears you out." It was later released on the compilation albums Taking Liberties and Ten Bloody Marys & Ten How's Your Fathers. Reception "Radio Radio" has seen critical acclaim since its release. Mark Deming of AllMusic described the song as "certainly among most anthemic", while Matt LeMay of Pitchfork Media called it as "easily one of the glowing highlights of the man's entire career". Morgan Troper of PopMatters dubbed the song "one of Costello's most-discussed — and most-loved — compositions, and for good reason" and noted that "It's almost contrarian of Elvis to be railing against commercialisation and censorship in a gorgeous, entirely consumable pop song (as far as straightforward power pop songs go, this is one of Elvis' finest)". "Radio Radio" has also been named one of Costello's best songs on several rankings. Ryan Prado of Paste named it Costello's best song, writing, "Costello's punk-as-fuck dissertation on corporate radio still seethes as red-faced to this day". Jim Beviglia of American Songwriter named it Costello's third best song, stating, "The song hit the nail on the head so hard that it drove that nail right through the homogenizing programming and thinly-veiled censorship that had already become standard practice at the time of the single's release in 1978". Jeremy Allen of The Guardian named the song one of the ten best Elvis Costello songs, praising the song's "sharp hook", "thumping rhythm", and "Steve Nieve's trademark swirly organ". Martin Chilton ranked the song number 19 on his top 40 list of best Costello songs, while Brian Hyatt of Entertainment Weekly named it one of his top 10 Costello songs. Saturday Night Live performance The song made waves in the US after Costello and the Attractions performed the song on Saturday Night Live. Originally, the Sex Pistols had been invited to perform on the broadcast (hosted by Miskel Spillman, an elderly woman who won SNL's "Anybody Can Host" contest), but visa problems prevented the band from appearing. After the Ramones turned down the chance to fill in—Joey Ramone later wrote, "We don't substitute for anybody"—Elvis Costello and the Attractions were invited. A reference to Sex Pistols' manager Malcolm McLaren's inability to get his band visas was made by drummer Pete Thomas who, during the performance, wore a shirt with the words "Thanks Malc". Costello was to perform two songs on SNL: "Watching the Detectives", which Costello felt was a "good choice for our opening number, as the Attractions had now made the song their own", and "Less Than Zero", Costello's debut UK single. Columbia Records had insisted that Costello perform the song, but Costello objected on the grounds that the song was too "low-key" and too old, and its subject matter—the song was about British fascist Oswald Mosley—was too unfamiliar for American audiences. SNL music director Howard Shore noted that Costello sought to buck pressure from his label during the show. On the night of the performance, Costello and the Attractions began playing "Less Than Zero". After a few bars, he turned to the Attractions, waving his hand and yelling, "Stop! Stop!" He turned to the audience and said, “I'm sorry, ladies and gentlemen, there's no reason to do this song here”. Costello and the band then played "Radio Radio" instead. SNL producer Lorne Michaels was reportedly furious, giving Costello the finger throughout the duration of the performance. When asked about this, Costello replied, "I'm not going to say that's true. Bill Murray told me that at the 25th-anniversary party. He said, 'Don't let Lorne tell you he was in on the joke. I remember him doing that.' So I'm not saying it; Bill is saying it. Lorne can take it up with Bill. I don't know". Costello was banned from Saturday Night Live until 1989. He reflected, "It felt good, but it was hardly a revolutionary act". Costello referenced the incident during SNL's 25th anniversary show in 1999, where he burst in on Beastie Boys during their performance of "Sabotage" and, after reprising his famous introduction of the song from the original performance, played "Radio Radio" with the Beastie Boys backing him. Costello said later that the inspiration for the last-minute song change came from Jimi Hendrix's 1969 performance on the BBC television show The Lulu Show. Hendrix was scheduled to play his hit, "Hey Joe", but stopped midway, saying "I'm going to stop playing this rubbish". He then began performing Cream's "Sunshine of Your Love"—dedicating it to the recently broken-up Cream—until he was pulled from the air. Costello recalled, "It was like watching your television go out of control". Charts Chart (1978) Peakposition Australia (Go-Set) 93 UK Singles (OCC) 29 Cover versions and later performances "Radio Radio" has been covered by multiple other artists, often referencing the Saturday Night Live appearance. "Weird Al" Yankovic and his band have launched into a cover of "Radio Radio" when technical difficulties, such as a server crash, forced him to stop a song midway during a live performance. On 16 January 2012, indie rock musician St. Vincent performed a version of her song "Cheerleader" on Conan, before which she started with a cover of "Radio Radio" stopping seconds later and stating "I'm sorry ladies and gentlemen, there's no reason to play that song." References Citations ^ Gold, Adam (28 October 2010). "In advance of his new Nashville-recorded album National Ransom, Elvis Costello looks back on his three-decade love affair with Music City". Nashville Scene. Retrieved 14 May 2020. ^ a b c Troper, Morgan (4 September 2012). "Girls, Girls, Girls, Etc.: Elvis Costello - "Night Rally" and "Radio Radio"". PopMatters. Retrieved 14 May 2020. ^ Ultimate Classic Rock Staff. "Top 200 '70s Songs". Ultimate Classic Rock. Retrieved 19 November 2019. ^ Costello 2016, p. 183. ^ Thomson 2006. ^ a b Costello 2016, p. 306. ^ Costello 2016, p. 305-306. ^ a b c Chilton, Martin (26 August 2015). "19 - Radio, Radio. Elvis Costello's 40 Best Songs". The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 13 May 2020. ^ Crandall, Bill (28 February 2003). "Rock and Roll Hall of Fame: Elvis Costello". Rolling Stone. Retrieved 25 April 2020. ^ Zollo, Paul (2005). Conversations With Tom Petty. Omnibus Press. pp. 197–198. ISBN 9780857127648. ^ This Year's Model (Liner notes). Elvis Costello. 1993.{{cite AV media notes}}: CS1 maint: others in cite AV media (notes) (link) ^ "Elvis Costello & the Attractions". Official Charts. Retrieved 17 February 2019. ^ Spencer, Neil (30 October 1982). "A man out of time". NME. Retrieved 21 May 2020. ^ Costello 2016, p. 317. ^ a b Costello, Elvis (2002). Armed Forces (reissue) (CD booklet). Elvis Costello and the Attractions. US: Rhino Entertainment. R2 78190. ^ Pilgrim, David; Ormrod, Richard (29 April 2016). Elvis Costello and Thatcherism: A Psycho-Social Exploration. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-317-14500-4. ^ Deming, Mark. "Radio Radio". AllMusic. Retrieved 14 May 2020. ^ LeMay, Matt (9 May 2002). "Elvis Costello & The Attractions: This Year's Model". Pitchfork. Archived from the original on 18 March 2009. Retrieved 13 May 2006. ^ Prado, Ryan J. (23 May 2014). "The 20 Best Songs By Elvis Costello". Paste. Wolfgang's Vault. Archived from the original on 28 February 2019. Retrieved 27 February 2019. ^ Beviglia, Jim. "What are the Top Elvis Costello Songs of All Time?". American Songwriter. Retrieved 23 April 2020. ^ Allen, Jeremy. "Elvis Costello: 10 of the best". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 18 February 2019. Retrieved 17 February 2019. ^ Hiatt, Brian. "Elvis Costello's 10 greatest tunes". Entertainment Weekly. Meredith Corporation. Archived from the original on 23 February 2019. Retrieved 22 February 2019. ^ a b Eakin, Marah (16 September 2013). "With "Radio, Radio," an Angry Young Man turned SNL on its ear". AV Club. Retrieved 14 May 2020. ^ a b c d DeRiso, Nick (17 December 2015). "How Elvis Costello Got Banned From Saturday Night Live". Ultimate Classic Rock. Retrieved 14 May 2020. ^ a b c Costello 2016, p. 307. ^ Saturday Night Live 25 Years of Music Volume I DVD ^ Anderson, Stacey (12 December 2011). "Week in Rock History: Elvis Costello Defies Saturday Night Live". Rolling Stone. Retrieved 14 May 2020. ^ a b c d Thomas-Mason, Lee. "The stunt that got Elvis Costello banned from Saturday Night Live, 1977". Far Out Magazine. Retrieved 14 May 2020. ^ "2003 Rock and Roll Hall of Fame Timeline". VH1. Archived from the original on 4 June 2011. Retrieved 14 May 2020. ^ NPR Staff. "Elvis Costello: 'There Is No Absolute Right And Wrong About Music'". NPR.org. NPR. Retrieved 14 May 2020. ^ a b c Costello 2016, p. 308. ^ Costello 2016, p. 307-308. ^ "Official Singles Chart Top 100". Official Charts Company. Retrieved 27 February 2019. ^ Itzkoff, Dave (9 June 2011). "Serving Pop Stars, but on a Skewer". The New York Times. ^ "Video: St. Vincent performs "Cheerleader" on Conan". Consequence of Sound. 17 January 2012. Retrieved 17 January 2012. Sources Costello, Elvis (2016). Unfaithful Music & Disappearing Ink. New York: Blue Rider Press. ISBN 978-0399185762. Thomson, Graeme (2006). Complicated Shadows: The Life and Music of Elvis Costello. Canongate U.S. ISBN 978-1841957968. vteElvis Costello Discography The Imposters: Steve Nieve Pete Thomas Davey Faragher The Attractions: Steve Nieve Pete Thomas Bruce Thomas Studio albums My Aim Is True This Year's Model Armed Forces Get Happy!! Trust Almost Blue Imperial Bedroom Punch the Clock Goodbye Cruel World King of America Blood & Chocolate Spike Mighty Like a Rose The Juliet Letters Brutal Youth Kojak Variety All This Useless Beauty Painted from Memory When I Was Cruel North Il Sogno The Delivery Man The River in Reverse Momofuku Secret, Profane & Sugarcane National Ransom Wise Up Ghost Look Now Hey Clockface The Boy Named If Live albums Live at the El Mocambo Deep Dead Blue Costello & Nieve My Flame Burns Blue Live at Hollywood High Compilations Taking Liberties Ten Bloody Marys & Ten How's Your Fathers The Best of Elvis Costello and the Attractions The Man Out of Our Idiot Girls Girls Girls 2½ Years The Very Best of Elvis Costello and The Attractions 1977–86 Extreme Honey Costello Album (bootleg) The Very Best of Elvis Costello Cruel Smile The Best of Elvis Costello: The First 10 Years The Songs of Bacharach & Costello Singles "Less Than Zero" "Alison" "(The Angels Wanna Wear My) Red Shoes" "Watching the Detectives" "(I Don't Want to Go to) Chelsea" "Pump It Up" "This Year's Girl" "Radio Radio" "(What's So Funny 'Bout) Peace, Love, and Understanding" "Oliver's Army" "Accidents Will Happen" "I Can't Stand Up for Falling Down" "High Fidelity" "New Amsterdam" "Clubland" "From a Whisper to a Scream" "Watch Your Step" "A Good Year for the Roses" "Sweet Dreams" "You Little Fool" "Man Out of Time" "Everyday I Write the Book" "The Only Flame in Town" "Green Shirt" "Don't Let Me Be Misunderstood" "I Want You" "Blue Chair" "Veronica" "The Other Side of Summer" "Sulky Girl" "13 Steps Lead Down" "London's Brilliant Parade" "The Other End of the Telescope" "You Bowed Down" "She" "45" "Brilliant Mistake" "Complicated Shadows" Other songs "Welcome to the Working Week" "Lipstick Vogue" "Senior Service" "Stranger in the House" "Girls Talk" "Riot Act" "New Lace Sleeves" "Beyond Belief" "Almost Blue" "Shipbuilding" "Indoor Fireworks" "Jack of All Parades" "Suit of Lights" "I Hope You're Happy Now" "Next Time Round" Collaborations Terror & Magnificence The Sweetest Punch For the Stars Lost on the River: The New Basement Tapes The Resurrection of Rust Scores G.B.H. Jake's Progress Other works / related articles Unfaithful Music & Disappearing Ink Live Stiffs Live Now Ain't the Time for Your Tears Bespoke Songs, Lost Dogs, Detours & Rendezvous Authority control databases MusicBrainz release group
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Radio Radio (band)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_Radio_(band)"},{"link_name":"Elvis Costello","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elvis_Costello"},{"link_name":"the Attractions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Attractions"},{"link_name":"Bruce Springsteen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruce_Springsteen"},{"link_name":"This Year's Model","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/This_Year%27s_Model"},{"link_name":"This Year's Model","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/This_Year%27s_Model"},{"link_name":"Saturday Night Live","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturday_Night_Live"},{"link_name":"Less Than Zero","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Less_than_Zero_(Elvis_Costello_song)"}],"text":"For the Canadian musical group, see Radio Radio (band).\"Radio Radio\" is a song written by Elvis Costello and performed by Elvis Costello and the Attractions. The song originated as a Bruce Springsteen-inspired song called \"Radio Soul\" that Costello had written in 1974. In 1977, Costello reworked the song to feature a more aggressive arrangement and more direct, sarcastic lyrics that criticised the commercialism of British radio. Costello and the Attractions recorded the song around the time of his second album, This Year's Model.\"Radio Radio\" was released as a standalone single in the United Kingdom in October 1978, reaching number 29. The track was appended onto the US version of their second album, This Year's Model, released earlier that year. The song has since seen critical acclaim, being marked as one of Costello's best by many writers and appearing on several compilation albums.Costello and the Attractions famously performed the song live on the American television show Saturday Night Live in 1977; originally scheduled to perform Costello's debut single \"Less Than Zero\", Costello abruptly switched songs live against the wishes of his record company and SNL, resulting in Costello being banned from the show for 11 years.","title":"Radio Radio"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"pub rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pub_rock_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ucr_top_70s_songs-3"},{"link_name":"A&M Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%26M_Records"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECostello2016183-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomson2006-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECostello2016306-6"},{"link_name":"Bruce Springsteen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruce_Springsteen"},{"link_name":"The Wild, the Innocent & the E Street Shuffle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Wild,_the_Innocent_%26_the_E_Street_Shuffle"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECostello2016305-306-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-daily_tel-8"},{"link_name":"BBC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC"},{"link_name":"Sex Pistols","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sex_Pistols"},{"link_name":"God Save the Queen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/God_Save_the_Queen_(Sex_Pistols_song)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-popmatters-2"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-daily_tel-8"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECostello2016306-6"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RS_r&rhof-9"},{"link_name":"Tom Petty and the Heartbreakers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Petty_and_the_Heartbreakers"},{"link_name":"Listen to Her Heart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Listen_to_Her_Heart"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"\"Radio Radio\" originated as a song titled \"Radio Soul\", which Costello had written in 1974 while a member of the pub rock band Flip City.[3] \"Radio Soul\" featured a softer arrangement and, alongside an early version of \"Living in Paradise\", was one of the songs that Costello had sent to A&M Records before he got a record deal.[4][5] Lyrically, this early version was, according to Costello, about \"the idea that the radio broadcasting from within you was ultimately of more value than the radio in the dashboard or the wireless on the shelf\".[6] Costello described the song as a \"shameless imitation\" of Bruce Springsteen's songs from The Wild, the Innocent & the E Street Shuffle.[7] He explained,When I was sitting at home in England in 1975, in the thrall of Bruce Springsteen, he sort of made it feel like a big dream in America where a radio was playing and it was always the perfect song. And even though there's sadness in the song, I wanted to believe that somewhere it was like that and it wasn't like it was in the suburbs, where you couldn't hear any music you liked half the time. So that was a wishful song.[8]Provoked by the BBC's airplay ban on the Sex Pistols' song, \"God Save the Queen\", Costello revived \"Radio Soul\" in 1977 as \"Radio Radio\", a more cynical critique of the commercialisation of English radio.[2] Costello explained that these new lyrics reflected the moment when \"you get into the business of making records and you realise what it's really about is some guy going off with a big sack of money to give it to somebody with hookers and cocaine so that they play your record enough times that people get batted to death with it and that makes it a hit\".[8] He later described English radio as \"a smug, soothing appeaser\".[6] When asked about the song's relevance in 2003, Costello stated:Oh, you might as well just admit now that radio has nothing to do with music anymore—it's in the advertising business. There's a real skill to programming in an intelligent way, but nobody does that anymore. It's all done by computer, by committee. Radio is absolutely the enemy of music. They are my sworn and mortal enemy, and I will have nothing to do with them.[9]Costello's reworked ending to the song was inspired by performing with Tom Petty and the Heartbreakers in 1977 and hearing them play \"Listen to Her Heart\", as asserted by Petty.[10]","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"This Year's Model","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/This_Year%27s_Model"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-liner_notes-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-uk_charts-12"},{"link_name":"Radio One","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_Radio_1"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nme_1982-13"},{"link_name":"(I Don't Want to Go to) Chelsea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/(I_Don%27t_Want_to_Go_to)_Chelsea"},{"link_name":"Saturday Night Live","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturday_Night_Live"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECostello2016317-14"},{"link_name":"The Best of Elvis Costello and the Attractions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Best_of_Elvis_Costello_and_the_Attractions"},{"link_name":"The Very Best of Elvis Costello and The Attractions 1977–86","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Very_Best_of_Elvis_Costello_and_The_Attractions_1977%E2%80%9386"},{"link_name":"The Very Best of Elvis Costello","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Very_Best_of_Elvis_Costello"},{"link_name":"The Best of Elvis Costello: The First 10 Years","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Best_of_Elvis_Costello:_The_First_10_Years"},{"link_name":"Live at Hollywood High","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Live_at_Hollywood_High"},{"link_name":"Live at the El Mocambo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Live_at_the_El_Mocambo_(Elvis_Costello_album)"}],"text":"Recorded either during the sessions for This Year's Model or slightly afterwards, \"Radio Radio\" was released as a standalone single in October 1978.[11] The single peaked number 29 in the UK and number 93 in Australia.[12] Costello attributed the relative lack of chart success to radio censorship, explaining, \"Radio One realised it was anti-radio and not pro-radio when they listened to the lyrics of the verse instead of just the chorus, radio play stopped overnight and the record dropped like a stone. It was steaming away up until then\".[13]The song was also added onto the American release of This Year's Model, replacing \"(I Don't Want to Go to) Chelsea\" and \"Night Rally\". Costello speculated that this was a reaction to the notoriety the song had achieved from its appearance on Saturday Night Live.[14] The song was also accompanied by a music video.Since its release, \"Radio Radio\" has appeared on several compilation albums, including The Best of Elvis Costello and the Attractions, The Very Best of Elvis Costello and The Attractions 1977–86, The Very Best of Elvis Costello, and The Best of Elvis Costello: The First 10 Years. The song also appeared on live albums Live at Hollywood High and Live at the El Mocambo.","title":"Release"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Armed Forces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armed_Forces_(album)"},{"link_name":"This Year's Model","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/This_Year%27s_Model"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2002_AF_liner_notes-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2002_AF_liner_notes-15"},{"link_name":"Taking Liberties","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taking_Liberties"},{"link_name":"Ten Bloody Marys & Ten How's Your Fathers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ten_Bloody_Marys_%26_Ten_How%27s_Your_Fathers"}],"sub_title":"\"Tiny Steps\"","text":"The B-side for the single was the non-album track \"Tiny Steps\". In the liner notes for Armed Forces, Costello noted that the song was a contender for that album, but was rejected likely for being too similar to the sound of This Year's Model.[15] The song contained themes of abuse, a reoccurring theme in Costello's work:[16] he joked, \"That song contains the densest and most neurotic juggling of words in order to simply state that promiscuity wears you out.\"[15] It was later released on the compilation albums Taking Liberties and Ten Bloody Marys & Ten How's Your Fathers.","title":"Release"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"AllMusic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AllMusic"},{"link_name":"Matt LeMay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matt_LeMay"},{"link_name":"Pitchfork Media","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pitchfork_Media"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-allmusic_radio_radio-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"PopMatters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PopMatters"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-popmatters-2"},{"link_name":"Paste","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paste_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-paste_top_20-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-american_songwriter-20"},{"link_name":"The Guardian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian"},{"link_name":"Steve Nieve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Nieve"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-guardian:_10_of_the_best-21"},{"link_name":"Entertainment Weekly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entertainment_Weekly"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-daily_tel-8"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-entertainment_weekly_top_10-22"}],"text":"\"Radio Radio\" has seen critical acclaim since its release. Mark Deming of AllMusic described the song as \"certainly among [Costello's] most anthemic\", while Matt LeMay of Pitchfork Media called it as \"easily one of the glowing highlights of the man's entire career\".[17][18] Morgan Troper of PopMatters dubbed the song \"one of Costello's most-discussed — and most-loved — compositions, and for good reason\" and noted that \"It's almost contrarian of Elvis to be railing against commercialisation and censorship in a gorgeous, entirely consumable pop song (as far as straightforward power pop songs go, this is one of Elvis' finest)\".[2]\"Radio Radio\" has also been named one of Costello's best songs on several rankings. Ryan Prado of Paste named it Costello's best song, writing, \"Costello's punk-as-fuck dissertation on corporate radio still seethes as red-faced to this day\".[19] Jim Beviglia of American Songwriter named it Costello's third best song, stating, \"The song hit the nail on the head so hard that it drove that nail right through the homogenizing programming and thinly-veiled censorship that had already become standard practice at the time of the single's release in 1978\".[20] Jeremy Allen of The Guardian named the song one of the ten best Elvis Costello songs, praising the song's \"sharp hook\", \"thumping rhythm\", and \"Steve Nieve's trademark swirly organ\".[21] Martin Chilton ranked the song number 19 on his top 40 list of best Costello songs, while Brian Hyatt of Entertainment Weekly named it one of his top 10 Costello songs.[8][22]","title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Saturday Night Live","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturday_Night_Live"},{"link_name":"Miskel Spillman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miskel_Spillman"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-av_club-23"},{"link_name":"Ramones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramones"},{"link_name":"Joey Ramone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joey_Ramone"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ucr_banned_from_snl-24"},{"link_name":"Malcolm McLaren","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malcolm_McLaren"},{"link_name":"Pete Thomas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pete_Thomas_(drummer)"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ucr_banned_from_snl-24"},{"link_name":"Watching the Detectives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watching_the_Detectives_(song)"},{"link_name":"Less Than Zero","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Less_than_Zero_(Elvis_Costello_song)"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECostello2016307-25"},{"link_name":"Columbia Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_Records"},{"link_name":"Oswald Mosley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oswald_Mosley"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECostello2016307-25"},{"link_name":"Howard Shore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howard_Shore"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rs_snl-27"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-av_club-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ucr_banned_from_snl-24"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-far_out-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-vh1-29"},{"link_name":"Lorne Michaels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lorne_Michaels"},{"link_name":"the finger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_finger"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-far_out-28"},{"link_name":"Bill Murray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Murray"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-npr-30"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-far_out-28"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECostello2016308-31"},{"link_name":"Beastie Boys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beastie_Boys"},{"link_name":"Sabotage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabotage_(Beastie_Boys_song)"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ucr_banned_from_snl-24"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-far_out-28"},{"link_name":"Jimi Hendrix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimi_Hendrix"},{"link_name":"The Lulu Show","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lulu_(singer)"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECostello2016307-25"},{"link_name":"Hey Joe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hey_Joe#Jimi_Hendrix_Experience"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECostello2016307-308-32"},{"link_name":"Cream","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cream_(band)"},{"link_name":"Sunshine of Your Love","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunshine_of_Your_Love"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECostello2016308-31"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECostello2016308-31"}],"text":"The song made waves in the US after Costello and the Attractions performed the song on Saturday Night Live. Originally, the Sex Pistols had been invited to perform on the broadcast (hosted by Miskel Spillman, an elderly woman who won SNL's \"Anybody Can Host\" contest), but visa problems prevented the band from appearing.[23] After the Ramones turned down the chance to fill in—Joey Ramone later wrote, \"We don't substitute for anybody\"—Elvis Costello and the Attractions were invited.[24] A reference to Sex Pistols' manager Malcolm McLaren's inability to get his band visas was made by drummer Pete Thomas who, during the performance, wore a shirt with the words \"Thanks Malc\".[24]Costello was to perform two songs on SNL: \"Watching the Detectives\", which Costello felt was a \"good choice for our opening number, as the Attractions had now made the song their own\", and \"Less Than Zero\", Costello's debut UK single.[25] Columbia Records had insisted that Costello perform the song, but Costello objected on the grounds that the song was too \"low-key\" and too old, and its subject matter—the song was about British fascist Oswald Mosley—was too unfamiliar for American audiences.[25] SNL music director Howard Shore noted that Costello sought to buck pressure from his label during the show.[26]On the night of the performance, Costello and the Attractions began playing \"Less Than Zero\". After a few bars, he turned to the Attractions, waving his hand and yelling, \"Stop! Stop!\"[27] He turned to the audience and said,“I'm sorry, ladies and gentlemen, there's no reason to do this song here”.[23][24][28][29]Costello and the band then played \"Radio Radio\" instead. SNL producer Lorne Michaels was reportedly furious, giving Costello the finger throughout the duration of the performance.[28] When asked about this, Costello replied, \"I'm not going to say that's true. Bill Murray told me that at the 25th-anniversary party. He said, 'Don't let Lorne tell you he was in on the joke. I remember him doing that.' So I'm not saying it; Bill is saying it. Lorne can take it up with Bill. I don't know\".[30] Costello was banned from Saturday Night Live until 1989.[28] He reflected, \"It felt good, but it was hardly a revolutionary act\".[31]Costello referenced the incident during SNL's 25th anniversary show in 1999, where he burst in on Beastie Boys during their performance of \"Sabotage\" and, after reprising his famous introduction of the song from the original performance, played \"Radio Radio\" with the Beastie Boys backing him.[24][28]Costello said later that the inspiration for the last-minute song change came from Jimi Hendrix's 1969 performance on the BBC television show The Lulu Show.[25] Hendrix was scheduled to play his hit, \"Hey Joe\", but stopped midway, saying \"I'm going to stop playing this rubbish\".[32] He then began performing Cream's \"Sunshine of Your Love\"—dedicating it to the recently broken-up Cream—until he was pulled from the air.[31] Costello recalled, \"It was like watching your television go out of control\".[31]","title":"Saturday Night Live performance"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Charts"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"\"Weird Al\" Yankovic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%22Weird_Al%22_Yankovic"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"St. Vincent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Vincent_(musician)"},{"link_name":"Conan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conan_(talk_show)"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"}],"text":"\"Radio Radio\" has been covered by multiple other artists, often referencing the Saturday Night Live appearance. \"Weird Al\" Yankovic and his band have launched into a cover of \"Radio Radio\" when technical difficulties, such as a server crash, forced him to stop a song midway during a live performance.[34] On 16 January 2012, indie rock musician St. Vincent performed a version of her song \"Cheerleader\" on Conan, before which she started with a cover of \"Radio Radio\" stopping seconds later and stating \"I'm sorry ladies and gentlemen, there's no reason to play that song.\"[35]","title":"Cover versions and later performances"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"Gold, Adam (28 October 2010). \"In advance of his new Nashville-recorded album National Ransom, Elvis Costello looks back on his three-decade love affair with Music City\". Nashville Scene. Retrieved 14 May 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nashvillescene.com/news/article/13036044/in-advance-of-his-new-nashvillerecorded-album-national-ransom-elvis-costello-looks-back-on-his-threedecade-love-affair-with-music-city","url_text":"\"In advance of his new Nashville-recorded album National Ransom, Elvis Costello looks back on his three-decade love affair with Music City\""}]},{"reference":"Troper, Morgan (4 September 2012). \"Girls, Girls, Girls, Etc.: Elvis Costello - \"Night Rally\" and \"Radio Radio\"\". PopMatters. Retrieved 14 May 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.popmatters.com/girls-girls-girls-etc-elvis-costello-night-rally-and-radio-radio-2495821441.html","url_text":"\"Girls, Girls, Girls, Etc.: Elvis Costello - \"Night Rally\" and \"Radio Radio\"\""}]},{"reference":"Ultimate Classic Rock Staff. \"Top 200 '70s Songs\". Ultimate Classic Rock. Retrieved 19 November 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://ultimateclassicrock.com/70s-songs/","url_text":"\"Top 200 '70s Songs\""}]},{"reference":"Chilton, Martin (26 August 2015). \"19 - Radio, Radio. Elvis Costello's 40 Best Songs\". The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 13 May 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.telegraph.co.uk/music/artists/elvis-costello-40-best-songs/radio-radio/","url_text":"\"19 - Radio, Radio. Elvis Costello's 40 Best Songs\""}]},{"reference":"Crandall, Bill (28 February 2003). \"Rock and Roll Hall of Fame: Elvis Costello\". Rolling Stone. Retrieved 25 April 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-news/rock-and-roll-hall-of-fame-elvis-costello-176284/","url_text":"\"Rock and Roll Hall of Fame: Elvis Costello\""}]},{"reference":"Zollo, Paul (2005). Conversations With Tom Petty. Omnibus Press. pp. 197–198. ISBN 9780857127648.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Zollo","url_text":"Zollo, Paul"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780857127648","url_text":"9780857127648"}]},{"reference":"This Year's Model (Liner notes). Elvis Costello. 1993.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_of_America","url_text":"This Year's Model"}]},{"reference":"\"Elvis Costello & the Attractions\". Official Charts. Retrieved 17 February 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.officialcharts.com/artist/16770/elvis-costello-and-the-attractions/","url_text":"\"Elvis Costello & the Attractions\""}]},{"reference":"Spencer, Neil (30 October 1982). \"A man out of time\". NME. Retrieved 21 May 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.elviscostello.info/wiki/index.php/New_Musical_Express,_October_30,_1982","url_text":"\"A man out of time\""}]},{"reference":"Costello, Elvis (2002). Armed Forces (reissue) (CD booklet). Elvis Costello and the Attractions. US: Rhino Entertainment. R2 78190.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhino_Entertainment","url_text":"Rhino Entertainment"}]},{"reference":"Pilgrim, David; Ormrod, Richard (29 April 2016). Elvis Costello and Thatcherism: A Psycho-Social Exploration. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-317-14500-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=dZ0WDAAAQBAJ&dq=Elvis+Costello+Tiny+Steps&pg=PA130","url_text":"Elvis Costello and Thatcherism: A Psycho-Social Exploration"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-14500-4","url_text":"978-1-317-14500-4"}]},{"reference":"Deming, Mark. \"Radio Radio\". AllMusic. Retrieved 14 May 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.allmusic.com/song/radio-radio-mt0001899389","url_text":"\"Radio Radio\""}]},{"reference":"LeMay, Matt (9 May 2002). \"Elvis Costello & The Attractions: This Year's Model\". Pitchfork. Archived from the original on 18 March 2009. Retrieved 13 May 2006.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090318235844/http://pitchfork.com/reviews/albums/1615-this-years-model-with-the-attractions/","url_text":"\"Elvis Costello & The Attractions: This Year's Model\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pitchfork_(website)","url_text":"Pitchfork"},{"url":"http://www.pitchfork.com/reviews/albums/1615-this-years-model-with-the-attractions/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Prado, Ryan J. (23 May 2014). \"The 20 Best Songs By Elvis Costello\". Paste. Wolfgang's Vault. Archived from the original on 28 February 2019. Retrieved 27 February 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.pastemagazine.com/blogs/lists/2014/05/the-20-best-songs-by-elvis-costello.html","url_text":"\"The 20 Best Songs By Elvis Costello\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paste_(magazine)","url_text":"Paste"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190228130315/https://www.pastemagazine.com/blogs/lists/2014/05/the-20-best-songs-by-elvis-costello.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Beviglia, Jim. \"What are the Top Elvis Costello Songs of All Time?\". American Songwriter. Retrieved 23 April 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://americansongwriter.com/the-top-20-elvis-costello-songs/3/","url_text":"\"What are the Top Elvis Costello Songs of All Time?\""}]},{"reference":"Allen, Jeremy. \"Elvis Costello: 10 of the best\". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 18 February 2019. Retrieved 17 February 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://amp.theguardian.com/music/musicblog/2016/jan/27/elvis-costello-10-of-the-best","url_text":"\"Elvis Costello: 10 of the best\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian","url_text":"The Guardian"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190218081832/https://amp.theguardian.com/music/musicblog/2016/jan/27/elvis-costello-10-of-the-best","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Hiatt, Brian. \"Elvis Costello's 10 greatest tunes\". Entertainment Weekly. Meredith Corporation. Archived from the original on 23 February 2019. 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Retrieved 14 May 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://ultimateclassicrock.com/elvis-costello-snl-banned/","url_text":"\"How Elvis Costello Got Banned From Saturday Night Live\""}]},{"reference":"Anderson, Stacey (12 December 2011). \"Week in Rock History: Elvis Costello Defies Saturday Night Live\". Rolling Stone. Retrieved 14 May 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-news/week-in-rock-history-elvis-costello-defies-saturday-night-live-189122/","url_text":"\"Week in Rock History: Elvis Costello Defies Saturday Night Live\""}]},{"reference":"Thomas-Mason, Lee. \"The stunt that got Elvis Costello banned from Saturday Night Live, 1977\". Far Out Magazine. Retrieved 14 May 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://faroutmagazine.co.uk/elvis-costello-banned-from-saturday-night-live-1977-performance/","url_text":"\"The stunt that got Elvis Costello banned from Saturday Night Live, 1977\""}]},{"reference":"\"2003 Rock and Roll Hall of Fame Timeline\". VH1. Archived from the original on 4 June 2011. Retrieved 14 May 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110604111413/http://www.vh1.com/shows/events/hall_of_fame/2003/timeline/elvis.jhtml","url_text":"\"2003 Rock and Roll Hall of Fame Timeline\""},{"url":"http://www.vh1.com/shows/events/hall_of_fame/2003/timeline/elvis.jhtml","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"NPR Staff. \"Elvis Costello: 'There Is No Absolute Right And Wrong About Music'\". NPR.org. NPR. Retrieved 14 May 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.npr.org/2015/10/13/447225480/elvis-costello-there-is-no-absolute-right-and-wrong-about-music","url_text":"\"Elvis Costello: 'There Is No Absolute Right And Wrong About Music'\""}]},{"reference":"Itzkoff, Dave (9 June 2011). \"Serving Pop Stars, but on a Skewer\". The New York Times.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2011/06/12/arts/music/weird-al-yankovics-album-alpocalypse.html","url_text":"\"Serving Pop Stars, but on a Skewer\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"}]},{"reference":"\"Video: St. Vincent performs \"Cheerleader\" on Conan\". Consequence of Sound. 17 January 2012. Retrieved 17 January 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://consequenceofsound.net/2012/01/video-st-vincent-performs-cheerleader-on-conan/","url_text":"\"Video: St. Vincent performs \"Cheerleader\" on Conan\""}]},{"reference":"Costello, Elvis (2016). Unfaithful Music & Disappearing Ink. New York: Blue Rider Press. ISBN 978-0399185762.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0399185762","url_text":"978-0399185762"}]},{"reference":"Thomson, Graeme (2006). Complicated Shadows: The Life and Music of Elvis Costello. Canongate U.S. ISBN 978-1841957968.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1841957968","url_text":"978-1841957968"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verizon_Communications_Inc._v._Federal_Communications_Commission_(2014)
Verizon Communications Inc. v. FCC (2014)
["1 Background","2 Circuit court ruling","2.1 Concurring/dissenting opinion","3 Reactions","3.1 Industry developments","3.2 Academic and news commentary","3.3 Public and government reactions","4 References","5 External links"]
This article is about the 2014 Circuit Court case. Not to be confused with Verizon Communications Inc. v. FCC (2002). Verizon v. FCCCourtUnited States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia CircuitFull case nameVerizon Communications Inc. v. Federal Communications CommissionArguedSeptember 9, 2013DecidedJanuary 14, 2014Citations740 F.3d 623 (D.C. Cir. 2014); 11-1355 (2014)HoldingThe FCC does not have the authority to regulate broadband providers as per the FCC's own Open Internet Order. The court vacated in part and upheld in part the FCC Open Internet Order 2010.Court membershipJudges sittingSenior Circuit Judge Laurence H. Silberman; Circuit Judges Judith Ann Wilson Rogers, David S. TatelCase opinionsMajorityDavid S. Tatel, joined by Judith Ann Wilson RogersConcur/dissentLaurence H. Silberman Verizon Communications Inc. v. Federal Communications Commission, 740 F.3d 623 (D.C. Cir., 2014), was a case at the U.S. Court of Appeals for the D.C. Circuit vacating portions of the FCC Open Internet Order of 2010, which the court determined could only be applied to common carriers and not to Internet service providers. The case was initiated by Verizon, which would have been subjected to the proposed FCC rules, though they had not yet gone into effect. The case has been regarded as an important precedent on whether the FCC can regulate network neutrality. Background Back in 2007, the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) censured Comcast for violating the Commission's network neutrality principles when it interfered with its users' access to peer-to-peer networking applications. This resulted in the court challenge Comcast Corp. v. FCC in 2010, in which the U.S. Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia held that the FCC did not have ancillary jurisdiction over the content delivery choices of Internet service providers under the language of the Communications Act of 1934. In that ruling, the Circuit Court hinted that it would accept separate jurisdictional arguments under other provisions of the 1934 Communications Act or the 1996 Telecommunications Act. This prompted the FCC to establish new rules regarding non-discriminatory delivery of Internet content in late 2010. Because of the ruling in the Comcast case, those new rules were presented in reference to other provisions of the statutes, mostly Section 706 of the 1996 Act, as well as other types of ancillary authority via Titles II and VI of that Act. The updated rules were released in December as the FCC Open Internet Order of 2010. These rules would forbid cable broadband and DSL Internet service providers from blocking or slowing online services or applications. It would also prohibit mobile carriers from blocking VoIP applications such as Skype or blocking websites in their entirely, though those mobile restrictions were fewer than those on cable and DSL. The industry was unhappy with those new rules as well, with Verizon taking the lead in another court challenge just one month later. Verizon requested judicial review of the 2010 Open Internet Order, again at the Circuit Court for the District of Columbia, with a charge that the FCC had again surpassed its regulatory authority. Circuit court ruling The matter of FCC jurisdiction over the content delivery choices of Internet service providers rests on the classification process outlined in the Communications Act of 1934. The Commission determines if a company or product in its regulated industry qualifies as a "telecommunications service", which must follow common carrier rules under Title II of the Act, most notably a requirement to never discriminate against particular content or users; or as an "information service", which must follow much more lenient rules under Title I of the Act. (There are other classifications that are not relevant for the network neutrality dispute.) The court noted that the FCC had already classified cable broadband Internet, and later wireless Internet, as "information services" per this process as far back as 2002. As noted by the court, its task was "not to assess the wisdom of the Open Internet Order regulations, but rather to determine whether the Commission has demonstrated that the regulations fall within the scope of its statutory grant of authority." The court then deconstructed the FCC Open Internet Order of 2010 into its constituent parts. The court vacated two parts of the order, determining that the FCC did not have the authority to impose network neutrality restrictions without classifying network providers as common carriers. Since the Commission had previously classified broadband providers as "information services" and not as "telecommunications services," such companies could not be ordered to practice non-discrimination under Title II of the Communications Act of 1934. A different part of the order, in which the FCC ordered all Internet service providers to provide transparent information on their network blocking policies, was upheld by the court because it was not contingent upon operators being classified as common carriers. Additionally, the court found that Section 706 of the Telecommunications Act of 1996 "vests the FCC with affirmative authority to enact measures encouraging the deployment of broadband infrastructure." The court also agreed with the FCC that broadband providers represent a threat to Internet openness and could hinder future development without at least rules similar to those in the Open Internet Order. Thus, the court hinted that the FCC could require Internet service providers to exercise network neutrality by reclassifying them as "telecommunications services" that were in turn required to act as common carriers. As a result of this ruling, most of the FCC Open Internet Order of 2010 was invalidated and vacated as a violation of the Commission's authority under the 1934 and 1996 Acts. The exception was the transparency provision. Concurring/dissenting opinion Judge Laurence H. Silberman wrote his own opinion, concurring in part and dissenting in part. Silberman was in general agreement with the majority that the FCC Open Internet Order of 2010 "impermissibly subjects broadband providers to treatment as common carriers." Of significance is Silberman's statement that the FCC has the authority to take "measures that promote competition in the local telecommunications market or other regulating methods that remove barriers to infrastructure investment." This has been interpreted to mean that the FCC has the authority to challenge state laws restricting municipal broadband, which became controversial in the following years. Reactions Industry developments Immediately following the decision, several major telecommunications firms issued statements agreeing with the ruling. For example, Verizon stated the ruling will result in more innovation and more choice for consumers. AT&T stated that their commitment to network neutrality will not diminish. Time Warner Cable stated that their commitment to deliver the best service will not be compromised. As part of the Comcast/NBC merger, Comcast was required to follow the FCC Open Internet Order of 2010 for seven years. The company reiterated this commitment after the trial. Shortly after the ruling, Netflix updated its ISP speed rankings with data showing that average access speed via Verizon FiOS traffic had dropped between December 2013 and January 2014, just before the ruling. Ars Technica found this to be suspicious. Pointing to Netflix's performance change, several news outlets pointed out that the battle over non-discriminatory Internet access began to shift from network neutrality frameworks to private peering deals between service providers, which had not been covered by the FCC Open Internet Order of 2010. Academic and news commentary Multiple news outlets claimed that the Verizon ruling was the death of network neutrality in the United States. Since the court upheld the FCC's authority to regulate broadband providers to encourage nationwide broadband deployment, agreeing with the Commission's interpretation of Section 706 of the 1996 Telecommunications Act, some legal observers believed this should allow the FCC to reclassify broadband providers as "telecommunications services" and therefore subject them to common carrier regulations. Legal scholar Annemarie Bridy predicted that the case would force the FCC's hand in reclassifying broadband providers as "telecommunications services," something which the FCC had thus far resisted doing. Legal scholar Susan P. Crawford wrote that the FCC should move to regulate broadband providers as common carriers in order to preserve network neutrality in the United States. In response to the FCC's decision to not appeal the Verizon ruling but to establish new rules, James P. Tuthill, an attorney and lecturer at UC Berkeley School of Law, criticized the decision as the agency could have appealed to the Supreme Court, and that court would likely accept the case because of the significance of the issues and per a direct request by a federal agency. He also predicted that even if the FCC proposed new rules, they would be challenged by the industry and overturned based on the unchallenged Verizon precedent, so "simply calling a rose by another name will not change what it is, and the courts won't buy it." Other commentators had mixed reactions to the ruling. April Glaser, a staff activist at the Electronic Frontier Foundation, noted that the ruling could significantly restrict the FCC's potential approaches toward network neutrality regulation. Conversely, others believed that the ruling gave the FCC too much power, to the point at which it could restrict innovative network management strategies by ISPs that might be requested by users. Public and government reactions In January 2014, in response to the ruling, a campaign was launched on the White House's petition site, urging President Barack Obama to direct the FCC to reclassify ISPs as common carriers. The petition received more than 105,000 signatures. The Obama administration replied to the petition, stating that although the President "vigorously supports" a robust, free, and open Internet, he was not able to direct the FCC to do anything because the FCC is an independent agency. In February 2014, Tom Wheeler, then chairman of the FCC, issued a statement responding to the court's decision and laying out the Commission's intentions for the future of network neutrality. Wheeler stated that the Commission would not appeal the Verizon ruling, but would take the court's advice on reclassification of Internet service providers in the interests of non-discriminatory content delivery. The FCC then opened a new proceeding asking for public comment, and in April the Chairman announced that he would be circulating a draft network neutrality-oriented Notice of Proposed Rulemaking on the matter. In 2015, the FCC reclassified Internet service providers as "telecommunications services" under the Communications Act of 1934, as had been suggested by the judges in the Verizon ruling. This led to yet another Circuit court challenge from the industry, United States Telecom Association v. FCC, in 2016. References ^ a b c d e f g Verizon v. FCC, 740 F. 3d 623 (D.C. Cir., 2014). ^ a b "Verizon Sues F.C.C. to Overturn Order on Blocking Web Sites", The New York Times, January 20, 2011 ^ Speta, James B. (June 2014). "Unintentional Antitrust: The FCC's Only (and Better) Way Forward with Net Neutrality after the Mess of Verizon v. FCC". Federal Communications Law Journal. 66 (3): 491–508 – via HeinOnline. ^ Ragha, Nisha (Spring 2015). "The Fall of Net Neutrality: The End of An Era and a Call for Reform". Cardozo Public Law, Policy and Ethics Journal. 13 (2): 559–594 – via HeinOnline. ^ Circuit Judge Tatel (April 6, 2010). "Comcast Corp. v. FCC, 600 F.3d 642" (PDF). United States Court of Appeals, District of Columbia Circuit. ^ Tatel, Judge. "Comcast Corp. v. FCC, at 30 (D.C. Cir. 2010)" (PDF). United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia. Retrieved February 12, 2013. ^ "Net Neutrality at the FCC: A Critique of the Legal Reasoning of its Net Neutrality Order". January 10, 2011. Archived from the original on January 17, 2011. Retrieved March 16, 2011. ^ FCC. "In The Manner Of Preserving the Open Internet Broadband Industry Practices" (PDF). FCC. Retrieved February 28, 2014. ^ "FCC Passes Compromise Net Neutrality Rules", WIRED (December 21, 2010) ^ "Verizon Files Appeal in Federal Court Regarding FCC Net Neutrality Order" Verizon's statement (January 20, 2011) ^ Kevin, McCarthy. "OLR BACKGROUNDER: APPELLATE COURT DECISION ON NET NEUTRALITY" (PDF). Connecticut Office of Legislative Research. Retrieved February 28, 2014. ^ Judis, John (April 30, 2013). "The Next Elizabeth Warren Susan Crawford's crusade against lousy, overpriced Internet providers". New Republic. Retrieved February 28, 2014. ^ Brodkin, Jon (February 19, 2014). "FCC thinks it can overturn state laws that restrict public broadband". Ars Technica. Retrieved February 20, 2014. ^ Lowensohn, Josh (January 14, 2014). "Comcast, Verizon, and others promise net neutrality ruling won't hurt customers". The Verge. Retrieved February 28, 2014. ^ Brodkin, Jon (January 14, 2014). "How the FCC screwed up its chance to make ISP blocking illegal". Ars Technica. Retrieved February 14, 2014. ^ Joris Evers (February 10, 2014). "Brazil, Chile Lead In Broadband in Latin America" (Press release). Netflix. Netflix. Retrieved March 18, 2014. ^ a b Brodkin, Jon (February 10, 2014). "Netflix performance on Verizon and Comcast has been dropping for months". Ars Technica. Retrieved March 18, 2014. ^ FitzGerald, Drew; Ramachandran, Shalini (February 18, 2014). "Netflix-Traffic Feud Leads to Video Slowdown". Wall Street Journal. Retrieved March 18, 2014. ^ Gustin, Sam (February 19, 2014). "Here's Why Your Netflix Is Slowing Down". TIME. Retrieved March 18, 2014. ^ a b Brodkin, Jon (January 14, 2014). "Net neutrality is half-dead: Court strikes down FCC's anti-blocking rules". Ars Technica. Retrieved February 14, 2014. ^ Wyatt, Edward (January 14, 2014). "Rebuffing F.C.C. in 'Net Neutrality' Case, Court Allows Streaming Deals". New York Times. Retrieved February 14, 2014. ^ Fung, Brian. "Federal appeals court strikes down net neutrality rules". Washington Post. Retrieved February 14, 2014. ^ Moritz, Scott. "Verizon Victory on FCC Rules Seen as Loss for Netflix". SFGate. Retrieved February 14, 2014. ^ Dattaro, Laura (January 15, 2014). "Why the Courts Ruled Against Net Neutrality". Popular Mechanics. Retrieved February 14, 2014. ^ Bridy, Annemarie. "Is There a Future for Net Neutrality after Verizon V FCC". Freedom to Tinker. Retrieved February 14, 2014. ^ Crawford, Susan (January 15, 2014). "Did the Government Just Break the Internet?". Bloomberg.com. Bloomberg News. Retrieved February 28, 2014. ^ Tuthill, James (February 25, 2014). "FCC throws in towel, but public has right to know why". San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved March 20, 2014. ^ Glaser, April (February 25, 2014). "Why the FCC Can't Actually Save Net Neutrality". Electronic Frontier Foundation. Retrieved March 20, 2014. ^ Tummarello, Kate (February 25, 2014). "FCC grasps for expanded powers with net neutrality push". The Hill. Retrieved March 20, 2014. ^ Musil, Steven (February 18, 2014). "White House says it won't direct FCC to reclassify broadband". CNET. Retrieved March 18, 2014. ^ Wheeler, Tom. "STATEMENT BY FCC CHAIRMAN TOM WHEELER ON THE FCC'S OPEN INTERNET RULES FEBRUARY 19, 2014". FCC. Retrieved February 20, 2014. ^ Brodkin, Jon (February 19, 2014). "FCC won't appeal Verizon ruling, will regulate 'Net on "case-by-case basis"". Ars Technica. Retrieved February 20, 2014. ^ "New Docket Established to Address Open Internet Remand". Federal Communications Commission. February 19, 2014. ^ "Setting the Record Straight on the FCC's Open Internet Rules". Federal Communications Commission. April 24, 2014. ^ "May 2014 Open Commission Meeting". Federal Communications Commission. November 25, 2013. ^ "FCC ANNOUNCES TENTATIVE AGENDA FOR MAY OPEN MEETING" (PDF). Federal Communications Commission. April 24, 2014. ^ Ruiz, Rebecca R.; Lohr, Steve (February 26, 2015). "F.C.C. Approves Net Neutrality Rules, Classifying Broadband Internet Service as a Utility". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved November 6, 2022. External links Verizon v. FCC, 740 F.3d 623 (D.C. Cir. 2014) Preserving the Open Internet final rule in the Federal Register
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FCC (2002).Verizon Communications Inc. v. Federal Communications Commission, 740 F.3d 623 (D.C. Cir., 2014), was a case at the U.S. Court of Appeals for the D.C. Circuit vacating portions of the FCC Open Internet Order of 2010, which the court determined could only be applied to common carriers and not to Internet service providers.[1] The case was initiated by Verizon, which would have been subjected to the proposed FCC rules, though they had not yet gone into effect.[2] The case has been regarded as an important precedent on whether the FCC can regulate network neutrality.[3][4]","title":"Verizon Communications Inc. v. FCC (2014)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Federal Communications Commission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Communications_Commission"},{"link_name":"Comcast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comcast"},{"link_name":"network neutrality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Net_neutrality"},{"link_name":"peer-to-peer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peer-to-peer"},{"link_name":"Comcast Corp. v. FCC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comcast_Corp._v._FCC"},{"link_name":"U.S. Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_District_of_Columbia"},{"link_name":"ancillary jurisdiction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancillary_jurisdiction"},{"link_name":"Internet service providers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_service_provider"},{"link_name":"Communications Act of 1934","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communications_Act_of_1934"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Opinion-5"},{"link_name":"1996 Telecommunications Act","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_Act_of_1996"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DWT_analysis-7"},{"link_name":"FCC Open Internet Order of 2010","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FCC_Open_Internet_Order_2010"},{"link_name":"cable broadband","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cable_Internet_access"},{"link_name":"DSL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DSL"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FCC_Open-8"},{"link_name":"VoIP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VoIP"},{"link_name":"Skype","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skype"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wired_FCC_NewRules-9"},{"link_name":"Verizon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verizon_Communications"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NY_Times2-2"},{"link_name":"judicial review","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judicial_review"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Verizon_statement-10"}],"text":"Back in 2007, the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) censured Comcast for violating the Commission's network neutrality principles when it interfered with its users' access to peer-to-peer networking applications. This resulted in the court challenge Comcast Corp. v. FCC in 2010, in which the U.S. Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia held that the FCC did not have ancillary jurisdiction over the content delivery choices of Internet service providers under the language of the Communications Act of 1934.[5]In that ruling, the Circuit Court hinted that it would accept separate jurisdictional arguments under other provisions of the 1934 Communications Act or the 1996 Telecommunications Act.[6] This prompted the FCC to establish new rules regarding non-discriminatory delivery of Internet content in late 2010. Because of the ruling in the Comcast case, those new rules were presented in reference to other provisions of the statutes, mostly Section 706 of the 1996 Act, as well as other types of ancillary authority via Titles II and VI of that Act.[7] The updated rules were released in December as the FCC Open Internet Order of 2010. These rules would forbid cable broadband and DSL Internet service providers from blocking or slowing online services or applications.[8] It would also prohibit mobile carriers from blocking VoIP applications such as Skype or blocking websites in their entirely, though those mobile restrictions were fewer than those on cable and DSL.[9]The industry was unhappy with those new rules as well, with Verizon taking the lead in another court challenge just one month later.[2] Verizon requested judicial review of the 2010 Open Internet Order, again at the Circuit Court for the District of Columbia, with a charge that the FCC had again surpassed its regulatory authority.[10]","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Communications Act of 1934","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communications_Act_of_1934"},{"link_name":"common carrier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_carrier"},{"link_name":"cable broadband","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cable_Internet_access"},{"link_name":"wireless","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wireless"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"FCC Open Internet Order of 2010","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Communications_Commission_Open_Internet_Order_(2010)"},{"link_name":"vacated","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vacated_judgment"},{"link_name":"network neutrality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network_neutrality"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"Telecommunications Act of 1996","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_Act_of_1996"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CT_Sum-11"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"}],"text":"The matter of FCC jurisdiction over the content delivery choices of Internet service providers rests on the classification process outlined in the Communications Act of 1934. The Commission determines if a company or product in its regulated industry qualifies as a \"telecommunications service\", which must follow common carrier rules under Title II of the Act, most notably a requirement to never discriminate against particular content or users; or as an \"information service\", which must follow much more lenient rules under Title I of the Act. (There are other classifications that are not relevant for the network neutrality dispute.) The court noted that the FCC had already classified cable broadband Internet, and later wireless Internet, as \"information services\" per this process as far back as 2002.[1]As noted by the court, its task was \"not to assess the wisdom of the Open Internet Order regulations, but rather to determine whether the Commission has demonstrated that the regulations fall within the scope of its statutory grant of authority.\"[1] The court then deconstructed the FCC Open Internet Order of 2010 into its constituent parts. The court vacated two parts of the order, determining that the FCC did not have the authority to impose network neutrality restrictions without classifying network providers as common carriers. Since the Commission had previously classified broadband providers as \"information services\" and not as \"telecommunications services,\" such companies could not be ordered to practice non-discrimination under Title II of the Communications Act of 1934.[1]A different part of the order, in which the FCC ordered all Internet service providers to provide transparent information on their network blocking policies, was upheld by the court because it was not contingent upon operators being classified as common carriers. Additionally, the court found that Section 706 of the Telecommunications Act of 1996 \"vests the FCC with affirmative authority to enact measures encouraging the deployment of broadband infrastructure.\"[1] The court also agreed with the FCC that broadband providers represent a threat to Internet openness and could hinder future development without at least rules similar to those in the Open Internet Order.[11] Thus, the court hinted that the FCC could require Internet service providers to exercise network neutrality by reclassifying them as \"telecommunications services\" that were in turn required to act as common carriers.[1]As a result of this ruling, most of the FCC Open Internet Order of 2010 was invalidated and vacated as a violation of the Commission's authority under the 1934 and 1996 Acts. The exception was the transparency provision.","title":"Circuit court ruling"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Laurence H. Silberman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laurence_H._Silberman"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"municipal broadband","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Municipal_broadband"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Crawford-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ars_FCC_thinks-13"}],"sub_title":"Concurring/dissenting opinion","text":"Judge Laurence H. Silberman wrote his own opinion, concurring in part and dissenting in part. Silberman was in general agreement with the majority that the FCC Open Internet Order of 2010 \"impermissibly subjects broadband providers to treatment as common carriers.\"[1] Of significance is Silberman's statement that the FCC has the authority to take \"measures that promote competition in the local telecommunications market or other regulating methods that remove barriers to infrastructure investment.\" This has been interpreted to mean that the FCC has the authority to challenge state laws restricting municipal broadband, which became controversial in the following years.[12][13]","title":"Circuit court ruling"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Reactions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Verizon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verizon_Communications"},{"link_name":"AT&T","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AT%26T"},{"link_name":"network neutrality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network_neutrality"},{"link_name":"Time Warner Cable","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_Warner_Cable"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Verge-14"},{"link_name":"Comcast/NBC merger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comcast_NBC_merger"},{"link_name":"Comcast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comcast"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ars_FCC_Screwed_Up-15"},{"link_name":"Netflix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netflix"},{"link_name":"Verizon FiOS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verizon_FiOS"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Netflix_2014-02-10-16"},{"link_name":"Ars Technica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ars_Technica"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ars_2014-02-10-17"},{"link_name":"peering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peering"},{"link_name":"FCC Open Internet Order of 2010","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Communications_Commission_Open_Internet_Order_(2010)"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ars_2014-02-10-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WSJ_2014-02-18-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Time_2014-02-19-19"}],"sub_title":"Industry developments","text":"Immediately following the decision, several major telecommunications firms issued statements agreeing with the ruling. For example, Verizon stated the ruling will result in more innovation and more choice for consumers. AT&T stated that their commitment to network neutrality will not diminish. Time Warner Cable stated that their commitment to deliver the best service will not be compromised.[14] As part of the Comcast/NBC merger, Comcast was required to follow the FCC Open Internet Order of 2010 for seven years. The company reiterated this commitment after the trial.[15]Shortly after the ruling, Netflix updated its ISP speed rankings with data showing that average access speed via Verizon FiOS traffic had dropped between December 2013 and January 2014, just before the ruling.[16] Ars Technica found this to be suspicious.[17] Pointing to Netflix's performance change, several news outlets pointed out that the battle over non-discriminatory Internet access began to shift from network neutrality frameworks to private peering deals between service providers, which had not been covered by the FCC Open Internet Order of 2010.[17][18][19]","title":"Reactions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"network neutrality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network_neutrality"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ars_Half_Dead-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYT_Rebuffing-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WAPO_Federal-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SFGate_Verizon-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pop_Mech_Why-24"},{"link_name":"1996 Telecommunications Act","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_Act_of_1996"},{"link_name":"common carrier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_carrier"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ars_Half_Dead-20"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Tinker-25"},{"link_name":"Susan P. Crawford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susan_P._Crawford"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bloomberg_Crawford-26"},{"link_name":"UC Berkeley School of Law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UC_Berkeley_School_of_Law"},{"link_name":"Supreme Court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Tuthill-27"},{"link_name":"Electronic Frontier Foundation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_Frontier_Foundation"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Glaser-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Tummarello-29"}],"sub_title":"Academic and news commentary","text":"Multiple news outlets claimed that the Verizon ruling was the death of network neutrality in the United States.[20][21][22][23][24] Since the court upheld the FCC's authority to regulate broadband providers to encourage nationwide broadband deployment, agreeing with the Commission's interpretation of Section 706 of the 1996 Telecommunications Act, some legal observers believed this should allow the FCC to reclassify broadband providers as \"telecommunications services\" and therefore subject them to common carrier regulations.[20] Legal scholar Annemarie Bridy predicted that the case would force the FCC's hand in reclassifying broadband providers as \"telecommunications services,\"[25] something which the FCC had thus far resisted doing. Legal scholar Susan P. Crawford wrote that the FCC should move to regulate broadband providers as common carriers in order to preserve network neutrality in the United States.[26]In response to the FCC's decision to not appeal the Verizon ruling but to establish new rules, James P. Tuthill, an attorney and lecturer at UC Berkeley School of Law, criticized the decision as the agency could have appealed to the Supreme Court, and that court would likely accept the case because of the significance of the issues and per a direct request by a federal agency. He also predicted that even if the FCC proposed new rules, they would be challenged by the industry and overturned based on the unchallenged Verizon precedent, so \"simply calling a rose by another name will not change what it is, and the courts won't buy it.\"[27]Other commentators had mixed reactions to the ruling. April Glaser, a staff activist at the Electronic Frontier Foundation, noted that the ruling could significantly restrict the FCC's potential approaches toward network neutrality regulation.[28] Conversely, others believed that the ruling gave the FCC too much power, to the point at which it could restrict innovative network management strategies by ISPs that might be requested by users.[29]","title":"Reactions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"White House's petition site","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/We_the_People_(petitioning_system)"},{"link_name":"President Barack Obama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cnet_2014-02-18-30"},{"link_name":"Tom Wheeler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Wheeler"},{"link_name":"network neutrality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network_neutrality"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FCC_Statement-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ars_FCC_wont-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"Notice of Proposed Rulemaking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Notice_of_proposed_rulemaking"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"Communications Act of 1934","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communications_Act_of_1934"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"United States Telecom Association v. FCC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Telecom_Association_v._FCC_(2016)"}],"sub_title":"Public and government reactions","text":"In January 2014, in response to the ruling, a campaign was launched on the White House's petition site, urging President Barack Obama to direct the FCC to reclassify ISPs as common carriers. The petition received more than 105,000 signatures. The Obama administration replied to the petition, stating that although the President \"vigorously supports\" a robust, free, and open Internet, he was not able to direct the FCC to do anything because the FCC is an independent agency.[30]In February 2014, Tom Wheeler, then chairman of the FCC, issued a statement responding to the court's decision and laying out the Commission's intentions for the future of network neutrality. Wheeler stated that the Commission would not appeal the Verizon ruling, but would take the court's advice on reclassification of Internet service providers in the interests of non-discriminatory content delivery.[31][32] The FCC then opened a new proceeding asking for public comment,[33] and in April the Chairman announced that he would be circulating a draft network neutrality-oriented Notice of Proposed Rulemaking on the matter.[34][35][36]In 2015, the FCC reclassified Internet service providers as \"telecommunications services\" under the Communications Act of 1934, as had been suggested by the judges in the Verizon ruling.[37] This led to yet another Circuit court challenge from the industry, United States Telecom Association v. FCC, in 2016.","title":"Reactions"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"Speta, James B. (June 2014). \"Unintentional Antitrust: The FCC's Only (and Better) Way Forward with Net Neutrality after the Mess of Verizon v. FCC\". Federal Communications Law Journal. 66 (3): 491–508 – via HeinOnline.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Ragha, Nisha (Spring 2015). \"The Fall of Net Neutrality: The End of An Era and a Call for Reform\". Cardozo Public Law, Policy and Ethics Journal. 13 (2): 559–594 – via HeinOnline.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Circuit Judge Tatel (April 6, 2010). \"Comcast Corp. v. FCC, 600 F.3d 642\" (PDF). United States Court of Appeals, District of Columbia Circuit.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_S._Tatel","url_text":"Circuit Judge Tatel"},{"url":"http://www.cadc.uscourts.gov/internet/opinions.nsf/EA10373FA9C20DEA85257807005BD63F/$file/08-1291-1238302.pdf","url_text":"\"Comcast Corp. v. FCC, 600 F.3d 642\""}]},{"reference":"Tatel, Judge. \"Comcast Corp. v. FCC, at 30 (D.C. Cir. 2010)\" (PDF). United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia. Retrieved February 12, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.eff.org/files/Comcast%20v%20FCC%20(DC%20Cir%202010).pdf","url_text":"\"Comcast Corp. v. FCC, at 30 (D.C. Cir. 2010)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Net Neutrality at the FCC: A Critique of the Legal Reasoning of its Net Neutrality Order\". January 10, 2011. Archived from the original on January 17, 2011. Retrieved March 16, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110117140249/http://www.dwt.com/LearningCenter/Advisories?find=378627","url_text":"\"Net Neutrality at the FCC: A Critique of the Legal Reasoning of its Net Neutrality Order\""},{"url":"http://www.dwt.com/LearningCenter/Advisories?find=378627","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"FCC. \"In The Manner Of Preserving the Open Internet Broadband Industry Practices\" (PDF). FCC. Retrieved February 28, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://hraunfoss.fcc.gov/edocs_public/attachmatch/FCC-10-201A1.pdf","url_text":"\"In The Manner Of Preserving the Open Internet Broadband Industry Practices\""}]},{"reference":"Kevin, McCarthy. \"OLR BACKGROUNDER: APPELLATE COURT DECISION ON NET NEUTRALITY\" (PDF). Connecticut Office of Legislative Research. Retrieved February 28, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.cga.ct.gov/2014/rpt/pdf/2014-R-0033.pdf","url_text":"\"OLR BACKGROUNDER: APPELLATE COURT DECISION ON NET NEUTRALITY\""}]},{"reference":"Judis, John (April 30, 2013). \"The Next Elizabeth Warren Susan Crawford's crusade against lousy, overpriced Internet providers\". New Republic. Retrieved February 28, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://newrepublic.com/article/113028/susan-crawford-high-speed-internets-elizabeth-warren","url_text":"\"The Next Elizabeth Warren Susan Crawford's crusade against lousy, overpriced Internet providers\""}]},{"reference":"Brodkin, Jon (February 19, 2014). \"FCC thinks it can overturn state laws that restrict public broadband\". Ars Technica. Retrieved February 20, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://arstechnica.com/tech-policy/2014/02/fcc-thinks-it-can-overturn-state-laws-that-restrict-public-broadband/","url_text":"\"FCC thinks it can overturn state laws that restrict public broadband\""}]},{"reference":"Lowensohn, Josh (January 14, 2014). \"Comcast, Verizon, and others promise net neutrality ruling won't hurt customers\". The Verge. Retrieved February 28, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theverge.com/2014/1/14/5309268/comcast-verizon-and-others-promise-net-neutrality-ruling-wont-hurt","url_text":"\"Comcast, Verizon, and others promise net neutrality ruling won't hurt customers\""}]},{"reference":"Brodkin, Jon (January 14, 2014). \"How the FCC screwed up its chance to make ISP blocking illegal\". Ars Technica. Retrieved February 14, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://arstechnica.com/tech-policy/2014/01/how-the-fcc-screwed-up-its-chance-to-make-isp-blocking-illegal/","url_text":"\"How the FCC screwed up its chance to make ISP blocking illegal\""}]},{"reference":"Joris Evers (February 10, 2014). \"Brazil, Chile Lead In Broadband in Latin America\" (Press release). Netflix. Netflix. Retrieved March 18, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://blog.netflix.com/2014/02/brazil-chile-lead-in-broadband-in-latin.html","url_text":"\"Brazil, Chile Lead In Broadband in Latin America\""}]},{"reference":"Brodkin, Jon (February 10, 2014). \"Netflix performance on Verizon and Comcast has been dropping for months\". Ars Technica. Retrieved March 18, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://arstechnica.com/information-technology/2014/02/netflix-performance-on-verizon-and-comcast-has-been-dropping-for-months/","url_text":"\"Netflix performance on Verizon and Comcast has been dropping for months\""}]},{"reference":"FitzGerald, Drew; Ramachandran, Shalini (February 18, 2014). \"Netflix-Traffic Feud Leads to Video Slowdown\". Wall Street Journal. Retrieved March 18, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://online.wsj.com/news/article_email/SB10001424052702304899704579391223249896550-lMyQjAxMTA0MDEwODExNDgyWj","url_text":"\"Netflix-Traffic Feud Leads to Video Slowdown\""}]},{"reference":"Gustin, Sam (February 19, 2014). \"Here's Why Your Netflix Is Slowing Down\". TIME. Retrieved March 18, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://time.com/8681/netflix-verizon-peering/","url_text":"\"Here's Why Your Netflix Is Slowing Down\""}]},{"reference":"Brodkin, Jon (January 14, 2014). \"Net neutrality is half-dead: Court strikes down FCC's anti-blocking rules\". Ars Technica. Retrieved February 14, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://arstechnica.com/tech-policy/2014/01/net-neutrality-is-half-dead-court-strikes-down-fccs-anti-blocking-rules/","url_text":"\"Net neutrality is half-dead: Court strikes down FCC's anti-blocking rules\""}]},{"reference":"Wyatt, Edward (January 14, 2014). \"Rebuffing F.C.C. in 'Net Neutrality' Case, Court Allows Streaming Deals\". New York Times. Retrieved February 14, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2014/01/15/technology/appeals-court-rejects-fcc-rules-on-internet-service-providers.html","url_text":"\"Rebuffing F.C.C. in 'Net Neutrality' Case, Court Allows Streaming Deals\""}]},{"reference":"Fung, Brian. \"Federal appeals court strikes down net neutrality rules\". Washington Post. Retrieved February 14, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/the-switch/wp/2014/01/14/d-c-circuit-court-strikes-down-net-neutrality-rules/","url_text":"\"Federal appeals court strikes down net neutrality rules\""}]},{"reference":"Moritz, Scott. \"Verizon Victory on FCC Rules Seen as Loss for Netflix\". SFGate. 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Retrieved February 14, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://freedom-to-tinker.com/blog/abridy/is-there-a-future-for-net-neutrality-after-verizon-v-fcc/","url_text":"\"Is There a Future for Net Neutrality after Verizon V FCC\""}]},{"reference":"Crawford, Susan (January 15, 2014). \"Did the Government Just Break the Internet?\". Bloomberg.com. Bloomberg News. Retrieved February 28, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.bloombergview.com/articles/2014-01-15/did-the-government-just-break-the-internet-","url_text":"\"Did the Government Just Break the Internet?\""}]},{"reference":"Tuthill, James (February 25, 2014). \"FCC throws in towel, but public has right to know why\". San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved March 20, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.law.berkeley.edu/16731.htm","url_text":"\"FCC throws in towel, but public has right to know why\""}]},{"reference":"Glaser, April (February 25, 2014). \"Why the FCC Can't Actually Save Net Neutrality\". Electronic Frontier Foundation. Retrieved March 20, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.eff.org/deeplinks/2014/01/why-the-fcc-cant-save-net-neutrality","url_text":"\"Why the FCC Can't Actually Save Net Neutrality\""}]},{"reference":"Tummarello, Kate (February 25, 2014). \"FCC grasps for expanded powers with net neutrality push\". The Hill. Retrieved March 20, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://thehill.com/blogs/hillicon-valley/technology/198964-fcc-grasps-for-expanded-powers-with-net-neutrality-push/","url_text":"\"FCC grasps for expanded powers with net neutrality push\""}]},{"reference":"Musil, Steven (February 18, 2014). \"White House says it won't direct FCC to reclassify broadband\". CNET. Retrieved March 18, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.cnet.com/8301-1035_3-57619081-94/white-house-says-it-wont-direct-fcc-to-reclassify-broadband/","url_text":"\"White House says it won't direct FCC to reclassify broadband\""}]},{"reference":"Wheeler, Tom. \"STATEMENT BY FCC CHAIRMAN TOM WHEELER ON THE FCC'S OPEN INTERNET RULES FEBRUARY 19, 2014\". FCC. Retrieved February 20, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.fcc.gov/document/statement-fcc-chairman-tom-wheeler-fccs-open-internet-rules","url_text":"\"STATEMENT BY FCC CHAIRMAN TOM WHEELER ON THE FCC'S OPEN INTERNET RULES FEBRUARY 19, 2014\""}]},{"reference":"Brodkin, Jon (February 19, 2014). \"FCC won't appeal Verizon ruling, will regulate 'Net on \"case-by-case basis\"\". Ars Technica. Retrieved February 20, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://arstechnica.com/tech-policy/2014/02/fcc-wont-appeal-verizon-ruling-will-regulate-net-on-case-by-case-basis/","url_text":"\"FCC won't appeal Verizon ruling, will regulate 'Net on \"case-by-case basis\"\""}]},{"reference":"\"New Docket Established to Address Open Internet Remand\". Federal Communications Commission. February 19, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.fcc.gov/document/new-docket-established-address-open-internet-remand","url_text":"\"New Docket Established to Address Open Internet Remand\""}]},{"reference":"\"Setting the Record Straight on the FCC's Open Internet Rules\". Federal Communications Commission. April 24, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.fcc.gov/blog/setting-record-straight-fcc-s-open-internet-rules","url_text":"\"Setting the Record Straight on the FCC's Open Internet Rules\""}]},{"reference":"\"May 2014 Open Commission Meeting\". Federal Communications Commission. November 25, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.fcc.gov/events/open-commission-meeting-may-2014","url_text":"\"May 2014 Open Commission Meeting\""}]},{"reference":"\"FCC ANNOUNCES TENTATIVE AGENDA FOR MAY OPEN MEETING\" (PDF). Federal Communications Commission. April 24, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://transition.fcc.gov/Daily_Releases/Daily_Business/2014/db0424/DOC-326740A1.pdf","url_text":"\"FCC ANNOUNCES TENTATIVE AGENDA FOR MAY OPEN MEETING\""}]},{"reference":"Ruiz, Rebecca R.; Lohr, Steve (February 26, 2015). \"F.C.C. Approves Net Neutrality Rules, Classifying Broadband Internet Service as a Utility\". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved November 6, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2015/02/27/technology/net-neutrality-fcc-vote-internet-utility.html","url_text":"\"F.C.C. Approves Net Neutrality Rules, Classifying Broadband Internet Service as a Utility\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331","url_text":"0362-4331"}]}]
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Cir. 2010)\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110117140249/http://www.dwt.com/LearningCenter/Advisories?find=378627","external_links_name":"\"Net Neutrality at the FCC: A Critique of the Legal Reasoning of its Net Neutrality Order\""},{"Link":"http://www.dwt.com/LearningCenter/Advisories?find=378627","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://hraunfoss.fcc.gov/edocs_public/attachmatch/FCC-10-201A1.pdf","external_links_name":"\"In The Manner Of Preserving the Open Internet Broadband Industry Practices\""},{"Link":"https://www.wired.com/epicenter/2010/12/fcc-order/","external_links_name":"FCC Passes Compromise Net Neutrality Rules"},{"Link":"http://newscenter.verizon.com/press-releases/verizon/2011/verizon-files-appeal-in.html","external_links_name":"Verizon Files Appeal in Federal Court Regarding FCC Net Neutrality Order"},{"Link":"http://www.cga.ct.gov/2014/rpt/pdf/2014-R-0033.pdf","external_links_name":"\"OLR BACKGROUNDER: APPELLATE COURT DECISION ON NET NEUTRALITY\""},{"Link":"https://newrepublic.com/article/113028/susan-crawford-high-speed-internets-elizabeth-warren","external_links_name":"\"The Next Elizabeth Warren Susan Crawford's crusade against lousy, overpriced Internet providers\""},{"Link":"https://arstechnica.com/tech-policy/2014/02/fcc-thinks-it-can-overturn-state-laws-that-restrict-public-broadband/","external_links_name":"\"FCC thinks it can overturn state laws that restrict public broadband\""},{"Link":"https://www.theverge.com/2014/1/14/5309268/comcast-verizon-and-others-promise-net-neutrality-ruling-wont-hurt","external_links_name":"\"Comcast, Verizon, and others promise net neutrality ruling won't hurt customers\""},{"Link":"https://arstechnica.com/tech-policy/2014/01/how-the-fcc-screwed-up-its-chance-to-make-isp-blocking-illegal/","external_links_name":"\"How the FCC screwed up its chance to make ISP blocking illegal\""},{"Link":"http://blog.netflix.com/2014/02/brazil-chile-lead-in-broadband-in-latin.html","external_links_name":"\"Brazil, Chile Lead In Broadband in Latin America\""},{"Link":"https://arstechnica.com/information-technology/2014/02/netflix-performance-on-verizon-and-comcast-has-been-dropping-for-months/","external_links_name":"\"Netflix performance on Verizon and Comcast has been dropping for months\""},{"Link":"https://online.wsj.com/news/article_email/SB10001424052702304899704579391223249896550-lMyQjAxMTA0MDEwODExNDgyWj","external_links_name":"\"Netflix-Traffic Feud Leads to Video Slowdown\""},{"Link":"http://time.com/8681/netflix-verizon-peering/","external_links_name":"\"Here's Why Your Netflix Is Slowing Down\""},{"Link":"https://arstechnica.com/tech-policy/2014/01/net-neutrality-is-half-dead-court-strikes-down-fccs-anti-blocking-rules/","external_links_name":"\"Net neutrality is half-dead: Court strikes down FCC's anti-blocking rules\""},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/2014/01/15/technology/appeals-court-rejects-fcc-rules-on-internet-service-providers.html","external_links_name":"\"Rebuffing F.C.C. in 'Net Neutrality' Case, Court Allows Streaming Deals\""},{"Link":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/the-switch/wp/2014/01/14/d-c-circuit-court-strikes-down-net-neutrality-rules/","external_links_name":"\"Federal appeals court strikes down net neutrality rules\""},{"Link":"http://www.sfgate.com/business/bloomberg/article/Verizon-Victory-on-FCC-Rules-Seen-as-Loss-for-5145491.php","external_links_name":"\"Verizon Victory on FCC Rules Seen as Loss for Netflix\""},{"Link":"http://www.popularmechanics.com/technology/gadgets/news/why-the-courts-ruled-against-net-neutrality-16384378","external_links_name":"\"Why the Courts Ruled Against Net Neutrality\""},{"Link":"https://freedom-to-tinker.com/blog/abridy/is-there-a-future-for-net-neutrality-after-verizon-v-fcc/","external_links_name":"\"Is There a Future for Net Neutrality after Verizon V FCC\""},{"Link":"http://www.bloombergview.com/articles/2014-01-15/did-the-government-just-break-the-internet-","external_links_name":"\"Did the Government Just Break the Internet?\""},{"Link":"https://www.law.berkeley.edu/16731.htm","external_links_name":"\"FCC throws in towel, but public has right to know why\""},{"Link":"https://www.eff.org/deeplinks/2014/01/why-the-fcc-cant-save-net-neutrality","external_links_name":"\"Why the FCC Can't Actually Save Net Neutrality\""},{"Link":"https://thehill.com/blogs/hillicon-valley/technology/198964-fcc-grasps-for-expanded-powers-with-net-neutrality-push/","external_links_name":"\"FCC grasps for expanded powers with net neutrality push\""},{"Link":"http://news.cnet.com/8301-1035_3-57619081-94/white-house-says-it-wont-direct-fcc-to-reclassify-broadband/","external_links_name":"\"White House says it won't direct FCC to reclassify broadband\""},{"Link":"https://www.fcc.gov/document/statement-fcc-chairman-tom-wheeler-fccs-open-internet-rules","external_links_name":"\"STATEMENT BY FCC CHAIRMAN TOM WHEELER ON THE FCC'S OPEN INTERNET RULES FEBRUARY 19, 2014\""},{"Link":"https://arstechnica.com/tech-policy/2014/02/fcc-wont-appeal-verizon-ruling-will-regulate-net-on-case-by-case-basis/","external_links_name":"\"FCC won't appeal Verizon ruling, will regulate 'Net on \"case-by-case basis\"\""},{"Link":"https://www.fcc.gov/document/new-docket-established-address-open-internet-remand","external_links_name":"\"New Docket Established to Address Open Internet Remand\""},{"Link":"https://www.fcc.gov/blog/setting-record-straight-fcc-s-open-internet-rules","external_links_name":"\"Setting the Record Straight on the FCC's Open Internet Rules\""},{"Link":"https://www.fcc.gov/events/open-commission-meeting-may-2014","external_links_name":"\"May 2014 Open Commission 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Approves Net Neutrality Rules, Classifying Broadband Internet Service as a Utility\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331","external_links_name":"0362-4331"},{"Link":"http://www.cadc.uscourts.gov/internet/opinions.nsf/3AF8B4D938CDEEA685257C6000532062/$file/11-1355-1474943.pdf","external_links_name":"Verizon v. FCC"},{"Link":"https://www.federalregister.gov/articles/2011/09/23/2011-24259/preserving-the-open-internet","external_links_name":"Preserving the Open Internet final rule"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yvonne_De_Carlo_Sings
Yvonne De Carlo Sings
["1 Background","2 Recording and release","3 Critical reception","4 Track listing","4.1 Side one","4.2 Side two","5 References","6 External links"]
1957 studio album by Yvonne De CarloYvonne De Carlo SingsStudio album by Yvonne De CarloReleased1957Genre Pop blues LabelMasterseal (Remington) Yvonne De Carlo Sings is a studio album by Canadian-American actress and singer Yvonne De Carlo, released in 1957 by the Remington subsidiary label Masterseal Records. It features an orchestra conducted by film composer John Williams, who was credited as John Towner. Background In June 1957, Billboard announced that Remington Records would release film star Yvonne De Carlo's first LP record, an album of blues songs. Although it was her first album, this was not her first commercial recording. In 1951, Columbia Records released a 78 rpm single with her two songs from Hotel Sahara, "I Love a Man" and "Say Goodbye". In 1955, she sang "Take It or Leave It" in Flame of the Islands, which was arranger Nelson Riddle's first film work. Riddle encouraged her to become a recording artist and made sure Capitol Records recorded the song, which was released as a 45 rpm single with "Three Little Stars" on the B-side. Recording and release According to the liner notes, De Carlo chose the songs. She had finished her role in Band of Angels (1957) and was pregnant with her second child by the time she recorded the album. "I had some difficulty breathing properly, being eight months pregnant, but it wasn't noticeable on the recording," she remembered in her autobiography. She was pleased with the results and later wrote that the album "turned out very well." The album's release was planned to coincide with the release of her film Band of Angels, which was mentioned in the liner notes. Critical reception Professional ratingsReview scoresSourceRatingAllMusic Bruce Eder of AllMusic described the album as "decidedly uneven, though ultimately not unpleasant". He thought that "End of a Love Affair", "In the Blue of Evening", and "I Got It Bad" showcase Williams' arrangements more effectively than De Carlo's voice. However, he raved about her performance on the other tracks. With "Am I Blue?", he wrote, De Carlo "comes to life as a singer". He also admired her "finely nuanced singing" on "Little Girl Blue" and "Blue Moon" and believed that she "finds even greater inspiration" in "But Not for Me" and "Mood Indigo". Impressed with her "absolutely fresh" version of "My Blue Heaven", Eder noticed her "hard, dark performance" on "One for My Baby", which was "matched perfectly by Williams' understated accompaniment." Track listing Side one "End of a Love Affair" (Edward Redding) "In the Blue of Evening" (Tom Adair, Al D'Artega) "I Got It Bad" (Paul Francis Webster, Duke Ellington) "Am I Blue?" (Grant Clarke, Harry Akst) "Little Girl Blue" (Richard Rodgers, Lorenz Hart) Side two "Blue Moon" (Richard Rodgers, Lorenz Hart) "But Not for Me" (George Gershwin, Ira Gershwin) "My Blue Heaven" (George A. Whiting, Walter Donaldson) "Mood Indigo" (Duke Ellington, Irving Mills, Barney Bigard) "One for My Baby" (Johnny Mercer, Harold Arlen) References ^ a b c "De Carlo on Remington". Billboard. June 24, 1957. p. 18. ISSN 0006-2510. ^ "Yvonne De Carlo - I Love a Man / Say Goodbye". 45worlds. Retrieved December 25, 2018. ^ a b De Carlo, Yvonne; Warren, Doug (1987). Yvonne: An Autobiography. St. Martin's Press. p. 189. ISBN 9780312002176. ^ "Yvonne De Carlo With Nelson Riddle And His Orchestra – Take It Or Leave It". Discogs. Retrieved December 25, 2018. ^ a b De Carlo, Yvonne; Warren, Doug (1987). Yvonne: An Autobiography. St. Martin's Press. p. 198. ISBN 9780312002176. ^ "Yvonne De Carlo - Album Discography". AllMusic. Retrieved December 25, 2018. ^ a b c d e "Yvonne De Carlo Sings - AllMusic Review by Bruce Eder". AllMusic. Retrieved December 25, 2018. External links Yvonne De Carlo Sings at AllMusic Yvonne De Carlo Sings at Discogs
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It features an orchestra conducted by film composer John Williams, who was credited as John Towner.","title":"Yvonne De Carlo Sings"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Billboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"LP record","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LP_record"},{"link_name":"blues","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blues"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Billboard-1"},{"link_name":"Columbia Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_Records"},{"link_name":"78 rpm single","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single_(music)"},{"link_name":"Hotel Sahara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hotel_Sahara"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Flame of the Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flame_of_the_Islands"},{"link_name":"Nelson Riddle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nelson_Riddle"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-De_Carlo_p._189-3"},{"link_name":"Capitol Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capitol_Records"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-De_Carlo_p._189-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"In June 1957, Billboard announced that Remington Records would release film star Yvonne De Carlo's first LP record, an album of blues songs.[1] Although it was her first album, this was not her first commercial recording. In 1951, Columbia Records released a 78 rpm single with her two songs from Hotel Sahara, \"I Love a Man\" and \"Say Goodbye\".[2] In 1955, she sang \"Take It or Leave It\" in Flame of the Islands, which was arranger Nelson Riddle's first film work.[3] Riddle encouraged her to become a recording artist and made sure Capitol Records recorded the song,[3] which was released as a 45 rpm single with \"Three Little Stars\" on the B-side.[4]","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Band of Angels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Band_of_Angels"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Billboard-1"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-De_Carlo_p._198-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-De_Carlo_p._198-5"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Billboard-1"}],"text":"According to the liner notes, De Carlo chose the songs. She had finished her role in Band of Angels (1957)[1] and was pregnant with her second child by the time she recorded the album. \"I had some difficulty breathing properly, being eight months pregnant, but it wasn't noticeable on the recording,\" she remembered in her autobiography.[5] She was pleased with the results and later wrote that the album \"turned out very well.\"[5]The album's release was planned to coincide with the release of her film Band of Angels,[1] which was mentioned in the liner notes.","title":"Recording and release"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"AllMusic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AllMusic"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AllMusic_review-7"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AllMusic_review-7"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AllMusic_review-7"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AllMusic_review-7"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AllMusic_review-7"}],"text":"Bruce Eder of AllMusic described the album as \"decidedly uneven, though ultimately not unpleasant\".[7] He thought that \"End of a Love Affair\", \"In the Blue of Evening\", and \"I Got It Bad\" showcase Williams' arrangements more effectively than De Carlo's voice.[7] However, he raved about her performance on the other tracks. With \"Am I Blue?\", he wrote, De Carlo \"comes to life as a singer\".[7] He also admired her \"finely nuanced singing\" on \"Little Girl Blue\" and \"Blue Moon\" and believed that she \"finds even greater inspiration\" in \"But Not for Me\" and \"Mood Indigo\".[7] Impressed with her \"absolutely fresh\" version of \"My Blue Heaven\", Eder noticed her \"hard, dark performance\" on \"One for My Baby\", which was \"matched perfectly by Williams' understated accompaniment.\"[7]","title":"Critical reception"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Track listing"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"In the Blue of Evening","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In_the_Blue_of_Evening"},{"link_name":"Tom Adair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Adair"},{"link_name":"Al D'Artega","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_D%27Artega"},{"link_name":"I Got It Bad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_Got_It_Bad_(and_That_Ain%27t_Good)"},{"link_name":"Paul Francis Webster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Francis_Webster"},{"link_name":"Duke Ellington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duke_Ellington"},{"link_name":"Am I Blue?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Am_I_Blue%3F"},{"link_name":"Grant Clarke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grant_Clarke"},{"link_name":"Harry Akst","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Akst"},{"link_name":"Little Girl Blue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_Girl_Blue_(song)"},{"link_name":"Richard Rodgers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Rodgers"},{"link_name":"Lorenz Hart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lorenz_Hart"}],"sub_title":"Side one","text":"\"End of a Love Affair\" (Edward Redding)\n\"In the Blue of Evening\" (Tom Adair, Al D'Artega)\n\"I Got It Bad\" (Paul Francis Webster, Duke Ellington)\n\"Am I Blue?\" (Grant Clarke, Harry Akst)\n\"Little Girl Blue\" (Richard Rodgers, Lorenz Hart)","title":"Track listing"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Blue Moon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_Moon_(1934_song)"},{"link_name":"But Not for Me","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/But_Not_for_Me_(song)"},{"link_name":"George Gershwin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Gershwin"},{"link_name":"Ira Gershwin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ira_Gershwin"},{"link_name":"My Blue Heaven","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/My_Blue_Heaven_(song)"},{"link_name":"George A. Whiting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_A._Whiting"},{"link_name":"Walter Donaldson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Donaldson_(songwriter)"},{"link_name":"Mood Indigo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mood_Indigo"},{"link_name":"Duke Ellington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duke_Ellington"},{"link_name":"Irving Mills","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irving_Mills"},{"link_name":"Barney Bigard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barney_Bigard"},{"link_name":"One for My Baby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One_for_My_Baby_(and_One_More_for_the_Road)"},{"link_name":"Johnny Mercer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johnny_Mercer"},{"link_name":"Harold Arlen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold_Arlen"}],"sub_title":"Side two","text":"\"Blue Moon\" (Richard Rodgers, Lorenz Hart)\n\"But Not for Me\" (George Gershwin, Ira Gershwin)\n\"My Blue Heaven\" (George A. Whiting, Walter Donaldson)\n\"Mood Indigo\" (Duke Ellington, Irving Mills, Barney Bigard)\n\"One for My Baby\" (Johnny Mercer, Harold Arlen)","title":"Track listing"}]
[]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spindle_tree
Euonymus
["1 Description","2 Cultivation and uses","3 Diversity","4 References"]
Genus of plants Not to be confused with Euronymous. For the mythical figure, see Euonymus (mythology). For the ancient Greek settlement, see Euonymeia. Euonymus Euonymus europaeus foliage and fruit Scientific classification Kingdom: Plantae Clade: Tracheophytes Clade: Angiosperms Clade: Eudicots Clade: Rosids Order: Celastrales Family: Celastraceae Genus: EuonymusL. Species See text Synonyms Kalonymus (Beck) Prokh. Pragmotessara Pierre Pragmotropa Pierre Quadripterygium Tardieu Sphaerodiscus Nakai Euonymus /juːˈɒnɪməs/ is a genus of flowering plants in the staff vine family, Celastraceae. Common names vary widely among different species and between different English-speaking countries, but include spindle (or spindle tree), burning-bush, strawberry-bush, wahoo, wintercreeper, or simply euonymus. It comprises about 130 species of deciduous and evergreen shrubs, small trees and lianas. They are mostly native to East Asia, extending to the Himalayas, and they are also distributed in Europe, Australasia, North America, and Madagascar. Fifty species are endemic to China. Description The inconspicuous flowers occur in small groups, and can be green, yellow, pink or maroon in color depending on species. The leaves are opposite (rarely alternate) and simple ovoid, typically 2–15 cm long, and usually with a finely serrated margin. The fruit is a pink or white four- or five-valved pod-like berry, which splits open to reveal the fleshy-coated orange or red seeds. The seeds are eaten by frugivorous birds, which digest the fleshy seed coat and disperse the seeds in their droppings. Many species are used for medicinal use, and parts of the plants can be poisonous to humans. Cultivation and uses Mature spindle fruit (Euonymus sp.), split open to reveal the seeds The wood of some species was traditionally used for the making of spindles for spinning wool; this use is the origin of the British English name of the shrubs. Euonymus are popular garden shrubs, grown for their foliage, the deciduous species often exhibiting very bright red autumnal colours, and also for the decorative berries. However, Euonymus alatus (winged euonymus or burning-bush) is considered an invasive species in the woodlands of the northeastern United States. Diversity Euonymus fortunei in a nursery Euonymus verrucosus in Austria Species include: Euonymus acanthocarpus Euonymus acuminifolius Euonymus alatus – winged spindle, burning-bush Euonymus americanus – strawberry-bush Euonymus angulatus Euonymus assamicus Euonymus atropurpureus – eastern burning-bush, eastern wahoo Euonymus bungeanus – winterberry euonymus Euonymus castaneifolius Euonymus cochinchinensis Euonymus carnosus Euonymus cornutus Euonymus dichotomus Euonymus dielsianus Euonymus echinatus Euonymus europaeus – European spindle Euonymus fimbriatus – fringed spindle tree Euonymus fortunei – Fortune's spindle, wintercreeper Euonymus frigidus Euonymus glandulosus Euonymus grandiflorus Euonymus hamiltonianus – Hamilton's spindle, Himalayan spindle, Siebold's spindle Euonymus indicus Euonymus japonicus – Japanese spindle, evergreen spindle Euonymus javanicus Euonymus kiautschovicus – spreading euonymus Euonymus kwangtungensis Euonymus lanceifolia Euonymus latifolius – broadleaf spindle Euonymus melananthus Euonymus mengtzeanus Euonymus morrisonensis Euonymus myrianthus Euonymus nanoides Euonymus nanus – dwarf spindle, dwarf strawberry bush Euonymus nitidus Euonymus obovatus – running strawberry-bush Euonymus occidentalis – western burning-bush Euonymus oxyphyllus – Korean spindletree Euonymus pallidifolius Euonymus paniculatus Euonymus pauciflorus Euonymus pendulus (syn. E. lucidus) Euonymus phellomanus Euonymus pittosporoides Euonymus planipes – dingle-dangle tree Euonymus prismatomerioides Euonymus pseudovagans Euonymus sachalinensis Euonymus sanguineus Euonymus schensianus Euonymus semenovii Euonymus serratifolius Euonymus tenuiserrata Euonymus thwaitesii Euonymus velutinus Euonymus verrucocarpa Euonymus verrucosoides Euonymus verrucosus Euonymus walkeri Euonymus wui References Wikimedia Commons has media related to Euonymus. ^ "Genus: Euonymus L." Germplasm Resources Information Network. United States Department of Agriculture. 5 October 2007. Archived from the original on 1 September 2009. Retrieved 2 October 2010. ^ a b Euonymus. Flora of China. ^ a b c d Du, C., et al. (2013). Revision of three species of Euonymus (Celastraceae) from China. Phytotaxa 109(1) 45-53. ^ a b Botanica: The Illustrated A-Z of over 10000 Garden Plants and How to Cultivate Them. Könemann, 2004. pg. 358. ISBN 3-8331-1253-0 ^ Plants for a Future: Euonymus europaeus ^ Clapham, A. R. (1975). The Oxford Book of Trees. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p.31. ^ Euonymus Species List. Germplasm Resources Information Network. United States Department of Agriculture. Retrieved 2013-07-04. ^ a b "Euonymus". The Plant List. Retrieved 16 May 2014. ^ Siebold's spindle, iNaturalist ^ Dwarf strawberry bush, iNaturalist ^ English Names for Korean Native Plants (PDF). Pocheon: Korea National Arboretum. 2015. p. 463. ISBN 978-89-97450-98-5. Archived from the original (PDF) on 25 May 2017. Retrieved 24 December 2016 – via Korea Forest Service. ^ a b c d Ma, J. (1998). New species of Asian Euonymus (Celastraceae). Harvard Papers in Botany 3(2) 231-37. Taxon identifiersEuonymus Wikidata: Q161113 Wikispecies: Euonymus APDB: 190668 APNI: 68811 CoL: 4G5H EoL: 37685 EPPO: 1EUOG FoAO2: Euonymus FoC: 112340 GBIF: 3169115 GRIN: 4510 iNaturalist: 47538 IPNI: 331601-2 IRMNG: 1366012 ITIS: 27945 NBN: NHMSYS0000458625 NCBI: 4306 NZOR: b4c2b60a-a4a1-4b15-9ffa-873353f7753c Open Tree of Life: 601155 PLANTS: EUONY2 POWO: urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:331601-2 Tropicos: 40036428 VASCAN: 1162 VicFlora: b1e52598-09bf-4430-a2da-d1106928c538 WFO: wfo-4000014199 Authority control databases: National Israel Latvia Czech Republic
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Euronymous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euronymous"},{"link_name":"Euonymus (mythology)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euonymus_(mythology)"},{"link_name":"Euonymeia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euonymeia"},{"link_name":"/juːˈɒnɪməs/","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/English"},{"link_name":"flowering plants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flowering_plant"},{"link_name":"Celastraceae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celastraceae"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-china-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-du-3"},{"link_name":"deciduous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deciduous"},{"link_name":"evergreen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evergreen"},{"link_name":"shrubs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shrub"},{"link_name":"trees","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tree"},{"link_name":"lianas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liana"},{"link_name":"native","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Native_plant"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Botanica_358-4"},{"link_name":"endemic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endemism"},{"link_name":"China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-china-2"}],"text":"Not to be confused with Euronymous.For the mythical figure, see Euonymus (mythology). For the ancient Greek settlement, see Euonymeia.Euonymus /juːˈɒnɪməs/ is a genus of flowering plants in the staff vine family, Celastraceae. Common names vary widely among different species and between different English-speaking countries, but include spindle (or spindle tree), burning-bush, strawberry-bush, wahoo, wintercreeper, or simply euonymus. It comprises about 130 species[2][3] of deciduous and evergreen shrubs, small trees and lianas. They are mostly native to East Asia, extending to the Himalayas,[4] and they are also distributed in Europe, Australasia, North America, and Madagascar. Fifty species are endemic to China.[2]","title":"Euonymus"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"flowers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flower"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Botanica_358-4"},{"link_name":"fruit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fruit"},{"link_name":"seeds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seed"},{"link_name":"frugivorous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frugivorous"},{"link_name":"poisonous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poisonous"},{"link_name":"humans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"The inconspicuous flowers occur in small groups, and can be green, yellow, pink or maroon in color depending on species.[4] The leaves are opposite (rarely alternate) and simple ovoid, typically 2–15 cm long, and usually with a finely serrated margin. The fruit is a pink or white four- or five-valved pod-like berry, which splits open to reveal the fleshy-coated orange or red seeds.The seeds are eaten by frugivorous birds, which digest the fleshy seed coat and disperse the seeds in their droppings. Many species are used for medicinal use, and parts of the plants can be poisonous to humans.[5]","title":"Description"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Spindle_fruit.jpg"},{"link_name":"wood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wood"},{"link_name":"spindles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spindle_(textiles)"},{"link_name":"spinning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spinning_(textiles)"},{"link_name":"wool","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wool"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"garden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garden"},{"link_name":"Euonymus alatus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euonymus_alatus"}],"text":"Mature spindle fruit (Euonymus sp.), split open to reveal the seedsThe wood of some species was traditionally used for the making of spindles for spinning wool;[6] this use is the origin of the British English name of the shrubs.Euonymus are popular garden shrubs, grown for their foliage, the deciduous species often exhibiting very bright red autumnal colours, and also for the decorative berries. However, Euonymus alatus (winged euonymus or burning-bush) is considered an invasive species in the woodlands of the northeastern United States.","title":"Cultivation and uses"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Euonymus_plants_growing_in_New_Jersey_in_April.jpg"},{"link_name":"Euonymus fortunei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euonymus_fortunei"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Euonymus_verrucosus_3_RF.jpg"},{"link_name":"Euonymus verrucosus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euonymus_verrucosus"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-grin-7"}],"text":"Euonymus fortunei in a nurseryEuonymus verrucosus in AustriaSpecies include:[7]","title":"Diversity"}]
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null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smart_vision_sensor
Smart camera
["1 History","2 Components","3 Fields of application","4 See also","5 References"]
Machine vision system Not to be confused with Smart digital camera, Dynamic vision sensor, or Traffic enforcement camera. Early smart camera (ca. 1985, in red) with an 8MHz Z80 compared to a modern device featuring Texas Instruments' C64 @1GHz A smart camera (sensor) or intelligent camera (sensor) or (smart) vision sensor or intelligent vision sensor or smart optical sensor or intelligent optical sensor or smart visual sensor or intelligent visual sensor is a machine vision system which, in addition to image capture circuitry, is capable of extracting application-specific information from the captured images, along with generating event descriptions or making decisions that are used in an intelligent and automated system. A smart camera is a self-contained, standalone vision system with built-in image sensor in the housing of an industrial video camera. The vision system and the image sensor can be integrated into one single piece of hardware known as intelligent image sensor or smart image sensor. It contains all necessary communication interfaces, e.g. Ethernet, as well as industry-proof 24V I/O lines for connection to a PLC, actuators, relays or pneumatic valves, and can be either static or mobile. It is not necessarily larger than an industrial or surveillance camera. A capability in machine vision generally means a degree of development such that these capabilities are ready for use on individual applications. This architecture has the advantage of a more compact volume compared to PC-based vision systems and often achieves lower cost, at the expense of a somewhat simpler (or omitted) user interface. Smart cameras are also referred to by the more general term smart sensors. History The first publication of the term smart camera was in 1975 as according to Belbachir et al. In 1976, the General Electric's Electronic Systems Division indicated requirements of two industrial firms for smart cameras in a report for National Technical Information Service. Authors affiliated in HRL Laboratories defined a smart camera as "a camera that could process its pictures before recording them" in 1976. One of the first mentions of smart optical sensors appeared in a concept evaluation for satellites by NASA and General Electric Space Division from 1977. They were suggested as a means for intelligent on-board editing and reduction of data. Smart cameras have been marketed since the mid 80s. In the 21st century they have reached widespread use, since technology allowed their size to be reduced and their processing power reached several thousand MIPS (devices with 1 GHz processors and up to 8000MIPS are available as of end of 2006). Artificial intelligence and photonics boost each other. Photonics accelerates the process of data collection for AI and AI improves the spectrum of applications of photinics. In 2020, Sony has launched the first intelligent vision sensors with AI edge computing capabilies. It is a further development of Exmor technology. Components This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (June 2021) (Learn how and when to remove this message) A smart camera usually consists of several (but not necessarily all) of the following components: Image sensor (matrix or linear, CCD- or CMOS) Image digitization circuitry Image memory processor (often a DSP or suitably powerful processor) program- and data memory (RAM, nonvolatile FLASH) Communication interface (RS-232, Ethernet) I/O lines (often opto-isolated) Lens holder or built in lens (usually C, CS or M-mount) Built in illumination device (usually LED) Purpose developed real-time operating system (For example VCRT) Optional video output (e.g. VGA or SVGA) Energy supply by e.g. energy harvesting Fields of application This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (June 2021) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Having a dedicated processor in each unit, smart cameras are especially suited for applications where several cameras must operate independently and often asynchronously, or when distributed vision is required (multiple inspection or surveillance points along a production line or within an assembly machine). In general smart cameras can be used for the same kind of applications where more complex vision systems are used, and can additionally be applied in some applications where volume, pricing or reliability constraints forbid use of bulkier devices and PC's. Typical fields of application are: automated inspection for quality assurance (detection of defects, flaws, missing parts...) non contact measurements. part sorting and identification. code reading and verification (barcode, Data Matrix, alphanumeric etc.) web inspection (inspection of continuously flowing materials such as coils, tubes, wires, extruded plastic) for defect detection and dimensional gauging. detection of position and rotation of parts for robot guidance and automated picking unattended surveillance (detection of intruders, fire or smoke detection) biometric recognition and access control (face, fingerprint, iris recognition) visual sensor networks and smartdust robot guidance nearly any machine vision application Developers can purchase smart cameras and develop their own programs for special, custom made applications, or they can purchase ready made application software from the camera manufacturer or from third party sources. Custom programs can be developed by programming in various languages (typically C or C++) or by using more intuitive, albeit somewhat less flexible, visual development tools where existing functionalities (often called tool or blocks) can be connected in a list (a sequence or a bi-dimensional flowchart) that describes the desired flow of operations without any need to write program code. The main advantage of the visual approach versus programming is the shorter and somewhat easier development process, available also to non-programmers. Other development tools are available with relatively few but comparatively high level functionalities, which can be configured and deployed with very limited effort. See also Camera trap Digital camera Event camera INDECT Mobile phone accessories Smartdust Vision processing unit Videograph Smart Home IoT References ^ Ahmed Nabil Belbachir, ed. (2009). Smart Cameras. Springer. ISBN 978-1-4419-0952-7. ^ Alexander Hornberg (2006). Handbook of Machine Vision. Wiley-VCH. ISBN 3-527-40584-4. ^ Rinner, Bernhard; Wolf, Wayne (2018-10-17). "An Introduction to Distributed Smart Cameras". Proceedings of the IEEE. 96 (10): 1565–1575. doi:10.1109/JPROC.2008.928742. S2CID 22637359. Retrieved 2021-09-13. ^ Birem, Merwan; Berry, François (2014). "DreamCam: A modular FPGA-based smart camera architecture". Journal of Systems Architecture. 60 (6): 519–527. doi:10.1016/j.sysarc.2014.01.006. ISSN 1383-7621. S2CID 2095590. Retrieved 15 May 2021. ^ SCHNEIDERMAN, R; R, SCHNEIDERMAN (1975). "SMART CAMERAS CLICKING WITH ELECTRONIC FUNCTIONS". Electronics. 48 (17): 74–81. Retrieved 27 June 2021. ^ Belbachir, Ahmed Nabil, ed. (2010). Smart Cameras. doi:10.1007/978-1-4419-0953-4. ISBN 978-1-4419-0954-1. Retrieved 27 June 2021. ^ General Electric (1976). "SOLID STATE TELEVISION CAMERA (CID)" (PDF). NATIONAL TECHNICAL INFORMATION SERVICE. Retrieved 15 May 2021. ^ Reif, P. G.; Jacobson, A. D.; Bleha, W. P.; Grinberg, J. (12 January 1977). Casasent, David P; Sawchuk, Alexander A (eds.). "HYBRID LIQUID CRYSTAL LIGHT VALVE -IMAGE TUBE DEVICES FOR OPTICAL DATA PROCESSING". Optical Information Processing: Real Time Devices & Novel Techniques. 0083. International Society for Optics and Photonics: 34–43. doi:10.1117/12.954897. S2CID 110882955. Retrieved 15 May 2021. ^ "POST LANDSAT D ADVANCED CONCEPT EVALUATION" (PDF). core.ac.uk/. NASA. 1977. Retrieved 15 May 2021. ^ Goda, Keisuke; Jalali, Bahram; Lei, Cheng; Situ, Guohai; Westbrook, Paul (2020-07-01). "AI boosts photonics and vice versa". APL Photonics. 5 (7): 070401. Bibcode:2020APLP....5g0401G. doi:10.1063/5.0017902. S2CID 225783016. ^ Lorbeer/pi, Klaus (14 May 2020). "Sony launcht weltweit erste Intelligent-Vision-Sensoren mit KI-Verarbeitung". computerwelt.at (in German). Archived from the original on 15 May 2021. Retrieved 15 May 2021. Authority control databases: National Czech Republic
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Smart digital camera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smart_digital_camera"},{"link_name":"Dynamic vision sensor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynamic_vision_sensor"},{"link_name":"Traffic enforcement camera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traffic_enforcement_camera"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:MicroScanner_VC_smartcamera.jpg"},{"link_name":"machine vision","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machine_vision"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"image sensor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image_sensor"},{"link_name":"PLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programmable_logic_controller"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"surveillance camera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surveillance_camera"},{"link_name":"machine vision","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machine_vision"},{"link_name":"user interface","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_interface"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Not to be confused with Smart digital camera, Dynamic vision sensor, or Traffic enforcement camera.Early smart camera (ca. 1985, in red) with an 8MHz Z80 compared to a modern device featuring Texas Instruments' C64 @1GHzA smart camera (sensor) or intelligent camera (sensor) or (smart) vision sensor or intelligent vision sensor or smart optical sensor or intelligent optical sensor or smart visual sensor or intelligent visual sensor is a machine vision system which, in addition to image capture circuitry, is capable of extracting application-specific information from the captured images, along with generating event descriptions or making decisions that are used in an intelligent and automated system.[1][2] A smart camera is a self-contained, standalone vision system with built-in image sensor in the housing of an industrial video camera. The vision system and the image sensor can be integrated into one single piece of hardware known as intelligent image sensor or smart image sensor. It contains all necessary communication interfaces, e.g. Ethernet, as well as industry-proof 24V I/O lines for connection to a PLC, actuators, relays or pneumatic valves,\nand can be either static or mobile.[3]\nIt is not necessarily larger than an industrial or surveillance camera. A capability in machine vision generally means a degree of development such that these capabilities are ready for use on individual applications. This architecture has the advantage of a more compact volume compared to PC-based vision systems and often achieves lower cost, at the expense of a somewhat simpler (or omitted) user interface. Smart cameras are also referred to by the more general term smart sensors.[4]","title":"Smart camera"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"General Electric","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Electric"},{"link_name":"National Technical Information Service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Technical_Information_Service"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"HRL Laboratories","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HRL_Laboratories"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"satellites","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satellite"},{"link_name":"NASA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASA"},{"link_name":"General Electric Space Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Electric_Space_Division"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Artificial intelligence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_intelligence"},{"link_name":"photonics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photonics"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Sony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sony"},{"link_name":"edge computing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edge_computing"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Exmor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exmor"}],"text":"The first publication of the term smart camera was in 1975[5] as according to Belbachir et al.[6] In 1976, the General Electric's Electronic Systems Division indicated requirements of two industrial firms for smart cameras in a report for National Technical Information Service.[7] Authors affiliated in HRL Laboratories defined a smart camera as \"a camera that could process its pictures before recording them\" in 1976.[8] One of the first mentions of smart optical sensors appeared in a concept evaluation for satellites by NASA and General Electric Space Division from 1977.[9] They were suggested as a means for intelligent on-board editing and reduction of data.Smart cameras have been marketed since the mid 80s. In the 21st century they have reached widespread use, since technology allowed their size to be reduced and their processing power reached several thousand MIPS (devices with 1 GHz processors and up to 8000MIPS are available as of end of 2006).Artificial intelligence and photonics boost each other.[10] Photonics accelerates the process of data collection for AI and AI improves the spectrum of applications of photinics. In 2020, Sony has launched the first intelligent vision sensors with AI edge computing capabilies.[11] It is a further development of Exmor technology.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"CCD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charge-coupled_device"},{"link_name":"CMOS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CMOS"},{"link_name":"digitization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digitize"},{"link_name":"processor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_processing_unit"},{"link_name":"DSP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_signal_processor"},{"link_name":"RS-232","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RS-232"},{"link_name":"Ethernet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethernet"},{"link_name":"I/O","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Input/output"},{"link_name":"LED","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LED"},{"link_name":"VGA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VGA"},{"link_name":"SVGA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SVGA"},{"link_name":"energy harvesting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_harvesting"}],"text":"A smart camera usually consists of several (but not necessarily all) of the following components:Image sensor (matrix or linear, CCD- or CMOS)\nImage digitization circuitry\nImage memory\nprocessor (often a DSP or suitably powerful processor)\nprogram- and data memory (RAM, nonvolatile FLASH)\nCommunication interface (RS-232, Ethernet)\nI/O lines (often opto-isolated)\nLens holder or built in lens (usually C, CS or M-mount)\nBuilt in illumination device (usually LED)\nPurpose developed real-time operating system (For example VCRT)\nOptional video output (e.g. VGA or SVGA)\nEnergy supply by e.g. energy harvesting","title":"Components"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"automated inspection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automated_inspection"},{"link_name":"quality assurance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quality_assurance"},{"link_name":"barcode","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barcode"},{"link_name":"Data Matrix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_Matrix"},{"link_name":"alphanumeric","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_character_recognition"},{"link_name":"robot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robot"},{"link_name":"surveillance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surveillance"},{"link_name":"biometric","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biometrics"},{"link_name":"face","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facial_recognition_system"},{"link_name":"fingerprint","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fingerprint"},{"link_name":"iris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iris_scan"},{"link_name":"visual sensor networks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visual_sensor_network"},{"link_name":"smartdust","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smartdust"},{"link_name":"robot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robot"},{"link_name":"machine vision","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machine_vision"},{"link_name":"application software","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Application_software"},{"link_name":"third party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third-party_source"},{"link_name":"C","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C_programming_language"},{"link_name":"C++","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%2B%2B"},{"link_name":"visual development tools","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visual_programming_language"},{"link_name":"flow of operations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dataflow"}],"text":"Having a dedicated processor in each unit, smart cameras are especially suited for applications where several cameras must operate independently and often asynchronously, or when distributed vision is required (multiple inspection or surveillance points along a production line or within an assembly machine). In general smart cameras can be used for the same kind of applications where more complex vision systems are used, and can additionally be applied in some applications where volume, pricing or reliability constraints forbid use of bulkier devices and PC's.Typical fields of application are:automated inspection for quality assurance (detection of defects, flaws, missing parts...)\nnon contact measurements.\npart sorting and identification.\ncode reading and verification (barcode, Data Matrix, alphanumeric etc.)\nweb inspection (inspection of continuously flowing materials such as coils, tubes, wires, extruded plastic) for defect detection and dimensional gauging.\ndetection of position and rotation of parts for robot guidance and automated picking\nunattended surveillance (detection of intruders, fire or smoke detection)\nbiometric recognition and access control (face, fingerprint, iris recognition)\nvisual sensor networks and smartdust\nrobot guidance\nnearly any machine vision applicationDevelopers can purchase smart cameras and develop their own programs for special, custom made applications, or they can purchase ready made application software from the camera manufacturer or from third party sources.\nCustom programs can be developed by programming in various languages (typically C or C++) or by using more intuitive, albeit somewhat less flexible, visual development tools where existing functionalities (often called tool or blocks) can be connected in a list (a sequence or a bi-dimensional flowchart) that describes the desired flow of operations without any need to write program code.\nThe main advantage of the visual approach versus programming is the shorter and somewhat easier development process, available also to non-programmers.\nOther development tools are available with relatively few but comparatively high level functionalities, which can be configured and deployed with very limited effort.","title":"Fields of application"}]
[{"image_text":"Early smart camera (ca. 1985, in red) with an 8MHz Z80 compared to a modern device featuring Texas Instruments' C64 @1GHz","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/6/68/MicroScanner_VC_smartcamera.jpg"}]
[{"title":"Camera trap","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camera_trap"},{"title":"Digital camera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_camera"},{"title":"Event camera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Event_camera"},{"title":"INDECT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/INDECT"},{"title":"Mobile phone accessories","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_phone_accessories"},{"title":"Smartdust","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smartdust"},{"title":"Vision processing unit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vision_processing_unit"},{"title":"Videograph","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Videography#Videographers"},{"title":"Smart Home","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Home_automation"},{"title":"IoT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_of_things"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potomac_Nationals
Potomac Nationals
["1 History","2 Relocation","2.1 Previous attempts","2.2 Move to Fredericksburg","3 Playoffs","4 Notable alumni","5 References","6 External links"]
Minor league baseball teamPotomac Nationals1984–2019 Woodbridge, Virginia Team logo Cap insignia Minor league affiliationsPrevious classesClass A-AdvancedPrevious leaguesCarolina LeagueMajor league affiliationsPrevious teams Washington Nationals (2005–2019) Cincinnati Reds (2003–2004) St. Louis Cardinals (1997–2002) Chicago White Sox (1994–1996) New York Yankees (1987–1993) Pittsburgh Pirates (1984–1986) Minor league titlesLeague titles (4)1989200820102014Division titles (9)198919911995200420082010201320142018Team dataPrevious names Potomac Nationals (2005–2019) Potomac Cannons (1999–2004) Prince William Cannons (1989–1998) Prince William Yankees (1987–1988) Prince William Pirates (1984–1986) ColorsRed, white, blue     MascotUncle Slam (2005–2019) Big Shot (1995–2004) Prince Willie (1987–1997) Boomer (1992-1995)Previous parksNorthwest Federal Field at Pfitzner Stadium (1984–2019) The Potomac Nationals were a Minor League Baseball team of the Carolina League. They were located in Woodbridge, Virginia, and played their home games at Northwest Federal Field at Pfitzner Stadium. After the 2019 season, the team relocated to Fredericksburg, Virginia, becoming the Fredericksburg Nationals. History The Alexandria Dukes moved from Alexandria, Virginia, to Woodbridge for the 1984 season and were renamed the Prince William Pirates. Subsequently, the team was named the Prince William Yankees, Prince William Cannons, Potomac Cannons, and the Potomac Nationals. The team was affiliated with the Seattle Mariners, Pittsburgh Pirates, New York Yankees, Chicago White Sox, St. Louis Cardinals, Cincinnati Reds, and lastly the Washington Nationals. The franchise played all its home games at Northwest Federal Field at Pfitzner Stadium, with an announced seating capacity of 6,000 people. The team mascot was Uncle Slam, a blue creature resembling Uncle Sam in hair and attire. Relocation Previous attempts The team sought a better ballpark for at least twenty years. When Prince William County officials rejected a 1998 proposal for a $150 million sports and entertainment complex on the Cherry Hill Peninsula by the Potomac River, team owner Art Silber changed the team name from Prince William Cannons to Potomac Cannons and announced an effort to move to Fairfax County. In 2000, the team proposed a $250 million stadium and apartment complex next to Fairfax County's Dunn Loring Metro station, but county officials rejected it in 2001. In 2002, the team and Prince William County officials reached an agreement to build a new $10 million stadium tentatively sited next to Pfitzner Stadium. In 2005, the team announced preliminary details about construction of the stadium, due to open in 2007, but with the site undecided. Another ballpark proposal began as early as 2010. In 2011, Silber said he was looking for a site along I-95 in Prince William and that a stadium would be privately funded. By 2012 the proposal was focused on a site on I-95 in Woodbridge. The team and the county were reported to be close to a deal in December 2016. The county would raise $35 million in municipal bonds, lease the site, pay for site preparation, construct the stadium, and lease it to the team for thirty years. The team would cover the county's annual debt service and site lease costs. The county also would build a 1,400-space parking garage next to the stadium for stadium and commuter parking. The county sought state funding for the garage starting in 2012, but the extent and status of funding was never clear, nor was the final cost of the garage. Silber said that Minor League Baseball required the team to be out of Pfitzner Stadium by the end of the 2018 season. The team opposed attempts to put the deal on the November 2017 general election ballot, saying that would delay the deal for too long. On July 13, 2017, the Nationals withdrew the proposal for the new stadium in Woodbridge after it was clear it did not have the votes to pass. Silber indicated that the team could be sold to buyers outside the Northern Virginia area, but that he preferred to keep it local if possible. Potential locations included the cities of Alexandria (former home of the team when they were the Alexandria Dukes) and Fredericksburg, as well as Loudoun, Spotsylvania, and Fairfax counties. Maryland and Arlington County were ruled out as possibilities, and Silber indicated it was unlikely the team would find another site in Prince William, either. Alexandria indicated it wasn't interested in February 2018. In January 2018, Silber announced an extension of the team's lease at Pfitzner Stadium through 2020, still needing Minor League Baseball to approve playing there past the end of the 2018 season. Silber remained interested in moving the team and building a new stadium, in Northern Virginia—including Prince William County—or another nearby locality, but said he was not pursuing a sale. Move to Fredericksburg Silber announced in June 2018 that he had signed a letter of intent to build a new stadium in Fredericksburg, Virginia, that would open in April 2020. The 5,000-seat multi-purpose stadium will include a 300-seat club facility and 13 suites. In November 2018 the Fredericksburg city council unanimously gave final approval for the Silber family to finance, build and maintain the $35 million stadium with the city as an "anchor tenant" making an annual payment to the club of $1.05 million for 30 years. The Potomac Nationals played their last regular season game at Pfitzner Stadium on August 29, 2019. On October 5, 2019, the team announced that it had changed its name to the Fredericksburg Nationals for the 2020 season and that its marketing nickname for the team – "P-Nats" when the team was the Potomac Nationals – would change to "FredNats." Because minor league baseball for 2020 was cancelled due to the COVID-19 pandemic, the Fredericksburg Nationals played their first game on May 4, 2021. Playoffs 1989 season: Defeated Lynchburg, 2–1, in semifinals; defeated Durham, 3–1 to win championship. 1991 season: Lost to Lynchburg, 2–0, in semifinals. 1995 season: Lost to Wilmington, 2–0, in semifinals. 2004 season: Lost to Wilmington, 2–1, in semifinals. 2008 season: Defeated Wilmington, 3–0, in semifinals; defeated Myrtle Beach, 3–1 to win championship. 2010 season: Defeated Frederick, 3–1, in semifinals; defeated Winston-Salem, 3–1 to win championship. 2011 season: Lost to Frederick, 3–2, in semifinals. 2013 season: Defeated Lynchburg, 2–0, in semifinals; lost to Salem, 3–0 in finals. 2014 season: Defeated Lynchburg, 2–0, in semifinals; defeated Myrtle Beach, 3–1 to win championship. 2016 season: Lost to Lynchburg 2–1 in semifinals. 2018 season: Defeated Lynchburg, 3–2, in semifinals; lost to Buies Creek, 1–0 in finals. Notable alumni Notable alumni of the Mariners/Pirates/Yankees/Cannons/Nationals include: Rick Ankiel Brad Ausmus Rafael Bautista Barry Bonds Carmen Cali Mike Cameron Coco Crisp Ian Desmond Ross Detwiler Edwin Encarnación Danny Espinosa Félix Fermín Dan Haren Sterling Hitchcock Scott Kamieniecki Jeff King John Lannan José Lind Braden Looper Kevin Maas Justin Maxwell Hensley Meulens Alan Mills Magglio Ordóñez R. C. Orlan Andy Pettitte Jorge Posada Albert Pujols John Smiley Joey Votto Josh Whitesell Bernie Williams Gerald Williams Jack Wilson Dmitri Young Jordan Zimmermann References ^ Pahigian, Josh (2007). The Ultimate Minor League Baseball Road Trip: A Fan's Guide to AAA, AA, A, and Independent League Stadiums. Guilford, Connecticut: Lyons Press. pp. 88–90. ISBN 978-1-59921-024-7 – via Google Books. ^ "Meet Uncle Slam | Potomac Nationals Fans". Potomac Nationals. Retrieved 2017-03-10. ^ Shear, Michael D. (March 21, 1998). "Cannons Aim for Stadium in Fairfax". The Washington Post. Retrieved March 10, 2018. ^ Eggen, Dan (November 1, 2000). "Cannons Set Sights on Fairfax". The Washington Post. Retrieved March 10, 2018. ^ Weiss, Eric M. (July 4, 2002). "Stadium Deal to Keep Cannons in Pr. William". The Washington Post. Retrieved March 10, 2018. ^ Campbell, Rich (February 14, 2005). "Cannons Make Name Change; New Stadium Also Will Be Built for the Potomac Nationals". The Washington Post. p. D04. Retrieved March 10, 2018. ^ Reichard, Kevin (September 27, 2010). "P-Nats, Prince William County working on new ballpark plan". Ballpark Digest. Retrieved January 3, 2017. After making several runs at a new ballpark in several years, yet another new ballpark plan. ^ Buske, Jennifer (August 1, 2011). "Aging Potomac Nationals' stadium field to get a makeover". The Washington Post. Retrieved March 10, 2018. ^ Koma, Alex (December 14, 2016). "Potomac Nationals, Prince William County nearing stadium agreement". InsideNoVa.com. Leesburg, Virginia: Northern Virginia Media Services. Retrieved January 3, 2017. ^ Koma, Alex (December 30, 2016). "New Potomac Nationals stadium construction may face hurdles". InsideNoVa.com. Leesburg, Virginia: Northern Virginia Media Services. Retrieved January 3, 2017. ^ Rist, Hugh (February 16, 2016). "Potomac Nationals face 2018 deadline for new stadium". InsideNoVa.com. Leesburg, Virginia: Northern Virginia Media Services. Retrieved June 24, 2017. ^ Koma, Alex (June 21, 2016). "Prince William's $35M stadium deal avoids referendum". InsideNoVa.com. Leesburg, Virginia: Northern Virginia Media Services. Retrieved June 24, 2017. ^ Goff, Karen (July 13, 2017). "Potomac Nationals No Deal With Prince William For New Stadium". Washington Business Journal. Retrieved July 27, 2017. ^ a b Foley, Dennis (July 17, 2017). "Possible new homes for Potomac Nationals being considered". WTOP-FM. Retrieved July 27, 2017. ^ Maese, Rick (July 13, 2017). "Potomac Nationals say they might leave Woodbridge after stadium deal falls through". The Washington Post. Retrieved July 27, 2017. ^ Koma, Alex (February 1, 2018). "Alexandria not interested in Potomac Nationals". InsideNoVa.com. Leesburg, Virginia: Northern Virginia Media Services. Retrieved March 10, 2018. ^ a b c Hansen, Drew (January 22, 2018). "Potomac Nationals owner still pursuing relocation, inside or out of Prince William". Washington Business Journal. Retrieved March 10, 2018. ^ a b Koma, Alex (January 29, 2018). "Potomac Nationals owner in stadium talks outside of Prince William". InsideNoVa.com. Leesburg, Virginia: Northern Virginia Media Services. Retrieved March 10, 2018. ^ Hambrick, Greg (June 26, 2018). "Potomac Nationals announce plans for Fredericksburg stadium". InsideNoVa.com. Retrieved June 27, 2018. ^ "P-Nats Announce First Fredericksburg Ballpark Founding Partnership". Ballpark Digest. July 9, 2018. Retrieved July 10, 2018. ^ Jett, Cathy (November 13, 2018). "Fredericksburg finalizes $35 million stadium deal with Potomac Nationals' owners". The Free Lance–Star. Retrieved January 31, 2019. ^ Murillo, Mike (August 30, 2019). "Thanks for the memories: Potomac Nationals play last regular game in Prince William Co". WTOP-FM. Retrieved August 31, 2019. ^ "Corredor's Bomb Drives P-Nats to 5–1 Victory". MiLB.com. Potomac Nationals. August 29, 2019. Retrieved August 31, 2019. ^ Caputo, Phil (October 5, 2019). "Introducing the FredNats, by George!". SportsLogos.net. Retrieved October 5, 2019. ^ LoMonaco, Joey (October 5, 2019). "Fredericksburg minor league baseball team unveils new name". The Free Lance–Star. Retrieved October 6, 2019. ^ Hill, Benjamin (October 5, 2019). "Fredericksburg makes Nationals news". MiLB.com. Minor League Baseball. Retrieved October 6, 2019. ^ "2020 Minor League Baseball season shelved". MiLB.com. Retrieved 16 August 2022. ^ "Nationals vs. Hillcats Box Score 05/04/21". Minor League Baseball. May 4, 2021. Retrieved August 16, 2021. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Potomac Nationals. Official website
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Subsequently, the team was named the Prince William Yankees, Prince William Cannons, Potomac Cannons, and the Potomac Nationals.The team was affiliated with the Seattle Mariners, Pittsburgh Pirates, New York Yankees, Chicago White Sox, St. Louis Cardinals, Cincinnati Reds, and lastly the Washington Nationals. 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When Prince William County officials rejected a 1998 proposal for a $150 million sports and entertainment complex on the Cherry Hill Peninsula by the Potomac River, team owner Art Silber changed the team name from Prince William Cannons to Potomac Cannons and announced an effort to move to Fairfax County.[3] In 2000, the team proposed a $250 million stadium and apartment complex next to Fairfax County's Dunn Loring Metro station,[4] but county officials rejected it in 2001. In 2002, the team and Prince William County officials reached an agreement to build a new $10 million stadium tentatively sited next to Pfitzner Stadium.[5] In 2005, the team announced preliminary details about construction of the stadium, due to open in 2007, but with the site undecided.[6]Another ballpark proposal began as early as 2010.[7] In 2011, Silber said he was looking for a site along I-95 in Prince William and that a stadium would be privately funded.[8] By 2012 the proposal was focused on a site on I-95 in Woodbridge. The team and the county were reported to be close to a deal in December 2016. The county would raise $35 million in municipal bonds, lease the site, pay for site preparation, construct the stadium, and lease it to the team for thirty years. The team would cover the county's annual debt service and site lease costs. The county also would build a 1,400-space parking garage next to the stadium for stadium and commuter parking. The county sought state funding for the garage starting in 2012, but the extent and status of funding was never clear, nor was the final cost of the garage.[9] Silber said that Minor League Baseball required the team to be out of Pfitzner Stadium by the end of the 2018 season.[10][11] The team opposed attempts to put the deal on the November 2017 general election ballot, saying that would delay the deal for too long.[12]On July 13, 2017, the Nationals withdrew the proposal for the new stadium in Woodbridge after it was clear it did not have the votes to pass.[13] Silber indicated that the team could be sold to buyers outside the Northern Virginia area, but that he preferred to keep it local if possible. Potential locations included the cities of Alexandria (former home of the team when they were the Alexandria Dukes) and Fredericksburg, as well as Loudoun, Spotsylvania,[14] and Fairfax counties.[15] Maryland and Arlington County were ruled out as possibilities, and Silber indicated it was unlikely the team would find another site in Prince William, either.[14] Alexandria indicated it wasn't interested in February 2018.[16]In January 2018, Silber announced an extension of the team's lease at Pfitzner Stadium through 2020, still needing Minor League Baseball to approve playing there past the end of the 2018 season.[17][18] Silber remained interested in moving the team and building a new stadium, in Northern Virginia—including Prince William County—or another nearby locality,[17][18] but said he was not pursuing a sale.[17]","title":"Relocation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"a new stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Fredericksburg_Ballpark"},{"link_name":"Fredericksburg, Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fredericksburg,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-finalize-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"Fredericksburg Nationals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fredericksburg_Nationals"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-unveils-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"COVID-19","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Minor-League-2020-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"}],"sub_title":"Move to Fredericksburg","text":"Silber announced in June 2018 that he had signed a letter of intent to build a new stadium in Fredericksburg, Virginia, that would open in April 2020.[19] The 5,000-seat multi-purpose stadium will include a 300-seat club facility and 13 suites.[20] In November 2018 the Fredericksburg city council unanimously gave final approval for the Silber family to finance, build and maintain the $35 million stadium with the city as an \"anchor tenant\" making an annual payment to the club of $1.05 million for 30 years.[21]The Potomac Nationals played their last regular season game at Pfitzner Stadium on August 29, 2019.[22][23] On October 5, 2019, the team announced that it had changed its name to the Fredericksburg Nationals for the 2020 season and that its marketing nickname for the team – \"P-Nats\" when the team was the Potomac Nationals – would change to \"FredNats.\"[24][25][26] Because minor league baseball for 2020 was cancelled due to the COVID-19 pandemic,[27] the Fredericksburg Nationals played their first game on May 4, 2021.[28]","title":"Relocation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lynchburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lynchburg_Red_Sox"},{"link_name":"Durham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Durham_Bulls"},{"link_name":"Lynchburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lynchburg_Red_Sox"},{"link_name":"Wilmington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilmington_Blue_Rocks"},{"link_name":"Wilmington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilmington_Blue_Rocks"},{"link_name":"Wilmington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilmington_Blue_Rocks"},{"link_name":"Myrtle Beach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myrtle_Beach_Pelicans"},{"link_name":"Frederick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_Keys"},{"link_name":"Winston-Salem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winston-Salem_Dash"},{"link_name":"Frederick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_Keys"},{"link_name":"Lynchburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lynchburg_Hillcats"},{"link_name":"Salem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salem_Red_Sox"},{"link_name":"Lynchburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lynchburg_Hillcats"},{"link_name":"Myrtle Beach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myrtle_Beach_Pelicans"},{"link_name":"Lynchburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lynchburg_Hillcats"},{"link_name":"Lynchburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lynchburg_Hillcats"},{"link_name":"Buies Creek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buies_Creek_Astros"}],"text":"1989 season: Defeated Lynchburg, 2–1, in semifinals; defeated Durham, 3–1 to win championship.\n1991 season: Lost to Lynchburg, 2–0, in semifinals.\n1995 season: Lost to Wilmington, 2–0, in semifinals.\n2004 season: Lost to Wilmington, 2–1, in semifinals.\n2008 season: Defeated Wilmington, 3–0, in semifinals; defeated Myrtle Beach, 3–1 to win championship.\n2010 season: Defeated Frederick, 3–1, in semifinals; defeated Winston-Salem, 3–1 to win championship.\n2011 season: Lost to Frederick, 3–2, in semifinals.\n2013 season: Defeated Lynchburg, 2–0, in semifinals; lost to Salem, 3–0 in finals.\n2014 season: Defeated Lynchburg, 2–0, in semifinals; defeated Myrtle Beach, 3–1 to win championship.\n2016 season: Lost to Lynchburg 2–1 in semifinals.\n2018 season: Defeated Lynchburg, 3–2, in semifinals; lost to Buies Creek, 1–0 in finals.","title":"Playoffs"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rick Ankiel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rick_Ankiel"},{"link_name":"Brad Ausmus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brad_Ausmus"},{"link_name":"Rafael Bautista","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rafael_Bautista_(baseball)"},{"link_name":"Barry Bonds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barry_Bonds"},{"link_name":"Carmen Cali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carmen_Cali"},{"link_name":"Mike Cameron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Cameron"},{"link_name":"Coco Crisp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coco_Crisp"},{"link_name":"Ian Desmond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ian_Desmond"},{"link_name":"Ross Detwiler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ross_Detwiler"},{"link_name":"Edwin Encarnación","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edwin_Encarnaci%C3%B3n"},{"link_name":"Danny Espinosa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danny_Espinosa"},{"link_name":"Félix Fermín","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%A9lix_Ferm%C3%ADn"},{"link_name":"Dan Haren","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dan_Haren"},{"link_name":"Sterling Hitchcock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sterling_Hitchcock"},{"link_name":"Scott Kamieniecki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scott_Kamieniecki"},{"link_name":"Jeff King","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeff_King_(baseball)"},{"link_name":"John Lannan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Lannan"},{"link_name":"José Lind","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Lind"},{"link_name":"Braden Looper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Braden_Looper"},{"link_name":"Kevin Maas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kevin_Maas"},{"link_name":"Justin Maxwell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justin_Maxwell"},{"link_name":"Hensley Meulens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hensley_Meulens"},{"link_name":"Alan Mills","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Mills_(baseball)"},{"link_name":"Magglio Ordóñez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magglio_Ord%C3%B3%C3%B1ez"},{"link_name":"R. C. Orlan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R._C._Orlan"},{"link_name":"Andy Pettitte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andy_Pettitte"},{"link_name":"Jorge Posada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jorge_Posada"},{"link_name":"Albert Pujols","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Pujols"},{"link_name":"John Smiley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Smiley_(baseball)"},{"link_name":"Joey Votto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joey_Votto"},{"link_name":"Josh Whitesell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josh_Whitesell"},{"link_name":"Bernie Williams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernie_Williams"},{"link_name":"Gerald Williams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerald_Williams_(baseball)"},{"link_name":"Jack Wilson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Wilson_(infielder)"},{"link_name":"Dmitri Young","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dmitri_Young"},{"link_name":"Jordan Zimmermann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jordan_Zimmermann"}],"text":"Notable alumni of the Mariners/Pirates/Yankees/Cannons/Nationals include:Rick Ankiel\nBrad Ausmus\nRafael Bautista\nBarry Bonds\nCarmen Cali\nMike Cameron\nCoco Crisp\nIan Desmond\nRoss Detwiler\nEdwin Encarnación\nDanny Espinosa\nFélix Fermín\nDan Haren\nSterling Hitchcock\nScott Kamieniecki\nJeff King\nJohn Lannan\nJosé Lind\nBraden Looper\nKevin Maas\nJustin Maxwell\nHensley Meulens\nAlan Mills\nMagglio Ordóñez\nR. C. Orlan\nAndy Pettitte\nJorge Posada\nAlbert Pujols\nJohn Smiley\nJoey Votto\nJosh Whitesell\nBernie Williams\nGerald Williams\nJack Wilson\nDmitri Young\nJordan Zimmermann","title":"Notable alumni"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"Pahigian, Josh (2007). The Ultimate Minor League Baseball Road Trip: A Fan's Guide to AAA, AA, A, and Independent League Stadiums. Guilford, Connecticut: Lyons Press. pp. 88–90. ISBN 978-1-59921-024-7 – via Google Books.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josh_Pahigian","url_text":"Pahigian, Josh"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=1DaQ8oNXuE0C&q=Potomac+Nationals&pg=PA88","url_text":"The Ultimate Minor League Baseball Road Trip: A Fan's Guide to AAA, AA, A, and Independent League Stadiums"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guilford,_Connecticut","url_text":"Guilford, Connecticut"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyons_Press","url_text":"Lyons Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59921-024-7","url_text":"978-1-59921-024-7"}]},{"reference":"\"Meet Uncle Slam | Potomac Nationals Fans\". Potomac Nationals. Retrieved 2017-03-10.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.milb.com/content/page.jsp?ymd=20070125&content_id=163396&sid=t436&vkey=team2","url_text":"\"Meet Uncle Slam | Potomac Nationals Fans\""}]},{"reference":"Shear, Michael D. (March 21, 1998). \"Cannons Aim for Stadium in Fairfax\". The Washington Post. Retrieved March 10, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/local/1998/03/21/cannons-aim-for-stadium-in-fairfax/ee2426f2-437b-403a-a638-31cb279d4fb2/","url_text":"\"Cannons Aim for Stadium in Fairfax\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Washington_Post","url_text":"The Washington Post"}]},{"reference":"Eggen, Dan (November 1, 2000). \"Cannons Set Sights on Fairfax\". The Washington Post. Retrieved March 10, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/local/2000/11/01/cannons-set-sights-on-fairfax/52d447f2-45cd-4d92-b389-8742c1454916/","url_text":"\"Cannons Set Sights on Fairfax\""}]},{"reference":"Weiss, Eric M. (July 4, 2002). \"Stadium Deal to Keep Cannons in Pr. William\". The Washington Post. Retrieved March 10, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/local/2002/07/04/stadium-deal-to-keep-cannons-in-pr-william/e755162f-22b4-4047-a4d7-57f85bc5962a/","url_text":"\"Stadium Deal to Keep Cannons in Pr. William\""}]},{"reference":"Campbell, Rich (February 14, 2005). \"Cannons Make Name Change; New Stadium Also Will Be Built for the Potomac Nationals\". The Washington Post. p. D04. Retrieved March 10, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A21890-2005Feb13.html","url_text":"\"Cannons Make Name Change; New Stadium Also Will Be Built for the Potomac Nationals\""}]},{"reference":"Reichard, Kevin (September 27, 2010). \"P-Nats, Prince William County working on new ballpark plan\". Ballpark Digest. Retrieved January 3, 2017. After making several runs at a new ballpark in several years, [...] yet another new ballpark plan.","urls":[{"url":"http://ballparkdigest.com/201009273136/minor-league-baseball/news/p-nats-prince-william-county-working-on-new-ballpark-plan","url_text":"\"P-Nats, Prince William County working on new ballpark plan\""}]},{"reference":"Buske, Jennifer (August 1, 2011). \"Aging Potomac Nationals' stadium field to get a makeover\". The Washington Post. Retrieved March 10, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/aging-potomac-nationals-stadium-field-to-get-a-makeover/2011/07/28/gIQAxKMmnI_story.html","url_text":"\"Aging Potomac Nationals' stadium field to get a makeover\""}]},{"reference":"Koma, Alex (December 14, 2016). \"Potomac Nationals, Prince William County nearing stadium agreement\". InsideNoVa.com. Leesburg, Virginia: Northern Virginia Media Services. Retrieved January 3, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.insidenova.com/headlines/potomac-nationals-prince-william-county-near-stadium-agreement/article_b10f39ec-c228-11e6-a8d6-ebfca9222c75.html","url_text":"\"Potomac Nationals, Prince William County nearing stadium agreement\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leesburg,_Virginia","url_text":"Leesburg, Virginia"}]},{"reference":"Koma, Alex (December 30, 2016). \"New Potomac Nationals stadium construction may face hurdles\". InsideNoVa.com. Leesburg, Virginia: Northern Virginia Media Services. Retrieved January 3, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.insidenova.com/headlines/new-potomac-nationals-stadium-construction-may-face-hurdles/article_51cc7ef4-cdfe-11e6-b02b-27299e5e504f.html","url_text":"\"New Potomac Nationals stadium construction may face hurdles\""}]},{"reference":"Rist, Hugh (February 16, 2016). \"Potomac Nationals face 2018 deadline for new stadium\". InsideNoVa.com. Leesburg, Virginia: Northern Virginia Media Services. Retrieved June 24, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.insidenova.com/headlines/potomac-nationals-face-deadline-for-new-stadium/article_b59a464c-d39e-11e5-813b-fbf8ac2a00ad.html","url_text":"\"Potomac Nationals face 2018 deadline for new stadium\""}]},{"reference":"Koma, Alex (June 21, 2016). \"Prince William's $35M stadium deal avoids referendum\". InsideNoVa.com. Leesburg, Virginia: Northern Virginia Media Services. Retrieved June 24, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.insidenova.com/news/prince_william/prince-william-s-m-stadium-deal-avoids-referendum/article_8e424d64-5639-11e7-b03a-630340cf31fd.html","url_text":"\"Prince William's $35M stadium deal avoids referendum\""}]},{"reference":"Goff, Karen (July 13, 2017). \"Potomac Nationals No Deal With Prince William For New Stadium\". Washington Business Journal. Retrieved July 27, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bizjournals.com/washington/news/2017/07/13/potomac-nationals-no-deal-with-prince-william-for.html","url_text":"\"Potomac Nationals No Deal With Prince William For New Stadium\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_Business_Journal","url_text":"Washington Business Journal"}]},{"reference":"Foley, Dennis (July 17, 2017). \"Possible new homes for Potomac Nationals being considered\". WTOP-FM. Retrieved July 27, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://wtop.com/local/2017/07/possible-new-homes-potomac-nationals/","url_text":"\"Possible new homes for Potomac Nationals being considered\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WTOP-FM","url_text":"WTOP-FM"}]},{"reference":"Maese, Rick (July 13, 2017). \"Potomac Nationals say they might leave Woodbridge after stadium deal falls through\". The Washington Post. Retrieved July 27, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/nationals-journal/wp/2017/07/13/potomac-nationals-say-they-might-leave-woodbridge-after-stadium-deal-falls-through/","url_text":"\"Potomac Nationals say they might leave Woodbridge after stadium deal falls through\""}]},{"reference":"Koma, Alex (February 1, 2018). \"Alexandria not interested in Potomac Nationals\". InsideNoVa.com. Leesburg, Virginia: Northern Virginia Media Services. Retrieved March 10, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.insidenova.com/news/business/prince_william/alexandria-not-interested-in-potomac-nationals/article_9f680e2a-06c5-11e8-9eeb-0f3392a986c6.html","url_text":"\"Alexandria not interested in Potomac Nationals\""}]},{"reference":"Hansen, Drew (January 22, 2018). \"Potomac Nationals owner still pursuing relocation, inside or out of Prince William\". Washington Business Journal. Retrieved March 10, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bizjournals.com/washington/news/2018/01/22/potomac-nationals-owner-still-pursuing-relocation.html","url_text":"\"Potomac Nationals owner still pursuing relocation, inside or out of Prince William\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_Business_Journal","url_text":"Washington Business Journal"}]},{"reference":"Koma, Alex (January 29, 2018). \"Potomac Nationals owner in stadium talks outside of Prince William\". InsideNoVa.com. Leesburg, Virginia: Northern Virginia Media Services. Retrieved March 10, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.insidenova.com/news/politics/prince_william/potomac-nationals-owner-in-stadium-talks-outside-of-prince-william/article_c9e11b5e-0514-11e8-94e7-6bcd91dff367.html","url_text":"\"Potomac Nationals owner in stadium talks outside of Prince William\""}]},{"reference":"Hambrick, Greg (June 26, 2018). \"Potomac Nationals announce plans for Fredericksburg stadium\". InsideNoVa.com. Retrieved June 27, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.insidenova.com/news/business/prince_william/potomac-nationals-announce-plans-for-fredericksburg-stadium/article_46e3e774-79ac-11e8-9de2-e71df0d303fb.html","url_text":"\"Potomac Nationals announce plans for Fredericksburg stadium\""}]},{"reference":"\"P-Nats Announce First Fredericksburg Ballpark Founding Partnership\". Ballpark Digest. July 9, 2018. Retrieved July 10, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://ballparkdigest.com/2018/07/09/p-nats-announce-first-fredericksburg-ballpark-founding-partnership/","url_text":"\"P-Nats Announce First Fredericksburg Ballpark Founding Partnership\""}]},{"reference":"Jett, Cathy (November 13, 2018). \"Fredericksburg finalizes $35 million stadium deal with Potomac Nationals' owners\". The Free Lance–Star. Retrieved January 31, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.fredericksburg.com/news/local/fredericksburg/fredericksburg-finalizes-million-stadium-deal-with-potomac-nationals-owners/article_93afd48e-b927-5eb1-8a81-fc01a8108c1c.html","url_text":"\"Fredericksburg finalizes $35 million stadium deal with Potomac Nationals' owners\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Free_Lance%E2%80%93Star","url_text":"The Free Lance–Star"}]},{"reference":"Murillo, Mike (August 30, 2019). \"Thanks for the memories: Potomac Nationals play last regular game in Prince William Co\". WTOP-FM. Retrieved August 31, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://wtop.com/local-sports/2019/08/thanks-for-the-memories-the-potomac-nationals-play-final-regular-season-game-in-prince-william-county/","url_text":"\"Thanks for the memories: Potomac Nationals play last regular game in Prince William Co\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WTOP-FM","url_text":"WTOP-FM"}]},{"reference":"\"Corredor's Bomb Drives P-Nats to 5–1 Victory\". MiLB.com. Potomac Nationals. August 29, 2019. Retrieved August 31, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.milb.com/potomac/news/corredors-bomb-drives-p-nats-to-5-1-victory/c-310412184","url_text":"\"Corredor's Bomb Drives P-Nats to 5–1 Victory\""}]},{"reference":"Caputo, Phil (October 5, 2019). \"Introducing the FredNats, by George!\". SportsLogos.net. Retrieved October 5, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.sportslogos.net/2019/10/05/introducing-the-frednats-by-george/","url_text":"\"Introducing the FredNats, by George!\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SportsLogos.net","url_text":"SportsLogos.net"}]},{"reference":"LoMonaco, Joey (October 5, 2019). \"Fredericksburg minor league baseball team unveils new name\". The Free Lance–Star. Retrieved October 6, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.fredericksburg.com/sports/fredericksburg-minor-league-baseball-team-unveils-new-name/article_0f399a73-983f-5586-8e73-8f30e7ae364c.html","url_text":"\"Fredericksburg minor league baseball team unveils new name\""}]},{"reference":"Hill, Benjamin (October 5, 2019). \"Fredericksburg makes Nationals news\". MiLB.com. Minor League Baseball. Retrieved October 6, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.milb.com/milb/news/fredericksburgs-new-team-announces-nationals-name/c-311026296","url_text":"\"Fredericksburg makes Nationals news\""}]},{"reference":"\"2020 Minor League Baseball season shelved\". MiLB.com. Retrieved 16 August 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.milb.com/news/2020-minor-league-baseball-season-shelved","url_text":"\"2020 Minor League Baseball season shelved\""}]},{"reference":"\"Nationals vs. Hillcats Box Score 05/04/21\". Minor League Baseball. May 4, 2021. Retrieved August 16, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.milb.com/gameday/nationals-vs-hillcats/2021/05/04/649141","url_text":"\"Nationals vs. Hillcats Box Score 05/04/21\""}]}]
[{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=1DaQ8oNXuE0C&q=Potomac+Nationals&pg=PA88","external_links_name":"The Ultimate Minor League Baseball Road Trip: A Fan's Guide to AAA, AA, A, and Independent League Stadiums"},{"Link":"http://www.milb.com/content/page.jsp?ymd=20070125&content_id=163396&sid=t436&vkey=team2","external_links_name":"\"Meet Uncle Slam | Potomac Nationals Fans\""},{"Link":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/local/1998/03/21/cannons-aim-for-stadium-in-fairfax/ee2426f2-437b-403a-a638-31cb279d4fb2/","external_links_name":"\"Cannons Aim for Stadium in Fairfax\""},{"Link":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/local/2000/11/01/cannons-set-sights-on-fairfax/52d447f2-45cd-4d92-b389-8742c1454916/","external_links_name":"\"Cannons Set Sights on Fairfax\""},{"Link":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/local/2002/07/04/stadium-deal-to-keep-cannons-in-pr-william/e755162f-22b4-4047-a4d7-57f85bc5962a/","external_links_name":"\"Stadium Deal to Keep Cannons in Pr. William\""},{"Link":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A21890-2005Feb13.html","external_links_name":"\"Cannons Make Name Change; New Stadium Also Will Be Built for the Potomac Nationals\""},{"Link":"http://ballparkdigest.com/201009273136/minor-league-baseball/news/p-nats-prince-william-county-working-on-new-ballpark-plan","external_links_name":"\"P-Nats, Prince William County working on new ballpark plan\""},{"Link":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/aging-potomac-nationals-stadium-field-to-get-a-makeover/2011/07/28/gIQAxKMmnI_story.html","external_links_name":"\"Aging Potomac Nationals' stadium field to get a makeover\""},{"Link":"http://www.insidenova.com/headlines/potomac-nationals-prince-william-county-near-stadium-agreement/article_b10f39ec-c228-11e6-a8d6-ebfca9222c75.html","external_links_name":"\"Potomac Nationals, Prince William County nearing stadium agreement\""},{"Link":"http://www.insidenova.com/headlines/new-potomac-nationals-stadium-construction-may-face-hurdles/article_51cc7ef4-cdfe-11e6-b02b-27299e5e504f.html","external_links_name":"\"New Potomac Nationals stadium construction may face hurdles\""},{"Link":"http://www.insidenova.com/headlines/potomac-nationals-face-deadline-for-new-stadium/article_b59a464c-d39e-11e5-813b-fbf8ac2a00ad.html","external_links_name":"\"Potomac Nationals face 2018 deadline for new stadium\""},{"Link":"http://www.insidenova.com/news/prince_william/prince-william-s-m-stadium-deal-avoids-referendum/article_8e424d64-5639-11e7-b03a-630340cf31fd.html","external_links_name":"\"Prince William's $35M stadium deal avoids referendum\""},{"Link":"https://www.bizjournals.com/washington/news/2017/07/13/potomac-nationals-no-deal-with-prince-william-for.html","external_links_name":"\"Potomac Nationals No Deal With Prince William For New Stadium\""},{"Link":"http://wtop.com/local/2017/07/possible-new-homes-potomac-nationals/","external_links_name":"\"Possible new homes for Potomac Nationals being considered\""},{"Link":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/nationals-journal/wp/2017/07/13/potomac-nationals-say-they-might-leave-woodbridge-after-stadium-deal-falls-through/","external_links_name":"\"Potomac Nationals say they might leave Woodbridge after stadium deal falls through\""},{"Link":"http://www.insidenova.com/news/business/prince_william/alexandria-not-interested-in-potomac-nationals/article_9f680e2a-06c5-11e8-9eeb-0f3392a986c6.html","external_links_name":"\"Alexandria not interested in Potomac Nationals\""},{"Link":"https://www.bizjournals.com/washington/news/2018/01/22/potomac-nationals-owner-still-pursuing-relocation.html","external_links_name":"\"Potomac Nationals owner still pursuing relocation, inside or out of Prince William\""},{"Link":"http://www.insidenova.com/news/politics/prince_william/potomac-nationals-owner-in-stadium-talks-outside-of-prince-william/article_c9e11b5e-0514-11e8-94e7-6bcd91dff367.html","external_links_name":"\"Potomac Nationals owner in stadium talks outside of Prince William\""},{"Link":"http://www.insidenova.com/news/business/prince_william/potomac-nationals-announce-plans-for-fredericksburg-stadium/article_46e3e774-79ac-11e8-9de2-e71df0d303fb.html","external_links_name":"\"Potomac Nationals announce plans for Fredericksburg stadium\""},{"Link":"https://ballparkdigest.com/2018/07/09/p-nats-announce-first-fredericksburg-ballpark-founding-partnership/","external_links_name":"\"P-Nats Announce First Fredericksburg Ballpark Founding Partnership\""},{"Link":"https://www.fredericksburg.com/news/local/fredericksburg/fredericksburg-finalizes-million-stadium-deal-with-potomac-nationals-owners/article_93afd48e-b927-5eb1-8a81-fc01a8108c1c.html","external_links_name":"\"Fredericksburg finalizes $35 million stadium deal with Potomac Nationals' owners\""},{"Link":"https://wtop.com/local-sports/2019/08/thanks-for-the-memories-the-potomac-nationals-play-final-regular-season-game-in-prince-william-county/","external_links_name":"\"Thanks for the memories: Potomac Nationals play last regular game in Prince William Co\""},{"Link":"https://www.milb.com/potomac/news/corredors-bomb-drives-p-nats-to-5-1-victory/c-310412184","external_links_name":"\"Corredor's Bomb Drives P-Nats to 5–1 Victory\""},{"Link":"http://news.sportslogos.net/2019/10/05/introducing-the-frednats-by-george/","external_links_name":"\"Introducing the FredNats, by George!\""},{"Link":"https://www.fredericksburg.com/sports/fredericksburg-minor-league-baseball-team-unveils-new-name/article_0f399a73-983f-5586-8e73-8f30e7ae364c.html","external_links_name":"\"Fredericksburg minor league baseball team unveils new name\""},{"Link":"https://www.milb.com/milb/news/fredericksburgs-new-team-announces-nationals-name/c-311026296","external_links_name":"\"Fredericksburg makes Nationals news\""},{"Link":"https://www.milb.com/news/2020-minor-league-baseball-season-shelved","external_links_name":"\"2020 Minor League Baseball season shelved\""},{"Link":"https://www.milb.com/gameday/nationals-vs-hillcats/2021/05/04/649141","external_links_name":"\"Nationals vs. Hillcats Box Score 05/04/21\""},{"Link":"http://www.potomacnationals.com/","external_links_name":"Official website"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/20_Years_of_Jethro_Tull:_Highlights
20 Years of Jethro Tull: Highlights
["1 Track listing","2 See also","3 External links","4 References"]
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "20 Years of Jethro Tull: Highlights" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (May 2021) (Learn how and when to remove this message) 1988 compilation album & box set sampler by Jethro Tull20 Years of Jethro Tull: HighlightsCompilation album & box set sampler by Jethro TullReleased11 October 1988 (UK)16 January 1989 (US)Recorded1968–1988GenreRockLength77:38 (CD)LabelChrysalisProducerIan AndersonJethro Tull chronology 20 Years of Jethro Tull(1988) 20 Years of Jethro Tull: Highlights(1988) Rock Island(1989) Professional ratingsReview scoresSourceRatingAllmusic The Encyclopedia of Popular MusicRolling Stone 20 Years of Jethro Tull: Highlights is a 27-track (21 on CD) distillation of the Jethro Tull box set 20 Years of Jethro Tull. Track listing No.TitleLength1."Stormy Monday Blues"4:052."Love Story"2:433."A New Day Yesterday"4:194."Summerday Sands"3:455."Coronach" (not on CD)3:526."March the Mad Scientist"1:477."Pibroch (Pee-Break)/Black Satin Dancer" (live; not on CD)4:008."Lick Your Fingers Clean"2:479."Overhang"4:2710."Crossword"3:3411."Saturation" (not on CD)4:2312."Jack-A-Lynn"4:4113."Motoreyes" (not on CD)3:3914."Part of the Machine"6:5415."Mayhem, Maybe"3:0416."Kelpie"3:3217."Under Wraps 2" (not on CD)2:1418."Wond'ring Aloud" (live)1:5819."Dun Ringill" (live)3:0020."Life Is a Long Song"3:1721."Nursie"1:3222."Grace"0:3323."Witch's Promise"3:5024."Teacher" (not on CD)4:4325."Living in the Past" (live)4:0726."Aqualung" (live)7:4327."Locomotive Breath" (live)6:00 See also 20 Years of Jethro Tull (1988 boxed set) 20 Years of Jethro Tull (1988 video) External links 20 Years of Jethro Tull: Highlights at AllMusic 20 years of Jethro Tull at AllMusic References ^ 20 Years of Jethro Tull: Highlights Jethro Tull Allmusic.com Stephen Thomas Erlewine ^ Larkin, Colin (2007). The Encyclopedia of Popular Music (4th ed.). Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0195313734. ^ Parke Puterbaugh (1 December 1988). "20 Years of Jethro Tull: Highlights by Jethro Tull | Rolling Stone Music | Music Reviews". Rollingstone.com. Retrieved 16 August 2011. vteJethro Tull Ian Anderson David Goodier John O'Hara Scott Hammond Joe Parrish Mick Abrahams Clive Bunker Glenn Cornick Tony Iommi Martin Barre John Evan Jeffrey Hammond Barriemore Barlow John Glascock Dee Palmer Dave Pegg Mark Craney Eddie Jobson Gerry Conway Peter-John Vettese Paul Burgess Doane Perry Don Airey Maartin Allcock Andrew Giddings Dave Mattacks Jonathan Noyce Florian Opahle Studio albums This Was Stand Up Benefit Aqualung Thick as a Brick A Passion Play War Child Minstrel in the Gallery Too Old to Rock 'n' Roll: Too Young to Die! Songs from the Wood Heavy Horses Stormwatch A The Broadsword and the Beast Under Wraps Crest of a Knave Rock Island Catfish Rising Roots to Branches J-Tull Dot Com The Jethro Tull Christmas Album The Zealot Gene RökFlöte Live albums Bursting Out Live at Hammersmith '84 A Little Light Music Jethro Tull in Concert Living with the Past Nothing Is Easy: Live at the Isle of Wight 1970 Aqualung Live Live at Montreux 2003 Live at Madison Square Garden 1978 Live at Carnegie Hall 1970 Compilations Living in the Past M.U. – The Best of Jethro Tull Repeat – The Best of Jethro Tull – Vol II Original Masters 20 Years of Jethro Tull: Highlights Nightcap The Best of Jethro Tull – The Anniversary Collection Through the Years The Very Best Of The Best of Acoustic Jethro Tull The Essential 50 for 50 Boxed sets 20 Years of Jethro Tull 25th Anniversary Box Set Videos Slipstream 20 Years of Jethro Tull 25th Anniversary Video Living with the Past A New Day Yesterday Nothing Is Easy: Live at the Isle of Wight 1970 Live at Montreux 2003 Jack in the Green Live at Madison Square Garden 1978 Live at AVO Session Basel Around the World Live Songs "Sunshine Day" "A Song for Jeffrey" "Love Story" "Living in the Past" "Bourée" "Sweet Dream" "The Witch's Promise" "Teacher" "Aqualung" "Cross-Eyed Mary" "Mother Goose" "Hymn 43" "Locomotive Breath" "Life Is a Long Song" "Bungle in the Jungle" "Skating Away on the Thin Ice of the New Day" "Too Old to Rock 'n' Roll: Too Young to Die" "The Whistler" "Songs from the Wood" "Heavy Horses" "Dun Ringill" Related Discography Members A Billion Hands Concert The Rolling Stones Rock and Roll Circus A Classic Case Thick as a Brick 2 Jethro Tull – The String Quartets Category
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baneh
Baneh
["1 History","2 Demographics","2.1 Language and ethnicity","2.2 Population","3 Notable people","4 Gallery","5 Notes","6 References"]
Coordinates: 35°59′49″N 45°53′07″E / 35.99694°N 45.88528°E / 35.99694; 45.88528City in Kurdistan province, Iran For the administrative division of Kurdistan province, see Baneh County. For other places with a similar name, see Bane. City in Kurdistan, IranBaneh Persian: بانهCityPanorama view of BanehBanehShow map of IranBanehShow map of Iran KurdistanCoordinates: 35°59′49″N 45°53′07″E / 35.99694°N 45.88528°E / 35.99694; 45.88528CountryIranProvinceKurdistanCountyBanehDistrictCentralArea • Total1,584.5 km2 (611.8 sq mi)Elevation1,554 m (5,098 ft)Population (2016) • Total110,218 • Density70/km2 (180/sq mi)Time zoneUTC+3:30 (IRST)Area code087-342Websitewww.banehcity.ir Baneh (Persian: بانه) is a city in the Central District of Baneh County, Kurdistan province, Iran, serving as capital of both the county and the district. Baneh is approximately 30 km (18 miles) from Kurdistan Region in Iraq. History Historically, Baneh had a strategic and political importance due to its close proximity to the Ottoman Empire. The city was part of the three Kurdish principalities; Ardalan, Baban and Mokryan. The old city had two citadels and was generally ruled by the Eḵtīār-al-Dīn family who held both religious and secular power of the city. The family was held in high steem during the Safavid era and received the title 'sultan'. Moreover, rulers of Baneh had the responsibility of protecting the whole area from Khoy to Kermanshah. In the 16th century, Mīrzā Beg b. Mīr Moḥammad became the first virtually independent ruler of Baneh and its surroundings. During the 18th and 19th centuries, the city was plagued with epidemics which killed a large portion of the population. In 1944, the city experienced turmoil as part of the Hama Rashid revolt and was also bombed by both parties during the Iran–Iraq War in the 1980s. Most locals fled to Iraq during the war and much of the region was destroyed. Demographics Language and ethnicity The population is mostly Shafiʽi Kurdish who speak Sorani. Population At the time of the 2006 National Census, the city's population was 69,635 in 15,857 households. The following census in 2011 counted 85,190 people in 22,149 households. The 2016 census measured the population of the city as 110,218 people in 30,743 households. After the cities of Sanandaj, Saqqez and Marivan, Baneh is the fourth most populous city in Kurdistan province. Notable people Ebrahim Younesi, writer and translator Bahman Ghobadi, director and writer Ata Nahaei, novelist and translator Ebrahim Alipour, photographer Keywan Karimi, director Gallery View of the city from Dokanan Park View of Arbaba on a winter's day Baneh by day Shahr Park in spring Haleh International 5-Star hotel Behesht Shopping Center Aftab Derakhshan shopping center Sooren plain and forest Arbaba forest Snow covered Kali Khan Media related to Baneh at Wikimedia Commons Iran portal Notes ^ Also romanized as Bāneh; Kurdish: بانە; also known as Bane References ^ OpenStreetMap contributors (16 August 2023). "Baneh, Baneh County" (Map). OpenStreetMap (in Persian). Retrieved 16 August 2023. ^ a b "Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1395 (2016)". AMAR (in Persian). The Statistical Center of Iran. p. 12. Archived from the original (Excel) on 8 May 2022. Retrieved 19 December 2022. ^ Baneh can be found at GEOnet Names Server, at this link, by opening the Advanced Search box, entering "-3055216" in the "Unique Feature Id" form, and clicking on "Search Database". ^ "ئێوەش پشتیوانی ماڵی ڕێکخراوی مافی مرۆڤیی"هەنگاو" بن" (in Kurdish). Retrieved 21 March 2020. ^ "Hengaw- Li devera Bane ya Rojhilatê Kurdistanê kolberekî kurd di encama êrişa pasdarên Îranê de hat kuştin" (in Kurdish). Retrieved 21 March 2020. ^ Habibi, Hassan (21 June 1369). "Approval of the organization and chain of citizenship of the elements and units of the national divisions of Kurdistan province, centered in the city of Sanandaj". Islamic Parliament Research Center of the Islamic Republic of Iran (in Persian). Ministry of Interior, Defense Political Commission of the Government Board. Archived from the original on 23 October 2018. Retrieved 22 January 2024. ^ a b c d Marduk, A. (1988). "BĀNA". Encyclopedia Iranica. ^ "Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1385 (2006)". AMAR (in Persian). The Statistical Center of Iran. p. 12. Archived from the original (Excel) on 20 September 2011. Retrieved 25 September 2022. ^ "Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1390 (2011)". Syracuse University (in Persian). The Statistical Center of Iran. p. 12. Archived from the original (Excel) on 19 January 2023. Retrieved 19 December 2022. Authority control databases: Geographic MusicBrainz area vteKurdistan Province, IranCapital Sanandaj Counties and citiesBaneh County Baneh Armardeh Buin-e Sofla Kani Sur Bijar County Bijar Babarashani Yasukand Dehgolan County Dehgolan Bolbanabad Divandarreh County Divandarreh Zarrineh Kamyaran County Kamyaran Muchesh Marivan County Marivan Chenareh Kani Dinar Qorveh County Qorveh Delbaran Dezej Serishabad Sanandaj County Sanandaj Shuyesheh Saqqez County Saqqez Saheb Santeh Sarvabad County Sarvabad Sights Abidar Zarivar Lake Hawraman Pir Shalyar Old bazaars of Sanandaj Hajar Khatoon Mosque Garden of ayatollah Mardokh Baba Gurgur's mausoleum Mount Chlchama Lake of Vahdat dam (Sanandaj) Tengiwer inscription of Sargon II(Kamyaran) Garus ancient city Ahmadzadeh house House of Kurds (Asef's house) Khosroabad building Karaftu Bazaar of Saqqez Domenareh Mosque Haj Saleh Hammam Ziwiyeh Sakez Grand mosque of Sanandaj(Dar-al ehsan) Avihang mosque Historic Quran of Negel Sanandaj museum of natural history Sanandaj museum Hajij populated places List of cities, towns and villages in Kurdistan Province vte Baneh CountyCapital Baneh DistrictsCentralCities Baneh Rural Districts and villagesShuy Balveh Bardeh Rasheh Boneh Khvoy Boneh Rezan Daruleh Kani Now Khoshkeh Darreh Khvajeh Mir Kupich Kupich-e Olya Kupich-e Sofla Mirabad-e Sofla Mojaseh Nezhu Omarshal Qai Bard Quri Chay Rashid Qaleh Sabadlu Sad Bar Sar Sunj Sarqul Savan Saviru Shargeh Shuy Sichan Sunj Tarkhanabad AlutCities Armardeh Rural Districts and villagesBeleh Keh Banavan Beleh Keh Garmab Kandeh Sureh Kani Mamer Kani Seyf Sarbard Sardav Sisarak Surav Posht-e Arbaba Atabak Baraver Barvish Kani Bayazidabad Deymeh Dowleh Guyer Gandoman Guil Ka Rostam Kani Band Kani Benav Kani Bid Kani Chulkeh Kani Goli Kani Guyz Kani Sib Kucher Kukh Sheykh ol Eslam Kukh-e Kani Guyz Kukh-e Mamu Kukh-e Sufi Rashi Piruz Masidar Mir Hesam Mir Yusof-e Olya Mir Yusof-e Sofla Neyzeh Rud Nirvan Nowdeh Qarah Bolagh Saluk-e Olya Saluk-e Sofla Satiar Surehban Tavakkol Tazhan Tazhban Vazheh Zarboneh NamshirCities Kani Sur Rural Districts and villagesBowalhasan Ali Makan Alut Amreh Sit Anjineh-ye Ebrahim-e Jonubi Anjineh-ye Ebrahim-e Shomali Anjineh-ye Sofla Bardeh Buk Bardeh Rash Bowalhasan Chuman Geleh Sureh Gurehdar Kani Sib Kiveh Rud Malateh Mazerlan Saleh Sarsul Zali Kani Sur Band Zhazh Bayizid Bilu Darineh-ye Olya Govozleh Hamzeh Lan Kandal Kani Bard Kani Holucheh Mamal Mirabad-e Olya Namazgah Owghal Rashki Salehabad Sartekeh-ye Olya Sartekeh-ye Sofla Seyyed Sarem Siahumeh Siahumeh-ye Kohneh Sivech-e Olya Sivech-e Sofla Visak Yaqubabad Zarvav-e Olya Zarvav-e Sofla Nameh Shir Bardeh Rash Benavileh-ye Kohneh Bikash Dul Arzan Gashkaseh Halu Hasanabad Hurazeh Kani Pezmakeh Koshneh Kukhan Manijalan Najneh-ye Olya Najneh-ye Sofla Nameh Shir Parsheh Peyavin Sepidareh Shahinan Somaqan Sutu Ziviyeh NanurCities Buin-e Sofla Rural Districts and villagesBuin Anjileh Bademjan Bashvan Bezhi Bian Darreh Buin-e Olya Chichuran Dargah-e Sheykhan Do Sineh Gavizleh Haft Tash Havareh Khul Kani Kharrat Kani Pari Kani Seyf Kani Shilan Karimabad Kivaleh Kolah Dul Kukh-e Hajji Karim Kuyreh Guyzeh Marqad Mohammad Aliabad Naveh Sefid Kamareh Surin Valiabad Vashtarmal Vezmeleh Nanur Barvish Kani Hangeh-ye Zhal Kani Sur Khuriabad Kileh-ye Abbasabad Nanur Oshtorabad Qoliabad Qul Estar Sartazin Shasheh Shilman
[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Protection_policy#semi"},{"link_name":"Baneh County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baneh_County"},{"link_name":"Bane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bane_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"Persian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_language"},{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Central District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_District_(Baneh_County)"},{"link_name":"Baneh County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baneh_County"},{"link_name":"Kurdistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurdistan_province"},{"link_name":"Iran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kurdistan_Province_Structure-7"},{"link_name":"Kurdistan Region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurdistan_Region"},{"link_name":"Iraq","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq"}],"text":"City in Kurdistan province, IranFor the administrative division of Kurdistan province, see Baneh County. For other places with a similar name, see Bane.City in Kurdistan, IranBaneh (Persian: بانه)[a] is a city in the Central District of Baneh County, Kurdistan province, Iran, serving as capital of both the county and the district.[6] Baneh is approximately 30 km (18 miles) from Kurdistan Region in Iraq.","title":"Baneh"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ottoman Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Empire"},{"link_name":"Ardalan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ardalan"},{"link_name":"Baban","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baban"},{"link_name":"Mokryan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mokryan"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-8"},{"link_name":"citadels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citadel"},{"link_name":"Safavid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safavid_Iran"},{"link_name":"Khoy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khoy"},{"link_name":"Kermanshah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kermanshah"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-8"},{"link_name":"Hama Rashid revolt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hama_Rashid_revolt"},{"link_name":"Iran–Iraq War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Iraq_War"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-8"}],"text":"Historically, Baneh had a strategic and political importance due to its close proximity to the Ottoman Empire. The city was part of the three Kurdish principalities; Ardalan, Baban and Mokryan.[7]The old city had two citadels and was generally ruled by the Eḵtīār-al-Dīn family who held both religious and secular power of the city. The family was held in high steem during the Safavid era and received the title 'sultan'. Moreover, rulers of Baneh had the responsibility of protecting the whole area from Khoy to Kermanshah. In the 16th century, Mīrzā Beg b. Mīr Moḥammad became the first virtually independent ruler of Baneh and its surroundings.[7]During the 18th and 19th centuries, the city was plagued with epidemics which killed a large portion of the population. In 1944, the city experienced turmoil as part of the Hama Rashid revolt and was also bombed by both parties during the Iran–Iraq War in the 1980s. Most locals fled to Iraq during the war and much of the region was destroyed.[7]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Shafiʽi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shafi%CA%BDi_school"},{"link_name":"Kurdish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurds"},{"link_name":"Sorani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sorani"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-8"}],"sub_title":"Language and ethnicity","text":"The population is mostly Shafiʽi Kurdish who speak Sorani.[7]","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2006_census-9"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2011_census-10"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2016_census-2"},{"link_name":"Sanandaj","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanandij"},{"link_name":"Saqqez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saqqez"},{"link_name":"Marivan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marivan"},{"link_name":"Kurdistan province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurdistan_province"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"Population","text":"At the time of the 2006 National Census, the city's population was 69,635 in 15,857 households.[8] The following census in 2011 counted 85,190 people in 22,149 households.[9] The 2016 census measured the population of the city as 110,218 people in 30,743 households.[2] After the cities of Sanandaj, Saqqez and Marivan, Baneh is the fourth most populous city in Kurdistan province.[citation needed]","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ebrahim Younesi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ebrahim_Younesi"},{"link_name":"Bahman Ghobadi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahman_Ghobadi"},{"link_name":"Ata Nahaei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ata_Nahai"},{"link_name":"Ebrahim Alipour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ebrahim_alipoor"},{"link_name":"Keywan Karimi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keywan_Karimi"}],"text":"Ebrahim Younesi, writer and translator\nBahman Ghobadi, director and writer\nAta Nahaei, novelist and translator\nEbrahim Alipour, photographer\nKeywan Karimi, director","title":"Notable people"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:City_In_Day.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Baneh_-_Arbaba_in_winter.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Baneh_city_view.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Baneh_Spring.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Baneh_Laleh_5_Star_Hotel.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Baneh_Behesht_Shopping_Center.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Baneh_-_Aftabe_Derakhshan_Mall.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Baneh_Forrest_2.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Baneh_Forrest.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Baneh_Snow_Kali_Khan_Mountain.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg"},{"link_name":"Baneh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Baneh"},{"link_name":"Iran portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Iran"}],"text":"View of the city from Dokanan Park\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tView of Arbaba on a winter's day\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tBaneh by day\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tShahr Park in spring\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tHaleh International 5-Star hotel\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tBehesht Shopping Center\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tAftab Derakhshan shopping center\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tSooren plain and forest\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tArbaba forest\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tSnow covered Kali KhanMedia related to Baneh at Wikimedia CommonsIran portal","title":"Gallery"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"romanized","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanize"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Kurdish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurdish_language"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"^ Also romanized as Bāneh;[3] Kurdish: بانە; also known as Bane[4][5]","title":"Notes"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"OpenStreetMap contributors (16 August 2023). \"Baneh, Baneh County\" (Map). OpenStreetMap (in Persian). Retrieved 16 August 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.openstreetmap.org/?mlat=35.996944&mlon=45.885278&zoom=14#map=14/35.9969/45.8853","url_text":"\"Baneh, Baneh County\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenStreetMap","url_text":"OpenStreetMap"}]},{"reference":"\"Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1395 (2016)\". AMAR (in Persian). The Statistical Center of Iran. p. 12. Archived from the original (Excel) on 8 May 2022. Retrieved 19 December 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220508185635/https://www.amar.org.ir/Portals/0/census/1395/results/abadi/CN95_HouseholdPopulationVillage_12.xlsx","url_text":"\"Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1395 (2016)\""},{"url":"https://www.amar.org.ir/Portals/0/census/1395/results/abadi/CN95_HouseholdPopulationVillage_12.xlsx","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"ئێوەش پشتیوانی ماڵی ڕێکخراوی مافی مرۆڤیی\"هەنگاو\" بن\" (in Kurdish). Retrieved 21 March 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://hengaw.net/so/news/%DA%A9%D9%88%DA%98%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C-%DA%A9%DB%86%DA%B5%D8%A8%DB%95%D8%B1%DB%8E%DA%A9-%D9%84%DB%95-%D8%B3%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C-%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%95-1","url_text":"\"ئێوەش پشتیوانی ماڵی ڕێکخراوی مافی مرۆڤیی\"هەنگاو\" بن\""}]},{"reference":"\"Hengaw- Li devera Bane ya Rojhilatê Kurdistanê kolberekî kurd di encama êrişa pasdarên Îranê de hat kuştin\" (in Kurdish). Retrieved 21 March 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://hengaw.net/ku/news/li-bane-kolberek-ji-aliye-pasdaren-irane-ve-hat-kustin","url_text":"\"Hengaw- Li devera Bane ya Rojhilatê Kurdistanê kolberekî kurd di encama êrişa pasdarên Îranê de hat kuştin\""}]},{"reference":"Habibi, Hassan (21 June 1369). \"Approval of the organization and chain of citizenship of the elements and units of the national divisions of Kurdistan province, centered in the city of Sanandaj\". Islamic Parliament Research Center of the Islamic Republic of Iran (in Persian). Ministry of Interior, Defense Political Commission of the Government Board. Archived from the original on 23 October 2018. Retrieved 22 January 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20181023230624/https://rc.majlis.ir/fa/law/show/113045","url_text":"\"Approval of the organization and chain of citizenship of the elements and units of the national divisions of Kurdistan province, centered in the city of Sanandaj\""},{"url":"https://rc.majlis.ir/fa/law/show/113045","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Marduk, A. (1988). \"BĀNA\". Encyclopedia Iranica.","urls":[{"url":"https://iranicaonline.org/articles/bana-a-sahrestan-in-the-province-of-kurdistan-located-in-a-mountainous-well-forested-region-of-western-iran-at-35-59-","url_text":"\"BĀNA\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclopedia_Iranica","url_text":"Encyclopedia Iranica"}]},{"reference":"\"Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1385 (2006)\". AMAR (in Persian). The Statistical Center of Iran. p. 12. Archived from the original (Excel) on 20 September 2011. Retrieved 25 September 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110920092008/http://www.amar.org.ir/DesktopModules/FTPManager/upload/upload2360/newjkh/newjkh/12.xls","url_text":"\"Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1385 (2006)\""},{"url":"http://www.amar.org.ir/DesktopModules/FTPManager/upload/upload2360/newjkh/newjkh/12.xls","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1390 (2011)\". Syracuse University (in Persian). The Statistical Center of Iran. p. 12. Archived from the original (Excel) on 19 January 2023. Retrieved 19 December 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230119120701/https://irandataportal.syr.edu/wp-content/uploads/Kurdistan.xls","url_text":"\"Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1390 (2011)\""},{"url":"https://irandataportal.syr.edu/wp-content/uploads/Kurdistan.xls","url_text":"the original"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fritz_Bauer
Fritz Bauer
["1 Early life","2 Career in the Weimar Republic","3 Imprisonment in Nazi Germany","4 Exile","5 Return to Germany","6 Works","7 Biographies","8 See also","9 References","10 External links"]
German judge (1903–1968) This article is about the jurist. For the German Olympic rower, see Fritz Bauer (rowing). For the German computer scientist, see Friedrich L. Bauer. Fritz BauerPersonal detailsBorn(1903-07-16)16 July 1903Stuttgart, Kingdom of Württemberg, German EmpireDied1 July 1968(1968-07-01) (aged 64)Frankfurt am Main, Hesse, West GermanyPolitical partySocial Democratic Party Fritz Bauer (16 July 1903 – 1 July 1968) was a German Jewish judge and prosecutor. He played an instrumental role in the post-war capture of former Holocaust planner Adolf Eichmann and the beginning of the Frankfurt Auschwitz trials. Early life Bauer was born in Stuttgart, to a Jewish family. His parents were Ella (Hirsch) and Ludwig Bauer. Bauer's father was a successful businessman who ran a textile mill that provided him with an annual income of 40,000 ℛ︁ℳ︁ by 1930 (for comparison, the annual income of a typical doctor in Germany in 1930 was 12,500 ℛ︁ℳ︁). His sister Margot called their childhood a "liberally Jewish one". Though his family was assimilated into the German culture, his parents did not celebrate Christmas as a secular holiday (a common practice in Jewish homes in Stuttgart at the time), and insisted on celebrating Jewish holidays. He attended Eberhard-Ludwigs-Gymnasium in Stuttgart, and studied business and law at the Universities of Heidelberg, Munich and Tübingen. German universities were traditionally strongholds of the völkisch movement, and almost all student fraternities in Germany under völkisch influence refused to accept Jews as members. Accordingly, Bauer found himself joining the liberal Jewish fraternity FWV (Freie Wissenschaftliche Vereinigung – Free Academic Union) in Heidelberg, to which he devoted much of his time. The only other major Jewish fraternity were the Zionists, whose views Bauer opposed. Career in the Weimar Republic In 1928, after receiving his PhD in law (at 25, Doktor der Rechte in Germany), Bauer became an assessor judge in the Stuttgart local district court. By 1920, he already had joined the Social Democratic Party (SPD). Bauer found himself feeling at home in Stuttgart, a city with a left-wing working class majority that had a reputation as a "progressive" city where Weimar culture flourished. The city council of Stuttgart was dominated by the Social Democrats while the Nazis won only 1.1% of the vote in the Stuttgart municipal election of 1928. However, Bauer was the only judge in Württemberg who was a member of the SPD and one of the only two Jewish judges in Württemberg. He was much an outsider in the Württemberg judiciary. Bauer recalled later about the other judges in Württemberg: "They came from the highly elitist student fraternities and members of the reserve officers' corps. Their entire outlook was conservative and authoritarian in spirit. The Kaiser had gone, but the generals, public officials and judges remained". Bauer found himself appalled by the way that the other judges in Württemberg flagrantly favored the Nazis, always imposing the most lenient sentences on Nazis who engaged in violence and the harshest possible sentences on Communists and Social Democrats who did the same. Bauer believed that this favoritism towards the Nazis encouraged their violence. Bauer remembered that the judges of Württemberg almost down to a man loathed the Weimar Republic, which they believed was born of the stab-in-the-back myth of 1918 committed by "godless and unpatriotic scoundrels. The judges weren't at all fond of the republic and they used the guise of judicial independence to sabotage the new state". Bauer felt the political biases of the judiciary—who had an unwritten rule under the Weimar republic that violence committed by the right was acceptable—was the "judicial overture" to their actions under the Nazi regime. In the early 1930s, Bauer was together with Kurt Schumacher, one of the leaders of the SPD's Reichsbanner defense league in Stuttgart. Bauer served as the chairman of the Stuttgart chapter of the Reichsbanner and from 1931 onward found himself engaged in a feud with Dietrich von Jagow, the SA leader for Southwestern Germany. In late 1931, Bauer was demoted from a judge handling criminal cases to a judge handling civil cases following accusations from the Nazi journalist Adolf Gerlach in the local Stuttgart Nazi newspaper NS-Kurier that Bauer was biased because he was a Jew and a Social Democrat who discussed details of the trial with a journalist from the Social Democratic newspaper Tagwacht. At the hearing in response to Gerlach's complaint, Bauer argued the details of the case involving a local con-man on trial for cheating others of their money had already been discussed in the court, so he had not violated any rules by speaking to a journalist and the case was not political. At the hearing, the judges ruled that Bauer had failed to "comply with existing regulations", thereby implying that Gerlach's accusations were partly justified and only declined to dismiss him because it could not be proved that Bauer's actions were "politically motivated".Following the demotion, Bauer contacted Kurt Schumacher, a highly decorated World War One veteran who lost his arm who served as the editor of the Social Democratic newspaper Schwäbische Tagwacht, about the need to drum up an anti-Nazi movement. Schumacher told Bauer: "We don't need intellectuals. Workers don't like intellectuals". Finally, Schumacher agreed to send Bauer to speak at a SPD rally, where Bauer gave what he called "a talk which went down rather well, I must admit". Bauer had a "deep, roaring voice" that electrified audiences and even a hostile Nazi account admitted he had "an accessible and very appealing style of expression". Schumacher in turn was, despite his grotesque appearance owing to his war wounds, one of the most popular Social Democrats in Württemberg, as one lawyer recalled: "He was like Churchill, chain-smoking cigarettes and puffing on cigars. You could sense his resolve and unwavering belief in the absolute righteousness of his cause". Schumacher and Bauer travelled across Württemberg giving speeches as Bauer recalled: "He and I spoke every weekend, sometimes three, four or five times. We were urging people to defend the Weimar Constitution, but also combat the extremism of the Weimar era". The rallies usually ended with people shouting Frei-Heil! (Hail Freedom!) which was intended to mock the Nazi slogan Sieg Heil! (Hail Victory!). As Schumacher was also a Social Democratic MdR, he had to spend much time in Berlin attending the sessions of the Reichstag, causing him to resign as a chairman of the Stuttgart chapter of the Reichsbanner in favor of Bauer. After the Harzburg Front was founded in October 1931, Bauer was one of the driving forces behind the creation of the Iron Front, whose stated purpose was to defend democracy. Imprisonment in Nazi Germany On 8 March 1933, Jagow was appointed police commissioner for Württemberg. On 23 March 1933, while Bauer was at work in his office, a group of policemen arrived to arrest him without charges. In March 1933, soon after the Nazi seizure of power, a plan to organize a general strike against the Nazis in the Stuttgart region failed, and Schumacher and Bauer were arrested with others and taken to Heuberg concentration camp. Bauer was tormented by the SA guards at Heuberg who found various ways to humiliate him and often beat him. As a "third-class" prisoner (i.e. one considered especially dangerous to the German state), Bauer was singled out for abuse such as being forced to stand for hours facing a wall while SA men struck him in the knees with their nightsticks and banged his head against the wall. Other than mentioning that he was forced to clean the camp's latrine on a daily basis, Bauer never mentioned his own experiences at Heuberg, which was too painful for him. The man whom Bauer consistently praised in his recollections of Heuberg was Schumacher, who despite missing one of his arms and being in constant pain because of his war wounds, was unyielding in his principles, taking abuse from the guards without complaint. The more prominent and older Schumacher, who had been an outspoken opponent of the Nazis as an SPD deputy in the Reichstag, remained in concentration camps (which destroyed his health) until the end of World War II, whereas the young and largely unknown Bauer was released. In November 1933, Bauer was transferred from Heuberg to a newly founded prison, Oberer Kuhberg concentration camp, located in former Army barracks in Ulm, where the guards were professional policemen instead of the SA, and conditions were better. In 1933, it was possible for lesser political prisoners to be released if they signed a public declaration of loyalty to the Nazi regime. On 13 November 1933, a letter appeared in the Ulmer Tagblatt newspaper from eight imprisoned Social Democrats declaring their loyalty to the new regime, which led to their release; one of the signatories was Bauer, who felt so humiliated that he never allowed discussion of this chapter of his life. In accordance with the Law for the Restoration of the Professional Civil Service he was removed from office. Schumacher was also offered release if he signed such a declaration, which he refused, saying that he rather would stay in the concentration camps forever than betray his beliefs; much of the praise that Bauer was later to offer Schumacher as a man who was always true to himself seemed to have reflected guilt about his own actions in signing the declaration. Exile In 1936, Bauer emigrated to Denmark. Shortly after arriving in Denmark, Bauer was arrested by the Danish police on charges of having sex with a male prostitute. Homosexuality was legal in Denmark, but soliciting the services of a prostitute of the same sex was not. Bauer admitted to the police that he did have sex with the prostitute in question, but denied vehemently that he paid the man for sex. After the German occupation, the Danish authorities revoked his residence permit in April 1940 and interned him in a camp for three months. On 1 December 1941, Bauer's first cousin, Erich Hirsch, and his aunt, Paula Hirsch, both of whom had remained in Stuttgart, were arrested by the Stuttgart police and were placed on a train together with 1,013 Stuttgart Jews. The train went to Riga, where all of the Jews were taken out to a field outside of Riga and shot by Latvian collaborationists. In October 1943, as Nazis began the deportation of Danish Jews to Theresienstadt concentration camp, he went underground. If Bauer was homosexual, that would have placed him in even further peril should he remain in Germany or Nazi-occupied Denmark. To protect himself, he formally married the Danish kindergarten teacher Anna Maria Petersen, in June 1943. Although some authors, such as biographer Ronen Steinke, argue that Bauer was probably homosexual, others consider this unproven. In October 1943, he fled to Sweden after the Danish government resigned and the Nazis declared martial law, which endangered the Jewish population in Denmark. Bauer spent 8 days in hiding in a cellar and on the night of 13 October 1943 left Denmark in a Danish fishing boat that took him his parents, sister, brother in law and two nephews to Sweden. Living for a time in Gothenburg before departing to Stockholm where Bauer founded, along with Willy Brandt and others, the periodical Sozialistische Tribüne (Socialist Tribune). He supported himself by teaching law students at Stockholm university and archival work. In his spare time he wrote books, ranging in topics from economics to Napoleon. In 1945 his father, Ludwig, died from leukemia while living in Sävedalen. Return to Germany Bauer returned to Germany in 1949, as the postwar Federal Republic (West Germany) was being established, and once more entered the civil service in the justice system. At first he became director of the district courts, and later the equivalent of a U.S. district attorney, in Braunschweig. In 1956, he was appointed the Generalstaatsanwalt (state prosecutor) in Hessen, based in Frankfurt. Bauer held this position until his death in 1968. In 1957, thanks to Lothar Hermann, a former Nazi camps prisoner, Bauer relayed information about the whereabouts in Argentina of fugitive Holocaust planner Adolf Eichmann to Israeli Intelligence, the Mossad. Hermann's daughter Sylvia began dating a man named Klaus Eichmann in 1956 who boasted about his father's Nazi exploits, and Hermann alerted Fritz Bauer, at the time prosecutor-general of the Land of Hesse in West Germany. Hermann then tasked his daughter with investigating her new friend's family; she met with Eichmann himself at his house, who said that he was Klaus's uncle. Klaus arrived not long after, however, and addressed Eichmann as "Father". In 1957, Bauer passed the information to Mossad director Isser Harel, who assigned operatives to undertake surveillance, but no concrete evidence was initially found. Bauer trusted neither Germany's police nor the country's legal system, as he feared that if he had informed them, they would likely have tipped off Eichmann. Thus he decided to turn directly to Israel authorities. Moreover, when Bauer called on the German government in order to make efforts to get Eichmann extradited from Argentina, the German government immediately responded negatively. In 2021, it became known that much more instrumental to the capture of Eichmann was the geologist Gerhard Klammer, who had worked with Eichmann in the early 1950s in a construction company in the Argentine Tucumán province, who provided Bauer with Eichmann's exact address and a photograph of Eichmann alongside Klammer. Klammer was in contact with the German priest Giselher Pohl and bishop Hermann Kunst, to whom he sent the information with the photograph, from which Klammer's face was ripped. Kunst, in turn, passed the evidences to Bauer. Bauer's sources remained secret, and along with Klammer's recomposed picture were not revealed before 2021. Mossad's Isser Harel acknowledged the important role Fritz Bauer played in Eichmann's capture, and claimed that he pressed insistently the Israeli authorities to organize an operation to apprehend and deport him to Israel. Shlomo J. Shpiro, in the introduction to Harel's book The House on Garibaldi Street, stated that Bauer did not act alone but was discreetly helped by Hesse minister-president Georg-August Zinn. Bauer was active in the postwar efforts to obtain justice and compensation for victims of the Nazi regime. In 1958, he succeeded in getting a class action lawsuit certified, consolidating numerous individual claims in the Frankfurt Auschwitz trials, which opened in 1963. Bauer pressed for replacing the 1935 version of Paragraph 175 of the German penal code, which made the "expression of homosexuality" illegal, thus meaning that for gay people even to come out of the closet and declare their sexuality was a criminal offense. In West Germany, the 1935 version of Paragraph 175 stayed in effect until 1969, making the lives of gay people almost unbearable. Perhaps reflecting concerns about drawing attention to his own sexuality, Bauer did not demand the abolition of Paragraph 175, and instead suggest merely reverting back to the 1871 version of Paragraph 175 that made homosexual sex a criminal offense. In 1968, working with German journalist Gerhard Szczesny, Bauer founded the Humanist Union, a human-rights organization. After Bauer's death, the Union donated money to endow the Fritz Bauer Prize. Another organization, the Fritz Bauer Institute, founded in 1995, is a nonprofit organization dedicated to civil rights that focuses on history and the effects of the Holocaust. Fritz Bauer's work contributed to the creation of an independent, democratic justice system in West Germany, as well as to the prosecution of Nazi war criminals and the reform of the criminal law and penal systems. Within the postwar German justice system, Bauer was a controversial figure due to his political engagements. He once said, "In the justice system, I live as I were in exile." Bauer died in Frankfurt am Main, aged 64. He was found having drowned in his bathtub. A post mortem examination stated he had consumed alcohol and taken sleeping pills. Works Die Kriegsverbrecher vor Gericht ("War Criminals in Court"), with a postscript by Hans Felix Pfenninger. Neue Internationale Bibliothek, Europa, Zürich 1945. Das Verbrechen und die Gesellschaft ("Crime and Society"). Ernst Reinhardt, Munich 1957. Sexualität und Verbrechen. Beiträge zur Strafrechtsreform ("Sexuality and Crime"). Fischer, Frankfurt 1963. Die neue Gewalt. Die Notwendigkeit der Einführung eines Kontrollorgans in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland ("The new Oppression"). Verlag der Zeitschrift Ruf und Echo, Munich 1964. Widerstand gegen die Staatsgewalt. Dokumente der Jahrtausende ("Resistance to State Oppression"). Fischer, Frankfurt 1965. Die Humanität der Rechtsordnung. Ausgewählte Schriften ("The Human Values of Legal Process; Selected Documents"). Joachim Perels and Irmtrud Wojak, Campus Verlag, Frankfurt/New York 1998, ISBN 3-593-35841-7. Biographies Irmtrud Wojak: Fritz Bauer. Eine Biographie, 1903–1968, Munich: C.H. Beck, 2009, ISBN 3-406-58154-4 Ronen Steinke: Fritz Bauer: oder Auschwitz vor Gericht, Piper, 2013, ISBN 978-3492055901, translated into English as: Steinke, Ronen (2020). Fritz Bauer The Jewish Prosecutor Who Brought Eichmann and Auschwitz to Trial. Bloominton: Indiana University Press. ISBN 9780253046895. Further reading: Bernhard Valentinitsch,Der Staat gegen Fritz Bauer. In: Journal for Intelligence,Propaganda and Security Studies(=JIPSS). Vol. 10 (Graz 2016), pp. 236-237. See also The People vs. Fritz Bauer, a 2015 German film Labyrinth of Lies, a 2014 German film References ^ "Humanistische Union: Wir über uns: Geschichte: Geschichtedetail". www.humanistische-union.de. ^ Steinke 2020, p. 21. ^ a b Steinke 2020, p. 23. ^ Wojak, Irmtrud (2009). Fritz Bauer 1903–1968: eine Biographie. Munich: C.H.Beck. p. 54. ISBN 978-3-406-58154-0. ^ a b Steinke 2020, p. 40. ^ a b c d Steinke 2020, p. 51. ^ a b c d Steinke 2020, p. 52. ^ Steinke 2020, p. 53. ^ a b c Steinke 2020, p. 56. ^ a b c d e Steinke 2020, p. 57. ^ a b Steinke 2020, p. 58. ^ a b Steinke 2020, p. 59. ^ Steinke 2020, p. 50-51. ^ a b Steinke 2020, p. 65. ^ a b c Steinke 2020, p. 66. ^ Steinke 2020, p. 65-66. ^ a b Steinke 2020, p. 67. ^ Walther, Rudolf (26 July 2014). "Erinnerung an einen Unvergessenen". Neues Deutschland (in German). p. 17. ^ a b c Steinke 2020, p. 69. ^ a b c Steinke 2020, p. 73. ^ "Fritz Bauer's biography does not justify other than a little suspect that his main sexual orientation was of a homosexual type, which at that time could not be openly expressed, unless he wanted to put his political life at stake". Ronen Steinke (2014). "On Fritz Bauer's alleged homosexuality". Neue Justiz (in German): 515. ^ STEINKE, RONEN (7 April 2020). Fritz Bauer. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press. pp. 72f. doi:10.2307/j.ctvzgb8h5. ISBN 978-0-253-04689-5. S2CID 216447426. ^ Wölfel, Ute (2022). "The End of Transgression: Fritz Bauer as Traitor on the German Screen". Mediating War and Identity: Figures of Transgression in 20th- and 21st-century War Representation. Edinburgh University Press. pp. 81, 93 fn 8. ISBN 978-1-4744-4628-0. What links Bauer to homosexuality is a report by the Danish police from 1936, according to which Bauer was seen with homosexual men and admitted homosexual proclivities. While some critics stress that this is the only indication of a homosexual orientation, that there is no evidence of any other sexual activities before or after, and that none of Bauer's friends could ever confirm the assumption (Wojak 2015; Rautenberg 2014; Nelhiebel 2014a), others maintain that there is evidence enough and that those who fulminate at Bauer's homosexuality are homophobic (Boll 2017; Renz 2017; Kramer 2014). ^ "Willy Brandt, Fritz Bauer and Sozialistische Tribüne". Retrieved 10 October 2021. ^ Steinke 2020, p. 74. ^ Lipstadt, Deborah E. (2011). The Eichmann Trial. New York: Random House. p. 12. ISBN 978-0-8052-4260-7. ^ Cesarani, David (2005) . Eichmann: His Life and Crimes. London: Vintage. pp. 223–224. ISBN 978-0-09-944844-0. ^ The CIA and German Federal Intelligence Service (BND) knew by 1958 that Eichmann was living in Argentina and knew an approximation of his cover name.Shane, Scott (7 June 2006). "C.I.A. Knew Where Eichmann Was Hiding, Documents Show". The New York Times. Retrieved 26 August 2021. ^ Wojak, Irmtrud (2011). Fritz Bauer 1903-1968. Eine Biographie (in German). C. H. Beck, Munich. p. 302. ISBN 978-3406623929. ^ "Der Mann der Adolf Eichmann enttarnte (The man who unmasked Adolf Eichmann)" (in German). 20 August 2021. Retrieved 25 August 2021. ^ Harel, Isser (1997). The House on Garibaldi Street. London: Routledge. ISBN 9781315036687. ^ "Das haus in der Garibaldi Straße (The house on Garibaldi Street)". Der Spiegel (in German). 6 July 1975. Retrieved 28 August 2021. In this article there was just a hint to Zinn ("Eine hochstehende Persönlichkeit von großer Integrität" - a very important person of great integrity), whose name and role were not clearly revealed before the aforementioned 1997 Shpiro's introduction. ^ a b Steinke 2020, p. 166. ^ Steinke 2020, p. 167. ^ "Germany finally pays tribute to the first Nazi hunter". The Independent. 28 February 2016. ^ Matthias Bartsch (26 July 2016). "Der Mann, der die Nazis jagte". Erst 18 Jahre nach Kriegsende begann in Frankfurt am Main der Prozess gegen die Täter von Auschwitz. Zu verdanken war dies dem hartnäckigen Juristen Fritz Bauer. Retrieved 8 December 2019. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Fritz Bauer. Wikiquote has quotations related to Fritz Bauer. Fritz Bauer Institute (German) Fritz Bauer – Tod auf Raten, Documentary, 2012 Labyrinth of Lies (German) Im Labyrinth des Schweigens, 2014 Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF National Norway Spain France BnF data Germany Israel United States Sweden Japan Czech Republic Netherlands Poland Academics CiNii People Deutsche Biographie Other IdRef
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Fritz Bauer (rowing)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fritz_Bauer_(rowing)"},{"link_name":"Friedrich L. Bauer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_L._Bauer"},{"link_name":"German Jewish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Jewish"},{"link_name":"Adolf Eichmann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolf_Eichmann"},{"link_name":"Frankfurt Auschwitz trials","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankfurt_Auschwitz_trials"}],"text":"This article is about the jurist. For the German Olympic rower, see Fritz Bauer (rowing). For the German computer scientist, see Friedrich L. Bauer.Fritz Bauer (16 July 1903 – 1 July 1968) was a German Jewish judge and prosecutor. He played an instrumental role in the post-war capture of former Holocaust planner Adolf Eichmann and the beginning of the Frankfurt Auschwitz trials.","title":"Fritz Bauer"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Stuttgart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stuttgart"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"ℛ︁ℳ︁","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reichsmark"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESteinke202021-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESteinke202023-3"},{"link_name":"Jewish holidays","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_holidays"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESteinke202023-3"},{"link_name":"Eberhard-Ludwigs-Gymnasium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eberhard-Ludwigs-Gymnasium"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Universities of Heidelberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Heidelberg"},{"link_name":"Munich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Munich"},{"link_name":"Tübingen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_T%C3%BCbingen"},{"link_name":"völkisch movement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%B6lkisch_movement"},{"link_name":"student fraternities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Studentenverbindung"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESteinke202040-5"},{"link_name":"Zionists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zionism"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESteinke202040-5"}],"text":"Bauer was born in Stuttgart, to a Jewish family. His parents were Ella (Hirsch) and Ludwig Bauer.[1] Bauer's father was a successful businessman who ran a textile mill that provided him with an annual income of 40,000 ℛ︁ℳ︁ by 1930 (for comparison, the annual income of a typical doctor in Germany in 1930 was 12,500 ℛ︁ℳ︁).[2] His sister Margot called their childhood a \"liberally Jewish one\".[3] Though his family was assimilated into the German culture, his parents did not celebrate Christmas as a secular holiday (a common practice in Jewish homes in Stuttgart at the time), and insisted on celebrating Jewish holidays.[3] He attended Eberhard-Ludwigs-Gymnasium in Stuttgart,[4] and studied business and law at the Universities of Heidelberg, Munich and Tübingen. German universities were traditionally strongholds of the völkisch movement, and almost all student fraternities in Germany under völkisch influence refused to accept Jews as members. Accordingly, Bauer found himself joining the liberal Jewish fraternity FWV (Freie Wissenschaftliche Vereinigung – Free Academic Union) in Heidelberg, to which he devoted much of his time.[5] The only other major Jewish fraternity were the Zionists, whose views Bauer opposed.[5]","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"assessor judge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerichtsassessor"},{"link_name":"Social Democratic Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_of_Germany"},{"link_name":"Weimar culture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weimar_culture"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESteinke202051-6"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESteinke202051-6"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESteinke202051-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESteinke202052-7"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESteinke202052-7"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESteinke202052-7"},{"link_name":"stab-in-the-back myth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stab-in-the-back_myth"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESteinke202052-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESteinke202053-8"},{"link_name":"Kurt Schumacher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurt_Schumacher"},{"link_name":"Reichsbanner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reichsbanner_Schwarz-Rot-Gold"},{"link_name":"Dietrich von Jagow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dietrich_von_Jagow"},{"link_name":"SA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sturmabteilung"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESteinke202051-6"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESteinke202056-9"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESteinke202056-9"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESteinke202056-9"},{"link_name":"Kurt Schumacher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurt_Schumacher"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESteinke202057-10"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESteinke202057-10"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESteinke202057-10"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESteinke202057-10"},{"link_name":"Churchill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winston_Churchill"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESteinke202057-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESteinke202058-11"},{"link_name":"Sieg Heil!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sieg_Heil!"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESteinke202058-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESteinke202059-12"},{"link_name":"Harzburg Front","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harzburg_Front"},{"link_name":"Iron Front","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron_Front"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESteinke202059-12"}],"text":"In 1928, after receiving his PhD in law (at 25, Doktor der Rechte [Jur.Dr.] in Germany), Bauer became an assessor judge in the Stuttgart local district court. By 1920, he already had joined the Social Democratic Party (SPD). Bauer found himself feeling at home in Stuttgart, a city with a left-wing working class majority that had a reputation as a \"progressive\" city where Weimar culture flourished.[6] The city council of Stuttgart was dominated by the Social Democrats while the Nazis won only 1.1% of the vote in the Stuttgart municipal election of 1928.[6] However, Bauer was the only judge in Württemberg who was a member of the SPD and one of the only two Jewish judges in Württemberg. He was much an outsider in the Württemberg judiciary.[6] Bauer recalled later about the other judges in Württemberg: \"They came from the highly elitist student fraternities and members of the reserve officers' corps. Their entire outlook was conservative and authoritarian in spirit. The Kaiser had gone, but the generals, public officials and judges remained\".[7] Bauer found himself appalled by the way that the other judges in Württemberg flagrantly favored the Nazis, always imposing the most lenient sentences on Nazis who engaged in violence and the harshest possible sentences on Communists and Social Democrats who did the same.[7]Bauer believed that this favoritism towards the Nazis encouraged their violence.[7] Bauer remembered that the judges of Württemberg almost down to a man loathed the Weimar Republic, which they believed was born of the stab-in-the-back myth of 1918 committed by \"godless and unpatriotic scoundrels. The judges weren't at all fond of the republic and they used the guise of judicial independence to sabotage the new state\".[7] Bauer felt the political biases of the judiciary—who had an unwritten rule under the Weimar republic that violence committed by the right was acceptable—was the \"judicial overture\" to their actions under the Nazi regime.[8] In the early 1930s, Bauer was together with Kurt Schumacher, one of the leaders of the SPD's Reichsbanner defense league in Stuttgart. Bauer served as the chairman of the Stuttgart chapter of the Reichsbanner and from 1931 onward found himself engaged in a feud with Dietrich von Jagow, the SA leader for Southwestern Germany.[6] In late 1931, Bauer was demoted from a judge handling criminal cases to a judge handling civil cases following accusations from the Nazi journalist Adolf Gerlach in the local Stuttgart Nazi newspaper NS-Kurier that Bauer was biased because he was a Jew and a Social Democrat who discussed details of the trial with a journalist from the Social Democratic newspaper Tagwacht.[9] At the hearing in response to Gerlach's complaint, Bauer argued the details of the case involving a local con-man on trial for cheating others of their money had already been discussed in the court, so he had not violated any rules by speaking to a journalist and the case was not political.[9] At the hearing, the judges ruled that Bauer had failed to \"comply with existing regulations\", thereby implying that Gerlach's accusations were partly justified and only declined to dismiss him because it could not be proved that Bauer's actions were \"politically motivated\".[9]Following the demotion, Bauer contacted Kurt Schumacher, a highly decorated World War One veteran who lost his arm who served as the editor of the Social Democratic newspaper Schwäbische Tagwacht, about the need to drum up an anti-Nazi movement.[10] Schumacher told Bauer: \"We don't need intellectuals. Workers don't like intellectuals\".[10] Finally, Schumacher agreed to send Bauer to speak at a SPD rally, where Bauer gave what he called \"a talk which went down rather well, I must admit\".[10] Bauer had a \"deep, roaring voice\" that electrified audiences and even a hostile Nazi account admitted he had \"an accessible and very appealing style of expression\".[10] Schumacher in turn was, despite his grotesque appearance owing to his war wounds, one of the most popular Social Democrats in Württemberg, as one lawyer recalled: \"He was like Churchill, chain-smoking cigarettes and puffing on cigars. You could sense his resolve and unwavering belief in the absolute righteousness of his cause\".[10] Schumacher and Bauer travelled across Württemberg giving speeches as Bauer recalled: \"He and I spoke every weekend, sometimes three, four or five times. We were urging people to defend the Weimar Constitution, but also combat the extremism of the Weimar era\".[11] The rallies usually ended with people shouting Frei-Heil! (Hail Freedom!) which was intended to mock the Nazi slogan Sieg Heil! (Hail Victory!).[11] As Schumacher was also a Social Democratic MdR, he had to spend much time in Berlin attending the sessions of the Reichstag, causing him to resign as a chairman of the Stuttgart chapter of the Reichsbanner in favor of Bauer.[12] After the Harzburg Front was founded in October 1931, Bauer was one of the driving forces behind the creation of the Iron Front, whose stated purpose was to defend democracy.[12]","title":"Career in the Weimar Republic"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESteinke202050-51-13"},{"link_name":"Heuberg concentration camp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lager_Heuberg"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESteinke202065-14"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESteinke202065-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESteinke202066-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESteinke202065-66-16"},{"link_name":"Reichstag","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reichstag_(Weimar_Republic)"},{"link_name":"concentration camps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concentration_camp"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"Oberer Kuhberg concentration camp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oberer_Kuhberg_concentration_camp"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESteinke202066-15"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESteinke202067-17"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESteinke202067-17"},{"link_name":"Law for the Restoration of the Professional Civil Service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_for_the_Restoration_of_the_Professional_Civil_Service"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESteinke202066-15"}],"text":"On 8 March 1933, Jagow was appointed police commissioner for Württemberg. On 23 March 1933, while Bauer was at work in his office, a group of policemen arrived to arrest him without charges.[13] In March 1933, soon after the Nazi seizure of power, a plan to organize a general strike against the Nazis in the Stuttgart region failed, and Schumacher and Bauer were arrested with others and taken to Heuberg concentration camp. Bauer was tormented by the SA guards at Heuberg who found various ways to humiliate him and often beat him.[14] As a \"third-class\" prisoner (i.e. one considered especially dangerous to the German state), Bauer was singled out for abuse such as being forced to stand for hours facing a wall while SA men struck him in the knees with their nightsticks and banged his head against the wall.[14] Other than mentioning that he was forced to clean the camp's latrine on a daily basis, Bauer never mentioned his own experiences at Heuberg, which was too painful for him.[15] The man whom Bauer consistently praised in his recollections of Heuberg was Schumacher, who despite missing one of his arms and being in constant pain because of his war wounds, was unyielding in his principles, taking abuse from the guards without complaint.[16] The more prominent and older Schumacher, who had been an outspoken opponent of the Nazis as an SPD deputy in the Reichstag, remained in concentration camps (which destroyed his health) until the end of World War II, whereas the young and largely unknown Bauer was released.In November 1933, Bauer was transferred from Heuberg to a newly founded prison, Oberer Kuhberg concentration camp, located in former Army barracks in Ulm, where the guards were professional policemen instead of the SA, and conditions were better.[15] In 1933, it was possible for lesser political prisoners to be released if they signed a public declaration of loyalty to the Nazi regime.[17] On 13 November 1933, a letter appeared in the Ulmer Tagblatt newspaper from eight imprisoned Social Democrats declaring their loyalty to the new regime, which led to their release; one of the signatories was Bauer, who felt so humiliated that he never allowed discussion of this chapter of his life.[17] In accordance with the Law for the Restoration of the Professional Civil Service he was removed from office.[18] Schumacher was also offered release if he signed such a declaration, which he refused, saying that he rather would stay in the concentration camps forever than betray his beliefs; much of the praise that Bauer was later to offer Schumacher as a man who was always true to himself seemed to have reflected guilt about his own actions in signing the declaration.[15]","title":"Imprisonment in Nazi Germany"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Denmark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denmark"},{"link_name":"male prostitute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Male_prostitution"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESteinke202069-19"},{"link_name":"soliciting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soliciting"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESteinke202069-19"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESteinke202069-19"},{"link_name":"residence permit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Residence_permit"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESteinke202073-20"},{"link_name":"Riga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riga"},{"link_name":"Latvian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latvia"},{"link_name":"collaborationists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collaborationism"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESteinke202073-20"},{"link_name":"Theresienstadt concentration camp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theresienstadt_Ghetto"},{"link_name":"homosexual, that would have placed him in even further peril should he remain in Germany or Nazi-occupied Denmark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persecution_of_homosexuals_in_Nazi_Germany"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"Ronen Steinke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronen_Steinke"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"Sweden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweden"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESteinke202073-20"},{"link_name":"Willy Brandt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"Stockholm university","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stockholm_University"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESteinke202074-25"},{"link_name":"Napoleon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napoleon"},{"link_name":"Sävedalen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A4vedalen"}],"text":"In 1936, Bauer emigrated to Denmark. Shortly after arriving in Denmark, Bauer was arrested by the Danish police on charges of having sex with a male prostitute.[19] Homosexuality was legal in Denmark, but soliciting the services of a prostitute of the same sex was not.[19] Bauer admitted to the police that he did have sex with the prostitute in question, but denied vehemently that he paid the man for sex.[19] After the German occupation, the Danish authorities revoked his residence permit in April 1940 and interned him in a camp for three months. On 1 December 1941, Bauer's first cousin, Erich Hirsch, and his aunt, Paula Hirsch, both of whom had remained in Stuttgart, were arrested by the Stuttgart police and were placed on a train together with 1,013 Stuttgart Jews.[20] The train went to Riga, where all of the Jews were taken out to a field outside of Riga and shot by Latvian collaborationists.[20] In October 1943, as Nazis began the deportation of Danish Jews to Theresienstadt concentration camp, he went underground. If Bauer was homosexual, that would have placed him in even further peril should he remain in Germany or Nazi-occupied Denmark.[21] To protect himself, he formally married the Danish kindergarten teacher Anna Maria Petersen, in June 1943.[22] Although some authors, such as biographer Ronen Steinke, argue that Bauer was probably homosexual, others consider this unproven.[23]In October 1943, he fled to Sweden after the Danish government resigned and the Nazis declared martial law, which endangered the Jewish population in Denmark. Bauer spent 8 days in hiding in a cellar and on the night of 13 October 1943 left Denmark in a Danish fishing boat that took him his parents, sister, brother in law and two nephews to Sweden.[20] Living for a time in Gothenburg before departing to Stockholm where Bauer founded, along with Willy Brandt and others, the periodical Sozialistische Tribüne (Socialist Tribune).[24]He supported himself by teaching law students at Stockholm university and archival work. In his spare time he wrote books, ranging in topics from economics[25] to Napoleon.In 1945 his father, Ludwig, died from leukemia while living in Sävedalen.","title":"Exile"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Federal Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Republic_of_Germany"},{"link_name":"district attorney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/District_attorney"},{"link_name":"Braunschweig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brunswick_(city)"},{"link_name":"Hessen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hessen"},{"link_name":"Lothar Hermann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lothar_Hermann"},{"link_name":"Nazi camps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi_concentration_camps"},{"link_name":"Holocaust","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holocaust"},{"link_name":"Adolf Eichmann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolf_Eichmann"},{"link_name":"Mossad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mossad"},{"link_name":"Land","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/States_of_Germany"},{"link_name":"Hesse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hesse"},{"link_name":"West Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Germany"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"Isser Harel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isser_Harel"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"Gerhard Klammer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerhard_Klammer"},{"link_name":"Tucumán province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tucum%C3%A1n_province"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"Hesse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hesse"},{"link_name":"minister-president","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minister-president"},{"link_name":"Georg-August Zinn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georg-August_Zinn"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"Frankfurt Auschwitz trials","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankfurt_Auschwitz_trials"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESteinke2020166-33"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESteinke2020167-34"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESteinke2020166-33"},{"link_name":"Gerhard Szczesny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gerhard_Szczesny&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Humanist Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humanist_Union"},{"link_name":"Frankfurt am Main","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankfurt_am_Main"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Spiegel042016-36"}],"text":"Bauer returned to Germany in 1949, as the postwar Federal Republic (West Germany) was being established, and once more entered the civil service in the justice system. At first he became director of the district courts, and later the equivalent of a U.S. district attorney, in Braunschweig. In 1956, he was appointed the Generalstaatsanwalt (state prosecutor) in Hessen, based in Frankfurt. Bauer held this position until his death in 1968.In 1957, thanks to Lothar Hermann, a former Nazi camps prisoner, Bauer relayed information about the whereabouts in Argentina of fugitive Holocaust planner Adolf Eichmann to Israeli Intelligence, the Mossad. Hermann's daughter Sylvia began dating a man named Klaus Eichmann in 1956 who boasted about his father's Nazi exploits, and Hermann alerted Fritz Bauer, at the time prosecutor-general of the Land of Hesse in West Germany. Hermann then tasked his daughter with investigating her new friend's family; she met with Eichmann himself at his house, who said that he was Klaus's uncle. Klaus arrived not long after, however, and addressed Eichmann as \"Father\".[26]In 1957, Bauer passed the information to Mossad director Isser Harel, who assigned operatives to undertake surveillance, but no concrete evidence was initially found.[27] Bauer trusted neither Germany's police nor the country's legal system, as he feared that if he had informed them, they would likely have tipped off Eichmann.[28] Thus he decided to turn directly to Israel authorities. Moreover, when Bauer called on the German government in order to make efforts to get Eichmann extradited from Argentina, the German government immediately responded negatively.[29]In 2021, it became known that much more instrumental to the capture of Eichmann was the geologist Gerhard Klammer, who had worked with Eichmann in the early 1950s in a construction company in the Argentine Tucumán province, who provided Bauer with Eichmann's exact address and a photograph of Eichmann alongside Klammer. Klammer was in contact with the German priest Giselher Pohl and bishop Hermann Kunst, to whom he sent the information with the photograph, from which Klammer's face was ripped. Kunst, in turn, passed the evidences to Bauer. Bauer's sources remained secret, and along with Klammer's recomposed picture were not revealed before 2021.[30]Mossad's Isser Harel acknowledged the important role Fritz Bauer played in Eichmann's capture, and claimed that he pressed insistently the Israeli authorities to organize an operation to apprehend and deport him to Israel. Shlomo J. Shpiro, in the introduction to Harel's book The House on Garibaldi Street, stated that Bauer did not act alone but was discreetly helped by Hesse minister-president Georg-August Zinn.[31][32]Bauer was active in the postwar efforts to obtain justice and compensation for victims of the Nazi regime. In 1958, he succeeded in getting a class action lawsuit certified, consolidating numerous individual claims in the Frankfurt Auschwitz trials, which opened in 1963. Bauer pressed for replacing the 1935 version of Paragraph 175 of the German penal code, which made the \"expression of homosexuality\" illegal, thus meaning that for gay people even to come out of the closet and declare their sexuality was a criminal offense.[33] In West Germany, the 1935 version of Paragraph 175 stayed in effect until 1969, making the lives of gay people almost unbearable.[34] Perhaps reflecting concerns about drawing attention to his own sexuality, Bauer did not demand the abolition of Paragraph 175, and instead suggest merely reverting back to the 1871 version of Paragraph 175 that made homosexual sex a criminal offense.[33]In 1968, working with German journalist Gerhard Szczesny, Bauer founded the Humanist Union, a human-rights organization. After Bauer's death, the Union donated money to endow the Fritz Bauer Prize. Another organization, the Fritz Bauer Institute, founded in 1995, is a nonprofit organization dedicated to civil rights that focuses on history and the effects of the Holocaust.Fritz Bauer's work contributed to the creation of an independent, democratic justice system in West Germany, as well as to the prosecution of Nazi war criminals and the reform of the criminal law and penal systems. Within the postwar German justice system, Bauer was a controversial figure due to his political engagements. He once said, \"In the justice system, I live as I were in exile.\"Bauer died in Frankfurt am Main, aged 64. He was found having drowned in his bathtub. A post mortem examination stated he had consumed alcohol and taken sleeping pills.[35][36]","title":"Return to Germany"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Irmtrud Wojak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irmtrud_Wojak"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"3-593-35841-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-593-35841-7"}],"text":"Die Kriegsverbrecher vor Gericht (\"War Criminals in Court\"), with a postscript by Hans Felix Pfenninger. Neue Internationale Bibliothek, Europa, Zürich 1945.\nDas Verbrechen und die Gesellschaft (\"Crime and Society\"). Ernst Reinhardt, Munich 1957.\nSexualität und Verbrechen. Beiträge zur Strafrechtsreform (\"Sexuality and Crime\"). Fischer, Frankfurt 1963.\nDie neue Gewalt. Die Notwendigkeit der Einführung eines Kontrollorgans in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland (\"The new Oppression\"). Verlag der Zeitschrift Ruf und Echo, Munich 1964.\nWiderstand gegen die Staatsgewalt. Dokumente der Jahrtausende (\"Resistance to State Oppression\"). Fischer, Frankfurt 1965.\nDie Humanität der Rechtsordnung. Ausgewählte Schriften (\"The Human Values of Legal Process; Selected Documents\"). Joachim Perels and Irmtrud Wojak, Campus Verlag, Frankfurt/New York 1998, ISBN 3-593-35841-7.","title":"Works"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"3-406-58154-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-406-58154-4"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-3492055901","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3492055901"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9780253046895","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780253046895"}],"text":"Irmtrud Wojak: Fritz Bauer. Eine Biographie, 1903–1968, Munich: C.H. Beck, 2009, ISBN 3-406-58154-4\nRonen Steinke: Fritz Bauer: oder Auschwitz vor Gericht, Piper, 2013, ISBN 978-3492055901, translated into English as:\nSteinke, Ronen (2020). Fritz Bauer The Jewish Prosecutor Who Brought Eichmann and Auschwitz to Trial. Bloominton: Indiana University Press. ISBN 9780253046895.Further reading: Bernhard Valentinitsch,Der Staat gegen Fritz Bauer. In: Journal for Intelligence,Propaganda and Security Studies(=JIPSS). Vol. 10 (Graz 2016), pp. 236-237.","title":"Biographies"}]
[]
[{"title":"The People vs. Fritz Bauer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_People_vs._Fritz_Bauer"},{"title":"Labyrinth of Lies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labyrinth_of_Lies"}]
[{"reference":"Steinke, Ronen (2020). Fritz Bauer The Jewish Prosecutor Who Brought Eichmann and Auschwitz to Trial. Bloominton: Indiana University Press. ISBN 9780253046895.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780253046895","url_text":"9780253046895"}]},{"reference":"\"Humanistische Union: Wir über uns: Geschichte: Geschichtedetail\". www.humanistische-union.de.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.humanistische-union.de/nc/wir_ueber_uns/geschichte/geschichtedetail/back/geschichte/article/fritz-bauer-stationen-eines-lebens/","url_text":"\"Humanistische Union: Wir über uns: Geschichte: Geschichtedetail\""}]},{"reference":"Wojak, Irmtrud (2009). Fritz Bauer 1903–1968: eine Biographie. Munich: C.H.Beck. p. 54. ISBN 978-3-406-58154-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=jP0uMZLuN0wC&q=%22Berthold+Auerbach%22+Eberhard-Ludwigs-gymnasium&pg=PA54","url_text":"Fritz Bauer 1903–1968: eine Biographie"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-406-58154-0","url_text":"978-3-406-58154-0"}]},{"reference":"Walther, Rudolf (26 July 2014). \"Erinnerung an einen Unvergessenen\". Neues Deutschland (in German). p. 17.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neues_Deutschland","url_text":"Neues Deutschland"}]},{"reference":"Ronen Steinke (2014). \"On Fritz Bauer's alleged homosexuality\". Neue Justiz (in German): 515.","urls":[]},{"reference":"STEINKE, RONEN (7 April 2020). Fritz Bauer. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press. pp. 72f. doi:10.2307/j.ctvzgb8h5. ISBN 978-0-253-04689-5. S2CID 216447426.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2Fj.ctvzgb8h5","url_text":"10.2307/j.ctvzgb8h5"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-253-04689-5","url_text":"978-0-253-04689-5"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:216447426","url_text":"216447426"}]},{"reference":"Wölfel, Ute (2022). \"The End of Transgression: Fritz Bauer as Traitor on the German Screen\". Mediating War and Identity: Figures of Transgression in 20th- and 21st-century War Representation. Edinburgh University Press. pp. 81, 93 fn 8. ISBN 978-1-4744-4628-0. What links Bauer to homosexuality is a report by the Danish police from 1936, according to which Bauer was seen with homosexual men and admitted homosexual proclivities. While some critics stress that this is the only indication of a homosexual orientation, that there is no evidence of any other sexual activities before or after, and that none of Bauer's friends could ever confirm the assumption (Wojak 2015; Rautenberg 2014; Nelhiebel 2014a), others maintain that there is evidence enough and that those who fulminate at Bauer's homosexuality are homophobic (Boll 2017; Renz 2017; Kramer 2014).","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4744-4628-0","url_text":"978-1-4744-4628-0"}]},{"reference":"\"Willy Brandt, Fritz Bauer and Sozialistische Tribüne\". Retrieved 10 October 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.willy-brandt-biography.com/t/1940-1946/#1945","url_text":"\"Willy Brandt, Fritz Bauer and Sozialistische Tribüne\""}]},{"reference":"Lipstadt, Deborah E. (2011). The Eichmann Trial. New York: Random House. p. 12. ISBN 978-0-8052-4260-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deborah_Lipstadt","url_text":"Lipstadt, Deborah E."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8052-4260-7","url_text":"978-0-8052-4260-7"}]},{"reference":"Cesarani, David (2005) [2004]. Eichmann: His Life and Crimes. London: Vintage. pp. 223–224. ISBN 978-0-09-944844-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Cesarani","url_text":"Cesarani, David"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=-buw-s1L5SQC","url_text":"Eichmann: His Life and Crimes"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-09-944844-0","url_text":"978-0-09-944844-0"}]},{"reference":"Shane, Scott (7 June 2006). \"C.I.A. Knew Where Eichmann Was Hiding, Documents Show\". The New York Times. Retrieved 26 August 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nytimes.com/2006/06/07/world/americas/07nazi.html?ex=1307332800&en=a02770c9b542715e&ei=5090&partner=rssuserland&emc=rss","url_text":"\"C.I.A. Knew Where Eichmann Was Hiding, Documents Show\""}]},{"reference":"Wojak, Irmtrud (2011). Fritz Bauer 1903-1968. Eine Biographie (in German). C. H. Beck, Munich. p. 302. ISBN 978-3406623929.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3406623929","url_text":"978-3406623929"}]},{"reference":"\"Der Mann der Adolf Eichmann enttarnte (The man who unmasked Adolf Eichmann)\" (in German). 20 August 2021. Retrieved 25 August 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://projekte.sueddeutsche.de/artikel/gesellschaft/der-mann-der-adolf-eichmann-enttarnte-e114499","url_text":"\"Der Mann der Adolf Eichmann enttarnte (The man who unmasked Adolf Eichmann)\""}]},{"reference":"Harel, Isser (1997). The House on Garibaldi Street. London: Routledge. ISBN 9781315036687.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781315036687","url_text":"9781315036687"}]},{"reference":"\"Das haus in der Garibaldi Straße (The house on Garibaldi Street)\". Der Spiegel (in German). 6 July 1975. Retrieved 28 August 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.spiegel.de/politik/das-haus-in-der-garibaldistrasse-a-2d4e4fd2-0002-0001-0000-000041471371?context=issue","url_text":"\"Das haus in der Garibaldi Straße (The house on Garibaldi Street)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Germany finally pays tribute to the first Nazi hunter\". The Independent. 28 February 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/germany-finally-pays-tribute-to-the-first-nazi-hunter-fritz-bauer-auschwitz-nazism-adolf-eichmann-a6901756.html","url_text":"\"Germany finally pays tribute to the first Nazi hunter\""}]},{"reference":"Matthias Bartsch (26 July 2016). \"Der Mann, der die Nazis jagte\". Erst 18 Jahre nach Kriegsende begann in Frankfurt am Main der Prozess gegen die Täter von Auschwitz. Zu verdanken war dies dem hartnäckigen Juristen Fritz Bauer. Retrieved 8 December 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.spiegel.de/spiegel/spiegelgeschichte/d-145934233.html","url_text":"\"Der Mann, der die Nazis jagte\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABVD
ABVD
["1 Medical uses","1.1 Administration","2 Side effects","2.1 Acute side effects","2.2 Delayed side effects","3 Supportive care","3.1 Antiemetics","3.2 Growth factors","4 History","4.1 Development","5 Research","5.1 Fertility","6 See also","7 References","8 External links"]
Chemotherapy regimen used to treat Hodgkin lymphoma For the lexical database, see Austronesian Basic Vocabulary Database. ABVD is a chemotherapy regimen used in the first-line treatment of Hodgkin lymphoma, replacing the older MOPP protocol. It consists of concurrent treatment with the chemotherapy drugs: Adriamycin (also known as doxorubicin/hydroxydaunorubicin, designated as H in CHOP) Bleomycin Vinblastine Dacarbazine (similar to procarbazine, designated as P in MOPP and in COPP) Medical uses As of 2007, ABVD is widely used as the initial chemotherapy treatment for newly diagnosed Hodgkin lymphoma. It has been the most effective and least toxic chemotherapy regimen available for treating early-stage Hodgkin Lymphoma. The other chemotherapy regimens that are widely used in this setting is the Stanford V and BEACOPP regimens. Administration One cycle of ABVD chemotherapy is typically given over 4 weeks in two doses, with the first on day 1 and the second dose on day 15. All four of the chemotherapy drugs are given intravenously. ABVD chemotherapy is usually given in the outpatient setting — that is, it does not require hospitalization. Typical dosages for one 28-day cycle of ABVD are: Drug Dose Mode Days Adriamycin 25 mg/m2 IV bolus Days 1 and 15 Bleomycin 10 IU/m2 IV bolus Days 1 and 15 Vinblastine 6 mg/m2 IV bolus Days 1 and 15 Dacarbazine 375 mg/m2 IV infusion Days 1 and 15 Dosages above are given according to the body surface area dosing model. The number of cycles given depends upon the stage of the disease and how well the patient tolerates chemotherapy. Doses may be delayed because of neutropenia, thrombocytopenia, or other side effects. A FDG PET scan is commonly advised following the completion of ABVD to assess response to the therapy. Interim PET (following 2 cycles) may be useful in aiding prognostication, but does not yet guide changes in therapy except within clinical trial protocols. Side effects Side effects of ABVD can be divided into acute (those occurring while receiving chemotherapy) and delayed (those occurring months to years after completion of chemotherapy). Delayed side effects have assumed particular importance because many patients treated for Hodgkin lymphoma are cured and can expect long lives after completion of chemotherapy. Acute side effects Hair loss, or alopecia, is a fairly common but not universal side effect of ABVD. Hair that is lost returns in the months after completion of chemotherapy. Nausea and vomiting can occur with ABVD, although treatments for chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting have improved substantially (see Supportive care below). Low blood counts, or myelosuppression, occur about 50% of the time with ABVD. Blood cell growth factors are sometimes used to prevent this (see Supportive care below). Blood counts are checked frequently while receiving chemotherapy. Any fever or sign of infection that develops needs to be promptly evaluated; severe infections can develop rapidly in a person with a low white blood cell count due to chemotherapy. Allergic reactions to bleomycin can occur. A small test dose of bleomycin is often given prior to the first round of ABVD to screen for patients who may be allergic. Neuropathy: Chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy, a progressive and enduring tingling numbness, intense pain, and hypersensitivity to cold, beginning in the hands and feet and sometimes involving the arms and legs. Delayed side effects Infertility is probably infrequent with ABVD. Several studies have suggested that, while sperm counts in men decrease during chemotherapy, they return to normal after completion of ABVD. In women, follicle-stimulating hormone levels remained normal while receiving ABVD, suggesting preserved ovarian function. Regardless of these data, fertility options (e.g. semen cryopreservation, oocyte cryopreservation, embryo cryopreservation) should be discussed with an oncologist before beginning ABVD therapy. Pulmonary toxicity, or lung damage, can occur with the use of bleomycin in ABVD, especially when radiation therapy to the chest is also given as part of the treatment for Hodgkin lymphoma. This toxicity develops months to years after completing chemotherapy, and usually manifests as cough and shortness of breath. High concentrations of oxygen, such as those often used in surgery, can trigger lung damage in patients who have received bleomycin, even years later. Pulmonary function tests are often used to assess for bleomycin-related damage to the lungs. One study found bleomycin lung damage in 18% of patients receiving ABVD for Hodgkin disease. Retrospective analyses have questioned whether bleomycin is necessary at all; however, at this point it remains a standard part of ABVD. Cardiac toxicity, or cardiomyopathy, can be a late side effect of adriamycin. The occurrence of adriamycin-related cardiac toxicity is related to the total lifetime dose of adriamycin, and increases sharply in people who receive a cumulative dose of more than 400 mg/m2. Almost all patients treated with ABVD receive less than this dose (for 6 cycles of ABVD, the cumulative adriamycin dose is 300 mg/m2); therefore, adriamycin-related cardiac toxicity is very uncommon with ABVD. Secondary malignancies. Patients cured of Hodgkin lymphoma remain at increased risk of developing other (secondary) cancers. Treatment-related leukemias are uncommon with ABVD, especially as compared with MOPP. However, one study found a risk of second cancers as high as 28% at 25 years after treatment for Hodgkin lymphoma, although most of the patients in this study were treated with MOPP chemotherapy rather than ABVD. Many of these second cancers were lung cancers or, in women, breast cancers, emphasizing the importance of smoking cessation and regular preventive care after completion of treatment. Radiation and chemotherapy probably both play a role in the development of these secondary malignancies; the exact contribution of chemotherapy such as ABVD can be difficult to tease out. Supportive care Supportive care refers to efforts to prevent or treat side effects of ABVD chemotherapy, and to help people get through the chemotherapy with the least possible discomfort. Antiemetics This article contains instructions, advice, or how-to content. Please help rewrite the content so that it is more encyclopedic or move it to Wikiversity, Wikibooks, or Wikivoyage. (July 2020) Significant advances in antiemetic, or anti-nausea, medications have been made in the beginning of the 21st century. Patients will often receive a combination of 5-HT3 receptor antagonists (e.g. ondansetron), corticosteroids, and benzodiazepines before chemotherapy to prevent nausea. These medicines are also effective after nausea develops, as are phenothiazines. Each person's sensitivity to nausea and vomiting varies. Overall, while patients often experience some mild to moderate nausea, severe nausea or vomiting are uncommon with ABVD. Emetogenicity is high. eviQ has recommendations for preventing nausea and vomiting. Ensure that patients have sufficient antiemetics for breakthrough emesis with Metoclopramide 10 mg to 20 mg every 4 to 6 hours when necessary OR Prochlorperazine 10 mg PO or 12.5 mg IV every 4 to 6 hours when necessary. Growth factors Blood growth factors are medicines that stimulate the bone marrow to produce more of a certain kind of blood cell. Commonly used examples include G-CSF and erythropoietin. These drugs are sometimes used with ABVD to prevent neutropenia (low white blood cell count) and anemia related to the chemotherapy, although their use is not universal. History See also: History of cancer chemotherapy Prior to the mid-1960s, advanced-stage Hodgkin disease was treated with single-agent chemotherapy, with fairly dismal long-term survival and cure rates. With advances in the understanding of chemotherapy resistance and the development of combination chemotherapy, Vincent T. DeVita and George Canellos at the National Cancer Institute (United States) developed the MOPP regimen. This combination of mechlorethamine, vincristine (Oncovin), procarbazine, and prednisone proved capable of curing almost 70% of patients with advanced-stage Hodgkin lymphoma. While MOPP was remarkably successful in curing advanced Hodgkin lymphoma, its toxicity remained significant. Aside from bone marrow suppression, frequent side effects included nerve injury caused by vincristine and allergic reactions to procarbazine. Long-term effects were also a concern, as patients were often cured and could expect long survival after chemotherapy. Infertility was a major long-term side effect, and even more seriously, the risk of developing treatment-related myelodysplasia or acute leukemia was increased up to 14-fold in patients who received MOPP. These treatment-related hematological malignancies peaked at 5 to 9 years after treatment for Hodgkin's lymphoma, and were associated with a dismally poor prognosis. Development Therefore, alternative regimens were tested in an attempt to avoid alkylating agents (such as mechlorethamine), which were thought to be responsible for many of the long-term side effects of MOPP. ABVD was developed as a potentially less toxic and more effective alternative to MOPP; the initial results of ABVD were published in an Italian thesis. The results were published in English in 1975 by an Italian group led by Gianni Bonadonna. A number of trials then compared MOPP vs. MOPP plus ABVD and compared ABVD to previous and other regimens for Hodgkin lymphoma. A large trial by CALGB suggested that ABVD was superior to MOPP, with a higher rate of overall response, less hematologic toxicity, better relapse-free survival, and better outcomes after relapse in the patients treated with ABVD. Later studies confirmed the superiority of ABVD in terms of effectiveness, and also demonstrated that late side effects, such as treatment-related acute leukemia, were less common with ABVD as compared to MOPP. Taken together, these results led ABVD to the replacement of MOPP with ABVD in the first-line treatment of Hodgkin lymphoma. A number of trials then compared ABVD or ABVD-like or hybrid MOPP/ABVD to BEACOPP and escalated BEACOPP regimens. Research Fertility Scientists analyzed samples of ovarian tissue donated by eight women who had undergone ABVD chemotherapy, alongside tissue from fifteen healthy women. They found that the tissue from the cancer patients treated with ABVD had between four and 10 times more eggs compared with tissue from women who had received a different chemotherapy, or healthy women of a similar age. The ovarian tissue was in healthy condition, appearing similar to tissue from young women's ovaries. Although the eggs are in an immature state, the scientists are trying to discover how they were created, then work out a way to bring them to maturity. It is unclear if the eggs in their current form would be functional. See also BEACOPP CHOP Stanford V Hodgkin lymphoma References ^ "Chemotherapy and Drug Treatment". Leukemia & Lymphoma Society. ^ Aldin A, Umlauff L, Estcourt LJ, Collins G, Moons KG, Engert A, et al. (January 2020). Cochrane Haematology Group (ed.). "Interim PET-results for prognosis in adults with Hodgkin lymphoma: a systematic review and meta-analysis of prognostic factor studies". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 1 (8): CD012643. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD012643.pub3. PMC 6984446. PMID 31930780. ^ del Pino BM (Feb 23, 2010). "Chemotherapy-induced Peripheral Neuropathy". NCI Cancer Bulletin. 7 (4): 6. Archived from the original on 2011-12-11. ^ a b c Santoro A, Bonadonna G, Valagussa P, Zucali R, Viviani S, Villani F, et al. (January 1987). "Long-term results of combined chemotherapy-radiotherapy approach in Hodgkin's disease: superiority of ABVD plus radiotherapy versus MOPP plus radiotherapy". Journal of Clinical Oncology. 5 (1): 27–37. doi:10.1200/JCO.1987.5.1.27. PMID 2433409. ^ Viviani S, Santoro A, Ragni G, Bonfante V, Bestetti O, Bonadonna G (May 1985). "Gonadal toxicity after combination chemotherapy for Hodgkin's disease. Comparative results of MOPP vs ABVD". European Journal of Cancer & Clinical Oncology. 21 (5): 601–5. doi:10.1016/0277-5379(85)90088-4. PMID 2408897. ^ Anselmo AP, Cartoni C, Bellantuono P, Maurizi-Enrici R, Aboulkair N, Ermini M (1990). "Risk of infertility in patients with Hodgkin's disease treated with ABVD vs MOPP vs ABVD/MOPP". Haematologica. 75 (2): 155–8. PMID 1694156. ^ Martin WG, Ristow KM, Habermann TM, Colgan JP, Witzig TE, Ansell SM (October 2005). "Bleomycin pulmonary toxicity has a negative impact on the outcome of patients with Hodgkin's lymphoma". Journal of Clinical Oncology. 23 (30): 7614–20. doi:10.1200/JCO.2005.02.7243. PMID 16186594. ^ Canellos GP, Duggan D, Johnson J, Niedzwiecki D (April 2004). "How important is bleomycin in the adriamycin + bleomycin + vinblastine + dacarbazine regimen?". Journal of Clinical Oncology. 22 (8): 1532–3. doi:10.1200/JCO.2004.99.010. PMID 15084636. ^ van Leeuwen FE, Klokman WJ, Veer MB, Hagenbeek A, Krol AD, Vetter UA, et al. (February 2000). "Long-term risk of second malignancy in survivors of Hodgkin's disease treated during adolescence or young adulthood". Journal of Clinical Oncology. 18 (3): 487–97. doi:10.1200/JCO.2000.18.3.487. PMID 10653864. ^ "7-Prevention of anti-cancer therapy induced nausea and vomiting (AINV) | eviQ". ^ "56-Advanced stage ABVD (DOXOrubicin bleomycin vinBLASTine dacarbazine) | eviQ". ^ DeVita VT, Simon RM, Hubbard SM, Young RC, Berard CW, Moxley JH, et al. (May 1980). "Curability of advanced Hodgkin's disease with chemotherapy. Long-term follow-up of MOPP-treated patients at the National Cancer Institute". Annals of Internal Medicine. 92 (5): 587–95. doi:10.7326/0003-4819-92-5-587. PMID 6892984. ^ Longo DL, Young RC, Wesley M, Hubbard SM, Duffey PL, Jaffe ES, DeVita VT (September 1986). "Twenty years of MOPP therapy for Hodgkin's disease". Journal of Clinical Oncology. 4 (9): 1295–306. doi:10.1200/JCO.1986.4.9.1295. PMID 3528400. S2CID 32719728. ^ Kaldor JM, Day NE, Clarke EA, Van Leeuwen FE, Henry-Amar M, Fiorentino MV, et al. (January 1990). "Leukemia following Hodgkin's disease". The New England Journal of Medicine. 322 (1): 7–13. doi:10.1056/NEJM199001043220102. PMID 2403650. ^ Università degli Studi di Milano,Facoltà di Medicina e Chirurgia, ( anno accademico : 1974/75 ) in : 'Studio comparativo di due schemi di polichemioterapia negli stadi avanzati della Malattia di Hodgkin', (relatore prof. Fasoli Angelo . ), tesi di laurea di Fossati Vittorio, Matr. 81.606, (thesis of a student led by Bonadonna Gianni) ^ Bonadonna G, Zucali R, Monfardini S, De Lena M, Uslenghi C (July 1975). "Combination chemotherapy of Hodgkin's disease with adriamycin, bleomycin, vinblastine, and imidazole carboxamide versus MOPP". Cancer. 36 (1): 252–9. doi:10.1002/1097-0142(197507)36:1<252::AID-CNCR2820360128>3.0.CO;2-7. PMID 54209. S2CID 23133131. ^ Bonadonna, G.; Fossati, V.; De Lena, M. (1978). "MOPP versus MOPP plus ABVD in Stage IV Hodgkin's disease". Proc. Am. Assoc. Cancer Res.-ASCO. 19: 363. ^ Canellos GP, Anderson JR, Propert KJ, Nissen N, Cooper MR, Henderson ES, et al. (November 1992). "Chemotherapy of advanced Hodgkin's disease with MOPP, ABVD, or MOPP alternating with ABVD". The New England Journal of Medicine. 327 (21): 1478–84. doi:10.1056/NEJM199211193272102. PMID 1383821. ^ McLaughlin M, Kelsey TW, Wallace WH, Anderson RA, Telfer EE (January 2017). "Non-growing follicle density is increased following adriamycin, bleomycin, vinblastine and dacarbazine (ABVD) chemotherapy in the adult human ovary". Human Reproduction. 32 (1): 165–174. doi:10.1093/humrep/dew260. hdl:10023/12263. PMID 27923859. External links Chemotherapy information from the American Cancer Society Treatment of Hodgkin's Lymphoma at the U.S. National Cancer Institute
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All four of the chemotherapy drugs are given intravenously. ABVD chemotherapy is usually given in the outpatient setting — that is, it does not require hospitalization.[citation needed]Typical dosages for one 28-day cycle of ABVD are:Dosages above are given according to the body surface area dosing model.The number of cycles given depends upon the stage of the disease and how well the patient tolerates chemotherapy. Doses may be delayed because of neutropenia, thrombocytopenia, or other side effects.[citation needed]A FDG PET scan is commonly advised following the completion of ABVD to assess response to the therapy. Interim PET (following 2 cycles) may be useful in aiding prognostication, but does not yet guide changes in therapy except within clinical trial protocols.[2]","title":"Medical uses"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Side effects of ABVD can be divided into acute (those occurring while receiving chemotherapy) and delayed (those occurring months to years after completion of chemotherapy). Delayed side effects have assumed particular importance because many patients treated for Hodgkin lymphoma are cured and can expect long lives after completion of chemotherapy.[citation needed]","title":"Side effects"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"alopecia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alopecia"},{"link_name":"chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemotherapy-induced_nausea_and_vomiting"},{"link_name":"myelosuppression","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myelosuppression"},{"link_name":"growth factors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G-CSF"},{"link_name":"white blood cell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_blood_cell"},{"link_name":"Chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemotherapy-induced_peripheral_neuropathy"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NCI-3"}],"sub_title":"Acute side effects","text":"Hair loss, or alopecia, is a fairly common but not universal side effect of ABVD. Hair that is lost returns in the months after completion of chemotherapy.\nNausea and vomiting can occur with ABVD, although treatments for chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting have improved substantially (see Supportive care below).\nLow blood counts, or myelosuppression, occur about 50% of the time with ABVD. Blood cell growth factors are sometimes used to prevent this (see Supportive care below). Blood counts are checked frequently while receiving chemotherapy. Any fever or sign of infection that develops needs to be promptly evaluated; severe infections can develop rapidly in a person with a low white blood cell count due to chemotherapy.\nAllergic reactions to bleomycin can occur. A small test dose of bleomycin is often given prior to the first round of ABVD to screen for patients who may be allergic.\nNeuropathy: Chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy, a progressive and enduring tingling numbness, intense pain, and hypersensitivity to cold, beginning in the hands and feet and sometimes involving the arms and legs.[3]","title":"Side effects"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"sperm counts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sperm_count"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-santoro-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"follicle-stimulating hormone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Follicle-stimulating_hormone"},{"link_name":"semen cryopreservation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semen_cryopreservation"},{"link_name":"oocyte cryopreservation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oocyte_cryopreservation"},{"link_name":"embryo cryopreservation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embryo_cryopreservation"},{"link_name":"oncologist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oncologist"},{"link_name":"lung","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lung"},{"link_name":"bleomycin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bleomycin"},{"link_name":"radiation therapy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiation_therapy"},{"link_name":"cough","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cough"},{"link_name":"shortness of breath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dyspnea"},{"link_name":"Pulmonary function tests","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulmonary_function_test"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"cardiomyopathy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiomyopathy"},{"link_name":"adriamycin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adriamycin"},{"link_name":"leukemias","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leukemia"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-santoro-4"},{"link_name":"MOPP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MOPP_(medicine)"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"smoking cessation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smoking_cessation"},{"link_name":"preventive care","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preventive_care"}],"sub_title":"Delayed side effects","text":"Infertility is probably infrequent with ABVD. Several studies have suggested that, while sperm counts in men decrease during chemotherapy, they return to normal after completion of ABVD.[4][5][6] In women, follicle-stimulating hormone levels remained normal while receiving ABVD, suggesting preserved ovarian function. Regardless of these data, fertility options (e.g. semen cryopreservation, oocyte cryopreservation, embryo cryopreservation) should be discussed with an oncologist before beginning ABVD therapy.\nPulmonary toxicity, or lung damage, can occur with the use of bleomycin in ABVD, especially when radiation therapy to the chest is also given as part of the treatment for Hodgkin lymphoma. This toxicity develops months to years after completing chemotherapy, and usually manifests as cough and shortness of breath. High concentrations of oxygen, such as those often used in surgery, can trigger lung damage in patients who have received bleomycin, even years later. Pulmonary function tests are often used to assess for bleomycin-related damage to the lungs. One study found bleomycin lung damage in 18% of patients receiving ABVD for Hodgkin disease.[7] Retrospective analyses have questioned whether bleomycin is necessary at all;[8] however, at this point it remains a standard part of ABVD.\nCardiac toxicity, or cardiomyopathy, can be a late side effect of adriamycin. The occurrence of adriamycin-related cardiac toxicity is related to the total lifetime dose of adriamycin, and increases sharply in people who receive a cumulative dose of more than 400 mg/m2. Almost all patients treated with ABVD receive less than this dose (for 6 cycles of ABVD, the cumulative adriamycin dose is 300 mg/m2); therefore, adriamycin-related cardiac toxicity is very uncommon with ABVD.\nSecondary malignancies. Patients cured of Hodgkin lymphoma remain at increased risk of developing other (secondary) cancers. Treatment-related leukemias are uncommon with ABVD, especially as compared with MOPP.[4] However, one study found a risk of second cancers as high as 28% at 25 years after treatment for Hodgkin lymphoma, although most of the patients in this study were treated with MOPP chemotherapy rather than ABVD.[9] Many of these second cancers were lung cancers or, in women, breast cancers, emphasizing the importance of smoking cessation and regular preventive care after completion of treatment. Radiation and chemotherapy probably both play a role in the development of these secondary malignancies; the exact contribution of chemotherapy such as ABVD can be difficult to tease out.","title":"Side effects"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Supportive care refers to efforts to prevent or treat side effects of ABVD chemotherapy, and to help people get through the chemotherapy with the least possible discomfort.","title":"Supportive care"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"antiemetic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiemetic"},{"link_name":"ondansetron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ondansetron"},{"link_name":"corticosteroids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corticosteroid"},{"link_name":"benzodiazepines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benzodiazepine"},{"link_name":"phenothiazines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phenothiazine"},{"link_name":"eviQ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EviQ"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Metoclopramide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metoclopramide"},{"link_name":"Prochlorperazine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prochlorperazine"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"sub_title":"Antiemetics","text":"Significant advances in antiemetic, or anti-nausea, medications have been made in the beginning of the 21st century. Patients will often receive a combination of 5-HT3 receptor antagonists (e.g. ondansetron), corticosteroids, and benzodiazepines before chemotherapy to prevent nausea. These medicines are also effective after nausea develops, as are phenothiazines. Each person's sensitivity to nausea and vomiting varies. Overall, while patients often experience some mild to moderate nausea, severe nausea or vomiting are uncommon with ABVD.Emetogenicity is high. eviQ has recommendations for preventing nausea and vomiting.[10]Ensure that patients have sufficient antiemetics for breakthrough emesis with Metoclopramide 10 mg to 20 mg every 4 to 6 hours when necessary OR Prochlorperazine 10 mg PO or 12.5 mg IV every 4 to 6 hours when necessary.[11]","title":"Supportive care"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"bone marrow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bone_marrow"},{"link_name":"blood cell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_cell"},{"link_name":"G-CSF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G-CSF"},{"link_name":"erythropoietin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erythropoietin"},{"link_name":"neutropenia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neutropenia"},{"link_name":"white blood cell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_blood_cell"},{"link_name":"anemia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anemia"}],"sub_title":"Growth factors","text":"Blood growth factors are medicines that stimulate the bone marrow to produce more of a certain kind of blood cell. Commonly used examples include G-CSF and erythropoietin. These drugs are sometimes used with ABVD to prevent neutropenia (low white blood cell count) and anemia related to the chemotherapy, although their use is not universal.","title":"Supportive care"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"History of cancer chemotherapy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_cancer_chemotherapy"},{"link_name":"chemotherapy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemotherapy"},{"link_name":"combination chemotherapy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_cancer_chemotherapy#Combination_chemotherapy"},{"link_name":"Vincent T. DeVita","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vincent_T._DeVita"},{"link_name":"George Canellos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Canellos"},{"link_name":"National Cancer Institute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Cancer_Institute"},{"link_name":"MOPP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MOPP_(medicine)"},{"link_name":"mechlorethamine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mechlorethamine"},{"link_name":"vincristine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vincristine"},{"link_name":"procarbazine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Procarbazine"},{"link_name":"prednisone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prednisone"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"toxicity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toxicity"},{"link_name":"bone marrow suppression","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myelosuppression"},{"link_name":"nerve injury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurotoxicity"},{"link_name":"allergic reactions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allergic_reaction"},{"link_name":"Infertility","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infertility"},{"link_name":"myelodysplasia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myelodysplasia"},{"link_name":"acute leukemia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acute_leukemia"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"hematological malignancies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hematological_malignancies"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"See also: History of cancer chemotherapyPrior to the mid-1960s, advanced-stage Hodgkin disease was treated with single-agent chemotherapy, with fairly dismal long-term survival and cure rates. With advances in the understanding of chemotherapy resistance and the development of combination chemotherapy, Vincent T. DeVita and George Canellos at the National Cancer Institute (United States) developed the MOPP regimen. This combination of mechlorethamine, vincristine (Oncovin), procarbazine, and prednisone proved capable of curing almost 70% of patients with advanced-stage Hodgkin lymphoma.[12][13]While MOPP was remarkably successful in curing advanced Hodgkin lymphoma, its toxicity remained significant. Aside from bone marrow suppression, frequent side effects included nerve injury caused by vincristine and allergic reactions to procarbazine. Long-term effects were also a concern, as patients were often cured and could expect long survival after chemotherapy. Infertility was a major long-term side effect, and even more seriously, the risk of developing treatment-related myelodysplasia or acute leukemia was increased up to 14-fold in patients who received MOPP.[14] These treatment-related hematological malignancies peaked at 5 to 9 years after treatment for Hodgkin's lymphoma, and were associated with a dismally poor prognosis.[citation needed]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"alkylating agents","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkylating_antineoplastic_agent"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Italian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"CALGB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CALGB"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-santoro-4"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"Development","text":"Therefore, alternative regimens were tested in an attempt to avoid alkylating agents (such as mechlorethamine), which were thought to be responsible for many of the long-term side effects of MOPP. ABVD was developed as a potentially less toxic and more effective alternative to MOPP; the initial results of ABVD were published in an Italian thesis.[15] The results were published in English in 1975 by an Italian group led by Gianni Bonadonna.[16] A number of trials then compared MOPP vs. MOPP plus ABVD[17] and compared ABVD to previous and other regimens for Hodgkin lymphoma. A large trial by CALGB suggested that ABVD was superior to MOPP, with a higher rate of overall response, less hematologic toxicity, better relapse-free survival, and better outcomes after relapse in the patients treated with ABVD.[18] Later studies confirmed the superiority of ABVD in terms of effectiveness, and also demonstrated that late side effects, such as treatment-related acute leukemia, were less common with ABVD as compared to MOPP.[4] Taken together, these results led ABVD to the replacement of MOPP with ABVD in the first-line treatment of Hodgkin lymphoma. A number of trials then compared ABVD or ABVD-like or hybrid MOPP/ABVD to BEACOPP and escalated BEACOPP regimens.[citation needed]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Research"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"}],"sub_title":"Fertility","text":"Scientists analyzed samples of ovarian tissue donated by eight women who had undergone ABVD chemotherapy, alongside tissue from fifteen healthy women.[citation needed]They found that the tissue from the cancer patients treated with ABVD had between four and 10 times more eggs compared with tissue from women who had received a different chemotherapy, or healthy women of a similar age. The ovarian tissue was in healthy condition, appearing similar to tissue from young women's ovaries.[citation needed]Although the eggs are in an immature state, the scientists are trying to discover how they were created, then work out a way to bring them to maturity. It is unclear if the eggs in their current form would be functional.[19]","title":"Research"}]
[]
[{"title":"BEACOPP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BEACOPP"},{"title":"CHOP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CHOP_(chemotherapy)"},{"title":"Stanford V","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanford_V"},{"title":"Hodgkin lymphoma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hodgkin_lymphoma"}]
[{"reference":"\"Chemotherapy and Drug Treatment\". Leukemia & Lymphoma Society.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.lls.org/lymphoma/hodgkin-lymphoma/treatment/chemotherapy-and-drug-therapy","url_text":"\"Chemotherapy and Drug Treatment\""}]},{"reference":"Aldin A, Umlauff L, Estcourt LJ, Collins G, Moons KG, Engert A, et al. (January 2020). Cochrane Haematology Group (ed.). \"Interim PET-results for prognosis in adults with Hodgkin lymphoma: a systematic review and meta-analysis of prognostic factor studies\". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 1 (8): CD012643. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD012643.pub3. PMC 6984446. PMID 31930780.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6984446","url_text":"\"Interim PET-results for prognosis in adults with Hodgkin lymphoma: a systematic review and meta-analysis of prognostic factor studies\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1002%2F14651858.CD012643.pub3","url_text":"10.1002/14651858.CD012643.pub3"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6984446","url_text":"6984446"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31930780","url_text":"31930780"}]},{"reference":"del Pino BM (Feb 23, 2010). \"Chemotherapy-induced Peripheral Neuropathy\". NCI Cancer Bulletin. 7 (4): 6. Archived from the original on 2011-12-11.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20111211105234/http://www.cancer.gov/aboutnci/ncicancerbulletin/archive/2010/022310/page6","url_text":"\"Chemotherapy-induced Peripheral Neuropathy\""},{"url":"https://www.cancer.gov/aboutnci/ncicancerbulletin/archive/2010/022310/page6","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Santoro A, Bonadonna G, Valagussa P, Zucali R, Viviani S, Villani F, et al. (January 1987). \"Long-term results of combined chemotherapy-radiotherapy approach in Hodgkin's disease: superiority of ABVD plus radiotherapy versus MOPP plus radiotherapy\". Journal of Clinical Oncology. 5 (1): 27–37. doi:10.1200/JCO.1987.5.1.27. PMID 2433409.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1200%2FJCO.1987.5.1.27","url_text":"10.1200/JCO.1987.5.1.27"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2433409","url_text":"2433409"}]},{"reference":"Viviani S, Santoro A, Ragni G, Bonfante V, Bestetti O, Bonadonna G (May 1985). \"Gonadal toxicity after combination chemotherapy for Hodgkin's disease. Comparative results of MOPP vs ABVD\". European Journal of Cancer & Clinical Oncology. 21 (5): 601–5. doi:10.1016/0277-5379(85)90088-4. PMID 2408897.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0277-5379%2885%2990088-4","url_text":"10.1016/0277-5379(85)90088-4"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2408897","url_text":"2408897"}]},{"reference":"Anselmo AP, Cartoni C, Bellantuono P, Maurizi-Enrici R, Aboulkair N, Ermini M (1990). \"Risk of infertility in patients with Hodgkin's disease treated with ABVD vs MOPP vs ABVD/MOPP\". Haematologica. 75 (2): 155–8. PMID 1694156.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1694156","url_text":"1694156"}]},{"reference":"Martin WG, Ristow KM, Habermann TM, Colgan JP, Witzig TE, Ansell SM (October 2005). \"Bleomycin pulmonary toxicity has a negative impact on the outcome of patients with Hodgkin's lymphoma\". Journal of Clinical Oncology. 23 (30): 7614–20. doi:10.1200/JCO.2005.02.7243. PMID 16186594.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1200%2FJCO.2005.02.7243","url_text":"\"Bleomycin pulmonary toxicity has a negative impact on the outcome of patients with Hodgkin's lymphoma\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1200%2FJCO.2005.02.7243","url_text":"10.1200/JCO.2005.02.7243"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16186594","url_text":"16186594"}]},{"reference":"Canellos GP, Duggan D, Johnson J, Niedzwiecki D (April 2004). \"How important is bleomycin in the adriamycin + bleomycin + vinblastine + dacarbazine regimen?\". Journal of Clinical Oncology. 22 (8): 1532–3. doi:10.1200/JCO.2004.99.010. PMID 15084636.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1200%2FJCO.2004.99.010","url_text":"\"How important is bleomycin in the adriamycin + bleomycin + vinblastine + dacarbazine regimen?\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1200%2FJCO.2004.99.010","url_text":"10.1200/JCO.2004.99.010"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15084636","url_text":"15084636"}]},{"reference":"van Leeuwen FE, Klokman WJ, Veer MB, Hagenbeek A, Krol AD, Vetter UA, et al. (February 2000). \"Long-term risk of second malignancy in survivors of Hodgkin's disease treated during adolescence or young adulthood\". Journal of Clinical Oncology. 18 (3): 487–97. doi:10.1200/JCO.2000.18.3.487. 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(May 1980). \"Curability of advanced Hodgkin's disease with chemotherapy. Long-term follow-up of MOPP-treated patients at the National Cancer Institute\". Annals of Internal Medicine. 92 (5): 587–95. doi:10.7326/0003-4819-92-5-587. PMID 6892984.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.7326%2F0003-4819-92-5-587","url_text":"10.7326/0003-4819-92-5-587"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6892984","url_text":"6892984"}]},{"reference":"Longo DL, Young RC, Wesley M, Hubbard SM, Duffey PL, Jaffe ES, DeVita VT (September 1986). \"Twenty years of MOPP therapy for Hodgkin's disease\". Journal of Clinical Oncology. 4 (9): 1295–306. doi:10.1200/JCO.1986.4.9.1295. PMID 3528400. S2CID 32719728.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1200%2FJCO.1986.4.9.1295","url_text":"10.1200/JCO.1986.4.9.1295"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3528400","url_text":"3528400"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:32719728","url_text":"32719728"}]},{"reference":"Kaldor JM, Day NE, Clarke EA, Van Leeuwen FE, Henry-Amar M, Fiorentino MV, et al. (January 1990). \"Leukemia following Hodgkin's disease\". The New England Journal of Medicine. 322 (1): 7–13. doi:10.1056/NEJM199001043220102. PMID 2403650.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1056%2FNEJM199001043220102","url_text":"\"Leukemia following Hodgkin's disease\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1056%2FNEJM199001043220102","url_text":"10.1056/NEJM199001043220102"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2403650","url_text":"2403650"}]},{"reference":"Bonadonna G, Zucali R, Monfardini S, De Lena M, Uslenghi C (July 1975). \"Combination chemotherapy of Hodgkin's disease with adriamycin, bleomycin, vinblastine, and imidazole carboxamide versus MOPP\". Cancer. 36 (1): 252–9. doi:10.1002/1097-0142(197507)36:1<252::AID-CNCR2820360128>3.0.CO;2-7. PMID 54209. S2CID 23133131.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1002%2F1097-0142%28197507%2936%3A1%3C252%3A%3AAID-CNCR2820360128%3E3.0.CO%3B2-7","url_text":"10.1002/1097-0142(197507)36:1<252::AID-CNCR2820360128>3.0.CO;2-7"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/54209","url_text":"54209"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:23133131","url_text":"23133131"}]},{"reference":"Bonadonna, G.; Fossati, V.; De Lena, M. (1978). \"MOPP versus MOPP plus ABVD in Stage IV Hodgkin's disease\". Proc. Am. Assoc. Cancer Res.-ASCO. 19: 363.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Canellos GP, Anderson JR, Propert KJ, Nissen N, Cooper MR, Henderson ES, et al. (November 1992). \"Chemotherapy of advanced Hodgkin's disease with MOPP, ABVD, or MOPP alternating with ABVD\". The New England Journal of Medicine. 327 (21): 1478–84. doi:10.1056/NEJM199211193272102. PMID 1383821.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1056%2FNEJM199211193272102","url_text":"\"Chemotherapy of advanced Hodgkin's disease with MOPP, ABVD, or MOPP alternating with ABVD\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1056%2FNEJM199211193272102","url_text":"10.1056/NEJM199211193272102"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1383821","url_text":"1383821"}]},{"reference":"McLaughlin M, Kelsey TW, Wallace WH, Anderson RA, Telfer EE (January 2017). \"Non-growing follicle density is increased following adriamycin, bleomycin, vinblastine and dacarbazine (ABVD) chemotherapy in the adult human ovary\". Human Reproduction. 32 (1): 165–174. doi:10.1093/humrep/dew260. hdl:10023/12263. PMID 27923859.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fhumrep%2Fdew260","url_text":"\"Non-growing follicle density is increased following adriamycin, bleomycin, vinblastine and dacarbazine (ABVD) chemotherapy in the adult human ovary\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fhumrep%2Fdew260","url_text":"10.1093/humrep/dew260"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)","url_text":"hdl"},{"url":"https://hdl.handle.net/10023%2F12263","url_text":"10023/12263"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27923859","url_text":"27923859"}]}]
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ABVD\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1056%2FNEJM199211193272102","external_links_name":"10.1056/NEJM199211193272102"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1383821","external_links_name":"1383821"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fhumrep%2Fdew260","external_links_name":"\"Non-growing follicle density is increased following adriamycin, bleomycin, vinblastine and dacarbazine (ABVD) chemotherapy in the adult human ovary\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fhumrep%2Fdew260","external_links_name":"10.1093/humrep/dew260"},{"Link":"https://hdl.handle.net/10023%2F12263","external_links_name":"10023/12263"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27923859","external_links_name":"27923859"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090620163745/http://www.cancer.org/docroot/CRI/content/CRI_2_4_4x_Chemotherapy_84.asp?sitearea=","external_links_name":"Chemotherapy information"},{"Link":"https://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/pdq/treatment/adulthodgkins/healthprofessional","external_links_name":"Treatment of Hodgkin's Lymphoma"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athletic_Federation_of_North_Macedonia
Athletic Federation of North Macedonia
["1 Affiliations","2 National records","3 External links"]
Athletic Federation of North MacedoniaSportAthleticsAbbreviationAFNMFounded1920, refounded in 1993AffiliationWorld AthleticsRegional affiliationEuropean Athletic Association (EAA)HeadquartersSkopje, North MacedoniaPresidentAleksandra VojnevskaSecretaryDejan AngelovskiOfficial websitewww.afm.org.mk The Athletic Federation of North Macedonia (Macedonian Atletska Federacija na Severna Makedonija) is the governing body for the sport of athletics in North Macedonia. Affiliations World Athletics European Athletic Association (EAA) Olympic Committee of North Macedonia (MOC) National records AFM maintains the Macedonian records in athletics. External links AFNM official website "Member Federations – Europe". worldathletics.org. Retrieved 2021-06-16. vteNational Members of the European Athletic Association Albania Andorra Armenia Austria Azerbaijan Belarus Belgium Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Finland France Georgia Germany Gibraltar Greece Hungary Iceland Ireland Israel Italy Kosovo Latvia Liechtenstein Lithuania Luxembourg Malta Moldova Monaco Montenegro Netherlands North Macedonia Norway Poland Portugal Romania Russia San Marino Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey Ukraine United Kingdom National subdivisions Belgium Flemish  French  United Kingdom England Northern Ireland Scotland Wales Sport of athletics portal vteNational members of World AthleticsAfrica(CAA)Central (Congo) Burundi Cameroon Central African Rep. Chad Congo Congo DR Gabon Equatorial Guinea Rwanda São Tomé and Príncipe Eastern (Nile) Djibouti Egypt Eritrea Ethiopia Kenya Somalia South Sudan Sudan Tanzania Uganda Northern (Sahara) Algeria Libya Morocco Tunisia  Southern (Kalahari) Angola Botswana Comoros  Eswatini Lesotho Madagascar Malawi Mauritius Mozambique Namibia Seychelles South Africa Zambia Zimbabwe Western (Niger) Benin Burkina Faso Cape Verde Côte d'Ivoire The Gambia  Ghana Guinea Guinea-Bissau Liberia Mali Mauritania Niger Nigeria Senegal Sierra Leone Togo Asia(AAA) Afghanistan Bahrain Bangladesh Bhutan Brunei Cambodia China Chinese Taipei Hong Kong India Indonesia Iran  Iraq Japan Jordan Kazakhstan Kuwait Kyrgyzstan Laos Lebanon Macau Malaysia Maldives Mongolia Myanmar Nepal North Korea Oman Pakistan Palestine Philippine Qatar Saudi Arabia Singapore South Korea  Sri Lanka Syria Tajikistan Thailand Timor-Leste Turkmenistan United Arab Emirates Uzbekistan Vietnam Yemen Europe(EAA) Albania Andorra Armenia Austria Azerbaijan Belarus Belgium Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Finland France Georgia Germany Gibraltar Greece Hungary Iceland Ireland Israel Italy Kosovo Latvia Liechtenstein Lithuania Luxembourg Malta Moldova Monaco Montenegro Netherlands North Macedonia Norway Poland Portugal Romania Russiaǂ San Marino Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey Ukraine United Kingdom North America(NACAC) Anguilla Antigua & Barbuda Aruba The Bahamas Barbados Belize Bermuda British Virgin Islands Canada Cayman Islands Costa Rica Cuba Curaçao† Dominica Dominican Rep. El Salvador French Guyana† Grenada Guadeloupe† Guatemala Haiti Honduras Jamaica Martinique† Mexico Montserrat Nicaragua Puerto Rico Saint Kitts & Nevis Saint Lucia Saint Vincent & The Grenadines Sint Maarten† Trinidad & Tobago Turks & Caicos Islands United States U.S. Virgin Islands Oceania(OAA) American Samoa Australia Cook Isl. Fiji French Polynesia  Guam Kiribati Marshall Isl. F.S. Micronesia Nauru New Caledonia † New Zealand Niue† Norfolk Isl. Northern Mariana Isl. Palau Papua New Guinea Samoa Solomon Isl. Tonga Tuvalu Vanuatu Wallis et Futuna† South America(CONSUDATLE) Argentina Bolivia Brazil Chile Colombia Ecuador Guyana Panama Paraguay Peru Suriname Uruguay Venezuela Sport of athletics portal • † NACAC and OAA associate member • ǂ Suspended by the decision of the World Athletics Council or OAA Council. vteSports governing bodies in North MacedoniaSummer Olympic Sports Aquatics Diving Swimming Synchronized Swimming Water Polo Archery Athletics Badminton Basketball Boxing Canoeing Cycling Equestrian Fencing Field Hockey Football Golf Gymnastics Handball Judo Modern Pentathlon Rugby 7's Rowing Sailing Shooting Table Tennis Taekwondo Tennis Triathlon Volleyball inc. Beach Volleyball Weightlifting Wrestling Winter Olympic Sports Biathlon Bobsleigh Curling Skating (Figure, Speed & Short Track) Ice Hockey Luge Skeleton Skiing (Alpine, Cross Country, Nordic Combined, Freestyle & Jumping) Snowboarding Other IOC Recognised Sports Air sports Auto racing Bandy Baseball Billiard Sports Boules Bowling Bridge Chess Cricket Dance sport Floorball Karate Korfball Lifesaving Motorcycle racing Mountaineering and Climbing Netball Orienteering Pelota Vasca Polo Powerboating Racquetball Roller sports Rugby Softball Sport climbing Squash Sumo Surfing Tug of war Underwater sports Water Ski Wushu Paralympics and Disabled Sports Others Sports Rugby League Rugby Union Olympic Committee of North Macedonia
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Macedonian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macedonian_language"},{"link_name":"sport of athletics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sport_of_athletics"},{"link_name":"North Macedonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Macedonia"}],"text":"The Athletic Federation of North Macedonia (Macedonian Atletska Federacija na Severna Makedonija) is the governing body for the sport of athletics in North Macedonia.","title":"Athletic Federation of North Macedonia"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"World Athletics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Athletics"},{"link_name":"European Athletic Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Athletic_Association"},{"link_name":"Olympic Committee of North Macedonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olympic_Committee_of_North_Macedonia"}],"text":"World Athletics\nEuropean Athletic Association (EAA)\nOlympic Committee of North Macedonia (MOC)","title":"Affiliations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Macedonian records in athletics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Macedonian_records_in_athletics"}],"text":"AFM maintains the Macedonian records in athletics.","title":"National records"}]
[]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marie_Recio
Marie Recio
["1 Biography","2 Bibliography","3 References","4 External links"]
French opera singerPortrait of Recio from a photograph taken in Paris Marie Recio, née Marie-Geneviève Martin (10 June 1814 – 13 June 1862) was a French 19th-century opera singer (mezzo-soprano), and the second wife of Hector Berlioz. Biography Marie Recio was born in Châtenay-Malabry to a French military father, Colonel Joseph Martin (1758-1836), battalion commander and a Spanish mother. Peter Bloom believes that it is likely that she took singing lessons from the great Italian singer David Banderali (an academic at the Conservatoire de Paris from 1828 to 1849), being the friend of his daughter, Anne Barthe. In the 1830s, she became a professional singer in Paris. Berlioz and Marie met around 1840. It was potentially for Marie Recio that Berlioz began Les Nuits d'été, with Absence (1841, the fourth piece of the final collection), which she often sang and that the musician orchestrated as soon as 1843. Berlioz himself confided: "She's meowing like a dozen cats." Due to Berlioz's influence, she made her debut at the Opéra-Comique on 9 October 1841, but she only held the position for a few months. Her repertoire was limited: Inès in Donizetti's La Favorite, Isolier in Rossini's Le Comte Ory and Alice in Meyerbeer's Robert le Diable. It seems that the singer had a stage fright that deprived her of her skills. Marie and Berlioz travelled to Brussels in September 1842 and she accompanied him on his various journeys to Prague in 1846. The couple lived together from 1844 and for almost twenty years. He married her on 19 October 1854, at the Sainte Trinité church in Paris. During these years, she became a collaborator and manager of the musician. She died of a heart disease at a friend's home in Saint-Germain-en-Laye at age 48. Her mother, Marie Sotera Villas Recio, stayed with the composer until his last days. She was portrayed by actress Renée Saint-Cyr, in La Symphonie fantastique (1942), a feature film by Christian-Jaque. Bibliography Nectoux, Jean-Michel; Citron, Pierre & Reynaud, Cécile (2003). "Nuits d'été, Les". Dictionnaire Berlioz (in French). Paris: Fayard. pp. 385–389. ISBN 2-213-61528-4. Nectoux2003. Bloom, Peter; Citron, Pierre & Reynaud, Cécile (2003). "Recio, Marie". Dictionnaire Berlioz (in French). Paris: Fayard. pp. 449–452. ISBN 2-213-61528-4. Bloom2003. Pierre-Jean Remy, Dictionnaire amoureux de l'opéra, Plon, 2014, 1076 pages ISBN 2259215750, OCLC 419830672, p. 688 Read online Pascal Beyls, Marie Recio, 1814-1862 — seconde épouse de Berlioz. 2015, 209 pages OCLC 919025220, BnF 443243869 References ^ a b Bloom, Citron & Reynaud 2003, p. 449. ^ a b Bloom, Citron & Reynaud 2003, p. 450. ^ a b Nectoux, Citron & Reynaud 2003, p. 385. ^ Les passions amoureuses on bnf.fr. ^ a b Bloom, Citron & Reynaud 2003, p. 452. External links Marie Recio at Find a Grave Autograph letter from Marie Recio (1843) available at Gallica Lettre of Berlioz mentioning Marie Recio (1854) available at Gallica Chronologie: Marie Recio Biographie on Kronobase.org Authority control databases International VIAF WorldCat National France BnF data Germany United States Portals: classical music opera France
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Peter Bloom believes that it is likely that she took singing lessons from the great Italian singer David Banderali (an academic at the Conservatoire de Paris from 1828 to 1849), being the friend of his daughter, Anne Barthe.[1] In the 1830s, she became a professional singer in Paris.[2]Berlioz and Marie met around 1840.[3] It was potentially for Marie Recio that Berlioz began Les Nuits d'été, with Absence (1841, the fourth piece of the final collection), which she often sang[3] and that the musician orchestrated as soon as 1843. Berlioz himself confided: \"She's meowing like a dozen cats.\"[4]Due to Berlioz's influence, she made her debut at the Opéra-Comique on 9 October 1841, but she only held the position for a few months. Her repertoire was limited: Inès in Donizetti's La Favorite, Isolier in Rossini's Le Comte Ory[1] and Alice in Meyerbeer's Robert le Diable. It seems that the singer had a stage fright that deprived her of her skills.[2]Marie and Berlioz travelled to Brussels in September 1842 and she accompanied him on his various journeys to Prague in 1846.The couple lived together from 1844 and for almost twenty years. He married her on 19 October 1854, at the Sainte Trinité church in Paris. During these years, she became a collaborator and manager of the musician.[5]She died of a heart disease at a friend's home in Saint-Germain-en-Laye at age 48. Her mother, Marie Sotera Villas Recio, stayed with the composer until his last days.[5]She was portrayed by actress Renée Saint-Cyr, in La Symphonie fantastique (1942), a feature film by Christian-Jaque.","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Nectoux, Jean-Michel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Michel_Nectoux"},{"link_name":"Citron, Pierre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Citron"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"2-213-61528-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-213-61528-4"},{"link_name":"Bloom, Peter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Bloom"},{"link_name":"Fayard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fayard"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"2-213-61528-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-213-61528-4"},{"link_name":"Pierre-Jean Remy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre-Jean_Remy"},{"link_name":"Plon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plon_(publisher)"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"2259215750","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/2259215750"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"419830672","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/419830672"},{"link_name":"Read online","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=t_MvBQAAQBAJ&pg=PT688"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"919025220","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/919025220"},{"link_name":"BnF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BNF_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"443243869","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb443243869.public"}],"text":"Nectoux, Jean-Michel; Citron, Pierre & Reynaud, Cécile (2003). \"Nuits d'été, Les\". Dictionnaire Berlioz (in French). Paris: Fayard. pp. 385–389. ISBN 2-213-61528-4. Nectoux2003.\nBloom, Peter; Citron, Pierre & Reynaud, Cécile (2003). \"Recio, Marie\". Dictionnaire Berlioz (in French). Paris: Fayard. pp. 449–452. ISBN 2-213-61528-4. Bloom2003.\nPierre-Jean Remy, Dictionnaire amoureux de l'opéra, Plon, 2014, 1076 pages ISBN 2259215750, OCLC 419830672, p. 688 Read online\nPascal Beyls, Marie Recio, 1814-1862 — seconde épouse de Berlioz. 2015, 209 pages OCLC 919025220, BnF 443243869","title":"Bibliography"}]
[{"image_text":"Portrait of Recio from a photograph taken in Paris","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Marie_Recio.jpg/220px-Marie_Recio.jpg"}]
null
[{"reference":"Nectoux, Jean-Michel; Citron, Pierre & Reynaud, Cécile (2003). \"Nuits d'été, Les\". Dictionnaire Berlioz (in French). Paris: Fayard. pp. 385–389. ISBN 2-213-61528-4. Nectoux2003.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Michel_Nectoux","url_text":"Nectoux, Jean-Michel"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Citron","url_text":"Citron, Pierre"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-213-61528-4","url_text":"2-213-61528-4"}]},{"reference":"Bloom, Peter; Citron, Pierre & Reynaud, Cécile (2003). \"Recio, Marie\". Dictionnaire Berlioz (in French). Paris: Fayard. pp. 449–452. ISBN 2-213-61528-4. Bloom2003.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Bloom","url_text":"Bloom, Peter"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fayard","url_text":"Fayard"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-213-61528-4","url_text":"2-213-61528-4"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merlo_Station_High_School
Merlo Station High School
["1 Academics","1.1 Community School","1.2 Merlo Station Night School","1.3 School of Science and Technology","2 See also","3 References","4 External links"]
Coordinates: 45°30′22″N 122°50′51″W / 45.506081°N 122.847592°W / 45.506081; -122.847592Public school in Beaverton, , Oregon, United StatesMerlo Station High SchoolAddress1841 SW Merlo DriveBeaverton, (Washington County), Oregon 97006United StatesCoordinates45°30′22″N 122°50′51″W / 45.506081°N 122.847592°W / 45.506081; -122.847592InformationTypePublicOpened1993School districtBeavertonPrincipalRachel SipGrades9-12Number of students457 (2008)Color(s)Maroon and forest green   WebsiteMerlo Station High School Merlo Station High School is a public high school located in Beaverton, Oregon, United States, which is part of the Beaverton School District (BSD). It is considered an "options" high school, meaning that it houses several different scholarly magnet programs that differ from "traditional" high schools. This allows Merlo Station to meet the many different needs of all its students. The school opened in 1993. One of the option schools that had been at Merlo Station campus since its opening in 1993, the School of Science and Technology, moved at the end of 2015 to a different site, shared with BSD's Health & Science School. Academics Community School The Community School contains 215 students in grades 9-12. In 2008, 33% of the seniors received a high school diploma. Of 67 students, 22 graduated, 12 dropped out, and 33 were still in high school in 2009. Merlo Station Night School The Merlo Station Night School contains 75 students in grades 10-12. In 2008, 48% of the seniors received a high school diploma. Of 42 students, 20 graduated, four dropped out, and 18 were still in high school in 2009. School of Science and Technology The School of Science and Technology (SST) was part of Merlo Station High School until the end of 2015. In 2010, it had 178 students in grades 9-12. In 2010, 100% of the seniors received a high school diploma. Of 36 students, 36 graduated and none dropped out. At the end of 2015, SST moved out of Merlo Station High School to the Capital Center, a business park located at the southwest corner of NW 185th Avenue and Walker Road, already the site of BSD's Health & Science School. See also Merlo MAX station References ^ a b c d e "Oregon School Directory 2008-09" (PDF). Oregon Department of Education. p. 139. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-05-26. Retrieved 2009-05-28. ^ Clark, Steve (December 2, 1993). "New school in Beaverton is dedicated". Beaverton Valley Times. ^ a b c Apalategui, Eric (January 7, 2016) . "School of Science and Technology moves to remodeled Capital Center". Beaverton Valley Times. p. A2. Retrieved 2016-02-14. ^ a b c "State releases high school graduation rates". The Oregonian. 2009-06-30. Retrieved 2009-07-01. ^ a b c "Oregon dropout rates for 2008". The Oregonian. 2009-06-30. Archived from the original on 2011-09-16. Retrieved 2009-07-01. External links Merlo Station High School Beaverton School District vteBeaverton, OregonEducation Beaverton SD Beaverton HS Southridge HS Sunset HS Arts & Comm Acad Merlo Station HS Hillsboro SD Portland SD German American School Jesuit High School Portland Community College Portland Japanese School Valley Catholic School TriMet rail stations Beaverton Central Beaverton Creek Beaverton Transit Center Elmonica/Southwest 170th Avenue Hall/Nimbus Merlo Road/Southwest 158th Avenue Millikan Way Sunset Transit Center Services Tualatin Hills Park & Recreation District Tualatin Valley Fire and Rescue Washington County Cooperative Library Services
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[]
[{"title":"Merlo MAX station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merlo_Rd/SW_158th_Ave_MAX_Station"}]
[{"reference":"\"Oregon School Directory 2008-09\" (PDF). Oregon Department of Education. p. 139. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-05-26. Retrieved 2009-05-28.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110526202904/http://www.ode.state.or.us/pubs/directory/school-directory-september-2008.pdf","url_text":"\"Oregon School Directory 2008-09\""},{"url":"http://www.ode.state.or.us/pubs/directory/school-directory-september-2008.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Apalategui, Eric (January 7, 2016) [online date January 6]. \"School of Science and Technology moves to remodeled Capital Center\". Beaverton Valley Times. p. A2. Retrieved 2016-02-14.","urls":[{"url":"http://pamplinmedia.com/bvt/15-news/287957-164741-school-of-science-and-technology-moves-to-remodeled-capital-center","url_text":"\"School of Science and Technology moves to remodeled Capital Center\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beaverton_Valley_Times","url_text":"Beaverton Valley Times"}]},{"reference":"\"State releases high school graduation rates\". The Oregonian. 2009-06-30. Retrieved 2009-07-01.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.oregonlive.com/education/index.ssf/2009/06/high_school_dropout_rates.html","url_text":"\"State releases high school graduation rates\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Oregonian","url_text":"The Oregonian"}]},{"reference":"\"Oregon dropout rates for 2008\". The Oregonian. 2009-06-30. Archived from the original on 2011-09-16. Retrieved 2009-07-01.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110916010203/http://blog.oregonlive.com/education_impact/2009/06/Dropout-Rates.xls","url_text":"\"Oregon dropout rates for 2008\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Oregonian","url_text":"The Oregonian"},{"url":"http://blog.oregonlive.com/education_impact/2009/06/Dropout-Rates.xls","url_text":"the original"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Davidia_involucrata
Davidia involucrata
["1 Taxonomy","2 Description","3 Distribution and habitat","4 History","5 Gallery","6 Fossil record","7 Cultivation","8 References","9 External links"]
Species of flowering plant in the family Nyssaceae Davidia involucrata Scientific classification Kingdom: Plantae Clade: Tracheophytes Clade: Angiosperms Clade: Eudicots Clade: Asterids Order: Cornales Family: Nyssaceae Genus: DavidiaBaill. Species: D. involucrata Binomial name Davidia involucrataBaill. Synonyms Davidia laeta Davidia fruits (MHNT) Davidia involucrata, the dove-tree, handkerchief tree, pocket handkerchief tree, or ghost tree, is a medium-sized deciduous tree in the family Nyssaceae. It is the only living species in the genus Davidia. It was previously included with tupelos in the dogwood family, Cornaceae. Fossil species are known extending into the Upper Cretaceous. Taxonomy Davidia involucrata is the only member of its genus, but there are two varieties differing slightly in their leaves, D. involucrata var. involucrata, which has the leaves thinly pubescent (short-haired) on the underside, and D. involucrata var. vilmoriniana, with glabrous (hairless) leaves. Some botanists treat them as distinct species, with good reason, as the two taxa have differing chromosome numbers so are unable to produce fertile hybrid offspring. Description It is a moderately fast-growing tree, growing to 20–25 m (66–82 ft) in height, with toothed, alternate, ovate-cordate leaves resembling those of a linden, except that they are symmetrical, and lack the lop-sided base typical of linden leaves; the leaves are mostly 10–20 cm long and 7–15 cm wide. Davidia involucrata is best known for its inflorescence that features large, white bracts surrounding a purplish-red flower head. The Latin specific epithet involucrata means "with a ring of bracts surrounding several flowers". The true flowers form a tight head about 1–2 cm across, each flower head with a pair of large (12–25 cm), pure white bracts at the base, performing the function of petals in attracting pollinators. The inflorescences hang in long rows beneath the horizontal branches, and appear prolifically in late spring. On a breezy day, the bracts flutter in the wind like white doves or pinched handkerchiefs; hence the English names for this tree. The fruit is a very hard nut about 3 cm long surrounded by a green husk about 4 cm long by 3 cm wide, hanging on a 10 cm stalk. The nut contains 3–6 seeds. Distribution and habitat Davidia involucrata is native to South Central and Southeast China. It grows in montane mixed forests. History The genus Davidia is named for Father Armand David (1826–1900; "Père David"), a French Vincentian missionary and keen naturalist who lived in China. David first described the tree in 1869 as a single tree found at over 2,000 m (6,562 ft) altitude, and sent dried specimens to Paris; in 1871, Henri Baillon described it as a new genus and species. British plant hunter Augustine Henry again found a single tree, this time in the Yangtse Ichang gorges and sent the first specimen to Kew Gardens. Plant collector Ernest Henry Wilson was employed by Sir Harry Veitch to find Henry's tree but arrived to find that it had been felled for building purposes; however, he later found a grove of the trees overhanging a sheer drop. Returning to Britain, Wilson’s boat was wrecked, but he managed to save his Davidia specimens, one of which survives today in the Arnold Arboretum. Gallery Young tree in flower Form Bark Leaves Fossil record The oldest probable fossils of Davidia are permineralized fruits from the Upper Cretaceous (Campanian) Horseshoe Canyon Formation of Dinosaur Provincial Park near Drumheller, Alberta, Canada. Those fruits are smaller than those of D. involucrata and have fewer locules, but are otherwise similar in morphology to the extant genus. In 2009, B. I. Pavlyutkin described Miocene fossils in Primorsky Krai and assigned them to a new species in the genus Davidia. Cultivation The species was introduced from China to Europe and North America in 1904, and is a popular ornamental tree in parks and larger gardens. Most trees in cultivation are var. vilmoriniana, which has proved much better able to adapt to the climatic conditions in the west. This tree and the cultivated variety D. involucrata var. vilmoriniana have gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit. References ^ BSBI List 2007 (xls). Botanical Society of Britain and Ireland. Archived from the original (xls) on 26 June 2015. Retrieved 17 October 2014. ^ "Davidia involucrata". Germplasm Resources Information Network. Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture. Retrieved 9 January 2017. ^ "Angiosperm Phylogeny Website - Cornales". Missouri Botanical Garden. Retrieved 28 August 2023. ^ Haining Qin & Chamlong Phengklai. "Davidia involucrata". Flora of China. Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, MO & Harvard University Herbaria, Cambridge, MA. Retrieved 28 April 2013. ^ Harrison, Lorraine (2012). RHS Latin for gardeners. United Kingdom: Mitchell Beazley. p. 224. ISBN 9781845337315. ^ "Davidia involucrata Baill. | Plants of the World Online | Kew Science". Plants of the World Online. Retrieved 7 August 2022. ^ Baillon, Henri (1871). "Davidia involucrata". Adansonia. 10: 115 – via Google Books. ^ "E. H. Wilson's First Trip to China" Archived 29 July 2010 at the Wayback Machine, by William H. Gardener, in Arnoldia, the quarterly journal of the Arnold Arboretum; published May 3, 1972 (vol. 32, no. 3, pp. 103–115; introduction by Gordon P. DeWolf, Jr. ^ Glasser, Larissa (27 November 2018). "E. H. Wilson's search for Davidia involucrata". Library Leaves - Arnold Arboretum of Harvard University. Archived from the original on 16 April 2019. Retrieved 2 October 2019. ^ "Evolve 360" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 16 July 2011. Retrieved 2 July 2010. ^ "E. H. Wilson's search for Davidia involucrata". Arnold Arboretum. 27 November 2018. Retrieved 26 April 2022. ^ "International Organisation of Palaeobotany (IOP) - Davidia - the Dove Tree and its fossil record". Archived from the original on 24 December 2015. Retrieved 18 December 2015. ^ B. I. Pavlyutkin (May 2009), "Leaf and fruit remains of Davidia (Cornales) from the Nezhino flora (Miocene of Primorye)", Paleontological Journal, 43 (3): 339–344, doi:10.1134/S0031030109030137, ISSN 1555-6174, S2CID 83645195 ^ "Davidia involucrata AGM". Royal Horticultural Society. Retrieved 23 May 2020. ^ "RHS Plantfinder - Davidia involucrata var. vilmoriniana". Retrieved 6 February 2018. ^ "AGM Plants - Ornamental" (PDF). Royal Horticultural Society. July 2017. p. 29. Retrieved 6 February 2018. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Davidia involucrata. Schulhof, Richard. "The Dove Tree: A Long journey West." Arnoldia 63 (4) (2005). Sun, Ji-Fan and Shuang-Quan Huang. "White Bracts of the Dove Tree (Davidia involucrate): Umbrella and Pollinator Lure?" 'Arnoldia' 68 (3) (2011). Taxon identifiersDavidia involucrata Wikidata: Q334697 Wikispecies: Davidia involucrata CoL: 34BXJ EoL: 2890133 EPPO: DAVIN FNA: 200014694 FoC: 200014694 GBIF: 7322122 GRIN: 13361 iNaturalist: 128506 IPNI: 430593-1 MoBotPF: 279349 NBN: NHMSYS0000458026 NCBI: 16924 Observation.org: 432329 Open Tree of Life: 555257 PalDat: Davidia_involucrata Plant List: kew-56610 POWO: urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:430593-1 RHS: 5364 Tropicos: 8700093 WFO: wfo-0000937952
[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Davidia_involucrata_MHNT.BOT.2010.4.4.jpg"},{"link_name":"MHNT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MHNT"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BSBI07-1"},{"link_name":"deciduous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deciduous"},{"link_name":"family","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family_(biology)"},{"link_name":"Nyssaceae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nyssaceae"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GRIN-2"},{"link_name":"genus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genus"},{"link_name":"tupelos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tupelo_(tree)"},{"link_name":"Cornaceae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornaceae"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-APW-3"},{"link_name":"Upper Cretaceous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upper_Cretaceous"}],"text":"Davidia fruits (MHNT)Davidia involucrata, the dove-tree,[1] handkerchief tree, pocket handkerchief tree, or ghost tree, is a medium-sized deciduous tree in the family Nyssaceae.[2] It is the only living species in the genus Davidia. It was previously included with tupelos in the dogwood family, Cornaceae.[3] Fossil species are known extending into the Upper Cretaceous.","title":"Davidia involucrata"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"genus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genus"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FoC-4"},{"link_name":"chromosome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromosome"},{"link_name":"hybrid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hybrid_(biology)#Hybrid_plants"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Davidia involucrata is the only member of its genus, but there are two varieties differing slightly in their leaves, D. involucrata var. involucrata, which has the leaves thinly pubescent (short-haired) on the underside, and D. involucrata var. vilmoriniana, with glabrous (hairless) leaves.[4] Some botanists treat them as distinct species, with good reason, as the two taxa have differing chromosome numbers so are unable to produce fertile hybrid offspring.[citation needed]","title":"Taxonomy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"linden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tilia"},{"link_name":"inflorescence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inflorescence"},{"link_name":"bracts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bract"},{"link_name":"head","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Head_(botany)"},{"link_name":"specific epithet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botanical_name#Binary_name"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RHSLG-5"},{"link_name":"bracts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bract"},{"link_name":"doves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dove"},{"link_name":"nut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nut_(fruit)"}],"text":"It is a moderately fast-growing tree, growing to 20–25 m (66–82 ft) in height, with toothed, alternate, ovate-cordate leaves resembling those of a linden, except that they are symmetrical, and lack the lop-sided base typical of linden leaves; the leaves are mostly 10–20 cm long and 7–15 cm wide.Davidia involucrata is best known for its inflorescence that features large, white bracts surrounding a purplish-red flower head. The Latin specific epithet involucrata means \"with a ring of bracts surrounding several flowers\".[5] The true flowers form a tight head about 1–2 cm across, each flower head with a pair of large (12–25 cm), pure white bracts at the base, performing the function of petals in attracting pollinators. The inflorescences hang in long rows beneath the horizontal branches, and appear prolifically in late spring. On a breezy day, the bracts flutter in the wind like white doves or pinched handkerchiefs; hence the English names for this tree.The fruit is a very hard nut about 3 cm long surrounded by a green husk about 4 cm long by 3 cm wide, hanging on a 10 cm stalk. The nut contains 3–6 seeds.","title":"Description"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"native","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Native_plant"},{"link_name":"South Central","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Central_China"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"Davidia involucrata is native to South Central and Southeast China. It grows in montane mixed forests.[6]","title":"Distribution and habitat"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Armand David","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armand_David"},{"link_name":"Vincentian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vincentian_Family"},{"link_name":"Henri Baillon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henri_Baillon"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Augustine Henry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augustine_Henry"},{"link_name":"Ernest Henry Wilson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernest_Henry_Wilson"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"text":"The genus Davidia is named for Father Armand David (1826–1900; \"Père David\"), a French Vincentian missionary and keen naturalist who lived in China. David first described the tree in 1869 as a single tree found at over 2,000 m (6,562 ft) altitude, and sent dried specimens to Paris; in 1871, Henri Baillon described it as a new genus and species.[7][8]British plant hunter Augustine Henry again found a single tree, this time in the Yangtse Ichang gorges and sent the first specimen to Kew Gardens. Plant collector Ernest Henry Wilson was employed by Sir Harry Veitch to find Henry's tree but arrived to find that it had been felled for building purposes; however, he later found a grove of the trees overhanging a sheer drop.[9] Returning to Britain, Wilson’s boat was wrecked, but he managed to save his Davidia specimens,[10] one of which survives today in the Arnold Arboretum.[11]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Davidia2.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:DavidiaInvolucrataTree.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:DavidiaInvolucrataBark.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:DavidiaInvolucrataLeaf.jpg"}],"text":"Young tree in flower\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tForm\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tBark\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tLeaves","title":"Gallery"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"permineralized","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Permineralized"},{"link_name":"Upper Cretaceous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upper_Cretaceous"},{"link_name":"Campanian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campanian"},{"link_name":"Horseshoe Canyon Formation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horseshoe_Canyon_Formation"},{"link_name":"Dinosaur Provincial Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinosaur_Provincial_Park"},{"link_name":"Drumheller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drumheller"},{"link_name":"Alberta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alberta"},{"link_name":"Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada"},{"link_name":"locules","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Locule"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Miocene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miocene"},{"link_name":"Primorsky Krai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primorsky_Krai"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"text":"The oldest probable fossils of Davidia are permineralized fruits from the Upper Cretaceous (Campanian) Horseshoe Canyon Formation of Dinosaur Provincial Park near Drumheller, Alberta, Canada. Those fruits are smaller than those of D. involucrata and have fewer locules, but are otherwise similar in morphology to the extant genus.[12]In 2009, B. I. Pavlyutkin described Miocene fossils in Primorsky Krai and assigned them to a new species in the genus Davidia.[13]","title":"Fossil record"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ornamental","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ornamental_plant"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RHSPF-14"},{"link_name":"variety","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variety_(botany)"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Royal Horticultural Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Horticultural_Society"},{"link_name":"Award of Garden Merit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Award_of_Garden_Merit"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"}],"text":"The species was introduced from China to Europe and North America in 1904, and is a popular ornamental tree in parks and larger gardens. Most trees in cultivation are var. vilmoriniana, which has proved much better able to adapt to the climatic conditions in the west.This tree[14] and the cultivated variety D. involucrata var. vilmoriniana[15] have gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit.[16]","title":"Cultivation"}]
[{"image_text":"Davidia fruits (MHNT)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Davidia_involucrata_MHNT.BOT.2010.4.4.jpg/220px-Davidia_involucrata_MHNT.BOT.2010.4.4.jpg"}]
null
[{"reference":"BSBI List 2007 (xls). Botanical Society of Britain and Ireland. Archived from the original (xls) on 26 June 2015. Retrieved 17 October 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150626140254/http://www.bsbi.org.uk/BSBIList2007.xls","url_text":"BSBI List 2007"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botanical_Society_of_Britain_and_Ireland","url_text":"Botanical Society of Britain and Ireland"},{"url":"https://bsbi.org/download/3542/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Davidia involucrata\". Germplasm Resources Information Network. Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture. Retrieved 9 January 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/taxonomydetail.aspx?id=13361","url_text":"\"Davidia involucrata\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germplasm_Resources_Information_Network","url_text":"Germplasm Resources Information Network"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agricultural_Research_Service","url_text":"Agricultural Research Service"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Agriculture","url_text":"United States Department of Agriculture"}]},{"reference":"\"Angiosperm Phylogeny Website - Cornales\". Missouri Botanical Garden. Retrieved 28 August 2023.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.mobot.org/mobot/research/APweb/orders/cornalesweb.htm#Cornales","url_text":"\"Angiosperm Phylogeny Website - Cornales\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missouri_Botanical_Garden","url_text":"Missouri Botanical Garden"}]},{"reference":"Haining Qin & Chamlong Phengklai. \"Davidia involucrata\". Flora of China. Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, MO & Harvard University Herbaria, Cambridge, MA. Retrieved 28 April 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=200014694","url_text":"\"Davidia involucrata\""}]},{"reference":"Harrison, Lorraine (2012). RHS Latin for gardeners. United Kingdom: Mitchell Beazley. p. 224. ISBN 9781845337315.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781845337315","url_text":"9781845337315"}]},{"reference":"\"Davidia involucrata Baill. | Plants of the World Online | Kew Science\". Plants of the World Online. Retrieved 7 August 2022.","urls":[{"url":"http://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:430593-1","url_text":"\"Davidia involucrata Baill. | Plants of the World Online | Kew Science\""}]},{"reference":"Baillon, Henri (1871). \"Davidia involucrata\". Adansonia. 10: 115 – via Google Books.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=9bUXAAAAYAAJ&pg=PP9","url_text":"\"Davidia involucrata\""}]},{"reference":"Glasser, Larissa (27 November 2018). \"E. H. Wilson's search for Davidia involucrata\". Library Leaves - Arnold Arboretum of Harvard University. Archived from the original on 16 April 2019. Retrieved 2 October 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.arboretum.harvard.edu/wilsons-search-for-davidia-involucrata/","url_text":"\"E. H. Wilson's search for Davidia involucrata\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190416170226/https://www.arboretum.harvard.edu/wilsons-search-for-davidia-involucrata/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Evolve 360\" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 16 July 2011. Retrieved 2 July 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110716102942/http://www.lmi.org.uk/medical_society/16/16Martin.pdf","url_text":"\"Evolve 360\""},{"url":"http://www.lmi.org.uk/medical_society/16/16Martin.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"E. H. Wilson's search for Davidia involucrata\". Arnold Arboretum. 27 November 2018. Retrieved 26 April 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://arboretum.harvard.edu/stories/e-h-wilsons-search-for-davidia-involucrata/","url_text":"\"E. H. Wilson's search for Davidia involucrata\""}]},{"reference":"\"International Organisation of Palaeobotany (IOP) - Davidia - the Dove Tree and its fossil record\". Archived from the original on 24 December 2015. Retrieved 18 December 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20151224165622/http://www.palaeobotany.org/page/living-fossils/davidia-involucrata","url_text":"\"International Organisation of Palaeobotany (IOP) - Davidia - the Dove Tree and its fossil record\""},{"url":"http://www.palaeobotany.org/page/living-fossils/davidia-involucrata/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"B. I. Pavlyutkin (May 2009), \"Leaf and fruit remains of Davidia (Cornales) from the Nezhino flora (Miocene of Primorye)\", Paleontological Journal, 43 (3): 339–344, doi:10.1134/S0031030109030137, ISSN 1555-6174, S2CID 83645195","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1134%2FS0031030109030137","url_text":"10.1134/S0031030109030137"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1555-6174","url_text":"1555-6174"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:83645195","url_text":"83645195"}]},{"reference":"\"Davidia involucrata AGM\". Royal Horticultural Society. Retrieved 23 May 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/5364/Davidia-involucrata/Details","url_text":"\"Davidia involucrata AGM\""}]},{"reference":"\"RHS Plantfinder - Davidia involucrata var. vilmoriniana\". Retrieved 6 February 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/96467/i-Davidia-involucrata-i-var-i-vilmoriniana-i/Details","url_text":"\"RHS Plantfinder - Davidia involucrata var. vilmoriniana\""}]},{"reference":"\"AGM Plants - Ornamental\" (PDF). Royal Horticultural Society. July 2017. p. 29. Retrieved 6 February 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rhs.org.uk/plants/pdfs/agm-lists/agm-ornamentals.pdf","url_text":"\"AGM Plants - Ornamental\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D211_road
D211 road
["1 Road junctions and populated areas","2 Sources"]
Road in Croatia D211 state roadRoute informationLength2.0 km (1.2 mi)Major junctionsFromBaranjsko Petrovo Selo border crossing to HungaryTo D517 in Baranjsko Petrovo Selo LocationCountryCroatiaCountiesOsijek-Baranja Highway system Highways in Croatia Baranjsko Petrovo Selo, at the southern terminus of the D211 road D211 is a state road in Baranja region of Croatia connecting Baranjsko Petrovo Selo and the D517 state road to the nearby border crossing to Beremend, Hungary. The road is 2.0 km (1.2 mi) long. Like all other state roads in Croatia, the D211 is managed and maintained by Hrvatske ceste, state owned company. Road junctions and populated areas This article contains a bulleted list or table of intersections which should be presented in a properly formatted junction table. Please consult this guideline for information on how to create one. Please improve this article if you can. (November 2021) D211 junctions/populated areas Type Slip roads/Notes Baranjsko Petrovo Selo border crossing to Hungary.The route extends to Beremend, Hungary.The northern terminus of the road. Baranjsko Petrovo Selo D517 to Beli Manastir (D7) (to the east) and to Belišće and Valpovo (D34) (to the west).The southern terminus of the road. Sources ^ a b "Map of border crossings and customs office areas" (PDF). Customs Administration of the Republic of Croatia (in Croatian). March 6, 2008. ^ "Decision on categorization of public roads as state roads, county roads and local roads". Narodne novine (in Croatian). February 17, 2010. ^ "Public Roads Act". Narodne novine (in Croatian). December 14, 2004. vteState roads in Croatia1–14 D1 D2 D3 D5 D6 D7 D8 D9 D10 D12 D14 20–77 D20 D22 D23 D24 D25 D26 D27 D28 D29 D30 D31 D32 D33 D34 D35 D36 D37 D38 D39 D40 D41 D42 D43 D44 D45 D46 D47 D48 D49 D50 D51 D52 D53 D54 D55 D56 D57 D58 D59 D60 D62 D64 D66 D69 D70 D72 D74 D75 D76 D77 100–129 D100 D101 D102 D103 D104 D105 D106 D109 D110 D111 D112 D113 D114 D115 D116 D117 D118 D119 D120 D121 D123 D124 D125 D126 D128 D129 200–235 D200 D201 D203 D204 D205 D206 D207 D208 D209 D210 D211 D212 D213 D214 D216 D217 D218 D219 D220 D222 D223 D224 D225 D227 D228 D229 D231 D232 D233 D235 300–316 D300 D301 D302 D303 D304 D305 D306 D307 D310 D312 D313 D314 D316 400–427 D400 D401 D402 D403 D404 D405 D406 D407 D408 D409 D410 D411 D412 D413 D414 D415 D416 D417 D418 D420 D421 D422 D423 D424 D425 D429 D430 D431 D432 D433 D434 500–548 D500 D501 D502 D503 D507 D510 D512 D514 D515 D516 D517 D518 D519 D520 D522 D525 D526 D528 D530 D531 D534 D535 D536 D537 D538 D539 D540 D541 D542 D543 D544 D545 D546 D547 D548 Hrvatske ceste Jadrolinija
[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:B-P-Selo-200607-Crkva-Dom-kulture-150x110.jpg"},{"link_name":"Baranja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baranya_(region)"},{"link_name":"Croatia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croatia"},{"link_name":"Baranjsko Petrovo Selo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baranjsko_Petrovo_Selo"},{"link_name":"D517 state road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D517_(Croatia)"},{"link_name":"Beremend","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beremend"},{"link_name":"Hungary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungary"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CroatiaCustomsXingsMap-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NN-klasifikacija-2"},{"link_name":"Hrvatske ceste","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hrvatske_ceste"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NN-PublicRoadsAct-3"}],"text":"Baranjsko Petrovo Selo, at the southern terminus of the D211 roadD211 is a state road in Baranja region of Croatia connecting Baranjsko Petrovo Selo and the D517 state road to the nearby border crossing to Beremend, Hungary.[1] The road is 2.0 km (1.2 mi) long.[2]Like all other state roads in Croatia, the D211 is managed and maintained by Hrvatske ceste, state owned company.[3]","title":"D211 road"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Road junctions and populated areas"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-CroatiaCustomsXingsMap_1-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-CroatiaCustomsXingsMap_1-1"},{"link_name":"\"Map of border crossings and customs office areas\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.carina.hr/CURH/Dokumenti/Globalni/Karta_Carinarnica_RH.pdf"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-NN-klasifikacija_2-0"},{"link_name":"\"Decision on categorization of public roads as state roads, county roads and local 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:"D104","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D104_road"},{"link_name":"D105","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D105_road"},{"link_name":"D106","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D106_road"},{"link_name":"D109","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D109_road"},{"link_name":"D110","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D110_road"},{"link_name":"D111","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D111_road"},{"link_name":"D112","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D112_road"},{"link_name":"D113","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D113_road"},{"link_name":"D114","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D114_road"},{"link_name":"D115","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D115_road"},{"link_name":"D116","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D116_road"},{"link_name":"D117","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D117_road"},{"link_name":"D118","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D118_road"},{"link_name":"D119","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D119_road"},{"link_name":"D120","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D120_road"},{"link_name":"D121","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D121_road"},{"link_name":"D123","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D123_road"},{"link_name":"D124","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D124_road"},{"link_name":"D125","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D125_road"},{"link_name":"D126","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D126_road"},{"link_name":"D128","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D128_road"},{"link_name":"D129","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=D129_road&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"D200","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D200_road"},{"link_name":"D201","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D201_road"},{"link_name":"D203","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D203_road"},{"link_name":"D204","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D204_road"},{"link_name":"D205","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D205_road"},{"link_name":"D206","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D206_road"},{"link_name":"D207","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D207_road"},{"link_name":"D208","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D208_road"},{"link_name":"D209","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D209_road"},{"link_name":"D210","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D210_road"},{"link_name":"D211","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"D212","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D212_road"},{"link_name":"D213","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D213_road"},{"link_name":"D214","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D214_road"},{"link_name":"D216","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D216_road"},{"link_name":"D217","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D217_road"},{"link_name":"D218","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D218_road"},{"link_name":"D219","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D219_road"},{"link_name":"D220","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D220_road"},{"link_name":"D222","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D222_road"},{"link_name":"D223","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D223_road"},{"link_name":"D224","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D224_road"},{"link_name":"D225","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D225_road"},{"link_name":"D227","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D227_road"},{"link_name":"D228","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=D228_road&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"D229","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=D229_road&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"D231","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=D231_road&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"D232","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=D232_road&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"D233","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=D233_road&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"D235","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=D235_road&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"D300","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D300_road"},{"link_name":"D301","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D301_road"},{"link_name":"D302","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D302_road"},{"link_name":"D303","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D303_road"},{"link_name":"D304","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D304_road"},{"link_name":"D305","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D305_road"},{"link_name":"D306","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D306_road"},{"link_name":"D307","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D307_road"},{"link_name":"D310","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D310_road"},{"link_name":"D312","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D312_road"},{"link_name":"D313","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D313_road"},{"link_name":"D314","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D314_road"},{"link_name":"D316","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=D316_road&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"D400","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D400_road"},{"link_name":"D401","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D401_road"},{"link_name":"D402","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D402_road"},{"link_name":"D403","url":"https://en.wikiped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},{"link_name":"Hrvatske ceste","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hrvatske_ceste"},{"link_name":"Jadrolinija","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jadrolinija"}],"text":"^ a b \"Map of border crossings and customs office areas\" (PDF). Customs Administration of the Republic of Croatia (in Croatian). March 6, 2008.\n\n^ \"Decision on categorization of public roads as state roads, county roads and local roads\". Narodne novine (in Croatian). February 17, 2010.\n\n^ \"Public Roads Act\". Narodne novine (in Croatian). December 14, 2004.vteState roads in Croatia1–14\nD1\nD2\nD3\nD5\nD6\nD7\nD8\nD9\nD10\nD12\nD14\n20–77\nD20\nD22\nD23\nD24\nD25\nD26\nD27\nD28\nD29\nD30\nD31\nD32\nD33\nD34\nD35\nD36\nD37\nD38\nD39\nD40\nD41\nD42\nD43\nD44\nD45\nD46\nD47\nD48\nD49\nD50\nD51\nD52\nD53\nD54\nD55\nD56\nD57\nD58\nD59\nD60\nD62\nD64\nD66\nD69\nD70\nD72\nD74\nD75\nD76\nD77\n100–129\nD100\nD101\nD102\nD103\nD104\nD105\nD106\nD109\nD110\nD111\nD112\nD113\nD114\nD115\nD116\nD117\nD118\nD119\nD120\nD121\nD123\nD124\nD125\nD126\nD128\nD129\n200–235\nD200\nD201\nD203\nD204\nD205\nD206\nD207\nD208\nD209\nD210\nD211\nD212\nD213\nD214\nD216\nD217\nD218\nD219\nD220\nD222\nD223\nD224\nD225\nD227\nD228\nD229\nD231\nD232\nD233\nD235\n300–316\nD300\nD301\nD302\nD303\nD304\nD305\nD306\nD307\nD310\nD312\nD313\nD314\nD316\n400–427\nD400\nD401\nD402\nD403\nD404\nD405\nD406\nD407\nD408\nD409\nD410\nD411\nD412\nD413\nD414\nD415\nD416\nD417\nD418\nD420\nD421\nD422\nD423\nD424\nD425\nD429\nD430\nD431\nD432\nD433\nD434\n500–548\nD500\nD501\nD502\nD503\nD507\nD510\nD512\nD514\nD515\nD516\nD517\nD518\nD519\nD520\nD522\nD525\nD526\nD528\nD530\nD531\nD534\nD535\nD536\nD537\nD538\nD539\nD540\nD541\nD542\nD543\nD544\nD545\nD546\nD547\nD548\n\nHrvatske ceste\nJadrolinija","title":"Sources"}]
[{"image_text":"Baranjsko Petrovo Selo, at the southern terminus of the D211 road","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/B-P-Selo-200607-Crkva-Dom-kulture-150x110.jpg/220px-B-P-Selo-200607-Crkva-Dom-kulture-150x110.jpg"}]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paco_Bru
Francisco Bru
["1 Playing career","2 Refereeing career","3 Coaching career","3.1 Olympic Games","3.2 Real Madrid","3.3 Others","4 Honours","4.1 Player","4.2 Manager","5 References","6 External links","7 Sources"]
Spanish footballer, referee and manager This article uses bare URLs, which are uninformative and vulnerable to link rot. Please consider converting them to full citations to ensure the article remains verifiable and maintains a consistent citation style. Several templates and tools are available to assist in formatting, such as reFill (documentation) and Citation bot (documentation). (August 2022) (Learn how and when to remove this message) This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Francisco Bru" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (March 2019) (Learn how and when to remove this message) In this Spanish name, the first or paternal surname is Bru and the second or maternal family name is Sanz. Francisco Bru Bru in 1901Personal informationFull name Francisco Bru SanzDate of birth 12 April 1885Place of birth Madrid, SpainDate of death 10 June 1962 (age 77)Place of death Málaga, SpainPosition(s) DefenderSenior career*Years Team Apps (Gls)1902–1906 FC Internacional 27 (0)1906–1911 FC Barcelona 30 (1)1911–1915 RCD Español 1915–1917 FC Barcelona International career1904–1915 Catalan XI Managerial career1920 Spain1924–1926 RCD Español1927–1928 Club Juventud Asturiana1928–1929 Racing de Madrid1930 Peru1934–1936 Madrid CF1937–1939 Girona FC1939–1941 Real Madrid1941–1943 Granada CF1948–1949 Real Zaragoza *Club domestic league appearances and goals Francisco Bru Sanz (12 April 1885 – 10 June 1962), also known as Paco Bru, was a Spanish football player, referee and manager. As a footballer he played as a striker and midfielder for FC Internacional and as a defender for FC Barcelona, RCD Español and the Catalan XI. After retiring as a player, Bru became a referee and took charge of the 1916 and 1917 Copa del Rey finals. He later became the first ever manager of Spain, guiding them to the silver medal at the 1920 Olympic Games. As a manager with Real Madrid, then known as Madrid CF, he won the Copa de España twice during the 1930s. Playing career Paco Bru began his career in the spring of 1902 with FC Internacional —when he was only sixteen years — playing a friendly tournament called Medalla de la Federación Gimnástica Española (Medal of the Spanish Gymnastics Federation). He played ten out of twelve games as a striker and scored three goals, his team finishing sixth out of seven teams. On 30 November 1902, Bru made his debut in official competition, the Catalan football championship, in a 6–0 defeat to Club Español. Although in this particular match he played as a defender, he was mainly used in Internacional as a forward. Bru won the Copa Torino in 1904, a second-level league trophy. Two years later he joined FC Barcelona and, along with Romà Forns, helped the club win the Campionat de Catalunya three times in a row between 1909 and 1911. He also helped them win their first Copa del Rey in 1910. In 1911 he joined RCD Español winning two further Campionat titles and playing in another Copa final in 1915. He then returned to FC Barcelona and, together with Paulino Alcántara and Jack Greenwell, helped the club win one more Campionat. During his playing career he also played at least five times for the Catalan XI. However records from the era do not always include accurate statistics and he may have played more games. Refereeing career After retiring as a player Bru became a referee. According to legend, before his first game in charge he walked into the dressing room and pulled out a Colt pistol from his bag. He placed the gun on a table in the middle of the room for everybody to see and when finished changing, he stuffed the pistol down his shorts. After being asked by a player what was going on, he explained he wanted to guarantee a quiet match, given that it was his first game in charge. Bru went on to take charge of two Copa del Rey finals. In 1916 he was in charge as Athletic Bilbao beat Madrid FC 4–0. In the 1917 final Madrid FC returned and beat Arenas Club de Getxo. In 1917 Bru also refereed a friendly between the Catalan XI and a Castile XI. Coaching career Olympic Games In 1920 when the Royal Spanish Football Federation decided to send a team to the Olympic Games, Bru was one of three selectors chosen to pick the squad. However, after an initial training session, he found himself on his own. He subsequently rejected many of the players that turned up for the original session and insisted on the inclusion of more Basque players. With a squad that included Ricardo Zamora, Félix Sesúmaga, Pichichi, José María Belauste and Josep Samitier, Bru and Spain returned from the competition with the silver medal. The final stages of the tournament had descended into farce. Belgium won the gold medal by default after Czechoslovakia walked off in protest during the final, unhappy with the performance of the referee. As a result, they were disqualified and a second consolation tournament was organised to decide the silver and bronze medallists. However beaten semi-finalists, France, had already returned home, so the beaten quarter-finalists played-off for the right to play the other beaten semi-finalist, the Netherlands. Spain emerged triumphant after overcoming Sweden 2–1, Italy 2–0 and then beating the Netherlands 3–1 in the silver medal final. Real Madrid Bru had two spells as coach at Real Madrid. During his first spell with the club he guided the team to victory in two Copa de España finals. In 1934 he coached a team that included Ricardo Zamora, Josep Samitier and Jacinto Quincoces to a 2–1 win over a Valencia CF team coached by Jack Greenwell. The 1936 final saw Real meet FC Barcelona for the first time in a cup final. The Madrid club beat Barcelona 2–1 at the Mestalla in Valencia. The final is best remembered for a save made by Zamora. During the Spanish Civil War, Bru returned to Catalonia and coached Girona FC in the Mediterranean League. In 1939 he returned to Real Madrid for a second spell as coach. Others Bru was the coach of the Peru national team during the first ever World Cup in 1930. Honours Player FC Internacional Copa Torino: 1904 FC Barcelona Copa del Rey: 1910 Catalan Champions: 1908-09, 1909–10, 1910–11, 1915–16 RCD Español Catalan Champions: 1911-12, 1914–15 Manager Spain Olympic Games: Silver medal 1920 Madrid CF Copa de España: 1934, 1936 References ^ http://cronicasdefutbolperuano.blogspot.com/2007/02/peru-en-el-mundial-del-30.html External links Spain manager stats Copa del Rey 1916 Copa del Rey 1917 Sources Morbo: The Story of Spanish Football (2003), Phil Ball. Morbo: The Story of Spanish Football vteCopa del Rey winning managers 1903–14: Unknown 1915: Barnes 1916: Barnes 1917: Johnson 1918: Unknown 1919: Jáuregui 1920: Greenwell 1921: Barnes 1922: Greenwell 1923: Pentland 1924: Bloomer 1925: Poszony 1926: Kirby 1927: Emery 1928: Forns 1929: Greenwell 1930: Pentland 1931: Pentland 1932: Pentland 1933: Pentland 1934: Bru 1935: Encinas 1936: Bru 1939: Brand 1940: Caicedo 1941: Encinas 1942: Nogués 1943: Urquizu 1944: Urquizu 1945: Urquizu 1946: Quincoces 1947: Albéniz 1948: Caicedo 1949: Quincoces 1950: Iraragorri 1951: Daučík 1952: Daučík 1953: Daučík 1954: Quincoces 1955: Daučík 1956: Daučík 1957: Balmanya 1958: Albéniz 1959: Herrera 1960: Villalonga 1961: Villalonga 1962: M. Muñoz 1963: Gonzalvo 1964: Belló 1965: Bumbel 1966: Daučík 1967: Suárez 1968: Artigas 1969: Iriondo 1970: M. Muñoz 1971: Buckingham 1972: Merkel 1973: Pavić 1974: Molowny 1975: Miljanić 1976: Aragonés 1977: Iriondo 1978: Michels 1979: Pasieguito 1980: Boškov 1981: Herrera 1982: Molowny 1983: Menotti 1984: Clemente 1985: Aragonés 1986: Costa 1987: Toshack 1988: Aragonés 1989: Beenhakker 1990: Cruyff 1991: Ovejero 1992: Aragonés 1993: Floro 1994: Fernández 1995: Iglesias 1996: Antić 1997: Robson 1998: Van Gaal 1999: Ranieri 2000: Flores 2001: Costa 2002: Irureta 2003: Manzano 2004: V. Muñoz 2005: Ferrer 2006: Lotina 2007: Ramos 2008: Koeman 2009: Guardiola 2010: Álvarez 2011: Mourinho 2012: Guardiola 2013: Simeone 2014: Ancelotti 2015: Luis Enrique 2016: Luis Enrique 2017: Luis Enrique 2018: Valverde 2019: Marcelino 2020: Alguacil 2021: Koeman 2022: Pellegrini 2023: Ancelotti 2024: Valverde Francisco Bru international tournaments vteSpain squad – 1920 Summer Olympics – Silver medalists GK Eizaguirre GK Zamora DF Arrate (c) DF Carrasco DF Otero DF Vallana MF Artola MF Belauste MF Eguiazábal MF Sabino MF Samitier MF Sancho FW Acedo FW González FW Moncho Gil FW Pagaza FW Patricio FW Pichichi FW Sesúmaga FW Silverio FW Vázquez Coach: Bru vtePeru squad – 1930 FIFA World Cup MF Astengo FW Cillóniz DF de las Casas MF Denegri DF Fernández MF Galindo MF García FW Góngora FW Lavalle FW Lores DF Maquilón FW Neyra FW Pacheco GK Pardon MF Quintana FW Rodríguez Nue FW Sarmiento DF Soria FW Souza GK Valdivieso MF Valle FW Villanueva Coach: Bru Francisco Bru managerial positions vteSpain national football team – managers Bru (1920) Ruete (1921–22) Berraondo (1921–28) Castro (1921–27) Mateos (1922–33) Díaz (1922) Argüello (1923) Parages (1923–24) Cernuda (1923–24) Colina (1924) Rosich (1924) Olave (1924) Gutiérrez (1925) Cabot (1925) Montero (1926–27) García (1934–36) Teus (1941–42) Quincoces (1945) Pasarín (1946) Coronado (1947) Eizaguirre (1948–50) Alcántara & Iceta & Quesada (1951) Zamora (1951–52) Escartín (1952–53) Iribarren (1953–54) Melcón (1955) Coronado & Del Valle & Jiménez & Touzón (1955) Eizaguirre (1955–56) Meana (1957–59) Costa & Gabilondo & Lasplazas (1959–60) Herrera (1960–62) Villalonga (1962–66) Balmanya (1966–68) Toba (1968–69) Artigas & Molowny & Muñoz (1969) Kubala (1969–80) Santamaría (1980–82) Muñoz (1982–88) Suárez (1988–91) Miera (1991–92) Clemente (1992–98) Camacho (1998–2002) Sáez (2002–04) Aragonés (2004–08) Del Bosque (2008–16) Lopetegui (2016–18) Hierro (2018) Luis Enrique (2018–19) Moreno (2019) Luis Enrique (2019–22) de la Fuente (2022–) vteRCD Espanyol – managers Garry (1922–24) Bru (1924–26) Greenwell (1928–30) Caicedo (1930–33) Trabal (1933–35) Caicedo (1935–1943) Solé (1943) Albéniz (1944–46) Bosch (1946) Planas (1946–47) Espada (1947–49) Caicedo (1949–50) Nogués (1950–52) Scopelli (1952–55) Bravo (1955) Zamora & Espada (1955–57) Berkessy (1957–58) Domingo (1958–59) Barrios (1959–60) Pons (1960–61) Zamora (1961) Saso (1961–62) Arcas & Zamora (1962) Herrera (1962–63) Areso & Scopelli (1963–64) Kubala (1964–65) Argila (1965–66) Di Stéfano & Espada (1966) Kálmár (1966–69) Argilés & Faura (1969) Riera (1969–70) Iriondo (1970) Daučík (1970–71) Santamaría (1971–78) Herrera (1978) Irulegui (1978–79) Miera (1979–80) Maguregui (1980–83) Pavić (1983–84) Azkargorta (1984–86) Clemente (1986–89) García de Andoin & Mauri (1989) Joanet (1989–90) Juanjo (1990) Aragonés (1990–91) Petrović (1991–92) Clemente & Sabaté (1992) Novoa (1992–93) Juanjo (1993) Camacho (1993–96) Carcelén (1996–97) Flores & Miera (1997) Camacho (1997–98) Flores (1998) Bielsa (1998–99) Brindisi (1999–2000) Flores (2000–02) Ramos (2002) Moya (2002) Clemente (2002–03) Fernández (2003–04) Lotina (2004–06) Valverde (2006–08) Márquez (2008) Mané (2008–09) Pochettino (2009–12) Longhic (2012) Aguirre (2012–14) Sergio (2014–15) Gâlcă (2015–16) Sánchez Flores (2016–18) Gallego (2018) Rubi (2018–19) Gallego (2019) Machín (2019) Abelardo (2019–20) Rufetec (2020) Moreno (2020–22) Blancoc (2022) Martínez (2022–23) Luis García (2023) Ramis (2023–24) González (2024–) vtePeru national football team – managers Oliveri (1927) Borelli (1929) Bru (1930) Carbajo (1935) Denegri (1936–37) Greenwell (1938–39) Arrillaga (1941) Fernandez Roca (1942–45) Arana (1946–47) Fernández (1948–50) Huapaya (1951–52) Cook (1953) Fernandez Roca (1953) Valdivieso (1954–55) Fernández (1956) Orth (1957–60) Calderón (1960–61) Almeida (1962) Valdivieso (1963) Georgiadis (1964–65) Calderón (1965–67) Didi (1968–70) Baróti (1971–72) Scarone (1972–73) Calderón (1975–79) Chiarella (1979) Tim (1980–82) Tan (1983) Barack (1984–85) Challe (1985) Cuéllar (1987) Calderón (1987) Pepe (1988–89) Company (1990–91) Popović (1992–93) Company (1994–95) Ternero (1997–97) Oblitas (1996–99) Maturana (1999–2000) Uribe (2000–02) Autuori (2002–05) Ternero (2005–06) Navarro (2006) Uribe (2007) del Solar (2007–09) Markarián (2010–13) Bengoechea (2014) Gareca (2015–22) Reynoso (2022–23) Fossati (2023–) vteReal Madrid CF – managers Johnson (1910–20) De Cárcer (1920–26) Llorente (1926–27) Bernabéu (1926–27) Berraondo (1927–29) Quirante (1929–30) Hertzka (1930–32) Firth (1932–34) Bru (1934–41) Armet (1941–43) Encinas (1943–45) Quincoces (1945–46) Albéniz (1946–47) Quincoces (1947–48) Keeping (1948–50) Albéniz (1950–51) Scarone (1951–52) Ipiña (1952–53) Fernández (1953–54) Villalonga (1954–57) Carniglia (1957–59) Muñoz (1959) Carniglia (1959) Fleitas Solich (1959–60) Muñoz (1960–74) Molowny (1974) Miljanić (1974–77) Molowny (1977–79) Boškov (1979–82) Molowny (1982) Di Stéfano (1982–84) Amancio (1984–85) Molowny (1985–86) Beenhakker (1986–89) Toshack (1989–90) Di Stéfano (1990–91) Antić (1991–92) Beenhakker (1992) Floro (1992–94) Del Bosque (1994) Valdano (1994–96) Del Bosque (1996) Iglesias (1996) Capello (1996–97) Heynckes (1997–98) Camacho (1998) Hiddink (1998–99) Toshack (1999) Del Bosque (1999–2003) Queiroz (2003–04) Camacho (2004) García Remón (2004) Luxemburgo (2004–05) López Caro (2005–06) Capello (2006–07) Schuster (2007–08) Ramos (2008–09) Pellegrini (2009–10) Mourinho (2010–13) Ancelotti (2013–15) Benítez (2015–16) Zidane (2016–18) Lopetegui (2018) Solari (2018–19) Zidane (2019–21) Ancelotti (2021–) vteGirona FC – managers Viñas (1930–34) Zabala (1934–36) Santpere (1936–37) Bru (1937–39) Viñas (1939–40) González (1940–41) Zabala (1941–42) Martí (1942–43) Abad (1943–44) Soldevila (1944) Tarradellas (1944–46) Romans (1946–47) Enrique (1947) Mas (1947–48) Plattkó (1948–49) Hilario (1949–50) Sastre (1950–51) Bescós (1951–52) Balmanya (1952) Espada (1952–53) Medina (1953) Arcas (1953–54) Bescós (1954–55) Aldecoa (1955–57) Caicedo (1957–58) Burcet (1958) Gallart (1958–59) Medina (1959) Aldecoa (1959–60) Lidón (1960–61) Pujolràs (1961) Bescós (1961–62) Ortega (1962–64) Pujolràs (1964–65) Moll (1965–66) Pujolràs (1966–67) Aldecoa (1967–68) Méndez (1968–69) Vences (1969–72) Sasot (1972–74) Aldecoa (1974–76) Coll (1976) Pujolràs (1976–77) Gatell (1977–79) Sasot (1979–80) Pinto (1980–81) Muñoz (1981) Pinto (1981–82) Aldecoa (1982) Costa (1982) Muñoz (1982–85) Waldo Ramos (1985–86) Carrasco (1986–87) Muñoz (1987) Hatero (1987–88) José Manuel (1988) Lagunas (1988) Agustí (1988–92) Mercader (1992–93) Bonachera (1993) Muñoz (1993–95) Morata (1995) Robi (1995–96) Santos (1996) Masferrer (1996) García Castany (1996–97) Riera (1997) Gratacós (1997–99) Bengoetxea (1999–2000) Márquez (2000) Jordan (2000) Barti (2000–01) Morata (2001) Moratalla (2001–03) Julià (2003) Abadía (2003–04) Nogués (2004–05) Torrent (2005–06) Carrillo (2006–07) Rodríguez & Salamero (2007) Agné (2007–09) Salamero (2009) Olmo (2009) Cristóbal (2009) Julià (2009–10) Agné (2010–12) Uribe (2012) Salamero (2012) Rubi (2012–13) Rodríguez (2013) López (2013–14) Machín (2014–18) Eusebio (2018–19) Unzué (2019) Morenoc (2019) Martí (2019–20) Francisco (2020–21) Míchel (2021–) vteGranada CF – managers Bonet (1940–41) Bru (1941–43) Plattkó (1943–44) Vidal (1944–45) Cholín (1945–46) Conde (1946–47) Millánc (1947) Valderrama (1947–48) Cholín (1948–50) Rubio (1950) Mas (1950–51) Cholín (1951) Masc (1951) Espada (1951–52) Ibáñez (1952–53) Bracero (1953–54) Lelé (1954–55) Ibáñez (1955–56) Álvaro (1956–57) Carmonac (1957) Pasarín (1957) Scopelli (1957–59) Gonzálezc (1959) Kalmár (1959–60) Argila (1960–61) Trinchant (1961) Herrera (1961–62) Álvaro (1962–63) Millán (1963) Trompi (1963–64) Eizaguirre (1964) Antúnez (1964–65) Kalmár (1965–66) Eizaguirre (1966–67) Ibáñezc (1967) Joseíto (1967–68) Domingo (1968–69) Rossi (1969–70) Ibáñezc (1970) Joseíto (1970–72) Pasieguito (1972–73) Joseíto (1973–75) Errazquínc (1975) Muñoz (1975–76) Núñez (1976) Errazquínc (1976–77) Vavá (1977–78) Errazquín (1978) Ben Barek (1978–80) Gento (1980–81) Joseíto (1981) Lalo (1981) Mingorancec (1981) Ruiz (1981–82) Ruiz Sosa (1982–83) Mesones (1983–84) Yosu (1984) Pellejeroc (1984) Naya (1984–85) Pellejero (1985) Peiró (1985–88) Ruiz Sosa (1988) Lalo (1988) Garrec (1988) Pachín (1988–89) Crispi (1989) Lalo (1989) J. Díaz (1989–90) Garre (1990–91) Corbacho (1991–92) Parejo (1992) Yosu (1992–94) Barrios (1994) Pellejeroc (1994) Víctor (1994–95) Crispi (1995) Alcaraz (1995–98) Suárezc (1998) Juanjo (1998) Chaparro (1998–99) Mesones (1999–00) I. Díaz (2000) Molinac (2001) Lalo (2001) J. Á. Moreno (2001) Muñiz (2001) Blanco (2001–02) Parejo (2002) Rodríguez (2002–04) Maquiles (2004) Vico (2004–05) Kiki (2005–06) Víctor (2006) Višnjić (2006–07) Víctor (2007) Cano (2007–08) Braojos (2008–09) Álvarez Tomé (2009–10) Fabri (2010–12) Resino (2012) Anquela (2012–13) Alcaraz (2013–14) Caparrós (2014–15) Aguadoc (2015) Resino (2015) Sandoval (2015–16) González (2016) Jémez (2016) Planagumàc (2016) Alcaraz (2016–17) Adams (2017) Oltra (2017–18) Morilla (2018) Portugal (2018) Martínez (2018–21) R. Moreno (2021–22) Torrecillac (2022) Karanka (2022) López (2022–23) Medina (2023–24) Sandoval (2024–) (c) = caretaker manager vteReal Zaragoza – managers Sauca (1932) Dos Santos (1932–34) F. González (1934–35) Planas (1935) Olivares (1935–36) Arnanz (1939–41) Gamborena (1941) Uritarte & Ostalé (1941) Quincoces (1941–43) Caicedo (1943–45) Arnanz (1945) Juanito (1945–46) Olivares (1946–47) Sorribas (1947–48) Soladrero (1948) Macheda (1948) Bru (1948–49) Oceja (1949) Juanito (1949–50) Planas (1950) Urquiri (1950–51) Juanito (1951) Berkessy (1951–52) Balmanya (1952–53) Eguiluz (1953–54) Mundo (1954–56) Quincoces (1956–58) Casariego (1958) Ochoantesana (1958–59) Mundo (1959–60) Hernández (1960) César (1960–63) Ramallets (1963–64) Belló (1964) Olsen (1964–65) Hon (1965–66) Daučík (1966–67) Lerín (1967) Olsen (1967–68) César (1968–69) Rial (1969–70) Kalmár (1970) Balmanya (1970–71) García Traid (1971) Hernández (1971) Iriondo (1971–72) Carriega (1972–76) Muller (1976–77) Iglesias (1977–78) Boškov (1978–79) Villanova (1979–81) Costa (1981) Beenhakker (1981–84) Ferrari (1984–85) Costa (1985–87) Villanova (1987–88) Antić (1988–90) Maneiro (1990–91) Fernández (1991–96) Espárrago (1996–97) Costa (1997–98) Rojo (1998–2000) Lillo (2000) Costa (2000–01) Rojo (2001–02) Costa (2002) Alonso (2002) Flores (2002–04) Muñoz (2004–06) Fernández (2006–08) Garitano (2008) Irureta (2008) Villanova (2008) Marcelino (2008–09) Gay (2009–10) Aguirre (2010–11) Jiménez (2011–13) Herrera (2013–14) Muñoz (2014) Popović (2014–15) Carreras (2015–16) Milla (2016) Agné (2016–17) Láinez (2017) N. González (2017–18) Idiakez (2018) Alcaraz (2018) Fernández (2018–20) Baraja (2020) I. Martínez (2020) J.I. Martínez (2020–22) Carcedo (2022) Escribá (2022–23) Velázquez (2023–24) Fernández (2024–)
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Spanish name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_name"},{"link_name":"surname","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surname"},{"link_name":"FC Internacional","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Internacional"},{"link_name":"FC Barcelona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Barcelona"},{"link_name":"RCD Español","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RCD_Espa%C3%B1ol"},{"link_name":"Catalan XI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catalonia_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Copa del Rey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copa_del_Rey"},{"link_name":"Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"1920 Olympic Games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football_at_the_1920_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"Real Madrid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real_Madrid_CF"},{"link_name":"Copa de España","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copa_de_Espa%C3%B1a"}],"text":"In this Spanish name, the first or paternal surname is Bru and the second or maternal family name is Sanz.Francisco Bru Sanz (12 April 1885 – 10 June 1962), also known as Paco Bru, was a Spanish football player, referee and manager. As a footballer he played as a striker and midfielder for FC Internacional and as a defender for FC Barcelona, RCD Español and the Catalan XI. After retiring as a player, Bru became a referee and took charge of the 1916 and 1917 Copa del Rey finals. He later became the first ever manager of Spain, guiding them to the silver medal at the 1920 Olympic Games. As a manager with Real Madrid, then known as Madrid CF, he won the Copa de España twice during the 1930s.","title":"Francisco Bru"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"FC Internacional","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Internacional"},{"link_name":"Catalan football championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catalan_football_championship"},{"link_name":"Club Español","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Club_Espa%C3%B1ol"},{"link_name":"Copa Torino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Copa_Torino&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"FC Barcelona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Barcelona"},{"link_name":"Romà Forns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rom%C3%A0_Forns"},{"link_name":"Campionat de Catalunya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catalan_football_championship"},{"link_name":"Copa del Rey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copa_del_Rey"},{"link_name":"RCD Español","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RCD_Espa%C3%B1ol"},{"link_name":"Paulino Alcántara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paulino_Alc%C3%A1ntara"},{"link_name":"Jack Greenwell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Greenwell"},{"link_name":"Catalan XI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catalonia_national_football_team"}],"text":"Paco Bru began his career in the spring of 1902 with FC Internacional —when he was only sixteen years — playing a friendly tournament called Medalla de la Federación Gimnástica Española (Medal of the Spanish Gymnastics Federation). He played ten out of twelve games as a striker and scored three goals, his team finishing sixth out of seven teams. On 30 November 1902, Bru made his debut in official competition, the Catalan football championship, in a 6–0 defeat to Club Español. Although in this particular match he played as a defender, he was mainly used in Internacional as a forward.Bru won the Copa Torino in 1904, a second-level league trophy. Two years later he joined FC Barcelona and, along with Romà Forns, helped the club win the Campionat de Catalunya three times in a row between 1909 and 1911. He also helped them win their first Copa del Rey in 1910. In 1911 he joined RCD Español winning two further Campionat titles and playing in another Copa final in 1915. He then returned to FC Barcelona and, together with Paulino Alcántara and Jack Greenwell, helped the club win one more Campionat. During his playing career he also played at least five times for the Catalan XI. However records from the era do not always include accurate statistics and he may have played more games.","title":"Playing career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Colt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colt%27s_Manufacturing_Company"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Copa del Rey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copa_del_Rey"},{"link_name":"Athletic Bilbao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athletic_Bilbao"},{"link_name":"Madrid FC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madrid_FC"},{"link_name":"Arenas Club de Getxo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arenas_Club_de_Getxo"},{"link_name":"Catalan XI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catalonia_national_football_team"}],"text":"After retiring as a player Bru became a referee. According to legend, before his first game in charge he walked into the dressing room and pulled out a Colt pistol from his bag. He placed the gun on a table in the middle of the room for everybody to see and when finished changing, he stuffed the pistol down his shorts. After being asked by a player what was going on, he explained he wanted to guarantee a quiet match, given that it was his first game in charge.[citation needed] Bru went on to take charge of two Copa del Rey finals. In 1916 he was in charge as Athletic Bilbao beat Madrid FC 4–0. In the 1917 final Madrid FC returned and beat Arenas Club de Getxo. In 1917 Bru also refereed a friendly between the Catalan XI and a Castile XI.","title":"Refereeing career"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Coaching career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Royal Spanish Football Federation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Spanish_Football_Federation"},{"link_name":"Olympic Games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football_at_the_1920_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"Basque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basque_people"},{"link_name":"Ricardo Zamora","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ricardo_Zamora"},{"link_name":"Félix Sesúmaga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%A9lix_Ses%C3%BAmaga"},{"link_name":"Pichichi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pichichi_(footballer)"},{"link_name":"José María Belauste","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Mar%C3%ADa_Belauste"},{"link_name":"Josep Samitier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josep_Samitier"},{"link_name":"Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Belgium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgium_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Czechoslovakia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czechoslovakia_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"the Netherlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlands_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Sweden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweden_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy_national_football_team"}],"sub_title":"Olympic Games","text":"In 1920 when the Royal Spanish Football Federation decided to send a team to the Olympic Games, Bru was one of three selectors chosen to pick the squad. However, after an initial training session, he found himself on his own. He subsequently rejected many of the players that turned up for the original session and insisted on the inclusion of more Basque players. With a squad that included Ricardo Zamora, Félix Sesúmaga, Pichichi, José María Belauste and Josep Samitier, Bru and Spain returned from the competition with the silver medal.The final stages of the tournament had descended into farce. Belgium won the gold medal by default after Czechoslovakia walked off in protest during the final, unhappy with the performance of the referee. As a result, they were disqualified and a second consolation tournament was organised to decide the silver and bronze medallists. However beaten semi-finalists, France, had already returned home, so the beaten quarter-finalists played-off for the right to play the other beaten semi-finalist, the Netherlands. Spain emerged triumphant after overcoming Sweden 2–1, Italy 2–0 and then beating the Netherlands 3–1 in the silver medal final.","title":"Coaching career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Real Madrid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real_Madrid_CF"},{"link_name":"Copa de España","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copa_de_Espa%C3%B1a"},{"link_name":"Ricardo Zamora","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ricardo_Zamora"},{"link_name":"Josep Samitier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josep_Samitier"},{"link_name":"Jacinto Quincoces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacinto_Quincoces"},{"link_name":"Valencia CF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valencia_CF"},{"link_name":"Jack Greenwell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Greenwell"},{"link_name":"FC Barcelona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Barcelona"},{"link_name":"Mestalla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mestalla"},{"link_name":"Valencia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valencia,_Spain"},{"link_name":"Spanish Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"Girona FC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Girona_FC"},{"link_name":"Mediterranean League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mediterranean_League"}],"sub_title":"Real Madrid","text":"Bru had two spells as coach at Real Madrid. During his first spell with the club he guided the team to victory in two Copa de España finals. In 1934 he coached a team that included Ricardo Zamora, Josep Samitier and Jacinto Quincoces to a 2–1 win over a Valencia CF team coached by Jack Greenwell. The 1936 final saw Real meet FC Barcelona for the first time in a cup final. The Madrid club beat Barcelona 2–1 at the Mestalla in Valencia. The final is best remembered for a save made by Zamora. During the Spanish Civil War, Bru returned to Catalonia and coached Girona FC in the Mediterranean League. In 1939 he returned to Real Madrid for a second spell as coach.","title":"Coaching career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Peru national team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peru_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"World Cup in 1930","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1930_FIFA_World_Cup"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"sub_title":"Others","text":"Bru was the coach of the Peru national team during the first ever World Cup in 1930.[1]","title":"Coaching career"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Honours"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Copa del Rey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copa_del_Rey"},{"link_name":"Catalan Champions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catalan_football_championship"}],"sub_title":"Player","text":"FC InternacionalCopa Torino: 1904FC BarcelonaCopa del Rey: 1910\nCatalan Champions: 1908-09, 1909–10, 1910–11, 1915–16RCD EspañolCatalan Champions: 1911-12, 1914–15","title":"Honours"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Olympic Games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football_at_the_1920_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"Copa de España","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copa_de_Espa%C3%B1a"}],"sub_title":"Manager","text":"SpainOlympic Games: Silver medal 1920Madrid CFCopa de España: 1934, 1936","title":"Honours"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Morbo: The Story of Spanish Football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.amazon.co.uk/Morbo-Spanish-Football-Phil-Ball/dp/0954013468"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Copa_del_Rey_winning_managers"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Copa_del_Rey_winning_managers"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Copa_del_Rey_winning_managers"},{"link_name":"Copa del 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González","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Francisco_Gonz%C3%A1lez_(manager)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Planas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Planas_Art%C3%A9s"},{"link_name":"Olivares","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manuel_Olivares"},{"link_name":"Arnanz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tom%C3%A1s_Arnanz&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Gamborena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_Gamborena"},{"link_name":"Uritarte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Julio_Uritarte&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Ostalé","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Julio_Ostal%C3%A9&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Quincoces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacinto_Quincoces"},{"link_name":"Caicedo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patricio_Caicedo"},{"link_name":"Arnanz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tom%C3%A1s_Arnanz&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Juanito","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Juanito_Ruiz&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Olivares","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manuel_Olivares"},{"link_name":"Sorribas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Antonio_Sorribas&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Soladrero","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enrique_Soladrero"},{"link_name":"Macheda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Antonio_Macheda&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Bru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Oceja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaac_Oceja"},{"link_name":"Juanito","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Juanito_Ruiz&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Planas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Planas_Art%C3%A9s"},{"link_name":"Urquiri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luis_Urquiri"},{"link_name":"Juanito","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Juanito_Ruiz&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Berkessy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elem%C3%A9r_Berkessy"},{"link_name":"Balmanya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dom%C3%A8nec_Balmanya"},{"link_name":"Eguiluz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pedro_Eguiluz&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Mundo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmundo_Su%C3%A1rez"},{"link_name":"Quincoces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacinto_Quincoces"},{"link_name":"Casariego","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Juan_Alvarez_Casariego&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Ochoantesana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Juan_Ochoantesana&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Mundo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmundo_Su%C3%A1rez"},{"link_name":"Hernández","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosendo_Hern%C3%A1ndez"},{"link_name":"César","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%A9sar_Rodr%C3%ADguez_%C3%81lvarez"},{"link_name":"Ramallets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antoni_Ramallets"},{"link_name":"Belló","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luis_Bell%C3%B3"},{"link_name":"Olsen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roque_Olsen"},{"link_name":"Hon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Hon"},{"link_name":"Daučík","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdinand_Dau%C4%8D%C3%ADk"},{"link_name":"Lerín","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Andr%C3%A9s_Ler%C3%ADn&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Olsen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roque_Olsen"},{"link_name":"César","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%A9sar_Rodr%C3%ADguez_%C3%81lvarez"},{"link_name":"Rial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%A9ctor_Rial"},{"link_name":"Kalmár","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jen%C5%91_Kalm%C3%A1r"},{"link_name":"Balmanya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dom%C3%A8nec_Balmanya"},{"link_name":"García Traid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Luis_Garc%C3%ADa_Traid"},{"link_name":"Hernández","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosendo_Hern%C3%A1ndez"},{"link_name":"Iriondo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rafael_Iriondo"},{"link_name":"Carriega","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carriega"},{"link_name":"Muller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucien_Muller"},{"link_name":"Iglesias","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arsenio_Iglesias"},{"link_name":"Boškov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vujadin_Bo%C5%A1kov"},{"link_name":"Villanova","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manolo_Villanova"},{"link_name":"Costa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luis_Costa_(Spanish_footballer)"},{"link_name":"Beenhakker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leo_Beenhakker"},{"link_name":"Ferrari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enzo_Ferrari_(Italian_footballer)"},{"link_name":"Costa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luis_Costa_(Spanish_footballer)"},{"link_name":"Villanova","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manolo_Villanova"},{"link_name":"Antić","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radomir_Anti%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Maneiro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ildo_Maneiro"},{"link_name":"Fernández","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%ADctor_Fern%C3%A1ndez"},{"link_name":"Espárrago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%ADctor_Esp%C3%A1rrago"},{"link_name":"Costa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luis_Costa_(Spanish_footballer)"},{"link_name":"Rojo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Francisco_Rojo"},{"link_name":"Lillo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Manuel_Lillo"},{"link_name":"Costa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luis_Costa_(Spanish_footballer)"},{"link_name":"Rojo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Francisco_Rojo"},{"link_name":"Costa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luis_Costa_(Spanish_footballer)"},{"link_name":"Alonso","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcos_Alonso_(footballer,_born_1959)"},{"link_name":"Flores","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paco_Flores"},{"link_name":"Muñoz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%ADctor_Mu%C3%B1oz"},{"link_name":"Fernández","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%ADctor_Fern%C3%A1ndez"},{"link_name":"Garitano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ander_Garitano"},{"link_name":"Irureta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javier_Irureta"},{"link_name":"Villanova","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manolo_Villanova"},{"link_name":"Marcelino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcelino_Garc%C3%ADa_Toral"},{"link_name":"Gay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Aurelio_Gay"},{"link_name":"Aguirre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javier_Aguirre"},{"link_name":"Jiménez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manuel_Jim%C3%A9nez_Jim%C3%A9nez"},{"link_name":"Herrera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paco_Herrera"},{"link_name":"Muñoz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%ADctor_Mu%C3%B1oz"},{"link_name":"Popović","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ranko_Popovi%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Carreras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Llu%C3%ADs_Carreras"},{"link_name":"Milla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luis_Milla_(footballer,_born_1966)"},{"link_name":"Agné","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ra%C3%BCl_Agn%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"Láinez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%A9sar_L%C3%A1inez"},{"link_name":"N. González","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natxo_Gonz%C3%A1lez"},{"link_name":"Idiakez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imanol_Idiakez"},{"link_name":"Alcaraz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucas_Alcaraz"},{"link_name":"Fernández","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%ADctor_Fern%C3%A1ndez"},{"link_name":"Baraja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rub%C3%A9n_Baraja"},{"link_name":"I. Martínez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iv%C3%A1n_Mart%C3%ADnez_(footballer)"},{"link_name":"J.I. Martínez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Ignacio_Mart%C3%ADnez"},{"link_name":"Carcedo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Carlos_Carcedo"},{"link_name":"Escribá","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran_Escrib%C3%A1"},{"link_name":"Velázquez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julio_Vel%C3%A1zquez"},{"link_name":"Fernández","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%ADctor_Fern%C3%A1ndez"}],"text":"Morbo: The Story of Spanish Football (2003), Phil Ball. Morbo: The Story of Spanish FootballvteCopa del Rey winning managers\n1903–14: Unknown\n1915: Barnes\n1916: Barnes\n1917: Johnson\n1918: Unknown\n1919: Jáuregui\n1920: Greenwell\n1921: Barnes\n1922: Greenwell\n1923: Pentland\n1924: Bloomer\n1925: Poszony\n1926: Kirby\n1927: Emery\n1928: Forns\n1929: Greenwell\n1930: Pentland\n1931: Pentland\n1932: Pentland\n1933: Pentland\n1934: Bru\n1935: Encinas\n1936: Bru\n1939: Brand\n1940: Caicedo\n1941: Encinas\n1942: Nogués\n1943: Urquizu\n1944: Urquizu\n1945: Urquizu\n1946: Quincoces\n1947: Albéniz\n1948: Caicedo\n1949: Quincoces\n1950: Iraragorri\n1951: Daučík\n1952: Daučík\n1953: Daučík\n1954: Quincoces\n1955: Daučík\n1956: Daučík\n1957: Balmanya\n1958: Albéniz\n1959: Herrera\n1960: Villalonga\n1961: Villalonga\n1962: M. Muñoz\n1963: Gonzalvo\n1964: Belló\n1965: Bumbel\n1966: Daučík\n1967: Suárez\n1968: Artigas\n1969: Iriondo\n1970: M. Muñoz\n1971: Buckingham\n1972: Merkel\n1973: Pavić\n1974: Molowny\n1975: Miljanić\n1976: Aragonés\n1977: Iriondo\n1978: Michels\n1979: Pasieguito\n1980: Boškov\n1981: Herrera\n1982: Molowny\n1983: Menotti\n1984: Clemente\n1985: Aragonés\n1986: Costa\n1987: Toshack\n1988: Aragonés\n1989: Beenhakker\n1990: Cruyff\n1991: Ovejero\n1992: Aragonés\n1993: Floro\n1994: Fernández\n1995: Iglesias\n1996: Antić \n1997: Robson\n1998: Van Gaal\n1999: Ranieri\n2000: Flores\n2001: Costa\n2002: Irureta\n2003: Manzano\n2004: V. Muñoz\n2005: Ferrer\n2006: Lotina\n2007: Ramos\n2008: Koeman\n2009: Guardiola\n2010: Álvarez\n2011: Mourinho\n2012: Guardiola\n2013: Simeone\n2014: Ancelotti\n2015: Luis Enrique\n2016: Luis Enrique\n2017: Luis Enrique\n2018: Valverde\n2019: Marcelino\n2020: Alguacil\n2021: Koeman\n2022: Pellegrini\n2023: Ancelotti\n2024: ValverdeFrancisco Bru international tournaments\nvteSpain squad – 1920 Summer Olympics – Silver medalists\nGK Eizaguirre\nGK Zamora\nDF Arrate (c)\nDF Carrasco\nDF Otero\nDF Vallana\nMF Artola\nMF Belauste\nMF Eguiazábal\nMF Sabino\nMF Samitier\nMF Sancho\nFW Acedo\nFW González\nFW Moncho Gil\nFW Pagaza\nFW Patricio\nFW Pichichi\nFW Sesúmaga\nFW Silverio\nFW Vázquez\nCoach: Bru\n\nvtePeru squad – 1930 FIFA World Cup\nMF Astengo\nFW Cillóniz\nDF de las Casas\nMF Denegri\nDF Fernández\nMF Galindo\nMF García\nFW Góngora\nFW Lavalle\nFW Lores\nDF Maquilón\nFW Neyra\nFW Pacheco\nGK Pardon\nMF Quintana\nFW Rodríguez Nue\nFW Sarmiento\nDF Soria\nFW Souza\nGK Valdivieso\nMF Valle\nFW Villanueva\nCoach: BruFrancisco Bru managerial positions\nvteSpain national football team – managers\nBru (1920)\nRuete (1921–22)\nBerraondo (1921–28)\nCastro (1921–27)\nMateos (1922–33)\nDíaz (1922)\nArgüello (1923)\nParages (1923–24)\nCernuda (1923–24)\nColina (1924)\nRosich (1924)\nOlave (1924)\nGutiérrez (1925)\nCabot (1925)\nMontero (1926–27)\nGarcía (1934–36)\nTeus (1941–42)\nQuincoces (1945)\nPasarín (1946)\nCoronado (1947)\nEizaguirre (1948–50)\nAlcántara & Iceta & Quesada (1951)\nZamora (1951–52)\nEscartín (1952–53)\nIribarren (1953–54)\nMelcón (1955)\nCoronado & Del Valle & Jiménez & Touzón (1955)\nEizaguirre (1955–56)\nMeana (1957–59)\nCosta & Gabilondo & Lasplazas (1959–60)\nHerrera (1960–62)\nVillalonga (1962–66)\nBalmanya (1966–68)\nToba (1968–69)\nArtigas & Molowny & Muñoz (1969)\nKubala (1969–80)\nSantamaría (1980–82)\nMuñoz (1982–88)\nSuárez (1988–91)\nMiera (1991–92)\nClemente (1992–98)\nCamacho (1998–2002)\nSáez (2002–04)\nAragonés (2004–08)\nDel Bosque (2008–16)\nLopetegui (2016–18)\nHierro (2018)\nLuis Enrique (2018–19)\nMoreno (2019)\nLuis Enrique (2019–22)\nde la Fuente (2022–)\n\nvteRCD Espanyol – managers\nGarry (1922–24)\nBru (1924–26)\nGreenwell (1928–30)\nCaicedo (1930–33)\nTrabal (1933–35)\nCaicedo (1935–1943)\nSolé (1943)\nAlbéniz (1944–46)\nBosch (1946)\nPlanas (1946–47)\nEspada (1947–49)\nCaicedo (1949–50)\nNogués (1950–52)\nScopelli (1952–55)\nBravo (1955)\nZamora & Espada (1955–57)\nBerkessy (1957–58)\nDomingo (1958–59)\nBarrios (1959–60)\nPons (1960–61)\nZamora (1961)\nSaso (1961–62)\nArcas & Zamora (1962)\nHerrera (1962–63)\nAreso & Scopelli (1963–64)\nKubala (1964–65)\nArgila (1965–66)\nDi Stéfano & Espada (1966)\nKálmár (1966–69)\nArgilés & Faura (1969)\nRiera (1969–70)\nIriondo (1970)\nDaučík (1970–71)\nSantamaría (1971–78)\nHerrera (1978)\nIrulegui (1978–79)\nMiera (1979–80)\nMaguregui (1980–83)\nPavić (1983–84)\nAzkargorta (1984–86)\nClemente (1986–89)\nGarcía de Andoin & Mauri (1989)\nJoanet (1989–90)\nJuanjo (1990)\nAragonés (1990–91)\nPetrović (1991–92)\nClemente & Sabaté (1992)\nNovoa (1992–93)\nJuanjo (1993)\nCamacho (1993–96)\nCarcelén (1996–97)\nFlores & Miera (1997)\nCamacho (1997–98)\nFlores (1998)\nBielsa (1998–99)\nBrindisi (1999–2000)\nFlores (2000–02)\nRamos (2002)\nMoya (2002)\nClemente (2002–03)\nFernández (2003–04)\nLotina (2004–06)\nValverde (2006–08)\nMárquez (2008)\nMané (2008–09)\nPochettino (2009–12)\nLonghic (2012)\nAguirre (2012–14)\nSergio (2014–15)\nGâlcă (2015–16)\nSánchez Flores (2016–18)\nGallego (2018)\nRubi (2018–19)\nGallego (2019)\nMachín (2019)\nAbelardo (2019–20)\nRufetec (2020)\nMoreno (2020–22)\nBlancoc (2022)\nMartínez (2022–23)\nLuis García (2023)\nRamis (2023–24)\nGonzález (2024–)\n\nvtePeru national football team – managers\nOliveri (1927)\nBorelli (1929)\nBru (1930)\nCarbajo (1935)\nDenegri (1936–37)\nGreenwell (1938–39)\nArrillaga (1941)\nFernandez Roca (1942–45)\nArana (1946–47)\nFernández (1948–50)\nHuapaya (1951–52)\nCook (1953)\nFernandez Roca (1953)\nValdivieso (1954–55)\nFernández (1956)\nOrth (1957–60)\nCalderón (1960–61)\nAlmeida (1962)\nValdivieso (1963)\nGeorgiadis (1964–65)\nCalderón (1965–67)\nDidi (1968–70)\nBaróti (1971–72)\nScarone (1972–73)\nCalderón (1975–79)\n Chiarella (1979)\nTim (1980–82)\nTan (1983)\nBarack (1984–85)\nChalle (1985)\nCuéllar (1987)\nCalderón (1987)\nPepe (1988–89)\nCompany (1990–91)\nPopović (1992–93)\nCompany (1994–95)\nTernero (1997–97)\nOblitas (1996–99)\nMaturana (1999–2000)\nUribe (2000–02)\nAutuori (2002–05)\nTernero (2005–06)\nNavarro (2006)\nUribe (2007)\ndel Solar (2007–09)\nMarkarián (2010–13)\nBengoechea (2014)\nGareca (2015–22)\nReynoso (2022–23)\nFossati (2023–)\n\nvteReal Madrid CF – managers\nJohnson (1910–20)\nDe Cárcer (1920–26)\nLlorente (1926–27)\nBernabéu (1926–27)\nBerraondo (1927–29)\nQuirante (1929–30)\nHertzka (1930–32)\nFirth (1932–34)\nBru (1934–41)\nArmet (1941–43)\nEncinas (1943–45)\nQuincoces (1945–46)\nAlbéniz (1946–47)\nQuincoces (1947–48)\nKeeping (1948–50)\nAlbéniz (1950–51)\nScarone (1951–52)\nIpiña (1952–53)\nFernández (1953–54)\nVillalonga (1954–57)\nCarniglia (1957–59)\nMuñoz (1959)\nCarniglia (1959)\nFleitas Solich (1959–60)\nMuñoz (1960–74)\nMolowny (1974)\nMiljanić (1974–77)\nMolowny (1977–79)\nBoškov (1979–82)\nMolowny (1982)\nDi Stéfano (1982–84)\nAmancio (1984–85)\nMolowny (1985–86)\nBeenhakker (1986–89)\nToshack (1989–90)\nDi Stéfano (1990–91)\nAntić (1991–92)\nBeenhakker (1992)\nFloro (1992–94)\nDel Bosque (1994)\nValdano (1994–96)\nDel Bosque (1996)\nIglesias (1996)\nCapello (1996–97)\nHeynckes (1997–98)\nCamacho (1998)\nHiddink (1998–99)\nToshack (1999)\nDel Bosque (1999–2003)\nQueiroz (2003–04)\nCamacho (2004)\nGarcía Remón (2004)\nLuxemburgo (2004–05)\nLópez Caro (2005–06)\nCapello (2006–07)\nSchuster (2007–08)\nRamos (2008–09)\nPellegrini (2009–10)\nMourinho (2010–13)\nAncelotti (2013–15)\nBenítez (2015–16)\nZidane (2016–18)\nLopetegui (2018)\nSolari (2018–19)\nZidane (2019–21)\nAncelotti (2021–)\n\nvteGirona FC – managers\nViñas (1930–34)\nZabala (1934–36)\nSantpere (1936–37)\nBru (1937–39)\nViñas (1939–40)\nGonzález (1940–41)\nZabala (1941–42)\nMartí (1942–43)\nAbad (1943–44)\nSoldevila (1944)\nTarradellas (1944–46)\nRomans (1946–47)\nEnrique (1947)\nMas (1947–48)\nPlattkó (1948–49)\nHilario (1949–50)\nSastre (1950–51)\nBescós (1951–52)\nBalmanya (1952)\nEspada (1952–53)\nMedina (1953)\nArcas (1953–54)\nBescós (1954–55)\nAldecoa (1955–57)\nCaicedo (1957–58)\nBurcet (1958)\nGallart (1958–59)\nMedina (1959)\nAldecoa (1959–60)\nLidón (1960–61)\nPujolràs (1961)\nBescós (1961–62)\nOrtega (1962–64)\nPujolràs (1964–65)\nMoll (1965–66)\nPujolràs (1966–67)\nAldecoa (1967–68)\nMéndez (1968–69)\nVences (1969–72)\nSasot (1972–74)\nAldecoa (1974–76)\nColl (1976)\nPujolràs (1976–77)\nGatell (1977–79)\nSasot (1979–80)\nPinto (1980–81)\nMuñoz (1981)\nPinto (1981–82)\nAldecoa (1982)\nCosta (1982)\nMuñoz (1982–85)\nWaldo Ramos (1985–86)\nCarrasco (1986–87)\nMuñoz (1987)\nHatero (1987–88)\nJosé Manuel (1988)\nLagunas (1988)\nAgustí (1988–92)\nMercader (1992–93)\nBonachera (1993)\nMuñoz (1993–95)\nMorata (1995)\nRobi (1995–96)\nSantos (1996)\nMasferrer (1996)\nGarcía Castany (1996–97)\nRiera (1997)\nGratacós (1997–99)\nBengoetxea (1999–2000)\nMárquez (2000)\nJordan (2000)\nBarti (2000–01)\nMorata (2001)\nMoratalla (2001–03)\nJulià (2003)\nAbadía (2003–04)\nNogués (2004–05)\nTorrent (2005–06)\nCarrillo (2006–07)\nRodríguez & Salamero (2007)\nAgné (2007–09)\nSalamero (2009)\nOlmo (2009)\nCristóbal (2009)\nJulià (2009–10)\nAgné (2010–12)\nUribe (2012)\nSalamero (2012)\nRubi (2012–13)\nRodríguez (2013)\nLópez (2013–14)\nMachín (2014–18)\nEusebio (2018–19)\nUnzué (2019)\nMorenoc (2019)\nMartí (2019–20)\nFrancisco (2020–21)\nMíchel (2021–)\n\nvteGranada CF – managers\nBonet (1940–41)\nBru (1941–43)\nPlattkó (1943–44)\nVidal (1944–45)\nCholín (1945–46)\nConde (1946–47)\nMillánc (1947)\nValderrama (1947–48)\nCholín (1948–50)\nRubio (1950)\nMas (1950–51)\nCholín (1951)\nMasc (1951)\nEspada (1951–52)\nIbáñez (1952–53)\nBracero (1953–54)\nLelé (1954–55)\nIbáñez (1955–56)\nÁlvaro (1956–57)\nCarmonac (1957)\nPasarín (1957)\nScopelli (1957–59)\nGonzálezc (1959)\nKalmár (1959–60)\nArgila (1960–61)\nTrinchant (1961)\nHerrera (1961–62)\nÁlvaro (1962–63)\nMillán (1963)\nTrompi (1963–64)\nEizaguirre (1964)\nAntúnez (1964–65)\nKalmár (1965–66)\nEizaguirre (1966–67)\nIbáñezc (1967)\nJoseíto (1967–68)\nDomingo (1968–69)\nRossi (1969–70)\nIbáñezc (1970)\nJoseíto (1970–72)\nPasieguito (1972–73)\nJoseíto (1973–75)\nErrazquínc (1975)\nMuñoz (1975–76)\nNúñez (1976)\nErrazquínc (1976–77)\nVavá (1977–78)\nErrazquín (1978)\nBen Barek (1978–80)\nGento (1980–81)\nJoseíto (1981)\nLalo (1981)\nMingorancec (1981)\nRuiz (1981–82)\nRuiz Sosa (1982–83)\nMesones (1983–84)\nYosu (1984)\nPellejeroc (1984)\nNaya (1984–85)\nPellejero (1985)\nPeiró (1985–88)\nRuiz Sosa (1988)\nLalo (1988)\nGarrec (1988)\nPachín (1988–89)\nCrispi (1989)\nLalo (1989)\nJ. Díaz (1989–90)\nGarre (1990–91)\nCorbacho (1991–92)\nParejo (1992)\nYosu (1992–94)\nBarrios (1994)\nPellejeroc (1994)\nVíctor (1994–95)\nCrispi (1995)\nAlcaraz (1995–98)\nSuárezc (1998)\nJuanjo (1998)\nChaparro (1998–99)\nMesones (1999–00)\nI. Díaz (2000)\nMolinac (2001)\nLalo (2001)\nJ. Á. Moreno (2001)\nMuñiz (2001)\nBlanco (2001–02)\nParejo (2002)\nRodríguez (2002–04)\nMaquiles (2004)\nVico (2004–05)\nKiki (2005–06)\nVíctor (2006)\nVišnjić (2006–07)\nVíctor (2007)\nCano (2007–08)\nBraojos (2008–09)\nÁlvarez Tomé (2009–10)\nFabri (2010–12)\nResino (2012)\nAnquela (2012–13)\nAlcaraz (2013–14)\nCaparrós (2014–15)\nAguadoc (2015)\nResino (2015)\nSandoval (2015–16)\nGonzález (2016)\nJémez (2016)\nPlanagumàc (2016)\nAlcaraz (2016–17)\nAdams (2017)\nOltra (2017–18)\nMorilla (2018)\nPortugal (2018)\nMartínez (2018–21)\nR. Moreno (2021–22)\nTorrecillac (2022)\nKaranka (2022)\nLópez (2022–23)\nMedina (2023–24)\nSandoval (2024–)\n\n(c) = caretaker manager\nvteReal Zaragoza – managers\nSauca (1932)\nDos Santos (1932–34)\nF. González (1934–35)\nPlanas (1935)\nOlivares (1935–36)\nArnanz (1939–41)\nGamborena (1941)\nUritarte & Ostalé (1941)\nQuincoces (1941–43)\nCaicedo (1943–45)\nArnanz (1945)\nJuanito (1945–46)\nOlivares (1946–47)\nSorribas (1947–48)\nSoladrero (1948)\nMacheda (1948)\nBru (1948–49)\nOceja (1949)\nJuanito (1949–50)\nPlanas (1950)\nUrquiri (1950–51)\nJuanito (1951)\nBerkessy (1951–52)\nBalmanya (1952–53)\nEguiluz (1953–54)\nMundo (1954–56)\nQuincoces (1956–58)\nCasariego (1958)\nOchoantesana (1958–59)\nMundo (1959–60)\nHernández (1960)\nCésar (1960–63)\nRamallets (1963–64)\nBelló (1964)\nOlsen (1964–65)\nHon (1965–66)\nDaučík (1966–67)\nLerín (1967)\nOlsen (1967–68)\nCésar (1968–69)\nRial (1969–70)\nKalmár (1970)\nBalmanya (1970–71)\nGarcía Traid (1971)\nHernández (1971)\nIriondo (1971–72)\nCarriega (1972–76)\nMuller (1976–77)\nIglesias (1977–78)\nBoškov (1978–79)\nVillanova (1979–81)\nCosta (1981)\nBeenhakker (1981–84)\nFerrari (1984–85)\nCosta (1985–87)\nVillanova (1987–88)\nAntić (1988–90)\nManeiro (1990–91)\nFernández (1991–96)\nEspárrago (1996–97)\nCosta (1997–98)\nRojo (1998–2000)\nLillo (2000)\nCosta (2000–01)\nRojo (2001–02)\nCosta (2002)\nAlonso (2002)\nFlores (2002–04)\nMuñoz (2004–06)\nFernández (2006–08)\nGaritano (2008)\nIrureta (2008)\nVillanova (2008)\nMarcelino (2008–09)\nGay (2009–10)\nAguirre (2010–11)\nJiménez (2011–13)\nHerrera (2013–14)\nMuñoz (2014)\nPopović (2014–15)\nCarreras (2015–16)\nMilla (2016)\nAgné (2016–17)\nLáinez (2017)\nN. González (2017–18)\nIdiakez (2018)\nAlcaraz (2018)\nFernández (2018–20)\nBaraja (2020)\nI. Martínez (2020)\nJ.I. Martínez (2020–22)\nCarcedo (2022)\nEscribá (2022–23)\nVelázquez (2023–24)\nFernández (2024–)","title":"Sources"}]
[]
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/US_Naval_Forces_Central_Command
United States Naval Forces Central Command
["1 Navy Persian Gulf operations 1945–1971","2 Naval Forces Central Command from 1983","3 Combined Maritime Forces","3.1 Combined Maritime Forces Participants","4 List of commanders","5 References","5.1 Notes","6 Further reading"]
Service component command of the United States Navy United States Naval Forces Central Command (USNAVCENT)Active1983–presentCountryUnited StatesBranchUnited States NavyTypeService component commandPart ofUnited States Central CommandHeadquartersNaval Support Activity BahrainWebsitewww.cusnc.navy.milCommandersCommander, U.S. Naval Forces Central Command; Commander, U.S. 5th Fleet and Combined Forces Maritime ComponentVADM George WikoffDeputy Commander, U.S. Naval Forces Central CommandRDML Joshua LaskyVice Commander, U.S. Naval Forces Central CommandRDML Jeffrey A. JurgemeyerUnited Kingdom Maritime Component CommanderCommodore Phillip Dennis, Royal NavyCommand Master Chief, U.S. Naval Forces Central Command; Command Master Chief, U.S. 5th Fleet.CMDCM Christopher KingMilitary unit United States Naval Forces Central Command (NAVCENT) is the United States Navy element of United States Central Command (USCENTCOM). Its area of responsibility includes the Red Sea, Gulf of Oman, Persian Gulf, and Arabian Sea. It consists of the United States Fifth Fleet and several other subordinate task forces, including Combined Task Force 150, Combined Task Force 158 and others. Navy Persian Gulf operations 1945–1971 The Navy's post-World War II operations in the Persian Gulf began in 1948 when a series of U.S. task groups, led by the aircraft carrier USS Valley Forge, the escort carrier USS Rendova, and Task Force 128 led by USS Pocono, visited the Persian Gulf. On 20 January 1948, Commander-in-Chief, Northeastern Atlantic and Mediterranean, Admiral Conolly, created Task Force 126 to supervise the large number of Navy fleet oilers and chartered tankers picking up oil in the Persian Gulf. By June 1949, the Task Force had become Persian Gulf Forces and on 16 August 1949 Persian Gulf Forces became Middle East Force. In October 1948, Hydrographic Survey Group 1 arrived to help map the Persian Gulf's waters. Consisting of USS Maury, USS Dutton, USS John Blish, and USS Littlehales, the group remained in the Persian Gulf until April 1949, but their efforts were limited by weather, logistics support and upkeep. In 1971, when Bahrain achieved full independence, the U.S. Navy leased part of the former British base HMS Jufair, originally established in 1935. It was renamed it Administrative Support Unit, Bahrain. The name was changed to Naval Support Activity Bahrain in 1999, to reflect its broader support role. Naval Forces Central Command from 1983 The command was established on 1 January 1983 along with the rest of U.S. Central Command, and command of NAVCENT was initially given to a flag officer selectee based at Pearl Harbor and tasked with coordinating administrative and logistical support for U.S. naval forces in the Persian Gulf. Rear Admiral (lower half) Stan Arthur, the first ComUSNAVCENT, served simultaneously as the Commander-in-Chief, Pacific Fleet, Plans Officer during his first year in the position. An actual flag officer deployed to the region known as Commander, Middle East Force (COMMIDEASTFOR), retained operational control of U.S. naval forces in the Persian Gulf and effectively served as USCENTCOM's de facto naval component commander. Following the initial establishment of U.S. Central Command, the boundary between USCENTCOM and U.S. Pacific Command (USPACOM) was the Strait of Hormuz. USS Klakring (FFG-42) passed southbound through the Suez Canal on 25 and 26 June 1985. As the ship crossed the Red Sea, she began to observe the weekends on Thursdays and Fridays to assimilate crewmen to Muslim daily routines. Klakring fueled and provisioned at Djibouti, Horn of Africa, on 30 June. On 1 July, she rendezvoused with guided missile destroyer Charles F. Adams and exchanged information and equipment. Whalig became Commander Task Unit (CTU) 109.1.2, and oversaw the scheduling of all multi-ship training in the Persian Gulf. Klakring sailed through the Strait of Hormuz, and on 7 July rendezvoused with command ship La Salle near Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates (UAE). The frigate escorted the flagship to Sitra in Bahrain. To direct forces of multiple services operating over the boundary, Joint Task Force Middle East was established on 20 September 1987. It was soon obvious that JTF-ME and the Middle East Force were directing much the same operations, and a single dual-hatted naval commander, Commander, Middle Eastern Force (COMMIDEASTFOR), was appointed by February 1988. U.S. Naval Forces Central Command took part in Operation Earnest Will in 1986–1987 and supported Army special operations helicopters conducting Operation Prime Chance. Operation Praying Mantis followed later. In August 1990, Captain Robert Sutton USN, who had been selected for promotion to rear admiral (lower half), was serving as ComUSNAVCENT. The first Central Command operations order for Desert Shield, issued on 10 August 1990, reflected the Pearl Harbor/MIDEASTFOR split and split the tasks between the two organisations, but, 'most likely,' Pokrant writes, 'Schwarzkopf had already decided to do things differently.' As Pokrant recounts, in a meeting on 6 August 1990, the Central Command plans chief, Rear Admiral Grant Sharp, had advised Schwarzkopf to have a fleet commander assigned to CENTCOM to control the extensive naval forces that would deploy. Schwarzkopf discussed the issue with Commander-in-Chief, Pacific Command, Admiral Huntington Hardisty. It was agreed that the Commander, U.S. Seventh Fleet (COMSEVENTHFLT) staff, under Vice Admiral Hank Mauz, would be despatched to command in the Middle East and, tentatively, the Commander, U.S. Third Fleet staff would be earmarked to replace them in six months. Mauz, his staff, and his flagship, USS Blue Ridge, were all located at Yokosuka, Japan, their normal homeport. To speed the process of taking over command, Mauz obtained permission from Hardisty to fly immediately to Diego Garcia aboard a VIP-configured P-3 Orion, 'Peter Rabbit,' with key members of his staff. The rest of the command group would steam to the Persian Gulf aboard Blue Ridge. When Mauz was cleared to proceed from Diego Garcia to Bahrain, he expected to land and have some days to familiarise himself with the situation before taking over command of NAVCENT from Rear Admiral William M. Fogarty. However, on landing he found a message from Schwarzkopf ordering him to assume command immediately. Battle Force Zulu - 1991 Gulf War After arrival in-theatre in late 1990, Vice Admiral Henry H. Mauz "retained the Middle East Force, designated CTG 150.1 , for most warfighting functions inside the Persian Gulf. Under this hat, Rear Admiral Fogarty would control only the half-dozen ships or so of the Middle East Force, augmented by the battleship Wisconsin when it arrived. Under a second hat, CTG 150.2, Fogarty would be the commander of the U.S. Maritime Interception Force. For this job, his authority would extend outside the Persian Gulf to ships operating in the North Arabian Sea and Red Sea, but only for interception operations." The CVBGs in the North Arabian Sea and Red Sea were designated Task Groups 150.4 and 150.5 respectively; the Amphibious and Landing Forces were CTG 150.6 and CTG 150.8 (Major General Jenkins). Rear Admiral Stephen S. Clarey was Commander U.S. Maritime Prepositioning Force, Commander Task Group 150.7 (CTG 150.7), with the equipment for the U.S. Marine Corps aboard. After the ships had disembarked the Marine equipment in Saudi Arabia, CTG 150.7 was disestablished on 12 September 1990. From 1 January 1991, the six carriers deployed were divided into Battle Force Yankee (two carriers, including Saratoga, in the Red Sea under Rear Admiral Riley Mixson, Commander, Carrier Group Two/Task Force 155) and Task Force 154, Battle Force Zulu (four carriers in the Arabian Sea/Persian Gulf under Rear Admiral Daniel P. March, Commander, Carrier Group Five). TF 150 was Vice Admiral Henry H. Mauz, Jr. himself, TF 151 the Middle East Force, now including USS Bunker Hill, TG 150.3 Naval Logistics Support Force (Rear Admiral Bob Sutton), and TF 156 the amphibious force. Since ComUSNAVCENT operated from on board ship, he established NAVCENT-Riyadh as a staff organization to provide continuous Navy representation at CENTCOM headquarters. This mission was assigned initially to Commander, Carrier Group Three (COMCARGRU 3). During succeeding months, the NAVCENT-Riyadh staff was augmented substantially but remained small, relative to the ARCENT and CENTAF staffs. In November, the NAVCENT-Riyadh command was transferred from COMCARGRU 3 to Commander, Cruiser-Destroyer Group 5. This change resulted in the Navy flag officer at NAVCENT Riyadh's remaining relatively junior to other Service representatives, particularly CENTAF. This imbalance in size and seniority between the Navy and other staffs, coupled with the geographic separation with NAVCENT headquarters, made it difficult for NAVCENT-Riyadh to represent the interests of the Navy in the overall coordination and planning efforts. On 24 April 1991, Vice Admiral Stan Arthur turned over command of NAVCENT to Rear Admiral Ray Taylor, Fogerty's replacement as Commander, Middle East Force, and Arthur and Blue Ridge began their voyage back to the Pacific. Two months earlier, Rear Admiral Taylor had submitted thoughts on the reorientation of the NAVCENT command structure to Schwarzkopf following an earlier direction from Admiral Arthur. The proposal, which was modified in the staffing process, eventually meant that the one-staff ComUSNAVCENT in Hawaii was upgraded to a two-star appointment co-located with Central Command headquarters in Tampa, Florida. Rear Admiral David Rogers became the first two-star Navy representative in Tampa when he relieved Rear Admiral Sutton.Vice Admiral Kevin Cosgriff, commander, U.S. Naval Forces Central Command, meets with Vice Admiral, Azerbaijani Navy, Shahin Sultanov during his visit to Baku, Azerbaijan in June 2008. Although COMSEVENTHFLT held command responsibility during this period, no numbered fleet existed permanently within the USCENTCOM area of responsibility during the first Gulf War and for the next four years thereafter. By July 1995, a new numbered fleet was deemed necessary by the senior U.S. Navy leadership, and after a 48-year hiatus, the U.S. Fifth Fleet was reactivated, replacing COMMIDEASTFOR. Dual-hatted as COMUSNAVCENT as the naval component command of USCENTCOM, the same Vice Admiral (and his staff) as Commander, U.S. Fifth Fleet (COMFIFTHFLT) now directs naval operations in the Persian Gulf, Red Sea, and the Arabian Sea. The combined COMUSNAVCENT/COMFIFTHFLT headquarters is located at NSA Bahrain in Manama, Bahrain. The command oversees both afloat and shore-based units that rotationally deploy or surge from the United States, plus a few smaller surface ships that are based in the Gulf for longer periods. Ships rotationally deploy to the U.S. Fifth Fleet from the Pacific and Atlantic Fleets. From 2010 through 2013, the U.S. maintained two aircraft carriers east of Suez, known as a "2.0 carrier presence," although it sometimes temporarily dipped below that level. The heightened presence aimed to provide air and sea striking power for U.S. operations in Iraq and Afghanistan and also to deter Iran from bad behavior in the region and keep the Strait of Hormuz open. In 2016 the USS San Antonio, USS Mason, USS Nitze, and USS Ponce came under attack as they moved through the Bab al-Mandeb strait on the southern end of the Red Sea. Shortly after the attacks, the USS Nitze destroyed three radar sites in Yemen in retaliation for the two separate attacks on U.S. ships in the Red Sea. On 1 December 2018, NAVCENT commander Vice Admiral Scott A. Stearney was found dead in his residence in Bahrain. No foul play was suspected. Rear Admiral Paul J. Schlise assumed interim command. Vice Admiral Jim Malloy flew to Bahrain to take command. Combined Maritime Forces In February 2002 the Combined Maritime Forces was also established as an embedded activity to provide coordinated Coalition operations in the area of operations. It is an international naval partnership that provides security for civilian maritime traffic by conducting counter-piracy and counter-terrorism missions in the heavily trafficked waters of the Middle East, Africa and South Asia, including the Red Sea, the Persian Gulf, the Gulf of Aden, Arabian Sea and the wider Indian Ocean. CMF's personnel and ships are drawn from 44 nations and are organised into four principal task forces: Combined Task Force 150 (CTF-150) – Maritime Security & Counter-terrorism Combined Task Force 151 (CTF-151) – Counter-piracy Combined Task Force 152 (CTF-152) – Persian Gulf Security Cooperation Combined Task Force 153 (CTF-153) – Red Sea Maritime Security After the September 11 terrorist attacks on the United States, Commander, Task Force 150, previously a single-nation U.S. formation, was made into a multinational effort as Combined Task Force 150 (HOA MIO Force), and was given a renewed focus on maritime security and counter-terrorism. It was established on 3 February 2002, by Vice Admiral Charles W. Moore. Over time, it became increasingly involved in combating the rising incidence of piracy in Somalia. Combined Task Force 151 was established in January 2009 by Vice Admiral William E. Gortney specifically to address counter-piracy operations. Operating alongside CTF 151 and Operation Ocean Shield are other national deployments such as the People's Liberation Army Navy, most recently with "CTF 526" aboard the Type 054 frigate Wenzhou (which had the hull number 526). Combined Task Force 153 was established in April 2022 by Vice Admiral Brad Cooper with a mission of maritime security and capacity building efforts in the Red Sea, Bab al-Mandeb, and Gulf of Aden. Captain Robert Francis was designated the first CTF-153 commander. Combined Maritime Forces Participants Combined Maritime Forces (CMF) Map  Albania  Australia  Bahrain  Belgium  Brazil  Canada  Denmark  Ecuador  Djibouti  Egypt  Finland  France  Germany  Greece  India  Iraq  Italy  Japan  Jordan  Kenya  Kuwait  Malaysia  Netherlands  New Zealand  Norway  Oman  Pakistan  Philippines  Portugal  Qatar  Saudi Arabia  Seychelles  Singapore  South Korea  Spain  Sri Lanka  Thailand  Turkey  United Arab Emirates (2002–2023)  United Kingdom  United States  Yemen Source: Combined Maritime Forces List of commanders No. Commander Term Notes Portrait Name Took office Left office Term length Commander, U.S. Naval Forces Central Command (COMUSNAVCENT) 1 Rear Admiral (lower half)Stanley R. Arthur(born 1935)1 January 19831987~4 years, 0 daysLater served as the 5th NAVCENT commander from 1990 to 1991. 2 Rear Admiral (lower half)Philip F. Duffy1987June 1990~3 years, 151 daysCommander, Training Command, U.S. Atlantic Fleet (1990-1991)Retired, 1991. 3 CaptainRobert Sutton(1942–2020)June 1990August 1990~61 daysPromoted to RDML in 1991; RADM in 1996Commander, U.S. Naval LogisticsSupport Force (Task Force 150.3) (1990-1991)Commander, U.S. Naval Forces Central Command (Rear) (1991)Retired, 1999. Commander, U.S. Naval Forces Central Command (COMUSNAVCENT) and U.S. Seventh Fleet (C7F) 4 Vice AdmiralHenry H. Mauz Jr.(born 1936)August 19901 December 1990~122 daysDeputy Chief of Naval Operationsfor Navy Program Planning (1990-1992)Promoted to admiral, 1992.Commander-in-Chief, U.S. Atlantic Fleet (1992-1994)Retired, 1994. 5 Vice AdmiralStanley R. Arthur(born 1935)1 December 199024 April 1991144 daysContinued to command Seventh Fleet until July 1992Promoted to admiral, 1992.Vice Chief of Naval Operations (1992-1995) Retired, 1995. Commander, U.S. Naval Forces Central Command (COMUSNAVCENT) 6 Rear AdmiralRaynor A.K. Taylor(1935–2013)24 April 199119 October 19921 year, 178 daysRetired, 1993. 7 Vice AdmiralDouglas J. Katz19 October 1992September 1994~1 year, 317 daysCommander, Naval Surface Force,U.S. Atlantic Fleet (1994-1997)Retired, 1997. 8 Vice AdmiralJohn Scott Redd(born 1944)September 19941 July 1995~303 daysDirector for Strategy, Plans and Policy, Joint Staff (1996-1998)Retired, 1998. Commander, U.S. Naval Forces Central Command (COMUSNAVCENT) and U.S. Fifth Fleet (C5F) 8 Vice AdmiralJohn Scott Redd(born 1944)1 July 1995June 1996~336 daysDirector for Strategy, Plans and Policy, Joint Staff (1996-1998)Retired, 1998. 9 Vice AdmiralThomas B. Fargo(born 1948)June 199627 July 1998~2 years, 56 daysPromoted to admiral, 1999.Commander-in-Chief, U.S. Pacific Fleet (1999-2002)Commander-in-Chief, U.S. Pacific Command (2002)Commander, U.S. Pacific Command (2002-2005)Retired, 2005. 10 Vice AdmiralCharles W. Moore Jr.(born 1946)27 July 19983 February 20023 years, 191 daysDeputy Chief of Naval Operationsfor Fleet Readiness and Logistics (2002-2004)Retired, 2004. Commander, U.S. Naval Forces Central Command (COMUSNAVCENT), U.S. Fifth Fleet (C5F) and Combined Maritime Forces (CMF) 10 Vice AdmiralCharles W. Moore Jr.(born 1946)3 February 200211 February 20028 daysDeputy Chief of Naval Operationsfor Fleet Readiness and Logistics (2002-2004)Retired, 2004. 11 Vice AdmiralTimothy J. Keating(born 1948)11 February 20027 October 20031 year, 238 daysDirector of the Joint Staff (2003-2004)Promoted to admiral, 2004.Commander, U.S. Northern Command andNorth American Aerospace Defense Command (2004-2007)Commander, U.S. Pacific Command (2007-2009)Retired, 2009. 12 Vice AdmiralDavid C. Nichols(born 1950)7 October 20033 November 20052 years, 27 daysDeputy Commander, U.S. Central Command (2005-2007)Retired, 2007. 13 Vice AdmiralPatrick M. Walsh(born 1955)3 November 200527 February 20071 year, 116 daysPromoted to admiral, 2007.Vice Chief of Naval Operations (2007-2009)Commander, U.S. Pacific Fleet (2009-2012)Retired, 2012. 14 Vice AdmiralKevin J. Cosgriff27 February 20075 July 20081 year, 129 daysRetired, 2008. 15 Vice AdmiralWilliam E. Gortney(born 1955)5 July 20085 July 20102 years, 0 daysDirector of the Joint Staff (2010-2012)Promoted to admiral, 2012.Commander, U.S. Fleet Forces Command (2012-2014)Commander, U.S. Northern Command andNorth American Aerospace Defense Command (2014-2016)Retired, 2016. 16 Vice AdmiralMark I. Fox(born 1956)5 July 201024 May 20121 year, 324 daysDeputy Chief of Naval Operationsfor Operations, Plans, and Strategy (2012-2013)Deputy Commander, U.S. Central Command (2013-2016)Retired, 2016. 17 Vice AdmiralJohn W. Miller24 May 20123 September 20153 years, 102 daysRetired, 2015. 18 Vice AdmiralKevin M. Donegan(born 1958)3 September 201519 September 20172 years, 16 daysDirector of Navy Staff and Deputy Chief of Naval Operationsfor Operations, Plans and Strategy (2017-2018)Retired, 2018. 19 Vice AdmiralJohn C. Aquilino(born 1962)19 September 20176 May 2018229 daysPromoted to admiral, 2018.Commander, U.S. Pacific Fleet (2018-2021)Commander, U.S. Indo-Pacific Command (2021-present) 20 Vice AdmiralScott Stearney(1960–2018)6 May 20181 December 2018209 daysFound dead in Bahrain residence, cause of death ruled a suicide. - Rear Admiral (lower half)Paul J. SchliseActing1 December 20187 December 20186 daysWas deputy commander of NAVCENT/C5F from 2017 to 2019.Director, Surface Warfare Division, N96,Office of the Chief of Naval Operations (2020-present) 21 Vice AdmiralJames J. Malloy(born 1963)7 December 201819 August 20201 year, 256 daysDeputy Commander, U.S. Central Command (2020-present) 22 Vice AdmiralSamuel Paparo(born 1964)19 August 20205 May 2021259 daysPromoted to admiral, 2021.Commander, U.S. Pacific Fleet (2021-present) 23 Vice AdmiralCharles Cooper II(born 1967)5 May 20211 February 20242 years, 272 days- 24 Vice AdmiralGeorge M. Wikoff(born 1968)1 February 2024Incumbent135 days- References ^ These two paragraphs are based on David F. Winkler, 'Admirals, Amirs, and Desert Sailors,' Naval Institute Press, Annapolis, Maryland, 2007, p.21-25 ^ a b Winkler 2007, p. 21-25. ^ a b Pokrant 1999, p. 8. ^ Winkler, p.86 ^ Frey, Courtney & Evans, Mark L. (28 July 2015). "Klakring (FFG 42), 1982-2013". Naval History and Heritage Command. Archived from the original on 10 January 2016. Retrieved 5 January 2016. ^ Pokrant 1999, pp. 8–10. ^ Pokrant 1999, pp. 11–12. ^ Pokrant 1999, p. 20. ^ Pokrant 1999, p. 21. ^ Edward J. Marolda, Robert John Schneller. Shield and Sword: The United States Navy and the Persian Gulf War. p. 84. ^ Pokrant 1999. ^ Conduct of the Persian Gulf War, Final Report to Congress, pg 553 start ^ Pokrant, 192. ^ Winkler, 127-8. ^ Barbara Starr, 'US Fifth Fleet reborn for active duty in the Persian Gulf, Jane's Defence Weekly, 27 May 1995, p.11 ^ "NAVCENT/5th Fleet History". www.cusnc.navy.mil. Archived from the original on 1 August 2009. ^ Wong, Kristina (17 October 2015). "Navy won't have aircraft carrier in Persian Gulf as Iran deal takes effect". The Hill. Archived from the original on 20 October 2015. Retrieved 20 October 2015. ^ Rogoway, Tyler (19 October 2016). "USS San Antonio Was Targeted During Anti-Ship Missile Attack Last Week Off Yemen". The Drive. Archived from the original on 3 June 2023. Retrieved 13 November 2019. ^ LaGrone, Sam (1 December 2018). "UPDATED: U.S. 5th Fleet Commander Found Dead in Bahrain - USNI News". United States Naval Institute. Archived from the original on 2 December 2018. Retrieved 1 December 2018. ^ Kube, Courtney; Helsel, Phil (1 December 2018). "Navy admiral Scott Stearney found dead in Bahrain, no foul play suspected". NBC News. Archived from the original on 1 December 2018. Retrieved 1 December 2018. ^ a b "About CMF". Archived from the original on 2 January 2012. Retrieved 21 May 2011. ^ "Combined Maritime Forces". Archived from the original on 10 January 2024. Retrieved 22 January 2024. ^ "CTF-150: Maritime Security". Archived from the original on 25 October 2011. Retrieved 21 May 2011. ^ "CTF-151: Counter-piracy". Archived from the original on 12 December 2013. Retrieved 21 May 2011. ^ "CTF-152: Gulf Maritime Security". Archived from the original on 6 June 2011. Retrieved 21 May 2011. ^ "CTF: 153 Red Sea Maritime Security". CMF. 12 April 2022. Archived from the original on 18 August 2022. Retrieved 18 August 2022. ^ "Piracy and HOA Operations" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 20 May 2013. Retrieved 26 October 2011. ^ "New Counter-Piracy Task Force Established". Archived from the original on 4 November 2013. Retrieved 21 May 2011. ^ "New International Naval Task Force to Enhance Red Sea Security". CUSNC. Archived from the original on 25 September 2022. Retrieved 18 August 2022. ^ "Ecuador Joins Combined Maritime Forces in Middle East as 40th Member". 22 January 2024. Archived from the original on 22 January 2024. Retrieved 22 January 2024. ^ Faucon, Benoit; Nissenbaum, Dion (31 May 2023). "U.A.E. Says It Exited U.S.-Led Naval Force". The Wall Street Journal. Archived from the original on 28 December 2023. Retrieved 28 December 2023. ^ "UAE rejects mischaracterisation of US-UAE conversations regarding maritime security". Gulf Today. 31 May 2023. Archived from the original on 2 June 2023. Retrieved 2 June 2023. ^ "CMF has 38 member nations". Archived from the original on 19 May 2021. Retrieved 17 May 2021. ^ Cox, Samuel J. "The Passing of Rear Admiral Robert "Bob" Sutton". The Sextant. United States Navy. Archived from the original on 28 December 2023. Retrieved 28 December 2023. ^ a b c Anchor of Resolve: A History of US Naval Forces Central Command (PDF). p. 38. Archived (PDF) from the original on 12 June 2022. Retrieved 18 May 2021. ^ "ADMIRAL HENRY H. MAUZ JR. '59, USN (RET.)". USNA. Archived from the original on 12 October 2022. Retrieved 18 May 2021. ^ Anchor of Resolve: A History of US Naval Forces Central Command (PDF). p. 38. Archived (PDF) from the original on 12 June 2022. Retrieved 18 May 2021. ^ Anchor of Resolve: A History of US Naval Forces Central Command (PDF). p. 40. Archived (PDF) from the original on 12 June 2022. Retrieved 18 May 2021. ^ "Admiral Thomas B. Fargo, U.S. Navy (Ret.)". Archived from the original on 18 May 2021. Retrieved 18 May 2021. ^ "COMUSNAVCENT/COMFIFTHFLT Bio". Archived from the original on 17 May 2021. Retrieved 17 May 2021. ^ a b "Vice Adm. Nichols Turns Over the Reigns to Vice Adm. Walsh ". dvidshub.net. 3 November 2005. Archived from the original on 17 May 2021. Retrieved 17 May 2021. ^ "Cosgriff Assumes Command of NAVCENT, 5th Fleet". dvidshub.net. 27 February 2007. Archived from the original on 17 May 2021. Retrieved 17 May 2021. ^ "Cosgriff Highlights Regional Cooperation during Change of Command". dvidshub.net. 5 July 2008. Archived from the original on 17 May 2021. Retrieved 17 May 2021. ^ "Vice Adm. Fox Assumes Command of US Navy in Middle East". dvidshub.net. 5 July 2010. Archived from the original on 17 May 2021. Retrieved 17 May 2021. ^ "VICE ADM. MILLER TAKES HELM OF U.S. NAVY IN MIDDLE EAST AND COMBINED MARITIME FORCES". Combined Maritime Forces. 24 May 2012. Archived from the original on 27 September 2020. Retrieved 17 May 2021. ^ "Prolific fighter pilot takes over 5th Fleet". Navy Times. 8 September 2015. Archived from the original on 27 February 2024. Retrieved 17 May 2021. ^ "U.S. Fifth Fleet Welcomes New Commander". U.S. Naval Forces Central Command. 19 July 2019. Archived from the original on 17 May 2021. Retrieved 17 May 2021. ^ "VADM Stearney Takes Command of 5th Fleet; RADM Corey Takes Over PEO Unmanned Aviation and Strike Weapons". USNI News. 8 May 2018. Archived from the original on 31 May 2022. Retrieved 17 May 2021. ^ "Vice Admiral James Malloy Assumes Duties as U.S. Naval Forces Central Command/U.S. 5th Fleet Commander". U.S. Naval Forces Central Command. 7 December 2018. Archived from the original on 17 May 2021. Retrieved 17 May 2021. ^ "NAVCENT, FIFTH FLEET, CMF WELCOME NEW COMMANDER". U.S. Marine Corps. 19 August 2019. Archived from the original on 17 May 2021. Retrieved 17 May 2021. ^ "NAVCENT, U.S. Fifth Fleet, CMF Change of Command". U.S. Naval Forces Central Command. 6 May 2021. Archived from the original on 17 May 2022. Retrieved 17 May 2021. Winkler, David F. (2007). Admirals, Amirs, and Desert Sailors. Naval Institute Press, Annapolis, Maryland Notes ^ The UAE is a member of the task force, but is not participating since March 2023. Further reading W. Seth Carus, Barry McCoy, and John R. Hafey, From MIDEASTFOR to Fifth Fleet: Forward Naval Presence in Southwest Asia, Alexandria, VA, Center for Naval Analyses, 1995 Michael A. Palmer, Guardians of the Gulf, A History of America’s Expanding Role in the Persian Gulf, 1883 – 1992 (New York: The Free Press, 1992) Pokrant, Marvin (1999). Desert Shield at Sea: What the Navy Really Did: Volume 174 of Contributions in Military Studies. Greenwood Publishing Group. ISBN 0313310238. Retrieved 6 July 2012.
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"United States Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Navy"},{"link_name":"United States Central Command","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Central_Command"},{"link_name":"Red Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Sea"},{"link_name":"Gulf of Oman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_of_Oman"},{"link_name":"Persian Gulf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_Gulf"},{"link_name":"Arabian Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabian_Sea"},{"link_name":"United States Fifth Fleet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Fifth_Fleet"},{"link_name":"Combined Task Force 150","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combined_Task_Force_150"},{"link_name":"Combined Task Force 158","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combined_Task_Force_158"}],"text":"Military unitUnited States Naval Forces Central Command (NAVCENT) is the United States Navy element of United States Central Command (USCENTCOM). Its area of responsibility includes the Red Sea, Gulf of Oman, Persian Gulf, and Arabian Sea. It consists of the United States Fifth Fleet and several other subordinate task forces, including Combined Task Force 150, Combined Task Force 158 and others.","title":"United States Naval Forces Central Command"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"Persian Gulf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_Gulf"},{"link_name":"USS Valley Forge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Valley_Forge_(CV-45)"},{"link_name":"USS Rendova","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Rendova"},{"link_name":"USS Pocono","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Pocono"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Northeastern Atlantic and Mediterranean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Naval_Forces,_Eastern_Atlantic_and_Mediterranean"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWinkler200721-25-2"},{"link_name":"USS Maury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Maury_(AGS-16)"},{"link_name":"USS Dutton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Dutton_(AGS-8)"},{"link_name":"USS John Blish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_John_Blish"},{"link_name":"USS Littlehales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Littlehales"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWinkler200721-25-2"},{"link_name":"HMS Jufair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom_Naval_Support_Facility"},{"link_name":"Naval Support Activity Bahrain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naval_Support_Activity_Bahrain"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"The Navy's post-World War II operations in the Persian Gulf began in 1948 when a series of U.S. task groups, led by the aircraft carrier USS Valley Forge, the escort carrier USS Rendova, and Task Force 128 led by USS Pocono, visited the Persian Gulf.[1] On 20 January 1948, Commander-in-Chief, Northeastern Atlantic and Mediterranean, Admiral Conolly, created Task Force 126 to supervise the large number of Navy fleet oilers and chartered tankers picking up oil in the Persian Gulf. By June 1949, the Task Force had become Persian Gulf Forces and on 16 August 1949 Persian Gulf Forces became Middle East Force.[2]In October 1948, Hydrographic Survey Group 1 arrived to help map the Persian Gulf's waters. Consisting of USS Maury, USS Dutton, USS John Blish, and USS Littlehales, the group remained in the Persian Gulf until April 1949, but their efforts were limited by weather, logistics support and upkeep.[2]In 1971, when Bahrain achieved full independence, the U.S. Navy leased part of the former British base HMS Jufair, originally established in 1935. It was renamed it Administrative Support Unit, Bahrain. The name was changed to Naval Support Activity Bahrain in 1999, to reflect its broader support role.[citation needed]","title":"Navy Persian Gulf operations 1945–1971"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"flag officer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_officer"},{"link_name":"Pearl Harbor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pearl_Harbor"},{"link_name":"Persian Gulf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_Gulf"},{"link_name":"Stan Arthur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stan_Arthur"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPokrant19998-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Strait of Hormuz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strait_of_Hormuz"},{"link_name":"USS Klakring (FFG-42)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Klakring"},{"link_name":"Suez Canal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suez_Canal"},{"link_name":"Red Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Sea"},{"link_name":"Muslim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim"},{"link_name":"Djibouti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Djibouti"},{"link_name":"Horn of Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horn_of_Africa"},{"link_name":"guided missile destroyer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guided_missile_destroyer"},{"link_name":"Charles F. Adams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Charles_F._Adams"},{"link_name":"Persian Gulf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_Gulf"},{"link_name":"Strait of Hormuz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strait_of_Hormuz"},{"link_name":"La Salle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_La_Salle_(AGF-3)"},{"link_name":"Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu_Dhabi,_United_Arab_Emirates"},{"link_name":"flagship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flagship"},{"link_name":"Sitra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sitra"},{"link_name":"Bahrain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahrain"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DANFS-5"},{"link_name":"Operation Earnest Will","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Earnest_Will"},{"link_name":"Operation Prime Chance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Prime_Chance"},{"link_name":"Operation Praying Mantis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Praying_Mantis"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPokrant19998-3"},{"link_name":"Pearl Harbor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pearl_Harbor"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPokrant19998%E2%80%9310-6"},{"link_name":"Huntington Hardisty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington_Hardisty"},{"link_name":"U.S. Seventh Fleet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Seventh_Fleet"},{"link_name":"Hank Mauz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_H._Mauz,_Jr."},{"link_name":"U.S. Third Fleet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Third_Fleet"},{"link_name":"USS Blue Ridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Blue_Ridge_(LCC-19)"},{"link_name":"Yokosuka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yokosuka_(city)"},{"link_name":"Diego Garcia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diego_Garcia"},{"link_name":"P-3 Orion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P-3_Orion"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPokrant199911%E2%80%9312-7"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:US_Navy_Battle_Force_Zulu_carriers_overhead_view_in_1991.jpg"},{"link_name":"Henry H. Mauz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_H._Mauz"},{"link_name":"Middle East Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_East_Force"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPokrant199920-8"},{"link_name":"Maritime Prepositioning Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maritime_Prepositioned_Force"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPokrant199921-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Carrier Group Two","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carrier_Strike_Group_Two"},{"link_name":"Carrier Group Five","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carrier_Strike_Group_Five"},{"link_name":"Henry H. Mauz, Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_H._Mauz,_Jr."},{"link_name":"USS Bunker Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Bunker_Hill_(CG-52)"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPokrant1999-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Carrier Group Three","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carrier_Group_Three"},{"link_name":"Cruiser-Destroyer Group 5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cruiser-Destroyer_Group_5"},{"link_name":"Stan Arthur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stan_Arthur"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cosgriff_and_Sultanov_2008.jpg"},{"link_name":"Azerbaijani Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azerbaijani_Navy"},{"link_name":"Baku","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baku"},{"link_name":"Azerbaijan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azerbaijan"},{"link_name":"area of responsibility","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Area_of_responsibility"},{"link_name":"U.S. Fifth Fleet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Fifth_Fleet"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"NSA Bahrain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naval_Support_Activity_Bahrain"},{"link_name":"Manama, Bahrain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manama,_Bahrain"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"USS San Antonio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_San_Antonio"},{"link_name":"USS Mason","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Mason_(DDG-87)"},{"link_name":"USS Nitze","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Nitze"},{"link_name":"USS Ponce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Ponce"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Scott A. Stearney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scott_Stearney"},{"link_name":"Paul J. Schlise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_J._Schlise"},{"link_name":"Jim Malloy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_J._Malloy"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-USNI20181201a-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NBCN20181201a-20"}],"text":"The command was established on 1 January 1983 along with the rest of U.S. Central Command, and command of NAVCENT was initially given to a flag officer selectee based at Pearl Harbor and tasked with coordinating administrative and logistical support for U.S. naval forces in the Persian Gulf. Rear Admiral (lower half) Stan Arthur, the first ComUSNAVCENT, served simultaneously as the Commander-in-Chief, Pacific Fleet, Plans Officer during his first year in the position.[3] An actual flag officer deployed to the region known as Commander, Middle East Force (COMMIDEASTFOR), retained operational control of U.S. naval forces in the Persian Gulf and effectively served as USCENTCOM's de facto naval component commander.[4]Following the initial establishment of U.S. Central Command, the boundary between USCENTCOM and U.S. Pacific Command (USPACOM) was the Strait of Hormuz.USS Klakring (FFG-42) passed southbound through the Suez Canal on 25 and 26 June 1985. As the ship crossed the Red Sea, she began to observe the weekends on Thursdays and Fridays to assimilate crewmen to Muslim daily routines. Klakring fueled and provisioned at Djibouti, Horn of Africa, on 30 June. On 1 July, she rendezvoused with guided missile destroyer Charles F. Adams and exchanged information and equipment. Whalig became Commander Task Unit (CTU) 109.1.2, and oversaw the scheduling of all multi-ship training in the Persian Gulf. Klakring sailed through the Strait of Hormuz, and on 7 July rendezvoused with command ship La Salle near Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates (UAE). The frigate escorted the flagship to Sitra in Bahrain.[5]To direct forces of multiple services operating over the boundary, Joint Task Force Middle East was established on 20 September 1987. It was soon obvious that JTF-ME and the Middle East Force were directing much the same operations, and a single dual-hatted naval commander, Commander, Middle Eastern Force (COMMIDEASTFOR), was appointed by February 1988. U.S. Naval Forces Central Command took part in Operation Earnest Will in 1986–1987 and supported Army special operations helicopters conducting Operation Prime Chance. Operation Praying Mantis followed later.In August 1990, Captain Robert Sutton USN, who had been selected for promotion to rear admiral (lower half), was serving as ComUSNAVCENT.[3] The first Central Command operations order for Desert Shield, issued on 10 August 1990, reflected the Pearl Harbor/MIDEASTFOR split and split the tasks between the two organisations, but, 'most likely,' Pokrant writes, 'Schwarzkopf had already decided to do things differently.'[6] As Pokrant recounts, in a meeting on 6 August 1990, the Central Command plans chief, Rear Admiral Grant Sharp, had advised Schwarzkopf to have a [numbered] fleet commander assigned to CENTCOM to control the extensive naval forces that would deploy. Schwarzkopf discussed the issue with Commander-in-Chief, Pacific Command, Admiral Huntington Hardisty. It was agreed that the Commander, U.S. Seventh Fleet (COMSEVENTHFLT) staff, under Vice Admiral Hank Mauz, would be despatched to command in the Middle East and, tentatively, the Commander, U.S. Third Fleet staff would be earmarked to replace them in six months.Mauz, his staff, and his flagship, USS Blue Ridge, were all located at Yokosuka, Japan, their normal homeport.\nTo speed the process of taking over command, Mauz obtained permission from Hardisty to fly immediately to Diego Garcia aboard a VIP-configured P-3 Orion, 'Peter Rabbit,' with key members of his staff.[7] The rest of the command group would steam to the Persian Gulf aboard Blue Ridge. When Mauz was cleared to proceed from Diego Garcia to Bahrain, he expected to land and have some days to familiarise himself with the situation before taking over command of NAVCENT from Rear Admiral William M. Fogarty. However, on landing he found a message from Schwarzkopf ordering him to assume command immediately.Battle Force Zulu - 1991 Gulf WarAfter arrival in-theatre in late 1990, Vice Admiral Henry H. Mauz \"retained the Middle East Force, designated CTG 150.1 [Commander Task Group 150.1], for most warfighting functions inside the Persian Gulf. Under this hat, Rear Admiral Fogarty would control only the half-dozen ships or so of the Middle East Force, augmented by the battleship Wisconsin when it arrived. Under a second hat, CTG 150.2, Fogarty would be the commander of the U.S. Maritime Interception Force. For this job, his authority would extend outside the Persian Gulf to ships operating in the North Arabian Sea and Red Sea, but only for interception operations.\"[8] The CVBGs in the North Arabian Sea and Red Sea were designated Task Groups 150.4 and 150.5 respectively; the Amphibious and Landing Forces were CTG 150.6 and CTG 150.8 (Major General Jenkins). Rear Admiral Stephen S. Clarey was Commander U.S. Maritime Prepositioning Force, Commander Task Group 150.7 (CTG 150.7), with the equipment for the U.S. Marine Corps aboard. After the ships had disembarked the Marine equipment in Saudi Arabia, CTG 150.7 was disestablished on 12 September 1990.[9][10]From 1 January 1991, the six carriers deployed were divided into Battle Force Yankee (two carriers, including Saratoga, in the Red Sea under Rear Admiral Riley Mixson, Commander, Carrier Group Two/Task Force 155) and Task Force 154, Battle Force Zulu (four carriers in the Arabian Sea/Persian Gulf under Rear Admiral Daniel P. March, Commander, Carrier Group Five). TF 150 was Vice Admiral Henry H. Mauz, Jr. himself, TF 151 the Middle East Force, now including USS Bunker Hill, TG 150.3 Naval Logistics Support Force (Rear Admiral Bob Sutton), and TF 156 the amphibious force.[11]Since ComUSNAVCENT operated from on board ship, he established NAVCENT-Riyadh as a staff organization to provide continuous Navy representation at CENTCOM headquarters.[12] This mission was assigned initially to Commander, Carrier Group Three (COMCARGRU 3). During succeeding months, the NAVCENT-Riyadh staff was augmented substantially but remained small, relative to the ARCENT and CENTAF staffs. In November, the NAVCENT-Riyadh command was transferred from COMCARGRU 3 to Commander, Cruiser-Destroyer Group 5. This change resulted in the Navy flag officer at NAVCENT Riyadh's remaining relatively junior to other Service representatives, particularly CENTAF. This imbalance in size and seniority between the Navy and other staffs, coupled with the geographic separation with NAVCENT headquarters, made it difficult for NAVCENT-Riyadh to represent the interests of the Navy in the overall coordination and planning efforts.On 24 April 1991, Vice Admiral Stan Arthur turned over command of NAVCENT to Rear Admiral Ray Taylor, Fogerty's replacement as Commander, Middle East Force, and Arthur and Blue Ridge began their voyage back to the Pacific.[13] Two months earlier, Rear Admiral Taylor had submitted thoughts on the reorientation of the NAVCENT command structure to Schwarzkopf following an earlier direction from Admiral Arthur.[14] The proposal, which was modified in the staffing process, eventually meant that the one-staff ComUSNAVCENT in Hawaii was upgraded to a two-star appointment co-located with Central Command headquarters in Tampa, Florida. Rear Admiral David Rogers became the first two-star Navy representative in Tampa when he relieved Rear Admiral Sutton.Vice Admiral Kevin Cosgriff, commander, U.S. Naval Forces Central Command, meets with Vice Admiral, Azerbaijani Navy, Shahin Sultanov during his visit to Baku, Azerbaijan in June 2008.Although COMSEVENTHFLT held command responsibility during this period, no numbered fleet existed permanently within the USCENTCOM area of responsibility during the first Gulf War and for the next four years thereafter. By July 1995, a new numbered fleet was deemed necessary by the senior U.S. Navy leadership, and after a 48-year hiatus, the U.S. Fifth Fleet was reactivated, replacing COMMIDEASTFOR.[15] Dual-hatted as COMUSNAVCENT as the naval component command of USCENTCOM, the same Vice Admiral (and his staff) as Commander, U.S. Fifth Fleet (COMFIFTHFLT) now directs naval operations in the Persian Gulf, Red Sea, and the Arabian Sea. The combined COMUSNAVCENT/COMFIFTHFLT headquarters is located at NSA Bahrain in Manama, Bahrain. The command oversees both afloat and shore-based units that rotationally deploy or surge from the United States, plus a few smaller surface ships that are based in the Gulf for longer periods. Ships rotationally deploy to the U.S. Fifth Fleet from the Pacific and Atlantic Fleets.[16]From 2010 through 2013, the U.S. maintained two aircraft carriers east of Suez, known as a \"2.0 carrier presence,\" although it sometimes temporarily dipped below that level.[17] The heightened presence aimed to provide air and sea striking power for U.S. operations in Iraq and Afghanistan and also to deter Iran from bad behavior in the region and keep the Strait of Hormuz open.In 2016 the USS San Antonio, USS Mason, USS Nitze, and USS Ponce came under attack as they moved through the Bab al-Mandeb strait on the southern end of the Red Sea. Shortly after the attacks, the USS Nitze destroyed three radar sites in Yemen in retaliation for the two separate attacks on U.S. ships in the Red Sea.[18]On 1 December 2018, NAVCENT commander Vice Admiral Scott A. Stearney was found dead in his residence in Bahrain. No foul play was suspected. Rear Admiral Paul J. Schlise assumed interim command. Vice Admiral Jim Malloy flew to Bahrain to take command.[19][20]","title":"Naval Forces Central Command from 1983"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"piracy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piracy"},{"link_name":"counter-terrorism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Counter-terrorism"},{"link_name":"Red Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Sea"},{"link_name":"Persian Gulf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_Gulf"},{"link_name":"Gulf of Aden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_of_Aden"},{"link_name":"Arabian Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabian_Sea"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-About-CMF-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"Combined Task Force 150","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combined_Task_Force_150"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CTF-150-23"},{"link_name":"Combined Task Force 151","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combined_Task_Force_151"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CTF-151-24"},{"link_name":"Combined Task Force 152","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combined_Task_Force_152"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CTF-152-25"},{"link_name":"Combined Task Force 153","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combined_Task_Force_153"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"September 11 terrorist attacks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/September_11_terrorist_attacks"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Piracy-and-Operations-27"},{"link_name":"piracy in Somalia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piracy_in_Somalia"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-New-Counter-Piracy-TF-Established-28"},{"link_name":"Operation Ocean Shield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Ocean_Shield"},{"link_name":"People's Liberation Army Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s_Liberation_Army_Navy"},{"link_name":"Type 054 frigate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_054_frigate"},{"link_name":"hull number","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hull_number"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"}],"text":"In February 2002 the Combined Maritime Forces was also established as an embedded activity to provide coordinated Coalition operations in the area of operations. It is an international naval partnership that provides security for civilian maritime traffic by conducting counter-piracy and counter-terrorism missions in the heavily trafficked waters of the Middle East, Africa and South Asia, including the Red Sea, the Persian Gulf, the Gulf of Aden, Arabian Sea and the wider Indian Ocean.[21]CMF's personnel and ships are drawn from 44 nations[22] and are organised into four principal task forces:Combined Task Force 150 (CTF-150) – Maritime Security & Counter-terrorism[23]\nCombined Task Force 151 (CTF-151) – Counter-piracy[24]\nCombined Task Force 152 (CTF-152) – Persian Gulf Security Cooperation[25]\nCombined Task Force 153 (CTF-153) – Red Sea Maritime Security[26]After the September 11 terrorist attacks on the United States, Commander, Task Force 150, previously a single-nation U.S. formation, was made into a multinational effort as Combined Task Force 150 (HOA MIO Force), and was given a renewed focus on maritime security and counter-terrorism. It was established on 3 February 2002, by Vice Admiral Charles W. Moore.[27] Over time, it became increasingly involved in combating the rising incidence of piracy in Somalia.Combined Task Force 151 was established in January 2009 by Vice Admiral William E. Gortney specifically to address counter-piracy operations.[28]Operating alongside CTF 151 and Operation Ocean Shield are other national deployments such as the People's Liberation Army Navy, most recently with \"CTF 526\" aboard the Type 054 frigate Wenzhou (which had the hull number 526).Combined Task Force 153 was established in April 2022 by Vice Admiral Brad Cooper with a mission of maritime security and capacity building efforts in the Red Sea, Bab al-Mandeb, and Gulf of Aden. Captain Robert Francis was designated the first CTF-153 commander.[29]","title":"Combined Maritime Forces"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Combined_Maritime_Forces_(CMF)_Map.png"},{"link_name":"Albania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albania"},{"link_name":"Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia"},{"link_name":"Bahrain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahrain"},{"link_name":"Belgium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgium"},{"link_name":"Brazil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazil"},{"link_name":"Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada"},{"link_name":"Denmark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denmark"},{"link_name":"Ecuador","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecuador"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"Djibouti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Djibouti"},{"link_name":"Egypt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypt"},{"link_name":"Finland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finland"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany"},{"link_name":"Greece","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greece"},{"link_name":"India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India"},{"link_name":"Iraq","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq"},{"link_name":"Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy"},{"link_name":"Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan"},{"link_name":"Jordan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jordan"},{"link_name":"Kenya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenya"},{"link_name":"Kuwait","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuwait"},{"link_name":"Malaysia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysia"},{"link_name":"Netherlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlands"},{"link_name":"New Zealand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand"},{"link_name":"Norway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norway"},{"link_name":"Oman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oman"},{"link_name":"Pakistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan"},{"link_name":"Philippines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippines"},{"link_name":"Portugal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugal"},{"link_name":"Qatar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qatar"},{"link_name":"Saudi Arabia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi_Arabia"},{"link_name":"Seychelles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seychelles"},{"link_name":"Singapore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singapore"},{"link_name":"South Korea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Korea"},{"link_name":"Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain"},{"link_name":"Sri Lanka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sri_Lanka"},{"link_name":"Thailand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thailand"},{"link_name":"Turkey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey"},{"link_name":"United Arab Emirates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates"},{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Yemen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yemen"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-About-CMF-21"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"}],"sub_title":"Combined Maritime Forces Participants","text":"Combined Maritime Forces (CMF) MapAlbania\n Australia\n Bahrain\n Belgium\n Brazil\n Canada\n Denmark\n Ecuador[30]\n Djibouti\n Egypt\n Finland\n France\n Germany\n Greece\n India\n Iraq\n Italy\n Japan\n Jordan\n Kenya\n Kuwait\n Malaysia\n Netherlands\n New Zealand\n Norway\n Oman\n Pakistan\n Philippines\n Portugal\n Qatar\n Saudi Arabia\n Seychelles\n Singapore\n South Korea\n Spain\n Sri Lanka\n Thailand\n Turkey\n United Arab Emirates (2002–2023)[a]\n United Kingdom\n United States\n YemenSource: Combined Maritime Forces[21][33]","title":"Combined Maritime Forces"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"List of commanders"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Desert Shield at Sea: What the Navy Really Did: Volume 174 of Contributions in Military Studies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=vrpTaObCXq8C"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0313310238","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0313310238"}],"text":"W. Seth Carus, Barry McCoy, and John R. Hafey, From MIDEASTFOR to Fifth Fleet: Forward Naval Presence in Southwest Asia, Alexandria, VA, Center for Naval Analyses, 1995\nMichael A. Palmer, Guardians of the Gulf, A History of America’s Expanding Role in the Persian Gulf, 1883 – 1992 (New York: The Free Press, 1992)\nPokrant, Marvin (1999). Desert Shield at Sea: What the Navy Really Did: Volume 174 of Contributions in Military Studies. Greenwood Publishing Group. ISBN 0313310238. Retrieved 6 July 2012.","title":"Further reading"}]
[{"image_text":"Battle Force Zulu - 1991 Gulf War","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/US_Navy_Battle_Force_Zulu_carriers_overhead_view_in_1991.jpg/220px-US_Navy_Battle_Force_Zulu_carriers_overhead_view_in_1991.jpg"},{"image_text":"Vice Admiral Kevin Cosgriff, commander, U.S. Naval Forces Central Command, meets with Vice Admiral, Azerbaijani Navy, Shahin Sultanov during his visit to Baku, Azerbaijan in June 2008.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Cosgriff_and_Sultanov_2008.jpg/220px-Cosgriff_and_Sultanov_2008.jpg"},{"image_text":"Combined Maritime Forces (CMF) Map","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Combined_Maritime_Forces_%28CMF%29_Map.png/220px-Combined_Maritime_Forces_%28CMF%29_Map.png"}]
null
[{"reference":"Frey, Courtney & Evans, Mark L. (28 July 2015). \"Klakring (FFG 42), 1982-2013\". Naval History and Heritage Command. Archived from the original on 10 January 2016. Retrieved 5 January 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.history.navy.mil/research/histories/ship-histories/danfs/k/klakring-ffg-42-1982-1990.html","url_text":"\"Klakring (FFG 42), 1982-2013\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160110052232/http://www.history.navy.mil/research/histories/ship-histories/danfs/k/klakring-ffg-42-1982-1990.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Edward J. Marolda, Robert John Schneller. Shield and Sword: The United States Navy and the Persian Gulf War. p. 84.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"NAVCENT/5th Fleet History\". www.cusnc.navy.mil. Archived from the original on 1 August 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090801124916/http://www.cusnc.navy.mil/command/history.html","url_text":"\"NAVCENT/5th Fleet History\""},{"url":"http://www.cusnc.navy.mil/command/history.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Wong, Kristina (17 October 2015). \"Navy won't have aircraft carrier in Persian Gulf as Iran deal takes effect\". The Hill. Archived from the original on 20 October 2015. Retrieved 20 October 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://thehill.com/policy/defense/257238-iran-missile-test-comes-as-us-pulls-aircraft-carrier-from-region/","url_text":"\"Navy won't have aircraft carrier in Persian Gulf as Iran deal takes effect\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20151020004535/http://thehill.com/policy/defense/257238-iran-missile-test-comes-as-us-pulls-aircraft-carrier-from-region","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Rogoway, Tyler (19 October 2016). \"USS San Antonio Was Targeted During Anti-Ship Missile Attack Last Week Off Yemen\". The Drive. Archived from the original on 3 June 2023. Retrieved 13 November 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thedrive.com/the-war-zone/5622/uss-san-antonio-was-targeted-during-anti-ship-missile-barrage-last-week-off-yemen","url_text":"\"USS San Antonio Was Targeted During Anti-Ship Missile Attack Last Week Off Yemen\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230603073807/https://www.thedrive.com/the-war-zone/5622/uss-san-antonio-was-targeted-during-anti-ship-missile-barrage-last-week-off-yemen","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"LaGrone, Sam (1 December 2018). \"UPDATED: U.S. 5th Fleet Commander Found Dead in Bahrain - USNI News\". United States Naval Institute. Archived from the original on 2 December 2018. Retrieved 1 December 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.usni.org/2018/12/01/breaking-u-s-5th-fleet-commander-found-dead-bahrain","url_text":"\"UPDATED: U.S. 5th Fleet Commander Found Dead in Bahrain - USNI News\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Naval_Institute","url_text":"United States Naval Institute"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20181202024745/https://news.usni.org/2018/12/01/breaking-u-s-5th-fleet-commander-found-dead-bahrain","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Kube, Courtney; Helsel, Phil (1 December 2018). \"Navy admiral Scott Stearney found dead in Bahrain, no foul play suspected\". NBC News. Archived from the original on 1 December 2018. Retrieved 1 December 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nbcnews.com/news/military/navy-admiral-scott-stearney-found-dead-bahrain-no-foul-play-n942611","url_text":"\"Navy admiral Scott Stearney found dead in Bahrain, no foul play suspected\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NBC_News","url_text":"NBC News"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20181201213326/https://www.nbcnews.com/news/military/navy-admiral-scott-stearney-found-dead-bahrain-no-foul-play-n942611","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"About CMF\". Archived from the original on 2 January 2012. Retrieved 21 May 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://combinedmaritimeforces.com/about/","url_text":"\"About CMF\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120102104445/http://combinedmaritimeforces.com/about/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Combined Maritime Forces\". Archived from the original on 10 January 2024. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Trendley_Dean
H. Trendley Dean
["1 Early life","2 Research into water fluoridation","3 Later life","4 Notes","5 References"]
American dentist (1893–1962) H. Trendley DeanBornHenry Trendley Dean(1893-08-25)August 25, 1893Winstanley Park (now East St. Louis), Illinois, U.S.DiedMay 13, 1962(1962-05-13) (aged 68)Alma materSt. Louis UniversityOccupationDentistKnown forWork on water fluoridationTitleDirector of National Institute of Dental ResearchTerm1948–1953SuccessorFrancis A. Arnold Jr. Dean receives the Gorgas Award for 1949 Henry Trendley Dean (August 25, 1893 – May 13, 1962) was the first director of the United States National Institute of Dental Research and a pioneer investigator of water fluoridation in the prevention of tooth decay. Early life Dean was born in Winstanley Park, Illinois (now part of East St. Louis) on August 25, 1893, the son of William Ware and Rosalie Harriet Dean; his mother's maiden name was Trendley. He received his dental degree from St. Louis University in 1916 and entered private practice that year in Wood River, Illinois. During World War I, he served with the United States Army until 1919, when he returned to his practice. Dean married Ruth Martha McEvoy on September 14, 1921. Also in 1921, he entered the United States Public Health Service and was stationed in several U.S. Marine Hospitals until 1931 when he was placed in charge of dental research at the National Institute of Health, advancing to director of the dental research section in 1945. After World War II, he directed epidemiologic studies for the Army in Germany. When Congress established the National Institute of Dental Research in 1948, Dean was appointed its director, a position he held until retiring in 1953. Research into water fluoridation Dean's legacy comes almost entirely from his research into fluoridation. At the urging of Frederick McKay and others concerned with the brown-staining of teeth in certain regions of the country, Dean was asked to make this his first assignment at the Institute in 1931. Dean was part of a team that focused on determining optimal concentrations of fluoride in drinking water that would only cause minimal and mild mottled enamel on the teeth (dental fluorosis), while at the same time precipitating lower rates of dental caries (cavities). In 1934, as part of this work, Dean published an index to categorize the severity of dental fluorosis. In 1939 he reported on children who grew up in 4 nearby Illinois towns: Overall caries in the low fluoride towns were 2-3 times the caries in high fluoride towns. The greatest difference was in cavities between the front teeth, where the low fluoride kids had 16X the caries. The August 1, 1943, Journal of The American Dental Association referenced Dean as acknowledging the difficulty of identifying an optimal concentration with the following quote, "The same amount of fluorine that causes a mild toxic reaction in one individual may cause a severe reaction in another. In other words we are dealing with a low-grade chronic poisoning of the formative dental organ in which case some individuals may show a more severe reaction than others having a comparable fluorine intake." Dean's professional life was spent searching for an optimal level of fluoride that would prevent tooth decay yet avoid staining or otherwise damaging teeth. In 1952, McKay and Dean were presented with the Albert Lasker Award for Clinical Medical Research by the American Public Health Association for their work with fluoride. Later life After his retirement, Dean joined the American Dental Association as Secretary of its Council on Dental Research. In this role, he continued to advocate and defend the addition of fluoride to public drinking water. He was frequently called to speak on the subject in the United States and abroad, mostly to refute the arguments of those who opposed water fluoridation. In 1949, he was presented with the Gorgas Medal from the Association of Military Surgeons of the United States (AMSUS). He died in 1962, after a long battle with asthma and emphysema. The International Association for Dental Research has an award named after Dean, called the H. Trendley Dean Memorial Award, recognizing meritorious research in epidemiology and public health. Notes ^ a b "H. Trendley Dean, D.D.S." Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report. 48 (41): 935. October 22, 1999. ^ "Know America". The News. Frederick, Maryland. August 25, 1960 – via Newspapers.com. ^ "Dr. Dean to Helena, Mont". Alton Evening Telegraph. July 29, 1921 – via Newspapers.com. ^ "H. Trendley Dean, D.D.S." www.cdc.gov.  This article incorporates public domain material from websites or documents of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. ^ Smith, Delos (November 5, 1952). "Science At Work". Albany Democrat-Herald. United Press – via Newspapers.com. ^ Meiers, Peter. "HT Dean's epidemiology of Mottled Teeth". The History of Fluorine, Fluoride and Fluoridation. Retrieved October 2, 2016. ^ Fejerskov, Ole; Kidd, Edwina (March 16, 2009). Dental Caries: The Disease and Its Clinical Management. John Wiley & Sons. p. 290. ISBN 978-1-4443-0928-7. ^ Dean, H. Trendley; Jay, Philip; Arnold, Francis A. Jr.; McClure, Frank J.; Elvove, Elias (1939). "Domestic Water and Dental Caries, including Certain Epidemiological Aspects of Oral L. acidophilus". Public Health Reports. 54 (21): 862. doi:10.2307/4582893. ISSN 0094-6214. JSTOR 4582893. ^ "Six Scientists Awarded For Medical Achievements". Albuquerque Journal. International News Service. October 6, 1952 – via Newspapers.com. ^ "Fluoridation protocols". The Lasker Foundation. Retrieved January 25, 2017. ^ "Effective, Safe". Bennington Banner. April 30, 1956 – via Newspapers.com. ^ Strack, Joseph George (January 1950). "Rx for Living: Dr. H. T. Dean – Public Health Officer" (PDF). TIC Magazine. pp. 10–13. ^ "Gorgas Award to Dr. Dean". American Journal of Public Health and the Nation's Health. 39 (7): 963. July 1949. doi:10.2105/AJPH.39.7.959. ^ "H. Trendley Dean Papers 1914–1961 (bulk 1931–1961): biographical note". History of Medicine. National Library of Medicine. August 27, 2009 . Retrieved December 31, 2009. ^ "H. TRENDLEY DEAN MEMORIAL AWARD". International Association for Dental Research. Retrieved September 29, 2016. ^ Armstrong, WD (November–December 1967). "H. Trendley Dean Memorial Award for Research in Epidemiology and Dental Caries". J Dent Res. 46 (6): 1233. doi:10.1177/00220345670460062401. PMID 4865579. S2CID 71392875. References Division of Oral Health, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (1999). "H. Trendley Dean, D.D.S." MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 48 (41): 935.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) Reprinted in: Division of Oral Health, CDC (2000). "Achievements in public health, 1900–1999: fluoridation of drinking water to prevent dental caries". JAMA. 283 (10): 1283–6. doi:10.1001/jama.283.10.1283. PMID 10714718. "Dean, H(enry) Trendley, D.D.S.". The American Catholic Who's Who. Vol. 14. Grosse Pointe, MI: Walter Romig. 1960–1961. p. 99. Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Germany United States Other SNAC
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He received his dental degree from St. Louis University in 1916 and entered private practice that year in Wood River, Illinois. During World War I, he served with the United States Army until 1919, when he returned to his practice.[1] Dean married Ruth Martha McEvoy on September 14, 1921. Also in 1921, he entered the United States Public Health Service[3] and was stationed in several U.S. Marine Hospitals until 1931 when he was placed in charge of dental research at the National Institute of Health, advancing to director of the dental research section in 1945. After World War II, he directed epidemiologic studies for the Army in Germany. When Congress established the National Institute of Dental Research in 1948, Dean was appointed its director, a position he held until retiring in 1953.[4]","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Frederick McKay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_McKay"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"fluoride","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoride"},{"link_name":"drinking water","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drinking_water"},{"link_name":"dental fluorosis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dental_fluorosis"},{"link_name":"dental caries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dental_caries"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Albert Lasker Award for Clinical Medical Research","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Lasker_Award_for_Clinical_Medical_Research"},{"link_name":"American Public Health Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Public_Health_Association"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"Dean's legacy comes almost entirely from his research into fluoridation. At the urging of Frederick McKay and others concerned with the brown-staining of teeth in certain regions of the country, Dean was asked to make this his first assignment at the Institute in 1931.[5]Dean was part of a team that focused on determining optimal concentrations of fluoride in drinking water that would only cause minimal and mild mottled enamel on the teeth (dental fluorosis), while at the same time precipitating lower rates of dental caries (cavities). In 1934, as part of this work, Dean published an index to categorize the severity of dental fluorosis.[6][7] In 1939 he reported on children who grew up in 4 nearby Illinois towns: Overall caries in the low fluoride towns were 2-3 times the caries in high fluoride towns. The greatest difference was in cavities between the front teeth, where the low fluoride kids had 16X the caries.[8]The August 1, 1943, Journal of The American Dental Association referenced Dean as acknowledging the difficulty of identifying an optimal concentration with the following quote, \"The same amount of fluorine that causes a mild toxic reaction in one individual may cause a severe reaction in another. In other words we are dealing with a low-grade chronic poisoning of the formative dental organ in which case some individuals may show a more severe reaction than others having a comparable fluorine intake.\" Dean's professional life was spent searching for an optimal level of fluoride that would prevent tooth decay yet avoid staining or otherwise damaging teeth. In 1952, McKay and Dean were presented with the Albert Lasker Award for Clinical Medical Research by the American Public Health Association for their work with fluoride.[9][10]","title":"Research into water fluoridation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"American Dental Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Dental_Association"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Gorgas Medal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gorgas_Medal"},{"link_name":"Association of Military Surgeons of the United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_of_Military_Surgeons_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"asthma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asthma"},{"link_name":"emphysema","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emphysema"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"International Association for Dental Research","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Association_for_Dental_Research"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"}],"text":"After his retirement, Dean joined the American Dental Association as Secretary of its Council on Dental Research.[11] In this role, he continued to advocate and defend the addition of fluoride to public drinking water. He was frequently called to speak on the subject in the United States and abroad, mostly to refute the arguments of those who opposed water fluoridation. In 1949, he was presented with the Gorgas Medal from the Association of Military Surgeons of the United States (AMSUS).[12][13] He died in 1962, after a long battle with asthma and emphysema.[14]The International Association for Dental Research has an award named after Dean, called the H. Trendley Dean Memorial Award, recognizing meritorious research in epidemiology and public health.[15][16]","title":"Later life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-MMWR_1-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-MMWR_1-1"},{"link_name":"\"H. Trendley Dean, D.D.S.\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm4841bx.htm"},{"link_name":"Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morbidity_and_Mortality_Weekly_Report"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"\"Know America\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.newspapers.com/clip/6823547//"},{"link_name":"Frederick, Maryland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick,_Maryland"},{"link_name":"Newspapers.com","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspapers.com"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_access#Free_access"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"\"Dr. Dean to Helena, Mont\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.newspapers.com/clip/6823585/"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_access#Free_access"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"\"H. Trendley Dean, D.D.S.\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm4841bx.htm"},{"link_name":"public domain material","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copyright_status_of_works_by_the_federal_government_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centers_for_Disease_Control_and_Prevention"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"\"Science At Work\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.newspapers.com/clip/6823871//"},{"link_name":"United Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_access#Free_access"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"\"HT Dean's epidemiology of Mottled Teeth\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.fluoride-history.de/classification.htm"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-7"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-4443-0928-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4443-0928-7"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-8"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.2307/4582893","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.2307%2F4582893"},{"link_name":"ISSN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0094-6214","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/issn/0094-6214"},{"link_name":"JSTOR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"4582893","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.jstor.org/stable/4582893"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-9"},{"link_name":"\"Six Scientists Awarded For Medical Achievements\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.newspapers.com/clip/6823622//"},{"link_name":"International News Service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_News_Service"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_access#Free_access"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-10"},{"link_name":"\"Fluoridation protocols\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.laskerfoundation.org/awards/show/fluoridation-protocols/"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-11"},{"link_name":"\"Effective, Safe\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.newspapers.com/clip/6823835//"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_access#Free_access"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-12"},{"link_name":"\"Rx for Living: Dr. H. T. Dean – Public Health Officer\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.nobilium.com/skin/frontend/ultimo/default/pdf/tic1950jan_small.pdf"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-13"},{"link_name":"American Journal of Public Health and the Nation's Health","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Journal_of_Public_Health_and_the_Nation%27s_Health"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.2105/AJPH.39.7.959","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.2105%2FAJPH.39.7.959"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-14"},{"link_name":"\"H. Trendley Dean Papers 1914–1961 (bulk 1931–1961): biographical note\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//oculus.nlm.nih.gov/cgi/f/findaid/findaid-idx?c=nlmfindaid;id=navbarbrowselink;cginame=findaid-idx;cc=nlmfindaid;view=reslist;subview=standard;didno=dean;focusrgn=bioghist;byte=6628241"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-15"},{"link_name":"\"H. TRENDLEY DEAN MEMORIAL AWARD\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.iadr.com/i4a/pages/index.cfm?pageid=3642"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-16"},{"link_name":"J Dent Res","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J_Dent_Res"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1177/00220345670460062401","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1177%2F00220345670460062401"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"4865579","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/4865579"},{"link_name":"S2CID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"71392875","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:71392875"}],"text":"^ a b \"H. Trendley Dean, D.D.S.\" Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report. 48 (41): 935. October 22, 1999.\n\n^ \"Know America\". The News. Frederick, Maryland. August 25, 1960 – via Newspapers.com. \n\n^ \"Dr. Dean to Helena, Mont\". Alton Evening Telegraph. July 29, 1921 – via Newspapers.com. \n\n^ \"H. Trendley Dean, D.D.S.\" www.cdc.gov.  This article incorporates public domain material from websites or documents of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.\n\n^ Smith, Delos (November 5, 1952). \"Science At Work\". Albany Democrat-Herald. United Press – via Newspapers.com. \n\n^ Meiers, Peter. \"HT Dean's epidemiology of Mottled Teeth\". The History of Fluorine, Fluoride and Fluoridation. Retrieved October 2, 2016.\n\n^ Fejerskov, Ole; Kidd, Edwina (March 16, 2009). Dental Caries: The Disease and Its Clinical Management. John Wiley & Sons. p. 290. ISBN 978-1-4443-0928-7.\n\n^ Dean, H. Trendley; Jay, Philip; Arnold, Francis A. Jr.; McClure, Frank J.; Elvove, Elias (1939). \"Domestic Water and Dental Caries, including Certain Epidemiological Aspects of Oral L. acidophilus\". Public Health Reports. 54 (21): 862. doi:10.2307/4582893. ISSN 0094-6214. JSTOR 4582893.\n\n^ \"Six Scientists Awarded For Medical Achievements\". Albuquerque Journal. International News Service. October 6, 1952 – via Newspapers.com. \n\n^ \"Fluoridation protocols\". The Lasker Foundation. Retrieved January 25, 2017.\n\n^ \"Effective, Safe\". Bennington Banner. April 30, 1956 – via Newspapers.com. \n\n^ Strack, Joseph George (January 1950). \"Rx for Living: Dr. H. T. Dean – Public Health Officer\" (PDF). TIC Magazine. pp. 10–13.\n\n^ \"Gorgas Award to Dr. Dean\". American Journal of Public Health and the Nation's Health. 39 (7): 963. July 1949. doi:10.2105/AJPH.39.7.959.\n\n^ \"H. Trendley Dean Papers 1914–1961 (bulk 1931–1961): biographical note\". History of Medicine. National Library of Medicine. August 27, 2009 [October 22, 2008]. Retrieved December 31, 2009.\n\n^ \"H. TRENDLEY DEAN MEMORIAL AWARD\". International Association for Dental Research. Retrieved September 29, 2016.\n\n^ Armstrong, WD (November–December 1967). \"H. Trendley Dean Memorial Award for Research in Epidemiology and Dental Caries\". J Dent Res. 46 (6): 1233. doi:10.1177/00220345670460062401. PMID 4865579. S2CID 71392875.","title":"Notes"}]
[{"image_text":"Dean receives the Gorgas Award for 1949","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/H._Trendley_Dean_Gorgas_Award.jpg/220px-H._Trendley_Dean_Gorgas_Award.jpg"}]
null
[{"reference":"\"H. Trendley Dean, D.D.S.\" Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report. 48 (41): 935. October 22, 1999.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm4841bx.htm","url_text":"\"H. Trendley Dean, D.D.S.\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morbidity_and_Mortality_Weekly_Report","url_text":"Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report"}]},{"reference":"\"Know America\". The News. Frederick, Maryland. August 25, 1960 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/6823547//","url_text":"\"Know America\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick,_Maryland","url_text":"Frederick, Maryland"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspapers.com","url_text":"Newspapers.com"}]},{"reference":"\"Dr. Dean to Helena, Mont\". Alton Evening Telegraph. July 29, 1921 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/6823585/","url_text":"\"Dr. Dean to Helena, Mont\""}]},{"reference":"\"H. Trendley Dean, D.D.S.\" www.cdc.gov.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm4841bx.htm","url_text":"\"H. Trendley Dean, D.D.S.\""}]},{"reference":"Smith, Delos (November 5, 1952). \"Science At Work\". Albany Democrat-Herald. United Press – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/6823871//","url_text":"\"Science At Work\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Press","url_text":"United Press"}]},{"reference":"Meiers, Peter. \"HT Dean's epidemiology of Mottled Teeth\". The History of Fluorine, Fluoride and Fluoridation. Retrieved October 2, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.fluoride-history.de/classification.htm","url_text":"\"HT Dean's epidemiology of Mottled Teeth\""}]},{"reference":"Fejerskov, Ole; Kidd, Edwina (March 16, 2009). Dental Caries: The Disease and Its Clinical Management. John Wiley & Sons. p. 290. ISBN 978-1-4443-0928-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4443-0928-7","url_text":"978-1-4443-0928-7"}]},{"reference":"Dean, H. Trendley; Jay, Philip; Arnold, Francis A. Jr.; McClure, Frank J.; Elvove, Elias (1939). \"Domestic Water and Dental Caries, including Certain Epidemiological Aspects of Oral L. acidophilus\". Public Health Reports. 54 (21): 862. doi:10.2307/4582893. ISSN 0094-6214. JSTOR 4582893.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F4582893","url_text":"10.2307/4582893"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0094-6214","url_text":"0094-6214"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/4582893","url_text":"4582893"}]},{"reference":"\"Six Scientists Awarded For Medical Achievements\". Albuquerque Journal. International News Service. October 6, 1952 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/6823622//","url_text":"\"Six Scientists Awarded For Medical Achievements\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_News_Service","url_text":"International News Service"}]},{"reference":"\"Fluoridation protocols\". The Lasker Foundation. Retrieved January 25, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.laskerfoundation.org/awards/show/fluoridation-protocols/","url_text":"\"Fluoridation protocols\""}]},{"reference":"\"Effective, Safe\". Bennington Banner. April 30, 1956 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/6823835//","url_text":"\"Effective, Safe\""}]},{"reference":"Strack, Joseph George (January 1950). \"Rx for Living: Dr. H. T. Dean – Public Health Officer\" (PDF). TIC Magazine. pp. 10–13.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nobilium.com/skin/frontend/ultimo/default/pdf/tic1950jan_small.pdf","url_text":"\"Rx for Living: Dr. H. T. Dean – Public Health Officer\""}]},{"reference":"\"Gorgas Award to Dr. Dean\". American Journal of Public Health and the Nation's Health. 39 (7): 963. July 1949. doi:10.2105/AJPH.39.7.959.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Journal_of_Public_Health_and_the_Nation%27s_Health","url_text":"American Journal of Public Health and the Nation's Health"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2105%2FAJPH.39.7.959","url_text":"10.2105/AJPH.39.7.959"}]},{"reference":"\"H. Trendley Dean Papers 1914–1961 (bulk 1931–1961): biographical note\". History of Medicine. National Library of Medicine. August 27, 2009 [October 22, 2008]. Retrieved December 31, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://oculus.nlm.nih.gov/cgi/f/findaid/findaid-idx?c=nlmfindaid;id=navbarbrowselink;cginame=findaid-idx;cc=nlmfindaid;view=reslist;subview=standard;didno=dean;focusrgn=bioghist;byte=6628241","url_text":"\"H. Trendley Dean Papers 1914–1961 (bulk 1931–1961): biographical note\""}]},{"reference":"\"H. TRENDLEY DEAN MEMORIAL AWARD\". International Association for Dental Research. Retrieved September 29, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.iadr.com/i4a/pages/index.cfm?pageid=3642","url_text":"\"H. TRENDLEY DEAN MEMORIAL AWARD\""}]},{"reference":"Armstrong, WD (November–December 1967). \"H. Trendley Dean Memorial Award for Research in Epidemiology and Dental Caries\". J Dent Res. 46 (6): 1233. doi:10.1177/00220345670460062401. PMID 4865579. S2CID 71392875.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J_Dent_Res","url_text":"J Dent Res"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1177%2F00220345670460062401","url_text":"10.1177/00220345670460062401"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/4865579","url_text":"4865579"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:71392875","url_text":"71392875"}]},{"reference":"Division of Oral Health, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (1999). \"H. Trendley Dean, D.D.S.\" MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 48 (41): 935.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm4841bx.htm","url_text":"\"H. Trendley Dean, D.D.S.\""}]},{"reference":"Division of Oral Health, CDC (2000). \"Achievements in public health, 1900–1999: fluoridation of drinking water to prevent dental caries\". JAMA. 283 (10): 1283–6. doi:10.1001/jama.283.10.1283. PMID 10714718.","urls":[{"url":"http://jama.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/full/283/10/1283","url_text":"\"Achievements in public health, 1900–1999: fluoridation of drinking water to prevent dental caries\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1001%2Fjama.283.10.1283","url_text":"10.1001/jama.283.10.1283"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10714718","url_text":"10714718"}]},{"reference":"\"Dean, H(enry) Trendley, D.D.S.\". The American Catholic Who's Who. Vol. 14. Grosse Pointe, MI: Walter Romig. 1960–1961. p. 99.","urls":[]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N3-class_battleship
N3-class battleship
["1 Background","2 Description","2.1 Armament","2.2 Fire-control","2.3 Armour","3 Cancellation","4 Notes","5 Citations","6 References"]
Class of British dreadnought battleships Class overview NameN3 Operators Royal Navy Preceded byRevenge class Succeeded byNelson class Planned4 Cancelled4 General characteristics TypeBattleship Displacementabout 48,500 long tons (49,300 t) Length820 ft (249.9 m) Beam106 ft (32.3 m) Draught33 ft (10.1 m) (at deep load) Installed power 20 Yarrow boilers 56,000 shp (42,000 kW) Propulsion2 shafts; 2 geared steam turbine sets Speed23 knots (43 km/h; 26 mph) Armament 3 × triple 18 in (457 mm) guns 8 × twin 6 in (152 mm) guns 6 × single 4.7 in (120 mm) AA guns 4 × 10-barrel 2-pdr (40 mm (1.6 in)) AA guns 2 × 24.5 in (622 mm) torpedo tubes Armour Belt: 13.5–15 in (343–381 mm) Deck: 6–8 in (152–203 mm) Barbettes: 15 in (381 mm) Turrets: 10–18 in (254–457 mm) Conning tower: 15 in (381 mm) Bulkheads: 9–14 in (229–356 mm) The N3 class was a dreadnought battleship class designed for the Royal Navy after World War I, incorporating lessons learned from that conflict. They were similar in design to the G3-class battlecruiser, but had larger guns and thicker armour. They were never ordered due to signing of the Washington Naval Treaty in 1922, which limited the size and armament of battleships to 35,000 long tons (36,000 t) and guns no bigger than 16 inches (406 mm). Background In 1916 the US had declared its intention to create a Navy "second to none"; Congress had authorized the building of a large number of battleships and battlecruisers. In response, the Japanese government also began a large programme of warship building (the 8-8 fleet). Two improved Revenge-class hulls were rebuilt into the two Renown-class battlecruisers by the Royal Navy during the war. The only new capital ships laid down during the war were the Admiral-class battlecruisers. Their design had been called into question after the Battle of Jutland in 1916 and three ships of this class were cancelled, leaving only HMS Hood to be completed to a modified design. The US plan had been delayed by the wartime need to build smaller vessels. Nevertheless, estimates by the Admiralty were that by the early 1920s the Royal Navy would be behind in ships. By the beginning of 1920, the Americans had completed one battleship since the end of World War I and had five more building. Seven more were intended to be laid down in 1920–21, six of these were the very large and powerful South Dakota class, armed with twelve 16-inch guns. The Japanese had finished one battleship since the end of the war and had three more under construction. To correct this state of affairs, the Admiralty initially planned to build three battleships and one battlecruiser in Fiscal Year (FY) 1921–22 and again in FY 1922–23, but this was changed to four G3-class battlecruisers to be built first, presumably to be followed by the same number of battleships the following year. A pair of designs were prepared in June 1920, derived from the "U-4" battleship design of 1914, of ships with displacements of about 50,000 long tons (51,000 t) and armed with eight or nine guns, in four twin or three triple gun turrets mounting a new 18-inch (457 mm) gun then under development. The only limitation of the design was the inability to use British dockyards and pass through the Suez Canal. The most unusual feature of these designs was that none of the turrets were superfiring, presumably to keep the centre of gravity as low as possible and avoid the extra weight required for tall, superfiring barbettes. The designs were revised in October and split into separate battleship and battlecruiser designs. The battleship designs were given letters of the alphabet from L through N, with the use of triple or double gun turrets shown by 3 or 2 respectively. Both 'L2' and 'L3' had superfiring guns and the armour was reduced to a 15-inch (381 mm) inclined waterline belt while the main armoured deck was 8 inches (203 mm) thick (9 inches (229 mm) where it sloped to meet the belt). They both had a designed speed of 25 knots (46 km/h; 29 mph) and had transom sterns. 'L2' displaced 52,100 long tons (52,900 t), but 'L3' was a thousand tons lighter. 'M2' and 'M3' followed in November and December and were very different from the earlier designs. 'M2' and 'M3' sacrificed fire directly astern by moving the rear turret(s) amidships in order to save weight by shortening the length of the armoured citadel. Compared to the earlier, more conventional, designs, 'M2' saved 1,540 long tons (1,560 t) and 'M3' 1,740 long tons (1,770 t). More weight was saved by reducing the designed speed to 23–23.5 knots (42.6–43.5 km/h; 26.5–27.0 mph) and using only two propeller shafts, although it was thought that this would improve manoeuvering power over four smaller propellers. These changes saved 4,350 long tons (4,420 t) for 'M2' and 5,000 long tons (5,100 t) for 'M3' over their predecessors. A lengthened version of 'M3' was chosen for further development as N3 and approved in November 1921. Description Many of the aspects of the N3 design were incorporated into HMS Nelson, shown here. Most noticeable of the N3 design was the concentration of the main battery forward of the bridge and machinery spaces. A related feature of the design was the tower bridge structure behind the first two gun turrets. This provided a better and more stable foundation for fire-control equipment, greatly improved accommodation and protection from the weather. The N3 battleships were significantly larger than their predecessors of the Revenge class. They had an overall length of 820 feet (249.9 m), a beam of 106 feet (32.3 m), and a draught of 33 feet (10.1 m) at deep load. They would have displaced about 48,500 long tons (49,300 t), nearly double the displacement of the older ships. They had a complete double bottom 7 feet (2.1 m) deep. The ships would have had two geared steam turbine sets, each of which drove one propeller shaft, in two engine rooms forward of the boiler rooms. This allowed the funnel to be placed further aft and increased the ability of the rear turret to fire to the rear. The turbines would have been powered by small-tube boilers intended to produce a total of 56,000 shaft horsepower (42,000 kW). The ships' maximum speed would have been about 23 knots. Housing the main armament in triple turrets was new to the Royal Navy though British companies had been involved in the production of triple-gun turret designs for other navies. The choice of a high muzzle velocity with a relatively lighter shell was taken from the German practice; it ran counter to previous British guns such as the BL 15-inch Mark I gun of 42-calibre length which were lower-muzzle-velocity weapons firing heavy shells. Armament The N3 design mounted nine 45-calibre BL 18-inch guns in three triple-gun turrets, designated 'A', 'B', and 'X' from front to rear. The guns had a maximum elevation of 40°. As none of these guns were ever completed and test-fired, sources differ on their exact specifications. Naval historian John Campbell quotes the projectile weight as 2,916 pounds (1,323 kg) fired at a muzzle velocity of 2,650 ft/s (810 m/s), but Alan Raven and John Roberts cite a 2,837-pound (1,287 kg) shell fired at a muzzle velocity of 2,700 ft/s (820 m/s). The maximum penetration of those guns at zero obliquity would have been 36.82 inches (935.3 mm) of armor for a muzzle velocity of 2,700 ft/s, that is based upon the USN Empirical Formula for Armor Penetration, in theory that would have made those guns the most powerful naval weapons in the world, surpassing the penetration power of the 460 mm guns found on the Yamato-class battleships. The N3s carried a secondary armament of sixteen BL 6-inch Mk XXII guns in superfiring twin turrets. Four turrets were sited around the forward superstructure and four at the stern. The guns could elevate between –5° and +60°. They fired 100-pound (45 kg) projectiles at a muzzle velocity of 2,945 ft/s (898 m/s). Their maximum range was 25,800 yd (23,600 m) at 45° elevation. Their rate of fire was five rounds per minute. An anti-aircraft battery of six QF 4.7-inch Mk VIII guns was included. They had a maximum depression of -5° and a maximum elevation of 90°. They fired a 50-pound (23 kg) high explosive shell at a muzzle velocity of 2,457 ft/s (749 m/s) at a rate of eight to twelve rounds per minute. The guns had a maximum ceiling of 32,000 ft (9,800 m), but an effective range of much less. The ships were intended to carry four 10-barreled mountings for the 40-millimetre (1.6 in) QF 2-pounder gun (commonly known as a pom-pom), two abaft the funnels and two at the stern. Each barrel was provided with 1300 rounds of ammunition. The gun fired a 40-millimetre (1.6 in) .91-pound (0.41 kg) shell at a muzzle velocity of 1,920 ft/s (590 m/s) to a distance of 3,800 yards (3,500 m). The gun's rate of fire was approximately 96–98 rounds per minute. Like previous classes of British battleships, a pair of submerged, broadside-firing torpedo tubes were planned for these ships. Their compartment was located just forward of the 'A' shell room on the platform deck. Six 24.5-inch (622 mm) torpedoes per tube were to be carried in peace-time, but this would increase to eight in wartime. These Mark I torpedoes had a warhead of 743 pounds (337 kg) of TNT and were powered by oxygen-enriched air. They had two speed settings which governed their range: either 15,000 yards (13,716 m) at 35 knots (65 km/h; 40 mph), or 20,000 yards (18,288 m) at 30 knots (56 km/h; 35 mph). Fire-control The main guns of the battleships could be controlled from either of the two director-control towers (DCT). The primary DCT was mounted at the top of the forward superstructure. Another was mounted on the roof of the conning tower in an armoured hood. Each main gun turret was provided with a 41-foot (12.5 m) coincidence rangefinder in an armoured housing on the turret roof. The secondary armament was primarily controlled by two DCTs mounted on each side of the bridge. The anti-aircraft guns were controlled by a high-angle control system mounted on the mizzenmast. Each pom-pom mount had its own director and there was also a height-finder aft. Two 15-foot (4.6 m) torpedo rangefinders were located on the sides of the funnels. Armour A first for any British dreadnought was the use of the all or nothing protection scheme in the N3s and G3s. Medium-thickness armour had proven to be useless in stopping heavy-calibre shells during World War I so the vital areas of the ship were protected by the thickest possible armour and the rest of the ship was left unarmoured. Use of this system was pioneered by contemporary U.S. Navy battleship designs starting with the Nevada class. This system of protection required that the armoured citadel have enough reserve buoyancy to keep the ship stable even if the rest of the hull was riddled by gunfire. The waterline belt of the N3 had a maximum thickness of 15 inches (381 mm) thick with the top of the armour angled outward at 25°. This angle increased the armor's relative thickness to horizontal, close-range fire, albeit at the cost of reducing its relative height which increased the chance of plunging shellfire going over or under it. It ran some 463 feet (141.1 m), from 9 feet (2.7 m) forward of 'A' barbette to the rear of the after 6-inch magazine. For about 115 feet (35.1 m), it reduced to 13.5 inches (343 mm) over the engine and boiler rooms. The belt had a height of 14 feet 3 inches (4.3 m), of which 4 feet 6 inches (1.4 m) was below the designed waterline. The lower edge of the belt abreast the magazines was continued down another 3 feet (0.9 m) by a 4 inches (102 mm) thickness of high-tensile steel inclined at 36° to prevent a shell from reaching the magazines via a wave trough at high speed. The ends of the belt terminated in 14-inch (356 mm) transverse bulkheads. The 8-inch (203 mm) armoured deck matched the length of the waterline belt and sloped down to meet the upper edge of the belt. It extended forward over the torpedo compartment which had a separate transverse bulkhead protecting it that was 9 inches (229 mm) thick. The steering gear was protected by a deck and bulkhead 6 inches (152 mm) thick. The turret faces were 18 inches (457 mm) thick while their sides were probably 14 inches (356 mm) in thickness, and the roof was 8 inches thick. The armour of the barbettes and the conning tower was 15 inches thick and the conning tower's communications tube to the upper deck was 8 inches thick. The fire-control director atop the conning tower was protected by an armoured hood 4 to 6 inches thick. The anti-torpedo bulges of the N3 were internal to the hull and were intended to withstand the explosion of a 750-pound (340 kg) torpedo warhead. They consisted of an outer air space, an inner buoyancy space and the 2 inches (51 mm) thick torpedo bulkhead. The bulkhead was situated about 16 feet (4.9 m) inboard from the side of the ship. Postwar tests done on a replica of this system showed that filling the buoyancy space with water rather than the sealed steel crushing tubes as used in Hood was just as effective and weighed less. Cancellation The four N3 battleships were never ordered because the Washington Naval Treaty, an arms limitation treaty under negotiation at the time, forbade construction of any ship larger than 35,000 tons. Many of the aspects of their design ultimately were incorporated into the two Nelson-class battleships, and they are often described as being a cut-down N3. Indeed, the Nelsons received the design designation 'O3', marking them as next in the design sequence, although they used the guns intended for the G3 battlecruisers for cost reasons and to comply with the Treaty's 16-inch limitation on main armament. Notes ^ The mounts were at a very early stage of development at this time and the number of barrels was reduced to eight before they went into production. Citations ^ a b c Campbell, Part 1, p. 4 ^ Friedman, pp. 420, 446 ^ Brown, pp. 172–173 ^ Campbell, Part 2, p. 13 ^ Raven and Roberts, p. 102 ^ Brown, p. 174 ^ Raven and Roberts, pp. 102, 105 ^ Raven and Roberts, p. 127 ^ Raven and Roberts, pp. 101, 105 ^ Brown, pp. 174–175 ^ Campbell, Part 1, p. 9 ^ Campbell, Part 1, p. 7 ^ Raven and Roberts, pp. 105–106 ^ Campbell, Part 1, pp. 6–7 ^ "British 18"/45 Mark II". Navweaps.com. 23 December 2006. Retrieved 10 November 2020. ^ "Japanese 46 cm (18.1")guns". Navweaps.com. 23 April 2007. Retrieved 10 November 2020. ^ a b c Raven and Roberts, p. 106 ^ a b Raven and Roberts, p. 100 ^ "British 6"/50 (15.2 cm) BL Mark XXII". Navweaps.com. 7 January 2007. Retrieved 26 July 2010. ^ a b c d e f Campbell, Part 3, p. 42 ^ "British 4.7"/43 (12 cm) QF Mark VII 4.7"/40 (12 cm) QF Mark VIII 4.7"/40 (12 cm) QF Mark X". Navweaps.com. 31 December 2006. Retrieved 26 July 2010. ^ "Britain 2-pdr Mark VIII". Navweaps.com. 20 February 2008. Archived from the original on 26 June 2015. Retrieved 7 June 2010. ^ "British Torpedoes Pre-World War II: 24.5" (62.2 cm) Mark I". Navweaps.com. 12 January 2009. Retrieved 7 March 2010. ^ a b Raven and Roberts, pp. 100, 106 ^ Raven and Roberts, p. 92 ^ a b Campbell, Part 3, p. 43 and Part 4, p. 37 ^ Raven and Roberts, p. 93 ^ Campbell, Part 4, pp. 37–38 References Brown, David K. (1999). The Grand Fleet: Warship Design and Development 1906–1922. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 1-55750-315-X. Campbell, N. J. M. (1977). "Washington's Cherry Trees, Part 1". Warship. I (1). London: Conway Maritime Press: 2–12. ISBN 0-87021-975-8. Campbell, N. J. M. (1977). "Washington's Cherry Trees, Part 2". Warship. I (2). London: Conway Maritime Press: 12–19. ISBN 0-87021-975-8. Campbell, N. J. M. (1977). "Washington's Cherry Trees, Part 4". Warship. I (4). London: Conway Maritime Press: 37–41. ISBN 0-87021-975-8. Friedman, Norman (1985). U.S. Battleships: An Illustrated Design History. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 0-87021-715-1. Raven, Alan & Roberts, John (1976). British Battleships of World War Two: The Development and Technical History of the Royal Navy's Battleship and Battlecruisers from 1911 to 1946. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 0-87021-817-4. vteN3-class battleships Four ships planned 1921 — None built Preceded by: Revenge class Followed by: Nelson class List of dreadnought battleships of the Royal Navy
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"dreadnought battleship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dreadnought_battleship"},{"link_name":"Royal Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Navy"},{"link_name":"World War I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I"},{"link_name":"G3-class","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G3-class_battlecruiser"},{"link_name":"battlecruiser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battlecruiser"},{"link_name":"Washington Naval Treaty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_Naval_Treaty"},{"link_name":"long tons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_ton"}],"text":"Class of British dreadnought battleshipsThe N3 class was a dreadnought battleship class designed for the Royal Navy after World War I, incorporating lessons learned from that conflict. They were similar in design to the G3-class battlecruiser, but had larger guns and thicker armour. They were never ordered due to signing of the Washington Naval Treaty in 1922, which limited the size and armament of battleships to 35,000 long tons (36,000 t) and guns no bigger than 16 inches (406 mm).","title":"N3-class battleship"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"the 8-8 fleet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eight-eight_fleet"},{"link_name":"Revenge-class","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revenge-class_battleship"},{"link_name":"Renown-class","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renown-class_battlecruiser"},{"link_name":"laid down","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keel_laying"},{"link_name":"Admiral-class","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Admiral-class_battlecruiser"},{"link_name":"Battle of Jutland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Jutland"},{"link_name":"HMS Hood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Hood"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-c4-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-c4-1"},{"link_name":"South Dakota class","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Dakota-class_battleship_(1920)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"G3-class","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G3-class_battlecruiser"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-c4-1"},{"link_name":"gun turrets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gun_turret"},{"link_name":"Suez Canal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suez_Canal"},{"link_name":"superfiring","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superfire"},{"link_name":"centre of gravity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centre_of_gravity"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"barbettes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbette"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"waterline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waterline"},{"link_name":"belt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belt_armor"},{"link_name":"knots","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knot_(unit)"},{"link_name":"transom sterns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transom_stern"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"In 1916 the US had declared its intention to create a Navy \"second to none\"; Congress had authorized the building of a large number of battleships and battlecruisers. In response, the Japanese government also began a large programme of warship building (the 8-8 fleet). Two improved Revenge-class hulls were rebuilt into the two Renown-class battlecruisers by the Royal Navy during the war. The only new capital ships laid down during the war were the Admiral-class battlecruisers. Their design had been called into question after the Battle of Jutland in 1916 and three ships of this class were cancelled, leaving only HMS Hood to be completed to a modified design.[1]The US plan had been delayed by the wartime need to build smaller vessels. Nevertheless, estimates by the Admiralty were that by the early 1920s the Royal Navy would be behind in ships.[1] By the beginning of 1920, the Americans had completed one battleship since the end of World War I and had five more building. Seven more were intended to be laid down in 1920–21, six of these were the very large and powerful South Dakota class, armed with twelve 16-inch guns.[2] The Japanese had finished one battleship since the end of the war and had three more under construction. To correct this state of affairs, the Admiralty initially planned to build three battleships and one battlecruiser in Fiscal Year (FY) 1921–22 and again in FY 1922–23, but this was changed to four G3-class battlecruisers to be built first, presumably to be followed by the same number of battleships the following year.[1]A pair of designs were prepared in June 1920, derived from the \"U-4\" battleship design of 1914, of ships with displacements of about 50,000 long tons (51,000 t) and armed with eight or nine guns, in four twin or three triple gun turrets mounting a new 18-inch (457 mm) gun then under development. The only limitation of the design was the inability to use British dockyards and pass through the Suez Canal. The most unusual feature of these designs was that none of the turrets were superfiring, presumably to keep the centre of gravity as low as possible[3] and avoid the extra weight required for tall, superfiring barbettes.[4]The designs were revised in October and split into separate battleship and battlecruiser designs. The battleship designs were given letters of the alphabet from L through N, with the use of triple or double gun turrets shown by 3 or 2 respectively. Both 'L2' and 'L3' had superfiring guns and the armour was reduced to a 15-inch (381 mm) inclined waterline belt while the main armoured deck was 8 inches (203 mm) thick (9 inches (229 mm) where it sloped to meet the belt). They both had a designed speed of 25 knots (46 km/h; 29 mph) and had transom sterns. 'L2' displaced 52,100 long tons (52,900 t), but 'L3' was a thousand tons lighter. 'M2' and 'M3' followed in November and December and were very different from the earlier designs.[5]'M2' and 'M3' sacrificed fire directly astern by moving the rear turret(s) amidships in order to save weight by shortening the length of the armoured citadel. Compared to the earlier, more conventional, designs, 'M2' saved 1,540 long tons (1,560 t) and 'M3' 1,740 long tons (1,770 t).[6] More weight was saved by reducing the designed speed to 23–23.5 knots (42.6–43.5 km/h; 26.5–27.0 mph) and using only two propeller shafts, although it was thought that this would improve manoeuvering power over four smaller propellers. These changes saved 4,350 long tons (4,420 t) for 'M2' and 5,000 long tons (5,100 t) for 'M3' over their predecessors. A lengthened version of 'M3' was chosen for further development as N3 and approved in November 1921.[7]","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:HMS_Nelson_off_Spithead_for_the_Fleet_Review.jpg"},{"link_name":"bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bridge_(nautical)"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Revenge class","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revenge-class_battleship"},{"link_name":"overall length","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Length_overall"},{"link_name":"beam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beam_(nautical)"},{"link_name":"draught","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Draft_(ship)"},{"link_name":"deep load","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deep_load"},{"link_name":"long tons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_ton"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonne"},{"link_name":"double bottom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double_bottom"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"steam turbine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steam_turbine"},{"link_name":"funnel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Funnel_(ship)"},{"link_name":"small-tube boilers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water-tube_boiler"},{"link_name":"shaft horsepower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horsepower#Shaft_horsepower"},{"link_name":"kW","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilowatt"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"BL 15-inch Mark I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BL_15_inch_Mk_I_naval_gun"},{"link_name":"calibre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caliber_(artillery)"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"text":"Many of the aspects of the N3 design were incorporated into HMS Nelson, shown here.Most noticeable of the N3 design was the concentration of the main battery forward of the bridge and machinery spaces. A related feature of the design was the tower bridge structure behind the first two gun turrets. This provided a better and more stable foundation for fire-control equipment, greatly improved accommodation and protection from the weather.[8]The N3 battleships were significantly larger than their predecessors of the Revenge class. They had an overall length of 820 feet (249.9 m), a beam of 106 feet (32.3 m), and a draught of 33 feet (10.1 m) at deep load. They would have displaced about 48,500 long tons (49,300 t), nearly double the displacement of the older ships. They had a complete double bottom 7 feet (2.1 m) deep.[9]The ships would have had two geared steam turbine sets, each of which drove one propeller shaft, in two engine rooms forward of the boiler rooms. This allowed the funnel to be placed further aft and increased the ability of the rear turret to fire to the rear. The turbines would have been powered by small-tube boilers intended to produce a total of 56,000 shaft horsepower (42,000 kW). The ships' maximum speed would have been about 23 knots.[10]Housing the main armament in triple turrets was new to the Royal Navy though British companies had been involved in the production of triple-gun turret designs for other navies.[11] The choice of a high muzzle velocity with a relatively lighter shell was taken from the German practice; it ran counter to previous British guns such as the BL 15-inch Mark I gun of 42-calibre length which were lower-muzzle-velocity weapons firing heavy shells.[12]","title":"Description"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"BL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_British_ordnance_terms#BL"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"muzzle velocity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muzzle_velocity"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"muzzle velocity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muzzle_velocity"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Yamato-class","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yamato-class_battleship"},{"link_name":"battleships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battleship"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-r6-17"},{"link_name":"BL 6-inch Mk XXII guns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BL_6_inch_Mk_XXII_naval_gun"},{"link_name":"superfiring","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superfire"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rr68-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"anti-aircraft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-aircraft_warfare"},{"link_name":"QF 4.7-inch Mk VIII guns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/QF_4.7_inch_Mk_VIII_naval_gun"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-c442-20"},{"link_name":"high explosive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Explosive_material#High_explosives"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[Note 1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"QF 2-pounder gun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/QF_2_pounder_naval_gun"},{"link_name":"abaft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/abaft"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-c442-20"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"broadside","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadside_(naval)"},{"link_name":"torpedo tubes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torpedo_tube"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rr68-18"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-c442-20"},{"link_name":"TNT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinitrotoluene"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"}],"sub_title":"Armament","text":"The N3 design mounted nine 45-calibre BL 18-inch guns in three triple-gun turrets, designated 'A', 'B', and 'X' from front to rear. The guns had a maximum elevation of 40°.[13] As none of these guns were ever completed and test-fired, sources differ on their exact specifications. Naval historian John Campbell quotes the projectile weight as 2,916 pounds (1,323 kg) fired at a muzzle velocity of 2,650 ft/s (810 m/s),[14] but Alan Raven and John Roberts cite a 2,837-pound (1,287 kg) shell fired at a muzzle velocity of 2,700 ft/s (820 m/s). The maximum penetration of those guns at zero obliquity would have been 36.82 inches (935.3 mm) of armor for a muzzle velocity of 2,700 ft/s, that is based upon the USN Empirical Formula for Armor Penetration,[15] in theory that would have made those guns the most powerful naval weapons in the world, surpassing the penetration power of the 460 mm guns found on the Yamato-class battleships.[16][17] The N3s carried a secondary armament of sixteen BL 6-inch Mk XXII guns in superfiring twin turrets. Four turrets were sited around the forward superstructure and four at the stern.[18] The guns could elevate between –5° and +60°. They fired 100-pound (45 kg) projectiles at a muzzle velocity of 2,945 ft/s (898 m/s). Their maximum range was 25,800 yd (23,600 m) at 45° elevation. Their rate of fire was five rounds per minute.[19]An anti-aircraft battery of six QF 4.7-inch Mk VIII guns was included.[20] They had a maximum depression of -5° and a maximum elevation of 90°. They fired a 50-pound (23 kg) high explosive shell at a muzzle velocity of 2,457 ft/s (749 m/s) at a rate of eight to twelve rounds per minute. The guns had a maximum ceiling of 32,000 ft (9,800 m), but an effective range of much less.[21] The ships were intended to carry four 10-barreled mountings[Note 1] for the 40-millimetre (1.6 in) QF 2-pounder gun (commonly known as a pom-pom), two abaft the funnels and two at the stern. Each barrel was provided with 1300 rounds of ammunition.[20] The gun fired a 40-millimetre (1.6 in) .91-pound (0.41 kg) shell at a muzzle velocity of 1,920 ft/s (590 m/s) to a distance of 3,800 yards (3,500 m). The gun's rate of fire was approximately 96–98 rounds per minute.[22]Like previous classes of British battleships, a pair of submerged, broadside-firing torpedo tubes were planned for these ships. Their compartment was located just forward of the 'A' shell room on the platform deck.[18] Six 24.5-inch (622 mm) torpedoes per tube were to be carried in peace-time, but this would increase to eight in wartime.[20] These Mark I torpedoes had a warhead of 743 pounds (337 kg) of TNT and were powered by oxygen-enriched air. They had two speed settings which governed their range: either 15,000 yards (13,716 m) at 35 knots (65 km/h; 40 mph), or 20,000 yards (18,288 m) at 30 knots (56 km/h; 35 mph).[23]","title":"Description"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"director-control towers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_British_ordnance_terms#DCT"},{"link_name":"conning tower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conning_tower"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rr6-25"},{"link_name":"coincidence rangefinder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coincidence_rangefinder"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-c442-20"},{"link_name":"mizzenmast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mizzenmast"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rr6-25"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-c442-20"}],"sub_title":"Fire-control","text":"The main guns of the battleships could be controlled from either of the two director-control towers (DCT). The primary DCT was mounted at the top of the forward superstructure. Another was mounted on the roof of the conning tower in an armoured hood.[24] Each main gun turret was provided with a 41-foot (12.5 m) coincidence rangefinder in an armoured housing on the turret roof.[20] The secondary armament was primarily controlled by two DCTs mounted on each side of the bridge. The anti-aircraft guns were controlled by a high-angle control system mounted on the mizzenmast.[24] Each pom-pom mount had its own director and there was also a height-finder aft. Two 15-foot (4.6 m) torpedo rangefinders were located on the sides of the funnels.[20]","title":"Description"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"dreadnought","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dreadnought"},{"link_name":"all or nothing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_or_Nothing_(Battleship_armour)"},{"link_name":"U.S. Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Navy"},{"link_name":"Nevada class","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nevada-class_battleship"},{"link_name":"armoured citadel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armoured_citadel"},{"link_name":"reserve buoyancy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reserve_buoyancy"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"magazine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magazine_(artillery)"},{"link_name":"bulkheads","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulkhead_(partition)"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-c3-27"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-r6-17"},{"link_name":"conning tower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conning_tower"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-r6-17"},{"link_name":"anti-torpedo bulges","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-torpedo_bulge"},{"link_name":"warhead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warhead"},{"link_name":"torpedo bulkhead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torpedo_bulkhead"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-c3-27"},{"link_name":"Hood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Hood"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"}],"sub_title":"Armour","text":"A first for any British dreadnought was the use of the all or nothing protection scheme in the N3s and G3s. Medium-thickness armour had proven to be useless in stopping heavy-calibre shells during World War I so the vital areas of the ship were protected by the thickest possible armour and the rest of the ship was left unarmoured. Use of this system was pioneered by contemporary U.S. Navy battleship designs starting with the Nevada class. This system of protection required that the armoured citadel have enough reserve buoyancy to keep the ship stable even if the rest of the hull was riddled by gunfire.[25]The waterline belt of the N3 had a maximum thickness of 15 inches (381 mm) thick with the top of the armour angled outward at 25°. This angle increased the armor's relative thickness to horizontal, close-range fire, albeit at the cost of reducing its relative height which increased the chance of plunging shellfire going over or under it. It ran some 463 feet (141.1 m), from 9 feet (2.7 m) forward of 'A' barbette to the rear of the after 6-inch magazine. For about 115 feet (35.1 m), it reduced to 13.5 inches (343 mm) over the engine and boiler rooms. The belt had a height of 14 feet 3 inches (4.3 m), of which 4 feet 6 inches (1.4 m) was below the designed waterline. The lower edge of the belt abreast the magazines was continued down another 3 feet (0.9 m) by a 4 inches (102 mm) thickness of high-tensile steel inclined at 36° to prevent a shell from reaching the magazines via a wave trough at high speed. The ends of the belt terminated in 14-inch (356 mm) transverse bulkheads.[26] The 8-inch (203 mm) armoured deck matched the length of the waterline belt and sloped down to meet the upper edge of the belt. It extended forward over the torpedo compartment which had a separate transverse bulkhead protecting it that was 9 inches (229 mm) thick. The steering gear was protected by a deck and bulkhead 6 inches (152 mm) thick.[17]The turret faces were 18 inches (457 mm) thick while their sides were probably 14 inches (356 mm) in thickness, and the roof was 8 inches thick. The armour of the barbettes and the conning tower was 15 inches thick and the conning tower's communications tube to the upper deck was 8 inches thick. The fire-control director atop the conning tower was protected by an armoured hood 4 to 6 inches thick.[17]The anti-torpedo bulges of the N3 were internal to the hull and were intended to withstand the explosion of a 750-pound (340 kg) torpedo warhead. They consisted of an outer air space, an inner buoyancy space and the 2 inches (51 mm) thick torpedo bulkhead. The bulkhead was situated about 16 feet (4.9 m) inboard from the side of the ship.[26] Postwar tests done on a replica of this system showed that filling the buoyancy space with water rather than the sealed steel crushing tubes as used in Hood was just as effective and weighed less.[27]","title":"Description"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Washington Naval Treaty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_Naval_Treaty"},{"link_name":"arms limitation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arms_control"},{"link_name":"Nelson-class","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nelson-class_battleship"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"}],"text":"The four N3 battleships were never ordered because the Washington Naval Treaty, an arms limitation treaty under negotiation at the time, forbade construction of any ship larger than 35,000 tons. Many of the aspects of their design ultimately were incorporated into the two Nelson-class battleships, and they are often described as being a cut-down N3. Indeed, the Nelsons received the design designation 'O3', marking them as next in the design sequence, although they used the guns intended for the G3 battlecruisers for cost reasons and to comply with the Treaty's 16-inch limitation on main armament.[28]","title":"Cancellation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-22"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-c442-20"}],"text":"^ The mounts were at a very early stage of development at this time and the number of barrels was reduced to eight before they went into production.[20]","title":"Notes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-c4_1-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-c4_1-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-c4_1-2"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-7"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-8"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-9"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-10"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-11"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-12"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-13"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-14"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-15"},{"link_name":"\"British 18\"/45 Mark II\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.navweaps.com/Weapons/WNBR_18-45_mk2.php"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-16"},{"link_name":"\"Japanese 46 cm (18.1\")guns\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.navweaps.com/Weapons/WNJAP_18-45_t94.php"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-r6_17-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-r6_17-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-r6_17-2"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-rr68_18-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-rr68_18-1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-19"},{"link_name":"\"British 6\"/50 (15.2 cm) BL Mark XXII\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.navweaps.com/Weapons/WNBR_6-50_mk22.htm"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-c442_20-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-c442_20-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-c442_20-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-c442_20-3"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-c442_20-4"},{"link_name":"f","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-c442_20-5"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-21"},{"link_name":"\"British 4.7\"/43 (12 cm) QF Mark VII 4.7\"/40 (12 cm) QF Mark VIII 4.7\"/40 (12 cm) QF Mark X\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.navweaps.com/Weapons/WNBR_47-40_mk8.htm"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-23"},{"link_name":"\"Britain 2-pdr [4 cm/39 (1.575\")] Mark VIII\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20150626104118/http://www.navweaps.com/Weapons/WNBR_2pounder_m8.htm"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.navweaps.com/Weapons/WNBR_2pounder_m8.htm"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-24"},{"link_name":"\"British Torpedoes Pre-World War II: 24.5\" (62.2 cm) Mark I\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.navweaps.com/Weapons/WTBR_PreWWII.htm"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-rr6_25-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-rr6_25-1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-26"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-c3_27-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-c3_27-1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-28"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-29"}],"text":"^ a b c Campbell, Part 1, p. 4\n\n^ Friedman, pp. 420, 446\n\n^ Brown, pp. 172–173\n\n^ Campbell, Part 2, p. 13\n\n^ Raven and Roberts, p. 102\n\n^ Brown, p. 174\n\n^ Raven and Roberts, pp. 102, 105\n\n^ Raven and Roberts, p. 127\n\n^ Raven and Roberts, pp. 101, 105\n\n^ Brown, pp. 174–175\n\n^ Campbell, Part 1, p. 9\n\n^ Campbell, Part 1, p. 7\n\n^ Raven and Roberts, pp. 105–106\n\n^ Campbell, Part 1, pp. 6–7\n\n^ \"British 18\"/45 Mark II\". Navweaps.com. 23 December 2006. Retrieved 10 November 2020.\n\n^ \"Japanese 46 cm (18.1\")guns\". Navweaps.com. 23 April 2007. Retrieved 10 November 2020.\n\n^ a b c Raven and Roberts, p. 106\n\n^ a b Raven and Roberts, p. 100\n\n^ \"British 6\"/50 (15.2 cm) BL Mark XXII\". Navweaps.com. 7 January 2007. Retrieved 26 July 2010.\n\n^ a b c d e f Campbell, Part 3, p. 42\n\n^ \"British 4.7\"/43 (12 cm) QF Mark VII 4.7\"/40 (12 cm) QF Mark VIII 4.7\"/40 (12 cm) QF Mark X\". Navweaps.com. 31 December 2006. Retrieved 26 July 2010.\n\n^ \"Britain 2-pdr [4 cm/39 (1.575\")] Mark VIII\". Navweaps.com. 20 February 2008. Archived from the original on 26 June 2015. Retrieved 7 June 2010.\n\n^ \"British Torpedoes Pre-World War II: 24.5\" (62.2 cm) Mark I\". Navweaps.com. 12 January 2009. Retrieved 7 March 2010.\n\n^ a b Raven and Roberts, pp. 100, 106\n\n^ Raven and Roberts, p. 92\n\n^ a b Campbell, Part 3, p. 43 and Part 4, p. 37\n\n^ Raven and Roberts, p. 93\n\n^ Campbell, Part 4, pp. 37–38","title":"Citations"}]
[{"image_text":"Many of the aspects of the N3 design were incorporated into HMS Nelson, shown here.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/HMS_Nelson_off_Spithead_for_the_Fleet_Review.jpg/260px-HMS_Nelson_off_Spithead_for_the_Fleet_Review.jpg"}]
null
[{"reference":"\"British 18\"/45 Mark II\". Navweaps.com. 23 December 2006. Retrieved 10 November 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.navweaps.com/Weapons/WNBR_18-45_mk2.php","url_text":"\"British 18\"/45 Mark II\""}]},{"reference":"\"Japanese 46 cm (18.1\")guns\". Navweaps.com. 23 April 2007. Retrieved 10 November 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.navweaps.com/Weapons/WNJAP_18-45_t94.php","url_text":"\"Japanese 46 cm (18.1\")guns\""}]},{"reference":"\"British 6\"/50 (15.2 cm) BL Mark XXII\". Navweaps.com. 7 January 2007. Retrieved 26 July 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.navweaps.com/Weapons/WNBR_6-50_mk22.htm","url_text":"\"British 6\"/50 (15.2 cm) BL Mark XXII\""}]},{"reference":"\"British 4.7\"/43 (12 cm) QF Mark VII 4.7\"/40 (12 cm) QF Mark VIII 4.7\"/40 (12 cm) QF Mark X\". Navweaps.com. 31 December 2006. Retrieved 26 July 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.navweaps.com/Weapons/WNBR_47-40_mk8.htm","url_text":"\"British 4.7\"/43 (12 cm) QF Mark VII 4.7\"/40 (12 cm) QF Mark VIII 4.7\"/40 (12 cm) QF Mark X\""}]},{"reference":"\"Britain 2-pdr [4 cm/39 (1.575\")] Mark VIII\". Navweaps.com. 20 February 2008. Archived from the original on 26 June 2015. Retrieved 7 June 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150626104118/http://www.navweaps.com/Weapons/WNBR_2pounder_m8.htm","url_text":"\"Britain 2-pdr [4 cm/39 (1.575\")] Mark VIII\""},{"url":"http://www.navweaps.com/Weapons/WNBR_2pounder_m8.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"British Torpedoes Pre-World War II: 24.5\" (62.2 cm) Mark I\". Navweaps.com. 12 January 2009. Retrieved 7 March 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.navweaps.com/Weapons/WTBR_PreWWII.htm","url_text":"\"British Torpedoes Pre-World War II: 24.5\" (62.2 cm) Mark I\""}]},{"reference":"Brown, David K. (1999). The Grand Fleet: Warship Design and Development 1906–1922. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 1-55750-315-X.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_K._Brown","url_text":"Brown, David K."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-55750-315-X","url_text":"1-55750-315-X"}]},{"reference":"Campbell, N. J. M. (1977). \"Washington's Cherry Trees, Part 1\". Warship. I (1). London: Conway Maritime Press: 2–12. ISBN 0-87021-975-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87021-975-8","url_text":"0-87021-975-8"}]},{"reference":"Campbell, N. J. M. (1977). \"Washington's Cherry Trees, Part 2\". Warship. I (2). London: Conway Maritime Press: 12–19. ISBN 0-87021-975-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87021-975-8","url_text":"0-87021-975-8"}]},{"reference":"Campbell, N. J. M. (1977). \"Washington's Cherry Trees, Part 4\". Warship. I (4). London: Conway Maritime Press: 37–41. ISBN 0-87021-975-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87021-975-8","url_text":"0-87021-975-8"}]},{"reference":"Friedman, Norman (1985). U.S. Battleships: An Illustrated Design History. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 0-87021-715-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norman_Friedman","url_text":"Friedman, Norman"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87021-715-1","url_text":"0-87021-715-1"}]},{"reference":"Raven, Alan & Roberts, John (1976). British Battleships of World War Two: The Development and Technical History of the Royal Navy's Battleship and Battlecruisers from 1911 to 1946. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 0-87021-817-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87021-817-4","url_text":"0-87021-817-4"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dukhan_language
Dukhan language
["1 Origin","2 Classification of the Turkic languages","3 Current situation","4 Bibliography","5 References"]
Northeastern Turkic language DukhaTsaatanтyъһа тыл Tuha tılNative toMongoliaRegionKhövsgöl ProvinceEthnicityDukhaNative speakers(undated figure of 500)Language familyTurkic Common TurkicSiberian TurkicSouth SiberianSayan TurkicTaiga Sayan TurkicDukhaLanguage codesISO 639-3dkh (rejected)Glottologdukh1234ELPDukha Dukha or Dukhan is an endangered Turkic variety spoken by approximately five hundred people of the Dukhan (a.k.a. Tsaatan) people in the Tsagaan-Nuur county of Khövsgöl Province in northern Mongolia. Dukhan belongs to the Taiga subgroup of Sayan Turkic (which also includes Soyot–Tsaatan and Tofa). This language is nearly extinct and is only spoken as a second language. The ISO 639-3 proposal (request) code was dkh, but this proposal was rejected. It is mostly related to the Soyot language of Buryatia. Also, it is related to the language of Tozhu Tuvans and the Tofa language. Today, it is spoken alongside Mongolian. Dukhan morphophonemic units are written with capital letters, similar to its sister languages and standard grammars. Khövsgöl Origin The Dukha language or Dukhan is an endangered Turkic language. It is spoken by about five hundred people of the Dukhan (also Tsaatan) from Tsagaan-Nuur County, Tsagaannurr (Khövsgöl) Mongolia. Цагааннуур сум) is a Sum (district) of Mongolia in the province of Khövsgöl, located in Northern Mongolia. Classification of the Turkic languages Proto-Turkic Common Turkic Northeastern Common Turkic (Siberian) North Siberian Sakha (Yakut) Dolgan South Siberian Sayan Turkic Tuvan Tofa Soyot–Tsaatan Dukhan Yenisei Turkic Khakas Fuyu Kyrgyz Kumandin Northern Altai and dialects such as Chelkan and Tuba Shor (Saghay Qaca, Qizil) Western Yugur (Western Uyghur, Yellow Uyghur) Chulym Turkic Chulym (Küerik) Old Turkic † Orkhon Turkic † Old Uyghur Alexander Vovin (2017) notes that Tofa and other Siberian Turkic languages, especially Sayan Turkic, have Yeniseian loanwords. Current situation Currently, the Dukhan language is mainly related to an amalgam of dialects from the nomadic people of Inner Mongolia, China, Russia, and surrounding areas. Buryat is a Mongolic language spoken in Russia (in the Republic of Buryatia), and by smaller populations in Mongolia and China, in the east of Inner Mongolia. It is the language of the Buryats. Tuvan (or Tuvine, Tuvinian) is a language of the Turkic family spoken by nearly 200,000 Tuvans in the Republic of Tuva, Russia. Small groups speak Tuvan in Mongolia and China. Tuvan contains many words borrowed from Mongolian and has been influenced by Russian over the last hundred years. Tofalar (or Tofa, Karagas) is a Turkic language spoken in the Ninjnewinsk region of the Irkutsk Oblast in Russia. Bibliography Dolatkhah, Sohrab. 2016. Let's talk qashqay. In: "Let's talk" collection. Paris: The Harmattan. Dolatkhah, Sohrab. 2016. The qashqay: Turkic language of Iran. CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform (online). Pierre-François Viguier, Elements of the Turkish language, or analytical tables of the usual Turkish language, with their development, dedicated to the King, under the auspices of M. The Comte de Choiseul-Gouffier, Ambassador of His Most Christian Majesty near the Ottoman Gate, by M. Viguier, Prefect Apostolic of the Establishments of the Congregation of the Mission in the Levant, Constantinople, from the Imprimerie du Palais de France, March 1790, in-4 ° References ^ a b c d Elisabetta Ragagnin (2011), Dukhan, a Turkic Variety of Northern Mongolia, Description and Analysis, Harrassowitz Verlag, Wiesbaden ^ Ted Bergman 2011. Request for New Language Code Element in ISO 639-3 ^ Comments received for ISO 639-3 Change Request 2011-057 ^ Endangered Languages of Indigenous Peoples of Siberia: The Soyot Language ^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-07-06. Retrieved 2014-04-10.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) ^ Rassadin, V.I. "The Soyot Language". Endangered Languages of Indigenous Peoples of Siberia. UNESCO. Retrieved 2021-07-18. ^ "Kumandin". ELP Endangered Languages Project. Retrieved 2021-07-15. ^ Bitkeeva, A.N. "The Kumandin Language". Endangered Languages of Indigenous Peoples of Siberia. UNESCO. Retrieved 2021-07-16. ^ "Northern Altai". ELP Endangered Languages Project. Retrieved 2021-07-16. ^ Deviating. Probably of South Siberian origin (Johanson 1998) ^ Coene 2009, p. 75 ^ Coene 2009, p. 75 ^ Concise Encyclopedia of Languages of the World. Contributors: Keith Brown, Sarah Ogilvie (revised ed.). Elsevier. 2010. p. 1109. ISBN 978-0080877754. Retrieved 24 April 2014.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: others (link) ^ Johanson, Lars, ed. (1998). The Mainz Meeting: Proceedings of the Seventh International Conference on Turkish Linguistics, August 3-6, 1994. Turcologica Series. Contributor: Éva Ágnes Csató. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. p. 28. ISBN 3447038640. Retrieved 24 April 2014. ^ Vovin, Alexander. 2017. "Some Tofalar Etymologies." In Essays in the history of languages and linguistics: dedicated to Marek Stachowski on the occasion of his 60th birthday. Krakow: Księgarnia Akademicka. ^ Roland Breton, Atlas des langues du monde, Éd. Autrement, 2003 ISBN 2-7467-0400-5 vteLanguages of MongoliaOfficial language Mongolian Minority languages English Buryat Darkhad Dukhan Evenki Kazakh Oirat Chinese Russian Tuvan Immigrant languages English French Mandarin Spanish Arabic German Italian Hindi Hebrew Chinese Portuguese Japanese Russian Turkish Sign languages Mongolian Sign Language vteTurkic languagesProto-language Proto-Turkic Common TurkicArgu Argu Khalaj KarlukWestern Northern Uzbek Southern Uzbek Eastern Uyghur Khoton Lop Ili Turki Äynu Old Chagatai Khorezmian Karakhanid KipchakBulgar Bashkir Tatar Nagaibak Mishar Tatar Old Tatar Cuman Armeno-Kipchak Crimean Tatar Cuman Karachay-Balkar Karaim Krymchak Kumyk Mamluk-Kipchak Urum Kyrgyz Fergana Kipchak Kyrgyz Southern Altai Teleut Telengit Siberian Tatar Baraba Tom Nogai Dobrujan Tatar Karakalpak Kazakh Nogai Siberian Tatar Tobol-Irtysh Oghuz Salar Eastern Khorasani Turkic Turkmen Trukhmen Southern Afshari Chaharmahali Turkic Qashqai Sonqori Western Azerbaijani North Azerbaijani South Azerbaijani Ajem-Turkic Balkan Gagauz Gagauz Karapapakh Pecheneg Turkish Old Anatolian Turkish Ottoman Turkish SiberianNorthern Dolgan Yakut Southern Chulym SayanSteppe Tuvan Taiga Dukhan Tofa Soyot Yenisei Fuyu Kyrgyz Khakas Northern Altai Kumandy Chelkan Tuba Shor Western Yugur Old Old Uyghur Orkhon Turkic Oghur Chuvash Bulgar Khazar Creoles and pidgins Hezhou Kurbet Qoqmončaq Italics indicate extinct languagesLanguages between parentheses are varieties of the language on their left.
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Turkic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkic_languages"},{"link_name":"Dukhan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dukha_people"},{"link_name":"Khövsgöl Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kh%C3%B6vsg%C3%B6l_Province"},{"link_name":"Mongolia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongolia"},{"link_name":"Soyot–Tsaatan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soyot%E2%80%93Tsaatan_language"},{"link_name":"Tofa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tofa_language"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-refRagagnin-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Soyot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soyot-Tsaatan_language"},{"link_name":"Buryatia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buryatia"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-refLingsib-4"},{"link_name":"Tozhu Tuvans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tozhu_Tuvans"},{"link_name":"Tofa language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tofa_language"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-refRagagnin-1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mongolia_Khovsgol_sum_map.png"},{"link_name":"Khövsgöl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kh%C3%B6vsg%C3%B6l_province"}],"text":"Dukha or Dukhan is an endangered Turkic variety spoken by approximately five hundred people of the Dukhan (a.k.a. Tsaatan) people in the Tsagaan-Nuur county of Khövsgöl Province in northern Mongolia. Dukhan belongs to the Taiga subgroup of Sayan Turkic (which also includes Soyot–Tsaatan and Tofa).[1] This language is nearly extinct and is only spoken as a second language. The ISO 639-3 proposal (request) code was dkh,[2] but this proposal was rejected.[3]It is mostly related to the Soyot language of Buryatia.[4] Also, it is related to the language of Tozhu Tuvans and the Tofa language. Today, it is spoken alongside Mongolian.[5]Dukhan morphophonemic units are written with capital letters, similar to its sister languages and standard grammars.[1]Khövsgöl","title":"Dukhan language"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tsagaannurr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsagaannuur,_Kh%C3%B6vsg%C3%B6l"}],"text":"The Dukha language or Dukhan is an endangered Turkic language. It is spoken by about five hundred people of the Dukhan (also Tsaatan) from Tsagaan-Nuur County, Tsagaannurr (Khövsgöl) Mongolia. Цагааннуур сум) is a Sum (district) of Mongolia in the province of Khövsgöl, located in Northern Mongolia.","title":"Origin"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Alexander Vovin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Vovin"},{"link_name":"Tofa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tofa_language"},{"link_name":"Yeniseian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yeniseian_languages"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"text":"Alexander Vovin (2017) notes that Tofa and other Siberian Turkic languages, especially Sayan Turkic, have Yeniseian loanwords.[15]","title":"Classification of the Turkic languages"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"}],"text":"Currently, the Dukhan language is mainly related to an amalgam of dialects from the nomadic people of Inner Mongolia, China, Russia, and surrounding areas.Buryat is a Mongolic language spoken in Russia (in the Republic of Buryatia), and by smaller populations in Mongolia and China, in the east of Inner Mongolia. It is the language of the Buryats.\nTuvan (or Tuvine, Tuvinian)[16] is a language of the Turkic family spoken by nearly 200,000 Tuvans in the Republic of Tuva, Russia. Small groups speak Tuvan in Mongolia and China. Tuvan contains many words borrowed from Mongolian and has been influenced by Russian over the last hundred years.\nTofalar (or Tofa, Karagas) is a Turkic language spoken in the Ninjnewinsk region of the Irkutsk Oblast in Russia.","title":"Current situation"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Dolatkhah, Sohrab. 2016. Let's talk qashqay. In: \"Let's talk\" collection. Paris: The Harmattan.\nDolatkhah, Sohrab. 2016. The qashqay: Turkic language of Iran. CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform (online).\nPierre-François Viguier, Elements of the Turkish language, or analytical tables of the usual Turkish language, with their development, dedicated to the King, under the auspices of M. The Comte de Choiseul-Gouffier, Ambassador of His Most Christian Majesty near the Ottoman Gate, by M. Viguier, Prefect Apostolic of the Establishments of the Congregation of the Mission in the Levant, Constantinople, from the Imprimerie du Palais de France, March 1790, in-4 °","title":"Bibliography"}]
[{"image_text":"Khövsgöl","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Mongolia_Khovsgol_sum_map.png/300px-Mongolia_Khovsgol_sum_map.png"}]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Works_of_Jayadeva
Works of Jayadeva
["1 Religion","1.1 Dashavatara","1.2 Hymns in the Guru Granth Sahib","2 Music and dance","2.1 Odissi","2.2 Classical music of Odisha","3 Fine arts","3.1 Patachitra paintings","3.2 Pahari paintings","4 The Gita Govinda","5 Other literary contributions","6 References","7 See also"]
Jayadeva was an 11th-century Sanskrit poet and lyricist from present-day India. The works of Jayadeva have had a profound influence on Indian culture. They form the basis of the east Indian classical dance form, Odissi as well as traditional classical music of the state, Odissi music and have strongly influenced the Bharatanatyam classical dance as well as Carnatic music. Jayadeva's composition has also been incorporated in the Guru Granth Sahib. Religion Part of a series onHinduism Hindus History OriginsHistorical Hindu synthesis (500/200 BCE–300 CE) History Indus Valley Civilisation Historical Vedic religion Dravidian folk religion Śramaṇa Tribal religions in India Traditional Itihasa-Purana Epic-Puranic royal genealogies Epic-Puranic chronology Traditions Major traditions Shaivism Shaktism Smartism Vaishnavism List Deities Trimurti Brahma Vishnu Shiva Tridevi Saraswati Lakshmi Parvati Other major Devas / Devis Vedic: Agni Ashvins Chandra Indra Prajapati Pushan Rudra Surya Ushas Varuna Vayu Post-Vedic: Dattatreya Durga Ganesha Hanuman Kali Kartikeya Krishna Kubera Radha Rama Shakti Sita Vishvakarma Concepts Worldview Cosmology Mythology Ontology Tattvas Subtle elements Panchikarana Gross elements Guṇas Supreme reality Brahman Nirguna Saguna Om Saccidānanda God Ishvara God in Hinduism God and gender Meaning of life Dharma Artha Kama Moksha Stages of life Brahmacharya Gṛhastha Vānaprastha Sannyasa Three paths to liberation Bhakti yoga Jnana yoga Karma yoga Liberation Mokṣa-related topics: Paramātman Maya Karma Saṃsāra Mind Ātman (self) Anātman (non-self) Sūkṣma śarīra (subtle body) Antaḥkaraṇa (mental organs) Prajña (wisdom) Ānanda (happiness) Viveka (discernment) Vairagya (dispassion) Sama (equanimity) Dama (temperance) Uparati (self-settledness) Titiksha (forbearance) Shraddha (faith) Samadhana (concentration) Arishadvargas (six enemies) Ahamkara (attachment) Ethics Niti śastra Yamas Niyama Ahimsa Achourya Aparigraha Brahmacharya Satya Damah Dayā Akrodha Arjava Santosha Tapas Svādhyāya Shaucha Mitahara Dāna Sources of dharma Epistemology Pratyakṣa (perception) Anumāṇa (inference) Upamāṇa (comparison, analogy) Arthāpatti (postulation, presumption) Anupalabdi (non-perception, negation) Śabda (word, testimony) Practices Worship, sacrifice, and charity Puja Ārtī Prarthana Śrauta Temple Murti Bhakti Japa Bhajana Kīrtana Yajna Homa Tarpana Vrata Prāyaścitta Tirtha Yatra Tirthadana Matha Nritta-Nritya Dāna Sevā Meditation Tapas Dhyana Samādhāna Nididhyāsana Yoga Sadhu Yogi Yogini Asana Sādhanā Hatha yoga Jnana yoga Bhakti yoga Karma yoga Rāja yoga Kundalini yoga Arts Bharatanatyam Kathak Kathakali Kuchipudi Manipuri Mohiniyattam Odissi Sattriya Bhagavata Mela Yakshagana Dandiya Raas Carnatic music Pandav Lila Kalaripayattu Silambam Adimurai Rites of passage Garbhadhana Pumsavana Pumsavana Simantonayana Simantonnayana Jatakarma Nāmakaraṇa Nishkramana Annaprashana Chudakarana Karnavedha Vidyāraṃbhaṃ Upanayana Keshanta Ritushuddhi Samavartanam Vivaha Antyesti Festivals Diwali Holi Maha Shivaratri Navaratri Durga Puja Ramlila Vijayadashami-Dussehra Raksha Bandhan Ganesh Chaturthi Vasant Panchami Rama Navami Janmashtami Onam Makar Sankranti Kumbh Mela Pongal Ugadi Vaisakhi Bihu Puthandu Vishu Ratha Yatra Philosophical schools Six Astika schools Samkhya Yoga Nyaya Vaisheshika Mīmāṃsā Vedanta Advaita Dvaita Vishishtadvaita Achintya Bheda Abheda Shuddhadvaita Dvaitadvaita Akshar Purushottam Darshan Other schools Shaiva Kapalika Pashupata Pratyabhijña Vaishnava Pancharatra Charvaka Gurus, sants, philosophers Ancient Agastya Angiras Aruni Ashtavakra Atri Bharadwaja Gotama Jaimini Jamadagni Kanada Kapila Kashyapa Patanjali Pāṇini Prashastapada Raikva Satyakama Jabala Valmiki Vashistha Vishvamitra Vyasa Yajnavalkya Medieval Abhinavagupta Adi Shankara Akka Mahadevi Allama Prabhu Alvars Basava Chaitanya Ramdas Kathiababa Chakradhara Chāngadeva Dadu Dayal Eknath Gangesha Upadhyaya Santadas Kathiababa Gaudapada Gorakshanatha Haridasa Thakur Harivansh Jagannatha Dasa Jayanta Bhatta Jayatīrtha Jiva Goswami Jñāneśvar Kabir Kanaka Dasa Kumārila Bhaṭṭa Madhusūdana Madhva Matsyendranatha Morya Gosavi Mukundarāja Namadeva Narahari Tirtha Narasimha Saraswati Nayanars Nimbarkacharya Prabhākara Purandara Dasa Raghavendra Swami Raghunatha Siromani Raghuttama Tirtha Ram Charan Ramananda Ramanuja Ramprasad Sen Ravidas Rupa Goswami Samarth Ramdas Sankardev Satyanatha Tirtha Siddheshwar Sripada Srivallabha Sripadaraja Surdas Swaminarayan Śyāma Śastri Tukaram Tulsidas Tyagaraja Vācaspati Miśra Vadiraja Tirtha Vallabha Valluvar Vedanta Desika Vidyaranya Vyasaraja Modern Aurobindo Bhaktisiddhanta Sarasvati Bhaktivinoda Thakur Chandrashekarendra Saraswati Chinmayananda Dayananda Saraswati Jaggi Vasudev Krishnananda Saraswati Mahavatar Babaji Mahesh Yogi Narayana Guru Nigamananda Nisargadatta Maharaj Prabhupada Radhakrishnan R. D. Ranade Ramakrishna Rama Tirtha Ramana Maharshi Ravi Shankar Ramdas Samarth Sathya Sai Baba Shirdi Sai Baba Shraddhanand Satyadhyana Tirtha Siddharameshwar Maharaj Sivananda Trailanga U. G. Krishnamurti Upasni Maharaj Vethathiri Maharishi Vivekananda Yogananda Texts Sources and classification of scripture Śruti Smṛti Ācāra Ātmatuṣṭi Scriptures Timeline of Hindu texts Vedas Rigveda Yajurveda Samaveda Atharvaveda Divisions Samhita Brahmana Aranyaka Upanishads Upanishads Rigveda: Aitareya Kaushitaki Yajurveda: Brihadaranyaka Isha Taittiriya Katha Shvetashvatara Maitri Samaveda: Chandogya Kena Atharvaveda: Mundaka Mandukya Prashna Vedangas Shiksha Chandas Vyākaraṇa Nirukta Kalpa Jyotisha Other scriptures Bhagavad Gita Agamas (Hinduism) Itihasas Ramayana Mahabharata Other textsPuranas Vishnu Purana Bhagavata Purana Devi Bhagavata Purana Naradiya Purana Vāmana Purana Matsya Purana Garuda Purana Brahma Purana Brahmanda Purana Brahma Vaivarta Purana Bhavishya Purana Padma Purana Agni Purana Shiva Purana Linga Purana Kūrma Purana Skanda Purana Varaha Purana Markandeya Purana Upavedas Ayurveda Dhanurveda Gandharvaveda Sthapatyaveda Shastras, sutras, and samhitas Dharma Shastra Artha Śastra Shilpa Shastras Kama Sutra Brahma Sutras Samkhya Sutras Mimamsa Sutras Nyāya Sūtras Vaiśeṣika Sūtra Yoga Sutras Pramana Sutras Charaka Samhita Sushruta Samhita Natya Shastra Panchatantra Naalayira Divya Prabandham Tirumurai Ramcharitmanas Yoga Vasistha Swara yoga Panchadasi Stotras and stutis Kanakadhara Stotra Shiva Stuti Vayu Stuti Tamil literature Tirumurai Naalayira Divya Prabandham Tirumurukāṟṟuppaṭai Tiruppukal Kural Kamba Ramayanam/Ramavataram Five Great Epics Eighteen Greater Texts Eighteen Lesser Texts Athichudi Iraiyanar Akapporul Abirami Antati Thiruvilaiyadal Puranam Vinayagar Agaval Society Varna Four varnas: Brahmana Kshatriya Vaishya Shudra Varna-less: Dalit Varna-related topics: Jāti Other society-related topics: Discrimination Persecution Nationalism Hindutva Organisations Reform movements Other topics Hinduism by country Balinese Hinduism Caribbean Shaktism Hindu culture Architecture Calendar Iconography Mythology Pilgrimage sites Hinduism and other religions Hinduism and Jainism / and Buddhism / and Sikhism / and Judaism / and Christianity / and Islam Criticism Glossary Outline Hinduism portalvte Jayadeva has had a profound influence on the religious practices of Hinduism. The classic Tribhangi (threefold) posture of Krishna playing the flute gained popularity due to him. Dashavatara Jayadeva was instrumental in popularizing the Dasavatara, the ten incarnations of Vishnu in his composition Dasakritikrite. Additionally, the Gita Govinda begins with a Dasavatara stotra. In Jayadeva's version of Dasavatara, Buddha is an incarnation of Vishnu, while Krishna is not incorporated because Krishna is the source of all incarnations. as the lyrics say: keshava dhrta buddha sarira= krishna who appears in the form of Lord Buddha. Since Keshava is another name of Krishna, that means Krishna is the source of/incarnate as Buddha. In July 2009, the government of India's Department of Posts decided to release 11 stamps in Bhubaneswar to commemorate the birth of Jayadeva. One stamp depicts the poet himself, while the other ten depict the Dasavatara. Chief Minister Naveen Patnaik unveiled the stamps at a special function in Jayadev Bhawan. They are in the denomination of Rs 5. A total of 800,000 stamps were released for sale in Odisha. Hymns in the Guru Granth Sahib Two hymns composed by Jayadeva have been incorporated in the Guru Granth Sahib, the holy book of the Sikh religion. Although it is not clear how these medieval Orissan hymns found their way to the Sikh religion, there are records narrating how Jayadeva's work had a profound influence on Guru Nanak during his visit to Puri. Music and dance Odissi In the opinion of researcher scholars, Jayadeva is among the centralmost figures in Odia culture. Jayadeva's ashtapadis are sung in dance performances of Odissi, the classical dance of Odisha . Classical music of Odisha The traditional classical music of Odisha, known as Odissi music, lays emphasis based on ragas and talas specified by Jayadeva's hymns. Jayadeva is known to have sung the Gitagovinda every night in the temple of Jagannatha, the central deity of Odisha. The tradition of singing Gitagovinda during Jagannatha's last ritual continues till today. Fine arts Jayadeva and his Gita Govinda had gained considerable popularity and had emerged as a painter’s theme by the late 15th century, though no such early paintings are available now. The earliest reported Gita Govinda paintings are from Mewar between 1590 and 1600 A.D. Patachitra paintings The Gita Govinda composed by Jayadeva is one of the popular themes in the traditional patachitra paintings of Odisha. Pahari paintings Jayadeva had a profound influence on the Pahari school during the 17th-19th centuries, which was prevalent throughout northern India bordering the Himalayas (from Jammu through Himachal Pradesh). In particular, Jayadeva's Radha and Krishna served as popular themes for Basohli painting in Jammu and Kashmir. The Gita Govinda Main article: Gita Govinda Gita Govinda manuscript c. 1500. The Gita Govinda is the best-known composition of Jayadeva. It is a lyrical poetry that is organized into 12 chapters. Each chapter is further sub-divided into 24 divisions called prabandhas. The prabandhas contain couplets grouped into eights, called Ashtapadis. The first English translation of the Gita Govinda was published by Sir William Jones in 1792. Sir William Jones in the preface of his English rendering of GitaGovinda had commented: "Jayadeva was born as he tells himself in Kenduli which many believe to be in Kalinga, but since there is a town of similar name in Burdwan, the natives of it insist that the finest lyrical poet of India was their countryman." At last the village Kenduli in Burdwan (Division) was accepted in his paper 'The Musical Modes of Hindus' written by Jones himself. Since then, the Gita Govinda has been translated to many languages throughout the world and is considered to be among the finest examples of Sanskrit poetry. Noteworthy among them is Love Song of the Dark Lord, by Barbara Stoler Miller. Other literary contributions Jayadeva wrote Piyusha Lahari, a Sanskrit Goshti Rupaka. It was based on the romantic love between Radha and Krishna similar in line to Gita Govindam. It was translated into Telugu by Vavilala Somayajulu and published in 1993 by Telugu University in 1990. References ^ "Commemorative stamp on Jayadev released". The Hindu. Chennai, India. 28 July 2009. Archived from the original on 16 June 2010. ^ "Orissa CM releases postal stamp on poet Jaydev". 2009. ^ "Postal stamp on Jayadev". 2009. ^ Visit of Guru Nanak ^ "Jayadeva and Gitagovinda in the Traditions of Orissa". 1995. ^ "Influence of Gitagovinda on Orissa's Culture" (PDF). 2006. ^ "Dressing Lord Jagannatha in Silk: Cloth, Clothes, and Status" (PDF). 2004. ^ "Sri Jayadev's Music and Its Impact on the Culture of Orissa" (PDF). 2004. ^ "The lord and his land" (PDF). 2006. ^ "The cult of Jagannath" (PDF). 2003. ^ "Eminent literary luminaries of Orissa" (PDF). 2004. ^ "A Cult to Salvage Mankind" (PDF). 2006. ^ Kamadeva's Pleasure Garden: Orissa. 1987. ISBN 8170183936. ^ Pahari centres Arts of India: Architecture, Sculpture, Painting, Music, Dance and Handicraft, by Krishna Chaitanya. Published by Abhinav Publications, 1987. ISBN 81-7017-209-8. Page 62. ^ Piyusha Lahari published in Nagari Script in the Journal of The Kalinga Historical Research Society, vol 1, part 4 ^ Piyusha Lahari, Telugu translation by Vavilala Somayajulu with original Sanskrit script, edited by Dr. V.V.L. Narasimha Rao, Telugu University publication series No. 104, Hyderabad, 1990. See also Poetry portal Gita Govinda Jayadeva in Sikhism
[{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Works of Jayadeva"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hinduism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hinduism"},{"link_name":"Tribhangi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tribhangi"},{"link_name":"Krishna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krishna"}],"text":"Jayadeva has had a profound influence on the religious practices of Hinduism. The classic Tribhangi (threefold) posture of Krishna playing the flute gained popularity due to him.","title":"Religion"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dasavatara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dasavatara"},{"link_name":"stotra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stotra"},{"link_name":"Buddha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddha"},{"link_name":"Vishnu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vishnu"},{"link_name":"Krishna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krishna"},{"link_name":"government of India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_India"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Naveen Patnaik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naveen_Patnaik"},{"link_name":"Odisha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odisha"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"sub_title":"Dashavatara","text":"Jayadeva was instrumental in popularizing the Dasavatara, the ten incarnations of Vishnu in his composition Dasakritikrite. Additionally, the Gita Govinda begins with a Dasavatara stotra. In Jayadeva's version of Dasavatara, Buddha is an incarnation of Vishnu, while Krishna is not incorporated because Krishna is the source of all incarnations. as the lyrics say: keshava dhrta buddha sarira= krishna who appears in the form of Lord Buddha. Since Keshava is another name of Krishna, that means Krishna is the source of/incarnate as Buddha.In July 2009, the government of India's Department of Posts decided to release 11 stamps in Bhubaneswar to commemorate the birth of Jayadeva. One stamp depicts the poet himself, while the other ten depict the Dasavatara.[1] Chief Minister Naveen Patnaik unveiled the stamps at a special function in Jayadev Bhawan. They are in the denomination of Rs 5. A total of 800,000 stamps were released for sale in Odisha.[2][3]","title":"Religion"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Guru Granth Sahib","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guru_Granth_Sahib"},{"link_name":"Sikh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sikh"},{"link_name":"Guru Nanak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guru_Nanak"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"sub_title":"Hymns in the Guru Granth Sahib","text":"Two hymns composed by Jayadeva have been incorporated in the Guru Granth Sahib, the holy book of the Sikh religion. Although it is not clear how these medieval Orissan hymns found their way to the Sikh religion, there are records narrating how Jayadeva's work had a profound influence on Guru Nanak during his visit to Puri.[4]","title":"Religion"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Music and dance"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Odissi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odissi"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"sub_title":"Odissi","text":"In the opinion of researcher scholars, Jayadeva is among the centralmost figures in Odia culture.[5][6] Jayadeva's ashtapadis are sung in dance performances of Odissi, the classical dance of Odisha\n.[7]","title":"Music and dance"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Odissi music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odissi_music"},{"link_name":"ragas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raga"},{"link_name":"talas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tala_(music)"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Jagannatha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jagannath"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"sub_title":"Classical music of Odisha","text":"The traditional classical music of Odisha, known as Odissi music, lays emphasis based on ragas and talas specified by Jayadeva's hymns.[8] Jayadeva is known to have sung the Gitagovinda every night in the temple of Jagannatha, the central deity of Odisha.[9][10] The tradition of singing Gitagovinda during Jagannatha's last ritual continues till today.","title":"Music and dance"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Jayadeva and his Gita Govinda had gained considerable popularity and had emerged as a painter’s theme by the late 15th century, though no such early paintings are available now. The earliest reported Gita Govinda paintings are from Mewar between 1590 and 1600 A.D.","title":"Fine arts"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gita Govinda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gita_Govinda"},{"link_name":"patachitra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patachitra"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"sub_title":"Patachitra paintings","text":"The Gita Govinda composed by Jayadeva is one of the popular themes in the traditional patachitra paintings of Odisha.[11][12][13]","title":"Fine arts"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pahari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pahari_painting"},{"link_name":"Jammu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jammu"},{"link_name":"Himachal Pradesh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himachal_Pradesh"},{"link_name":"Basohli painting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basohli_painting"},{"link_name":"Jammu and Kashmir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmir_(union_territory)"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"sub_title":"Pahari paintings","text":"Jayadeva had a profound influence on the Pahari school during the 17th-19th centuries, which was prevalent throughout northern India bordering the Himalayas (from Jammu through Himachal Pradesh). In particular, Jayadeva's Radha and Krishna served as popular themes for Basohli painting in Jammu and Kashmir.[14]","title":"Fine arts"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Westindischer_Maler_um_1550_001.jpg"},{"link_name":"Gita Govinda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gita_Govinda"},{"link_name":"Gita Govinda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gita_Govinda"},{"link_name":"Love Song of the Dark Lord","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love_Song_of_the_Dark_Lord"}],"text":"Gita Govinda manuscript c. 1500.The Gita Govinda is the best-known composition of Jayadeva. It is a lyrical poetry that is organized into 12 chapters. Each chapter is further sub-divided into 24 divisions called prabandhas. The prabandhas contain couplets grouped into eights, called Ashtapadis.The first English translation of the Gita Govinda was published by Sir William Jones in 1792. Sir William Jones in the preface of his English rendering of GitaGovinda had commented:\"Jayadeva was born as he tells himself in Kenduli which many believe to be in Kalinga, but since there is a town of similar name in Burdwan, the natives of it insist that the finest lyrical poet of India was their countryman.\"At last the village Kenduli in Burdwan (Division) was accepted in his paper 'The Musical Modes of Hindus' written by Jones himself. Since then, the Gita Govinda has been translated to many languages throughout the world and is considered to be among the finest examples of Sanskrit poetry. Noteworthy among them is Love Song of the Dark Lord, by Barbara Stoler Miller.","title":"The Gita Govinda"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Piyusha Lahari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Piyusha_Lahari&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Vavilala Somayajulu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vavilala_Somayajulu&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Telugu University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telugu_University"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"}],"text":"Jayadeva wrote Piyusha Lahari, a Sanskrit Goshti Rupaka.[15] It was based on the romantic love between Radha and Krishna similar in line to Gita Govindam. It was translated into Telugu by Vavilala Somayajulu and published in 1993 by Telugu University in 1990.[16]","title":"Other literary contributions"}]
[{"image_text":"Gita Govinda manuscript c. 1500.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Westindischer_Maler_um_1550_001.jpg/300px-Westindischer_Maler_um_1550_001.jpg"}]
[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Quill_and_ink.svg"},{"title":"Poetry portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Poetry"},{"title":"Gita Govinda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gita_Govinda"},{"title":"Jayadeva in Sikhism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jayadeva_in_Sikhism"}]
[{"reference":"\"Commemorative stamp on Jayadev released\". The Hindu. Chennai, India. 28 July 2009. Archived from the original on 16 June 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100616202305/http://www.hindu.com/2009/07/28/stories/2009072852830300.htm","url_text":"\"Commemorative stamp on Jayadev released\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hindu","url_text":"The Hindu"},{"url":"http://www.hindu.com/2009/07/28/stories/2009072852830300.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Orissa CM releases postal stamp on poet Jaydev\". 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://orissadiary.com/CurrentNews.asp?id=13639","url_text":"\"Orissa CM releases postal stamp on poet Jaydev\""}]},{"reference":"\"Postal stamp on Jayadev\". 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.tathya.in/2009/story.asp?sno=3133","url_text":"\"Postal stamp on Jayadev\""}]},{"reference":"\"Jayadeva and Gitagovinda in the Traditions of Orissa\". 1995.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.alibris.com/search/books/qwork/3417472/used/Jayadeva%20and%20Gitagovinda%20in%20the%20Traditions%20of%20Orissa","url_text":"\"Jayadeva and Gitagovinda in the Traditions of Orissa\""}]},{"reference":"\"Influence of Gitagovinda on Orissa's Culture\" (PDF). 2006.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.orissa.gov.in/e-magazine/Orissareview/Aug2006/engpdf/56-57.pdf","url_text":"\"Influence of Gitagovinda on Orissa's Culture\""}]},{"reference":"\"Dressing Lord Jagannatha in Silk: Cloth, Clothes, and Status\" (PDF). 2004.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.krepublishers.com/02-Journals/JSS/JSS-08-0-000-000-2004-Web/JSS-08-2-085-178-2004-Abst-PDF/JSS-08-2-113-127-2004-Hacker/JSS-08-2-113-127-2004-Hacker.pdf","url_text":"\"Dressing Lord Jagannatha in Silk: Cloth, Clothes, and Status\""}]},{"reference":"\"Sri Jayadev's Music and Its Impact on the Culture of Orissa\" (PDF). 2004.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.orissa.gov.in/e-magazine/Orissareview/sept-oct2006/engpdf/37-40.pdf","url_text":"\"Sri Jayadev's Music and Its Impact on the Culture of Orissa\""}]},{"reference":"\"The lord and his land\" (PDF). 2006.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.orissa.gov.in/e-magazine/Orissareview/june2006/engpdf/158-163.pdf","url_text":"\"The lord and his land\""}]},{"reference":"\"The cult of Jagannath\" (PDF). 2003.","urls":[{"url":"http://orissagov.nic.in/e-magazine/Orissareview/july2003/englishchpter/The%20Cult%20of%20Jagannath.pdf","url_text":"\"The cult of Jagannath\""}]},{"reference":"\"Eminent literary luminaries of Orissa\" (PDF). 2004.","urls":[{"url":"http://orissagov.nic.in/e-magazine/orissaannualreference/ORA-2004/pdf/eminent_literacy_luminaries_of_orissa.pdf","url_text":"\"Eminent literary luminaries of Orissa\""}]},{"reference":"\"A Cult to Salvage Mankind\" (PDF). 2006.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.orissa.gov.in/e-magazine/Orissareview/june2006/engpdf/or-june-06.pdf","url_text":"\"A Cult to Salvage Mankind\""}]},{"reference":"Kamadeva's Pleasure Garden: Orissa. 1987. ISBN 8170183936.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/8170183936","url_text":"8170183936"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torpedo_dessert
Torpedo dessert
["1 See also","2 References"]
Bread roll filled with pastry cream This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Torpedo dessert" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (June 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Torpedo dessertRurki z krememTypeViennoiseriePlace of originTurkey, Bulgaria, Poland, RomaniaMain ingredientsYeast-leavened dough, butterVariationsRurki z kremem A torpedo dessert (Bulgarian: фунийки с крем, Romanian: Rulouri, Turkish: Torpil tatlısı, Külah tatlısı, Russian: Трубочки с кремом, Polish: Rurki z kremem) is a buttery, flaky viennoiserie bread roll, filled with pastry cream, named for its well-known torpedo shape. Croissants and other viennoiserie are made of a layered yeast-leavened dough. The dough is layered with butter, rolled and folded several times in succession, then rolled into a sheet, in a technique called laminating. The process results in a layered, flaky texture, similar to a puff pastry. See also Cannoli Cream horn List of pastries Food portal References ^ "Külah Pasta (Harika bir tarif) - Kekevi Tatlı Tarifleri" (video). YouTube. 5 April 2013. Retrieved 15 June 2017. vte Pastries list Types Chinese flaky pastry Choux pastry Filo Flaky pastry Hot water crust pastry Pan dulce Puff pastry Shortcrust pastry Choux pastry Beignet Bossche bol Chouquette Croquembouche Éclair Gougère Karpatka Lady's navel Moorkop Nun's puffs Paris–Brest Pommes dauphine Profiterole Religieuse St. Honoré cake Puff pastry Beef Wellington Cheese straw Croline Croissant Galette des rois Jambon Miguelitos Mille-feuille Palmier Pastel de nata Pithivier Sausage roll Steak and kidney pie Strudel Tarte conversation Tarte Tatin Torpedo dessert Turnovers Poppy seed Chatti pathiri Hamantash Kifli Kolach Kūčiukai Međimurska gibanica Nunt Nut roll Poppy seed roll Prekmurska gibanica Rugelach St. Martin's croissant Other Alexandertorte Allerheiligenstriezel Apple strudel Azerbaijani pakhlava Bakewell pudding Banket Baklava Bánh pía Banitsa Bear claw Belokranjska povitica Bethmännchen Bierock Bizcocho Boyoz Briouat Bruttiboni Bulemas Bundevara Chorley cake Coca Coulibiac Coussin de Lyon Cream horn Cremeschnitte Croline Cronut Cruller Cuban pastry Curry beef turnover Curry puff Dabby-Doughs Dutch letter Eccles cake Empanada Ensaïmada Fa gao Fazuelos Fig roll Fish-shaped pastry Flaó Flia Flies' graveyard Franzbrötchen Gâteau Basque Gibanica Gözleme Gundain Gustavus Adolphus pastry Haddekuche Haitian patty Hellimli Heong Peng Huff paste Hwangnam-ppang Jachnun Khachapuri Knafeh Kitchener bun Klobásník Knieküchle Kolach Kroštule Kürtőskalács Lattice Leipziger Lerche London Cheesecake Lukhmi Ma'amoul Makroudh Malsouka Mandelkubb Mantecada Marillenknödel Mekitsa Miguelitos Milhojas Milk-cream strudel Mille-feuille Moorkop Mouna Napoleonka Nokul Öçpoçmaq Pain à la grecque Pan dulce Pastel Pastizz Pastry heart Pasty Pâté chaud Peremech Pirog Pirozhki Plăcintă Pop-Tarts Prekmurska gibanica Profiterole Punsch-roll Punschkrapfen Quesito Remonce Roti tissue Roze koek Runeberg torte Runza Sad cake Samosa Schaumrolle Schnecken Schneeball Schuxen Şöbiyet Sou Spritzkuchen Streusel Strudel Stutenkerl Sweetheart cake Tahini roll Toast'em Pop Ups Toaster pastry Toaster Strudel Tompouce Torpedo dessert Tortell Tortita negra Tu Turnover Uštipci Vatrushka Veka Vetkoek Yurla Zeeuwse bolus Žemlovka By countryChinese Chasan Jiucai hezi Masan Sachima Filipino Biscocho Buko pie Caycay Daral (food) Dinamita Egg pie Empanada Ensaïmada Hopia Lumpia Napoleones Ngohiong Ohaldre Otap Piaya Pilipit Shakoy Turon French Angel wings Beignet Bichon au citron Biscuit rose de Reims Broyé poitevin Canelé Chouquette Choux pastry Conversation tart Croissant Croquembouche Croustade Éclair Financier Gougère Jésuite Ladyfinger Macaron Madeleine Nun's puffs Pain au chocolat Pain aux raisins Palmier Paris–Brest Puits d'amour Religieuse St. Honoré cake Tuile Viennoiserie Vol-au-vent Greek Amygdalopita Bougatsa Fanouropita Filo Galaktoboureko Karydopita Koulourakia Moustalevria Pastafrola Indonesian Bahulu Bakpia Bakpia pathok Curry puff Makmur Milk pie Pie tee Roti john Roti tissue Iranian Gosh-e fil Kolompeh Koloocheh Komaj sehen Qottab Sohan asali Italian Baicoli Biscotti Biscotti regina Bocconotto Bombolone Cannoli Ciarduna Cornetto Crocetta di Caltanissetta Frittole Ladyfinger Pandoro Pasticciotto Pevarini Pignolata Pignolo Pizzelle Sfogliatella Struffoli Torta caprese Zeppola Zippula Romanian Cornulețe Gogoși Papanași Plăcintă Sfințișori Scandinavian Butterkaka Danish pastry Joulutorttu Klenät Kringle Rosettes Semla Swiss Birnbrot Blue cake Bündner Nusstorte Carac Cholera Schenkele Spanisch Brötli Taiwanese Egg yolk pastry Lek-tau-phong Pineapple cake Naiyou subing Suncake Taro pastry Turkish Bülbül yuvası Güllaç Kalburabastı Lady's navel Qurabiya Saray helva Şekerpare Sütlü Nuriye Torpedo dessert Related topics Confectionery Crust Custard Doughnut Konditorei Kuo Yuan Ye Museum of Cake and Pastry List of cakes List of choux pastry dishes List of desserts List of fried dough foods List of pies, tarts and flans List of poppy seed pastries and dishes Pastry bag Pastry blender Pastry brush Pastry chef Pastry fork Pâtisserie World Pastry Cup Food portal Category Commons Cookbook WikiProject This dessert-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help_the_Aged
Help the Aged
["1 Organisation and campaigns","2 Research into Ageing","3 intune group","4 Merger","5 References","6 External links"]
Former UK charity For the successor charity, see Age UK. For the song, see Help the Aged (song). For International non-governmental organization, see HelpAge International. Help the AgedCompany typeCharityFounded1961HeadquartersUKWebsitehelptheaged.org.uk Help the Aged was a United Kingdom based international charity founded in 1961 by Cecil Jackson-Cole and Hugh Faulkner to help disadvantaged older people who were affected by poverty, isolation and neglect. It merged with Age Concern in 2009 to form Age UK. Help the Aged charity shop Organisation and campaigns Help the Aged had national offices in England, Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland. As of 2005 the Charity employed over 1,800 people and had an income of £75 million per year. The Charity was an active campaigner on a number of issues affecting older people including: Elder Abuse Poverty among older people Health and Social Care Neighbourhoods Pensions and Benefits Isolation and loneliness On 26 June 2008, and after years of campaigning by Help the Aged, the British Government announced new legislation aimed at making age discrimination illegal. Equalities Minister Harriet Harman unveiled the first draft of the Equalities Bill in Parliament to outlaw discrimination through the provision of goods and services on the basis of age. Help the Aged also conducted a high-profile campaign on fuel poverty, which affects an estimated 3 million pensioners in the UK. A household is deemed to be in fuel poverty when more than 10% of its income is spent on heating the house to an adequate standard of warmth. Fuel poverty, caused by low income and non energy-efficient housing, is thought to be a main cause of excess winter deaths. Research into Ageing Research into Ageing is a medical research trust that was the research arm of Help the Aged. It operates The Disconnected Mind, a research project that seeks to improve the lives of older people by unlocking the causes of age-related mental decline. intune group In 2007, Help the Aged launched intune group, a new financial services brand. The service exists as a wholly owned subsidiary of the Charity and offers tailored financial services products including home, car and travel insurance. The charity launched the initiative to remove age discrimination as a barrier to older people wishing to access certain financial products. Any profits generated by the company go towards the charity's work. Merger In May 2008, Help the Aged and Age Concern England announced plans for the two charities to merge. Following consultation, this was confirmed in September, when Dianne Jeffrey was confirmed as the new chair of trustees. Tom Wright CBE, then chief executive of VisitBritain, was appointed Chief Executive of the new charity in November 2008. He is also a Trustee of the Imperial War Museum. The merged charity – known initially as Age Concern and Help the Aged, but now branded Age UK – was formed on 1 April 2009. References ^ Kohler, Mervyn (May 9, 1997). "Obituary: Hugh Faulkner". The Independent. Retrieved 14 April 2020. ^ Elder abuse ^ Health & Social Care ^ Neighbourhoods ^ Pensions & Benefits ^ Age Discrimination ^ Fuel Poverty ^ The Disconnected Mind ^ LV= brand's new insurance product for over 50's market; Creative Match; 30 April 2007 ^ Fundraising UK article, retrieved 22 Oct 2008 ^ Community Care article, retrieved 22 Oct 2008 Archived 2012-07-24 at archive.today ^ Third Sector, retrieved 12 March 2009 External links www.helptheaged.org.uk Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF National Israel United States Czech Republic
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For International non-governmental organization, see HelpAge International.Help the Aged was a United Kingdom based international charity founded in 1961 by Cecil Jackson-Cole and Hugh Faulkner[1] to help disadvantaged older people who were affected by poverty, isolation and neglect. It merged with Age Concern in 2009 to form Age UK.Help the Aged charity shop","title":"Help the Aged"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Isolation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loneliness"},{"link_name":"age discrimination","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Age_discrimination"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Harriet Harman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harriet_Harman"},{"link_name":"fuel poverty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuel_poverty"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"Help the Aged had national offices in England, Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland. As of 2005 the Charity employed over 1,800 people and had an income of £75 million per year.The Charity was an active campaigner on a number of issues affecting older people including:Elder Abuse[2]\nPoverty among older people\nHealth and Social Care[3]\nNeighbourhoods[4]\nPensions and Benefits[5]\nIsolation and lonelinessOn 26 June 2008, and after years of campaigning by Help the Aged, the British Government announced new legislation aimed at making age discrimination[6] illegal. Equalities Minister Harriet Harman unveiled the first draft of the Equalities Bill in Parliament to outlaw discrimination through the provision of goods and services on the basis of age.Help the Aged also conducted a high-profile campaign on fuel poverty,[7] which affects an estimated 3 million pensioners in the UK. A household is deemed to be in fuel poverty when more than 10% of its income is spent on heating the house to an adequate standard of warmth. Fuel poverty, caused by low income and non energy-efficient housing, is thought to be a main cause of excess winter deaths.","title":"Organisation and campaigns"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"medical research","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_research"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"Research into Ageing is a medical research trust that was the research arm of Help the Aged. It operates The Disconnected Mind, a research project that seeks to improve the lives of older people by unlocking the causes of age-related mental decline.[8]","title":"Research into Ageing"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"In 2007, Help the Aged launched intune group, a new financial services brand.[9] The service exists as a wholly owned subsidiary of the Charity and offers tailored financial services products including home, car and travel insurance. The charity launched the initiative to remove age discrimination as a barrier to older people wishing to access certain financial products. Any profits generated by the company go towards the charity's work.","title":"intune group"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Age Concern England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Age_Concern"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Dianne Jeffrey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dianne_Jeffrey&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"CBE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CBE"},{"link_name":"VisitBritain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VisitBritain"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Imperial War Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_War_Museum"},{"link_name":"Age UK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Age_UK"}],"text":"In May 2008, Help the Aged and Age Concern England announced plans for the two charities to merge.[10] Following consultation, this was confirmed in September, when Dianne Jeffrey was confirmed as the new chair of trustees.[11]Tom Wright CBE, then chief executive of VisitBritain, was appointed Chief Executive of the new charity in November 2008.[12] He is also a Trustee of the Imperial War Museum.The merged charity – known initially as Age Concern and Help the Aged, but now branded Age UK – was formed on 1 April 2009.","title":"Merger"}]
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null
[{"reference":"Kohler, Mervyn (May 9, 1997). \"Obituary: Hugh Faulkner\". The Independent. Retrieved 14 April 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/obituary-hugh-faulkner-1260460.html","url_text":"\"Obituary: Hugh Faulkner\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Independent","url_text":"The Independent"}]}]
[{"Link":"http://helptheaged.org.uk/","external_links_name":"helptheaged.org.uk"},{"Link":"https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/obituary-hugh-faulkner-1260460.html","external_links_name":"\"Obituary: Hugh Faulkner\""},{"Link":"http://www.helptheaged.org.uk/en-gb/Campaigns/ElderAbuse/","external_links_name":"Elder abuse"},{"Link":"http://www.helptheaged.org.uk/en-gb/Campaigns/HealthAndSocialCare/","external_links_name":"Health & Social Care"},{"Link":"http://www.helptheaged.org.uk/en-gb/Campaigns/Neighbourhoods/","external_links_name":"Neighbourhoods"},{"Link":"http://www.helptheaged.org.uk/en-gb/Campaigns/PensionsBenefits/","external_links_name":"Pensions & Benefits"},{"Link":"http://www.helptheaged.org.uk/en-gb/Campaigns/AgeDiscrimination/","external_links_name":"Age Discrimination"},{"Link":"http://www.helptheaged.org.uk/en-gb/Campaigns/PensionsBenefits/FuelPoverty/","external_links_name":"Fuel Poverty"},{"Link":"http://www.disconnectedmind.org.uk/","external_links_name":"The Disconnected Mind"},{"Link":"http://www.creativematch.co.uk/viewnews/?93983","external_links_name":"LV= brand's new insurance product for over 50's market"},{"Link":"http://www.fundraising.co.uk/news/2008/05/20/age-concern-and-help-aged-merger-consultation","external_links_name":"Fundraising UK article, retrieved 22 Oct 2008"},{"Link":"http://www.communitycare.co.uk/Articles/2008/09/05/109325/help-the-aged-and-age-concern-england-merger-moves-forward.html","external_links_name":"Community Care article, retrieved 22 Oct 2008"},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20120724064037/http://www.communitycare.co.uk/Articles/2008/09/05/109325/help-the-aged-and-age-concern-england-merger-moves-forward.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.thirdsector.co.uk/Channels/Management/Article/860417/Chief-executive-named-age-charities-merger/","external_links_name":"Third Sector, retrieved 12 March 2009"},{"Link":"http://www.helptheaged.org.uk/","external_links_name":"www.helptheaged.org.uk"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000121109011","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/141817637","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007604683005171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n83214199","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=xx0131301&CON_LNG=ENG","external_links_name":"Czech Republic"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sri_Damansara_Sentral_MRT_station
Sri Damansara Sentral MRT station
["1 Location","2 Station features","3 References","4 External links"]
Metro station in Selangor, Malaysia This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Sri Damansara Sentral MRT station" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (June 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this message)  PY07  Sri Damansara Sentral | MRT stationGeneral informationOther namesChinese: 斯里白沙罗中环站LocationPersiaran Dagang, Bandar Sri Damansara, Selangor, Malaysia.Owned byMRT CorpOperated byRapid RailLine(s)12 PutrajayaPlatforms2 side platformsTracks2ConstructionParkingAvailable, paid parkingOther informationStatusOperationalStation code PY07 HistoryOpened16 June 2022Services Preceding station Following station Sri Damansara Barattowards Kwasa Damansara Putrajaya Line Sri Damansara Timurtowards Putrajaya Sentral The Sri Damansara Sentral MRT station , (working name: Sri Damansara East station) is a mass rapid transit (MRT) station in the suburb of Bandar Sri Damansara in Petaling Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia. It is one of the stations on the MRT Putrajaya line. The station begin operations on 16 June 2022 as part of Phase One operations of the line. Location Platform of the station The station is next to the meeting point of the Kepong-Kuala Selangor highway FT 54, the Kuala Lumpur Middle Ring Road 2 FT 28 and the Damansara-Puchong toll road Damansara–Puchong Expressway. The station is also located close to Bandar Menjalara and Desa Park City across the Selangor-Federal Territory border. Station features Elevated station with side platforms Park & Ride References ^ Wahab, Farid (16 June 2022). "First Putrajaya MRT stretch opens today". The Star. Retrieved 16 June 2022. ^ "STATION : SRI DAMANSARA SENTRAL". MRT Corp. Retrieved 3 June 2022. External links Sri Damansara East MRT Station | mrt.com.my Klang Valley Mass Rapid Transit website MRT Hawk-Eye View vteGreater KL/Klang Valley Area rail transit stations 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 B1 1 Batu Caves-Pulau Sebang Line Batu Caves Taman Wahyu Kampung Batu Batu Kentonmen Sentul Putra Bank Negara Kuala Lumpur KL Sentral Mid Valley Seputeh Bandar Malaysia South (planned) Salak Selatan Bandar Tasik Selatan Maju KL (planned) Serdang Kajang Kajang 2 UKM Bangi Batang Benar Nilai Labu Tiroi Seremban Senawang Sungai Gadut Rembau Pulau Sebang/Tampin 2 Tanjung Malim-Port Klang Line Tanjung Malim Kuala Kubu Bharu Rasa Batang Kali Serendah Rawang Kuang Sungai Buloh Kepong Sentral Kepong Segambut 2 (future) Segambut Putra Bank Negara Kuala Lumpur KL Sentral Abdullah Hukum Angkasapuri Pantai Dalam Petaling Jalan Templer Kampung Dato Harun Seri Setia Setia Jaya Subang Jaya Batu Tiga Shah Alam Padang Jawa Bukit Badak Klang Teluk Pulai Teluk Gadong Kampung Raja Uda Jalan Kastam Port Klang 3 Ampang Line Sentul Timur Sentul Titiwangsa PWTC Sultan Ismail Bandaraya Masjid Jamek Plaza Rakyat BBCC–Hang Tuah Pudu Chan Sow Lin Miharja Maluri Pandan Jaya Pandan Indah Cempaka Cahaya Ampang 4 Sri Petaling Line Sentul Timur Sentul Titiwangsa PWTC Sultan Ismail Bandaraya Masjid Jamek Plaza Rakyat BBCC–Hang Tuah Pudu Chan Sow Lin Cheras Salak Selatan Bandar Tun Razak Bandar Tasik Selatan Sungai Besi Bukit Jalil Sri Petaling Awan Besar Muhibbah Alam Sutera Kinrara BK5 Kinrara BK3 (planned) IOI Puchong Jaya Pusat Bandar Puchong Taman Perindustrian Puchong Bandar Puteri Puchong Perdana Puchong Prima Kampung Sri Aman (planned) Putra Heights 5 Kelana Jaya Line Gombak Taman Melati Wangsa Maju Sri Rampai Setiawangsa Jelatek Dato' Keramat Damai Ampang Park KLCC Kampung Baru Dang Wangi Masjid Jamek Pasar Seni KL Sentral–redONE Bank Rakyat–Bangsar Abdullah Hukum Kerinchi Universiti Taman Jaya Asia Jaya Taman Paramount Taman Bahagia Kelana Jaya Lembah Subang Ara Damansara CGC–Glenmarie Subang Jaya SS15 SS18 USJ 7 Taipan Wawasan USJ 21 Alam Megah Subang Alam Putra Heights 6 KLIA Ekspres KL Sentral KLIA T1 KLIA T2 7 KLIA Transit KL Sentral Bandar Malaysia South Bandar Tasik Selatan Putrajaya & Cyberjaya Salak Tinggi KLIA T1 KLIA T2 8 KL Monorail KL Sentral (Monorail) Tun Sambanthan Maharajalela BBCC-Hang Tuah Imbi Bukit Bintang Raja Chulan Bukit Nanas Medan Tuanku Chow Kit Titiwangsa 9 Kajang Line Kwasa Damansara Kwasa Sentral Kota Damansara Surian Mutiara Damansara Bandar Utama Taman Tun Dr Ismail–Deloitte (TTDI) Phileo Damansara Bukit Kiara Selatan (planned) Pavilion Damansara Heights–Pusat Bandar Damansara Semantan Muzium Negara Pasar Seni Merdeka Pavilion Kuala Lumpur–Bukit Bintang Tun Razak Exchange–Samsung Galaxy (TRX) Cochrane AEON–Maluri Taman Pertama Taman Midah Taman Mutiara Taman Connaught Taman Suntex Sri Raya Bandar Tun Hussein Onn Batu 11 Cheras Bukit Dukung Sungai Jernih Stadium Kajang Kajang 10 KL Sentral-Terminal Skypark Line KL Sentral Subang Jaya Glenmarie (planned) Sri Subang (planned) Terminal Skypark 11 Shah Alam LinePhase 1Opening 2025 Dato' Menteri Raja Muda UiTM Shah Alam Seksyen 7 Shah Alam Bukit Raja Selatan Bandar Baru Klang Pasar Klang Jalan Meru Pasar Jawa Taman Selatan Seri Andalas Klang Jaya Bandar Bukit Tinggi Bandar Botanik Johan Setia Phase 2 Bandar Utama Kayu Ara BU11 Tropicana Damansara Idaman SS7 Glenmarie Temasya Kerjaya Stadium Shah Alam Persiaran Hishamuddin (cancelled) 12 Putrajaya Line Kwasa Damansara Rubber Research Institute (planned) Kampung Selamat Sungai Buloh Damansara Damai Sri Damansara Barat Sri Damansara Sentral Sri Damansara Timur Metro Prima Kepong Baru Jinjang Sri Delima Kampung Batu Kentonmen Jalan Ipoh Sentul Barat Titiwangsa Hospital Kuala Lumpur Raja Uda–UTM Ampang Park Persiaran KLCC Conlay–Kompleks Kraf Tun Razak Exchange–Samsung Galaxy (TRX) Chan Sow Lin Bandar Malaysia Utara (planned) Bandar Malaysia Selatan (planned) Kuchai Taman Naga Emas Sungai Besi Technology Park (planned) Serdang Raya Utara Serdang Raya Selatan Serdang Jaya UPM Taman Universiti (planned) Taman Equine Putra Permai 16 Sierra Cyberjaya Utara–Finexus Cyberjaya City Centre–Limkokwing Putrajaya Sentral B1 BRT Sunway Line Sunway-Setia Jaya Mentari Sunway Lagoon SunMed SunU-Monash South Quay-USJ 1 USJ 7 Stations and services in italics are planned or under construction This Malaysian rapid transit article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"mass rapid transit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rapid_transit"},{"link_name":"Bandar Sri Damansara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bandar_Sri_Damansara"},{"link_name":"Petaling Jaya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petaling_Jaya"},{"link_name":"Selangor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selangor"},{"link_name":"Malaysia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysia"},{"link_name":"Putrajaya line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Putrajaya_line"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"The Sri Damansara Sentral MRT station , (working name: Sri Damansara East station) is a mass rapid transit (MRT) station in the suburb of Bandar Sri Damansara in Petaling Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia.It is one of the stations on the MRT Putrajaya line. The station begin operations on 16 June 2022 as part of Phase One operations of the line.[1]","title":"Sri Damansara Sentral MRT station"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sri_Damansara_Sentral_MRT_Station_platform_at_evening_(220617).jpg"},{"link_name":"Kepong-Kuala Selangor highway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysia_Federal_Route_54"},{"link_name":"FT 54","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysia_Federal_Route_54"},{"link_name":"Kuala Lumpur Middle Ring Road 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuala_Lumpur_Middle_Ring_Road_2"},{"link_name":"FT 28","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysia_Federal_Route_28"},{"link_name":"Damansara-Puchong toll road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damansara-Puchong_Expressway"},{"link_name":"Damansara–Puchong Expressway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damansara%E2%80%93Puchong_Expressway"},{"link_name":"Bandar Menjalara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bandar_Menjalara"},{"link_name":"Selangor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selangor"},{"link_name":"Federal Territory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuala_Lumpur"}],"text":"Platform of the stationThe station is next to the meeting point of the Kepong-Kuala Selangor highway FT 54, the Kuala Lumpur Middle Ring Road 2 FT 28 and the Damansara-Puchong toll road Damansara–Puchong Expressway.The station is also located close to Bandar Menjalara and Desa Park City across the Selangor-Federal Territory border.","title":"Location"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Elevated station with side platforms[2]\nPark & Ride","title":"Station features"}]
[{"image_text":"Platform of the station","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Sri_Damansara_Sentral_MRT_Station_platform_at_evening_%28220617%29.jpg/220px-Sri_Damansara_Sentral_MRT_Station_platform_at_evening_%28220617%29.jpg"}]
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[{"reference":"Wahab, Farid (16 June 2022). \"First Putrajaya MRT stretch opens today\". The Star. Retrieved 16 June 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thestar.com.my/metro/metro-news/2022/06/16/first-putrajaya-mrt-stretch-opens-today","url_text":"\"First Putrajaya MRT stretch opens today\""}]},{"reference":"\"STATION : SRI DAMANSARA SENTRAL\". MRT Corp. Retrieved 3 June 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.mymrt.com.my/projects/putrajaya-line/stations/sri-damansara-sentral/","url_text":"\"STATION : SRI DAMANSARA SENTRAL\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ephydroidea
Ephydroidea
["1 Description","2 Ecology","3 Phylogeny","4 References"]
Superfamily of flies Ephydroidea Notiphila watanabei Scientific classification Domain: Eukaryota Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Arthropoda Class: Insecta Order: Diptera Section: Schizophora Subsection: Acalyptratae Superfamily: Ephydroidea Families Camillidae Curtonotidae - quasimodo flies Diastatidae - bog flies Drosophilidae - vinegar and fruit flies Ephydridae - shore flies Mormotomyiidae The Ephydroidea are a superfamily of muscomorph flies, with over 6,000 species. Description A characteristic of adult Ephydroidea (shared with their relatives such as Calyptratae) is that the pedicel of the antenna has a dorsoventral seam or incision. Ecology Ephydroidea live in many habitats and have diverse diets. For example, most Ephydridae have larvae that are aquatic/semi-aquatic and feed as browsers or filter-feeders, but there are also species with terrestrial larvae that are egg predators, egg parasitoids, leaf miners or saprophages. Most Drosophilidae breed in rotting material where they feed on yeast and bacteria, but there are also species that attack whole fruits. Phylogeny A 2021 analysis found Ephydroidea to be the sister taxon to Calyptratae. References ^ a b c Bayless, Keith M.; Trautwein, Michelle D.; Meusemann, Karen; Shin, Seunggwan; Petersen, Malte; Donath, Alexander; Podsiadlowski, Lars; Mayer, Christoph; Niehuis, Oliver; Peters, Ralph S.; Meier, Rudolf (2021-02-08). "Beyond Drosophila: resolving the rapid radiation of schizophoran flies with phylotranscriptomics". BMC Biology. 19 (1): 23. doi:10.1186/s12915-020-00944-8. ISSN 1741-7007. PMC 7871583. PMID 33557827. ^ El-Hawagry, Magdi S.; Zatwarnicki, Tadeusz; Ebrahim, Ayman M. (2018-07-10). "Catalogue of the Egyptian Ephydroidea (Diptera: Schizophora: Acalyptratae)". Zootaxa. 4444 (3): 201–246–201–246. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.4444.3.1. ISSN 1175-5334. PMID 30313921. S2CID 52973568. vteExtant Diptera families Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Arthropoda Class: Insecta Subclass: Pterygota Infraclass: Neoptera Superorder: Holometabola Suborder NematoceraAxymyiomorpha Axymyiidae CulicomorphaCulicoidea Dixidae (meniscus midges) Corethrellidae (frog-biting midges) Chaoboridae (phantom midges) Culicidae (mosquitoes) Chironomoidea Thaumaleidae (solitary midges) Simuliidae (black flies) Ceratopogonidae (biting midges) Chironomidae (non-biting midges) Blephariceromorpha Blephariceridae (net-winged midges) Deuterophlebiidae (mountain midges) Nymphomyiidae BibionomorphaBibionoidea Bibionidae (march flies, lovebugs) Anisopodoidea Anisopodidae (wood gnats) Sciaroidea(fungus gnats) Bolitophilidae Cecidomyiidae (gall midges) Diadocidiidae Ditomyiidae Keroplatidae (predatory fungus gnats) Lygistorrhinidae (long-beaked fungus gnats) Mycetophilidae Rangomaramidae (long-winged fungus gnats) Sciaridae (dark-winged fungus gnats) Perissommatomorpha Perissommatidae PsychodomorphaScatopsoidea Canthyloscelidae Scatopsidae (minute black scavenger flies, or dung midges) Valeseguyidae Psychodoidea Psychodidae (moth flies) Ptychopteromorpha Ptychopteridae (phantom crane flies) Tanyderidae (primitive crane flies) TipulomorphaTrichoceroidea Trichoceridae (winter crane flies) Tipuloidea(crane flies) Cylindrotomidae (long-bodied crane flies) Limoniidae (limoniid crane flies) Pediciidae (hairy-eyed craneflies) Tipulidae (large crane flies) Suborder BrachyceraAsilomorphaAsiloidea Apioceridae (flower-loving flies) Apsilocephalidae Apystomyiidae Asilidae (robber flies) Bombyliidae (bee flies) Evocoidae Hilarimorphidae (hilarimorphid flies) Mydidae (mydas flies) Mythicomyiidae Scenopinidae (window flies) Therevidae (stiletto flies) Empidoidea Atelestidae Dolichopodidae (long-legged flies) Empididae (dagger flies, balloon flies) Homalocnemiidae Hybotidae (dance flies) Oreogetonidae Ragadidae Nemestrinoidea Acroceridae (small-headed flies) Nemestrinidae (tangle-veined flies) MuscomorphaAschizaPlatypezoidea Ironomyiidae (ironic flies) Lonchopteridae (spear-winged flies) Opetiidae (flat-footed flies) Phoridae (scuttle flies, coffin flies, humpbacked flies) Platypezidae (flat-footed flies) Syrphoidea Pipunculidae (big-headed flies) Syrphidae (hoverflies) SchizophoraAcalyptrataeConopoidea Conopidae (thick-headed flies) Tephritoidea Pallopteridae (flutter flies) Piophilidae (cheese flies) Platystomatidae (signal flies) Pyrgotidae Richardiidae Tephritidae (peacock flies) Ulidiidae (picture-winged flies) Nerioidea Cypselosomatidae Micropezidae (stilt-legged flies) Neriidae (cactus flies, banana stalk flies) Diopsoidea Diopsidae (stalk-eyed flies) Gobryidae Megamerinidae Nothybidae Psilidae (rust flies) Somatiidae Strongylophthalmyiidae Syringogastridae Tanypezidae Sciomyzoidea Coelopidae (kelp flies) Dryomyzidae Helcomyzidae Helosciomyzidae Heterocheilidae Huttoninidae Natalimyzidae Phaeomyiidae Ropalomeridae Sciomyzidae (marsh flies) Sepsidae (black scavenger flies) Sphaeroceroidea Chyromyidae Heleomyzidae Nannodastiidae Sphaeroceridae (small dung flies) Lauxanioidea Celyphidae (beetle-backed flies) Chamaemyiidae (aphid flies) Cremifaniidae Lauxaniidae Opomyzoidea Agromyzidae (leaf miner flies) Anthomyzidae Asteiidae Aulacigastridae (sap flies) Clusiidae (lekking, or druid flies) Fergusoninidae Marginidae Neminidae Neurochaetidae (upside-down flies) Odiniidae Opomyzidae Periscelididae Teratomyzidae Xenasteiidae Ephydroidea Camillidae Curtonotidae (quasimodo flies) Diastatidae (bog flies) Drosophilidae (vinegar and fruit flies) Ephydridae (shore flies) Mormotomyiidae (frightful hairy fly) Carnoidea Acartophthalmidae Australimyzidae Braulidae (bee lice) Canacidae (beach flies) Carnidae Chloropidae (frit flies) Inbiomyiidae Milichiidae (freeloader flies) Lonchaeoidea Cryptochetidae Lonchaeidae (lance flies) CalyptrataeMuscoidea Anthomyiidae (cabbage flies) Fanniidae (little house flies) Muscidae (house flies, stable flies) Scathophagidae (dung flies) Oestroidea Calliphoridae (blow-flies: bluebottles, greenbottles) Mesembrinellidae Mystacinobiidae (New Zealand batfly) Oestridae (botflies) Rhiniidae Rhinophoridae Sarcophagidae (flesh flies) Tachinidae (tachina flies) Ulurumyiidae Hippoboscoidea Glossinidae (tsetse flies) Hippoboscidae (louse flies) Nycteribiidae (bat flies) Streblidae (bat flies) StratiomyomorphaStratiomyoidea Pantophthalmidae (timber flies) Stratiomyidae (soldier flies) Xylomyidae (wood soldier flies) TabanomorphaRhagionoidea Austroleptidae Bolbomyiidae Rhagionidae (snipe flies) Tabanoidea Athericidae (water snipe flies) Oreoleptidae Pelecorhynchidae Tabanidae (horse and deer flies) VermileonomorphaVermileonoidea Vermileonidae XylophagomorphaXylophagoidea Xylophagidae (awl flies) List of families of Diptera Taxon identifiersEphydroidea Wikidata: Q2213696 Wikispecies: Ephydroidea AFD: Ephydroidea BioLib: 549315 BugGuide: 519188 EoL: 46544098 NBN: NBNSYS0100024655 NCBI: 43746 Paleobiology Database: 221982 WoRMS: 712116 This article related to members of the muscomorph flies superfamily Ephydroidea is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[]
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[{"reference":"Bayless, Keith M.; Trautwein, Michelle D.; Meusemann, Karen; Shin, Seunggwan; Petersen, Malte; Donath, Alexander; Podsiadlowski, Lars; Mayer, Christoph; Niehuis, Oliver; Peters, Ralph S.; Meier, Rudolf (2021-02-08). \"Beyond Drosophila: resolving the rapid radiation of schizophoran flies with phylotranscriptomics\". BMC Biology. 19 (1): 23. doi:10.1186/s12915-020-00944-8. ISSN 1741-7007. PMC 7871583. PMID 33557827.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7871583","url_text":"\"Beyond Drosophila: resolving the rapid radiation of schizophoran flies with phylotranscriptomics\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1186%2Fs12915-020-00944-8","url_text":"10.1186/s12915-020-00944-8"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1741-7007","url_text":"1741-7007"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7871583","url_text":"7871583"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33557827","url_text":"33557827"}]},{"reference":"El-Hawagry, Magdi S.; Zatwarnicki, Tadeusz; Ebrahim, Ayman M. (2018-07-10). \"Catalogue of the Egyptian Ephydroidea (Diptera: Schizophora: Acalyptratae)\". Zootaxa. 4444 (3): 201–246–201–246. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.4444.3.1. ISSN 1175-5334. PMID 30313921. S2CID 52973568.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.mapress.com/zt/article/view/zootaxa.4444.3.1","url_text":"\"Catalogue of the Egyptian Ephydroidea (Diptera: Schizophora: Acalyptratae)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.11646%2Fzootaxa.4444.3.1","url_text":"10.11646/zootaxa.4444.3.1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1175-5334","url_text":"1175-5334"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30313921","url_text":"30313921"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:52973568","url_text":"52973568"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prasonisi
Prasonisi
["1 Overview","2 Watersports","3 Prasonisi Environmental Deterioration","4 References","5 External links"]
Coordinates: 35°52′57″N 27°45′40″E / 35.88250°N 27.76111°E / 35.88250; 27.76111For other uses, see Prasonisi (disambiguation). This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Prasonisi" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (September 2019) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Prasonisi Lighthouse Prasonisi (also Prassoníssi) cape is a part of the island of Rhodes. It is located 92 km from Rhodes town; 40 km from Lindos, at the southern part of Rhodes. Overview Prasonisi is the Greek word for "green island". During summer time, and when water levels are low enough, this island is a peninsula attached to Rhodes. During the winter time, and when water levels are high enough, Prasonisi becomes an island. The southernmost tip of Prasonisi contains the Prasonisi Lighthouse. The closest Greek village is Katavia; however, there is a purpose-built settlement on Prasonisi that contains motels, convenience stores, restaurants, and windsurf rentals which are open seasonally. Near Prasonisi is Vroulia, an ancient settlement that contains an old mosaic tiled floor. Watersports Prasonisi Prasonisi is noted to be a good place for windsurfing and kitesurfing due to predictable and reliable winds with certain qualities (not gusty, constant direction and during particular times of the day). From one side of the cape there is the Aegean Sea with good waves and views for advanced surfers. From the other side, there is the Mediterranean Sea with flat water which is better suited for beginners. The area has its high season for tourists in July and August and the flat side of the water becomes very busy. Prasonisi Environmental Deterioration Due to the big number of tourists that gather there, Prasonisi has lost its pristine beauty and there is great evidence of environmental damage. Visitors (mostly tourists) used to drive all around the beach with scooters and cars. As such, the sand has a solid feeling now and it is almost like concrete at certain parts of the beach although this is changing since the creation of a line that cannot be crossed by vehicles. The protected turtle known as Caretta caretta used to hide its eggs at the specific region but this rarely happens anymore due to the lack of environmental management of the territory. For this reason rigorous protective measures have to be undertaken to protect virgin nature landscapes and ancient archaeological sites in the area. The local authorities have been unable to organise any services or take the appropriate steps to ensure the preservation of the area. Large motor homes are allowed onto certain areas of the sandbar without any charged fees which could have been a source of revenue to provide services such as sanitary, water etc. to the motor home users and other Prasonisi visitors. References ^ Ancarola, Gabi (22 January 2018). "Prasonisi: Greek Island in Winter, Peninsula in Summer". Greek Reporter. Retrieved 17 July 2018. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Prassonissi (Rhodes). Rhodes map 35°52′57″N 27°45′40″E / 35.88250°N 27.76111°E / 35.88250; 27.76111 vteDodecanese IslandsThe 12 major islands Astypalaia Kalymnos Karpathos Kasos Kastellorizo (Megisti) Kos Leros Nisyros Patmos Rhodes Symi Tilos Minor islands Adelfoi Syrnas Islets Agathonisi Agioi Theodoroi Halkis Agreloussa Alimia Antitilos Anydros Patmou Archangelos Arefoussa Arkoi Armathia Astakida Chalavra Chalki Chamili Chiliomodi Patmou Chondros Chteni Faradonesia Farmakonisi Fokionisia Fragos Gaidaros Glaros Kinarou Gyali Imia Kalolimnos Kalovolos Kamilonisi Kandeloussa Karavolas Rodou Kinaros Koubelonisi Kouloundros Kouloura Leipson Kounoupoi Koutsomytis Leipsoi Levitha Makronisi Kasou Makronisi Leipson Makry Aspronisi Leipson Makry Halkis Marathos Marmaras Mavra Levithas Megalo Aspronisi Leipson Megalo Glaronisi Megalo Sofrano Mesonisi Seirinas Mikro Glaronisi Mikro Sofrano Nimos Pacheia Nisyrou Pergoussa Piganoussa Pitta Plati Pserimou Plati Symis Pontikousa Prasonisi Prasouda Pserimos Ro Safonidi Seskli Saria Seirina Sesklio Strongyli Kritinias Strongyli Megistis Syrna Telendos Tragonisi Zaforas Related articles Sanjak of Rhodes Eyalet of the Archipelago Vilayet of the Archipelago Italian Islands of the Aegean Governors Greek islands: Aegean Islands, Saronic Islands, Crete, Cyclades, Dodecanese, Euboea, North Aegean Islands, Sporades, Ionian Islands, Echinades
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Prasonisi (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prasonisi_(disambiguation)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Faro_di_Prassonissi.JPG"},{"link_name":"Prasonisi Lighthouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Prasonisi_Lighthouse&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Rhodes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhodes"},{"link_name":"Rhodes town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhodes,_Greece"},{"link_name":"Lindos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lindos"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"For other uses, see Prasonisi (disambiguation).Prasonisi LighthousePrasonisi (also Prassoníssi) cape is a part of the island of Rhodes. It is located 92 km from Rhodes town; 40 km from Lindos, at the southern part of Rhodes.[1]","title":"Prasonisi"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Prasonisi Lighthouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Prasonisi_Lighthouse&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Katavia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Katavia&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Vroulia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vroulia&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"Prasonisi is the Greek word for \"green island\". During summer time, and when water levels are low enough, this island is a peninsula attached to Rhodes. During the winter time, and when water levels are high enough, Prasonisi becomes an island. The southernmost tip of Prasonisi contains the Prasonisi Lighthouse. The closest Greek village is Katavia; however, there is a purpose-built settlement on Prasonisi that contains motels, convenience stores, restaurants, and windsurf rentals which are open seasonally. Near Prasonisi is Vroulia, an ancient settlement that contains an old mosaic tiled floor.","title":"Overview"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Prassonissi.JPG"},{"link_name":"windsurfing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windsurfing"},{"link_name":"kitesurfing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kitesurfing"},{"link_name":"Aegean Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aegean_Sea"},{"link_name":"Mediterranean Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea"}],"text":"PrasonisiPrasonisi is noted to be a good place for windsurfing and kitesurfing due to predictable and reliable winds with certain qualities (not gusty, constant direction and during particular times of the day). From one side of the cape there is the Aegean Sea with good waves and views for advanced surfers. From the other side, there is the Mediterranean Sea with flat water which is better suited for beginners. The area has its high season for tourists in July and August and the flat side of the water becomes very busy.","title":"Watersports"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Caretta caretta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loggerhead_sea_turtle"}],"text":"Due to the big number of tourists that gather there, Prasonisi has lost its pristine beauty and there is great evidence of environmental damage. Visitors (mostly tourists) used to drive all around the beach with scooters and cars. As such, the sand has a solid feeling now and it is almost like concrete at certain parts of the beach although this is changing since the creation of a line that cannot be crossed by vehicles. The protected turtle known as Caretta caretta used to hide its eggs at the specific region but this rarely happens anymore due to the lack of environmental management of the territory. For this reason rigorous protective measures have to be undertaken to protect virgin nature landscapes and ancient archaeological sites in the area.The local authorities have been unable to organise any services or take the appropriate steps to ensure the preservation of the area. Large motor homes are allowed onto certain areas of the sandbar without any charged fees which could have been a source of revenue to provide services such as sanitary, water etc. to the motor home users and other Prasonisi visitors.","title":"Prasonisi Environmental Deterioration"}]
[{"image_text":"Prasonisi Lighthouse","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Faro_di_Prassonissi.JPG/200px-Faro_di_Prassonissi.JPG"},{"image_text":"Prasonisi","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Prassonissi.JPG/200px-Prassonissi.JPG"}]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dacca_Review
Dacca Review
["1 History","2 References"]
The Dacca Review was a monthly periodical, featuring scholarly articles from a variety of disciplines, edited by Bidhubhusan Goswami and Satyendranath Bhadra and published by Hari Ram Dhar in Dacca. It was published from April 1911 to at least May–June 1922. History The Dacca Review was founded in June 1911, by Hari Ram Dhar in Dacca. Through the journal, it aimed "to bring together such useful information, and propagate such sound opinions, relating to British Indian and Dhaka affairs". References ^ "The Dacca Review. November 1916: Vol. 6, issue 8 (1916)". Taylor & Francis. 2013. Retrieved 3 October 2020. ^ "Dacca Review Vol.12 (1922)". 1921. Retrieved 3 October 2020.
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equisetum_palustre
Equisetum palustre
["1 Description","2 Taxonomy","3 Ecology","4 Toxicity","5 Gallery","6 References","7 External links"]
Species of vascular plant in the horsetail family Equisetaceae Marsh horsetail Equisetum palustre Conservation status Secure  (NatureServe) Scientific classification Kingdom: Plantae Clade: Tracheophytes Division: Polypodiophyta Class: Polypodiopsida Subclass: Equisetidae Order: Equisetales Family: Equisetaceae Genus: Equisetum Subgenus: E. subg. Equisetum Species: E. palustre Binomial name Equisetum palustreL. Synonyms Equisetum majus Garsault Equisetum braunii J.Milde Equisetum palustre, the marsh horsetail, is a perennial herbaceous pteridophyte belonging to the division of horsetails (Equisetopsida). It is widespread in cooler regions of North America and Eurasia. Description Equisetum palustre has stems growing between 20-40 centimeters. The upright stems are usually scarcely branched with loose green leaf sheaths that have 5-10 narrow, dark teeth. The teeth are light at the edges. The lowest internode of the upright branches are much shorter than the leaf sheath of the stem. The rough, furrowed stem is one to three mm in diameter with usually eight to ten ribs, in rare cases, four to 12. It contains whorled branches. The spores are spread by the wind (anemochory) and have four long ribbon-like structures attached to them. The spores sit on strobili which are rounded on the top. Marsh horsetails often form runners, with which they also can proliferate vegetatively. Taxonomy Linnaeus was the first to describe marsh horsetail with the binomial Equisetum palustre in his Species Plantarum of 1753. Ecology Equisetum palustre is green from spring to autumn and grows spores from June to September. It grows primarily in nutrient-rich wet meadows. It is found in Europe and the circumpolar region up to mountainous heights. Its distribution is declining. In Finland, it has benefited from human action and grows often in road and track sides, ditches and especially peat based fields and pastures. A specific plant association in which E. palustre is found is the Juncus subnodulosus-Cirsium palustre fen-meadow. Toxicity Equisetum palustre is poisonous to mammals, most often reported as potentially fatal to horses, as it contains alkaloids palustrine and palustridiene, which destroy vitamin B1. According to Wink, Equisetum Palustre also contains thiaminase enzymes. It's also known to contain lesser amounts of nicotine. Many thiaminases, however, are denatured by heat, and some sources refer Equisetum palustre safe to eat in moderate amounts when properly cooked. In Finland, it used to lower the production of dairy when cows would eat them in place of other preferable fodder. Gallery Marsh horsetail in Kythira References ^ The Plant List, Equisetum telmateia Ehrh. ^ BSBI List 2007 (xls). Botanical Society of Britain and Ireland. Archived from the original (xls) on 2015-06-26. Retrieved 2014-10-17. ^ Flora of North America, Marsh horsetail, prêle des marais, Equisetum palustre Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 2: 1061. 1753. ^ Flora of China, 犬问荆 quan wen jing Equisetum palustre Linnaeus ^ a b c d Piirainen, Mikko; Piirainen, Pirkko; Vainio, Hannele (1999). Kotimaan luonnonkasvit (in Finnish). Porvoo, Finland: WSOY. p. 22. ISBN 951-0-23001-4. ^ Linnaeus, C. (1753). Species Plantarum. Vol. II (1st ed.). Stockholm: Laurentii Salvii. p. 1061. ^ "Marsh Thistle (Cirsium palustre) - photo/images/information - GlobalTwitcher.com". web.archive.org. 2012-12-13. Retrieved 2024-04-16. ^ https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6651/12/11/710/htm Variation of the Main Alkaloid Content in Equisetum palustre L. in the Light of Its Ontogeny ^ https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/235685921.pdf Heidelberg University, Institute of Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology (2009). Mode of action and toxicology of plant toxins and poisonous plants ^ https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Equisetum+palustre Plants for Future ^ https://poisonousplants.ansci.cornell.edu/toxicagents/thiaminase.html Cornell University, Department of Animal Science - Plants Poisonous to Livestock Flora of North America: Equisetum palustre External links Walkowiak R. J., Equisetum palustre L., IEA Collection of Equisetum, 2019 Media related to Equisetum palustre at Wikimedia CommonsTaxon identifiersEquisetum palustre Wikidata: Q21122 Wikispecies: Equisetum palustre BioLib: 3072 Calflora: 3025 CoL: 6FYJ9 CNPS: 1649 EoL: 596764 EPPO: EQUPA EUNIS: 150174 Euro+Med PlantBase: bc1c056f-665c-4b56-a67b-bc05b33db47c FNA: 233500621 FoC: 233500621 GBIF: 2687932 GRIN: 409915 iNaturalist: 76846 IPNI: 30039890-2 IRMNG: 10858006 ISC: 114135 ITIS: 17153 IUCN: 167859 MichiganFlora: 1201 NatureServe: 2.142666 NBN: NBNSYS0000002018 NCBI: 113538 Observation.org: 6744 OBIS: 1523519 Open Tree of Life: 452795 PFI: 28 Plant List: tro-26602010 PLANTS: EQPA POWO: urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:30039890-2 RHS: 131504 Tropicos: 26602010 VASCAN: 5471 WisFlora: 3534 WFO: wfo-0001108921
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BSBI07-2"},{"link_name":"perennial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perennial_plant"},{"link_name":"herbaceous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbaceous_plant"},{"link_name":"pteridophyte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pteridophyte"},{"link_name":"Equisetopsida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equisetopsida"},{"link_name":"North America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_America"},{"link_name":"Eurasia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurasia"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Equisetum palustre, the marsh horsetail,[2] is a perennial herbaceous pteridophyte belonging to the division of horsetails (Equisetopsida). It is widespread in cooler regions of North America and Eurasia.[3][4]","title":"Equisetum palustre"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"internode","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internode_(botany)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Piirainen-5"},{"link_name":"whorled","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whorl_(botany)"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"spores","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spore"},{"link_name":"anemochory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anemochory"},{"link_name":"strobili","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strobili"},{"link_name":"vegetatively","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vegetative_reproduction"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Piirainen-5"}],"text":"Equisetum palustre has stems growing between 20-40 centimeters. The upright stems are usually scarcely branched with loose green leaf sheaths that have 5-10 narrow, dark teeth. The teeth are light at the edges. The lowest internode of the upright branches are much shorter than the leaf sheath of the stem.[5]The rough, furrowed stem is one to three mm in diameter with usually eight to ten ribs, in rare cases, four to 12. It contains whorled branches.[citation needed]The spores are spread by the wind (anemochory) and have four long ribbon-like structures attached to them. The spores sit on strobili which are rounded on the top. Marsh horsetails often form runners, with which they also can proliferate vegetatively.[5]","title":"Description"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Linnaeus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Linnaeus"},{"link_name":"describe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Species_description"},{"link_name":"binomial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binomial_nomenclature"},{"link_name":"Species Plantarum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Species_Plantarum"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"Linnaeus was the first to describe marsh horsetail with the binomial Equisetum palustre in his Species Plantarum of 1753.[6]","title":"Taxonomy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"spores","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spore"},{"link_name":"wet meadows","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wet_meadow"},{"link_name":"Europe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europe"},{"link_name":"circumpolar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subarctic"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Piirainen-5"},{"link_name":"plant association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plant_association"},{"link_name":"Juncus subnodulosus-Cirsium palustre fen-meadow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juncus_subnodulosus-Cirsium_palustre_fen-meadow"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"Equisetum palustre is green from spring to autumn and grows spores from June to September. It grows primarily in nutrient-rich wet meadows. It is found in Europe and the circumpolar region up to mountainous heights. Its distribution is declining.[citation needed]In Finland, it has benefited from human action and grows often in road and track sides, ditches and especially peat based fields and pastures.[5]A specific plant association in which E. palustre is found is the Juncus subnodulosus-Cirsium palustre fen-meadow.[7]","title":"Ecology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"poisonous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poisonous"},{"link_name":"palustrine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Palustrine_(alkaloid)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"palustridiene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Palustridiene_(alkaloid)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"vitamin B1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitamin_B1"},{"link_name":"enzymes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enzyme"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"fodder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fodder"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Piirainen-5"}],"text":"Equisetum palustre is poisonous to mammals, most often reported as potentially fatal to horses, as it contains alkaloids palustrine and palustridiene, which destroy vitamin B1. According to Wink, Equisetum Palustre also contains thiaminase enzymes. It's also known to contain lesser amounts of nicotine. Many thiaminases, however, are denatured by heat, and some sources refer Equisetum palustre safe to eat in moderate amounts when properly cooked.[8][9][10][11] In Finland, it used to lower the production of dairy when cows would eat them in place of other preferable fodder.[5]","title":"Toxicity"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:EquisetemPalustreKythira.jpg"},{"link_name":"Kythira","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kythira"}],"text":"Marsh horsetail in Kythira","title":"Gallery"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"BSBI List 2007 (xls). Botanical Society of Britain and Ireland. Archived from the original (xls) on 2015-06-26. Retrieved 2014-10-17.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150626140254/http://www.bsbi.org.uk/BSBIList2007.xls","url_text":"BSBI List 2007"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botanical_Society_of_Britain_and_Ireland","url_text":"Botanical Society of Britain and Ireland"},{"url":"https://bsbi.org/download/3542/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Piirainen, Mikko; Piirainen, Pirkko; Vainio, Hannele (1999). Kotimaan luonnonkasvit [Native wild plants] (in Finnish). Porvoo, Finland: WSOY. p. 22. ISBN 951-0-23001-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/951-0-23001-4","url_text":"951-0-23001-4"}]},{"reference":"Linnaeus, C. (1753). Species Plantarum. Vol. II (1st ed.). Stockholm: Laurentii Salvii. p. 1061.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Linnaeus","url_text":"Linnaeus, C."},{"url":"https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/359082","url_text":"Species Plantarum"}]},{"reference":"\"Marsh Thistle (Cirsium palustre) - photo/images/information - GlobalTwitcher.com\". web.archive.org. 2012-12-13. Retrieved 2024-04-16.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121213144520/http://www.globaltwitcher.com/artspec_information.asp?thingid=48639","url_text":"\"Marsh Thistle (Cirsium palustre) - photo/images/information - GlobalTwitcher.com\""}]}]
[{"Link":"http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/tro-26602014","external_links_name":"The Plant List, Equisetum telmateia Ehrh."},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150626140254/http://www.bsbi.org.uk/BSBIList2007.xls","external_links_name":"BSBI List 2007"},{"Link":"https://bsbi.org/download/3542/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=233500621","external_links_name":"Flora of North America, Marsh horsetail, prêle des marais, Equisetum palustre Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 2: 1061. 1753."},{"Link":"http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=233500621","external_links_name":"Flora of China, 犬问荆 quan wen jing Equisetum palustre Linnaeus"},{"Link":"https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/359082","external_links_name":"Species Plantarum"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121213144520/http://www.globaltwitcher.com/artspec_information.asp?thingid=48639","external_links_name":"\"Marsh Thistle (Cirsium palustre) - photo/images/information - GlobalTwitcher.com\""},{"Link":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6651/12/11/710/htm","external_links_name":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6651/12/11/710/htm"},{"Link":"https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/235685921.pdf","external_links_name":"https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/235685921.pdf"},{"Link":"https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Equisetum+palustre","external_links_name":"https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Equisetum+palustre"},{"Link":"https://poisonousplants.ansci.cornell.edu/toxicagents/thiaminase.html","external_links_name":"https://poisonousplants.ansci.cornell.edu/toxicagents/thiaminase.html"},{"Link":"http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=233500621","external_links_name":"Flora of North America: Equisetum palustre"},{"Link":"https://www.researchgate.net/publication/335995986_Equisetum_palustre_IEA_Collection_of_Equisetum_2019","external_links_name":"Equisetum palustre L."},{"Link":"https://www.biolib.cz/en/taxon/id3072","external_links_name":"3072"},{"Link":"https://www.calflora.org/cgi-bin/species_query.cgi?where-calrecnum=3025","external_links_name":"3025"},{"Link":"https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/6FYJ9","external_links_name":"6FYJ9"},{"Link":"https://rareplants.cnps.org/Plants/ODetails/1649","external_links_name":"1649"},{"Link":"https://eol.org/pages/596764","external_links_name":"596764"},{"Link":"https://gd.eppo.int/taxon/EQUPA","external_links_name":"EQUPA"},{"Link":"https://eunis.eea.europa.eu/species/150174","external_links_name":"150174"},{"Link":"https://www.europlusmed.org/cdm_dataportal/taxon/bc1c056f-665c-4b56-a67b-bc05b33db47c","external_links_name":"bc1c056f-665c-4b56-a67b-bc05b33db47c"},{"Link":"http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=233500621","external_links_name":"233500621"},{"Link":"http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=233500621","external_links_name":"233500621"},{"Link":"https://www.gbif.org/species/2687932","external_links_name":"2687932"},{"Link":"https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/taxonomydetail.aspx?id=409915","external_links_name":"409915"},{"Link":"https://inaturalist.org/taxa/76846","external_links_name":"76846"},{"Link":"https://www.ipni.org/n/30039890-2","external_links_name":"30039890-2"},{"Link":"https://www.irmng.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=10858006","external_links_name":"10858006"},{"Link":"https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/114135","external_links_name":"114135"},{"Link":"https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=17153","external_links_name":"17153"},{"Link":"https://apiv3.iucnredlist.org/api/v3/taxonredirect/167859","external_links_name":"167859"},{"Link":"https://michiganflora.net/species.aspx?id=1201","external_links_name":"1201"},{"Link":"https://explorer.natureserve.org/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.142666/","external_links_name":"2.142666"},{"Link":"https://data.nbn.org.uk/Taxa/NBNSYS0000002018","external_links_name":"NBNSYS0000002018"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=113538","external_links_name":"113538"},{"Link":"https://observation.org/species/6744/","external_links_name":"6744"},{"Link":"https://obis.org/taxon/1523519","external_links_name":"1523519"},{"Link":"https://tree.opentreeoflife.org/taxonomy/browse?id=452795","external_links_name":"452795"},{"Link":"http://dryades.units.it/floritaly/index.php?procedure=taxon_page&tipo=all&id=28","external_links_name":"28"},{"Link":"http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/tro-26602010","external_links_name":"tro-26602010"},{"Link":"https://plants.sc.egov.usda.gov/home/plantProfile?symbol=EQPA","external_links_name":"EQPA"},{"Link":"https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn%3Alsid%3Aipni.org%3Anames%3A30039890-2","external_links_name":"urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:30039890-2"},{"Link":"https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/131504/wd/Details","external_links_name":"131504"},{"Link":"http://legacy.tropicos.org/Name/26602010","external_links_name":"26602010"},{"Link":"https://data.canadensys.net/vascan/taxon/5471","external_links_name":"5471"},{"Link":"https://wisflora.herbarium.wisc.edu/taxa/index.php?taxon=3534","external_links_name":"3534"},{"Link":"https://list.worldfloraonline.org/wfo-0001108921","external_links_name":"wfo-0001108921"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kagunak
Kagunak
["1 References"]
Coordinates: 32°40′06″N 49°57′25″E / 32.66833°N 49.95694°E / 32.66833; 49.95694Village in Isfahan, IranKagunak كاگونكvillageKagunakCoordinates: 32°40′06″N 49°57′25″E / 32.66833°N 49.95694°E / 32.66833; 49.95694Country IranProvinceIsfahanCountyFereydunshahrBakhshCentralRural DistrictPoshtkuh-e MuguiPopulation (2006) • Total102Time zoneUTC+3:30 (IRST) • Summer (DST)UTC+4:30 (IRDT) Kagunak (Persian: كاگونك, also Romanized as Kāgūnak; also known as Kāhgānak) is a village in Poshtkuh-e Mugui Rural District, in the Central District of Fereydunshahr County, Isfahan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 102, in 24 families. References ^ Kagunak can be found at GEOnet Names Server, at this link, by opening the Advanced Search box, entering "-3068388" in the "Unique Feature Id" form, and clicking on "Search Database". ^ "Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1385 (2006)" (Excel). Statistical Center of Iran. Archived from the original on 2011-09-20. vte Fereydunshahr CountyCapital Fereydunshahr DistrictsCentralCities Barf Anbar Fereydunshahr Rural Districts and villagesAshayer Darreh Sib Gukan Kamaran Meydanak-e Bozorg Meydanak-e Kuchak Qaleh Sorkh Tahlegi-ye Sofla Barf Anbar Badejan Akhureh Bazmeh Bijgerd Chaqa Chaqadar Dehsur-e Olya Dehsur-e Sofla Khalilabad Khuygan-e Olya Mila Gerd Sadeqiyeh Sureshjan Cheshmeh Langan Bard Asiab Choqyurt Darband Mazeh Qaleh Nehzatabad Sardab-e Bala Sardab-e Pain Sibak Pishkuh-e Mugui Chaleh Qu Darreh Badam-e Olya Darreh Badam-e Sofla Eslamabad-e Makdin Eslamabad-e Mugui Gowhar Darreh Hermostan Kesht Zaran Khosrowabad Makdin-e Olya Makdin-e Sofla Mazeh Vahregan Mazra-e Keymas Mazraeh-ye Mir Mazraeh-ye Sib Racheh Rameh Char Sakhiabad Sar Bisheh Sokkan Tazareh Vahregan Vargeh Pahneh Zard Fahreh Poshtkuh-e Mugui Abchak Anayesht Baba Khosrow Bahramabad Bandar Chalcheraneh Dastgerd Deh-e Now Durak Habibak Hiran Homeh Kagunak Kahgan-e Olya Kahgan-e Sofla Khakpari Khorramdarreh Khvosh Miveh Koluseh Kulab Masir Pashandegan Tabar Tangestan Torzeh Varna Vazveh Vestegan Zemestaneh Iran portal This Fereydunshahr County location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Take_It_from_Here
Take It from Here
["1 History","1.1 Genesis","1.2 Early years","1.3 The Glums","1.4 Final year","2 Influence","3 Television revival of The Glums","4 References","5 External links"]
British radio comedy programme This article includes a list of general references, but it lacks sufficient corresponding inline citations. Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (April 2018) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Radio show Take It from HereOther namesTIFH (or TIFE)GenreComedyRunning time30 minutesCountry of originUnited KingdomLanguage(s)EnglishHome stationBBC Light ProgrammeSyndicatesBBC Radio 4 ExtraStarringJimmy EdwardsDick BentleyJoy NicholsClarence WrightWallas EatonJune WhitfieldAlma CoganThe KeynotesAnnouncerDavid Dunhill (known as Dunners)Written byFrank MuirDenis NordenBarry TookEric MerrimanProduced byCharles MaxwellRecording studioParis Theatre, LondonOriginal release23 March 1948 (1948-03-23) –3 March 1960 (1960-03-03)No. of series13No. of episodes328Websitewww.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b00cf9wv Take It from Here (often referred to as TIFH, pronounced – and sometimes humorously spelt – "TIFE") is a British radio comedy programme broadcast by the BBC between 1948 and 1960. It was written by Frank Muir and Denis Norden, and starred Jimmy Edwards, Dick Bentley and Joy Nichols. When Nichols moved to New York City in 1953, she was replaced by June Whitfield and Alma Cogan. The show is best remembered for introducing The Glums. Through TIFH Muir and Norden reinvented British post-war radio comedy – amongst other influences, it was one of the first shows with a significant segment consisting of parody of film and book styles, later used extensively in programmes such as Round the Horne and in many television comedy series. History Genesis Frank Muir had been writing material for Jimmy Edwards's appearances at the Windmill Theatre, and later wrote material for Edwards's radio character, a seedy public school headmaster; Denis Norden had been staff comedy sketch writer with the Kavanagh agency, and had written material for the Australian comedian Dick Bentley. The radio producer Charles Maxwell had contracted Edwards, together with Joy Nichols and Dick Bentley, for the final series in 1947 of the radio show Navy Mixture for which Muir had provided some scripts, and after this show ended Maxwell received a commission for a new weekly comedy series to star Edwards, Nichols and Bentley. He introduced Muir to Norden, and asked them if they would collaborate to write the scripts. The result was Take It from Here and the start of one of the most enduring comedy writing partnerships. Muir and Norden were to continue collaborating for nearly 50 years, writing such comic masterpieces as Peter Sellers' sketch Balham, Gateway to the South, and appearing together on radio panel games My Word! and My Music. Early years The first series of TIFH, broadcast in 1948, was set in a commercial radio station office. Although this first series was not a roaring success, Maxwell persuaded the management to persevere for one more series. In the second series, Muir and Norden changed to a three-act format. Firstly there was a topical discussion, followed by music from The Keynotes close harmony group. Then came what Muir termed a gimmick, which might be Hamlet done as a pantomime, or an operatic weather forecast. Finally, after another song from Nichols or Bentley, there was a situation comedy sketch worked up from the clichés of a literary or cinematic genre; for example, later TIFH programmes included a sketch about restoration England, with Charles II, Nell Gwyn and the Puritan keeper of the Privy Purse ("anything TV can do, we can do later"); or a spoof spy story set on an international sleeper from London to Paris ("…as I moved through the train I gazed at a handsome film star, slumbering in his compartment, and a thought struck me – whether you're great or whether you're humble, when you sleep upright you dribble"). In addition, the character actor Wallas Eaton was engaged to play minor male roles, replacing Clarence Wright from the first series. The main announcer throughout the programme's run was David Dunhill, known as "Dunners", although other staff announcers took his place on occasion, famously including Brian Matthew, later to become a mainstay of Light Programme and Radio 2 music programmes. In 1953 Joy Nichols married an American, and settled in New York City in the hope of becoming a success in Broadway theatre. Because she had been engaged both as singer and actress, she was replaced by Alma Cogan the singer, and June Whitfield the actress (Prunella Scales was also considered as a replacement). For the first episode of the next series, the TIFH Talking Point segment featured a parody of the sagas of 'nice' families such as those eponymously named in The Archers or Life With The Lyons that abounded on the BBC at the time. This introduced an uncouth dysfunctional family called the Glums, with Mr Glum the archetypal chauvinist pig. The Glums First appearing on TIFH on 12 November 1953, the popularity of this sketch made Muir and Norden realise that they were on to something. They made one or two modifications to the characters, and The Glums became a regular part of Take It from Here. The premise of The Glums was the long engagement between Ron Glum and his long-term fiancée Eth. As a result of post-war austerity, long engagements were common in 1950s Britain. A typical episode would start in the pub, with Mr Glum (played by Jimmy Edwards) talking to the barman (played by Wallas Eaton). It would be closing time, and Mr Glum would start telling the week's story to the barman as a ruse for obtaining another pint (or two) of "brahn" (brown ale). The story would be about some recent episode in the lives of Ron, Mr Glum's dim son (played by Dick Bentley), and Eth, a plain girl for whom Ron represented her only chance of marriage, played by June Whitfield. Bentley, who played the son, was almost thirteen years older than Edwards, who played the father. A short signature tune would herald a change of scene to the Glums' front room, where Ron and Eth would be sitting on the sofa. Eth would say, "Oh, Ron…!" – her catchphrase – and Ron would vacantly reply something like, "Yes, Eth?" and the week's story would begin in earnest. This opening formula was constantly varied slightly. For instance, in one episode, Eth says, "Oh, Ron, is there anything on your mind, beloved?", to which Ron, after a pause, replies, "No, Eth." Another example has Eth saying "Oh really, Ron, do you expect me to just sit here, like a lemon?", to which Ron responds "No thanks Eth, I've just had a banana." Most weeks, after scene-setting comedy business between Ron and Eth, Eth would say something like, "Sometimes, Ron, you're so placid – I just wish you would have a little go!" which Ron would stupidly misinterpret as an invitation to a kiss and cuddle. Eth would resist, and Ron and Eth's grappling would be speedily interrupted by the entrance of Mr Glum with an "'Ullo, 'ullo!" and something like "All in wrestling – break clean!" or "Sorry to interrupt, but have you seen the garden shears? Mrs Glum wants to do her eyebrows." The story usually involved some crisis in the relationship of the three protagonists. In several episodes this crisis followed from Ron's laziness, and his resultant inability to find employment. Some weeks it would be due to Mr Glum's refusal to let Ron and Eth marry (in one episode this is because he is not sure that Ron really loves Eth, in another Eth takes Mr Glum to court because he will not give his consent to the marriage). One story was about Eth getting into difficulties because she was accused of pilfering at the office where she was a secretary. Very often, the story arose from the consequences of some idiotic behaviour on the part of Ron, who was incapable of competently carrying out any simple task, even going to the fish-and-chip shop (in which instance he put his change up his nose). Another character, who never appears but who is sometimes to be heard incoherently behind the scenes, was Mrs Glum, the family matriarch (Alma Cogan, the singer, usually provided Ma Glum's off-stage noises). Although she never had a speaking part, Ma Glum provided comedy value by always being put upon by Mr Glum, and yet always getting her way (such as the episode where Mr Glum pawned her false teeth). Alma Cogan also played other sundry feminine parts, such as occasional extramarital romantic interest for Mr Glum. Final year In 1959, Muir and Norden decided to move into writing for television, and so stopped writing TIFH. The BBC brought in writers Barry Took and Eric Merriman for the 1959/60 season, but this was to be Take It from Here's last. Influence The parody sketch, previously used in stage revues but brought to radio by Muir and Norden for Take It from Here, was very influential on comedy shows such as Round the Horne and many television programmes. In one of the parody sketches, a take-off of the films of English north country factory owners, Muir claimed that they introduced the phrase "Trouble at t'Mill". For one series, Wallas Eaton portrayed an opinionated newspaper letter writer named Disgusted of Tunbridge Wells, another phrase that entered the language. Many of the jokes and comic exchanges from Take It from Here were recycled in the series of Carry On films when scriptwriter Talbot Rothwell ran out of time, and Muir and Norden gave him some old TIFH scripts – for instance, the line spoken by Julius Caesar (played by Kenneth Williams) in Carry on Cleo on facing some would-be assassins: "Infamy! Infamy! They've all got it in for me!" While the humour was undoubtedly parochially British, in his autobiography Frank Muir expressed gratification and wonder that the show was so well received in Australia – where TIFH's subtlety, and the show's implied confidence in the listeners' level of intelligence, were commented on in the Australian press as characteristics one would have expected to lead to the show's failure there! In the 1970s, the Oslo-based radio network NRK produced and transmitted a Norwegian-language version of Take It from Here under the title Familien Glum. Television revival of The Glums The Glums were remembered sufficiently for the format to be revived in 1978 as part of the unsuccessful Bruce Forsyth's Big Night programme. A single stand alone series of The Glums was produced and broadcast the following year (consisting of six episodes) by London Weekend Television, usually drawing on two original radio scripts each week. Ron Glum was played by Ian Lavender and Eth by Patricia Brake, while Jimmy Edwards reprised the role of Pa Glum. A Region 2 DVD of both the Bruce Forsyth's Big Night shorts and the subsequent 1979 series was commercially released in 2011 in the UK. References ^ Whitfield, June (2000). ... and June Whitfield. London: Bantam Press. p. 94. ISBN 0-593-04582-3. with cosy radio and TV families, like the Dales, the Archers, the Huggetts and the Lyons. The family they created was, of course, the thoroughly unpleasant and indolent Glums. ^ NRK Voices: Rolf Kirkvaag (in Norwegian) Frank Muir (1997). A Kentish Lad. London: Bantam Press. ISBN 0-593-03452-X. Frank Muir's autobiography. Frank Muir and Denis Norden (1979). The Glums. London: Robson Books. ISBN 0-86051-080-8. Radio scripts published at the time of the television revival of The Glums. Take It from Here, BBC Audio Cassettes, ZBBC 1113 (no longer available) Take It from Here 2, BBC Audio Cassettes, ZBBC 2127 (no longer available) External links Take It from Here at BBC Online British Comedy Radio Days
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"British","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Britain"},{"link_name":"radio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio"},{"link_name":"comedy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comedy"},{"link_name":"broadcast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadcasting"},{"link_name":"BBC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC"},{"link_name":"Frank Muir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Muir"},{"link_name":"Denis Norden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denis_Norden"},{"link_name":"Jimmy Edwards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimmy_Edwards"},{"link_name":"Dick Bentley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dick_Bentley"},{"link_name":"Joy Nichols","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joy_Nichols"},{"link_name":"New York City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City"},{"link_name":"June Whitfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/June_Whitfield"},{"link_name":"Alma Cogan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alma_Cogan"},{"link_name":"Round the Horne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Round_the_Horne"}],"text":"Radio showTake It from Here (often referred to as TIFH, pronounced – and sometimes humorously spelt – \"TIFE\") is a British radio comedy programme broadcast by the BBC between 1948 and 1960. It was written by Frank Muir and Denis Norden, and starred Jimmy Edwards, Dick Bentley and Joy Nichols. When Nichols moved to New York City in 1953, she was replaced by June Whitfield and Alma Cogan. The show is best remembered for introducing The Glums. Through TIFH Muir and Norden reinvented British post-war radio comedy – amongst other influences, it was one of the first shows with a significant segment consisting of parody of film and book styles, later used extensively in programmes such as Round the Horne and in many television comedy series.","title":"Take It from Here"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Windmill Theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windmill_Theatre"},{"link_name":"Charles Maxwell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Maxwell_(radio_producer)"},{"link_name":"Navy Mixture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navy_Mixture"},{"link_name":"Peter Sellers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Sellers"},{"link_name":"Balham, Gateway to the South","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balham,_Gateway_to_the_South"},{"link_name":"My Word!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/My_Word!"},{"link_name":"My Music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/My_Music_(radio)"}],"sub_title":"Genesis","text":"Frank Muir had been writing material for Jimmy Edwards's appearances at the Windmill Theatre, and later wrote material for Edwards's radio character, a seedy public school headmaster; Denis Norden had been staff comedy sketch writer with the Kavanagh agency, and had written material for the Australian comedian Dick Bentley. The radio producer Charles Maxwell had contracted Edwards, together with Joy Nichols and Dick Bentley, for the final series in 1947 of the radio show Navy Mixture for which Muir had provided some scripts, and after this show ended Maxwell received a commission for a new weekly comedy series to star Edwards, Nichols and Bentley. He introduced Muir to Norden, and asked them if they would collaborate to write the scripts.The result was Take It from Here and the start of one of the most enduring comedy writing partnerships. Muir and Norden were to continue collaborating for nearly 50 years, writing such comic masterpieces as Peter Sellers' sketch Balham, Gateway to the South, and appearing together on radio panel games My Word! and My Music.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"close harmony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Close_harmony"},{"link_name":"gimmick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gimmick"},{"link_name":"Hamlet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamlet"},{"link_name":"pantomime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pantomime"},{"link_name":"operatic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opera"},{"link_name":"situation comedy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Situation_comedy"},{"link_name":"restoration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_Restoration"},{"link_name":"Charles II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_II_of_England"},{"link_name":"Nell Gwyn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nell_Gwyn"},{"link_name":"Puritan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puritan"},{"link_name":"Privy Purse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Privy_Purse"},{"link_name":"sleeper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sleeping_car"},{"link_name":"London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London"},{"link_name":"Paris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris"},{"link_name":"Wallas Eaton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wallas_Eaton"},{"link_name":"Brian Matthew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_Matthew"},{"link_name":"New York City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City"},{"link_name":"Broadway theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadway_theatre"},{"link_name":"Prunella Scales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prunella_Scales"},{"link_name":"The Archers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Archers"},{"link_name":"Life With The Lyons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_With_The_Lyons"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"dysfunctional family","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dysfunctional_family"}],"sub_title":"Early years","text":"The first series of TIFH, broadcast in 1948, was set in a commercial radio station office. Although this first series was not a roaring success, Maxwell persuaded the management to persevere for one more series.In the second series, Muir and Norden changed to a three-act format. Firstly there was a topical discussion, followed by music from The Keynotes close harmony group. Then came what Muir termed a gimmick, which might be Hamlet done as a pantomime, or an operatic weather forecast. Finally, after another song from Nichols or Bentley, there was a situation comedy sketch worked up from the clichés of a literary or cinematic genre; for example, later TIFH programmes included a sketch about restoration England, with Charles II, Nell Gwyn and the Puritan keeper of the Privy Purse (\"anything TV can do, we can do later\"); or a spoof spy story set on an international sleeper from London to Paris (\"…as I moved through the train I gazed at a handsome film star, slumbering in his compartment, and a thought struck me – whether you're great or whether you're humble, when you sleep upright you dribble\"). In addition, the character actor Wallas Eaton was engaged to play minor male roles, replacing Clarence Wright from the first series.The main announcer throughout the programme's run was David Dunhill, known as \"Dunners\", although other staff announcers took his place on occasion, famously including Brian Matthew, later to become a mainstay of Light Programme and Radio 2 music programmes.In 1953 Joy Nichols married an American, and settled in New York City in the hope of becoming a success in Broadway theatre. Because she had been engaged both as singer and actress, she was replaced by Alma Cogan the singer, and June Whitfield the actress (Prunella Scales was also considered as a replacement).For the first episode of the next series, the TIFH Talking Point segment featured a parody of the sagas of 'nice' families such as those eponymously named in The Archers or Life With The Lyons that abounded on the BBC at the time.[1] This introduced an uncouth dysfunctional family called the Glums, with Mr Glum the archetypal chauvinist pig.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"pub","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_house"},{"link_name":"brown ale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brown_ale"},{"link_name":"fish-and-chip","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fish_and_chips"},{"link_name":"Alma Cogan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alma_Cogan"},{"link_name":"pawned","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pawnbroker"}],"sub_title":"The Glums","text":"First appearing on TIFH on 12 November 1953, the popularity of this sketch made Muir and Norden realise that they were on to something. They made one or two modifications to the characters, and The Glums became a regular part of Take It from Here.The premise of The Glums was the long engagement between Ron Glum and his long-term fiancée Eth. As a result of post-war austerity, long engagements were common in 1950s Britain. A typical episode would start in the pub, with Mr Glum (played by Jimmy Edwards) talking to the barman (played by Wallas Eaton). It would be closing time, and Mr Glum would start telling the week's story to the barman as a ruse for obtaining another pint (or two) of \"brahn\" (brown ale). The story would be about some recent episode in the lives of Ron, Mr Glum's dim son (played by Dick Bentley), and Eth, a plain girl for whom Ron represented her only chance of marriage, played by June Whitfield. Bentley, who played the son, was almost thirteen years older than Edwards, who played the father.A short signature tune would herald a change of scene to the Glums' front room, where Ron and Eth would be sitting on the sofa. Eth would say, \"Oh, Ron…!\" – her catchphrase – and Ron would vacantly reply something like, \"Yes, Eth?\" and the week's story would begin in earnest. This opening formula was constantly varied slightly. For instance, in one episode, Eth says, \"Oh, Ron, is there anything on your mind, beloved?\", to which Ron, after a pause, replies, \"No, Eth.\" Another example has Eth saying \"Oh really, Ron, do you expect me to just sit here, like a lemon?\", to which Ron responds \"No thanks Eth, I've just had a banana.\"Most weeks, after scene-setting comedy business between Ron and Eth, Eth would say something like, \"Sometimes, Ron, you're so placid – I just wish you would have a little go!\" which Ron would stupidly misinterpret as an invitation to a kiss and cuddle. Eth would resist, and Ron and Eth's grappling would be speedily interrupted by the entrance of Mr Glum with an \"'Ullo, 'ullo!\" and something like \"All in wrestling – break clean!\" or \"Sorry to interrupt, but have you seen the garden shears? Mrs Glum wants to do her eyebrows.\"The story usually involved some crisis in the relationship of the three protagonists. In several episodes this crisis followed from Ron's laziness, and his resultant inability to find employment. Some weeks it would be due to Mr Glum's refusal to let Ron and Eth marry (in one episode this is because he is not sure that Ron really loves Eth, in another Eth takes Mr Glum to court because he will not give his consent to the marriage). One story was about Eth getting into difficulties because she was accused of pilfering at the office where she was a secretary. Very often, the story arose from the consequences of some idiotic behaviour on the part of Ron, who was incapable of competently carrying out any simple task, even going to the fish-and-chip shop (in which instance he put his change up his nose).Another character, who never appears but who is sometimes to be heard incoherently behind the scenes, was Mrs Glum, the family matriarch (Alma Cogan, the singer, usually provided Ma Glum's off-stage noises). Although she never had a speaking part, Ma Glum provided comedy value by always being put upon by Mr Glum, and yet always getting her way (such as the episode where Mr Glum pawned her false teeth). Alma Cogan also played other sundry feminine parts, such as occasional extramarital romantic interest for Mr Glum.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Barry Took","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barry_Took"},{"link_name":"Eric Merriman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_Merriman"}],"sub_title":"Final year","text":"In 1959, Muir and Norden decided to move into writing for television, and so stopped writing TIFH. The BBC brought in writers Barry Took and Eric Merriman for the 1959/60 season, but this was to be Take It from Here's last.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Round the Horne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Round_the_Horne"},{"link_name":"Disgusted of Tunbridge Wells","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disgusted_of_Tunbridge_Wells"},{"link_name":"Carry On films","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carry_On_films"},{"link_name":"Talbot Rothwell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talbot_Rothwell"},{"link_name":"Carry on Cleo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carry_on_Cleo"},{"link_name":"Oslo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oslo"},{"link_name":"NRK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NRK"},{"link_name":"Norwegian-language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norwegian_language"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"The parody sketch, previously used in stage revues but brought to radio by Muir and Norden for Take It from Here, was very influential on comedy shows such as Round the Horne and many television programmes.In one of the parody sketches, a take-off of the films of English north country factory owners, Muir claimed that they introduced the phrase \"Trouble at t'Mill\". For one series, Wallas Eaton portrayed an opinionated newspaper letter writer named Disgusted of Tunbridge Wells, another phrase that entered the language.Many of the jokes and comic exchanges from Take It from Here were recycled in the series of Carry On films when scriptwriter Talbot Rothwell ran out of time, and Muir and Norden gave him some old TIFH scripts – for instance, the line spoken by Julius Caesar (played by Kenneth Williams) in Carry on Cleo on facing some would-be assassins: \"Infamy! Infamy! They've all got it in for me!\"While the humour was undoubtedly parochially British, in his autobiography Frank Muir expressed gratification and wonder that the show was so well received in Australia – where TIFH's subtlety, and the show's implied confidence in the listeners' level of intelligence, were commented on in the Australian press as characteristics one would have expected to lead to the show's failure there!In the 1970s, the Oslo-based radio network NRK produced and transmitted a Norwegian-language version of Take It from Here under the title Familien Glum.[2]","title":"Influence"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bruce Forsyth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruce_Forsyth"},{"link_name":"London Weekend Television","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Weekend_Television"},{"link_name":"Ian Lavender","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ian_Lavender"},{"link_name":"Patricia Brake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patricia_Brake"},{"link_name":"Bruce Forsyth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruce_Forsyth"}],"text":"The Glums were remembered sufficiently for the format to be revived in 1978 as part of the unsuccessful Bruce Forsyth's Big Night programme. A single stand alone series of The Glums was produced and broadcast the following year (consisting of six episodes) by London Weekend Television, usually drawing on two original radio scripts each week. Ron Glum was played by Ian Lavender and Eth by Patricia Brake, while Jimmy Edwards reprised the role of Pa Glum.A Region 2 DVD of both the Bruce Forsyth's Big Night shorts and the subsequent 1979 series was commercially released in 2011 in the UK.","title":"Television revival of The Glums"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"Whitfield, June (2000). ... and June Whitfield. London: Bantam Press. p. 94. ISBN 0-593-04582-3. [Norden & Muir's irritation] with cosy radio and TV families, like the Dales, the Archers, the Huggetts and the Lyons. The family they created was, of course, the thoroughly unpleasant and indolent Glums.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/June_Whitfield","url_text":"Whitfield, June"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bantam_Press","url_text":"Bantam Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-593-04582-3","url_text":"0-593-04582-3"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mrs_Dale%27s_Diary","url_text":"the Dales"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Archers","url_text":"the Archers"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Huggetts_Trilogy","url_text":"the Huggetts"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_with_the_Lyons","url_text":"the Lyons"}]},{"reference":"Frank Muir (1997). A Kentish Lad. London: Bantam Press. ISBN 0-593-03452-X.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/kentishladautobi0000muir_u8q6","url_text":"A Kentish Lad"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-593-03452-X","url_text":"0-593-03452-X"}]},{"reference":"Frank Muir and Denis Norden (1979). The Glums. London: Robson Books. ISBN 0-86051-080-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-86051-080-8","url_text":"0-86051-080-8"}]}]
[{"Link":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b00cf9wv","external_links_name":"www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b00cf9wv"},{"Link":"http://www.nrk.no/programmer/stemmer_fra_arkivet/stemmer_fra_nrk/2789924.html","external_links_name":"NRK Voices: Rolf Kirkvaag"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/kentishladautobi0000muir_u8q6","external_links_name":"A Kentish Lad"},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b00cf9wv","external_links_name":"Take It from Here"},{"Link":"http://britishcomedy.org.uk/comedy/tifh.htm","external_links_name":"British Comedy"},{"Link":"http://www.whirligig-tv.co.uk/radio/tifh.htm","external_links_name":"Radio Days"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C5%8Drakuen_Station
Kōrakuen Station
["1 Lines","2 Layout","2.1 Platforms","3 Passengers","4 History","5 Surrounding area","6 References","7 External links"]
Coordinates: 35°42′26″N 139°45′05″E / 35.70734°N 139.751303°E / 35.70734; 139.751303This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Kōrakuen Station" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (May 2022) (Learn how and when to remove this message)Metro station in Tokyo, Japan M22 N11Kōrakuen Station後楽園駅Korakuen Station exterior, March 2006General informationLocation1-2-3 Kasuga, Bunkyō, Tokyo（東京都文京区春日1-2-3）JapanOperated by Tokyo MetroLine(s) M Marunouchi Line N Namboku Line Platforms2 side platforms (Marunouchi Line)1 island platform (Namboku Line)Tracks4 (2 for each line)ConnectionsI12 E07 KasugaConstructionStructure typeElevated (Marunouchi Line)Underground (Namboku Line)Other informationStation codeM-22, N-11HistoryOpened20 January 1954; 70 years ago (20 January 1954)Services Preceding station Tokyo Metro Following station Hongō-sanchōmeM21towards Ogikubo or Hōnanchō Marunouchi Line MyōgadaniM23towards Ikebukuro IidabashiN10towards Meguro Namboku Line TōdaimaeN12towards Akabane-iwabuchi LocationKōrakuen StationLocation within Special wards of TokyoShow map of Special wards of TokyoKōrakuen StationKōrakuen Station (Tokyo Bay and Bōsō Peninsula)Show map of Tokyo Bay and Bōsō PeninsulaKōrakuen StationKōrakuen Station (Tokyo)Show map of TokyoKōrakuen StationKōrakuen Station (Japan)Show map of Japan Kōrakuen Station (後楽園駅, Kōrakuen-eki) is a subway train station in Bunkyō, Tokyo, Japan, operated by the Tokyo subway operator Tokyo Metro. It is directly connected by an underground pedestrian passage to the Toei-operated Kasuga Station. It is integrated with the Tokyo Dome City complex and the Bunkyō ward capitol building. Lines Kōrakuen Station is served by the following lines: Tokyo Metro Marunouchi Line, station number M-22 Tokyo Metro Namboku Line, station number N-11 Nearby Kasuga, connected by a pedestrian passageway, is served by the following lines. Toei Mita Line, station number I-12 Toei Ōedo Line, station number E-07 Layout The Marunouchi Line platforms (1 to 2) consist of two side platforms serving two tracks on the second-floor ("2F") level, and the Namboku Line platforms (3 to 4) consist of an island platform serving two deep-level tracks on the sixth basement ("B6F") level. Platforms 1 M Marunouchi Line for Tokyo, Ogikubo, and Honancho 2 M Marunouchi Line for Ikebukuro 3 N Namboku Line for Komagome and Akabane-iwabuchiSR Saitama Rapid Railway Line for Urawa-misono 4 for Shirokane-takanawa and Meguro MG Meguro Line for Hiyoshi SH Tokyu Shin-Yokohama Line for Shin-Yokohama Station Sotetsu Main Line for Ebina via the Tokyu/Sotetsu Shin-Yokohama Line From March 2015, the Namboku Line platforms use the tune "Take Me Out to the Ball Game" as the departure melody, chosen as the nearby Tokyo Dome is used for baseball games. Korakuen District Gate, 2019 A Tokyo Metro 2000 series train at Korakuen station, 2019 Namboku Line platforms, 2010 Passengers In fiscal 2019, this station had 106,481 passengers daily. History Kōrakuen Station opened on 20 January 1954 on the Marunouchi Line. The Namboku Line platforms opened on 26 March 1996. The station facilities were inherited by Tokyo Metro after the privatization of the Teito Rapid Transit Authority (TRTA) in 2004. From 13 March 2015, the tune "Take Me Out to the Ball Game" was used as the departure melody for the Namboku Line platforms. Surrounding area Bunkyo Ward Office building Bunkyo Civic Center Tokyo Dome City entertainment complex Tokyo Dome baseball stadium Koishikawa Kōrakuen Garden Several train stations nearby: Kasuga Station (Toei) Suidōbashi Station (JR East, Toei) References ^ a b 南北線の発車メロディをリニューアル！各駅に新しい発車メロディを導入します (PDF). News release (in Japanese). Japan: Tokyo Metro. 2 March 2015. Retrieved 6 March 2015. ^ a b Terada, Hirokazu (19 January 2013). データブック日本の私鉄 . Japan: Neko Publishing. pp. 214–216. ISBN 978-4-7770-1336-4. ^ "「営団地下鉄」から「東京メトロ」へ" . Tokyo Metro Online. 8 July 2006. Archived from the original on 16 May 2012. Retrieved 29 May 2022. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Korakuen Station. Korakuen Station information (Tokyo Metro) (in Japanese) vteStations of the Tokyo Metro Marunouchi Line Ogikubo Minami-asagaya Shin-kōenji Higashi-kōenji Shin-nakano (Hōnanchō>>) Nakano-sakaue Nishi-shinjuku Shinjuku Shinjuku-sanchōme Shinjuku-gyoemmae Yotsuya-sanchōme Yotsuya Akasaka-mitsuke Kokkai-gijidō-mae Kasumigaseki Ginza Tokyo Ōtemachi Awajichō Ochanomizu Hongō-sanchōme Kōrakuen Myōgadani Shin-ōtsuka Ikebukuro Hōnanchō Branch Line Hōnanchō Nakano-fujimichō Nakano-shimbashi Nakano-sakaue (>>Shinjuku, Ginza, Ikebukuro) MMb vteStations of the Tokyo Metro Namboku Line (Tokyu Meguro Line) << Meguro Shirokanedai Shirokane-takanawa Azabu-juban Roppongi-itchōme Tameike-sannō Nagatachō Yotsuya Ichigaya Iidabashi Kōrakuen Tōdaimae Hon-komagome Komagome Nishigahara Ōji Oji-kamiya Shimo Akabane-iwabuchi >> (Saitama Rapid Railway Line) N 35°42′26″N 139°45′05″E / 35.70734°N 139.751303°E / 35.70734; 139.751303
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bunkyō, Tokyo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bunky%C5%8D,_Tokyo"},{"link_name":"Tokyo Metro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokyo_Metro"},{"link_name":"Toei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokyo_Metropolitan_Bureau_of_Transportation"},{"link_name":"Kasuga Station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kasuga_Station_(Tokyo)"},{"link_name":"Tokyo Dome City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokyo_Dome_City"}],"text":"Metro station in Tokyo, JapanKōrakuen Station (後楽園駅, Kōrakuen-eki) is a subway train station in Bunkyō, Tokyo, Japan, operated by the Tokyo subway operator Tokyo Metro. It is directly connected by an underground pedestrian passage to the Toei-operated Kasuga Station. It is integrated with the Tokyo Dome City complex and the Bunkyō ward capitol building.","title":"Kōrakuen Station"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tokyo Metro Marunouchi Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokyo_Metro_Marunouchi_Line"},{"link_name":"Tokyo Metro Namboku Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokyo_Metro_Namboku_Line"},{"link_name":"Kasuga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kasuga_Station_(Tokyo)"},{"link_name":"Toei Mita Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toei_Mita_Line"},{"link_name":"Toei Ōedo Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toei_%C5%8Cedo_Line"}],"text":"Kōrakuen Station is served by the following lines:Tokyo Metro Marunouchi Line, station number M-22\nTokyo Metro Namboku Line, station number N-11Nearby Kasuga, connected by a pedestrian passageway, is served by the following lines.Toei Mita Line, station number I-12\nToei Ōedo Line, station number E-07","title":"Lines"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"side platforms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Side_platform"},{"link_name":"island platform","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Island_platform"}],"text":"The Marunouchi Line platforms (1 to 2) consist of two side platforms serving two tracks on the second-floor (\"2F\") level, and the Namboku Line platforms (3 to 4) consist of an island platform serving two deep-level tracks on the sixth basement (\"B6F\") level.","title":"Layout"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Take Me Out to the Ball Game","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Take_Me_Out_to_the_Ball_Game"},{"link_name":"departure melody","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Departure_melody"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tokyometro20150302-1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Korakuen_Station_2019a.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Marunouchi_Line_2000_Korakuen_20190224a.jpg"},{"link_name":"Tokyo Metro 2000 series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokyo_Metro_2000_series"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Namboku-Line-Korakuen-Sta-Platform.JPG"}],"sub_title":"Platforms","text":"From March 2015, the Namboku Line platforms use the tune \"Take Me Out to the Ball Game\" as the departure melody, chosen as the nearby Tokyo Dome is used for baseball games.[1]Korakuen District Gate, 2019\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tA Tokyo Metro 2000 series train at Korakuen station, 2019\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tNamboku Line platforms, 2010","title":"Layout"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"In fiscal 2019, this station had 106,481 passengers daily.","title":"Passengers"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-terada2013-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-terada2013-2"},{"link_name":"Tokyo Metro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokyo_Metro"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Take Me Out to the Ball Game","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Take_Me_Out_to_the_Ball_Game"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tokyometro20150302-1"}],"text":"Kōrakuen Station opened on 20 January 1954 on the Marunouchi Line.[2] The Namboku Line platforms opened on 26 March 1996.[2]The station facilities were inherited by Tokyo Metro after the privatization of the Teito Rapid Transit Authority (TRTA) in 2004.[3]From 13 March 2015, the tune \"Take Me Out to the Ball Game\" was used as the departure melody for the Namboku Line platforms.[1]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bunkyo_Civic_Center_2009.jpg"},{"link_name":"Bunkyo Civic Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bunkyo_Civic_Center"},{"link_name":"Tokyo Dome City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokyo_Dome_City"},{"link_name":"Tokyo Dome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokyo_Dome"},{"link_name":"Koishikawa Kōrakuen Garden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koishikawa_K%C5%8Drakuen_Garden"},{"link_name":"Kasuga Station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kasuga_Station_(Tokyo)"},{"link_name":"Toei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokyo_Metropolitan_Bureau_of_Transportation"},{"link_name":"Suidōbashi Station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suid%C5%8Dbashi_Station"},{"link_name":"JR East","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JR_East"}],"text":"Bunkyo Ward Office buildingBunkyo Civic Center\nTokyo Dome City entertainment complex\nTokyo Dome baseball stadium\nKoishikawa Kōrakuen Garden\nSeveral train stations nearby:\nKasuga Station (Toei)\nSuidōbashi Station (JR East, Toei)","title":"Surrounding area"}]
[{"image_text":"Bunkyo Ward Office building","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Bunkyo_Civic_Center_2009.jpg/220px-Bunkyo_Civic_Center_2009.jpg"}]
null
[{"reference":"南北線の発車メロディをリニューアル！各駅に新しい発車メロディを導入します [Namboku Line departure melodies updated! New melodies to be introduced at each station] (PDF). News release (in Japanese). Japan: Tokyo Metro. 2 March 2015. Retrieved 6 March 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.tokyometro.jp/news/2015/article_pdf/metroNews20150302_21.pdf","url_text":"南北線の発車メロディをリニューアル！各駅に新しい発車メロディを導入します"}]},{"reference":"Terada, Hirokazu (19 January 2013). データブック日本の私鉄 [Databook: Japan's Private Railways]. Japan: Neko Publishing. pp. 214–216. ISBN 978-4-7770-1336-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-4-7770-1336-4","url_text":"978-4-7770-1336-4"}]},{"reference":"\"「営団地下鉄」から「東京メトロ」へ\" [From \"Teito Rapid Transit Authority\" to \"Tokyo Metro\"]. Tokyo Metro Online. 8 July 2006. Archived from the original on 16 May 2012. Retrieved 29 May 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120516041232/http://www.tokyometro.jp/news/s2004/2004-06.html","url_text":"\"「営団地下鉄」から「東京メトロ」へ\""},{"url":"https://www.tokyometro.jp/news/s2004/2004-06.html","url_text":"the original"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kovalevskaia_Fund
Ann Hibner Koblitz
["1 Education and career","2 Controversies","3 Philanthropy","4 Selected works","5 Honors","6 References"]
American academic Ann Hibner KoblitzBorn1952Jersey City, New Jersey, USOccupationHistorianKnown forCross-cultural perspectives on women in science and Director of the Kovalevskaia FundAwardsMargaret W. Rossiter History of Women in Science PrizeHonorary Doctorate from Saint Mary-of-the-Woods CollegePresident's Friendship Medal (Vietnam)Academic backgroundAlma materPrinceton UniversityBoston UniversityAcademic workInstitutionsHartwick CollegeArizona State University Ann Hibner Koblitz (born 1952) is a Professor Emerita of Women and Gender Studies at Arizona State University known for her studies of the history of women in science. She is the Director of the Kovalevskaia Fund, which supports women in science in developing countries. Education and career She received her B.A. in history of science from Princeton University, where she was in the first class of women admitted as undergraduates. She earned her Ph.D. in history from Boston University. She studied and did research in the Soviet Union in 1974–75, 1978, 1981–82, 1985, and 1986. In 1984–85 she was a member of the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton, after which she had temporary teaching positions at Wellesley College, Oregon State University, and the University of Puget Sound. From 1989 to 1998 she taught at Hartwick College in Oneonta, New York. Since 1998 she has been a professor at Arizona State University. Controversies In a graduate seminar in 1977 Ann Hibner Koblitz criticized an article by political scientist Samuel Huntington for misusing mathematics in an attempt to buttress his arguments. This led her husband Neal Koblitz to include her critique in an article he wrote on "Mathematics as Propaganda," and this in turn inspired Yale mathematician Serge Lang to lead a campaign against the election of Huntington to the National Academy of Sciences. The journalist Charles Sykes, who describes the episode in detail in his book Profscam, writes that Samuel Huntington's election to the National Academy of Sciences would probably have been little more than a formality if it had not been for a graduate student named Ann Koblitz. The dispute that would shake the social sciences to their quantitative foundations, that was featured on the front page of The New York Times, in articles in The New Republic, Science, and Discover, and that would convulse the normally insouciant National Academy of Sciences, can be traced back to a single assignment in a graduate seminar on historical methodology at Boston University in 1977. Despite the vigorous defense of Huntington by Nobel Prize winning economist Herbert Simon, Lang's campaign was successful, and Huntington was twice voted down by the Academy's members. In the 1980s and 1990s Koblitz was a critic of the gender essentialism of Evelyn Fox Keller, who maintained that modern science is inherently patriarchal and ill-suited for women. Koblitz argued that Keller failed to appreciate the multi-faceted nature of scientific research and the great diversity of experiences of women across cultures and time periods. For example, in the 19th century the first women to earn advanced university degrees in Europe in any field were almost all in the natural sciences and medicine. In an article about the first 20 years of the Association for Women in Mathematics (AWM), the mathematician and former AWM president Lenore Blum wrote In the mid-1980s, there was a flurry of work by a group of feminist theorists on gender and science. In commentary fairly critical of this work, Ann Hibner Koblitz succinctly summarized the main ideas behind the theory: "Put in its most general guise, the new 'gender theory' says that centuries of male domination of science have affected its content – what questions are asked and what answers are found – and that 'science' and 'objectivity' have become inextricably linked to concepts and ideologies of masculinity." She lists eight criticisms of which I will mention only two, namely, that gender theorists "seem unaware of the increasing numbers of women who have had satisfying lives as scientists" and "employ cartoon-character stereotypes of science, scientists, men, and women." In the 1990s and early 2000s a group of archaeologists, led by Steven A. LeBlanc of Harvard, popularized the notion that warfare was endemic among all prehistoric peoples. Koblitz analyzed the writings of this group, compared them to other sources, and concluded that the claim of pervasive warfare among the ancient Hohokam people of present-day central Arizona is a modern "masculinist narrative" that has little support in the archaeological record. After speaking at the Old Pueblo Archaeology Center near Tucson, Arizona, Koblitz was asked to write a version of her Men and Masculinities article for the Center's Bulletin. In that article she wrote: On the basis of scant evidence, they have created a story of prehistoric militarism that harmonizes well with early 21st-century U.S. political culture. Whether this warlike image has much bearing on the actual lives and pursuits of indigenous Southwest populations of the 11th through 15th centuries is, however, open to doubt. Philanthropy In 1985 Koblitz and her husband Neal established the Kovalevskaia Fund as a nonprofit organization whose purpose is to support and encourage women in developing countries in science, mathematics, engineering, and medicine. It was originally aimed at promoting women in the sciences in Vietnam; it grew out of Ann's work on the history of women and science, her and Neal's experience in the opposition to United States involvement in the Vietnam War, and their efforts to help promote science in Vietnam afterwards. Grants were at first made solely in Vietnam, but were eventually extended to other developing countries. Selected works Books A Convergence of Lives : Sofia Kovalevskaia – Scientist, Writer, Revolutionary (Second ed.). New Brunswick (New Jersey): Rutgers University Press. 1993. ISBN 9780813519630. Science, Women, and Revolution in Russia. Harwood Academic. 2000. ISBN 978-9057026201. Sex and Herbs and Birth Control : Women and Fertility Regulation Through the Ages. Kovalevskaia Fund. 2014. ISBN 978-0989665506. Selected journal publications Koblitz, Ann Hibner (1987). "A historian looks at gender and science". International Journal of Science Education. 9 (3): 399–407. Bibcode:1987IJSEd...9..399K. doi:10.1080/0950069870090318. Koblitz, Ann Hibner (1988). "Science, women, and the Russian intelligentsia: The generation of the 1860s". Isis. 79 (2): 208–226. doi:10.1086/354696. S2CID 143909227. Koblitz, Ann Hibner (2005). "Gender and science where science is on the margins". Bulletin of Science, Technology & Society. 25 (2): 107–114. doi:10.1177/0270467604272640. S2CID 144417539. Koblitz, Ann Hibner (2006). "Male bonding around the campfire: Constructing myths of Hohokam militarism". Men and Masculinities. 9 (1): 95–107. doi:10.1177/1097184X05277697. S2CID 140790437. Koblitz, Ann Hibner (2016). "Life in the fast lane: Arab women in science and technology". Bulletin of Science, Technology & Society. 36 (2): 107–117. doi:10.1177/0270467616658745. S2CID 147837196. Honors In 1985, Koblitz was invited to give the Kenneth O. May Lecture on the History of Mathematics at the University of Toronto. In 1990, Koblitz won the History of Science Society's Margaret W. Rossiter History of Women in Science Prize for her article "Science, Women, and the Russian Intelligentsia: The Generation of the 1860s" that appeared in the Society's journal Isis in 1988. In 1995, Koblitz received an honorary doctorate from Saint Mary-of-the-Woods College in Indiana. In 2010, the Government of Vietnam conferred a President's Friendship Medal on her. In 2015, Koblitz won the "Transdisciplinary Book Award" of the Arizona State University Institute for Humanities Research for her book Sex and Herbs and Birth Control: Women and Fertility Regulation Through the Ages. References ^ Malkiel, Nancy Weiss (2016). "Keep the Damned Women Out": The Struggle for Coeducation. Princeton University Press. p. 221. ISBN 9780691172996. ^ Koblitz, Neal (2007). Random Curves: Journeys of a Mathematician. Springer-Verlag. ^ Koblitz, Neal (1981), Steen, Lynn Arthur (ed.), "Mathematics as Propaganda", Mathematics Tomorrow, New York, NY: Springer, pp. 111–120, doi:10.1007/978-1-4613-8127-3_12, ISBN 978-1-4613-8127-3, retrieved 2022-02-28 ^ Charles J. Sykes, Profscam: Professors and the Demise of Higher Education, St. Martin's Press, 1988, pp. 208–218. ^ Herbert A. Simon, http://digitalcollections.library.cmu.edu/awweb/awarchive?type=file&item=55849 Archived 2018-03-24 at the Wayback Machine ^ Herbert A. Simon, "Unclad emperors: A case of mistaken identity," The Mathematical Intelligencer, vol. 10, no. 1 (1988), pp. 11–14. ^ J. Jorgenson and S. G. Krantz, "Serge Lang, 1927-2005", Notices of the American Mathematical Society, vol. 53, no. 5, 2005, pp. 536-553, https://www.ams.org/notices/200605/fea-lang.pdf ^ Evelyn Fox Keller, Reflections on Gender and Science, Yale University Press, 1985. ^ Ann Hibner Koblitz, "A historian looks at gender and science," International Journal of Science Education, vol. 9 (1987), pp. 399–407. ^ Ann Hibner Koblitz, Science, Women and Revolution in Russia, Routledge, 2000. ^ Lenore Blum, "AWM's first twenty years: The presidents' perspectives," in Bettye Anne Case and Anne M. Leggett, eds., Complexities: Women in Mathematics, Princeton University Press, 2005, pp. 80–98. ^ Steven A. LeBlanc, "Prehistory of warfare," Archaeology, vol. 56, no. 3 (May–June 2003), pp. 18–25. ^ Steven A. LeBlanc, Prehistoric Warfare in the American Southwest, University of Utah Press, 1999. ^ Steven A. LeBlanc and Glen Rice, eds., Deadly Landscapes: Case Studies in Prehistoric Southwestern Warfare, University of Utah Press, 2001. ^ Paul R. Fish and Suzanne K. Fish, "Hohokam warfare from a regional perspective," in Diana Claire Tkaczuk and Brian C. Vivian, eds., Cultures in Conflict: Current Archaeological Perspectives, Archaeological Association of the University of Calgary, 1989, pp. 112–129. ^ Todd W. Bostwick, "Look to the sky: Another view of hilltop sites in central Arizona," in John R. Welch and Todd W. Bostwick, eds., The Archaeology of Ancient Tactical Sites, Arizona Archaeological Council, 2001, pp. 37–53. ^ Ann Hibner Koblitz, "Male bonding around the campfire: Constructing myths of Hohokam militarism," Men and Masculinities, Vol. 9 (2006), pp. 95–107. ^ "March is Archaeology Awareness Month! Old Pueblo Archaeology Center Events," Old Pueblo Archaeology, No. 52 (March 2008), p. 9. ^ Ann Hibner Koblitz, "Warriors, campfires, and a big stick: Modern male fantasies of Hohokam militarism," Old Pueblo Archaeology, No. 53 (June 2008), pp. 2–5. ^ Koblitz, Ann Hibner; Koblitz, Neal (12 January 2009). "The Kovalevskaia Fund". The Mathematical Intelligencer. 22 (2): 62–65. doi:10.1007/BF03025378. S2CID 119749128. ^ a b Tucker, William H. (2015). Princeton Radicals of the 1960s, Then and Now. McFarland. ISBN 9781476663012. ^ Kozlov, Alex (1984). "Book Review: The remarkable story of Sofia Kovalevskaia, the first woman to become a mathematician". SIAM News. 17 (2): 6. Koblitz describes Kovalevskaia's life and work in the context of her political and cultural environment. Kovalevskaia's achievements thus become understood as fruits of a conscious social and intellectual movement, and as a source of inspiration for many, rather than as the extraordinary accomplishments of one isolated individual. ^ Vucinich, Alexander (March 2002). "Book review: Ann Hibner Koblitz. Science, Women, and Revolution in Russia". Isis. 93 (1): 154–155. doi:10.1086/343330. This book is welcome as the first solid effort to draw a general picture of the multiple ramifications of the ascent of Russian women to professional positions in science. It also contributes to a better understanding of the growing movement in favor of broader participation by women in the full spectrum of professional activities. ^ a b "IHR Book Award 2015". Institute for Humanities Research. Archived from the original on 24 March 2018. Retrieved 23 March 2018. Dr. Ann Hibner Koblitz's groundbreaking book, Sex and Herbs and Birth Control takes the reader on a journey across time and space, investigating the always innovative (and occasionally) surprising approaches to women's health from India to Cuba. Dr. Koblitz covers topics such as forensic pathology, the meaning of abortion, and Margaret Sanger, all the while proffering a fresh, insightful take on an age old dilemma. Dr. Koblitz's book is a wonderful example of truly transdisciplinary research and the amazing results of breaking down rigid disciplinary borders. ^ Mathematics and the Historian's Craft: The Kenneth O. May Lectures, Springer-Verlag, 2005. ^ "The Margaret W. Rossiter History of Women in Science Prize – History of Science Society". hssonline.org. Retrieved 23 March 2018. ^ "30 April 1999". www.public.asu.edu. Retrieved 23 March 2018. ^ "Outstanding female scientists honoured". Archived from the original on 24 March 2018. Retrieved 23 March 2018. Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Israel United States Korea Netherlands Poland Other IdRef
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She is the Director of the Kovalevskaia Fund, which supports women in science in developing countries.","title":"Ann Hibner Koblitz"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Princeton University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princeton_University"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Boston University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_University"},{"link_name":"Soviet Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union"},{"link_name":"Institute for Advanced Study","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_for_Advanced_Study"},{"link_name":"Wellesley College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wellesley_College"},{"link_name":"Oregon State University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oregon_State_University"},{"link_name":"University of Puget Sound","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Puget_Sound"},{"link_name":"Hartwick College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hartwick_College"},{"link_name":"Oneonta, New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oneonta,_New_York"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"She received her B.A. in history of science from Princeton University, where she was in the first class of women admitted as undergraduates.[1] She earned her Ph.D. in history from Boston University. She studied and did research in the Soviet Union in 1974–75, 1978, 1981–82, 1985, and 1986. In 1984–85 she was a member of the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton, after which she had temporary teaching positions at Wellesley College, Oregon State University, and the University of Puget Sound. From 1989 to 1998 she taught at Hartwick College in Oneonta, New York. Since 1998 she has been a professor at Arizona State University.[2]","title":"Education and career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Samuel Huntington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_P._Huntington"},{"link_name":"Neal Koblitz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neal_Koblitz"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Serge Lang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serge_Lang"},{"link_name":"campaign","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_P._Huntington#National_Academy_of_Sciences_controversy"},{"link_name":"National Academy of Sciences","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Academy_of_Sciences"},{"link_name":"Charles Sykes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlie_Sykes"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Herbert Simon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_A._Simon"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"gender essentialism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Essentialism#Gender_essentialism"},{"link_name":"Evelyn Fox Keller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evelyn_Fox_Keller"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Association for Women in Mathematics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_for_Women_in_Mathematics"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Lenore Blum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenore_Blum"},{"link_name":"Steven A. LeBlanc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steven_A._LeBlanc"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Hohokam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hohokam"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"}],"text":"In a graduate seminar in 1977 Ann Hibner Koblitz criticized an article by political scientist Samuel Huntington for misusing mathematics in an attempt to buttress his arguments. This led her husband Neal Koblitz to include her critique in an article he wrote on \"Mathematics as Propaganda,\"[3] and this in turn inspired Yale mathematician Serge Lang to lead a campaign against the election of Huntington to the National Academy of Sciences. The journalist Charles Sykes, who describes the episode in detail in his book Profscam,[4] writes thatSamuel Huntington's election to the National Academy of Sciences would probably have been little more than a formality if it had not been for a graduate student named Ann Koblitz. The dispute that would shake the social sciences to their quantitative foundations, that was featured on the front page of The New York Times, in articles in The New Republic, Science, and Discover, and that would convulse the normally insouciant National Academy of Sciences, can be traced back to a single assignment in a graduate seminar on historical methodology at Boston University in 1977.Despite the vigorous defense of Huntington by Nobel Prize winning economist Herbert Simon,[5][6] Lang's campaign was successful, and Huntington was twice voted down by the Academy's members.[7]In the 1980s and 1990s Koblitz was a critic of the gender essentialism of Evelyn Fox Keller, who maintained that modern science is inherently patriarchal and ill-suited for women.[8] Koblitz argued that Keller failed to appreciate the multi-faceted nature of scientific research and the great diversity of experiences of women across cultures and time periods.[9] For example, in the 19th century the first women to earn advanced university degrees in Europe in any field were almost all in the natural sciences and medicine.[10] In an article about the first 20 years of the Association for Women in Mathematics (AWM),[11] the mathematician and former AWM president Lenore Blum wroteIn the mid-1980s, there was a flurry of work by a group of feminist theorists on gender and science. In commentary fairly critical of this work, Ann Hibner Koblitz succinctly summarized the main ideas behind the theory: \"Put in its most general guise, the new 'gender theory' says that centuries of male domination of science have affected its content – what questions are asked and what answers are found – and that 'science' and 'objectivity' have become inextricably linked to concepts and ideologies of masculinity.\" She lists eight criticisms of which I will mention only two, namely, that gender theorists \"seem unaware of the increasing numbers of women who have had satisfying lives as scientists\" and \"employ cartoon-character stereotypes of science, scientists, men, and women.\"In the 1990s and early 2000s a group of archaeologists, led by Steven A. LeBlanc of Harvard, popularized the notion that warfare was endemic among all prehistoric peoples.[12][13][14] Koblitz analyzed the writings of this group, compared them to other sources,[15][16] and concluded that the claim of pervasive warfare among the ancient Hohokam people of present-day central Arizona is a modern \"masculinist narrative\" that has little support in the archaeological record.[17] After speaking at the Old Pueblo Archaeology Center near Tucson, Arizona,[18] Koblitz was asked to write a version of her Men and Masculinities article for the Center's Bulletin. In that article she wrote:[19]On the basis of scant evidence, they have created a story of prehistoric militarism that harmonizes well with early 21st-century U.S. political culture. Whether this warlike image has much bearing on the actual lives and pursuits of indigenous Southwest populations of the 11th through 15th centuries is, however, open to doubt.","title":"Controversies"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kovalevskaia Fund","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//kovfund.org/"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"opposition to United States involvement in the Vietnam War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opposition_to_United_States_involvement_in_the_Vietnam_War"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-princeton-21"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-princeton-21"}],"text":"In 1985 Koblitz and her husband Neal established the Kovalevskaia Fund as a nonprofit organization whose purpose is to support and encourage women in developing countries in science, mathematics, engineering, and medicine.[20] It was originally aimed at promoting women in the sciences in Vietnam; it grew out of Ann's work on the history of women and science, her and Neal's experience in the opposition to United States involvement in the Vietnam War, and their efforts to help promote science in Vietnam afterwards.[21] Grants were at first made solely in Vietnam, but were eventually extended to other developing countries.[21]","title":"Philanthropy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9780813519630","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780813519630"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-9057026201","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9057026201"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0989665506","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0989665506"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IHR-24"},{"link_name":"Bibcode","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1987IJSEd...9..399K","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1987IJSEd...9..399K"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1080/0950069870090318","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1080%2F0950069870090318"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1086/354696","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1086%2F354696"},{"link_name":"S2CID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"143909227","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143909227"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1177/0270467604272640","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1177%2F0270467604272640"},{"link_name":"S2CID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"144417539","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144417539"},{"link_name":"Hohokam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hohokam"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1177/1097184X05277697","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1177%2F1097184X05277697"},{"link_name":"S2CID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"140790437","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:140790437"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1177/0270467616658745","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1177%2F0270467616658745"},{"link_name":"S2CID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"147837196","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:147837196"}],"text":"BooksA Convergence of Lives : Sofia Kovalevskaia – Scientist, Writer, Revolutionary (Second ed.). New Brunswick (New Jersey): Rutgers University Press. 1993. ISBN 9780813519630.[22]\nScience, Women, and Revolution in Russia. Harwood Academic. 2000. ISBN 978-9057026201.[23]\nSex and Herbs and Birth Control : Women and Fertility Regulation Through the Ages. Kovalevskaia Fund. 2014. ISBN 978-0989665506.[24]Selected journal publicationsKoblitz, Ann Hibner (1987). \"A historian looks at gender and science\". International Journal of Science Education. 9 (3): 399–407. Bibcode:1987IJSEd...9..399K. doi:10.1080/0950069870090318.\nKoblitz, Ann Hibner (1988). \"Science, women, and the Russian intelligentsia: The generation of the 1860s\". Isis. 79 (2): 208–226. doi:10.1086/354696. S2CID 143909227.\nKoblitz, Ann Hibner (2005). \"Gender and science where science is on the margins\". Bulletin of Science, Technology & Society. 25 (2): 107–114. doi:10.1177/0270467604272640. S2CID 144417539.\nKoblitz, Ann Hibner (2006). \"Male bonding around the campfire: Constructing myths of Hohokam militarism\". Men and Masculinities. 9 (1): 95–107. doi:10.1177/1097184X05277697. S2CID 140790437.\nKoblitz, Ann Hibner (2016). \"Life in the fast lane: Arab women in science and technology\". Bulletin of Science, Technology & Society. 36 (2): 107–117. doi:10.1177/0270467616658745. S2CID 147837196.","title":"Selected works"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kenneth O. May","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenneth_O._May"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"Margaret W. Rossiter History of Women in Science Prize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaret_W._Rossiter_History_of_Women_in_Science_Prize"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IHR-24"}],"text":"In 1985, Koblitz was invited to give the Kenneth O. May Lecture on the History of Mathematics at the University of Toronto.[25]\nIn 1990, Koblitz won the History of Science Society's Margaret W. Rossiter History of Women in Science Prize[26] for her article \"Science, Women, and the Russian Intelligentsia: The Generation of the 1860s\" that appeared in the Society's journal Isis in 1988.\nIn 1995, Koblitz received an honorary doctorate from Saint Mary-of-the-Woods College in Indiana.[27]\nIn 2010, the Government of Vietnam conferred a President's Friendship Medal on her.[28]\nIn 2015, Koblitz won the \"Transdisciplinary Book Award\" of the Arizona State University Institute for Humanities Research for her book Sex and Herbs and Birth Control: Women and Fertility Regulation Through the Ages.[24]","title":"Honors"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"A Convergence of Lives : Sofia Kovalevskaia – Scientist, Writer, Revolutionary (Second ed.). New Brunswick (New Jersey): Rutgers University Press. 1993. ISBN 9780813519630.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780813519630","url_text":"9780813519630"}]},{"reference":"Science, Women, and Revolution in Russia. Harwood Academic. 2000. ISBN 978-9057026201.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9057026201","url_text":"978-9057026201"}]},{"reference":"Sex and Herbs and Birth Control : Women and Fertility Regulation Through the Ages. Kovalevskaia Fund. 2014. ISBN 978-0989665506.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0989665506","url_text":"978-0989665506"}]},{"reference":"Koblitz, Ann Hibner (1987). \"A historian looks at gender and science\". International Journal of Science Education. 9 (3): 399–407. Bibcode:1987IJSEd...9..399K. doi:10.1080/0950069870090318.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1987IJSEd...9..399K","url_text":"1987IJSEd...9..399K"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1080%2F0950069870090318","url_text":"10.1080/0950069870090318"}]},{"reference":"Koblitz, Ann Hibner (1988). \"Science, women, and the Russian intelligentsia: The generation of the 1860s\". Isis. 79 (2): 208–226. doi:10.1086/354696. S2CID 143909227.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1086%2F354696","url_text":"10.1086/354696"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143909227","url_text":"143909227"}]},{"reference":"Koblitz, Ann Hibner (2005). \"Gender and science where science is on the margins\". Bulletin of Science, Technology & Society. 25 (2): 107–114. doi:10.1177/0270467604272640. S2CID 144417539.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0270467604272640","url_text":"10.1177/0270467604272640"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144417539","url_text":"144417539"}]},{"reference":"Koblitz, Ann Hibner (2006). \"Male bonding around the campfire: Constructing myths of Hohokam militarism\". Men and Masculinities. 9 (1): 95–107. doi:10.1177/1097184X05277697. S2CID 140790437.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hohokam","url_text":"Hohokam"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1177%2F1097184X05277697","url_text":"10.1177/1097184X05277697"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:140790437","url_text":"140790437"}]},{"reference":"Koblitz, Ann Hibner (2016). \"Life in the fast lane: Arab women in science and technology\". Bulletin of Science, Technology & Society. 36 (2): 107–117. doi:10.1177/0270467616658745. S2CID 147837196.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0270467616658745","url_text":"10.1177/0270467616658745"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:147837196","url_text":"147837196"}]},{"reference":"Malkiel, Nancy Weiss (2016). \"Keep the Damned Women Out\": The Struggle for Coeducation. Princeton University Press. p. 221. ISBN 9780691172996.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780691172996","url_text":"9780691172996"}]},{"reference":"Koblitz, Neal (2007). Random Curves: Journeys of a Mathematician. Springer-Verlag.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Koblitz, Neal (1981), Steen, Lynn Arthur (ed.), \"Mathematics as Propaganda\", Mathematics Tomorrow, New York, NY: Springer, pp. 111–120, doi:10.1007/978-1-4613-8127-3_12, ISBN 978-1-4613-8127-3, retrieved 2022-02-28","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-8127-3_12","url_text":"\"Mathematics as Propaganda\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-1-4613-8127-3_12","url_text":"10.1007/978-1-4613-8127-3_12"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4613-8127-3","url_text":"978-1-4613-8127-3"}]},{"reference":"Koblitz, Ann Hibner; Koblitz, Neal (12 January 2009). \"The Kovalevskaia Fund\". The Mathematical Intelligencer. 22 (2): 62–65. doi:10.1007/BF03025378. S2CID 119749128.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF03025378","url_text":"10.1007/BF03025378"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:119749128","url_text":"119749128"}]},{"reference":"Tucker, William H. (2015). Princeton Radicals of the 1960s, Then and Now. McFarland. ISBN 9781476663012.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=ujSSCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA217","url_text":"Princeton Radicals of the 1960s, Then and Now"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781476663012","url_text":"9781476663012"}]},{"reference":"Kozlov, Alex (1984). \"Book Review: The remarkable story of Sofia Kovalevskaia, the first woman to become a mathematician\". SIAM News. 17 (2): 6. Koblitz describes Kovalevskaia's life and work in the context of her political and cultural environment. Kovalevskaia's achievements thus become understood as fruits of a conscious social and intellectual movement, and as a source of inspiration for many, rather than as the extraordinary accomplishments of one isolated individual.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Vucinich, Alexander (March 2002). \"Book review: Ann Hibner Koblitz. Science, Women, and Revolution in Russia\". Isis. 93 (1): 154–155. doi:10.1086/343330. This book is welcome as the first solid effort to draw a general picture of the multiple ramifications of the ascent of Russian women to professional positions in science. It also contributes to a better understanding of the growing movement in favor of broader participation by women in the full spectrum of professional activities.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1086%2F343330","url_text":"10.1086/343330"}]},{"reference":"\"IHR Book Award 2015\". Institute for Humanities Research. Archived from the original on 24 March 2018. Retrieved 23 March 2018. Dr. Ann Hibner Koblitz's groundbreaking book, Sex and Herbs and Birth Control takes the reader on a journey across time and space, investigating the always innovative (and occasionally) surprising approaches to women's health from India to Cuba. Dr. Koblitz covers topics such as forensic pathology, the meaning of abortion, and Margaret Sanger, all the while proffering a fresh, insightful take on an age old dilemma. Dr. Koblitz's book is a wonderful example of truly transdisciplinary research and the amazing results of breaking down rigid disciplinary borders.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180324101529/https://ihr.asu.edu/content/sex-and-herbs-and-birth-control","url_text":"\"IHR Book Award 2015\""},{"url":"https://ihr.asu.edu/content/sex-and-herbs-and-birth-control","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"The Margaret W. Rossiter History of Women in Science Prize – History of Science Society\". hssonline.org. Retrieved 23 March 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://hssonline.org/about/honors/the-margaret-w-rossiter-history-of-women-in-science-prize/","url_text":"\"The Margaret W. Rossiter History of Women in Science Prize – History of Science Society\""}]},{"reference":"\"30 April 1999\". www.public.asu.edu. Retrieved 23 March 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.public.asu.edu/~koblitz/staffpage/pages/combocv.htm","url_text":"\"30 April 1999\""}]},{"reference":"\"Outstanding female scientists honoured\". Archived from the original on 24 March 2018. Retrieved 23 March 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180324041245/http://vietnamnews.vn/society/197617/outstanding-female-scientists-honoured.html#SUzqIJrbuwEsMsjQ.97","url_text":"\"Outstanding female scientists honoured\""},{"url":"http://vietnamnews.vn/society/197617/outstanding-female-scientists-honoured.html#SUzqIJrbuwEsMsjQ.97","url_text":"the original"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Songs_Remind_Me_of_You
Songs Remind Me of You
["1 Background","2 Release and reception","3 Track listings","4 Charts","5 References"]
2009 single by Annie"Songs Remind Me of You"Single by Anniefrom the album Don't Stop Released17 August 2009 (2009-08-17)Recorded2006GenreItalo discosynth-popLength4:06Label Totally Smalltown Supersound Songwriter(s) Richard X Hannah Robinson Producer(s)Richard XAnnie singles chronology "Anthonio" (2009) "Songs Remind Me of You" (2009) "My Love Is Better" (2009) "Songs Remind Me of You" is a song by Norwegian singer Annie from her second studio album, Don't Stop (2009). Written by Richard X and Hannah Robinson, the track was released digitally on 17 August 2009 as the album's lead single. Background The song, described as "Annie's first true four-to-the-floor anthem leading to dancefloor abandon", was produced by Richard X. It dates back to 2006, recorded with Richard X in London during the earlier sessions for Don't Stop. Release and reception "Songs Remind Me of You" was first released on a Don't Stop album sampler in April 2008, and it later leaked with the rest of the album that year. After Annie left Island Records, a revised edition of the album was released through Annie's own label Totally Records and Oslo-based indie label Smalltown Supersound in November 2009. "Songs Remind Me of You" was released as its lead single via iTunes on 17 August 2009. It was reissued digitally on 20 July 2010, featuring brand-new cover art and a remix by Australian trio The Swiss. The track received critical acclaim upon its release. Peter Robinson of Popjustice simply called the song "amazing." Ian Wade of BBC Music described it as "a blinding snort-up of amyl disco strobe-fest proportions, which throws in a bit of Mel & Kim just in case it wasn't quite rapturous enough." Slant Magazine's Sal Cinquemani referred to the song as "a rollicking Italo disco nugget." Pitchfork's Kasia Galazka scored the track eight out of ten and gave it a "Best New Music" designation, commenting that it is "happily 80s meta-pop, and the quicksand melody in the chorus is infatuating." Bradley Stern of MuuMuse praised it as a mixture of "lush disco, breathy vocals, and intergalactic swarms of electronica." The original song was featured in the 2010 film Sex and the City 2, and the Swiss remix was featured in the 2015 film We Are Your Friends. Track listings 2009 digital single "Songs Remind Me of You" – 4:05 2010 digital reissue "Songs Remind Me of You" – 4:05 "Songs Remind Me of You" (The Swiss Remix) – 6:01 "Songs Remind Me of You" (The Swiss Remix Instrumental) – 6:01 Charts Chart (2010) Peakposition Japan Hot 100 60 References ^ a b Cinquemani, Sal (8 November 2009). "Review: Annie, Don't Stop". Slant Magazine. Retrieved 1 September 2020. ^ "Annie: "Songs Remind Me of You" Video". Under the Radar. 27 October 2009. Archived from the original on 1 September 2020. Retrieved 1 September 2020. ^ Stovin, Jack (12 August 2009). "Annie signs to Smalltown Supersound, announces sophomore release, Don't Stop". Altsounds. Archived from the original on 15 August 2009. Retrieved 18 August 2009. ^ Robinson, Peter (18 August 2009). "Annie's 'Songs...'". Popjustice. Retrieved 18 August 2009. ^ Berge Strand, Anne Lilia (17 August 2009). "SonGS REMIND ME OF YOU..." Retrieved 18 August 2009 – via Myspace. ^ "Annie – Don't Stop – Album Sampler (Unmastered)". Discogs. Retrieved 13 July 2008. ^ Dombal, Ryan (12 August 2009). "Annie's Don't Stop Finally Coming Out". Pitchfork. Retrieved 18 August 2009. ^ a b "Songs Remind Me of You – Single by Annie". iTunes Store. Norway. Retrieved 4 June 2010. ^ a b "Songs Remind Me of You – Single by Annie". iTunes Store. Norway. Retrieved 22 January 2012. ^ Robinson, Peter (26 June 2008). "Annie's 'Songs Remind Me Of You': amazing". Popjustice. Retrieved 18 August 2009. ^ Wade, Ian (16 October 2009). "Review of Annie – Don't Stop". BBC Music. Retrieved 4 June 2010. ^ Galazka, Kasia (27 October 2009). "Annie: "Songs Remind Me of You"". Pitchfork. Retrieved 27 October 2009. ^ Stern, Bradley (20 August 2009). "Songs Finally Remind Me of You Too, Annie". MuuMuse. Retrieved 20 August 2009. ^ "Annie – Chart history: Japan Hot 100". Billboard. Retrieved 11 August 2013. vteAnnieDiscographyStudio albums Anniemal Don't Stop Dark Hearts Mix albums DJ-Kicks: Annie Extended plays The A&R EP Singles "The Greatest Hit" "I Will Get On" "Chewing Gum" "Heartbeat" "Happy Without You" "I Know UR Girlfriend Hates Me" "Anthonio" "Songs Remind Me of You" "My Love Is Better" Promotional singles "Me Plus One" "Two of Hearts"
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Written by Richard X and Hannah Robinson, the track was released digitally on 17 August 2009 as the album's lead single.","title":"Songs Remind Me of You"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"four-to-the-floor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Four-on-the-floor_(dance)"},{"link_name":"Richard X","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_X"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"The song, described as \"Annie's first true four-to-the-floor anthem leading to dancefloor abandon\", was produced by Richard X.[3] It dates back to 2006,[4] recorded with Richard X in London during the earlier sessions for Don't Stop.[5]","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Island Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Island_Records"},{"link_name":"Oslo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oslo"},{"link_name":"Smalltown Supersound","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smalltown_Supersound"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"iTunes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ITunes_Store"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-itunes2009-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-itunes2010-9"},{"link_name":"Peter Robinson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Robinson_(journalist)"},{"link_name":"Popjustice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Popjustice"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"BBC Music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_Music"},{"link_name":"disco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disco"},{"link_name":"Mel & Kim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mel_and_Kim"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Slant Magazine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slant_Magazine"},{"link_name":"Italo disco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italo_disco"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-slant-1"},{"link_name":"Pitchfork","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pitchfork_(website)"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Sex and the City 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sex_and_the_City_2"},{"link_name":"We Are Your Friends","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/We_Are_Your_Friends_(film)"}],"text":"\"Songs Remind Me of You\" was first released on a Don't Stop album sampler in April 2008,[6] and it later leaked with the rest of the album that year. After Annie left Island Records, a revised edition of the album was released through Annie's own label Totally Records and Oslo-based indie label Smalltown Supersound in November 2009.[7] \"Songs Remind Me of You\" was released as its lead single via iTunes on 17 August 2009.[8] It was reissued digitally on 20 July 2010, featuring brand-new cover art and a remix by Australian trio The Swiss.[9]The track received critical acclaim upon its release. Peter Robinson of Popjustice simply called the song \"amazing.\"[10] Ian Wade of BBC Music described it as \"a blinding snort-up of amyl disco strobe-fest proportions, which throws in a bit of Mel & Kim just in case it wasn't quite rapturous enough.\"[11] Slant Magazine's Sal Cinquemani referred to the song as \"a rollicking Italo disco nugget.\"[1] Pitchfork's Kasia Galazka scored the track eight out of ten and gave it a \"Best New Music\" designation, commenting that it is \"happily 80s meta-pop, and the quicksand melody in the chorus is infatuating.\"[12] Bradley Stern of MuuMuse praised it as a mixture of \"lush disco, breathy vocals, and intergalactic swarms of electronica.\"[13]The original song was featured in the 2010 film Sex and the City 2, and the Swiss remix was featured in the 2015 film We Are Your Friends.","title":"Release and reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-itunes2009-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-itunes2010-9"}],"text":"2009 digital single[8]\"Songs Remind Me of You\" – 4:052010 digital reissue[9]\"Songs Remind Me of You\" – 4:05\n\"Songs Remind Me of You\" (The Swiss Remix) – 6:01\n\"Songs Remind Me of You\" (The Swiss Remix Instrumental) – 6:01","title":"Track listings"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Charts"}]
[]
null
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Retrieved 27 October 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://pitchfork.com/reviews/tracks/11588-songs-remind-me-of-you/","url_text":"\"Annie: \"Songs Remind Me of You\"\""}]},{"reference":"Stern, Bradley (20 August 2009). \"Songs Finally Remind Me of You Too, Annie\". MuuMuse. Retrieved 20 August 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.muumuse.com/2009/08/songs-finally-remind-me-of-you-too-annie.html/","url_text":"\"Songs Finally Remind Me of You Too, Annie\""}]},{"reference":"\"Annie – Chart history: Japan Hot 100\". Billboard. Retrieved 11 August 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.billboard.com/artist/annie/chart-history/japan-hot-100","url_text":"\"Annie – Chart history: Japan Hot 100\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)","url_text":"Billboard"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oflag_IV-C
Oflag IV-C
["1 Colditz Castle","2 Timeline","3 \"Prominente\" and notable inmates","4 German staff and visitors","4.1 Security officers","4.2 Kommandants","5 Life in the camp","6 Escape attempts","7 In popular culture","7.1 Cinema","7.2 Television and TV movies","7.3 Fiction","7.4 Games","7.5 Music","7.6 Other media","8 See also","9 References","10 Sources","11 External links","11.1 POW memoirs","11.2 Audio interviews","11.3 Prisoner obituaries"]
German prisoner-of-war camp during World War II in Colditz, Saxony This article's lead section may be too short to adequately summarize the key points. Please consider expanding the lead to provide an accessible overview of all important aspects of the article. (January 2024) Oflag IV-CColditz, Saxony Colditz Castle as Oflag IV-C, April 1945Oflag IV-CCoordinates51°07′51″N 12°48′27″E / 51.13078°N 12.80748°E / 51.13078; 12.80748TypePrisoner-of-war campSite informationControlled by Nazi GermanySite historyIn use1939–1945Garrison informationOccupantsAllied officers Oflag IV-C, often referred to by its location at Colditz Castle, overlooking Colditz, Saxony, was one of the most noted German Army prisoner-of-war camps for captured enemy officers during World War II; Oflag is a shortening of Offizierslager, meaning "officers' camp". Colditz Castle This thousand-year-old fortress was in the heart of Hitler's Reich, four hundred miles (640 km) from any frontier not under Nazi control. Its outer walls were seven feet (two metres) thick and the cliff on which it was built had a sheer drop of two hundred and fifty feet (75 metres) to the River Mulde below. Timeline The first prisoners arrived in November 1939; they were 140 Polish officers from the September Campaign who were regarded as escape risks. Most of them were later transferred to other Oflags. In October 1940, Donald Middleton, Keith Milne, and Howard Wardle (a Canadian who joined the RAF just before the war) became the first British prisoners at Colditz.RAF group photograph at Colditz. Back row, from left to right: F/Lt Best, F/Lt Forbes, F/Lt Zafouk, F/Lt Flinn, F/Lt van Rood, F/Lt Halifax, F/Lt Donaldson, F/Lt Thom, F/Lt Milne, F/Lt Middleton, F/Lt Goldfinch. Front row, from left to right: F/Lt Dickenson, S/Ldr Stephenson, F/Lt Parker, S/Ldr Bader, S/Ldr McColm, S/Ldr Lockett, F/Lt Bruce. On 7 November, six British officers, the "Laufen Six", named after the camp (Oflag VII-C) from which they made their first escape, arrived: Harry Elliott, Rupert Barry (later Sir Rupert Barry), Pat Reid, Dick Howe, Peter Allan, and Kenneth Lockwood. They were soon joined by a handful of British Army officers and later by Belgian officers. By Christmas 1940 there were 60 Polish officers, 12 Belgians, 50 French, and 30 British, a total of no more than 200 with their orderlies. 200 French officers arrived in February 1941. A number of the French demanded that French Jewish officers be segregated from them and the camp commander obliged; they were moved to the attics. By the end of July 1941, there were more than 500 officers: over 250 French, 150 Polish, 50 British and Commonwealth, 2 Yugoslavian. In April 1941, a French officer, Alain Le Ray, become the first prisoner ever to escape from the Colditz Castle. On 24 July 1941, 68 Dutch officers arrived, mostly members of the Royal Dutch East Indies Army, who had refused to sign a declaration that they would take no part in the war against Germany. According to the German Security Officer, Captain Reinhold Eggers, the Dutch officers appeared to be model prisoners at first. Importantly for other internees in the camp, among the 68 Dutch was Hans Larive with his knowledge of the Singen route. This route into Switzerland was discovered by Larive in 1940 on his first escape attempt from an Oflag in Soest. Larive was caught at the Swiss border near Singen. The interrogating Gestapo officer was so confident the war would soon be won by Germany that he told Larive the safe way across the border near Singen. Larive did not forget and many prisoners later escaped using this route. Within days after their arrival, the Dutch escape officer, Captain Machiel van den Heuvel, planned and executed his first of many escape plans. On 13 August 1941 the first two Dutchmen escaped successfully from the castle, followed by many more of whom six officers made it to England. Afterwards a number of would-be escapees borrowed Dutch greatcoats as their disguise. When the Wehrmacht invaded the Netherlands they were short of material for uniforms, so they confiscated anything available. The coats in Dutch field grey in particular remained unchanged in colour, since it was similar to the tone already in use by the Germans, thus these greatcoats were nearly identical with very minor alterations. Some of the French officers held at Colditz In May 1943, the Wehrmacht High Command decided that Colditz should house only Americans and Commonwealth. In June the Dutch were moved out, followed shortly thereafter by the Poles and Belgians. The final French group left 12 July 1943. By the end of July there were a few Free French officers, and 228 Commonwealth officers including Britons, Canadians, Australians, New Zealanders, South Africans, Irish, and one Indian. On 23 August 1944 Colditz received its first Americans: 49-year-old Colonel Florimond Duke — the oldest American paratrooper of the war, Captain Guy Nunn, and Alfred Suarez. They were all counter-intelligence operatives parachuted into Hungary to prevent it joining forces with Germany. Population was approximately 254 at the start of the early winter that year. On 19 January 1945 six French Generals — Lieutenant-General Jean Adolphe Louis Robert Flavigny, Major-General Louis Léon Marie André Buisson, Major-General Arsène Marie Paul Vauthier, Brigadier-General Albert Joseph Daine, and Brigadier-General René Jacques Mortemart de Boisse — were brought from the camp at Königstein to Colditz Castle. Major-General Gustave Marie Maurice Mesny was murdered by the Germans on the way from Königstein to Colditz Castle. On 5 February, Polish General Tadeusz Bór-Komorowski, deputy commander of the Armia Krajowa (Home Army) and responsible for the Warsaw Uprising, arrived with his entourage. In March, 1200 French prisoners were brought to Colditz Castle, with 600 more being imprisoned in the town below. When the final battles of the war approached the area, the prisoners became concerned at the danger, both from the SS in the town who might kill them, or from the approaching Allied forces who might mistakenly attack the castle. To prevent this the prisoners persuaded the German guards to surrender to them in secret and prevent the SS from entering. This was successful and on 16 April 1945 Oflag IV C was captured by American soldiers from the 1st US Army. "Prominente" and notable inmates Among the more notable inmates were British fighter ace Douglas Bader; Pat Reid, the man who brought Colditz to public attention with his post-war books; Airey Neave, the first British officer to escape from Colditz and later a British Member of Parliament; New Zealand Army Captain Charles Upham, the only combat soldier ever to receive the Victoria Cross twice; and Sir David Stirling, founder of the wartime Special Air Service.The inner courtyard of Colditz castle which was used as the prison yard when the castle was the POW camp Oflag IV-C during World War II. The door flanked by bushes was the entrance to the "Prominente" quarters. Note the cutout depiction of Lieutenant Bouley to the lower left-hand side of the photograph. There were also prisoners called Prominente (German for 'celebrities'), relatives of Allied VIPs. The first one was Giles Romilly, a civilian journalist who was captured in Narvik, Norway who was also a nephew of Winston Churchill's wife Clementine Churchill. Adolf Hitler himself specified that Romilly was to be treated with the utmost care and that: The Kommandant and Security Officer answer for Romilly's security with their heads. His security is to be assured by any and every exceptional measure you care to take. Members of the Prominente, under a U.S. guard, outside the Hungerberg Hotel on May 5, 1945, shortly after their release. L to R: John Elphinstone, Max de Hamel, Michael Alexander, unknown, George Lascelles, and John Winant Jr. When the end of the war approached, the number of Prominente increased. Eventually there were Lord Lascelles and John Elphinstone, nephews of King George VI and Queen Elizabeth; Captain The Lord Haig, son of World War I Field Marshal Douglas Haig; Lord Hopetoun, son of Lord Linlithgow, the Viceroy of India; Lieutenant John Winant Jr., son of John Gilbert Winant, US ambassador to Britain; Tadeusz Bór-Komorowski, commander of Armia Krajowa and the Warsaw Uprising; and five other Polish generals. British Commando Michael Alexander claimed to be a nephew of field marshal Harold Alexander in order to escape execution, but was merely a distant cousin. Micky Burn, another well-known inmate of Colditz, was a British commando captured at Saint-Nazaire. Burn had been a journalist like Romilly before the war, working for The Times. Burn had briefly been an admirer of the Nazi Party and in 1936 had met Adolf Hitler, who signed his copy of Mein Kampf. After war broke out Burn shifted politically to Marxism and gave lectures to prisoners at Colditz, but due to his pre-war interest in Nazi philosophy he was widely regarded with distrust and scorn. John Arundell, 16th Baron Arundell of Wardour (1907–1944) was an aristocrat held at Colditz who, despite his pedigree, was not awarded Prominente status. Arundell made a habit of exercising in the winter snow; he contracted tuberculosis and died in Chester Military Hospital. Another officer, not listed as among the Prominente but who became famous after the end of the war, was French military chaplain and Catholic priest Yves Congar, who was captured as a POW and later sent there after repeated attempts to escape. He became a noted theologian and was made cardinal in 1994, at age 90. At 1:30 a.m. on 13 April 1945, while the final battles of the war approached the area, the Prominente were moved under guard and the cover of darkness, over the protestations of the other prisoners. The Allies were concerned that the Prominente might be used as hostages, bargaining chips and human shields, or that the SS might try to kill them out of spite. But they reached the American lines alive a couple of weeks later, an action aided by the SS head of POW camp administration Obergruppenführer Gottlob Berger, which contributed to his lessened sentence after his war crimes verdict in 1949. German staff and visitors A group of the French orderlies from Colditz Castle poses for a picture in the inner courtyard. Keeping the castle running in a secure and efficient manner was a difficult task, and the Germans maintained a larger garrison at the castle than at many of their other prison camps. Between 1939 and 1945 more than 70 German officers and enlisted men worked in a wide variety of staff positions, as well as overseeing prisoners' labour. There was also a large contingent of civilians and local townspeople who worked on the castle grounds. Some were in maintenance, some in medical roles, some were there in a supervisory role (Nazi Party leaders, Swiss Red Cross observers, etc.). Some family members of the German military officers lived at the camp. Security officers Captain Paul Priem was the first Security Officer. Pat Reid said he "possessed a rare quality among Germans – a sense of humour". Captain Reinhold Eggers was Security Officer from November 1940 until April 1945, promoted to chief of security in 1944. He was also the only English-speaker among the Germans at Colditz, thus was involved in every interaction with the prisoners or between the Senior Officers and the Kommandant serving as translator. Dutchman Lieutenant Damiaen J. van Doorninck said of him, "This man was our opponent, but nevertheless he earned our respect by his correct attitude, self-control and total lack of rancour despite all the harassment we gave him." Kommandants Oberst Schmidt 1939 – August 1942 Oberst Glaesche 1 August 1942 – 13 February 1943 Oberst Prawitt 14 February 1943 – 15 April 1945 Life in the camp In Colditz, the Wehrmacht followed the Geneva Convention. Would-be escapees were punished with solitary confinement, instead of being summarily executed. In principle, the security officers recognized that it was the duty of the POWs to try to escape and that their own job was to stop them. Prisoners could even form gentlemen's agreements with the guards, such as not using borrowed tools for escape attempts. Most of the guard company was composed of World War I veterans and young soldiers not fit for the front. Because Colditz was a high security camp, the Germans organized three and then later four Appells (roll calls) per day to count the prisoners. If they discovered someone had escaped, they alerted every police and train station within a 40 km (25 mi) radius, and many local members of the Hitler Youth would help to recapture any escapees. Because of the number of Red Cross food parcels, prisoners sometimes ate better than their guards, who had to rely on Wehrmacht rations. Prisoners could use their relative luxuries for trade and, for example, exchange their cigarettes for German Reichsmarks that they hoped could later use in their escape attempts. Occasionally this turned out to be a mistake as several of the bills they received were of varieties that were not considered valid. Prisoners had to make their own entertainment. In August 1941 the first camp Olympics were organized by the Polish prisoners. Events were held in football (soccer), volleyball, boxing, and chess, but the closing ceremony was interrupted by a German fire drill. "The British came in last place in every event cheerfully, to the dismay of the other participants who took the competition deadly seriously," according to the British inmate John Wilkens in a 1986 interview. Prisoners also formed a Polish choir, a Dutch Hawaiian guitar band, and a French orchestra. The British put on homemade revues, classical plays and farces including: Gaslight, Rope, The Man Who Came to Dinner, Pygmalion, and The Importance of Being Earnest. Several prisoners intentionally grew their hair long so as better to portray female roles. Prisoner Jock Hamilton-Baillie used to shave his legs, rub them in brown shoe polish, and draw a line down the back of his legs in pencil to simulate the appearance of silk stockings. This allowed him special "bath privileges" in the German guards washroom, since the prisoners' showers were unable to get the polish off his legs. Staging these plays even gained the prisoners access to "parole tools", tools which were used to build the sets and promised not to be used to escape. During the summer months, the theatre's peak periods, there were new productions every two weeks. The biggest success of the theatre however was the Christmas-themed Ballet Nonsense which premiered on November 16, 1941, and ran until the November 18, 1941 show which Hauptmann Priem (the first prison warden of Colditz) attended. Another pastime which occupied much of the prisoners' time was the production of moonshine alcohol. Initially started by the Polish contingent using a recipe of yeast, water, German jam and sugar from their Red Cross parcels, and then taken up by other prisoners, it did not take long for stills to be secreted all across Colditz (one of which remained undiscovered until a tourist trip in 1984). Prisoner Michael Farr, whose family ran Hawker's Gin (the sole purveyors of Sloe gin with a Royal Warrant), managed to make a sparkling wine dubbed "Château Colditz". Some prisoners would get black teeth or even temporary blindness from consuming this beverage — a condition known as "jam-happy" — as it contained many impurities. Although the German guards despised the drunken prisoners, they generally turned a blind eye to the distilling. Officers also studied languages, learning from each other, and told stories. Most popular of these stories were the embellished retelling of BBC broadcasts by Jim Rogers. Since mail was regularly screened by censors, and the German newspapers received by prisoners contained much Nazi propaganda, the only reliable information prisoners could obtain on the progress of the war in Europe was through BBC broadcasts received via one of two radios which were secreted in the castle. These radios were smuggled in by French prisoner Frédérick Guigues and named "Arthur 1" and "Arthur 2". The first radio was quickly discovered because of a mole, but the second remained secreted until Guigues returned and removed it during a tour of the castle in 1965. The prisoners' "Radio Laboratory" was not permanently exposed until 1992 during repairs to the roof. Later the most popular way to pass the time was stoolball, a particularly rough version of rugby, where there were two stools at either end of the prisoners' courtyard and goals were scored by touching the opponent's stool with the ball. This game served as an outlet for pent-up aggression, and also provided noise to cover the sounds of tunnel-digging. In addition to escape attempts, prisoners tried to make the life of their guards more miserable by resorting to "goon-baiting", making nuisances of themselves by harassing the guards. For example, they would drop water bombs on the guards. Douglas Bader encouraged his junior officers to do the same. British Flight Lieutenant Pete Tunstall especially tried to cause havoc by disturbing the roll call even if nobody was trying to escape, so that the guards would not become suspicious when somebody was. He went through a total of five courts-martial and suffered a total of 415 days in solitary confinement. Escape attempts Main article: Attempts to escape Oflag IV-C In popular culture Oflag IV-C provided the inspiration for both television and film because of the widely popular retellings by Pat Reid and Airey Neave. This started as early as 1955 with the release of The Colditz Story, followed by The Birdmen in 1971, continuing until 2005 with the Colditz mini-series. The escape stories of Colditz Castle have inspired several board and video games, such as Escape from Colditz and Commandos. In contrast, the existence of Colditz is virtually unknown in Germany today. Eggers wrote a book based on his experiences of the German side of events. Cinema The Colditz Story (1955) was a dramatic film re-enactment of life in the camp during World War II, based entirely on the books of Pat Reid, directed by Guy Hamilton for a British Academy of Film and Television Arts Award in 1956. It has been called an "Outstanding factual World War Two drama about Allied POW's held in Germany's most secure wartime prison." Television and TV movies Escape of the Birdmen (1971) was a television movie loosely based on Pat Reid's book. This movie is of note in that it is the first movie based on Pat Reid's books to reference the Colditz glider, devised and built by Bill Goldfinch with Jack Best his partner in the construction. Colditz (1972–1974) was a television drama series aired on BBC1 television. It ran for a total of 28 episodes across two seasons, progressing in time from the opening of the camp until its liberation in 1945. The first three episodes of the series acted as an introduction to the plot of the show, and introduced the viewers to the three central characters by following the events that led up to their arrival at the camp. The series was a joint production between the BBC and Universal TV (an American company), but for reasons unknown, it never aired in the United States. Episodes 24 "A Very Important Person" and 25 "Chameleon" did however air in the US as a two-hour TV movie entitled Escape From Colditz, in 1974. A review of the film was printed in the newspaper The News Of The World, which praised it saying: "It has all the realism, dignity and courage of the men it commemorates." Its more notable actors include Jack Hedley as Lieutenant Colonel John Preston from 1972–74, Edward Hardwicke as Captain Pat Grant from 1972–73, Robert Wagner as Major Phil Carrington from 1972–74, David McCallum as Flight Lieutenant Simon Carter from 1972–74, and Dan O'Herlihy as Lieutenant Colonel Max Dodd in 1974. Escape from Colditz (2001) was a British Channel 4 television documentary. Colditz (2005) was a mini-series on ITV1, based on Henry Chancellor's book Colditz: The Definitive History, directed by Stuart Orme. This tale is much more fictional than its predecessors, with fictional characters and situations that are merely based on real people and events. It features Jason Priestley (Beverly Hills, 90210) as Rhett Barker, James Fox as Lt. Col. Jimmy Fordham, Damian Lewis (Band of Brothers) as Lt. Nicholas McGrade, Tom Hardy (Black Hawk Down) as Lt. Jack Rose, Sophia Myles (Thunderbirds) as Lizzie Carter, Guy Henry as Capt. Sawyer and Timothy West as Warren. In PBS's NOVA documentary series, "Escape From Nazi Alcatraz" (Season 41, Episode 12), is about a planned escape by a group of British officers from Colditz Castle. Fiction The Colditz Legacy, Guy Walters, Headline, London, 2005, ISBN 0-7553-2717-9 Yes, Farewell, Michael Burn, Jonathan Cape, London, 1946 ISBN 1-4191-7221-2 The Narrow Door at Colditz, Robert L. Wise, Broadman & Holman Publishers, Nashville, 2004, ISBN 0-8054-3072-5 Revenge of the Damned, Chris Bunch and Allan Cole, Del Rey Books, New York, 1989, ISBN 1-84149-080-6 features an escape from a thinly-veiled "Koldyeze prison" clearly modelled on Colditz. Games Escape from Castle Colditz — a board game from Invicta Games in 1972. Escape from Colditz — a board game from Parker Brothers in 1973. This game was designed by Pat Reid and later re-designed by Gibson Games in the 1980s and as Skedaddle! by Crowhurst Games in 1992 and re-released again in 2011. Escape from Colditz — a 1991 video game developed by Digital Magic for the Amiga, was based on the Parker Brothers board game. Prisoner of War has two levels set in Colditz. Commandos 2: Men of Courage — the mission, Castle Colditz, is based on the same castle and involves assisting the escape of all allied prisoners in the castle. The Colditz Story — a 1987 video game published by Atlantis Software for the ZX Spectrum Music Melbourne band "Colditz Glider" is named after the construction of a glider to escape Oflag IV-C. The group draws parallels between the prisoners drawn together to escape and the band creating music to escape. Other media The Doctor Who audio play Colditz by Big Finish is based in Colditz, with the Seventh Doctor's companion Ace mentioning several well-known names and escape attempts. See also MI9 Christopher Hutton References ^ a b c d e f g h i j k "The Story of Colditz" ^ Booker (2005), Location 1245. ^ Hutson, Graham; Siret, Mal. "Colditz Obituaries". The Times. London. ^ "Hut". ^ Oflag IVC (Colditz) on East Anglia Net, Bygones Archived 2005-05-07 at the Wayback Machine ^ Larive; the man who came in from Colditz, Leo de hartog; officieren achter prikkeldraad 1940-1945 ^ Reid Colditz: The Full Story p294 ^ Romilly, Giles; Alexander, Michael (1973). Hostages at Colditz. Sphere Books. p. 138. ISBN 0-7221-7463-2. ^ Bernardi, Peter J. (4 April 2005). "A Passion for Unity". America Magazine. Retrieved 21 January 2013. ^ P.R. Reid, MBE, MC, Colditz: The Colditz Story & The Latter Days of Colditz, Coronet, 1985, p. 74 ^ http://www.herofiles.org/resources/books.shtml ^ Reid, Colditz: The Full Story p325 ^ "Colditz: The Legend" Yesterday TV, 12:00 pm, 6 Dec 2010 ^ Colditz Castle : Virtual Tour : Page 14: Attic Secrets ^ Reinhold Eggers (1961). Colditz: The German Story. Barnsley: Pen and Sword Books. ISBN 1-84415-536-6. ^ The Colditz Story (1955) ^ "Colditz drama planned for ITV". BBC News. 31 March 2003. ^ "Damian's marriage escape" ^ Escape from Colditz Castle | BoardGameGeek ^ Escape from Colditz Castle: the Inventor ^ Escape from Colditz Castle: boardgame images ^ Vintage 'ESCAPE FROM COLDITZ' board game by Parker: THE BOARD GAME COMPANY ^ 'ESCAPE FROM COLDITZ' vintage board game: The Board Game Company ^ Skedaddle! | BoardGameGeek Sources Main article: Bibliography of Colditz Castle Booker, Michael (30 April 2005). Collecting Colditz and Its Secrets (Kindle ed.). Grub Street Publishing. ISBN 978-1904943082. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Colditz. VirtualColditz.com — Videos and photos of Colditz Castle as it is today. Virtual Tour of Colditz — Site is predominantly in German, some sections have an English translation. NOVA "Nazi Prison Escape" — Homepage to the NOVA TV episode "Nazi Prison Escape" Bibliographie par Frédéric Mortimore — Site is in French but has a good list of books available about Colditz and its POW's. Colditz Castle — Oflag IVc — POW Information Sources — Links to resources about German POW's and has links to obituaries for some former prisoners. Escape to Colditz by Andrew Walker — BBC News Magazine 8 August 2003. ColditzCastle.Net Oflag IVc & Colditz — A definitive history & guide to visiting: large photo gallery, then & now Colditz Castle Oflag IVC — English language tour and history of Colditz. Escape from Colditz — Channel 4 web game whose object is to escape from Colditz Castle. The Colditz Prison Escape Glider — How to make your own Colditz Glider with plans. Colditz Oflag IVc The ‘Bad Boys’ Camp — Site with additional information and many links Karl Höffkes German film archive Newsreel from a private archive: Two minutes of film of the castle and prisoners starts at timestamp 10:14:37 POW memoirs The Indian war hero who stood up to the Nazis — About Captain Birendra Nath Mazumdar M.D. the only Indian POW at Colditz. Mémoires de ma captivité Jacques Pallu (1940–1944) — Site is predominantly in French, some sections have an English translation. No.218 Squadrons Home Run — The Escape of Flight Lieutenant Wardle R.A.F From Colditz Castle. Une Vie De Camp (1943) — This is an exhibition of the watercolours of Pierre Lelong showing daily life at Oflag IVc. These watercolours seem "sanitized" and may have been censored by the German guards. Audio interviews From the Imperial War Museum (IWM) oral history collection: IWM (March 1997). "IWM interview ". IWM Collections Search. Retrieved 15 April 2013. Tucki was a Polish officer served with 44th Infantry Regt in Poland, 1939; POW in Oflag VII A, Murnau, Germany, 1939–1941; escaped to Hungary, 1941 and returned to German captivity; POW in Oflag IV C, Colditz, Oflag 10 C Lubeck and Oflag 6 B, Dessel in Germany, 1942–1945 IWM (March 1989). "IWM interview ". IWM Collections Search. Retrieved 15 April 2013. Lorne Welch was a British NCO flying instructor in GB, 1938–1942; officer with 25 Operation Training Unit, RAF in GB, 1942; POW at Stalag Luft III, Sagan and Oflag IV C, Colditz in Germany, 1943–1945 IWM (January 2006). "recording ". IWM Collections Search. Retrieved 15 April 2013. Dominic Bruce served as navigator with Bomber Command, 1939–1941; POW in Spangenburg Castle and Oflag IV C, Colditz in Germany, 1941–1945 From all IWM collections: IWM. "Collections Search for "colditz"". Retrieved 15 April 2013. IWM. "Collections Search for "oflag iv"". Retrieved 15 April 2013. Prisoner obituaries James de Deane Yule: September 17, 1916 – December 25, 2000 – obituary John William Best: 1913 – April 22, 2000 — John William Best Dominic Bruce: June 7, 1915 – February 12, 2000 — obituary Hugh Bruce: January 26, 1919 – January 9, 2003 — obituary James Hugh Cecil (Jim) Chesshire: December 28, 1916 – October, 2000 — obituary Hugo Ironside: June 14, 1918 – October 3, 2008 — obituary Douggie Moir: August 24, 1918 – May 6, 2008 — obituary Francis Steinmetz: 20 September 1914 – 2 January 2006 — obituary Pete Tunstall: 1 December 1918 – 27 July 2013 — obituary Patrick Palles Lorne Elphinstone Welch: 12 August 1916 – 15 May 1998 — obituary vteColditz Colditz Castle Oflag IV-C Attempts to escape Oflag IV-C List of attempts to escape Oflag IV-C Bibliography of Colditz Castle Main German prisoner-of-war camps for Western Allied soldiers (1944–1945) Stalag II-D Stargard Stalag III-A Luckenwalde Stalag IV-B Mühlberg Stalag VII-A Moosburg Stalag VIII-A Görlitz Stalag 344 Lamsdorf Stalag VIII-B Teschen Stalag IX-C Bad Sulza Stalag X-B Sandbostel Marlag und Milag Nord, Westertimke Stalag XI-A Altengrabow Stalag XI-B Fallingbostel Stalag XIII-C Hammelburg Stalag XIII-D Nürnberg Stalag XX-A Thorn Stalag XX-B Marienburg Stalag XXI-D Posen POW campsfor air force personnel Stalag Luft I Barth Stalag Luft II Litzmannstadt Stalag Luft III Sagan Stalag Luft IV Gross Tychow Stalag Luft VI Heydekrug Stalag Luft 7 Bankau POW campsfor officers Oflag IV-C Colditz Castle Oflag VII-B Eichstätt Oflag 79 Brunswick See also The March (1945) Authority control databases International VIAF National United States
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Colditz Castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colditz_Castle"},{"link_name":"Colditz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colditz"},{"link_name":"Saxony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saxony"},{"link_name":"German Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Army_(Wehrmacht)"},{"link_name":"prisoner-of-war camps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prisoner-of-war_camp"},{"link_name":"officers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Officer_(armed_forces)"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"}],"text":"Oflag IV-C, often referred to by its location at Colditz Castle, overlooking Colditz, Saxony, was one of the most noted German Army prisoner-of-war camps for captured enemy officers during World War II; Oflag is a shortening of Offizierslager, meaning \"officers' camp\".","title":"Oflag IV-C"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"River Mulde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_Mulde"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-story-1"}],"text":"This thousand-year-old fortress was in the heart of Hitler's Reich, four hundred miles (640 km) from any frontier not under Nazi control. Its outer walls were seven feet (two metres) thick and the cliff on which it was built had a sheer drop of two hundred and fifty feet (75 metres) to the River Mulde below.[1]","title":"Colditz Castle"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"September Campaign","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/September_Campaign"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-story-1"},{"link_name":"Howard Wardle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howard_Wardle"},{"link_name":"RAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Air_Force"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mess_best_bader_harvey_bruce.jpg"},{"link_name":"F/Lt Best","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_William_Best"},{"link_name":"F/Lt Goldfinch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Goldfinch"},{"link_name":"S/Ldr Bader","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglas_Bader"},{"link_name":"F/Lt Bruce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominic_Bruce"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBooker2005Location_1245-2"},{"link_name":"Laufen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laufen,_Germany"},{"link_name":"Oflag VII-C","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oflag_VII-C"},{"link_name":"Pat Reid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pat_Reid"},{"link_name":"Dick Howe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Howe_(officer)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Kenneth Lockwood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenneth_Lockwood"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-story-1"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Alain Le Ray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alain_Le_Ray"},{"link_name":"Reinhold Eggers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reinhold_Eggers"},{"link_name":"Hans Larive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Larive"},{"link_name":"Singen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singen"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Machiel van den Heuvel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machiel_van_den_Heuvel"},{"link_name":"greatcoats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greatcoat"},{"link_name":"grey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grey"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Prisonniers_Fran%C3%A7ais_(Chateau_Colditz).jpg"},{"link_name":"Free French","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_French_Forces"},{"link_name":"Florimond Duke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florimond_Duke"},{"link_name":"Jean Adolphe Louis Robert Flavigny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Adolphe_Louis_Robert_Flavigny"},{"link_name":"Louis Léon Marie André Buisson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_L%C3%A9on_Marie_Andr%C3%A9_Buisson"},{"link_name":"Arsène Marie Paul Vauthier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ars%C3%A8ne_Marie_Paul_Vauthier"},{"link_name":"Königstein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oflag_IV-B_Koenigstein"},{"link_name":"Gustave Marie Maurice Mesny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gustave_Marie_Maurice_Mesny"},{"link_name":"Tadeusz Bór-Komorowski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tadeusz_B%C3%B3r-Komorowski"},{"link_name":"Armia Krajowa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armia_Krajowa"},{"link_name":"Warsaw Uprising","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warsaw_Uprising"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"The first prisoners arrived in November 1939; they were 140 Polish officers from the September Campaign who were regarded as escape risks. Most of them were later transferred to other Oflags.[1]In October 1940, Donald Middleton, Keith Milne, and Howard Wardle (a Canadian who joined the RAF just before the war) became the first British prisoners at Colditz.RAF group photograph at Colditz. Back row, from left to right: F/Lt Best, F/Lt Forbes, F/Lt Zafouk, F/Lt Flinn, F/Lt van Rood, F/Lt Halifax, F/Lt Donaldson, F/Lt Thom, F/Lt Milne, F/Lt Middleton, F/Lt Goldfinch. Front row, from left to right: F/Lt Dickenson, S/Ldr Stephenson, F/Lt Parker, S/Ldr Bader, S/Ldr McColm, S/Ldr Lockett, F/Lt Bruce.[2]On 7 November, six British officers, the \"Laufen Six\", named after the camp (Oflag VII-C) from which they made their first escape, arrived: Harry Elliott, Rupert Barry (later Sir Rupert Barry), Pat Reid, Dick Howe, Peter Allan,[3] and Kenneth Lockwood.[4] They were soon joined by a handful of British Army officers and later by Belgian officers. By Christmas 1940 there were 60 Polish officers, 12 Belgians, 50 French, and 30 British, a total of no more than 200 with their orderlies.[1][5]200 French officers arrived in February 1941. A number of the French demanded that French Jewish officers be segregated from them and the camp commander obliged; they were moved to the attics. By the end of July 1941, there were more than 500 officers: over 250 French, 150 Polish, 50 British and Commonwealth, 2 Yugoslavian. In April 1941, a French officer, Alain Le Ray, become the first prisoner ever to escape from the Colditz Castle.On 24 July 1941, 68 Dutch officers arrived, mostly members of the Royal Dutch East Indies Army, who had refused to sign a declaration that they would take no part in the war against Germany. According to the German Security Officer, Captain Reinhold Eggers, the Dutch officers appeared to be model prisoners at first. Importantly for other internees in the camp, among the 68 Dutch was Hans Larive with his knowledge of the Singen route. This route into Switzerland was discovered by Larive in 1940 on his first escape attempt from an Oflag in Soest. Larive was caught at the Swiss border near Singen. The interrogating Gestapo officer was so confident the war would soon be won by Germany that he told Larive the safe way across the border near Singen. Larive did not forget and many prisoners later escaped using this route.[6]Within days after their arrival, the Dutch escape officer, Captain Machiel van den Heuvel, planned and executed his first of many escape plans. On 13 August 1941 the first two Dutchmen escaped successfully from the castle, followed by many more of whom six officers made it to England. Afterwards a number of would-be escapees borrowed Dutch greatcoats as their disguise. When the Wehrmacht invaded the Netherlands they were short of material for uniforms, so they confiscated anything available. The coats in Dutch field grey in particular remained unchanged in colour, since it was similar to the tone already in use by the Germans, thus these greatcoats were nearly identical with very minor alterations.Some of the French officers held at ColditzIn May 1943, the Wehrmacht High Command decided that Colditz should house only Americans and Commonwealth. In June the Dutch were moved out, followed shortly thereafter by the Poles and Belgians. The final French group left 12 July 1943. By the end of July there were a few Free French officers, and 228 Commonwealth officers including Britons, Canadians, Australians, New Zealanders, South Africans, Irish, and one Indian.On 23 August 1944 Colditz received its first Americans: 49-year-old Colonel Florimond Duke — the oldest American paratrooper of the war, Captain Guy Nunn, and Alfred Suarez. They were all counter-intelligence operatives parachuted into Hungary to prevent it joining forces with Germany. Population was approximately 254 at the start of the early winter that year.On 19 January 1945 six French Generals — Lieutenant-General Jean Adolphe Louis Robert Flavigny, Major-General Louis Léon Marie André Buisson, Major-General Arsène Marie Paul Vauthier, Brigadier-General Albert Joseph Daine, and Brigadier-General René Jacques Mortemart de Boisse — were brought from the camp at Königstein to Colditz Castle. Major-General Gustave Marie Maurice Mesny was murdered by the Germans on the way from Königstein to Colditz Castle.On 5 February, Polish General Tadeusz Bór-Komorowski, deputy commander of the Armia Krajowa (Home Army) and responsible for the Warsaw Uprising, arrived with his entourage.In March, 1200 French prisoners were brought to Colditz Castle, with 600 more being imprisoned in the town below.When the final battles of the war approached the area, the prisoners became concerned at the danger, both from the SS in the town who might kill them, or from the approaching Allied forces who might mistakenly attack the castle. To prevent this the prisoners persuaded the German guards to surrender to them in secret and prevent the SS from entering. This was successful and on 16 April 1945 Oflag IV C was captured by American soldiers from the 1st US Army.[7]","title":"Timeline"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Douglas Bader","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglas_Bader"},{"link_name":"Pat Reid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pat_Reid"},{"link_name":"Airey Neave","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airey_Neave"},{"link_name":"Charles Upham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Upham"},{"link_name":"David Stirling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Stirling"},{"link_name":"Special Air Service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_Air_Service"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-story-1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Inner_courtyard_of_Colditz_castle_(prominente_quarters).JPG"},{"link_name":"POW","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/POW"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"\"Prominente\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#The_%22Prominente%22_and_notable_inmates"},{"link_name":"Lieutenant Bouley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attempts_to_escape_Oflag_IV-C#The_French_lady"},{"link_name":"Prominente","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prominente"},{"link_name":"Giles Romilly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giles_Romilly"},{"link_name":"Winston Churchill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winston_Churchill"},{"link_name":"Clementine Churchill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clementine_Churchill"},{"link_name":"Adolf Hitler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolf_Hitler"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:PicOf_4C_Prominente.jpg"},{"link_name":"John Elphinstone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Elphinstone,_17th_Lord_Elphinstone"},{"link_name":"Michael Alexander","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Alexander_(soldier)"},{"link_name":"George Lascelles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Lascelles,_7th_Earl_of_Harewood"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-story-1"},{"link_name":"Lord Lascelles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Lascelles,_7th_Earl_of_Harewood"},{"link_name":"John Elphinstone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Elphinstone,_17th_Lord_Elphinstone"},{"link_name":"Lord Haig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Haig,_2nd_Earl_Haig"},{"link_name":"World War I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I"},{"link_name":"Field Marshal Douglas Haig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglas_Haig,_1st_Earl_Haig"},{"link_name":"Lord Hopetoun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_William_Frederick_Hope,_3rd_Marquess_of_Linlithgow"},{"link_name":"Lord Linlithgow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor_Hope,_2nd_Marquess_of_Linlithgow"},{"link_name":"Viceroy of India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor-General_of_India"},{"link_name":"John Gilbert Winant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Gilbert_Winant"},{"link_name":"US ambassador to Britain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ambassadors_from_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Tadeusz Bór-Komorowski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tadeusz_B%C3%B3r-Komorowski"},{"link_name":"Armia Krajowa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armia_Krajowa"},{"link_name":"Warsaw Uprising","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warsaw_Uprising"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"British Commando","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Commandos"},{"link_name":"Michael Alexander","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Alexander_(soldier)"},{"link_name":"Harold Alexander","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold_Alexander"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-story-1"},{"link_name":"Micky Burn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micky_Burn"},{"link_name":"Saint-Nazaire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint-Nazaire"},{"link_name":"John Arundell, 16th Baron Arundell of Wardour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Arundell,_16th_Baron_Arundell_of_Wardour"},{"link_name":"tuberculosis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuberculosis"},{"link_name":"Yves Congar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yves_Congar"},{"link_name":"cardinal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardinal_(Catholicism)"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"human shields","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_shield"},{"link_name":"Gottlob Berger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gottlob_Berger"},{"link_name":"war crimes verdict","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministries_Trial"}],"text":"Among the more notable inmates were British fighter ace Douglas Bader; Pat Reid, the man who brought Colditz to public attention with his post-war books; Airey Neave, the first British officer to escape from Colditz and later a British Member of Parliament; New Zealand Army Captain Charles Upham, the only combat soldier ever to receive the Victoria Cross twice; and Sir David Stirling, founder of the wartime Special Air Service.[1]The inner courtyard of Colditz castle which was used as the prison yard when the castle was the POW camp Oflag IV-C during World War II. The door flanked by bushes was the entrance to the \"Prominente\" quarters. Note the cutout depiction of Lieutenant Bouley to the lower left-hand side of the photograph.There were also prisoners called Prominente (German for 'celebrities'), relatives of Allied VIPs. The first one was Giles Romilly, a civilian journalist who was captured in Narvik, Norway who was also a nephew of Winston Churchill's wife Clementine Churchill. Adolf Hitler himself specified that Romilly was to be treated with the utmost care and that:The Kommandant and Security Officer answer for Romilly's security with their heads.\nHis security is to be assured by any and every exceptional measure you care to take.Members of the Prominente, under a U.S. guard, outside the Hungerberg Hotel on May 5, 1945, shortly after their release. L to R: John Elphinstone, Max de Hamel, Michael Alexander, unknown, George Lascelles, and John Winant Jr.[1]When the end of the war approached, the number of Prominente increased. Eventually there were Lord Lascelles and John Elphinstone, nephews of King George VI and Queen Elizabeth; Captain The Lord Haig, son of World War I Field Marshal Douglas Haig; Lord Hopetoun, son of Lord Linlithgow, the Viceroy of India; Lieutenant John Winant Jr., son of John Gilbert Winant, US ambassador to Britain; Tadeusz Bór-Komorowski, commander of Armia Krajowa and the Warsaw Uprising; and five other Polish generals.[8] British Commando Michael Alexander claimed to be a nephew of field marshal Harold Alexander in order to escape execution, but was merely a distant cousin.[1]Micky Burn, another well-known inmate of Colditz, was a British commando captured at Saint-Nazaire. Burn had been a journalist like Romilly before the war, working for The Times. Burn had briefly been an admirer of the Nazi Party and in 1936 had met Adolf Hitler, who signed his copy of Mein Kampf. After war broke out Burn shifted politically to Marxism and gave lectures to prisoners at Colditz, but due to his pre-war interest in Nazi philosophy he was widely regarded with distrust and scorn.John Arundell, 16th Baron Arundell of Wardour (1907–1944) was an aristocrat held at Colditz who, despite his pedigree, was not awarded Prominente status. Arundell made a habit of exercising in the winter snow; he contracted tuberculosis and died in Chester Military Hospital.Another officer, not listed as among the Prominente but who became famous after the end of the war, was French military chaplain and Catholic priest Yves Congar, who was captured as a POW and later sent there after repeated attempts to escape. He became a noted theologian and was made cardinal in 1994, at age 90.[9]At 1:30 a.m. on 13 April 1945, while the final battles of the war approached the area, the Prominente were moved under guard and the cover of darkness, over the protestations of the other prisoners. The Allies were concerned that the Prominente might be used as hostages, bargaining chips and human shields, or that the SS might try to kill them out of spite. But they reached the American lines alive a couple of weeks later, an action aided by the SS head of POW camp administration Obergruppenführer Gottlob Berger, which contributed to his lessened sentence after his war crimes verdict in 1949.","title":"\"Prominente\" and notable inmates"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ordonnances.JPG"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-story-1"},{"link_name":"Nazi Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi_Party"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-story-1"}],"text":"A group of the French orderlies from Colditz Castle poses for a picture in the inner courtyard.Keeping the castle running in a secure and efficient manner was a difficult task, and the Germans maintained a larger garrison at the castle than at many of their other prison camps. Between 1939 and 1945 more than 70 German officers and enlisted men worked in a wide variety of staff positions, as well as overseeing prisoners' labour.[1]There was also a large contingent of civilians and local townspeople who worked on the castle grounds. Some were in maintenance, some in medical roles, some were there in a supervisory role (Nazi Party leaders, Swiss Red Cross observers, etc.). Some family members of the German military officers lived at the camp.[1]","title":"German staff and visitors"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Paul Priem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Priem"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Reinhold Eggers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reinhold_Eggers"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-eggers-11"},{"link_name":"Damiaen J. van Doorninck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damiaen_J._van_Doorninck"}],"sub_title":"Security officers","text":"Captain Paul Priem was the first Security Officer. Pat Reid said he \"possessed a rare quality among Germans – a sense of humour\".[10]\nCaptain Reinhold Eggers was Security Officer from November 1940 until April 1945, promoted to chief of security in 1944. He was also the only English-speaker among the Germans at Colditz, thus was involved in every interaction with the prisoners or between the Senior Officers and the Kommandant serving as translator.[11] Dutchman Lieutenant Damiaen J. van Doorninck said of him, \"This man was our opponent, but nevertheless he earned our respect by his correct attitude, self-control and total lack of rancour despite all the harassment we gave him.\"","title":"German staff and visitors"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"sub_title":"Kommandants","text":"Oberst Schmidt 1939 – August 1942\nOberst Glaesche 1 August 1942 – 13 February 1943\nOberst Prawitt 14 February 1943 – 15 April 1945[12]","title":"German staff and visitors"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Geneva Convention","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geneva_Convention"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"gentlemen's agreements","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gentlemen%27s_agreement"},{"link_name":"Reichsmarks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reichsmark"},{"link_name":"Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1940_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"choir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Choir"},{"link_name":"guitar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guitar"},{"link_name":"orchestra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orchestra"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-story-1"},{"link_name":"Gaslight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaslight_(play)"},{"link_name":"Rope","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rope_(play)"},{"link_name":"The Man Who Came to Dinner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Man_Who_Came_to_Dinner"},{"link_name":"Pygmalion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pygmalion_(play)"},{"link_name":"The Importance of Being Earnest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Importance_of_Being_Earnest"},{"link_name":"Jock Hamilton-Baillie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jock_Hamilton-Baillie"},{"link_name":"Hauptmann Priem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Priem"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-story-1"},{"link_name":"moonshine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moonshine"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"rugby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugby_football"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-story-1"},{"link_name":"goon-baiting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goon_baiting"},{"link_name":"Douglas Bader","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglas_Bader"},{"link_name":"Pete Tunstall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pete_Tunstall"},{"link_name":"courts-martial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Courts-martial"}],"text":"In Colditz, the Wehrmacht followed the Geneva Convention.[13] Would-be escapees were punished with solitary confinement, instead of being summarily executed. In principle, the security officers recognized that it was the duty of the POWs to try to escape and that their own job was to stop them. Prisoners could even form gentlemen's agreements with the guards, such as not using borrowed tools for escape attempts.Most of the guard company was composed of World War I veterans and young soldiers not fit for the front. Because Colditz was a high security camp, the Germans organized three and then later four Appells (roll calls) per day to count the prisoners. If they discovered someone had escaped, they alerted every police and train station within a 40 km (25 mi) radius, and many local members of the Hitler Youth would help to recapture any escapees.Because of the number of Red Cross food parcels, prisoners sometimes ate better than their guards, who had to rely on Wehrmacht rations. Prisoners could use their relative luxuries for trade and, for example, exchange their cigarettes for German Reichsmarks that they hoped could later use in their escape attempts. Occasionally this turned out to be a mistake as several of the bills they received were of varieties that were not considered valid.Prisoners had to make their own entertainment. In August 1941 the first camp Olympics were organized by the Polish prisoners. Events were held in football (soccer), volleyball, boxing, and chess, but the closing ceremony was interrupted by a German fire drill. \"The British came in last place in every event cheerfully, to the dismay of the other participants who took the competition deadly seriously,\" according to the British inmate John Wilkens in a 1986 interview. Prisoners also formed a Polish choir, a Dutch Hawaiian guitar band, and a French orchestra.[1]The British put on homemade revues, classical plays and farces including: Gaslight, Rope, The Man Who Came to Dinner, Pygmalion, and The Importance of Being Earnest. Several prisoners intentionally grew their hair long so as better to portray female roles. Prisoner Jock Hamilton-Baillie used to shave his legs, rub them in brown shoe polish, and draw a line down the back of his legs in pencil to simulate the appearance of silk stockings. This allowed him special \"bath privileges\" in the German guards washroom, since the prisoners' showers were unable to get the polish off his legs. Staging these plays even gained the prisoners access to \"parole tools\", tools which were used to build the sets and promised not to be used to escape. During the summer months, the theatre's peak periods, there were new productions every two weeks. The biggest success of the theatre however was the Christmas-themed Ballet Nonsense which premiered on November 16, 1941, and ran until the November 18, 1941 show which Hauptmann Priem (the first prison warden of Colditz) attended.[1]Another pastime which occupied much of the prisoners' time was the production of moonshine alcohol. Initially started by the Polish contingent using a recipe of yeast, water, German jam and sugar from their Red Cross parcels, and then taken up by other prisoners, it did not take long for stills to be secreted all across Colditz (one of which remained undiscovered until a tourist trip in 1984). Prisoner Michael Farr, whose family ran Hawker's Gin (the sole purveyors of Sloe gin with a Royal Warrant), managed to make a sparkling wine dubbed \"Château Colditz\". Some prisoners would get black teeth or even temporary blindness from consuming this beverage — a condition known as \"jam-happy\" — as it contained many impurities. Although the German guards despised the drunken prisoners, they generally turned a blind eye to the distilling.Officers also studied languages, learning from each other, and told stories. Most popular of these stories were the embellished retelling of BBC broadcasts by Jim Rogers. Since mail was regularly screened by censors, and the German newspapers received by prisoners contained much Nazi propaganda, the only reliable information prisoners could obtain on the progress of the war in Europe was through BBC broadcasts received via one of two radios which were secreted in the castle. These radios were smuggled in by French prisoner Frédérick Guigues and named \"Arthur 1\" and \"Arthur 2\". The first radio was quickly discovered because of a mole, but the second remained secreted until Guigues returned and removed it during a tour of the castle in 1965. The prisoners' \"Radio Laboratory\" was not permanently exposed until 1992 during repairs to the roof.[14]Later the most popular way to pass the time was stoolball, a particularly rough version of rugby, where there were two stools at either end of the prisoners' courtyard and goals were scored by touching the opponent's stool with the ball. This game served as an outlet for pent-up aggression, and also provided noise to cover the sounds of tunnel-digging.[1]In addition to escape attempts, prisoners tried to make the life of their guards more miserable by resorting to \"goon-baiting\", making nuisances of themselves by harassing the guards. For example, they would drop water bombs on the guards. Douglas Bader encouraged his junior officers to do the same. British Flight Lieutenant Pete Tunstall especially tried to cause havoc by disturbing the roll call even if nobody was trying to escape, so that the guards would not become suspicious when somebody was. He went through a total of five courts-martial and suffered a total of 415 days in solitary confinement.","title":"Life in the camp"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Escape attempts"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Colditz Story","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Colditz_Story"},{"link_name":"The Birdmen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Birdmen"},{"link_name":"Escape from Colditz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escape_from_Colditz"},{"link_name":"Commandos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commandos_(series)"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"text":"Oflag IV-C provided the inspiration for both television and film because of the widely popular retellings by Pat Reid and Airey Neave. This started as early as 1955 with the release of The Colditz Story, followed by The Birdmen in 1971, continuing until 2005 with the Colditz mini-series. The escape stories of Colditz Castle have inspired several board and video games, such as Escape from Colditz and Commandos. In contrast, the existence of Colditz is virtually unknown in Germany today. Eggers wrote a book based on his experiences of the German side of events.[15]","title":"In popular culture"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Colditz Story","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Colditz_Story"},{"link_name":"dramatic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drama"},{"link_name":"Pat Reid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pat_Reid"},{"link_name":"Guy Hamilton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guy_Hamilton"},{"link_name":"British Academy of Film and Television Arts Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Academy_of_Film_and_Television_Arts"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"}],"sub_title":"Cinema","text":"The Colditz Story (1955) was a dramatic film re-enactment of life in the camp during World War II, based entirely on the books of Pat Reid, directed by Guy Hamilton for a British Academy of Film and Television Arts Award in 1956. It has been called an \"Outstanding factual World War Two drama about Allied POW's held in Germany's most secure wartime prison.\"[16]","title":"In popular culture"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Escape of the Birdmen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escape_of_the_Birdmen"},{"link_name":"Colditz glider","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colditz_Cock"},{"link_name":"Colditz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colditz_(1972_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"The News Of The World","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_News_Of_The_World"},{"link_name":"Jack Hedley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Hedley"},{"link_name":"Edward Hardwicke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Hardwicke"},{"link_name":"Robert Wagner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Wagner"},{"link_name":"David McCallum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_McCallum"},{"link_name":"Dan O'Herlihy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dan_O%27Herlihy"},{"link_name":"Colditz (2005)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colditz_(miniseries)"},{"link_name":"ITV1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ITV1"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Jason Priestley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jason_Priestley"},{"link_name":"Beverly Hills, 90210","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beverly_Hills,_90210"},{"link_name":"James Fox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Fox"},{"link_name":"Damian Lewis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damian_Lewis"},{"link_name":"Band of Brothers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Band_of_Brothers_(TV_miniseries)"},{"link_name":"Tom Hardy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Hardy"},{"link_name":"Black Hawk Down","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Hawk_Down_(film)"},{"link_name":"Sophia Myles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sophia_Myles"},{"link_name":"Thunderbirds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thunderbirds_(2004_film)"},{"link_name":"Guy Henry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guy_Henry_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Timothy West","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timothy_West"},{"link_name":"PBS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PBS"},{"link_name":"NOVA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nova_(American_TV_series)"}],"sub_title":"Television and TV movies","text":"Escape of the Birdmen (1971) was a television movie loosely based on Pat Reid's book. This movie is of note in that it is the first movie based on Pat Reid's books to reference the Colditz glider, devised and built by Bill Goldfinch with Jack Best his partner in the construction.\nColditz (1972–1974) was a television drama series aired on BBC1 television. It ran for a total of 28 episodes across two seasons, progressing in time from the opening of the camp until its liberation in 1945. The first three episodes of the series acted as an introduction to the plot of the show, and introduced the viewers to the three central characters by following the events that led up to their arrival at the camp. The series was a joint production between the BBC and Universal TV (an American company), but for reasons unknown, it never aired in the United States. Episodes 24 \"A Very Important Person\" and 25 \"Chameleon\" did however air in the US as a two-hour TV movie entitled Escape From Colditz, in 1974. A review of the film was printed in the newspaper The News Of The World, which praised it saying: \"It has all the realism, dignity and courage of the men it commemorates.\" Its more notable actors include Jack Hedley as Lieutenant Colonel John Preston from 1972–74, Edward Hardwicke as Captain Pat Grant from 1972–73, Robert Wagner as Major Phil Carrington from 1972–74, David McCallum as Flight Lieutenant Simon Carter from 1972–74, and Dan O'Herlihy as Lieutenant Colonel Max Dodd in 1974.\nEscape from Colditz (2001) was a British Channel 4 television documentary.\nColditz (2005) was a mini-series on ITV1, based on Henry Chancellor's book Colditz: The Definitive History, directed by Stuart Orme.[17] This tale is much more fictional than its predecessors, with fictional characters and situations that are merely based on real people and events.[18] It features Jason Priestley (Beverly Hills, 90210) as Rhett Barker, James Fox as Lt. Col. Jimmy Fordham, Damian Lewis (Band of Brothers) as Lt. Nicholas McGrade, Tom Hardy (Black Hawk Down) as Lt. Jack Rose, Sophia Myles (Thunderbirds) as Lizzie Carter, Guy Henry as Capt. Sawyer and Timothy West as Warren.\nIn PBS's NOVA documentary series, \"Escape From Nazi Alcatraz\" (Season 41, Episode 12), is about a planned escape by a group of British officers from Colditz Castle.","title":"In popular culture"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Guy Walters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guy_Walters"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-7553-2717-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7553-2717-9"},{"link_name":"Michael Burn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Burn"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1-4191-7221-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-4191-7221-2"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-8054-3072-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8054-3072-5"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1-84149-080-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-84149-080-6"}],"sub_title":"Fiction","text":"The Colditz Legacy, Guy Walters, Headline, London, 2005, ISBN 0-7553-2717-9\nYes, Farewell, Michael Burn, Jonathan Cape, London, 1946 ISBN 1-4191-7221-2\nThe Narrow Door at Colditz, Robert L. Wise, Broadman & Holman Publishers, Nashville, 2004, ISBN 0-8054-3072-5\nRevenge of the Damned, Chris Bunch and Allan Cole, Del Rey Books, New York, 1989, ISBN 1-84149-080-6 features an escape from a thinly-veiled \"Koldyeze prison\" clearly modelled on Colditz.","title":"In popular culture"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"board game","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Board_game"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"Escape from Colditz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escape_from_Colditz"},{"link_name":"Parker Brothers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parker_Brothers"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"Amiga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amiga"},{"link_name":"Prisoner of War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prisoner_of_War_(video_game)"},{"link_name":"Commandos 2: Men of Courage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commandos_2:_Men_of_Courage"},{"link_name":"Atlantis Software","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantis_Software"},{"link_name":"ZX Spectrum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ZX_Spectrum"}],"sub_title":"Games","text":"Escape from Castle Colditz — a board game from Invicta Games in 1972.[19][20][21]\nEscape from Colditz — a board game from Parker Brothers in 1973. This game was designed by Pat Reid[22] and later re-designed by Gibson Games in the 1980s[23] and as Skedaddle! by Crowhurst Games in 1992 and re-released again in 2011.[24]\nEscape from Colditz — a 1991 video game developed by Digital Magic for the Amiga, was based on the Parker Brothers board game.\nPrisoner of War has two levels set in Colditz.\nCommandos 2: Men of Courage — the mission, Castle Colditz, is based on the same castle and involves assisting the escape of all allied prisoners in the castle.\nThe Colditz Story — a 1987 video game published by Atlantis Software for the ZX Spectrum","title":"In popular culture"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Melbourne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melbourne"},{"link_name":"construction of a glider to escape Oflag IV-C","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colditz_Cock"}],"sub_title":"Music","text":"Melbourne band \"Colditz Glider\" is named after the construction of a glider to escape Oflag IV-C. The group draws parallels between the prisoners drawn together to escape and the band creating music to escape.","title":"In popular culture"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Doctor Who","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctor_Who"},{"link_name":"Colditz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colditz_(audio_drama)"},{"link_name":"Big Finish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Finish_Productions"},{"link_name":"Seventh Doctor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seventh_Doctor"},{"link_name":"Ace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ace_(Doctor_Who)"}],"sub_title":"Other media","text":"The Doctor Who audio play Colditz by Big Finish is based in Colditz, with the Seventh Doctor's companion Ace mentioning several well-known names and escape attempts.","title":"In popular culture"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1904943082","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1904943082"}],"text":"Booker, Michael (30 April 2005). Collecting Colditz and Its Secrets (Kindle ed.). Grub Street Publishing. ISBN 978-1904943082.","title":"Sources"}]
[{"image_text":"RAF group photograph at Colditz. Back row, from left to right: F/Lt Best, F/Lt Forbes, F/Lt Zafouk, F/Lt Flinn, F/Lt van Rood, F/Lt Halifax, F/Lt Donaldson, F/Lt Thom, F/Lt Milne, F/Lt Middleton, F/Lt Goldfinch. Front row, from left to right: F/Lt Dickenson, S/Ldr Stephenson, F/Lt Parker, S/Ldr Bader, S/Ldr McColm, S/Ldr Lockett, F/Lt Bruce.[2]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Mess_best_bader_harvey_bruce.jpg/290px-Mess_best_bader_harvey_bruce.jpg"},{"image_text":"Some of the French officers held at Colditz","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Prisonniers_Fran%C3%A7ais_%28Chateau_Colditz%29.jpg/350px-Prisonniers_Fran%C3%A7ais_%28Chateau_Colditz%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"The inner courtyard of Colditz castle which was used as the prison yard when the castle was the POW camp Oflag IV-C during World War II. The door flanked by bushes was the entrance to the \"Prominente\" quarters. Note the cutout depiction of Lieutenant Bouley to the lower left-hand side of the photograph.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Inner_courtyard_of_Colditz_castle_%28prominente_quarters%29.JPG/310px-Inner_courtyard_of_Colditz_castle_%28prominente_quarters%29.JPG"},{"image_text":"Members of the Prominente, under a U.S. guard, outside the Hungerberg Hotel on May 5, 1945, shortly after their release. L to R: John Elphinstone, Max de Hamel, Michael Alexander, unknown, George Lascelles, and John Winant Jr.[1]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/PicOf_4C_Prominente.jpg/350px-PicOf_4C_Prominente.jpg"},{"image_text":"A group of the French orderlies from Colditz Castle poses for a picture in the inner courtyard.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Ordonnances.JPG/300px-Ordonnances.JPG"}]
[{"title":"MI9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MI9"},{"title":"Christopher Hutton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Hutton"}]
[{"reference":"Hutson, Graham; Siret, Mal. \"Colditz Obituaries\". The Times. London.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/comment/obituaries/article812053.ece=False","url_text":"\"Colditz Obituaries\""}]},{"reference":"\"Hut\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.pegasusarchive.org/pow/O4C/PicOf_4C_LaufenSix.htm","url_text":"\"Hut\""}]},{"reference":"Romilly, Giles; Alexander, Michael (1973). Hostages at Colditz. Sphere Books. p. 138. ISBN 0-7221-7463-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7221-7463-2","url_text":"0-7221-7463-2"}]},{"reference":"Bernardi, Peter J. (4 April 2005). \"A Passion for Unity\". America Magazine. Retrieved 21 January 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://americamagazine.org/issue/526/article/passion-unity","url_text":"\"A Passion for Unity\""}]},{"reference":"Reinhold Eggers (1961). Colditz: The German Story. Barnsley: Pen and Sword Books. ISBN 1-84415-536-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-84415-536-6","url_text":"1-84415-536-6"}]},{"reference":"\"Colditz drama planned for ITV\". BBC News. 31 March 2003.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/2904071.stm","url_text":"\"Colditz drama planned for ITV\""}]},{"reference":"Booker, Michael (30 April 2005). Collecting Colditz and Its Secrets (Kindle ed.). Grub Street Publishing. ISBN 978-1904943082.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1904943082","url_text":"978-1904943082"}]},{"reference":"IWM (March 1997). \"IWM interview [with Joseph Tucki]\". IWM Collections Search. Retrieved 15 April 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.iwm.org.uk/collections/item/object/80016824","url_text":"\"IWM interview [with Joseph Tucki]\""}]},{"reference":"IWM (March 1989). \"IWM interview [with Lorne Welch]\". IWM Collections Search. Retrieved 15 April 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.iwm.org.uk/collections/item/object/80010421","url_text":"\"IWM interview [with Lorne Welch]\""}]},{"reference":"IWM (January 2006). \"recording [Colditz Society/Dominic Bruce]\". IWM Collections Search. Retrieved 15 April 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.iwm.org.uk/collections/item/object/80027793","url_text":"\"recording [Colditz Society/Dominic Bruce]\""}]},{"reference":"IWM. \"Collections Search for \"colditz\"\". Retrieved 15 April 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.iwm.org.uk/collections/search?query=colditz&items_per_page=50","url_text":"\"Collections Search for \"colditz\"\""}]},{"reference":"IWM. \"Collections Search for \"oflag iv\"\". Retrieved 15 April 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.iwm.org.uk/collections/search?query=oflag+iv&submit=&items_per_page=50","url_text":"\"Collections Search for \"oflag iv\"\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiwawa_River
Chiwawa River
["1 Course","2 See also","3 References"]
Coordinates: 47°47′18″N 120°39′32″W / 47.78833°N 120.65889°W / 47.78833; -120.65889River in Washington, United StatesChiwawa RiverLocation of the mouth of the Chiwawa River in WashingtonShow map of Washington (state)Chiwawa River (the United States)Show map of the United StatesLocationCountryUnited StatesStateWashingtonCountyChelanPhysical characteristicsSourceNorth Cascades • locationEntiat Mountains • coordinates48°9′11″N 120°55′2″W / 48.15306°N 120.91722°W / 48.15306; -120.91722 • elevation6,300 ft (1,900 m) MouthWenatchee River • coordinates47°47′18″N 120°39′32″W / 47.78833°N 120.65889°W / 47.78833; -120.65889 • elevation1,844 ft (562 m)Length37 mi (60 km)Basin size183 sq mi (470 km2)Discharge  • locationnear mouth • average509 cu ft/s (14.4 m3/s) • minimum45 cu ft/s (1.3 m3/s) • maximum7,030 cu ft/s (199 m3/s) The Chiwawa River is a tributary of the Wenatchee River, in the U.S. state of Washington. It is completely contained within Chelan County. Much of the Chiwawa River's drainage basin is designated national forest and wilderness. The upper Chiwawa watershed is in nearly pristine condition. The river is part of the Columbia River basin, being a tributary of the Wenatchee River, which is a tributary to the Columbia River. The river's name comes from a Columbia-Moses term meaning of kind of creek ("wawa" creek). A large number of place names in the Chiwawa River basin were given by Albert H. Sylvester. Course The Chiwawa River originates in the Glacier Peak Wilderness of the North Cascades, on the southern slopes of Chiwawa Mountain and Fortress Mountain. It flows south through the Wenatchee National Forest, between Chiwawa Ridge to the west and the Entiat Mountains to the east. The Chiwawa River empties into the Wenatchee River several miles east of Lake Wenatchee. See also List of rivers in Washington Tributaries of the Columbia River References ^ a b U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Chiwawa River, USGS, GNIS ^ a b Google Earth elevation for GNIS coordinates. ^ a b c Wenatchee Subbasin Plan, Northwest Power and Conservation Council ^ a b Water Resources Data, Washington Water year 2005, USGS ^ Bright, William (2007). Native American placenames of the United States. University of Oklahoma Press. p. 105. ISBN 978-0-8061-3598-4. Authority control databases International VIAF National Israel United States
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[]
[{"title":"List of rivers in Washington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_rivers_in_Washington"},{"title":"Tributaries of the Columbia River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tributaries_of_the_Columbia_River"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MBM_(architecture_firm)
MBM (architecture firm)
["1 History","2 Barcelona Olympics","3 Recent work","4 Works","5 References"]
For a different company, see McKee-Berger-Mansueto. MBM ARQUITECTES is an architecture and urban design Spanish firm founded in 1951, and named from the initials of the last names of the three founders partners Josep Martorell, Oriol Bohigas and David Mackay. Since 2000 the firm incorporates two young architects: Oriol Capdevila and Francesc Gual, who join the firm. All of them are Spanish and Mackay, who died in November 2014, was English-Irish. History The firm was one of the only exponents of modernism under Francisco Franco and served as a launching pad for many Spanish architects. The team also wrote, edited, published and lectured, promoting a modernist take on regionalism and designed many schools, libraries, housing projects, offices buildings and churches. MBM did "pioneering" work in transforming Barcelona’s public spaces during the 1980s and earned a worldwide reputation the firm. Barcelona Olympics MBM did design work for the Barcelona Olympics in 1992 including on the city's masterplan. The firm designed the Vila Olímpica, the Olympic Park (Parc del Litoral) and the Olympic Port. Their urban plan expanded the number of public spaces and cultural buildings and integrated the works of other major architects including Norman Foster and Richard Meier that helped achieve an "urban renaissance". Recent work The firm showed 32 design projects that were never built at their 2003 Lost Architectures exhibit at the RIAI’s architecture centre in Dublin. The exhibit offered "a rare opportunity to reflect on the reasons, the trends, and the architectural culture of the time." In a comparison to Le Corbusier's speech when he received the Royal Gold Medal for Architecture in London in 1953 and "spoke of his failures", Mackay said, "Now, after 50 years of architecture, we are guilty of the crime of being on the scene too long. This has given us, too, the opportunity to accumulate many failures." Disseny Hub Barcelona, their last project in Barcelona. MBM partner David Mackay oversaw a masterplan for the "Arc of Opportunity" at the Lower Lea Valley, part of 2 billion pound regeneration scheme for London in 2002. In 2008 the firm's so-called Stapler museum design for Barcelona was initially rejected The museum is to hold a collection furniture, lamps and utensils in Barcelona and the contents of the city's former textile museum, "which was controversially closed" in 2006. but now under construction. Works Guardiola House, Argentona (1955) Europalma Apartments, Majorca (1964) Parc de la Creueta del Coll, Barcelona (1987) Quartier Sextius Mirabeau, Aix-en-Provence, France ( 1990) ) Harbormaster's House, Olympic Port in Barcelona (1991) Vila Olimpica (Olympic Village), Barcelona (1992) Gothic stone and tensile pavilion, Seville Expo(1992) 'Small Circus' Apartments, Maastricht (1994-98) Disseny Hub Barcelona References ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Rattenbury, Kester; Rob Bevan; Kiernan Long (2004). Architects of Today. Laurence King. pp. 142–143. ISBN 978-1-85669-492-6. ^ a b c d Shane O'Toole Architecture: Site for sore eyes The designers of a square in Dublin hope to learn from past mistakes in attempting to create something memorable February 9, 2003 The Sunday Times http://entertainment.timesonline.co.uk/tol/arts_and_entertainment/article865945.ece?token=null&offset=0 ^ Booth, Robert MBM is back on East-End scene. November 22, 2002 Building Design(preview) ^ a b Elizabeth Nash 'Stapler' museum 7 October 2008 The Independent Wikimedia Commons has media related to MBM Arquitectes. Authority control databases International VIAF National Catalonia Germany
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[1]MBM did \"pioneering\" work in transforming Barcelona’s public spaces during the 1980s and earned a worldwide reputation the firm. [2]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Barcelona Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barcelona_Olympics"},{"link_name":"Norman Foster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norman_Foster_(architect)"},{"link_name":"Richard Meier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Meier"},{"link_name":"urban renaissance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_renaissance"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Architects_of_Today-1"}],"text":"MBM did design work for the Barcelona Olympics in 1992 including on the city's masterplan. The firm designed the Vila Olímpica, the Olympic Park (Parc del Litoral) and the Olympic Port. Their urban plan expanded the number of public spaces and cultural buildings and integrated the works of other major architects including Norman Foster and Richard Meier that helped achieve an \"urban renaissance\".[1]","title":"Barcelona Olympics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lost_Architectures-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lost_Architectures-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lost_Architectures-2"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Situaci%C3%B3_obres_edifici_DHUB_gener_2012_(33).jpg"},{"link_name":"Disseny Hub Barcelona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disseny_Hub_Barcelona"},{"link_name":"Lower Lea Valley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lower_Lea_Valley"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Stapler-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Stapler-4"}],"text":"The firm showed 32 design projects that were never built at their 2003 Lost Architectures exhibit at the RIAI’s architecture centre in Dublin.[2] The exhibit offered \"a rare opportunity to reflect on the reasons, the trends, and the architectural culture of the time.\"[2] In a comparison to Le Corbusier's speech when he received the Royal Gold Medal for Architecture in London in 1953 and \"spoke of his failures\", Mackay said, \"Now, after 50 years of architecture, we are guilty of the crime of being on the scene too long. This has given us, too, the opportunity to accumulate many failures.\"[2]Disseny Hub Barcelona, their last project in Barcelona.MBM partner David Mackay oversaw a masterplan for the \"Arc of Opportunity\" at the Lower Lea Valley, part of 2 billion pound regeneration scheme for London in 2002.[3] In 2008 the firm's so-called Stapler museum design for Barcelona was initially rejected[4] The museum is to hold a collection furniture, lamps and utensils in Barcelona and the contents of the city's former textile museum, \"which was controversially closed\" in 2006.[4] but now under construction.","title":"Recent work"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Architects_of_Today-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Architects_of_Today-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Architects_of_Today-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Architects_of_Today-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Architects_of_Today-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Architects_of_Today-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Architects_of_Today-1"},{"link_name":"Maastricht","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maastricht"},{"link_name":"Disseny Hub Barcelona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disseny_Hub_Barcelona"}],"text":"Guardiola House, Argentona (1955) [1]\nEuropalma Apartments, Majorca (1964)[1]\nParc de la Creueta del Coll, Barcelona (1987)[1]\nQuartier Sextius Mirabeau, Aix-en-Provence, France ( 1990) ) [1]\nHarbormaster's House, Olympic Port in Barcelona (1991)[1]\nVila Olimpica (Olympic Village), Barcelona (1992)[1]\nGothic stone and tensile pavilion, Seville Expo(1992)[1]\n'Small Circus' Apartments, Maastricht (1994-98)\nDisseny Hub Barcelona","title":"Works"}]
[{"image_text":"Disseny Hub Barcelona, their last project in Barcelona.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Situaci%C3%B3_obres_edifici_DHUB_gener_2012_%2833%29.jpg/220px-Situaci%C3%B3_obres_edifici_DHUB_gener_2012_%2833%29.jpg"}]
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[{"reference":"Rattenbury, Kester; Rob Bevan; Kiernan Long (2004). Architects of Today. Laurence King. pp. 142–143. ISBN 978-1-85669-492-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=LmFooNzPaN0C","url_text":"Architects of Today"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85669-492-6","url_text":"978-1-85669-492-6"}]}]
[{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=LmFooNzPaN0C","external_links_name":"Architects of Today"},{"Link":"http://entertainment.timesonline.co.uk/tol/arts_and_entertainment/article865945.ece?token=null&offset=0","external_links_name":"http://entertainment.timesonline.co.uk/tol/arts_and_entertainment/article865945.ece?token=null&offset=0"},{"Link":"http://www.accessmylibrary.com/coms2/summary_0286-26884906_ITM","external_links_name":"[1]"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20081122151034/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/stapler-museum-condemned-954376.html","external_links_name":"[2]"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/241188443","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058594853406706","external_links_name":"Catalonia"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/4328977-0","external_links_name":"Germany"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tawny_Godin
Tawny Little
["1 Early life and education","2 Career","3 Personal life","4 References","5 External links"]
American journalist (born 1956) Tawny LittleGodin at a 1976 state dinnerBornTawny Elaine Godin (1956-09-15) September 15, 1956 (age 67)Portland, Maine, U.S.Occupation(s)Anchorwoman; talk show hostTitleMiss New York 1975Miss America 1976PredecessorShirley CothranSuccessorDorothy BenhamSpouses Miles Little, M.D. ​ ​(m. 1977; div. 1981)​ John Schneider ​ ​(m. 1983; div. 1986)​ Don Corsini ​ ​(m. 1986; div. 1999)​ Rick Welch ​ ​(m. 2000; died 2014)​ Children3 Tawny Little (née Godin; born September 15, 1956), Miss America 1976 and Miss New York 1975, is an American television personality. Early life and education Godin was born in Portland, Maine. She was raised in Yonkers, New York and Toronto, Ontario, Canada. She became involved with the Miss New York pageant to raise tuition for Skidmore College but dropped out after she became Miss America. She later studied at the University of Southern California. Career Little was a reporter and anchor with three Los Angeles television stations beginning in 1977 with KABC-TV. At KABC-TV, she served as a reporter, Eyewitness News anchor and co-host with a number of shows such as AM Los Angeles, Eye on LA, Hollywood Close-up and The Love Report. After leaving KABC in 1992, Little joined KCAL-TV as a news anchor for Prime 9 News. Later, from 1995 to 1999, she became a co-anchor with KCOP-TV's UPN News 13. Little also appeared in a few films and television shows including Rocky II, T.J. Hooker, Hart to Hart and Benson. Personal life President Gerald Ford meets with Godin and her fiancé Miles Little in 1976. She was a contestant on The $128,000 Question starring Mike Darow back in 1977 on the subject Shakespeare. On her final win, she won $8,000. She changed her name to Little after marrying her first husband Miles Little, a neurosurgeon in Los Angeles (1977–1981). After her divorce from Little, she married The Dukes of Hazzard star John Schneider (1983–1986). This marriage also ended in divorce. In 1986, Little married Don Corsini, general manager of KCBS-TV and KCAL-TV, with whom she had two sons, Joseph John, "J.J.", (born 1987) and Chris (born 1989). She and Corsini divorced in 1999. She then married Los Angeles–based lawyer Rick Welch, with whom she had one son, Cole. They remained married until Welch's death in October 2014. References ^ Nir, Sarah Maslin (7 January 2015). "Crowns Amid Controversies" – via NYTimes.com. ^ Vespa, Mary (March 22, 1976). "Miss America, Tawny Godin, Puts a Ring on Her Finger and Steps on Some Toes". People. ^ a b c d "Dukes' Star John Schneider and Ex-Miss America Tawny Little Hazzard a Marriage". People.com. ^ a b c d Miss America 1976 Archived 2010-02-04 at the Wayback Machine ^ McDougal, Dennis (1992-03-14). Tawny Little Will Be Reteamed With Jerry Dunphy on KCAL Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 2020-09-20. ^ Variety Staff (1999-11-30). Little ankles KCOP post Variety. Retrieved 2020-09-20. ^ a b Tauber, Michelle; Neill, Mike; Russell, Lisa; Fowler, Joanne; Dam, Julie; Tresniowski, Alex; Miller, Samantha; Dougherty, Steve; Yu, Ting (October 16, 2000). "American Beauties: 80 Years". People. ^ "Richard Welch Obituary – Los Angeles, CA | Los Angeles Times". Legacy.com. Retrieved 2018-12-11. External links Tawny Little at IMDb vteMiss America titleholders1920s Margaret Gorman (1921) Mary Campbell (1922) Mary Campbell (1923) Ruth Malcomson (1924) Fay Lanphier (1925) Norma Smallwood (1926) Lois Delander (1927) 1930s Marian Bergeron (1933) Henrietta Leaver (1935) Rose Coyle (1936) Bette Cooper (1937) Marilyn Meseke (1938) Patricia Donnelly (1939) 1940s Frances Marie Burke (1940) Rosemary LaPlanche (1941) Jo-Carroll Dennison (1942) Jean Bartel (1943) Venus Ramey (1944) Bess Myerson (1945) Marilyn Buferd (1946) Barbara Jo Walker (1947) BeBe Shopp (1948) Jacque Mercer (1949) 1950s Yolande Betbeze (1951) Colleen Kay Hutchins (1952) Neva Jane Langley (1953) Evelyn Margaret Ay (1954) Lee Meriwether (1955) Sharon Ritchie (1956) Marian McKnight (1957) Marilyn Van Derbur (1958) Mary Ann Mobley (1959) 1960s Lynda Lee Mead (1960) Nancy Fleming (1961) Maria Fletcher (1962) Jacquelyn Mayer (1963) Donna Axum (1964) Vonda Kay Van Dyke (1965) Deborah Bryant (1966) Jane Anne Jayroe (1967) Debra Dene Barnes (1968) Judith Anne Ford (1969) 1970s Pamela Eldred (1970) Phyllis Ann George (1971) Laurie Lea Schaefer (1972) Terry Meeuwsen (1973) Rebecca Ann King (1974) Shirley Cothran (1975) Tawny Elaine Godin (1976) Dorothy Benham (1977) Susan Perkins (1978) Kylene Barker (1979) 1980s Cheryl Prewitt (1980) Susan Powell (1981) Elizabeth Ward (1982) Debra Maffett (1983) Vanessa Williams / Suzette Charles (1984) Sharlene Wells (1985) Susan Akin (1986) Kellye Cash (1987) Kaye Lani Rae Rafko (1988) Gretchen Carlson (1989) 1990s Debbye Turner (1990) Marjorie Judith Vincent (1991) Carolyn Suzanne Sapp (1992) Leanza Cornett (1993) Kimberly Clarice Aiken (1994) Heather Whitestone (1995) Shawntel Smith (1996) Tara Dawn Holland (1997) Katherine Shindle (1998) Nicole Johnson (1999) 2000s Heather French (2000) Angela Perez Baraquio (2001) Katie Harman (2002) Erika Harold (2003) Ericka Dunlap (2004) Deidre Downs (2005) Jennifer Berry (2006) Lauren Nelson (2007) Kirsten Haglund (2008) Katie Stam (2009) 2010s Caressa Cameron (2010) Teresa Scanlan (2011) Laura Kaeppeler (2012) Mallory Hagan (2013) Nina Davuluri (2014) Kira Kazantsev (2015) Betty Cantrell (2016) Savvy Shields (2017) Cara Mund (2018) Nia Franklin (2019) 2020s Camille Schrier (2020) Emma Broyles (2022) Grace Stanke (2023) Madison Marsh (2024) vteMiss America 1976, state titleholders CT: Mary Cadorette NY: Tawny Elaine Godin OK: Lisa Reagan vteNew York pageant winnersMiss New York Bess Myerson (1945) Kris Krull (1974) Tawny Godin (1975) Mary Hinterberger (1975) Vanessa Williams (1983) Maryalice Demler (1990) Brandi Burkhardt (1999) Jessica Lynch (2003) Christina Ellington (2004) Kandice Pelletier (2005) Leigh-Taylor Smith (2008) Claire Buffie (2010) Kaitlin Monte (2011) Mallory Hagan (2012) Nina Davuluri (2013) Kira Kazantsev (2014) Jamie Lynn Macchia (2015) Nia Franklin (2018) Miss New York USA Jackie Loughery (1952) Mary Therese Friel (1979) Jennifer Gareis (1994) Shanna Moakler (1995) Kimberly Pressler (1999) Jaclyn Nesheiwat (2004) Meaghan Jarensky (2005) Adriana Diaz (2006) Gloria Almonte (2007) Joanne Nosuchinsky (2013) Miss New York Teen USA Ruth Zakarian (1983) Jessica Collins (1988) Kimberly Pressler (1994) Gloria Almonte (2001) Adriana Diaz (2003) Natascha Bessez (2005) Taylor Gildersleeve (2009) Lisa Drouillard (2011) Mrs. New York Meaghan Castaldi (2010) Miss New York World Michele Metrinko (1963) This biography article about a United States contestant in a beauty pageant is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Miss America 1976","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miss_America_1976"},{"link_name":"Miss New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miss_New_York"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Tawny Little (née Godin; born September 15, 1956), Miss America 1976 and Miss New York 1975, is an American television personality.[1][2]","title":"Tawny Little"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Portland, Maine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portland,_Maine"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-people-3"},{"link_name":"Miss New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miss_New_York"},{"link_name":"Skidmore College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skidmore_College"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-people-3"},{"link_name":"University of Southern California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Southern_California"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MAbio-4"}],"text":"Godin was born in Portland, Maine. She was raised in Yonkers, New York and Toronto, Ontario, Canada.[3] She became involved with the Miss New York pageant to raise tuition for Skidmore College but dropped out after she became Miss America.[3] She later studied at the University of Southern California.[4]","title":"Early life and education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"KABC-TV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KABC-TV"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MAbio-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MAbio-4"},{"link_name":"KCAL-TV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KCAL-TV"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"KCOP-TV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KCOP-TV"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MAbio-4"},{"link_name":"Rocky II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rocky_II"},{"link_name":"T.J. Hooker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T.J._Hooker"},{"link_name":"Benson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benson_(TV_series)"}],"text":"Little was a reporter and anchor with three Los Angeles television stations beginning in 1977 with KABC-TV.[4] At KABC-TV, she served as a reporter, Eyewitness News anchor and co-host with a number of shows such as AM Los Angeles, Eye on LA, Hollywood Close-up and The Love Report.[4] After leaving KABC in 1992, Little joined KCAL-TV as a news anchor for Prime 9 News.[5] Later, from 1995 to 1999, she became a co-anchor with KCOP-TV's UPN News 13.[6][4] Little also appeared in a few films and television shows including Rocky II, T.J. Hooker, Hart to Hart and Benson.","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gerald_Ford_meets_with_Tawny_Godin_and_Miles_Little.jpg"},{"link_name":"Gerald Ford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerald_Ford"},{"link_name":"The $128,000 Question","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_$128,000_Question"},{"link_name":"Mike Darow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Darow"},{"link_name":"Shakespeare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shakespeare"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-people-3"},{"link_name":"The Dukes of Hazzard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Dukes_of_Hazzard"},{"link_name":"John Schneider","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Schneider_(screen_actor)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-people-3"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-People_people-7"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-People_people-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"President Gerald Ford meets with Godin and her fiancé Miles Little in 1976.She was a contestant on The $128,000 Question starring Mike Darow back in 1977 on the subject Shakespeare. On her final win, she won $8,000.She changed her name to Little after marrying her first husband Miles Little, a neurosurgeon in Los Angeles (1977–1981).[3] After her divorce from Little, she married The Dukes of Hazzard star John Schneider (1983–1986).[3] This marriage also ended in divorce.[7]In 1986, Little married Don Corsini, general manager of KCBS-TV and KCAL-TV, with whom she had two sons, Joseph John, \"J.J.\", (born 1987) and Chris (born 1989).[7] She and Corsini divorced in 1999. She then married Los Angeles–based lawyer Rick Welch, with whom she had one son, Cole. They remained married until Welch's death in October 2014.[8]","title":"Personal life"}]
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[{"reference":"Nir, Sarah Maslin (7 January 2015). \"Crowns Amid Controversies\" – via NYTimes.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2015/01/08/nyregion/for-miss-america-pageant-winners-from-new-york-offer-a-series-of-firsts.html","url_text":"\"Crowns Amid Controversies\""}]},{"reference":"Vespa, Mary (March 22, 1976). \"Miss America, Tawny Godin, Puts a Ring on Her Finger and Steps on Some Toes\". People.","urls":[{"url":"https://people.com/archive/miss-america-tawny-godin-puts-a-ring-on-her-finger-and-steps-on-some-toes-vol-5-no-11/","url_text":"\"Miss America, Tawny Godin, Puts a Ring on Her Finger and Steps on Some Toes\""}]},{"reference":"\"Dukes' Star John Schneider and Ex-Miss America Tawny Little Hazzard a Marriage\". People.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://people.com/archive/dukes-star-john-schneider-and-ex-miss-america-tawny-little-hazzard-a-marriage-vol-20-no-5/","url_text":"\"Dukes' Star John Schneider and Ex-Miss America Tawny Little Hazzard a Marriage\""}]},{"reference":"Tauber, Michelle; Neill, Mike; Russell, Lisa; Fowler, Joanne; Dam, Julie; Tresniowski, Alex; Miller, Samantha; Dougherty, Steve; Yu, Ting (October 16, 2000). \"American Beauties: 80 Years\". People.","urls":[{"url":"https://people.com/archive/american-beauties-80-years-vol-54-no-16/","url_text":"\"American Beauties: 80 Years\""}]},{"reference":"\"Richard Welch Obituary – Los Angeles, CA | Los Angeles Times\". Legacy.com. Retrieved 2018-12-11.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.legacy.com/obituaries/latimes/obituary.aspx?pid=172757140","url_text":"\"Richard Welch Obituary – Los Angeles, CA | Los Angeles Times\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poles_in_France
Poles in France
["1 History","1.1 Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth","1.2 French Revolution and Napoleonic wars","1.3 Great Emigration (1831-1870)","1.4 Interwar period","1.5 Polish resistance during the Nazi occupation in France","1.6 French Poles after WWII","1.7 From the year 2012","2 Notable people","3 See also","4 References","5 External links"]
History of Polish emigrees in France Ethnic group Poles in FranceTotal population1,000,000 (French Diplomacy 2022) Regions with significant populationsÎle-de-France, Nord-Pas-de-Calais, Alsace, Lorraine, Centre-Val de Loire, Rhône-Alpes, Aquitanie, Poitou-Charentes, Provence-Alpes-Côte d'AzurLanguagesPolish, FrenchReligionChristianity, atheism, irreligion, JudaismRelated ethnic groupsPoles, French, Silesians, Germans in France, Czechs in France Poles in France form one of the largest Polish diaspora communities in Europe. Between 500,000 and one million people of Polish descent live in France, concentrated in the Nord-Pas de Calais region, in the metropolitan area of Lille, the coal-mining basin (Bassin Minier) around Lens and Valenciennes and in the Ile-de-France. Prominent members of the Polish community in France have included king Stanisław Leszczyński, Frédéric Chopin, Adam Mickiewicz, Adam Jerzy Czartoryski, Aleksander Chodźko, Marie Curie, Michel Poniatowski, Raymond Kopa, Ludovic Obraniak, Edward Gierek (who was raised there), Matt Pokora and singer Jean-Jacques Goldman and Rene Goscinny. Stanisław Leszczyński's Palace in Wissembourg History Hôtel Lambert was a center of Polish exiles associated with Prince Adam Jerzy Czartoryski. Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth Close ties between the Kingdom of France and Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth were cemented in the 16th century, when emissaries from Poland persuaded French Prince Henri de Valois to stand for election as King of the Commonwealth. Valois won and reigned for two years in Poland but abdicated after he inherited the French throne as Henri III. The queen consort of Louis XV and grandmother of several of his successors was Marie Leszczyńska (1703-1768). French Revolution and Napoleonic wars Many members of the Polish Szlachta fled to France during the rule of Napoleon when 100,000 Poles tried to throw off Russian rule in Poland early in the 19th century. Many had enlisted to fight in the Grande Armée, like Józef Antoni Poniatowski, Ludwik Mateusz Dembowski Polish commanders of the Napoleonic Wars and Polish legionnaires. Great Emigration (1831-1870) The Polish Library in Paris, founded in 1838, was added in 2003 to UNESCO's Memory of the World Register. Notre-Dame-de-l'Assomption is the main Polish church of Paris. The so-called Great Emigration was the flood of exiles in the aftermath of both the 1830-1 November Uprising, and a generation later, the January Uprising, made up of political élites mainly from the Russian Partition of Poland-Lithuania between 1831 and 1870 who settled in France. The Potocki Palace in Paris was built in years 1878-1884 The grave of Cyprian Norwid, among other Polish burials in the Cimetière des Champeaux de Montmorency Interwar period Another wave of Polish migration, this time in search of manual work, took place between the two World Wars, when thousands of Poles were hired as contract workers to work temporarily in France. Numerous Polish farmers emigrated to the southwest of France in the 1920s, as the mass casualties of World War I left that region critically short of farm labor. After the outbreak of World War II Polish refugees also fled German or Soviet occupation. Polish resistance during the Nazi occupation in France Main article: Polish resistance in France during World War II During the Nazi occupation of Poland, a specific Polish Resistance group, Polska Organizacja Walki o Niepodleglosc – Organisation Polonaise de Lutte pour l’Indépendance (POWN), was created on September 6, 1941, by the Polish general consul in Paris, A. Kawalkowski (code name Justyn), and fought alongside the French Resistance. There were also other Polish Resistance movements in France, most notably former soldiers from the Jaroslaw Dabrowski Brigade who had fought in the International Brigades during the Spanish Civil War went on in their struggle against Fascism in the FTP-MOI. Since 1941 PPS activists in Northern France had also founded two resistance movements, Organisation S and Orzel Bialy (White Eagle). In 1944 Polish Committees for National Liberation (PKWN) were set up to support the Communist Polish army. There were clashes between POWN resistants, under the authority of the London-based Polish government in exile, and the Communist FTP-MOI resistants. French Poles after WWII When the Communists took power in Poland, several thousand French Poles decided to go and live in the "Socialist paradise", as some Armenians in France moved to the Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic. There are estimates of 100,000 to 200,000 Poles living in Paris, and many EU program guest workers live in regions of the south, including Arles, Marseille and Perpignan. From the year 2012 The number of new Poles who migrated to France has multiplied, many are students and traders and other percentage are displaced workers who come from Poland to work in France. Poles are well integrated into French society. The number of new Polish citizens in France amounts to 350,000 in 2012. Notable people Stanisław LeszczyńskiFrédéric ChopinAdam MickiewiczRené GoscinnyMarie LeszczynskaM. PokoraMarie CurieJean-Jacques GoldmanRaymond KopaRoman PolanskiAndrzej SewerynConstance JablonskiSokoLaurent KoscielnyGuillaume ApollinaireJean StablinskiJuliette BinocheAxel PoniatowskiJózef PoniatowskiFrédéric MichalakRobert WitchitzAndré CitroënAleksander ChodźkoCatherine RingerSandrine KiberlainLouaneStéphane BernJudith GodrècheElizabeth DebickiMarie-George Buffet See also See Category:French people of Polish descent for prominent Poles in France France–Poland relations Great Emigration Polish Catholic Mission Rosa Bailly Polonia Migrations from Poland since EU accession Blue Army (Poland) (1917–1919) Polish Army in France (1939-1940) Cimetière des Champeaux de Montmorency References ^ Erwin Dopf. "Présentation de la Pologne". diplomatie.gouv.fr. Archived from the original on 14 December 2023. Retrieved 1 July 2022. ^ Dembik, Christopher (4 November 2010). "Where is France's Polish Community?". The Krakow Post. Retrieved 20 March 2022. ^ Frost, Robert (2015). The Oxford History of Poland–Lithuania. The Making of the Polish–Lithuanian Union, 1385-1569. The Oxford History of Early Modern Europe. Vol. I. ISBN 978-0198208693. ^ Zamoyski, Adam (2014). Phantom Terror: The Threat of Revolution and the Repression of Liberty 1789–1848. London: William Collins. ^ Zamoyski, Adam (1999). Holy Madness: Romantics, Patriots and Revolutionaries 1776–1871. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson. ^ See S. Gargas, The Polish Emigrants in France, The Slavonic Review, Vol. 5, No. 14 (Dec., 1926), pp. 347-351 (5 pages). ^ Janine Ponty (1985). "Les travailleurs polonais en France, 1919-1939". Revue des études slaves (in French). Vol. 57, no. 4. ^ Nentwik, Stanislas. "La résistance polonaise en France". Gazeto Beskid (in French). Retrieved 2009-11-12. ^ Lane, Thomas; Wolanski, Marian (2009). Poland and European Integration: The Ideas and Movements of Polish Exiles in the West, 1939–91. Springer. p. 18. ISBN 978-0-2302-71784. ^ a b "Europe: where do people live?". The Guardian.. External links List of Polish associations in France Radio Polonaise in Paris Poles in France Poles in France Poles in all France vtePolish diaspora and Polish minoritiesHistorical Lechites Polish-Lithuanian people Great Emigration Polish occupation zone in Germany Poles in the Soviet Union DiasporaEuropeCentral and Eastern Europe Austria Belarus Bulgaria Czech Republic Germany Ruhrpolen after WWII list Hungary Moldova Transnistria Romania Russia Slovakia Switzerland Ukraine Northern Europe Denmark Estonia Finland Iceland Ireland Latvia Lithuania Norway Sweden Southern Europe Bosnia and Herzegovina Croatia Greece Italy Malta Serbia Spain Western Europe after 2004 Belgium France Luxembourg Netherlands United Kingdom White Polish Americas Argentina Brazil Canada Chile Colombia Haiti Mexico Paraguay Peru United States list Uruguay Venezuela Africa Senegal South Africa Tanzania Uganda Zimbabwe Asia Armenia Azerbaijan China Georgia Israel Japan Kazakhstan Kyrgyzstan Lebanon Pakistan Philippines Russia Buryatia Tajikistan Turkey Polonezköy Turkmenistan United Arab Emirates Uzbekistan Oceania Australia New Zealand See also Colonization attempts by Poland Ethnic minorities in Poland Polish population transfers (1944–1946) Repatriation of Poles (1955–59) Polish Diaspora Day vteEuropean diasporas in France Central Europe Czech German Polish Swiss Eastern Europe Armenian Azerbaijani Belarusian Georgian Russian Ukrainian Chechen Northern Europe Swede Southeast Europe Albanian Bulgarian Greek Macedonian Romanian Serbian Turk Southern Europe Italian Portuguese Spanish Western Europe British Irish Demographics of FranceImmigration to France Portals: France Poland
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Polish diaspora","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_diaspora"},{"link_name":"Polish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_people"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Nord-Pas de Calais","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nord-Pas_de_Calais"},{"link_name":"Lille","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lille"},{"link_name":"Lens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lens,_Pas-de-Calais"},{"link_name":"Valenciennes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valenciennes"},{"link_name":"Ile-de-France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ile-de-France"},{"link_name":"Stanisław Leszczyński","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_Leszczy%C5%84ski"},{"link_name":"Frédéric Chopin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Chopin"},{"link_name":"Adam Mickiewicz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_Mickiewicz"},{"link_name":"Adam Jerzy Czartoryski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_Jerzy_Czartoryski"},{"link_name":"Aleksander Chodźko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksander_Chod%C5%BAko"},{"link_name":"Marie Curie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marie_Sk%C5%82odowska_Curie"},{"link_name":"Michel Poniatowski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michel_Poniatowski"},{"link_name":"Raymond Kopa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raymond_Kopa"},{"link_name":"Ludovic Obraniak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludovic_Obraniak"},{"link_name":"Edward Gierek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Gierek"},{"link_name":"Matt Pokora","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matt_Pokora"},{"link_name":"Jean-Jacques Goldman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Goldman"},{"link_name":"Rene Goscinny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rene_Goscinny"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Maison_Stanislas.JPG"},{"link_name":"Stanisław Leszczyński","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_Leszczy%C5%84ski"},{"link_name":"Wissembourg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wissembourg"}],"text":"Ethnic groupPoles in France form one of the largest Polish diaspora communities in Europe. Between 500,000 and one million people of Polish descent live in France,[2] concentrated in the Nord-Pas de Calais region, in the metropolitan area of Lille, the coal-mining basin (Bassin Minier) around Lens and Valenciennes and in the Ile-de-France.Prominent members of the Polish community in France have included king Stanisław Leszczyński, Frédéric Chopin, Adam Mickiewicz, Adam Jerzy Czartoryski, Aleksander Chodźko, Marie Curie, Michel Poniatowski, Raymond Kopa, Ludovic Obraniak, Edward Gierek (who was raised there), Matt Pokora and singer Jean-Jacques Goldman and Rene Goscinny.Stanisław Leszczyński's Palace in Wissembourg","title":"Poles in France"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:H%C3%B4tel_Lambert.jpg"},{"link_name":"Hôtel Lambert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%B4tel_Lambert"},{"link_name":"Adam Jerzy Czartoryski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_Jerzy_Czartoryski"}],"text":"Hôtel Lambert was a center of Polish exiles associated with Prince Adam Jerzy Czartoryski.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kingdom of France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_France"},{"link_name":"Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth"},{"link_name":"Henri III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_III_of_France"},{"link_name":"Louis XV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_XV"},{"link_name":"Marie Leszczyńska","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marie_Leszczy%C5%84ska"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"sub_title":"Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth","text":"Close ties between the Kingdom of France and Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth were cemented in the 16th century, when emissaries from Poland persuaded French Prince Henri de Valois to stand for election as King of the Commonwealth. Valois won and reigned for two years in Poland but abdicated after he inherited the French throne as Henri III. The queen consort of Louis XV and grandmother of several of his successors was Marie Leszczyńska (1703-1768).[3]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Szlachta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Szlachta"},{"link_name":"Napoleon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napoleon"},{"link_name":"Grande Armée","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grande_Arm%C3%A9e"},{"link_name":"Józef Antoni Poniatowski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%B3zef_Antoni_Poniatowski"},{"link_name":"Ludwik Mateusz Dembowski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludwik_Mateusz_Dembowski"},{"link_name":"Polish commanders of the Napoleonic Wars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Polish_commanders_of_the_Napoleonic_Wars"},{"link_name":"Polish legionnaires","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_Legions_(Napoleonic_period)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"sub_title":"French Revolution and Napoleonic wars","text":"Many members of the Polish Szlachta fled to France during the rule of Napoleon when 100,000 Poles tried to throw off Russian rule in Poland early in the 19th century. Many had enlisted to fight in the Grande Armée, like Józef Antoni Poniatowski, Ludwik Mateusz Dembowski \nPolish commanders of the Napoleonic Wars and Polish legionnaires.[4]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Biblioth%C3%A8que_polonaise_de_Paris,_30_June_2011.jpg"},{"link_name":"Polish Library in Paris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_Library_in_Paris"},{"link_name":"UNESCO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNESCO"},{"link_name":"Memory of the World Register","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memory_of_the_World_Register_%E2%80%93_Europe_and_North_America"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Church_of_Notre_Dame_de_l_Assumption.jpg"},{"link_name":"Notre-Dame-de-l'Assomption","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Notre-Dame-de-l%27Assomption,_Paris"},{"link_name":"Paris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris"},{"link_name":"Great Emigration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Emigration"},{"link_name":"November Uprising","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/November_Uprising"},{"link_name":"January Uprising","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/January_Uprising"},{"link_name":"Russian Partition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Partition"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Paris_-_Avenue_de_Friedland_Handelskammer2.jpg"},{"link_name":"Potocki Palace in Paris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%B4tel_Potocki"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gr%C3%B3bNorwida.jpg"},{"link_name":"Cyprian Norwid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyprian_Norwid"},{"link_name":"Cimetière des Champeaux de Montmorency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cimeti%C3%A8re_des_Champeaux_de_Montmorency"}],"sub_title":"Great Emigration (1831-1870)","text":"The Polish Library in Paris, founded in 1838, was added in 2003 to UNESCO's Memory of the World Register.Notre-Dame-de-l'Assomption is the main Polish church of Paris.The so-called Great Emigration was the flood of exiles in the aftermath of both the 1830-1 November Uprising, and a generation later, the January Uprising, made up of political élites mainly from the Russian Partition of Poland-Lithuania between 1831 and 1870 who settled in France.[5]The Potocki Palace in Paris was built in years 1878-1884The grave of Cyprian Norwid, among other Polish burials in the Cimetière des Champeaux de Montmorency","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-u2-7"}],"sub_title":"Interwar period","text":"Another wave of Polish migration, this time in search of manual work, took place between the two World Wars, when thousands of Poles were hired as contract workers to work temporarily in France. Numerous Polish farmers emigrated to the southwest of France in the 1920s, as the mass casualties of World War I left that region critically short of farm labor.[6] After the outbreak of World War II Polish refugees also fled German or Soviet occupation.[7]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"French Resistance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Resistance"},{"link_name":"Jaroslaw Dabrowski Brigade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaroslaw_Dabrowski_Brigade"},{"link_name":"International Brigades","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Brigades"},{"link_name":"Spanish Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"Fascism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fascism"},{"link_name":"FTP-MOI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FTP-MOI"},{"link_name":"PPS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_Socialist_Party"},{"link_name":"Polish government in exile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_government_in_exile"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"sub_title":"Polish resistance during the Nazi occupation in France","text":"During the Nazi occupation of Poland, a specific Polish Resistance group, Polska Organizacja Walki o Niepodleglosc – Organisation Polonaise de Lutte pour l’Indépendance (POWN), was created on September 6, 1941, by the Polish general consul in Paris, A. Kawalkowski (code name Justyn), and fought alongside the French Resistance. There were also other Polish Resistance movements in France, most notably former soldiers from the Jaroslaw Dabrowski Brigade who had fought in the International Brigades during the Spanish Civil War went on in their struggle against Fascism in the FTP-MOI. Since 1941 PPS activists in Northern France had also founded two resistance movements, Organisation S and Orzel Bialy (White Eagle). In 1944 Polish Committees for National Liberation (PKWN) were set up to support the Communist Polish army. There were clashes between POWN resistants, under the authority of the London-based Polish government in exile, and the Communist FTP-MOI resistants.[8]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Armenians in France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenians_in_France"},{"link_name":"Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Paris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris"},{"link_name":"Arles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arles"},{"link_name":"Marseille","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marseille"},{"link_name":"Perpignan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perpignan"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Guardian-10"}],"sub_title":"French Poles after WWII","text":"When the Communists took power in Poland, several thousand French Poles decided to go and live in the \"Socialist paradise\", as some Armenians in France moved to the Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic.[9]There are estimates of 100,000 to 200,000 Poles living in Paris, and many EU program guest workers live in regions of the south, including Arles, Marseille and Perpignan.[10]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Guardian-10"}],"sub_title":"From the year 2012","text":"The number of new Poles who migrated to France has multiplied, many are students and traders and other percentage are displaced workers who come from Poland to work in France. Poles are well integrated into French society. The number of new Polish citizens in France amounts to 350,000 in 2012.[10]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Notable people"}]
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[{"title":"Category:French people of Polish descent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:French_people_of_Polish_descent"},{"title":"France–Poland relations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France%E2%80%93Poland_relations"},{"title":"Great Emigration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Emigration"},{"title":"Polish Catholic Mission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_Catholic_Mission"},{"title":"Rosa Bailly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosa_Bailly"},{"title":"Polonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_diaspora"},{"title":"Migrations from Poland since EU accession","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Migrations_from_Poland_since_EU_accession"},{"title":"Blue Army (Poland)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_Army_(Poland)"},{"title":"Polish Army in France (1939-1940)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_Army_in_France_(1939-1940)"},{"title":"Cimetière des Champeaux de Montmorency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cimeti%C3%A8re_des_Champeaux_de_Montmorency"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Coulter_(musician)
Tsar (band)
["1 Career","2 Albums","2.1 Tsar – 2000","2.2 King of the School EP – 2001","2.3 Band-Girls-Money – 2005","2.4 The Drugboy Tapes (Demos 98) – 2011","2.5 Split 7-Inch – 2012","2.6 The Dark Stuff – EP – 2012","3 References","4 External links"]
American musical group This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these template messages) This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Tsar" band – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (December 2018) (Learn how and when to remove this message) This article includes a list of general references, but it lacks sufficient corresponding inline citations. Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (December 2018) (Learn how and when to remove this message) (Learn how and when to remove this message) TsarBackground informationOriginLos Angeles, California, United StatesGenresGlam rockpower popYears active1998–presentLabelsHollywood RecordsTVT RecordsLojinxMembersJeff WhalenDaniel KernJeff SolomonSteve CoulterPast membersDerrick ForgetChuck Byler Tsar is an American rock band from Los Angeles, California, United States, with Jeff Whalen on lead vocals and guitar, Daniel Kern on vocals and guitar, Jeff Solomon on bass, and Steve Coulter on drums. They have released two major-label studio albums, two EPs, and a self-released demos collection. Citing their primary influences as Guns N' Roses and the Monkees, Tsar's music is a hybrid of glam rock, power pop, garage rock, punk rock, arena rock, and bubblegum music. Career Tsar formed in 1998. After a monthlong residency at Silver Lake's Spaceland club, they released their self-titled debut on Hollywood Records (2000), produced by Rob Cavallo (Green Day, Goo Goo Dolls) and mixed by Chris Lord-Alge (U2, Bruce Springsteen, Madonna). The album garnered critical acclaim but was commercially disappointing. AllMusic describes the album and its fate thus: "Tsar is a bit of a glam pop/hard rock hidden treasure that still sounds fresh and thrilling years later. Loaded with hooks, humor, and innocent charm, and coming across like the starry-eyed child of Cheap Trick and Sweet . . . he album was an exciting, hook-filled modern power pop record that nobody bought, despite (or perhaps because of) the band's subsequent opening slot on a Duran Duran tour." Director James Gunn used the album's opening track, "Calling All Destroyers," to score the animated opening sequence of his 2010 action film Super. The band won "Local Album of the Year" and "Local Band of the Year" at the L.A. New Times Music Awards. Rock critic Bob Mehr wrote, "Every song glistens and glimmers with gargantuan hooks and stadium-size riffs . . . With this irresistibly catchy debut—and an onstage presence to match—Tsar is my nominee as the band best equipped to save rock 'n' roll from its postmillennial doldrums." The band performed on the Late Late Show with Craig Kilborn, The Late Late Show with Craig Ferguson, and Pajama Party. The band's music has also appeared in the TV shows Veronica Mars, Freakylinks, NCIS, Party Down, and the feature film In the Land of Women. The songs "Ordinary Gurl" and "The Girl Who Wouldn't Die" were also featured prominently in the movie American Psycho 2. Tsar has toured with the New York Dolls, Social Distortion, Eve 6, the Marvelous 3, Duran Duran, Juliette and the Licks, and Nerfherder. Tsar recorded their followup, Band-Girls-Money, in 2003 with producer David Katznelson (founder of Birdman Records). After leaving Hollywood Records, Tsar released the album on TVT Records in 2005. The title song was included in the soundtrack for the racing games Burnout Revenge and its PSP and DS spin-off Burnout Legends. The band's lineup shifted, with Chuck Byler replacing Steve Coulter on drums and Derrick Forget replacing Jeff Solomon on bass. The band performed in a TV ad for Nestle Crunch Bar and Napster and filmed two videos: "The Love Explosion" and "Band-Girls-Money." The band also appeared on the cover of L.A. Weekly. In late January 2010, Tsar's original lineup (Whalen/Kern/Solomon/Coulter) reunited. They released The Dark Stuff EP on Aderra Records (US) and LoJinx Records (UK/Europe) and shot a video for "Police Station." In 2011 Tsar self-released The Drugboy Tapes, a collection of early demos and live performances from 1998. A split 7-inch featuring the Olsen Twins song "Pool Party" was released by Aderra Records in March 2012. Albums Tsar – 2000 Calling All Destroyers I Don't Wanna Break-Up Silver Shifter Kathy Fong Is The Bomb The Teen Wizards MONoSTEReo Afradio, Pt. One & Pt. Two Ordinary Gurl Disappear The Girl Who Wouldn't Die King of the School EP – 2001 King of the School (demo) Larger Than Life Silver Shifter (remix) You and Jim Will Hit It Off Songwriter! (live) Afraidio Pt. Two, Pt. Three, and Pt. Four (demo) Smart Boys (demo) Band-Girls-Money – 2005 Band-Girls-Money Wanna Get Dead The Love Explosion Superdeformed Straight Wrong Everybody's Fault But Mine Conqueror Worm Startime You Can't Always Want What You Get The Drugboy Tapes (Demos 98) – 2011 Afradio The Girl Who Wouldn't Die Ordinary Gurl Kathy Fong Is The Bomb Sun Of Light The Glower I Don't Wanna Break-Up Silver Shifter Calling All Destroyers (Live on KXLU) Monostereo (Live on KXLU) Split 7-Inch – 2012 Janitor by Suburban Lawns (Killola) Pool Party by The Olsen Twins (TSAR) The Dark Stuff – EP – 2012 Punctual Alcoholic Police Station Little Women White Lipstick Something Bad Happened to Me References ^ "Tsar – The Dark Stuff EP (Lojinx)". Lojinx.com. 24 September 2012. Retrieved 13 December 2018. ^ "Band-Girls-Money – Tsar – Songs, Reviews, Credits". AllMusic. Retrieved 13 December 2018. ^ "Tsar – Biography & History". AllMusic. Retrieved 13 December 2018. ^ "Critical Mass 2000". Phoenix New Times. 28 December 2000. Retrieved 13 December 2018. ^ Payne, John (1 December 2005). "Blam Blam Blam!". L.A. Weekly. Retrieved 13 December 2018. External links Phoenix New Times, Tsar Power (2000) MTV Los Angeles Times, Tsar, with a Hint of Glam (2000) L.A. Weekly, Tsar, Reborn Powerpopaholic, Jeff Whalen Interview Classic Albums Revisited, The Jeff Whalen Interview Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF National United States Artists MusicBrainz
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"rock band","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_band"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles"},{"link_name":"California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California"},{"link_name":"Guns N' Roses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guns_N%27_Roses"},{"link_name":"the Monkees","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Monkees"},{"link_name":"glam rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glam_rock"},{"link_name":"power pop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_pop"},{"link_name":"garage rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garage_rock"},{"link_name":"punk rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punk_rock"},{"link_name":"arena rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arena_rock"},{"link_name":"bubblegum music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bubblegum_music"}],"text":"Tsar is an American rock band from Los Angeles, California, United States, with Jeff Whalen on lead vocals and guitar, Daniel Kern on vocals and guitar, Jeff Solomon on bass, and Steve Coulter on drums. They have released two major-label studio albums, two EPs, and a self-released demos collection. Citing their primary influences as Guns N' Roses and the Monkees, Tsar's music is a hybrid of glam rock, power pop, garage rock, punk rock, arena rock, and bubblegum music.","title":"Tsar (band)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Silver Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silver_Lake,_Los_Angeles"},{"link_name":"Spaceland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spaceland"},{"link_name":"Hollywood Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hollywood_Records"},{"link_name":"Rob Cavallo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rob_Cavallo"},{"link_name":"Green Day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_Day"},{"link_name":"Goo Goo Dolls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goo_Goo_Dolls"},{"link_name":"Chris Lord-Alge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Lord-Alge"},{"link_name":"U2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U2"},{"link_name":"Bruce Springsteen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruce_Springsteen"},{"link_name":"Madonna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madonna_(entertainer)"},{"link_name":"AllMusic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AllMusic"},{"link_name":"Cheap Trick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheap_Trick"},{"link_name":"Sweet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweet_(band)"},{"link_name":"Duran Duran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duran_Duran"},{"link_name":"James Gunn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Gunn"},{"link_name":"Super","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super_(2010_American_film)"},{"link_name":"L.A. New Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_New_Times"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Veronica Mars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veronica_Mars"},{"link_name":"Freakylinks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freakylinks"},{"link_name":"NCIS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NCIS_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Party Down","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Party_Down"},{"link_name":"In the Land of Women","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In_the_Land_of_Women"},{"link_name":"American Psycho 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Psycho_2"},{"link_name":"the New York Dolls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Dolls"},{"link_name":"Social Distortion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_Distortion"},{"link_name":"Eve 6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eve_6"},{"link_name":"the Marvelous 3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Marvelous_3"},{"link_name":"Duran Duran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duran_Duran"},{"link_name":"Juliette and the Licks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juliette_and_the_Licks"},{"link_name":"Nerfherder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nerfherder"},{"link_name":"TVT Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TVT_Records"},{"link_name":"Burnout Revenge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burnout_Revenge"},{"link_name":"Burnout Legends","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burnout_Legends"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"L.A. Weekly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L.A._Weekly"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"LoJinx Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lojinx"}],"text":"Tsar formed in 1998. After a monthlong residency at Silver Lake's Spaceland club, they released their self-titled debut on Hollywood Records (2000), produced by Rob Cavallo (Green Day, Goo Goo Dolls) and mixed by Chris Lord-Alge (U2, Bruce Springsteen, Madonna). The album garnered critical acclaim but was commercially disappointing. AllMusic describes the album and its fate thus: \"Tsar is a bit of a glam pop/hard rock hidden treasure that still sounds fresh and thrilling years later. Loaded with hooks, humor, and innocent charm, and coming across like the starry-eyed child of Cheap Trick and Sweet . . . [t]he album was an exciting, hook-filled modern power pop record that nobody bought, despite (or perhaps because of) the band's subsequent opening slot on a Duran Duran tour.\"Director James Gunn used the album's opening track, \"Calling All Destroyers,\" to score the animated opening sequence of his 2010 action film Super.The band won \"Local Album of the Year\" and \"Local Band of the Year\" at the L.A. New Times Music Awards.[2][3] Rock critic Bob Mehr wrote, \"Every song glistens and glimmers with gargantuan hooks and stadium-size riffs . . . With this irresistibly catchy debut—and an onstage presence to match—Tsar is my nominee as the band best equipped to save rock 'n' roll from its postmillennial doldrums.\"[4]The band performed on the Late Late Show with Craig Kilborn, The Late Late Show with Craig Ferguson, and Pajama Party. The band's music has also appeared in the TV shows Veronica Mars, Freakylinks, NCIS, Party Down, and the feature film In the Land of Women. The songs \"Ordinary Gurl\" and \"The Girl Who Wouldn't Die\" were also featured prominently in the movie American Psycho 2.Tsar has toured with the New York Dolls, Social Distortion, Eve 6, the Marvelous 3, Duran Duran, Juliette and the Licks, and Nerfherder.Tsar recorded their followup, Band-Girls-Money, in 2003 with producer David Katznelson (founder of Birdman Records). After leaving Hollywood Records, Tsar released the album on TVT Records in 2005. The title song was included in the soundtrack for the racing games Burnout Revenge and its PSP and DS spin-off Burnout Legends. The band's lineup shifted, with Chuck Byler replacing Steve Coulter on drums and Derrick Forget replacing Jeff Solomon on bass. The band performed in a TV ad for Nestle Crunch Bar and Napster and filmed two videos: \"The Love Explosion\" and \"Band-Girls-Money.\"[citation needed] The band also appeared on the cover of L.A. Weekly.[5]In late January 2010, Tsar's original lineup (Whalen/Kern/Solomon/Coulter) reunited. They released The Dark Stuff EP on Aderra Records (US) and LoJinx Records (UK/Europe) and shot a video for \"Police Station.\" In 2011 Tsar self-released The Drugboy Tapes, a collection of early demos and live performances from 1998. A split 7-inch featuring the Olsen Twins song \"Pool Party\" was released by Aderra Records in March 2012.","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Albums"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Tsar – 2000","text":"Calling All Destroyers\nI Don't Wanna Break-Up\nSilver Shifter\nKathy Fong Is The Bomb\nThe Teen Wizards\nMONoSTEReo\nAfradio, Pt. One & Pt. Two\nOrdinary Gurl\nDisappear\nThe Girl Who Wouldn't Die","title":"Albums"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"King of the School EP – 2001","text":"King of the School (demo)\nLarger Than Life\nSilver Shifter (remix)\nYou and Jim Will Hit It Off\nSongwriter! (live)\nAfraidio Pt. Two, Pt. Three, and Pt. Four (demo)\nSmart Boys (demo)","title":"Albums"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Band-Girls-Money – 2005","text":"Band-Girls-Money\nWanna Get Dead\nThe Love Explosion\nSuperdeformed\nStraight\nWrong\nEverybody's Fault But Mine\nConqueror Worm\nStartime\nYou Can't Always Want What You Get","title":"Albums"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"The Drugboy Tapes (Demos 98) – 2011","text":"Afradio\nThe Girl Who Wouldn't Die\nOrdinary Gurl\nKathy Fong Is The Bomb\nSun Of Light\nThe Glower\nI Don't Wanna Break-Up\nSilver Shifter\nCalling All Destroyers (Live on KXLU)\nMonostereo (Live on KXLU)","title":"Albums"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Split 7-Inch – 2012","text":"Janitor by Suburban Lawns (Killola)\nPool Party by The Olsen Twins (TSAR)","title":"Albums"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"The Dark Stuff – EP – 2012","text":"Punctual Alcoholic\nPolice Station\nLittle Women\nWhite Lipstick\nSomething Bad Happened to Me","title":"Albums"}]
[]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supaya
Supaya
["1 Recipients","2 Notes","3 See also","4 References"]
Title given to the daughters of the Chief Queen Supaya (Burmese: စုဖုရား, also spelt suphaya) is the highest royal title for the Burmese royal princesses. The title is given only to the daughters of the Chief Queen, and those of blue-blooded queens. It is said that there were only 8 princesses given the title of Supaya during the reign of King Mindon. Recipients The awarded eight princesses during the reign of King Mindon are as follows. No. Title Photo Mother Reference 1 Mai Naung Supayagyi The Queen of the Central Palace, Hsinbyumashin 2 Myadaung Supayalat 3 Yamethin Supayalay 4 Pakhangyi Supaya King Thibaw's mother Laungshe Mibaya 5 Meiktila Supaya 6 Mingin Supaya Magway Mibaya 7 Pyinzi Supaya 8 Salin Supaya Limban Mibaya Notes ^ Salin Supaya was not a blue blood. However, King Mindon conferred the title of Supaya since she was the most dearest daughter of King Mindon, as the saying goes, "Son Kyapin, daughter Salin". See also Burmese royal titles References ^ Lhuiṅʻ (Ūʺ.), Sinʻʺ (2000). Khetʻ hoṅʻʺ Mranʻ māʹ samuiṅʻʺ sutesana ʾabhidhānʻ (in Burmese). Takkasuilʻ myāʺ Samuiṅʻʺ Sutesana Ūʺ cīʺ Ṭhāna. ^ Dawei, Maung Than Swe (1999). Konbaung Shinn Dann. Yar Pyae. p. 147. ^ a b c Shah, Sudha (2012-06-14). The King In Exile : The Fall Of The Royal Family Of Burma. Harper Collins. ISBN 9789350295984. ^ Hardiman, John Percy (1900). Gazetteer of Upper Burma and the Shan States. superintendent, Government printing, Burma. ^ "The King's Little Sister - Things Myanmar". sites.google.com. Retrieved 2018-10-05. ^ Taṅʻ (Ūʺ), Moṅʻ Moṅʻ (2004). Kunʻʺ bhoṅʻ chakʻ mahā rājavaṅʻ toʻ krīʺ (in Burmese). Loka Cā pe. ^ Lha, Tuiʺ (2004). Nhacʻ chayʻ Rā cu e* Mahā lū sā ̋: ʼA rhaṅʻ Vicittasārābhivaṃsa, Tipiṭakadhara Dhammabhaṇḍāgārika (in Burmese). Myanmar Historical Commission. ^ White, Herbert Thirkell (2011). Burma. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-107-60067-6.
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Burmese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burmese_language"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"King Mindon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_Mindon"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Supaya (Burmese: စုဖုရား, also spelt suphaya) is the highest royal title for the Burmese royal princesses. The title is given only to the daughters of the Chief Queen, and those of blue-blooded queens.[1] It is said that there were only 8 princesses given the title of Supaya during the reign of King Mindon.[2]","title":"Supaya"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"King Mindon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_Mindon"}],"text":"The awarded eight princesses during the reign of King Mindon are as follows.","title":"Recipients"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-8"}],"text":"^ Salin Supaya was not a blue blood. However, King Mindon conferred the title of Supaya since she was the most dearest daughter of King Mindon, as the saying goes, \"Son Kyapin, daughter Salin\".","title":"Notes"}]
[]
[{"title":"Burmese royal titles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burmese_royal_titles"}]
[{"reference":"Lhuiṅʻ (Ūʺ.), Sinʻʺ (2000). Khetʻ hoṅʻʺ Mranʻ māʹ samuiṅʻʺ sutesana ʾabhidhānʻ (in Burmese). Takkasuilʻ myāʺ Samuiṅʻʺ Sutesana Ūʺ cīʺ Ṭhāna.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=fE5kAAAAMAAJ&q=%E1%80%85%E1%80%AF%E1%80%96%E1%80%AF%E1%80%9B%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B8","url_text":"Khetʻ hoṅʻʺ Mranʻ māʹ samuiṅʻʺ sutesana ʾabhidhānʻ"}]},{"reference":"Dawei, Maung Than Swe (1999). Konbaung Shinn Dann. Yar Pyae. p. 147.","urls":[{"url":"https://drive.google.com/file/d/1HCR9_dIpjsPa8ddaFwH6-V_TJSWcaY5Y/view?usp=drivesdk","url_text":"Konbaung Shinn Dann"}]},{"reference":"Shah, Sudha (2012-06-14). The King In Exile : The Fall Of The Royal Family Of Burma. Harper Collins. ISBN 9789350295984.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789350295984","url_text":"9789350295984"}]},{"reference":"Hardiman, John Percy (1900). Gazetteer of Upper Burma and the Shan States. superintendent, Government printing, Burma.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"The King's Little Sister - Things Myanmar\". sites.google.com. Retrieved 2018-10-05.","urls":[{"url":"https://sites.google.com/site/thingsmyanmar/the-king-s-little-sister","url_text":"\"The King's Little Sister - Things Myanmar\""}]},{"reference":"Taṅʻ (Ūʺ), Moṅʻ Moṅʻ (2004). Kunʻʺ bhoṅʻ chakʻ mahā rājavaṅʻ toʻ krīʺ (in Burmese). Loka Cā pe.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=5WNuAAAAMAAJ&q=%E1%80%99%E1%80%80%E1%80%BD%E1%80%B1%E1%80%B8%E1%80%99%E1%80%AD%E1%80%96%E1%80%AF%E1%80%9B%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B8","url_text":"Kunʻʺ bhoṅʻ chakʻ mahā rājavaṅʻ toʻ krīʺ"}]},{"reference":"Lha, Tuiʺ (2004). Nhacʻ chayʻ Rā cu e* Mahā lū sā ̋: ʼA rhaṅʻ Vicittasārābhivaṃsa, Tipiṭakadhara Dhammabhaṇḍāgārika (in Burmese). Myanmar Historical Commission.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=4A3YAAAAMAAJ&q=%E1%80%99%E1%80%80%E1%80%BD%E1%80%B1%E1%80%B8%E1%80%99%E1%80%AD%E1%80%96%E1%80%AF%E1%80%9B%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B8","url_text":"Nhacʻ chayʻ Rā cu e* Mahā lū sā ̋: ʼA rhaṅʻ Vicittasārābhivaṃsa, Tipiṭakadhara Dhammabhaṇḍāgārika"}]},{"reference":"White, Herbert Thirkell (2011). Burma. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-107-60067-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Sai_tb7bDaoC&q=Salin+Supaya&pg=PA192","url_text":"Burma"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-107-60067-6","url_text":"978-1-107-60067-6"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Notiomastodon
Notiomastodon
["1 Research history","1.1 Initial research","1.2 Stegomastodon, Notiomastodon and Haplomastodon","1.3 Amahuacatherium","2 Classification","2.1 Phylogeny","2.2 Evolutionary history","3 Description","3.1 Size","3.2 Skull and teeth","3.3 Postcranial skeleton","4 Paleobiology","4.1 Diet","4.2 Palaeopathology","4.3 Population structure and reproduction","4.4 Ichnofossils","5 Distribution","6 Paleoecology","7 Extinction","8 Notes","9 References"]
Extinct genus of gomphothere elephantimorph native to South America NotiomastodonTemporal range: late Early Pleistocene-Early Holocene (Possible Earliest Pleistocene record) ~0.8–0.011 Ma PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N ↓ Skeleton at the Centro Cultural del Bicentenario de Santiago del Estero Skull at the Natural History Museum, London Scientific classification Domain: Eukaryota Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Mammalia Order: Proboscidea Family: †Gomphotheriidae Genus: †NotiomastodonCabrera, 1929 Species: †N. platensis Binomial name †Notiomastodon platensis(Ameghino, 1888) Synonyms Genus synonymy: Haplomastodon Hoffstetter 1950 Amahuacatherium Romero-Pittman, 1996 Species synonymy: List Elephas humboldtii Blainville, 1845 Mastodon platensis Ameghino, 1888 Mastodon superbus Ameghino, 1888 Mastodon bonaerensis Moreno, 1888 nomen nudum. Stegomastodon platensis Ameghino, 1888 Mastodon rectus Ameghino, 1889 Mastodon maderianus Ameghino, 1891 Notiomastodon ornatus Cabrera, 1929 Stegomastodon waringi Holland, 1920 Haplomastodon waringi Holland, 1920 Haplomastodon chimborazi Proaño, 1922 Haplomastodon guayasensis Hoffstetter, 1952 Amahuacatherium peruvium Romero-Pittman, 1996 Notiomastodon is an extinct genus of gomphothere proboscidean (related to modern elephants), endemic to South America from the Pleistocene to the beginning of the Holocene. Notiomastodon specimens reached a size similar to that of the modern Asian elephant, with a body mass of 3-4 tonnes. Like other brevirostrine gomphotheres such as Cuvieronius and Stegomastodon, Notiomastodon had a shortened lower jaw and lacked lower tusks, unlike more primitive gomphotheres like Gomphotherium. The genus was originally named in 1929, and has been controversial in the course of taxonomic history as it has frequently been confused with or synonymized with forms called Haplomastodon and Stegomastodon. Extensive anatomical studies since the 2010s have shown that Notiomastodon represents the only valid proboscidean in lowland South America, Haplomastodon is synonymous and Stegomastodon is limited to North America, with the only other gomphothere in South America Cuvieronius confined to the northwestern part of the continent. Notiomastodon ranged widely over most of South America, and was a generalist mixed feeder that fed on a variety of plants, with its diet varying according to local conditions. Like living elephants, Notiomastodon is thought to have lived in family groups, with adult males suggested to have had musth-like behaviour. Notiomastodon became extinct approximately 11,000 years ago at the end of the Pleistocene epoch, simultaneously along with the majority of large (megafaunal) animals native to the Americas as part of the Late Pleistocene megafauna extinctions. During the last few thousand years of its existence, Notiomastodon lived alongside Paleoindians, the first human to inhabit the Americas. Specimens associated with artifacts suggest that humans hunted Notiomastodon, which may have been a factor in its extinction. Research history Initial research Two gomphothere teeth from Cuvier (1806) with "A" referring to “mastodonte des cordillères” and "B" referring to “mastodonte humboldien” Traditionally, several species of gomphotheres from the late Pleistocene in South America were distinguished. These included, on the one hand, a highland form from the Andes, Cuvieronius, whose classification has not been controversial, and, on the other hand, several forms present in the lowlands, such as Haplomastodon and Notiomastodon. In addition to this is Stegomastodon, which has a North American distribution. The relationships of the three genres with each other on their independence or synonymization have been the subject of continuous discussion. Research on South American proboscideans began with the expeditions of Alexander von Humboldt in the transition from the 18th to the 19th century. From his collection of finds, Georges Cuvier published two teeth in 1806, one of which came from the vicinity of the Imbabura Volcano near Quito in Ecuador, and the other from Concepción in Chile. Cuvier did not give them scientific names that are valid today, but simply called the first in French "Mastodon des cordilléres" and the second "Mastodon humboldien". In 1814, Gotthelf Fischer von Waldheim coined for first time scientific names for the South American proboscideans by renaming Cuvier's "Mastodon des cordilléres" as Mastotherium hyodon and "Mastodon humboldien" as Mastotherium humboldtii. Cuvier himself would refer both species to the now-disused genus "Mastodon" in 1824, but created a new name of species for the Ecuadorian find which is "Mastodon" andium (he placed the Chilean find in "Mastodon" humboldtii). From the present point of view, both teeth do not have specific diagnostic characteristics that allow them to be assigned to a species in particular. In the following years, the number of discovered fossils increased, which led Florentino Ameghino in 1889 to give the first general review of the proboscideans in his extensive work on the extinct mammals of Argentina. In this he listed several species, all of which he considered analogous to Cuvier's "Mastodon". In addition to the species already created by Cuvier and Fischer, Ameghino named some new ones, including "Mastodon" platensis, which he had already established a year earlier and whose description was based on a tusk fragment of an adult individual from San Nicolás de los Arroyos in the province of Buenos Aires, on the shores of the Paraná River, (catalog number MLP 8-63). Henry Fairfield Osborn used "Mastodon" humboldtii in 1923 to include it in the new genus Cuvieronius (another genus name he created in 1926, Cordillerion based on "Mastodon" andium, is now considered a synonym of Cuvieronius). Forty years after Ameghino, Ángel Cabrera reviewed the proboscidean finds. He named the genus Notiomastodon, "southern mastodon" and assigned to it the new species Notiomastodon ornatus, of which he had found a mandible and another tusk fragment at Playa del Barco near Monte Hermoso also in Buenos Aires province (catalog number MACN 2157). For his part, he assigned Ameghino's "Mastodon" platensis to Stegomastodon and synonymized this species with some of the names previously proposed by Ameghino. The genus Stegomastodon itself dates back to Hans Pohlig in 1912, who referred it to some findings of North American mandible. Haplomastodon waringi molar In the northernmost part of South America, Juan Félix Proaño discovered in 1894 an almost complete skeleton near Quebrada Chalán, in the vicinity of Punín in the Ecuadorian province of Chimborazo. The skeleton he named as the new species "Masthodon" chimborazi in 1922. However, in 1929 it was almost completely lost in a fire at the University of Quito, along with another skeleton recovered at Quebrada Callihuaico near Quito a year earlier. In 1950, Robert Hoffstetter used the right and left humeri of the Quebrada Chalán skeleton to name Haplomastodon, which he considered to be a subgenus of Stegomastodon. As type species he assigned Haplomastodon chimborazi (catalog numbers MICN-UCE-1981 and 1982); in 1995 Giovanni Ficcarelli et al. identified a neotype with catalog number MECN 82 to 84 from Quebrada Pistud in the Ecuadorian province of Carchi, which also included a complete skeleton. Only two years later Hoffstetter raised Haplomastodon to the level of the genus, and the main criterion for distinguishing it from Stegomastodon being the absence of a transverse opening in the atlas (first cervical vertebra). Simultaneously, he distinguished two more subgenera, Haplomastodon and Aleamastodon, which he differentiated from each other by the absence and presence of said openings in the axis, respectively. Stegomastodon, Notiomastodon and Haplomastodon Since the establishment of Stegomastodon by Pohlig in 1912, Notiomastodon by Cabrera in 1929, and Haplomastodon as an independent genus by Hoffstetter in 1952, there have been multiple discussions about the validity of these three taxa. As early as 1952, Hoffstetter had limited Haplomastodon to northwestern South America, while for the remaining finds such as those from Brazil, he preferred to place them within Stegomastodon. This was reviewed by George Gaylord Simpson and Carlos de Paula Couto in 1957 in their extensive work Mastodonts of Brazil. In this, both authors referred all the Brazilian finds to Haplomastodon. They determined that the other two genera, Notiomastodon and Stegomastodon, were found further to the southeast in the Pampas region. The features of the transverse foramina of the first cervical vertebra, which Hoffstetter applied to distinguish Haplomastodon from Stegomastodon, turned out to be highly variable, even in the same individual, according to the investigations of Simpson and Paula Couto. Therefore, both highlighted as a diagnostic feature of Haplomastodon compared to Notiomastodon and Stegomastodon the much more upwardly curved upper tusks, which do not present any layer of enamel. Simpson and Paula Couto established Haplomastodon waringi as the type species of the genus. The designation of this species refers to "Mastodon" waringi, a taxon coined by William Jacob Holland in 1920. This was based on a highly fragmented remains of a jaw found in Pedra Vermelha in the Brazilian state of Bahia, and because it was named much earlier, Simpson and Paula Couto argued and in accordance with ICZN nomenclature rules, this name has priority over Haplomastodon chimborazi. However, the validity of the designation of this species was frequently criticized, including by Hoffstetter himself, given that the material from Brazil is of little significance due to its poor preservation status. Other authors followed this idea and considered Haplomastodon chimborazi as the valid name (although in 2009 the taxon "Mastodon" waringi was preserved by the ICZN due to its multiple mentions in the scientific literature). In 1995, Maria Teresa Alberdi and José Luis Prado synonymized Notiomastodon with Stegomastodon, leaving Stegomastodon platensis as the valid species. In the same study they also synonymized Haplomastodon with Stegomastodon creating the combination Stegomastodon waringi. According to his vision, in his time Stegomastodon was the only gomphotherid genus present in the South American lowlands. However, in 2008 Marco P. Ferretti defended the independent classification of Haplomastodon, but at the same time questioned the separation of Notiomastodon respect to Stegomastodon. Only two years later, he published an exhaustive work focused on the anatomy of the skeleton of Haplomastodon, in which he clearly separated it from Stegomastodon and gave it an intermediate position between it and Cuvieronius in the Andes. Around the same period, Spencer George Lucas and collaborators reached a similar conclusion, especially after examining an almost complete skeleton of Stegomastodon from the Mexican state of Jalisco and determined that this genus should be separated from the South American gomphotheres due to its different musculoskeletal characteristics. They differentiated Notiomastodon from Haplomastodon due to the much more complex chewing surface of their molariforms. According to this, there would be at least two species of gomphotheres living in the lowlands of South America. Analysis by a team of researchers led by Dimila E. Mothé in the early 2010s gave a different result. After examining abundant material from South American proboscideans, they determined that apart from Cuvieronius, there was only one other genus of proboscidean in South America during the Pleistocene. In their opinion, this animal showed great variability in relation to the morphology of the teeth and skull, mainly in the shape of the tusks and molariform teeth. By following the ICZN priority rules, the first genus name given to this gomphothere, which would be Notiomastodon, remains valid, and with only one species which must be called Notiomastodon platensis. This is the classification that has been adopted at various times in the following years, and Mothé and colleagues through extensive morphological analysis of the teeth and skeletons, found that Stegomastodon differed significantly from Notiomastodon and was confined to North America. Later, Spencer George Lucas also supported this idea. However, some authors as Alberdi & Prado considered this is inconclusive, as they think the North American Stegomastodon material is too scarce and fragmentary to make a definitive statement. However, in a review about the fossil record of gomphotherids in South America published in 2022, both authors agreed to call it Notiomastodon. Amahuacatherium Especially problematic is the genus Amahuacatherium, which was described in 1996 by Lidia Romero-Pittman based on a fragmented mandible and two isolated molars found in the Madre de Dios region of southeastern Peru. The findings come from the Ipururo Formation, which outcrops along the Madre de Dios River. However, a partial skeleton that had been discovered along with these fossils was lost during a violent flood. As a special feature of Amahuacatherium, the authors highlighted the short mandible with sockets for rudimentary incisors and molars with moderately complex molar masticatory surface pattern. The age of the sedimentary layers of these fossil remains is estimated at 9.5 million years, which corresponds to the late Miocene. This would make Amahuacatherium one of the first mammals to reach South America from the north before the Great American Biotic Interchange, which would only begin about six million years later. Additionally, this find is much older than the gomphotherid evidence considered as the oldest in both Central and South America, dating back to 7 and 2.5 million years, respectively. Only a few years later, several authors expressed doubts about the identity of this genus and its age. For example, their molars were considered to be barely distinguishable from other South American gomphotheres and the presence of alveoli for the lower tusks would be a misinterpretation of the mandibular cavities. Geologic age is also difficult to determine due to the complex stratigraphic conditions at the site. Other scientists agreed with this, and further dental analysis revealed no significant differences with Notiomastodon, relative to the other South American finds. Classification Phylogeny Notiomastodon is a genus of proboscidean in the family Gomphotheriidae. The proboscideans are a relatively successful mammalian order with a long history, which began at the end of the Paleocene. Originally from Africa, they reached a great diversity and expansion in both the Old and the New World in the course of their evolutionary history. Different phases of evolutionary radiation can be distinguished. The gomphotheres belong to the second phase, which began in the lower Miocene. The main characteristic of true gomphotheres is the formation is the formation of three transverse ridges on first and second molars (trilophodont gomphotheres; later forms with four tusks are sometimes known as tetralophodont gomphotheres, but are no longer included in the family). As in extant elephants, gomphotheres had a horizontal tooth replacement pattern which includes them in the modern group Elephantimorpha, compared to their ancestors which lacked this trait. In contrast to vertical tooth replacement which is used for most mammals, in which all permanent teeth are available at the same time, in horizontal replacement the individual molariform teeth erupt one after another in a row. This originated from jaw shortening in the course of proboscidean evolution and is first detectable in Eritreum in the late Oligocene, about 28 million years ago. Still, unlike modern elephants, gomphotheres possess a number of primitive and advanced traits. These include, for example, a generally flatter skull, the formation of upper and lower fenders as well as molariform teeth with fewer ridges and a mamelonated masticatory surface pattern. For this reason, gomphotheres are often placed in their own superfamily, the Gomphotherioidea, which is sister to the modern Elephantoidea. However, they are sometimes considered to be members of the Elephantoidea. In general, the gomphotheres are one of the most successful groups among the proboscideans, which underwent numerous changes in their long existence. These include a substantial increase in their overall size, their tusks and their molar teeth, as well as an increase in their complexity. Possible relationships of the short-faced gomphotheres according to Mothé et al. 2019  Gomphotheriidae   Gomphotherium  Gnathabelodon  Eubelodon  Brevirostral gomphotheres   Stegomastodon  Sinomastodon  Notiomastodon  Rhynchotherium  Cuvieronius Gomphotheres are first recorded at the end of the Oligocene in Africa and are among the first representatives of the proboscideans to leave that continent after the closure of the Tethys Ocean and the appearance of the land bridge to Eurasia during the transition to the Miocene. Among others, Gomphotherium reached North America about 16 million years ago through the Bering Strait, while in Central America they are recorded as early as the end of the Miocene about 7 million years ago. Gomphotherids reached South America during the Great American Interchange between 3.5 and 2.5 million years ago. South American gomphotheres differ from their relatives in other parts of the world by their relatively short snouts (brevirostral gomphotheres) and high-domed skulls. Additionally, they only had upper tusks. The two known South American genera (Notiomastodon and Cuvieronius) together with their North American relative (Stegomastodon) form a monophyletic group known as the subfamily Cuvieroniinae, which in turn are grouped with Rhynchotherium in a larger group called Rhynchotheriinae. Some researchers have proposed the idea that Cuvieronius is a direct descendant of Rhynchotherium, as evidenced by its highly specialized upper tusks, which feature a spiral enamel band. Notiomastodon could have descended directly from Cuvieronius. The idea is supported by the recognition that unlike adult specimens, juvenile Cuvieronius still had lower tusks, while in Rhynchotherium the mandible has lower tusks at all ages. This idea does not take into account relationships with other short-faced gomphotherids which are mostly unclear. The situation of Sinomastodon, an East Asian form with skeletal characteristics very similar to South American gomphotheres, is problematic. In several phylogenetic studies, Sinomastodon forms a group with Stegomastodon, Cuvieronius and Notiomastodon, for which its presence in Asia is interpreted as a migration from America. Due to its geographic isolation from the American genera, the Chinese scientists usually place it in the independent subfamily Sinomastodontinae. Taking into account the lack of intermediate forms, some authors consider the similarities between Sinomastodon and the South American gomphotheres to be the result of convergent evolution. As with many mammals known only from fossils, phylogenetic relationships are inferred from skeletal anatomical features. It is only since the 2000s that methods based on molecular genetics and biochemical analyzes have gradually acquired a greater role. In addition to the woolly mammoth (Mammuthus primigenius), the Columbian mammoth (Mammuthus columbi) and the straight-tusked elephant (Palaeoloxodon antiquus) which are members of the modern family Elephantidae, the American mastodon (Mammut americanum) of the family Mammutidae is the only non elephantid proboscidean whose molecular data has been sequenced. Notiomastodon is the only representative of the gomphotheres for which biochemical data are available for comparison. In stark contrast to what was suspected of its close anatomical resemblance to elephantids, a study published in 2019 indicated a closer relationship to mastodonts. It is unclear whether this result can be extrapolated to the rest of the entire group of gomphotherids. On the other hand, a 2021 study based on mitochondrial DNA determined that Notiomastodon is more closely related to modern elephants than to Mammut. Within this genus, only one species is recognized: N. platensis (Ameghino, 1888) Various other forms have been described throughout history, some of them associated with Notiomastodon (N. ornatus), some also with Haplomastodon (H. waringi, H. chimborazi), but are now considered more recent synonyms of N. platensis. Evolutionary history The appearance of gomphotherids in South America originates with the Great American Interchange. This began in the Pliocene about 3.5 million years ago, when the Isthmus of Panama closed and a mainland connection between North and South America was established. This exchange occurred in both directions, so that for example ground sloths and glyptodonts arrived in the north, while carnivorous mammals and artiodactyls, as well as proboscideans, among others, mixed with the endemic fauna of the south. The oldest record of proboscideans from South America comes from the middle section of the Uquia Formation in northwestern Argentina. It dates from about 2.5 million years ago, and the findings, which correspond to fragmentary remains of vertebrae, are not attributable to a particular genus. It is unknown when Notiomastodon originated. There are no clear documented finds of this genus in Central America. On another hand, Cuvieronius appeared in the region about 7 million years ago. It has been generally assumed that the gomphotherids invaded South America in two independent waves. Cuvieronius used a corridor west of the Andes, while Notiomastodon used an eastern one along the Atlantic coast and lowlands. It is possible that the emigration to South America was much more complex, since Cuvieronius does not show a restriction to the highlands in Central America, but can also be found there in lowlands. The oldest unambiguous evidence of Notiomastodon in South America is an individual tooth found on the continental shelf off the Brazilian coast in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, which was radiometrically dated to 464,000 years ago and therefore corresponds to the Middle Pleistocene. The vast majority of Notiomastodon finds belong to the late Middle Pleistocene and Late Pleistocene. Its distribution areas in central Chile may have been reached relatively late, either by a route from the Pampas to the low inter-Andean valleys or from the north through the Amazonian lowlands. This may have occurred during the warm periods of the last glacial period, when the Patagonian ice cap was less extensive. Description Size Skeleton of Notiomastodon compared to a human Notiomastodon was a medium to large proboscidean. A complete skeleton was reconstructed a height at the withers of about 2.5 meters and a body weight of 3.15 tons, while other analyzes put the weight of the same individual at more than 4.4 tons. For another individual, the weight calculations vary between 4.1 and 7.6 tons. Since these estimates are based on the dimensions of the limb bones, but these differ proportionally from those of extant elephants, these values can only be considered as an approximation. In general, this genus reached approximately the dimensions of current Asian elephants (Elephas maximus). A partial femur head from Yumbo in Colombia, with a circumference of 51.2 cm, suggests that this specimen could have exceeded 7.9 tons in weight; some specimens could reach 3 meters in height. Skull and teeth Notiomastodon's skull was short and tall, and compared to that of its relative Cuvieronius, it was narrower and shorter. In side view, this was pronounced in a dome, comparable to that of the skulls of today's elephants. However, in the case of modern elephants, the skull has an even more upright orientation and the snout is much shorter. The skulls found have total lengths of 75 to 113 cm, and the height of these, measured from the upper edge to the dental alveoli, is 41 to 76 cm. The upper part of the skull was characterized in frontal view by having two domes, between which is a slight suture along the center of the skull. Both domes were formed by the air-filled chambers of the neurocranium. These were larger than in Gomphotherium. The forehead was broad and flattened for the most part. As in all advanced proboscideans, the nasal bone was short and lay on top of the very wide but flat nasal opening where the trunk connected to the skull. Seen from the side, a groove bounded the nasal bone, which served as an anchor point for the maxillolabial muscle, which acted as a load-bearing arm for the tube. The remaining edges of the nasal opening were formed by the premaxillary bone and individual extensions of it. This bone also formed the alveoli of the upper incisors. These were very long, sometimes up to 59 cm, and they were very wide and their diameter increased towards the front. These only diverged slightly and in side view aligned with the profile of his forehead. This created a wide angle between the orientation of the tusks sockets and the plane of the chewing surface of the molars. Upwards, the alveoli of the incisors were slightly indented. In general, the premaxilla was much more massive than in Gomphotherium, for example. Due to the shortening of the skull at the snout, the eye orbit of Notiomastodon was above the front end of the molar tooth row, which is markedly more forward than in long-snouted gomphotheres such as Gomphotherium or Rhynchotherium. The zygomatic arch was robust and high. Its upper border was rather straight, while the lower one had a slight notch in which the masseter muscle began. Notiomastodon skull with almost straight tusks Notiomastodon skull with clearly curved tusks The jaw reached 77 cm in length, and the area where the teeth were inserted was quite wide and noticeably arched at its lower edge. The height under the molars was more than 15 cm. In contrast, Stegomastodon had a mostly straight lower border. The symphysis was typical of South American gomphotheres as it was relatively short (brevirostral), and in some individuals it pointed downwards and sometimes formed a small prominence, as is the case in Cuvieronius. Downward directed symphysis is considered a diagnostic feature. On the other hand, in Stegomastodon, this prominence was significantly reduced. In some cases, there were as many as three holes known as mental foramina. The ascending ramus of the mandible was massive and rose up to 47 cm. The leading and trailing edges showed a parallel orientation. The frontal process was significantly lower than that of the joint, which was not the case in Stegomastodon. The joint ended transverse to the longitudinal axis of the mandible and was very robust, with a distance between its tips from side to side of 57 cm. Also unlike Stegomastodon, the angular process was less prominent. The teeth consisted of its large tusks and the molariform teeth. In contrast to Eurasian gomphotheres, incisors were only formed in the upper dentition, although small sockets were sometimes formed in the lower jaw. As in all proboscideans, the upper tusks were actually hypertrophied second incisor teeth. These tusks could vary in shape in each individual, so that the tusks could be short and with the tips clearly curved upwards or relatively straight. The enamel layer disappears in adult individuals. This differentiates it from Cuvieronius, whose upper tusks were spiraled with an enamel band that wrapped around them. Additionally, in the latter, lower tusk appear in juveniles. In general, the tusks of Notiomastodon were very robust. Their lengths could reach more than 88 cm outside the alveoli, and in particularly long specimens it could reach 128 cm measured on the external curvature. The cross section was oval in shape and varied from 11.5 to 16.4 cm in diameter. The remaining dentition was composed of the premolars and molars as in modern elephants, which erupted one after the other due to the horizontal replacement of the teeth. The chewing surface was generally composed of seven pairs of ridges or lophs, which gave the teeth a bunodont pattern. The first two molars had three pairs of ridges (trilophodonts) that were oriented along the longitudinal axis. The upper three, meanwhile, had four and the lower one more than five pairs of ridges (tetra- and pentalophodont), so these additional ridges were less pronounced. Stegomastodon, on the other hand, had five ridges on the upper teeth and more than eight on the lower ones. The upper and lower third molars (M3/m3) were tetralophodont or pentalophodont; and their wear morphology in the occlusal phase varies from simple to complicated due to the presence of central conules and accessory conules between the main cusps of pre- and postrites, which makes it look like a double trefoil. It is characteristic of this species is a greater proportion of teeth with these very complex trefoil figures and marked ptychodonty in their enamel. Additionally, two morphotypes can be identified in Notiomastodon in relation to molars, one with two additional central ridges on each half side of the tooth longitudinally and one without. Also very characteristic is the cloverleaf structure on the individual ridges in the weathered state. In general, the dental structure of Notiomastodon was characterized by a basal pattern, which was more similar to that of Cuvieronius. However, due to the different morphotypes, it more closely approximated the complex pattern of the chewing surface of Stegomastodon, which was formed mainly by the formation of additional lateral ridges. The last chewing molar would have had between 35 and 82 ridges in Notiomastodon, 33 and 60 in Cuvieronius, and 57 and 104 in Stegomastodon. In total, the chewing surface of the last molar in Notiomastodon was 57 to 160 cm² (12 to 32 cm² per lophid) and in Stegomastodon 72 to 205 cm² (12 to 34 cm² per lophid). Thus the teeth were typical for a relatively large proboscidean. The lower last molar was 21.6 cm long, and the upper last molar was over 19.3 cm. Postcranial skeleton In terms of the shape of its postcranial skeleton, Notiomastodon was for the most part similar to living elephants, but generally stockier. The humerus was massive and 78 to 87 cm long. This widened towards the ends of the joints, the joint head was wide and clearly rounded. However, only some prominences showed rough areas on the axis. The ulna was rather gracile, with a total length of 75 to 80 cm but almost as large as the humerus. Due to the large olecranon, the superior joint extension, the length of the bone was only 57 to 64 cm. As a result, the ulna was functionally much shorter than the humerus, which is characteristic of South American gomphotheres compared to their Eurasian relatives. The physiological length of the ulna also corresponded to the approximate total length of the radius. The femur was 96 to 100 cm long and consisted of a nearly cylindrical shaft, slightly flattened only at the front and back. The spherically shaped femoral head towered over the other prominence, but sat on a shorter neck than that of Cuvieronius. At the lower end, the prominence internal was greater than the external. The fibula, which was up to 70 cm long, was characterized by a prismatic axis and a higher end at the lower joint. The hands and feet had five fingers, as in modern elephants. The limbs of Notiomastodon, like those of other short-jawed gomphotheres, were generally more massive and robust than in extant elephants. It is also very curious that the length of the upper and lower sections of the legs of Notiomastodon were more balanced with each other than those of modern elephants and Stegomastodon. In the case of the latter, the length of the femur exceeded that of the tibia by almost twice. Another important difference can be seen in the ratio of the front legs compared to the hind legs. These have an average of 82% for Notiomastodon and 93% for Stegomastodon, which means that the hind legs of the latter were significantly shorter than the front ones. In Stegomastodon, the ratio of the upper and lower sections of its legs as well as the fore and hind legs to each other gave it a better adaptation for open environments and long strides and a greater degree of graviportality, than in the case of Notiomastodon. This is also reflected in the build of the feet, which were slimmer and taller than in Stegomastodon. Paleobiology Diet The bunodont chewing pattern of gomphotheres is usually associated with a generalist diet, which suggests a preference for mixed feeding on both grass and foliage. This has also been delineated in studies on traces of wear and scratches on Notiomastodon molars from the Upper Pleistocene site of Aguas de Araxin Island in the Brazilian state of Minas Gerais. The teeth exhibit a high number of nicks and scratches, which is consistent with similar abrasion marks on the teeth of extant ungulates that consume both hard and soft plants. Through some plant residues from the teeth, it was possible to identify that the basis of their diet were conifers, knotweed plants and polypodiacean ferns. In contrast, isotope analyzes of other areas of South America paint a more complex picture. This results in a predominance of C4 plants in the dietary spectrum of Upper Pleistocene specimens from northern and central South America such as Ecuador or the Gran Chaco, while those from southern regions such as the Pampas fed mostly on C3 plants. In the intermediate areas, a mixed diet could be reconstructed based on the isotopes. Specimens from Mato Grosso indicate N. platensis had a generalised browsing diet in that region, with N. platensis from Paraíba similarly being identified as mixed feeders during isotopic analysis. The dietary flexibility of N. platensis was particularly apparent in the fossil finds from the Quequen Grande site in the Argentine province of Buenos Aires. Isotope studies of finds there from the Middle Pleistocene indicate a relatively mixed diet, while others from the Late Pleistocene suggest that it specialized in consuming grasses. Remains near Santiago del Estero from the Last Glacial Maximum show a diet exclusively composed of C4 plants. Notiomastodon may have been an opportunistic herbivore adapting its habits food to local conditions, similar to what has been documented in living elephants. Especially during the course of the Late Pleistocene, when climatic changes from the last glacial period in the Southern Cone caused forests to shrink and be replaced by grassland environments, this was an important adaptive phenomenon. Palaeopathology Pathological vertebrae belonging to N. platensis have been found in Late Pleistocene deposits at Anolaima, Cundinamarca, Colombia. Specifically, they consist of deep bone lesions on the spinous process, osteoarthritic lesions, and asymmetrical articulations of the zygaphophyses, which were caused by nutrient deficiencies caused by environmental perturbations and likely exacerbated by excessive biomechanical stress on the bones as the proboscidean moved through the uneven, upland terrain of the region. Late Pleistocene N. platensis fossils from Águas de Araxá in Brazil have been shown to exhibit Schmorl's node, osteoarthritis, and osteomyelitis. The teeth of N. platensis reveal the species was relatively susceptible to the development of dental tartar. Population structure and reproduction Like modern elephants, Notiomastodon is suggested to have lived in social family groups. The Águas de Araxá site is significant as it has one of the largest collections of Notiomastodon fossils. These are interpreted as the remains of a local population that was wiped out by a catastrophic event. According to dental studies, the group consisted of 14.9% juveniles (0 to 12 years of age), 23.0% near-adult individuals (13 to 24 years of age), and 62.1% of adult individuals (25 years of age and older). This last group can be broken down into 27.7% of middle-aged animals (25 to 36 years) and 17.2% of old (37 to 48 years) and senile (49 to 60 years) specimens. The large proportion of individuals over 37 years of age is notable, suggesting that there was a high survival rate in this group. Some of the adult animals suffered from pathological changes in their bones from Schmorl's nodes, osteomyelitis and osteoarthritis. These are evident in the vertebrae and long bones among others, and may be due to individual diseases. Osteomyelitis has also been diagnosed in Notiomastodon finds from other sites. The remains found at Águas de Araxá must have been exposed for a long time after their deposit. Not only did this allow dermestid beetles to bore into the bones, but there is also evidence of bite marks from large canids such as Protocyon. The gnawed bone marks are the result of carrion consumption, possibly caused by a period of food scarcity. Due to its size, Notiomastodon would hardly have natural enemies in life. Traces left by a large predator were also found on a skeleton from the Pilauco site in southern Chile. A study of the tusk of a male animal from the Santiago de Chile basin allowed the analysis of the last four years of its life by means of isotope and thin-section analyses. During this period, tusk appositional thickness increased by about 10 mm per year. This growth rate was found to be cyclical, slowing briefly in early summer with reduced tooth growth. The reduced growth is interpreted to correspond to the musth stage, a hormone-controlled phase that occurs annually in modern elephants and is characterized by a huge increase in testosterone. During the musth, males become extremely aggressive and battles for mating rights can ensue, sometimes with fatal consequences. An external feature is the increased flow of a secretion from the temporal gland. In the case of the animal from Santiago de Chile, growth abnormalities were partially linked to a change in diet. The individual's death took place relatively abruptly in early autumn. Ichnofossils Proboscidean footprint fossils documented in South America are relatively rare. One of the most important sites is Pehuen Có near Bahía Blanca in the Argentine province of Buenos Aires. The site was discovered in 1986 and covers an area of 1.5 km2. The numerous footprints were printed on a substrate that was originally soft. It has been possible to identify several ichnogenera produced by mammals, such as Megalamaichnum (corresponding to the camelid Hemiauchenia), Eumacrauchenichnus (from the native ungulate Macrauchenia), Glyptodontichnus (produced by the armadillo relative Glyptodon) or Neomegatherichnum (the giant sloth Megatherium), and additionally, footprints of birds such as Aramayoichnus, which would represent a rhea, have also been found. Due to the diversity of footprints, Pehuen Có is one of the most important sites with ichnofossils in the world. It has been dated to about 12,000 years before present. Proboscidean tracks, however, are not common there. The main trail comprises seven footprints over a length of 4.4 meters. The individual prints have an oval shape with lengths from 23 to 27 cm and widths from 23 to 30 cm. In general, these have a depth of 8 cm below the surface. In some cases, small prominences are found on the front edge, which are interpreted as markings of three to five fingers, comparable to the nail-shaped structures of living elephants. The largest frontal footprints have five, and those of the smallest in some cases only have three of those prominences. In the same way they have a flattened shape that was generated by the fat pads of the legs as it happens in modern elephants. The footprints of Pehuen Có are assigned to the ichnogenus Proboscipeda, whose synonym is Stegomastodonichnum. The size of these footprints suggests that they were made by animals the size of the Asian elephant, roughly matching Notiomastodon. Distribution Main article: List of gomphothere fossils in South America Restoration of Notiomastodon and other mammals of Late Pleistocene Chile The geographic range of Notiomastodon extended through northern, eastern, and southern South America, with its southernmost distribution limit between the latitudes of 37 and 38 south. The specimens of this proboscidean are found mostly in the lowlands, while in the mountainous areas of the Andes it was largely absent, with Cuvieronius present in these regions instead. It is possible that both proboscideans avoided direct competition due to the strict definition of habitat, since both had a similar ecological spectrum. Modern elephants also generally avoiding higher elevation areas due to the associated energy cost of traversing them. In Colombia, it is suggested that Notiomastodon migrated through inter-Andean valleys. Many fossils of Notiomastodon have been found in the Pampas region and the Gran Chaco in Argentina. These include deposits such as Santa Clara del Mar in the province of Buenos Aires and the Río Dulce in the province of Santiago del Estero. Remains have also been documented from southern Bolivia, which are still found in the Gran Chaco area. Otherwise, most of the finds from that area correspond to Cuvieronius. The southernmost evidence of this proboscidean comes from isolated remains from Chile, with the southernmost remains in the country being from Chiloé Island. There are several findings in Uruguay and Paraguay. Other finds are known from Brazil, where Notiomastodon was widely distributed from the open areas of the southern Chaco to the current Amazon basin, and fossil remains have been found on the continental shelf of the Atlantic coast. One of the sites most important, however, is the state of Minas Gerais. At least 47 Notiomastodon individuals were found there. These were preserved in a sinkhole with coarse-grained sediments. The genus has also been reported from Peru, Ecuador, Colombia, and Venezuela. Is interesting to note that some of the localities with Notiomastodon remains in these countries, as Nemocón in Colombia, Punín, in Ecuador and Leclishpampa, Lima in Peru, are located in high mountain deposits, meanwhile that in La Huaca in Peru, a lowland environment, has been found remains of Cuvieronius, in contrast with the traditional division between lowland/mountain habitats for these animals. In Ecuador, the Quebrada Pistud site near Bolívar in the province of Carchi is noteworthy. This contained about 160 Notiomastodon fossil remains housed over several dozen square meters in flood deposits. These represented at least seven specimens, and a single skeleton consisted of 68 bone elements scattered over an area of 5 m2. Another important site there is the natural asphalt pit of Tanque Loma on the Santa Elena peninsula, which had over 1000 individual bones. About 660 of them were examined in detail, and about 11% can be placed in Notiomastodon. These correspond to 3 individuals, including two juveniles. Paleoecology Notiomastodon (upper right) and contemporary animals in Brazil Large, mesoherbivorous mammals in the Brazilian Intertropical Region were widespread and diverse, including the cow-like toxodontids Toxodon platensis and Piauhytherium, the macraucheniid litoptern Xenorhinotherium and equids such as Hippidion principale and Equus neogaeus. Toxodontids were large mixed feeders as well and lived in forested areas, while the equids were nearly entirely grazers. Xenarthran fossils are present in the area as well from several different families, like the giant megatheriid ground sloth Eremotherium, the fellow scelidotheriid Valgipes, the mylodontids Glossotherium, Ocnotherium, and Mylodonopsis. Smaller ground sloths such as the megalonychids Ahytherium and Australonyx and the nothrotheriid Nothrotherium have also been found in the area. Eremotherium was a generalist, while Nothrotherium was a specialist for trees in low density forests, and Valgipes was an intermediate of the two that lived in arboreal savannahs. Glyptodonts and cingulates like the grazing glyptodonts Glyptotherium and Panochthus and the omnivorous pampatheres Pampatherium and Holmesina were present in the open grasslands. Carnivores included some of the largest known mammalian land carnivores, like the giant felid Smilodon populator and the bear Arctotherium wingei. Several extant taxa are also known from the BIR, like guanacos, giant anteaters, collared peccaries, and striped hog-nosed skunks. Two crab-eating types of extant mammals are also known from the BIR, the crab-eating raccoon and the crab-eating fox, indicating that crabs were also present in the region. The environment of the BIR is unclear, as there were both several species that were grazers, but the precede of the arboreal fossil monkeys Protopithecus and Caipora in the area causes confusion over the area’s paleoenvironment. Most of Brazil was thought to have been covered in open tropical cerrado vegetation during the Late Pleistocene, but if Protopithecus and Caipora were arboreal, their presence suggests that the region may have supported a dense closed forest during the Late Pleistocene. It is possible that the region alternated between dry open savannah and closed wet forest throughout the climate change of the Late Pleistocene. Extinction For broader coverage of this topic, see Late Pleistocene extinctions. During the last few thousand years of its existence, Notiomastodon was contemporary with the first human groups of hunter-gatherers that arrived in South America. Notiomastodon disappeared simultaneously with most other megafauna (large animals) in the Americas at the end of the Pleistocene as part of the Late Pleistocene megafauna extinctions, the exact causes of which are the subject of long-standing controversy in the scientific literature. By the time of the extinct It is not clear if the Paleo-Indians played a decisive role in the extinction of Notiomastodon through active hunting. In total, there are less than a dozen sites in South America where Notiomastodon is associated with human presence. These are scattered throughout the north and southwest of South America, while in the entire Pampas region there are no known finds with the joint presence of proboscideans and humans. Therefore, there is little actual evidence of active hunting. Among the most significant finds are those made in Taima Taima in the coastal area of north-central Venezuela. There, an El Jobo-type projectile point was found in a Notiomastodon skeleton, and this site also contains remains of the ground sloth Glossotherium. The age of these finds dates back to 13,000 years ago. Some of the finds at Monte Verde in central Chile, are also associated with human hunting. The pieces found there, however, are very fragmented and frequently limited to tusks and molars as well as individual elements of the skeleton, which is why some authors suppose that the remains of proboscideans come from corpses located in another location and were later consumed there. In 2019, a description of a young specimen from Brazil was published which had an artifact lodged into its skull, providing clear evidence that this individual was hunted. Some very recent finds of Notiomastodon are 11,740 to 11,100 years old and were obtained from Quereo in Chile, from Itaituba on the Tapajós River in central Brazil, and from Tibitó in Colombia, the latter being associated with three dozen tools of stone. Even more recent is a skull from Taguatagua in Chile, estimated to be 10,300 years before present. On the other hand, some scientists suggest a review of individual sites with finds dated to the early Holocene, as in Quebrada Ñuagapua in Bolivia. A find of a gomphothere, probably Notiomastodon in Totumo, Colombia was dated as recently as 6,060 ± 60 years before present, however, given how much later this date is than other finds of Notiomastodon, this date should be considered with caution without other corroboration. The climatic models projected for South America during the latter Pleistocene and the early Holocene suggests that the habitats were more humid and with more presence of forests, which could reduce the suitable habitat for Notiomastodon and Equus neogeus, another species commonly found in open habitats, along with the subsequent changes in the vegetation could affect to these large mammals. Notes ^ From the Ancient Greek: νότιος (nótios, "southern") References ^ Shoshani, Jeheskel; Tassy, Pascal (2005). "Advances in proboscidean taxonomy & classification, anatomy & physiology, and ecology & behavior". Quaternary International. 126–128: 5–20. Bibcode:2005QuInt.126....5S. doi:10.1016/j.quaint.2004.04.011. ISSN 1040-6182. ^ Cuvier, Georges (1806). "Sur différentes dents du genre des mastodontes, mais d'espèces moindres que celle de l'Ohio, trouvées en plusieurs lieux des deux continents". Annales du Muséum d'Histoire Naturelle. 7: 401–420. ^ Fischer, Gotthelf (1813). 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Quaternary Research, 104, 151-158. vteGenera of the order Proboscidea Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Mammalia Superorder: Afrotheria Clade: Tethytheria Proboscidea †Arcanotherium †Daouitherium †Eritherium †Khamsaconus? †Moeritherium †Numidotherium †Phosphatherium †Saloumia †Barytheriidae Barytherium Omanitherium †Deinotheriidae Chilgatherium Deinotherium Prodeinotherium Elephantiformes †Dagbatitherium †Eritreum †Hemimastodon †Palaeomastodon †Phiomia †Mammutidae Eozygodon Losodokodon Mammut Sinomammut Zygolophodon †Choerolophodontidae Afrochoerodon Choerolophodon †Amebelodontidae Afromastodon Amebelodon Aphanobelodon Archaeobelodon Eurybelodon Konobelodon Platybelodon Progomphotherium Protanancus Serbelodon Stenobelodon Torynobelodon †"Trilophodontgomphotheres" Blancotherium Cuvieronius Eubelodon Gnathabelodon Gomphotherium Notiomastodon Rhynchotherium Sinomastodon Stegomastodon †"Tetralophodontgomphotheres" Anancus Paratetralophodon Pediolophodon Tetralophodon †Stegodontidae Stegodon Stegolophodon Elephantidae Elephas Loxodonta †Mammuthus †Palaeoloxodon †Primelephas †Selenetherium †Stegodibelodon †Stegotetrabelodon See also: Plesielephantiformes Numidotheriidae Elephantimorpha Elephantida Elephantoidea Taxon identifiersNotiomastodon Wikidata: Q2002264 GBIF: 4825858 IRMNG: 1245635 NCBI: 2885231 Open Tree of Life: 4943131 Paleobiology Database: 43250
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"gomphothere","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gomphothere"},{"link_name":"proboscidean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proboscidea"},{"link_name":"South America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_America"},{"link_name":"Pleistocene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pleistocene"},{"link_name":"Holocene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holocene"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ShoshaniTassy2005-1"},{"link_name":"Asian elephant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asian_elephant"},{"link_name":"Cuvieronius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuvieronius"},{"link_name":"Stegomastodon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stegomastodon"},{"link_name":"Gomphotherium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gomphotherium"},{"link_name":"synonymous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synonym_(taxonomy)"},{"link_name":"musth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musth"},{"link_name":"megafaunal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megafauna"},{"link_name":"Late Pleistocene megafauna extinctions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Late_Pleistocene_extinctions"},{"link_name":"Paleoindians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleo-Indians"}],"text":"Notiomastodon is an extinct genus of gomphothere proboscidean (related to modern elephants), endemic to South America from the Pleistocene to the beginning of the Holocene.[1] Notiomastodon specimens reached a size similar to that of the modern Asian elephant, with a body mass of 3-4 tonnes. Like other brevirostrine gomphotheres such as Cuvieronius and Stegomastodon, Notiomastodon had a shortened lower jaw and lacked lower tusks, unlike more primitive gomphotheres like Gomphotherium.The genus was originally named in 1929, and has been controversial in the course of taxonomic history as it has frequently been confused with or synonymized with forms called Haplomastodon and Stegomastodon. Extensive anatomical studies since the 2010s have shown that Notiomastodon represents the only valid proboscidean in lowland South America, Haplomastodon is synonymous and Stegomastodon is limited to North America, with the only other gomphothere in South America Cuvieronius confined to the northwestern part of the continent.Notiomastodon ranged widely over most of South America, and was a generalist mixed feeder that fed on a variety of plants, with its diet varying according to local conditions. Like living elephants, Notiomastodon is thought to have lived in family groups, with adult males suggested to have had musth-like behaviour.Notiomastodon became extinct approximately 11,000 years ago at the end of the Pleistocene epoch, simultaneously along with the majority of large (megafaunal) animals native to the Americas as part of the Late Pleistocene megafauna extinctions. During the last few thousand years of its existence, Notiomastodon lived alongside Paleoindians, the first human to inhabit the Americas. Specimens associated with artifacts suggest that humans hunted Notiomastodon, which may have been a factor in its extinction.","title":"Notiomastodon"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Research history"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gomphothere_Teeth_South_America_Cuvier_1806.jpg"},{"link_name":"Pleistocene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pleistocene"},{"link_name":"Cuvieronius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuvieronius"},{"link_name":"Stegomastodon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stegomastodon"},{"link_name":"Alexander von Humboldt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_von_Humboldt"},{"link_name":"Georges Cuvier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georges_Cuvier"},{"link_name":"Imbabura Volcano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imbabura_Volcano"},{"link_name":"Concepción","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concepci%C3%B3n,_Chile"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cuvier_1806-2"},{"link_name":"Gotthelf Fischer von Waldheim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gotthelf_Fischer_von_Waldheim"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fischer_1814-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cuvier_1824-4"},{"link_name":"Florentino Ameghino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florentino_Ameghino"},{"link_name":"San Nicolás de los Arroyos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Nicol%C3%A1s_de_los_Arroyos"},{"link_name":"Paraná River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paran%C3%A1_River"},{"link_name":"MLP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Museo_de_La_Plata"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ameghino_1888-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ameghino_1889-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Osborn_1923-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Osborn_1926-8"},{"link_name":"[nb 1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"MACN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MACN"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cabrera_1929-11"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pohlig_1912-12"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mothe_et_al._2017-13"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Stegomastodon_waringi.JPG"},{"link_name":"University of Quito","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universidad_de_Quito"},{"link_name":"subgenus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subgenus"},{"link_name":"neotype","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_(biology)"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ficcarelli_et_al._1995-14"},{"link_name":"atlas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlas_(anatomy)"},{"link_name":"axis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axis_(anatomy)"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ferretti_2010-15"}],"sub_title":"Initial research","text":"Two gomphothere teeth from Cuvier (1806) with \"A\" referring to “mastodonte des cordillères” and \"B\" referring to “mastodonte humboldien”Traditionally, several species of gomphotheres from the late Pleistocene in South America were distinguished. These included, on the one hand, a highland form from the Andes, Cuvieronius, whose classification has not been controversial, and, on the other hand, several forms present in the lowlands, such as Haplomastodon and Notiomastodon. In addition to this is Stegomastodon, which has a North American distribution. The relationships of the three genres with each other on their independence or synonymization have been the subject of continuous discussion. Research on South American proboscideans began with the expeditions of Alexander von Humboldt in the transition from the 18th to the 19th century. From his collection of finds, Georges Cuvier published two teeth in 1806, one of which came from the vicinity of the Imbabura Volcano near Quito in Ecuador, and the other from Concepción in Chile. Cuvier did not give them scientific names that are valid today, but simply called the first in French \"Mastodon des cordilléres\" and the second \"Mastodon humboldien\".[2] In 1814, Gotthelf Fischer von Waldheim coined for first time scientific names for the South American proboscideans by renaming Cuvier's \"Mastodon des cordilléres\" as Mastotherium hyodon and \"Mastodon humboldien\" as Mastotherium humboldtii.[3] Cuvier himself would refer both species to the now-disused genus \"Mastodon\" in 1824, but created a new name of species for the Ecuadorian find which is \"Mastodon\" andium (he placed the Chilean find in \"Mastodon\" humboldtii).[4] From the present point of view, both teeth do not have specific diagnostic characteristics that allow them to be assigned to a species in particular. In the following years, the number of discovered fossils increased, which led Florentino Ameghino in 1889 to give the first general review of the proboscideans in his extensive work on the extinct mammals of Argentina. In this he listed several species, all of which he considered analogous to Cuvier's \"Mastodon\". In addition to the species already created by Cuvier and Fischer, Ameghino named some new ones, including \"Mastodon\" platensis, which he had already established a year earlier and whose description was based on a tusk fragment of an adult individual from San Nicolás de los Arroyos in the province of Buenos Aires, on the shores of the Paraná River, (catalog number MLP 8-63).[5][6] Henry Fairfield Osborn used \"Mastodon\" humboldtii in 1923 to include it in the new genus Cuvieronius (another genus name he created in 1926, Cordillerion based on \"Mastodon\" andium, is now considered a synonym of Cuvieronius).[7][8] Forty years after Ameghino, Ángel Cabrera reviewed the proboscidean finds. He named the genus Notiomastodon,[nb 1] \"southern mastodon\" and assigned to it the new species Notiomastodon ornatus, of which he had found a mandible and another tusk fragment at Playa del Barco near Monte Hermoso also in Buenos Aires province (catalog number MACN 2157). For his part, he assigned Ameghino's \"Mastodon\" platensis to Stegomastodon and synonymized this species with some of the names previously proposed by Ameghino.[10] The genus Stegomastodon itself dates back to Hans Pohlig in 1912, who referred it to some findings of North American mandible.[11][12]Haplomastodon waringi molarIn the northernmost part of South America, Juan Félix Proaño discovered in 1894 an almost complete skeleton near Quebrada Chalán, in the vicinity of Punín in the Ecuadorian province of Chimborazo. The skeleton he named as the new species \"Masthodon\" chimborazi in 1922. However, in 1929 it was almost completely lost in a fire at the University of Quito, along with another skeleton recovered at Quebrada Callihuaico near Quito a year earlier. In 1950, Robert Hoffstetter used the right and left humeri of the Quebrada Chalán skeleton to name Haplomastodon, which he considered to be a subgenus of Stegomastodon. As type species he assigned Haplomastodon chimborazi (catalog numbers MICN-UCE-1981 and 1982); in 1995 Giovanni Ficcarelli et al. identified a neotype with catalog number MECN 82 to 84 from Quebrada Pistud in the Ecuadorian province of Carchi, which also included a complete skeleton.[13] Only two years later Hoffstetter raised Haplomastodon to the level of the genus, and the main criterion for distinguishing it from Stegomastodon being the absence of a transverse opening in the atlas (first cervical vertebra). Simultaneously, he distinguished two more subgenera, Haplomastodon and Aleamastodon, which he differentiated from each other by the absence and presence of said openings in the axis, respectively.[14]","title":"Research history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Alberdi_et_al._2015-16"},{"link_name":"George Gaylord Simpson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Gaylord_Simpson"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Simpson_et_al._1957-17"},{"link_name":"state of Bahia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahia"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Holland_1920-18"},{"link_name":"ICZN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Code_of_Zoological_Nomenclature"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Simpson_et_al._1957-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lucas_2009-19"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ficcarelli_et_al._1993-20"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ferretti_2010-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Simpson_et_al._1957-17"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Alberdi_et_al._1995-21"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ferretti_2008-22"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ferretti_2010-15"},{"link_name":"state of Jalisco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jalisco"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lucas_2008-23"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lucas_et_al._2010-24"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lucas_et_al._2011-25"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mothe_et_al._2012-26"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mothe_et_al._2013-27"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mothe_et_al._2015-28"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mothe_et_al._2017-13"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mothe_et_al._2019-29"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lucas_2013-30"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Stegomastodon-31"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Alberdi_and_Prado_2022-32"}],"sub_title":"Stegomastodon, Notiomastodon and Haplomastodon","text":"Since the establishment of Stegomastodon by Pohlig in 1912, Notiomastodon by Cabrera in 1929, and Haplomastodon as an independent genus by Hoffstetter in 1952, there have been multiple discussions about the validity of these three taxa.[15] As early as 1952, Hoffstetter had limited Haplomastodon to northwestern South America, while for the remaining finds such as those from Brazil, he preferred to place them within Stegomastodon. This was reviewed by George Gaylord Simpson and Carlos de Paula Couto in 1957 in their extensive work Mastodonts of Brazil. In this, both authors referred all the Brazilian finds to Haplomastodon. They determined that the other two genera, Notiomastodon and Stegomastodon, were found further to the southeast in the Pampas region. The features of the transverse foramina of the first cervical vertebra, which Hoffstetter applied to distinguish Haplomastodon from Stegomastodon, turned out to be highly variable, even in the same individual, according to the investigations of Simpson and Paula Couto. Therefore, both highlighted as a diagnostic feature of Haplomastodon compared to Notiomastodon and Stegomastodon the much more upwardly curved upper tusks, which do not present any layer of enamel. Simpson and Paula Couto established Haplomastodon waringi as the type species of the genus.[16] The designation of this species refers to \"Mastodon\" waringi, a taxon coined by William Jacob Holland in 1920. This was based on a highly fragmented remains of a jaw found in Pedra Vermelha in the Brazilian state of Bahia,[17] and because it was named much earlier, Simpson and Paula Couto argued and in accordance with ICZN nomenclature rules, this name has priority over Haplomastodon chimborazi.[16] However, the validity of the designation of this species was frequently criticized, including by Hoffstetter himself, given that the material from Brazil is of little significance due to its poor preservation status. Other authors followed this idea and considered Haplomastodon chimborazi as the valid name (although in 2009 the taxon \"Mastodon\" waringi was preserved by the ICZN due to its multiple mentions in the scientific literature[18]).[19][14][16]In 1995, Maria Teresa Alberdi and José Luis Prado synonymized Notiomastodon with Stegomastodon, leaving Stegomastodon platensis as the valid species. In the same study they also synonymized Haplomastodon with Stegomastodon creating the combination Stegomastodon waringi. According to his vision, in his time Stegomastodon was the only gomphotherid genus present in the South American lowlands.[20] However, in 2008 Marco P. Ferretti defended the independent classification of Haplomastodon, but at the same time questioned the separation of Notiomastodon respect to Stegomastodon.[21] Only two years later, he published an exhaustive work focused on the anatomy of the skeleton of Haplomastodon, in which he clearly separated it from Stegomastodon and gave it an intermediate position between it and Cuvieronius in the Andes.[14] Around the same period, Spencer George Lucas and collaborators reached a similar conclusion, especially after examining an almost complete skeleton of Stegomastodon from the Mexican state of Jalisco and determined that this genus should be separated from the South American gomphotheres due to its different musculoskeletal characteristics. They differentiated Notiomastodon from Haplomastodon due to the much more complex chewing surface of their molariforms. According to this, there would be at least two species of gomphotheres living in the lowlands of South America.[22][23][24] Analysis by a team of researchers led by Dimila E. Mothé in the early 2010s gave a different result. After examining abundant material from South American proboscideans, they determined that apart from Cuvieronius, there was only one other genus of proboscidean in South America during the Pleistocene. In their opinion, this animal showed great variability in relation to the morphology of the teeth and skull, mainly in the shape of the tusks and molariform teeth. By following the ICZN priority rules, the first genus name given to this gomphothere, which would be Notiomastodon, remains valid, and with only one species which must be called Notiomastodon platensis.[25][26] This is the classification that has been adopted at various times in the following years, and Mothé and colleagues through extensive morphological analysis of the teeth and skeletons, found that Stegomastodon differed significantly from Notiomastodon and was confined to North America.[27][12][28] Later, Spencer George Lucas also supported this idea.[29] However, some authors as Alberdi & Prado considered this is inconclusive, as they think the North American Stegomastodon material is too scarce and fragmentary to make a definitive statement.[30] However, in a review about the fossil record of gomphotherids in South America published in 2022, both authors agreed to call it Notiomastodon.[31]","title":"Research history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Madre de Dios","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madre_de_Dios_Province"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Campbell_et_al._2009-33"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Alberdi_et_al._2004-34"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Prado_et_al._2005-35"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lucas_2013-30"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mothe_et_al._2015-28"}],"sub_title":"Amahuacatherium","text":"Especially problematic is the genus Amahuacatherium, which was described in 1996 by Lidia Romero-Pittman based on a fragmented mandible and two isolated molars found in the Madre de Dios region of southeastern Peru. The findings come from the Ipururo Formation, which outcrops along the Madre de Dios River. However, a partial skeleton that had been discovered along with these fossils was lost during a violent flood. As a special feature of Amahuacatherium, the authors highlighted the short mandible with sockets for rudimentary incisors and molars with moderately complex molar masticatory surface pattern. The age of the sedimentary layers of these fossil remains is estimated at 9.5 million years, which corresponds to the late Miocene. This would make Amahuacatherium one of the first mammals to reach South America from the north before the Great American Biotic Interchange, which would only begin about six million years later.[32] Additionally, this find is much older than the gomphotherid evidence considered as the oldest in both Central and South America, dating back to 7 and 2.5 million years, respectively. Only a few years later, several authors expressed doubts about the identity of this genus and its age. For example, their molars were considered to be barely distinguishable from other South American gomphotheres and the presence of alveoli for the lower tusks would be a misinterpretation of the mandibular cavities. Geologic age is also difficult to determine due to the complex stratigraphic conditions at the site.[33][34] Other scientists agreed with this,[29] and further dental analysis revealed no significant differences with Notiomastodon, relative to the other South American finds.[27]","title":"Research history"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Classification"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"proboscidean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proboscidea"},{"link_name":"Gomphotheriidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gomphotheriidae"},{"link_name":"Paleocene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleocene"},{"link_name":"Elephantimorpha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elephantimorpha"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Shoshani_et_al._2006-36"},{"link_name":"Eritreum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eritreum"},{"link_name":"Gomphotherioidea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gomphotherioidea"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Shoshani_et_al._2005-37"},{"link_name":"Elephantoidea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elephantoidea"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-McKenna_et_al._1997-38"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sanders_et_al._2010-39"},{"link_name":"Tethys Ocean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tethys_Ocean"},{"link_name":"Miocene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miocene"},{"link_name":"Bering Strait","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bering_Strait"},{"link_name":"Great American Interchange","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_American_Interchange"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Shoshani_et_al._2005-37"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Made_2010-40"},{"link_name":"Sinomastodon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinomastodon"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Prado_et_al._2008-41"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Alberdi_et_al._2016-42"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mothe_et_al._2016-43"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mothe_et_al._2019-29"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wang_et_al._2012-44"},{"link_name":"convergent evolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convergent_evolution"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lucas_2013-30"},{"link_name":"molecular genetics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular_genetics"},{"link_name":"biochemical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biochemistry"},{"link_name":"woolly mammoth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woolly_mammoth"},{"link_name":"Columbian mammoth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbian_mammoth"},{"link_name":"straight-tusked elephant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Straight-tusked_elephant"},{"link_name":"American mastodon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_mastodon"},{"link_name":"Mammutidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mammutidae"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rohland_et_al._2007-45"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Buckley_et_al._2011-46"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Meyer_et_al._2017-47"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Buckley_et_al._2019-48"},{"link_name":"mitochondrial DNA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitochondrial_DNA"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Baleka_et_al._2021-49"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mothe_et_al._2015-28"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mothe_et_al._2017-13"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mothe_et_al._2019-29"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mothe_et_al._2015-28"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mothe_et_al._2017-13"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mothe_et_al._2019-29"}],"sub_title":"Phylogeny","text":"Notiomastodon is a genus of proboscidean in the family Gomphotheriidae. The proboscideans are a relatively successful mammalian order with a long history, which began at the end of the Paleocene. Originally from Africa, they reached a great diversity and expansion in both the Old and the New World in the course of their evolutionary history. Different phases of evolutionary radiation can be distinguished. The gomphotheres belong to the second phase, which began in the lower Miocene. The main characteristic of true gomphotheres is the formation is the formation of three transverse ridges on first and second molars (trilophodont gomphotheres; later forms with four tusks are sometimes known as tetralophodont gomphotheres, but are no longer included in the family). As in extant elephants, gomphotheres had a horizontal tooth replacement pattern which includes them in the modern group Elephantimorpha, compared to their ancestors which lacked this trait.[35] In contrast to vertical tooth replacement which is used for most mammals, in which all permanent teeth are available at the same time, in horizontal replacement the individual molariform teeth erupt one after another in a row. This originated from jaw shortening in the course of proboscidean evolution and is first detectable in Eritreum in the late Oligocene, about 28 million years ago. Still, unlike modern elephants, gomphotheres possess a number of primitive and advanced traits. These include, for example, a generally flatter skull, the formation of upper and lower fenders as well as molariform teeth with fewer ridges and a mamelonated masticatory surface pattern. For this reason, gomphotheres are often placed in their own superfamily, the Gomphotherioidea,[36] which is sister to the modern Elephantoidea. However, they are sometimes considered to be members of the Elephantoidea.[37] In general, the gomphotheres are one of the most successful groups among the proboscideans, which underwent numerous changes in their long existence. These include a substantial increase in their overall size, their tusks and their molar teeth, as well as an increase in their complexity.[38]Gomphotheres are first recorded at the end of the Oligocene in Africa and are among the first representatives of the proboscideans to leave that continent after the closure of the Tethys Ocean and the appearance of the land bridge to Eurasia during the transition to the Miocene. Among others, Gomphotherium reached North America about 16 million years ago through the Bering Strait, while in Central America they are recorded as early as the end of the Miocene about 7 million years ago. Gomphotherids reached South America during the Great American Interchange between 3.5 and 2.5 million years ago. South American gomphotheres differ from their relatives in other parts of the world by their relatively short snouts (brevirostral gomphotheres) and high-domed skulls. Additionally, they only had upper tusks. The two known South American genera (Notiomastodon and Cuvieronius) together with their North American relative (Stegomastodon) form a monophyletic group known as the subfamily Cuvieroniinae,[36] which in turn are grouped with Rhynchotherium in a larger group called Rhynchotheriinae.[39] Some researchers have proposed the idea that Cuvieronius is a direct descendant of Rhynchotherium, as evidenced by its highly specialized upper tusks, which feature a spiral enamel band. Notiomastodon could have descended directly from Cuvieronius. The idea is supported by the recognition that unlike adult specimens, juvenile Cuvieronius still had lower tusks, while in Rhynchotherium the mandible has lower tusks at all ages. This idea does not take into account relationships with other short-faced gomphotherids which are mostly unclear. The situation of Sinomastodon, an East Asian form with skeletal characteristics very similar to South American gomphotheres, is problematic. In several phylogenetic studies, Sinomastodon forms a group with Stegomastodon, Cuvieronius and Notiomastodon, for which its presence in Asia is interpreted as a migration from America.[40][41][42][28] Due to its geographic isolation from the American genera, the Chinese scientists usually place it in the independent subfamily Sinomastodontinae.[43] Taking into account the lack of intermediate forms, some authors consider the similarities between Sinomastodon and the South American gomphotheres to be the result of convergent evolution.[29]As with many mammals known only from fossils, phylogenetic relationships are inferred from skeletal anatomical features. It is only since the 2000s that methods based on molecular genetics and biochemical analyzes have gradually acquired a greater role. In addition to the woolly mammoth (Mammuthus primigenius), the Columbian mammoth (Mammuthus columbi) and the straight-tusked elephant (Palaeoloxodon antiquus) which are members of the modern family Elephantidae, the American mastodon (Mammut americanum) of the family Mammutidae is the only non elephantid proboscidean whose molecular data has been sequenced.[44][45][46] Notiomastodon is the only representative of the gomphotheres for which biochemical data are available for comparison. In stark contrast to what was suspected of its close anatomical resemblance to elephantids, a study published in 2019 indicated a closer relationship to mastodonts. It is unclear whether this result can be extrapolated to the rest of the entire group of gomphotherids.[47] On the other hand, a 2021 study based on mitochondrial DNA determined that Notiomastodon is more closely related to modern elephants than to Mammut.[48]Within this genus, only one species is recognized:[27][12][28]N. platensis (Ameghino, 1888)Various other forms have been described throughout history, some of them associated with Notiomastodon (N. ornatus), some also with Haplomastodon (H. waringi, H. chimborazi), but are now considered more recent synonyms of N. platensis.[27][12][28]","title":"Classification"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pliocene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pliocene"},{"link_name":"Isthmus of Panama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isthmus_of_Panama"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Webb-50"},{"link_name":"ground sloths","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ground_sloth"},{"link_name":"glyptodonts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glyptodont"},{"link_name":"carnivorous mammals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carnivora"},{"link_name":"artiodactyls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Even-toed_ungulate"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cione-51"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Reguero_et_al._2007-52"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lucas_et_al._2010-24"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lucas_et_al._2010-24"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Alberdi_et_al._1995-21"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Prado_et_al._2005-35"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Alberdi_et_al._2016-42"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mothe_et_al._2015-28"},{"link_name":"Rio Grande do Sul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rio_Grande_do_Sul"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lopes_et_al._2010-53"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Frassinetti_et_al._2005-54"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Labarca_et_al._2011-55"}],"sub_title":"Evolutionary history","text":"The appearance of gomphotherids in South America originates with the Great American Interchange. This began in the Pliocene about 3.5 million years ago, when the Isthmus of Panama closed and a mainland connection between North and South America was established.[49] This exchange occurred in both directions, so that for example ground sloths and glyptodonts arrived in the north, while carnivorous mammals and artiodactyls, as well as proboscideans, among others, mixed with the endemic fauna of the south. The oldest record of proboscideans from South America comes from the middle section of the Uquia Formation in northwestern Argentina. It dates from about 2.5 million years ago,[50] and the findings, which correspond to fragmentary remains of vertebrae, are not attributable to a particular genus.[51][23] It is unknown when Notiomastodon originated. There are no clear documented finds of this genus in Central America. On another hand, Cuvieronius appeared in the region about 7 million years ago.[23] It has been generally assumed that the gomphotherids invaded South America in two independent waves. Cuvieronius used a corridor west of the Andes, while Notiomastodon used an eastern one along the Atlantic coast and lowlands.[20][34][41] It is possible that the emigration to South America was much more complex, since Cuvieronius does not show a restriction to the highlands in Central America, but can also be found there in lowlands.[27] The oldest unambiguous evidence of Notiomastodon in South America is an individual tooth found on the continental shelf off the Brazilian coast in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, which was radiometrically dated to 464,000 years ago and therefore corresponds to the Middle Pleistocene.[52] The vast majority of Notiomastodon finds belong to the late Middle Pleistocene and Late Pleistocene. Its distribution areas in central Chile may have been reached relatively late, either by a route from the Pampas to the low inter-Andean valleys or from the north through the Amazonian lowlands. This may have occurred during the warm periods of the last glacial period, when the Patagonian ice cap was less extensive.[53][54]","title":"Classification"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Description"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Notiomastodon_skeletal.png"},{"link_name":"withers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Withers"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ferretti_2010-15"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Larramendi_2016-56"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Farina_et_al._1998-57"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Christiansen_2004-58"},{"link_name":"Asian elephants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asian_elephants"},{"link_name":"Yumbo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yumbo"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mastadon1-59"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Prado_et_al._2005-35"}],"sub_title":"Size","text":"Skeleton of Notiomastodon compared to a humanNotiomastodon was a medium to large proboscidean. A complete skeleton was reconstructed a height at the withers of about 2.5 meters and a body weight of 3.15 tons,[14] while other analyzes put the weight of the same individual at more than 4.4 tons.[55] For another individual, the weight calculations vary between 4.1 and 7.6 tons. Since these estimates are based on the dimensions of the limb bones, but these differ proportionally from those of extant elephants, these values can only be considered as an approximation.[56][57] In general, this genus reached approximately the dimensions of current Asian elephants (Elephas maximus). A partial femur head from Yumbo in Colombia, with a circumference of 51.2 cm, suggests that this specimen could have exceeded 7.9 tons in weight;[58] some specimens could reach 3 meters in height.[34]","title":"Description"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cuvieronius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuvieronius"},{"link_name":"dental alveoli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dental_alveolus"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Alberdi_et_al._2008-60"},{"link_name":"neurocranium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurocranium"},{"link_name":"Gomphotherium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gomphotherium"},{"link_name":"nasal bone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasal_bone"},{"link_name":"premaxillary bone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premaxillary_bone"},{"link_name":"eye orbit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orbit_(anatomy)"},{"link_name":"zygomatic arch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zygomatic_arch"},{"link_name":"masseter muscle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masseter_muscle"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ferretti_2010-15"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mothe_et_al._2019-29"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Stegomastodon_skull.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:HaplomastodonPisa.JPG"},{"link_name":"symphysis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symphysis"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ferretti_2010-15"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mothe_et_al._2019-29"},{"link_name":"enamel layer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enamel_organ"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lucas_et_al._2010-24"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lucas_2013-30"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mothe_et_al._2016-43"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-61"},{"link_name":"premolars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premolar"},{"link_name":"molars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molars"},{"link_name":"bunodont","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bunodont"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Alberdi_et_al._2008-60"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gadens_2007-62"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ferretti_2010-15"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mothe_et_al._2015-28"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mothe_et_al._2019-29"}],"sub_title":"Skull and teeth","text":"Notiomastodon's skull was short and tall, and compared to that of its relative Cuvieronius, it was narrower and shorter. In side view, this was pronounced in a dome, comparable to that of the skulls of today's elephants. However, in the case of modern elephants, the skull has an even more upright orientation and the snout is much shorter. The skulls found have total lengths of 75 to 113 cm, and the height of these, measured from the upper edge to the dental alveoli, is 41 to 76 cm.[59] The upper part of the skull was characterized in frontal view by having two domes, between which is a slight suture along the center of the skull. Both domes were formed by the air-filled chambers of the neurocranium. These were larger than in Gomphotherium. The forehead was broad and flattened for the most part. As in all advanced proboscideans, the nasal bone was short and lay on top of the very wide but flat nasal opening where the trunk connected to the skull. Seen from the side, a groove bounded the nasal bone, which served as an anchor point for the maxillolabial muscle, which acted as a load-bearing arm for the tube. The remaining edges of the nasal opening were formed by the premaxillary bone and individual extensions of it. This bone also formed the alveoli of the upper incisors. These were very long, sometimes up to 59 cm, and they were very wide and their diameter increased towards the front. These only diverged slightly and in side view aligned with the profile of his forehead. This created a wide angle between the orientation of the tusks sockets and the plane of the chewing surface of the molars. Upwards, the alveoli of the incisors were slightly indented. In general, the premaxilla was much more massive than in Gomphotherium, for example. Due to the shortening of the skull at the snout, the eye orbit of Notiomastodon was above the front end of the molar tooth row, which is markedly more forward than in long-snouted gomphotheres such as Gomphotherium or Rhynchotherium. The zygomatic arch was robust and high. Its upper border was rather straight, while the lower one had a slight notch in which the masseter muscle began.[14][28]Notiomastodon skull with almost straight tusksNotiomastodon skull with clearly curved tusksThe jaw reached 77 cm in length, and the area where the teeth were inserted was quite wide and noticeably arched at its lower edge. The height under the molars was more than 15 cm. In contrast, Stegomastodon had a mostly straight lower border. The symphysis was typical of South American gomphotheres as it was relatively short (brevirostral), and in some individuals it pointed downwards and sometimes formed a small prominence, as is the case in Cuvieronius. Downward directed symphysis is considered a diagnostic feature. On the other hand, in Stegomastodon, this prominence was significantly reduced. In some cases, there were as many as three holes known as mental foramina. The ascending ramus of the mandible was massive and rose up to 47 cm. The leading and trailing edges showed a parallel orientation. The frontal process was significantly lower than that of the joint, which was not the case in Stegomastodon. The joint ended transverse to the longitudinal axis of the mandible and was very robust, with a distance between its tips from side to side of 57 cm. Also unlike Stegomastodon, the angular process was less prominent.[14][28]The teeth consisted of its large tusks and the molariform teeth. In contrast to Eurasian gomphotheres, incisors were only formed in the upper dentition, although small sockets were sometimes formed in the lower jaw. As in all proboscideans, the upper tusks were actually hypertrophied second incisor teeth. These tusks could vary in shape in each individual, so that the tusks could be short and with the tips clearly curved upwards or relatively straight. The enamel layer disappears in adult individuals. This differentiates it from Cuvieronius, whose upper tusks were spiraled with an enamel band that wrapped around them. Additionally, in the latter, lower tusk appear in juveniles.[23][29][42] In general, the tusks of Notiomastodon were very robust. Their lengths could reach more than 88 cm outside the alveoli, and in particularly long specimens it could reach 128 cm measured on the external curvature. The cross section was oval in shape and varied from 11.5 to 16.4 cm in diameter.[60]The remaining dentition was composed of the premolars and molars as in modern elephants, which erupted one after the other due to the horizontal replacement of the teeth. The chewing surface was generally composed of seven pairs of ridges or lophs, which gave the teeth a bunodont pattern. The first two molars had three pairs of ridges (trilophodonts) that were oriented along the longitudinal axis. The upper three, meanwhile, had four and the lower one more than five pairs of ridges (tetra- and pentalophodont), so these additional ridges were less pronounced. Stegomastodon, on the other hand, had five ridges on the upper teeth and more than eight on the lower ones. The upper and lower third molars (M3/m3) were tetralophodont or pentalophodont; and their wear morphology in the occlusal phase varies from simple to complicated due to the presence of central conules and accessory conules between the main cusps of pre- and postrites,[59] which makes it look like a double trefoil.[61] It is characteristic of this species is a greater proportion of teeth with these very complex trefoil figures and marked ptychodonty in their enamel.Additionally, two morphotypes can be identified in Notiomastodon in relation to molars, one with two additional central ridges on each half side of the tooth longitudinally and one without. Also very characteristic is the cloverleaf structure on the individual ridges in the weathered state. In general, the dental structure of Notiomastodon was characterized by a basal pattern, which was more similar to that of Cuvieronius. However, due to the different morphotypes, it more closely approximated the complex pattern of the chewing surface of Stegomastodon, which was formed mainly by the formation of additional lateral ridges. The last chewing molar would have had between 35 and 82 ridges in Notiomastodon, 33 and 60 in Cuvieronius, and 57 and 104 in Stegomastodon. In total, the chewing surface of the last molar in Notiomastodon was 57 to 160 cm² (12 to 32 cm² per lophid) and in Stegomastodon 72 to 205 cm² (12 to 34 cm² per lophid). Thus the teeth were typical for a relatively large proboscidean. The lower last molar was 21.6 cm long, and the upper last molar was over 19.3 cm.[14][27][28]","title":"Description"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"postcranial skeleton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postcranial_skeleton"},{"link_name":"humerus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humerus"},{"link_name":"olecranon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olecranon"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lucas_et_al._2011-25"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ferretti_2010-15"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lucas_et_al._2011-25"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mothe_et_al._2019-29"}],"sub_title":"Postcranial skeleton","text":"In terms of the shape of its postcranial skeleton, Notiomastodon was for the most part similar to living elephants, but generally stockier. The humerus was massive and 78 to 87 cm long. This widened towards the ends of the joints, the joint head was wide and clearly rounded. However, only some prominences showed rough areas on the axis. The ulna was rather gracile, with a total length of 75 to 80 cm but almost as large as the humerus. Due to the large olecranon, the superior joint extension, the length of the bone was only 57 to 64 cm. As a result, the ulna was functionally much shorter than the humerus, which is characteristic of South American gomphotheres compared to their Eurasian relatives. The physiological length of the ulna also corresponded to the approximate total length of the radius. The femur was 96 to 100 cm long and consisted of a nearly cylindrical shaft, slightly flattened only at the front and back. The spherically shaped femoral head towered over the other prominence, but sat on a shorter neck than that of Cuvieronius.[24] At the lower end, the prominence internal was greater than the external. The fibula, which was up to 70 cm long, was characterized by a prismatic axis and a higher end at the lower joint. The hands and feet had five fingers, as in modern elephants. The limbs of Notiomastodon, like those of other short-jawed gomphotheres, were generally more massive and robust than in extant elephants. It is also very curious that the length of the upper and lower sections of the legs of Notiomastodon were more balanced with each other than those of modern elephants and Stegomastodon. In the case of the latter, the length of the femur exceeded that of the tibia by almost twice. Another important difference can be seen in the ratio of the front legs compared to the hind legs. These have an average of 82% for Notiomastodon and 93% for Stegomastodon, which means that the hind legs of the latter were significantly shorter than the front ones. In Stegomastodon, the ratio of the upper and lower sections of its legs as well as the fore and hind legs to each other gave it a better adaptation for open environments and long strides and a greater degree of graviportality, than in the case of Notiomastodon. This is also reflected in the build of the feet, which were slimmer and taller than in Stegomastodon.[14][24][28]","title":"Description"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Paleobiology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"bunodont","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bunodont"},{"link_name":"conifers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conifer"},{"link_name":"knotweed plants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polygonaceae"},{"link_name":"polypodiacean ferns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polypodiaceae"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Asevedo_et_al._2012-63"},{"link_name":"C4 plants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C4_carbon_fixation"},{"link_name":"C3 plants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C3_carbon_fixation"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Prado_et_al._2001-64"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Prado_et_al._2005-35"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-65"},{"link_name":"Mato Grosso","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mato_Grosso"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-66"},{"link_name":"Paraíba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Para%C3%ADba"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-67"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sanchez_et_al._2004-68"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Asevedo_et_al._2012-63"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Alberdi_et_al._2008-60"},{"link_name":"Southern Cone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Cone"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Asevedo_et_al._2012-63"}],"sub_title":"Diet","text":"The bunodont chewing pattern of gomphotheres is usually associated with a generalist diet, which suggests a preference for mixed feeding on both grass and foliage. This has also been delineated in studies on traces of wear and scratches on Notiomastodon molars from the Upper Pleistocene site of Aguas de Araxin Island in the Brazilian state of Minas Gerais. The teeth exhibit a high number of nicks and scratches, which is consistent with similar abrasion marks on the teeth of extant ungulates that consume both hard and soft plants. Through some plant residues from the teeth, it was possible to identify that the basis of their diet were conifers, knotweed plants and polypodiacean ferns.[62] In contrast, isotope analyzes of other areas of South America paint a more complex picture. This results in a predominance of C4 plants in the dietary spectrum of Upper Pleistocene specimens from northern and central South America such as Ecuador or the Gran Chaco, while those from southern regions such as the Pampas fed mostly on C3 plants.[63][34] In the intermediate areas, a mixed diet could be reconstructed based on the isotopes.[64] Specimens from Mato Grosso indicate N. platensis had a generalised browsing diet in that region,[65] with N. platensis from Paraíba similarly being identified as mixed feeders during isotopic analysis.[66] The dietary flexibility of N. platensis was particularly apparent in the fossil finds from the Quequen Grande site in the Argentine province of Buenos Aires. Isotope studies of finds there from the Middle Pleistocene indicate a relatively mixed diet, while others from the Late Pleistocene suggest that it specialized in consuming grasses.[67][62] Remains near Santiago del Estero from the Last Glacial Maximum show a diet exclusively composed of C4 plants.[59] Notiomastodon may have been an opportunistic herbivore adapting its habits food to local conditions, similar to what has been documented in living elephants. Especially during the course of the Late Pleistocene, when climatic changes from the last glacial period in the Southern Cone caused forests to shrink and be replaced by grassland environments, this was an important adaptive phenomenon.[62]","title":"Paleobiology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Anolaima","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anolaima"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-69"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-70"},{"link_name":"dental tartar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calculus_(dental)"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-71"}],"sub_title":"Palaeopathology","text":"Pathological vertebrae belonging to N. platensis have been found in Late Pleistocene deposits at Anolaima, Cundinamarca, Colombia. Specifically, they consist of deep bone lesions on the spinous process, osteoarthritic lesions, and asymmetrical articulations of the zygaphophyses, which were caused by nutrient deficiencies caused by environmental perturbations and likely exacerbated by excessive biomechanical stress on the bones as the proboscidean moved through the uneven, upland terrain of the region.[68] Late Pleistocene N. platensis fossils from Águas de Araxá in Brazil have been shown to exhibit Schmorl's node, osteoarthritis, and osteomyelitis.[69] The teeth of N. platensis reveal the species was relatively susceptible to the development of dental tartar.[70]","title":"Paleobiology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mothe_et_al._2010-72"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mothe_et_al._2010-72"},{"link_name":"Schmorl's nodes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schmorl%27s_nodes"},{"link_name":"osteomyelitis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osteomyelitis"},{"link_name":"osteoarthritis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osteoarthritis"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Barbosa_et_al._2013-73"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Barbosa_et_al._2017-74"},{"link_name":"dermestid beetles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dermestidae"},{"link_name":"Protocyon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protocyon"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dominato_et_al._2009-75"},{"link_name":"[75]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dominato_et_al._2011-76"},{"link_name":"[76]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Labarca_et_al._2014-77"},{"link_name":"musth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musth"},{"link_name":"[77]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Adli_et_al._2017-78"}],"sub_title":"Population structure and reproduction","text":"Like modern elephants, Notiomastodon is suggested to have lived in social family groups.[71] The Águas de Araxá site is significant as it has one of the largest collections of Notiomastodon fossils. These are interpreted as the remains of a local population that was wiped out by a catastrophic event. According to dental studies, the group consisted of 14.9% juveniles (0 to 12 years of age), 23.0% near-adult individuals (13 to 24 years of age), and 62.1% of adult individuals (25 years of age and older). This last group can be broken down into 27.7% of middle-aged animals (25 to 36 years) and 17.2% of old (37 to 48 years) and senile (49 to 60 years) specimens. The large proportion of individuals over 37 years of age is notable, suggesting that there was a high survival rate in this group.[71] Some of the adult animals suffered from pathological changes in their bones from Schmorl's nodes, osteomyelitis and osteoarthritis. These are evident in the vertebrae and long bones among others, and may be due to individual diseases. Osteomyelitis has also been diagnosed in Notiomastodon finds from other sites.[72][73] The remains found at Águas de Araxá must have been exposed for a long time after their deposit. Not only did this allow dermestid beetles to bore into the bones, but there is also evidence of bite marks from large canids such as Protocyon. The gnawed bone marks are the result of carrion consumption, possibly caused by a period of food scarcity. Due to its size, Notiomastodon would hardly have natural enemies in life.[74][75] Traces left by a large predator were also found on a skeleton from the Pilauco site in southern Chile.[76]A study of the tusk of a male animal from the Santiago de Chile basin allowed the analysis of the last four years of its life by means of isotope and thin-section analyses. During this period, tusk appositional thickness increased by about 10 mm per year. This growth rate was found to be cyclical, slowing briefly in early summer with reduced tooth growth. The reduced growth is interpreted to correspond to the musth stage, a hormone-controlled phase that occurs annually in modern elephants and is characterized by a huge increase in testosterone. During the musth, males become extremely aggressive and battles for mating rights can ensue, sometimes with fatal consequences. An external feature is the increased flow of a secretion from the temporal gland. In the case of the animal from Santiago de Chile, growth abnormalities were partially linked to a change in diet. The individual's death took place relatively abruptly in early autumn.[77]","title":"Paleobiology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hemiauchenia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemiauchenia"},{"link_name":"Macrauchenia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macrauchenia"},{"link_name":"Glyptodon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glyptodon"},{"link_name":"Megatherium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megatherium"},{"link_name":"rhea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhea_(bird)"},{"link_name":"synonym","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synonym_(taxonomy)"},{"link_name":"[78]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Aramayo_et_al._2015-79"}],"sub_title":"Ichnofossils","text":"Proboscidean footprint fossils documented in South America are relatively rare. One of the most important sites is Pehuen Có near Bahía Blanca in the Argentine province of Buenos Aires. The site was discovered in 1986 and covers an area of 1.5 km2. The numerous footprints were printed on a substrate that was originally soft. It has been possible to identify several ichnogenera produced by mammals, such as Megalamaichnum (corresponding to the camelid Hemiauchenia), Eumacrauchenichnus (from the native ungulate Macrauchenia), Glyptodontichnus (produced by the armadillo relative Glyptodon) or Neomegatherichnum (the giant sloth Megatherium), and additionally, footprints of birds such as Aramayoichnus, which would represent a rhea, have also been found. Due to the diversity of footprints, Pehuen Có is one of the most important sites with ichnofossils in the world. It has been dated to about 12,000 years before present. Proboscidean tracks, however, are not common there. The main trail comprises seven footprints over a length of 4.4 meters. The individual prints have an oval shape with lengths from 23 to 27 cm and widths from 23 to 30 cm. In general, these have a depth of 8 cm below the surface. In some cases, small prominences are found on the front edge, which are interpreted as markings of three to five fingers, comparable to the nail-shaped structures of living elephants. The largest frontal footprints have five, and those of the smallest in some cases only have three of those prominences. In the same way they have a flattened shape that was generated by the fat pads of the legs as it happens in modern elephants. The footprints of Pehuen Có are assigned to the ichnogenus Proboscipeda, whose synonym is Stegomastodonichnum. The size of these footprints suggests that they were made by animals the size of the Asian elephant, roughly matching Notiomastodon.[78]","title":"Paleobiology"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pleistocene_mammals_of_Chile.jpg"},{"link_name":"37","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/37th_parallel_south"},{"link_name":"38 south","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/38th_parallel_south"},{"link_name":"[79]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Prado_et_al._2003-80"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Prado_et_al._2005-35"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mothe_et_al._2015-28"},{"link_name":"[80]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-81"},{"link_name":"Santiago del Estero","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santiago_del_Estero_Province"},{"link_name":"[81]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Alberdi_et_al._2008b-82"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Alberdi_et_al._2008-60"},{"link_name":"[82]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mothe_et_al._2017b-83"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Frassinetti_et_al._2005-54"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Labarca_et_al._2011-55"},{"link_name":"Chiloé Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chilo%C3%A9_Island"},{"link_name":"[83]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-84"},{"link_name":"[84]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-85"},{"link_name":"[85]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mones-86"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cabrera_1929-11"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Simpson_et_al._1957-17"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lopes_et_al._2010-53"},{"link_name":"[86]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Aires_et_al._2012-87"},{"link_name":"[87]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dantas_et_al._2013-88"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mothe_et_al._2010-72"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Asevedo_et_al._2012-63"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Alberdi_et_al._2004-34"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ficcarelli_et_al._1993-20"},{"link_name":"[88]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Aceituno_et_al._2015-89"},{"link_name":"[89]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Muttillo_et_al._2017-90"},{"link_name":"[90]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Carrillo_et_al._2008-91"},{"link_name":"Nemocón","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nemoc%C3%B3n"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mothe_et_al._2015-28"},{"link_name":"Carchi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carchi_Province"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ficcarelli_et_al._1993-20"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ferretti_2010-15"},{"link_name":"[91]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lindsey_et_al._2015-92"},{"link_name":"[92]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lindsey_et_al._2015b-93"}],"text":"Restoration of Notiomastodon and other mammals of Late Pleistocene ChileThe geographic range of Notiomastodon extended through northern, eastern, and southern South America, with its southernmost distribution limit between the latitudes of 37 and 38 south.[79][34] The specimens of this proboscidean are found mostly in the lowlands, while in the mountainous areas of the Andes it was largely absent, with Cuvieronius present in these regions instead. It is possible that both proboscideans avoided direct competition due to the strict definition of habitat, since both had a similar ecological spectrum.[27] Modern elephants also generally avoiding higher elevation areas due to the associated energy cost of traversing them. In Colombia, it is suggested that Notiomastodon migrated through inter-Andean valleys.[80] Many fossils of Notiomastodon have been found in the Pampas region and the Gran Chaco in Argentina. These include deposits such as Santa Clara del Mar in the province of Buenos Aires and the Río Dulce in the province of Santiago del Estero.[81][59] Remains have also been documented from southern Bolivia, which are still found in the Gran Chaco area. Otherwise, most of the finds from that area correspond to Cuvieronius.[82] The southernmost evidence of this proboscidean comes from isolated remains from Chile,[53][54] with the southernmost remains in the country being from Chiloé Island.[83] There are several findings in Uruguay[84][85] and Paraguay.[10][16]Other finds are known from Brazil, where Notiomastodon was widely distributed from the open areas of the southern Chaco to the current Amazon basin, and fossil remains have been found on the continental shelf of the Atlantic coast.[52][86][87] One of the sites most important, however, is the state of Minas Gerais. At least 47 Notiomastodon individuals were found there. These were preserved in a sinkhole with coarse-grained sediments.[71][62] The genus has also been reported from Peru,[33] Ecuador,[19] Colombia,[88][89] and Venezuela.[90] Is interesting to note that some of the localities with Notiomastodon remains in these countries, as Nemocón in Colombia, Punín, in Ecuador and Leclishpampa, Lima in Peru, are located in high mountain deposits, meanwhile that in La Huaca in Peru, a lowland environment, has been found remains of Cuvieronius, in contrast with the traditional division between lowland/mountain habitats for these animals.[27] In Ecuador, the Quebrada Pistud site near Bolívar in the province of Carchi is noteworthy. This contained about 160 Notiomastodon fossil remains housed over several dozen square meters in flood deposits. These represented at least seven specimens, and a single skeleton consisted of 68 bone elements scattered over an area of 5 m2.[19][14] Another important site there is the natural asphalt pit of Tanque Loma on the Santa Elena peninsula, which had over 1000 individual bones. About 660 of them were examined in detail, and about 11% can be placed in Notiomastodon. These correspond to 3 individuals, including two juveniles.[91][92]","title":"Distribution"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Smilodon_stalking_Palaeolama.jpg"},{"link_name":"toxodontids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toxodontidae"},{"link_name":"Toxodon platensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toxodon"},{"link_name":"Piauhytherium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piauhytherium"},{"link_name":"macraucheniid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macraucheniidae"},{"link_name":"litoptern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Litopterna"},{"link_name":"Xenorhinotherium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xenorhinotherium"},{"link_name":"Hippidion principale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hippidion"},{"link_name":"Equus neogaeus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amerhippus"},{"link_name":"Xenarthran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xenarthra"},{"link_name":"megatheriid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megatheriidae"},{"link_name":"ground sloth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ground_sloth"},{"link_name":"Eremotherium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eremotherium"},{"link_name":"scelidotheriid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scelidotheriidae"},{"link_name":"Valgipes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valgipes"},{"link_name":"mylodontids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mylodontidae"},{"link_name":"Glossotherium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossotherium"},{"link_name":"Ocnotherium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ocnotherium"},{"link_name":"Mylodonopsis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mylodonopsis"},{"link_name":"megalonychids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megalonychidae"},{"link_name":"Ahytherium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahytherium"},{"link_name":"Australonyx","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australonyx"},{"link_name":"nothrotheriid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nothrotheriidae"},{"link_name":"Nothrotherium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nothrotherium"},{"link_name":"cingulates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cingulata"},{"link_name":"Glyptotherium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glyptotherium"},{"link_name":"Panochthus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panochthus"},{"link_name":"pampatheres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pampatheriidae"},{"link_name":"Pampatherium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pampatherium"},{"link_name":"Holmesina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holmesina"},{"link_name":"Smilodon populator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smilodon"},{"link_name":"Arctotherium wingei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arctotherium"},{"link_name":"[93]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:154-94"},{"link_name":"[94]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:164-95"},{"link_name":"guanacos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guanaco"},{"link_name":"giant anteaters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giant_anteater"},{"link_name":"collared peccaries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collared_peccary"},{"link_name":"striped hog-nosed skunks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Striped_hog-nosed_skunk"},{"link_name":"[95]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:214-96"},{"link_name":"crab-eating raccoon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crab-eating_raccoon"},{"link_name":"crab-eating fox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crab-eating_fox"},{"link_name":"[95]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:214-96"},{"link_name":"Protopithecus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protopithecus"},{"link_name":"Caipora","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caipora"},{"link_name":"Brazil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazil"},{"link_name":"cerrado","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerrado"},{"link_name":"[95]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:214-96"},{"link_name":"[96]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-97"},{"link_name":"[97]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-98"}],"text":"Notiomastodon (upper right) and contemporary animals in BrazilLarge, mesoherbivorous mammals in the Brazilian Intertropical Region were widespread and diverse, including the cow-like toxodontids Toxodon platensis and Piauhytherium, the macraucheniid litoptern Xenorhinotherium and equids such as Hippidion principale and Equus neogaeus. Toxodontids were large mixed feeders as well and lived in forested areas, while the equids were nearly entirely grazers. Xenarthran fossils are present in the area as well from several different families, like the giant megatheriid ground sloth Eremotherium, the fellow scelidotheriid Valgipes, the mylodontids Glossotherium, Ocnotherium, and Mylodonopsis. Smaller ground sloths such as the megalonychids Ahytherium and Australonyx and the nothrotheriid Nothrotherium have also been found in the area. Eremotherium was a generalist, while Nothrotherium was a specialist for trees in low density forests, and Valgipes was an intermediate of the two that lived in arboreal savannahs. Glyptodonts and cingulates like the grazing glyptodonts Glyptotherium and Panochthus and the omnivorous pampatheres Pampatherium and Holmesina were present in the open grasslands. Carnivores included some of the largest known mammalian land carnivores, like the giant felid Smilodon populator and the bear Arctotherium wingei.[93][94] Several extant taxa are also known from the BIR, like guanacos, giant anteaters, collared peccaries, and striped hog-nosed skunks.[95] Two crab-eating types of extant mammals are also known from the BIR, the crab-eating raccoon and the crab-eating fox, indicating that crabs were also present in the region.[95] The environment of the BIR is unclear, as there were both several species that were grazers, but the precede of the arboreal fossil monkeys Protopithecus and Caipora in the area causes confusion over the area’s paleoenvironment. Most of Brazil was thought to have been covered in open tropical cerrado vegetation during the Late Pleistocene, but if Protopithecus and Caipora were arboreal, their presence suggests that the region may have supported a dense closed forest during the Late Pleistocene.[95][96] It is possible that the region alternated between dry open savannah and closed wet forest throughout the climate change of the Late Pleistocene.[97]","title":"Paleoecology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Late Pleistocene extinctions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Late_Pleistocene_extinctions"},{"link_name":"megafauna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megafauna"},{"link_name":"Late Pleistocene megafauna extinctions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Late_Pleistocene_extinctions"},{"link_name":"Paleo-Indians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleo-Indians"},{"link_name":"Glossotherium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossotherium"},{"link_name":"[98]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bryan_et_al._1978-99"},{"link_name":"[99]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gruhn_et_al._1984-100"},{"link_name":"Monte Verde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monte_Verde"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Frassinetti_et_al._2005-54"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Labarca_et_al._2011-55"},{"link_name":"[100]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Borrero_2008-101"},{"link_name":"[101]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Moth%C3%A92020-102"},{"link_name":"[88]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Aceituno_et_al._2015-89"},{"link_name":"[89]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Muttillo_et_al._2017-90"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Labarca_et_al._2011-55"},{"link_name":"[102]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Coltorti_et_al._2012-103"},{"link_name":"[103]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Prado_et_al._2015-104"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mastadon1-59"},{"link_name":"[104]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-105"},{"link_name":"Equus neogeus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equus_neogeus"},{"link_name":"[105]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Araujo2021-106"}],"text":"For broader coverage of this topic, see Late Pleistocene extinctions.During the last few thousand years of its existence, Notiomastodon was contemporary with the first human groups of hunter-gatherers that arrived in South America. Notiomastodon disappeared simultaneously with most other megafauna (large animals) in the Americas at the end of the Pleistocene as part of the Late Pleistocene megafauna extinctions, the exact causes of which are the subject of long-standing controversy in the scientific literature. By the time of the extinct It is not clear if the Paleo-Indians played a decisive role in the extinction of Notiomastodon through active hunting. In total, there are less than a dozen sites in South America where Notiomastodon is associated with human presence. These are scattered throughout the north and southwest of South America, while in the entire Pampas region there are no known finds with the joint presence of proboscideans and humans. Therefore, there is little actual evidence of active hunting. Among the most significant finds are those made in Taima Taima in the coastal area of north-central Venezuela. There, an El Jobo-type projectile point was found in a Notiomastodon skeleton, and this site also contains remains of the ground sloth Glossotherium. The age of these finds dates back to 13,000 years ago.[98][99] Some of the finds at Monte Verde in central Chile, are also associated with human hunting. The pieces found there, however, are very fragmented and frequently limited to tusks and molars as well as individual elements of the skeleton,[53][54] which is why some authors suppose that the remains of proboscideans come from corpses located in another location and were later consumed there.[100] In 2019, a description of a young specimen from Brazil was published which had an artifact lodged into its skull, providing clear evidence that this individual was hunted.[101]Some very recent finds of Notiomastodon are 11,740 to 11,100 years old and were obtained from Quereo in Chile, from Itaituba on the Tapajós River in central Brazil, and from Tibitó in Colombia, the latter being associated with three dozen tools of stone.[88][89] Even more recent is a skull from Taguatagua in Chile, estimated to be 10,300 years before present.[54] On the other hand, some scientists suggest a review of individual sites with finds dated to the early Holocene, as in Quebrada Ñuagapua in Bolivia.[102][103] A find of a gomphothere, probably Notiomastodon in Totumo, Colombia was dated as recently as 6,060 ± 60 years before present,[58] however, given how much later this date is than other finds of Notiomastodon, this date should be considered with caution without other corroboration.[104] The climatic models projected for South America during the latter Pleistocene and the early Holocene suggests that the habitats were more humid and with more presence of forests, which could reduce the suitable habitat for Notiomastodon and Equus neogeus, another species commonly found in open habitats, along with the subsequent changes in the vegetation could affect to these large mammals.[105]","title":"Extinction"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-10"},{"link_name":"Ancient Greek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Greek_language"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"^ From the Ancient Greek: νότιος (nótios, \"southern\")[9]","title":"Notes"}]
[{"image_text":"Two gomphothere teeth from Cuvier (1806) with \"A\" referring to “mastodonte des cordillères” and \"B\" referring to “mastodonte humboldien”","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gomphothere_Teeth_South_America_Cuvier_1806.jpg/120px-Gomphothere_Teeth_South_America_Cuvier_1806.jpg"},{"image_text":"Haplomastodon waringi molar","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Stegomastodon_waringi.JPG/220px-Stegomastodon_waringi.JPG"},{"image_text":"Skeleton of Notiomastodon compared to a human","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Notiomastodon_skeletal.png/220px-Notiomastodon_skeletal.png"},{"image_text":"Notiomastodon skull with almost straight tusks","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Stegomastodon_skull.jpg/220px-Stegomastodon_skull.jpg"},{"image_text":"Notiomastodon skull with clearly curved tusks","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/HaplomastodonPisa.JPG/220px-HaplomastodonPisa.JPG"},{"image_text":"Restoration of Notiomastodon and other mammals of Late Pleistocene Chile","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Pleistocene_mammals_of_Chile.jpg/220px-Pleistocene_mammals_of_Chile.jpg"},{"image_text":"Notiomastodon (upper right) and contemporary animals in Brazil","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Smilodon_stalking_Palaeolama.jpg/220px-Smilodon_stalking_Palaeolama.jpg"}]
null
[{"reference":"Shoshani, Jeheskel; Tassy, Pascal (2005). \"Advances in proboscidean taxonomy & classification, anatomy & physiology, and ecology & behavior\". Quaternary International. 126–128: 5–20. Bibcode:2005QuInt.126....5S. doi:10.1016/j.quaint.2004.04.011. ISSN 1040-6182.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005QuInt.126....5S","url_text":"2005QuInt.126....5S"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.quaint.2004.04.011","url_text":"10.1016/j.quaint.2004.04.011"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1040-6182","url_text":"1040-6182"}]},{"reference":"Cuvier, Georges (1806). \"Sur différentes dents du genre des mastodontes, mais d'espèces moindres que celle de l'Ohio, trouvées en plusieurs lieux des deux continents\". 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Recherches sur les ossemens fossiles, ou l'on rétablit les caractères de plusieurs animaux dont les révolutions du globe ont détruit les espèces. Chez G. Dufour et E. d'Ocagne.","urls":[{"url":"https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/002004474","url_text":"Recherches sur les ossemens fossiles, ou l'on rétablit les caractères de plusieurs animaux dont les révolutions du globe ont détruit les espèces"}]},{"reference":"Mothé, Dimila; dos Santos Avilla, Leonardo; Asevedo, Lidiane; Borges-Silva, Leon; Rosas, Mariane; Labarca-Encina, Rafael; Souberlich, Ricardo; Soibelzon, Esteban; Roman-Carrion, José Luis; Ríos, Sergio D.; Rincon, Ascanio D.; Cardoso de Oliveira, Gina; Pereira Lopes, Renato (30 September 2016). \"Sixty years after 'The mastodonts of Brazil': The state of the art of South American proboscideans (Proboscidea, Gomphotheriidae)\" (PDF). Quaternary International. 443: 52–64. 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New records of Notiomastodon platensis (Mammalia, Proboscidea) from Colombia and the Quaternary dry corridor of the Cauca valley\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1080%2F08912963.2022.2155955","url_text":"10.1080/08912963.2022.2155955"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0891-2963","url_text":"0891-2963"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:255092592","url_text":"255092592"}]},{"reference":"Recabarren, Omar P. (2020), Pino, Mario; Astorga, Giselle A. (eds.), \"The Proboscidean Gomphotheres (Mammalia, Gomphotheriidae) from Southernmost South America\", Pilauco: A Late Pleistocene Archaeo-paleontological Site, The Latin American Studies Book Series, Cham: Springer International Publishing, pp. 55–68, doi:10.1007/978-3-030-23918-3_4, ISBN 978-3-030-23917-6, S2CID 201317200, retrieved 2023-06-18","urls":[{"url":"http://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-030-23918-3_4","url_text":"\"The Proboscidean Gomphotheres (Mammalia, Gomphotheriidae) from Southernmost South America\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-030-23918-3_4","url_text":"10.1007/978-3-030-23918-3_4"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-030-23917-6","url_text":"978-3-030-23917-6"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:201317200","url_text":"201317200"}]},{"reference":"Varela, Luciano; Clavijo, Lucía; Tambusso, P. Sebastián; Fariña, Richard A. (1 October 2023). \"A window into a late Pleistocene megafauna community: Stable isotopes show niche partitioning among herbivorous taxa at the Arroyo del Vizcaíno site (Uruguay)\". Quaternary Science Reviews. 317: 108286. doi:10.1016/j.quascirev.2023.108286. Retrieved 31 March 2024 – via Elsevier Science Direct.","urls":[{"url":"https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0277379123003347","url_text":"\"A window into a late Pleistocene megafauna community: Stable isotopes show niche partitioning among herbivorous taxa at the Arroyo del Vizcaíno site (Uruguay)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quaternary_Science_Reviews","url_text":"Quaternary Science Reviews"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.quascirev.2023.108286","url_text":"10.1016/j.quascirev.2023.108286"}]},{"reference":"Dantas, Mário André Trindade; Xavier, Márcia Cristina Teles; França, Lucas de Melo; Cozzuol, Mario Alberto; Ribeiro, Adauto de Souza; Figueiredo, Ana Maria Graciano; Kinoshita, Angela; Baffa, Oswaldo (2013-12-13). \"A review of the time scale and potential geographic distribution of Notiomastodon platensis (Ameghino, 1888) in the late Pleistocene of South America\" (PDF). Quaternary International. Quaternary in South America: recent research initiatives. 317: 73–79. Bibcode:2013QuInt.317...73D. doi:10.1016/j.quaint.2013.06.031. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2018-02-08. Retrieved 2017-05-02.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180208004226/https://www.ipen.br/biblioteca/2013/19588.pdf","url_text":"\"A review of the time scale and potential geographic distribution of Notiomastodon platensis (Ameghino, 1888) in the late Pleistocene of South America\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013QuInt.317...73D","url_text":"2013QuInt.317...73D"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.quaint.2013.06.031","url_text":"10.1016/j.quaint.2013.06.031"},{"url":"https://www.ipen.br/biblioteca/2013/19588.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Omena, Érica Cavalcante; Silva, Jorge Luiz Lopes da; Sial, Alcides Nóbrega; Cherkinsky, Alexander; Dantas, Mário André Trindade (2021-10-03). \"Late Pleistocene meso-megaherbivores from Brazilian Intertropical Region: isotopic diet (δ13C), niche differentiation, guilds and paleoenvironmental reconstruction (δ13C, δ18O)\". Historical Biology. 33 (10): 2299–2304. Bibcode:2021HBio...33.2299O. doi:10.1080/08912963.2020.1789977. ISSN 0891-2963. S2CID 225543776.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/08912963.2020.1789977","url_text":"\"Late Pleistocene meso-megaherbivores from Brazilian Intertropical Region: isotopic diet (δ13C), niche differentiation, guilds and paleoenvironmental reconstruction (δ13C, δ18O)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2021HBio...33.2299O","url_text":"2021HBio...33.2299O"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1080%2F08912963.2020.1789977","url_text":"10.1080/08912963.2020.1789977"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0891-2963","url_text":"0891-2963"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:225543776","url_text":"225543776"}]},{"reference":"Mothé, D.; Avilla, L.S.; Araújo-Júnior, H.I.; Rotti, A.; Prous, A.; Azevedo, S.A.K. (February 2020). \"An artifact embedded in an extinct proboscidean sheds new light on human-megafaunal interactions in the Quaternary of South America\". Quaternary Science Reviews. 229: 106125. Bibcode:2020QSRv..22906125M. doi:10.1016/j.quascirev.2019.106125. S2CID 214274776.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2020QSRv..22906125M","url_text":"2020QSRv..22906125M"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.quascirev.2019.106125","url_text":"10.1016/j.quascirev.2019.106125"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:214274776","url_text":"214274776"}]},{"reference":"Iriarte, José; Ziegler, Michael J.; Outram, Alan K.; Robinson, Mark; Roberts, Patrick; Aceituno, Francisco J.; Morcote-Ríos, Gaspar; Keesey, T. Michael (2022-04-25). \"Ice Age megafauna rock art in the Colombian Amazon?\". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 377 (1849). doi:10.1098/rstb.2020.0496. ISSN 0962-8436. PMC 8899627. PMID 35249392.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8899627","url_text":"\"Ice Age megafauna rock art in the Colombian Amazon?\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frstb.2020.0496","url_text":"10.1098/rstb.2020.0496"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0962-8436","url_text":"0962-8436"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8899627","url_text":"8899627"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35249392","url_text":"35249392"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medal_of_National_Defense_Service
Medal of National Defense Service
["1 Criteria","1.1 2011 criteria","1.2 Service Ribbon","1.3 2022 criteria","2 References"]
This article contains translated text and the factual accuracy of the translation should be checked by someone fluent in Chinese and English. This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Medal of National Defense Service" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (October 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Not to be confused with National Defense Service Medal. AwardMedal of National Defense Service国防服役纪念章Type5-rank Military medalAwarded forLong service in the People's Liberation ArmyCountryChinaPresented byCentral Military CommissionEligibilityMilitary workersStatusActiveEstablishedAugust 1, 2011PrecedenceNext (higher)Meritorious Service MedalNext (lower)Medal of Guarding the Frontiers The Medal of National Defense Service (Chinese: 国防服役纪念章) is a military decoration awarded by the Central Military Commission of China, first amended on May 4, 2010, then established on August 1, 2011. It was divided into three grades, but in 2022 it's re-divided into 5 grades. Criteria 2011 criteria The medal is awarded to military officers, civilian cadres and soldiers who have served for the People's Liberation Army for more than 10 years. Among them: A person who served more than 10 years and less than 20 years is awarded with a bronze medal, A person who served more than 20 years and less than 35 years is awarded with a silver medal, A person who served more than 35 years is awarded with a gold medal. Service Ribbon Golden Silver Bronze 2022 criteria In February 2022, the original 3-rank criteria were re-ranked with a new 5-rank criteria: A person who served for at least 50 years is awarded with a special level medal A person who served for at least 40 years and less than 50 years is awarded with a level 1 medal A person who served for at least 30 years and less than 40 years is awarded with a level 2 medal A person who served for at least 16 years and less than 30 years is awarded with a level 3 medal A person who served for at least 8 years and less than 16 years is awarded with a level 4 medal References ^ "中国人民解放军纪律条令". 中国军网. Retrieved 2016-05-11. ^ 赵风云. "加强和改进军队奖励工作的重要举措". 解放军报. Retrieved 2016-05-11. vteMilitary decorations of the People's Liberation Armybefore 1949 Red Star Medal  (1933-1934, by the Chinese Workers' and Peasants' Red Army) 1950s August 1 Medal (1955-1957) Order of Independence and Freedom (1955-1957) Order of Liberation (1955-1962) 1970-1980s Medal of Heroic Exemplar (1979-2011) Honor Merit Medal of Red Star (1988) Honor Merit Medal of Independence (1988) Honor Merit Medal of Victory (1988) 1990-2000s Guard of Republic Bronze Medal Guard of Capital Medal Guard of Lhasa Medal Medal of Rebellion Calm Down 2010s Order of Heroic Exemplar (2011-2018) Medal of Heroic Exemplar (2018-2022) Current August 1 Medal Meritorious Service Medal Medal of National Defense Service Medal of Guarding the Frontiers Medal of Devotion for National Defense Medal of Peace Mission Medal of Performing Combat/Vital Mission This article related to orders, decorations, and medals is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_UK_Albums_Chart_number_ones
Lists of UK Albums Chart number ones
["1 Records","2 See also","3 References"]
This is a list of the number one hits in the UK Albums Chart, from its inception in 1956 to the present. The sources are the Record Mirror chart from 1956 to the end of 1958, the Melody Maker chart from November 1958 to March 1960, the Record Retailer chart from March 1960 to March 1972 and the Music Week chart from then onwards. In January 1989 the compilation album chart started, and compilation albums were excluded from the main chart. List of UK Albums Chart number ones of the 1950s List of UK Albums Chart number ones of the 1960s List of UK Albums Chart number ones of the 1970s List of UK Albums Chart number ones of the 1980s List of UK Albums Chart number ones of the 1990s List of UK Albums Chart number ones of the 2000s List of UK Albums Chart number ones of the 2010s List of UK Albums Chart number ones of the 2020s The first number one album was Frank Sinatra's Songs for Swingin' Lovers!. For its first few years the chart was usually topped by a musical soundtrack or original cast recording, but rock albums steadily gained ground. Rock was dominant after the release of The Beatles first LP, Please Please Me, in 1963, except for the two and a half year spell later in the 1960s when the soundtrack of The Sound of Music went to the top of the charts repeatedly. As of the week ending 1 December 2013, Robbie Williams' tenth studio album Swings Both Ways became the 1,000th album to become number 1. Records The original soundtrack of South Pacific holds the record for the most weeks at Number 1, with a cumulative total of 115 weeks, including one stretch of 70 consecutive weeks. A fairly distant second place is held by The Sound of Music soundtrack with a cumulative total of 70 weeks. Third is The King and I soundtrack with a cumulative total of 48 weeks. Fourth is the highest non soundtrack Bridge over Troubled Water by Simon and Garfunkel with a cumulative total of 33 weeks. The second longest consecutive streak is held by The Beatles' Please Please Me, which spent 30 weeks at the top before being knocked off by the band's second album, With the Beatles, which was itself at the summit for 21 weeks. This means The Beatles were at number one for 51 consecutive weeks in all - a total not bettered by any other artist. See also Lists of albums List of artists by number of UK Albums Chart number ones List of UK Singles Chart number ones List of one-hit wonders on the UK Albums Chart Lists of UK Compilation Chart number ones Lists of UK Country Albums Chart number ones Lists of UK Dance Albums Chart number ones Lists of UK Independent Albums Chart number ones List of UK Albums Chart Christmas number ones Lists of UK Album Downloads Chart number ones Lists of UK Rock & Metal Albums Chart number ones Lists of UK R&B Albums Chart number ones References ^ a b Jones, Alan (25 November 2013). "Official Charts Analysis: Robbie LP sells 108k to claim UK's 1,000th Official No.1". Music Week. Intent Media. Archived from the original on 25 November 2013. Retrieved 15 November 2016. ^ "Most consecutive weeks at No.1 on UK albums chart". Guinness World Records. Retrieved 18 January 2016. vteUK music chartsUK singlesNumber ones 1950s 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s 2010s 2020s Number one artists Most number ones Christmas Posthumous Scottish One-hit wonders in Scotland Instrumental Simultaneous UK and U.S. Simultaneous with album Top tens 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 Most top tens Best-selling 1950s 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s (decade) 2010s 1900s 21st century All time Yearly Most-downloaded (2000s) Most streamed Million-sellers Platinum singles (pre-2000) Platinum singles (post-2000) Most weeks on chart One-hit wonders Records and statistics UK albumsNumber ones 1950s 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s 2010s 2020s Most number ones Number-one in most decades Christmas Posthumous Simultaneous UK and U.S. Simultaneous with single Top tens 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 Most top tens Best-selling 1950s 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s (decade) 2010s 21st century All time Yearly Most weeks on chart One-hit wonders Genre chartsNumber ones Afrobeats Singles Americana Albums Christian & Gospel Albums Classical Artist Albums Country (albums/airplay) Dance (singles/albums) Indie (singles/albums) Indie Breakers (singles/albums) Jazz & Blues Albums R&B (singles/albums) Rock & Metal Singles and Albums Specialist Classical Albums Other chartsCurrent Album Downloads Albums Streaming Audio Streaming Compilations Midweeks Progressive Record Store (2010s/2020s) Singles Downloads (2000s/2010s/2020s) List of UK Singles Sales Chart number ones UKHot40 Vinyl Albums Vinyl Singles The Official Big Top 40 Former 1952–1969 1Xtra Classical Singles Number-one EPs Fab 40 Fresh 40 Hit40UK Mersey Beat The Network Chart Show NME Official Subscription Plays Chart Pepsi Chart Pick of the Pops Record Mirror Top Pops Related Charts Plus Hit Music Media Research Information Bureau Music Week Official Charts Company The Official Chart Timeline of chart shows on UK radio UK Video Charts British Hit Singles & Albums The Virgin Book of British Hit Singles UKChartsPlus Record production portal vteMusic of the United KingdomArt music Early music England Ireland Scotland Wales Baroque Classical History of popular music Early popular music 1950s 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s and 2010s Traditional genres British folk revival Ballad Carol Children's song Hornpipe Jig Morris dance Protest song Reel Sea shanty Strathspey War song Work song Contemporarypopular genres Afrobeats Afroswing Americana Country Folk England Scotland Wales Grime Hip Hop Drill Jazz Pop Popular Rock Soul Schlager Ethnic music Caribbean England Ireland Scotland Wales Media andperformanceMusic awards BBC Music Awards BBC Radio 2 Folk Awards Brit Awards Classic Brit Awards Global Awards Gramophone Classical Music Awards Ivor Novello Awards Kerrang! Awards Mercury Prize MOBO Awards Music charts Albums chart Classical charts Compilation chart Dance chart Download chart Indie chart R&B chart Rock chart Singles chart Subscription plays chart Music festivals Boomtown C2C: Country to Country Cambridge Folk Download Edinburgh Eisteddfod Glastonbury Isle of Wight Knebworth Royal National Mòd The Proms Reading and Leeds Sidmouth T in the Park V Music media fRoots The Gramophone Kerrang! Melody Maker Mojo NME Q The Wire National anthem "God Save the King" Regional musicBritish Isles Birmingham (Classical music, Jazz, Popular music) Cardiff Cornwall Liverpool Manchester Newport Northumbria Somerset Sussex Yorkshire Overseas Anguilla Bermuda Cayman Islands Gibraltar Montserrat Turks and Caicos Virgin Islands This article includes a music-related list of lists.
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of UK Albums Chart number ones of the 1950s","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_UK_Albums_Chart_number_ones_of_the_1950s"},{"link_name":"List of UK Albums Chart number ones of the 1960s","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_UK_Albums_Chart_number_ones_of_the_1960s"},{"link_name":"List of UK Albums Chart number ones of the 1970s","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_UK_Albums_Chart_number_ones_of_the_1970s"},{"link_name":"List of UK Albums Chart number ones of the 1980s","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_UK_Albums_Chart_number_ones_of_the_1980s"},{"link_name":"List of UK Albums Chart number ones of the 1990s","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_UK_Albums_Chart_number_ones_of_the_1990s"},{"link_name":"List of UK Albums Chart number ones of the 2000s","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_UK_Albums_Chart_number_ones_of_the_2000s"},{"link_name":"List of UK Albums Chart number ones of the 2010s","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_UK_Albums_Chart_number_ones_of_the_2010s"},{"link_name":"List of UK Albums Chart number ones of the 2020s","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_UK_Albums_Chart_number_ones_of_the_2020s"},{"link_name":"Frank Sinatra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Sinatra"},{"link_name":"Songs for Swingin' Lovers!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Songs_for_Swingin%27_Lovers!"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1,000th_no.1-1"},{"link_name":"musical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_theatre"},{"link_name":"The Beatles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Beatles"},{"link_name":"Please Please Me","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Please_Please_Me"},{"link_name":"The Sound of Music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Sound_of_Music_(film)"},{"link_name":"Robbie Williams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robbie_Williams"},{"link_name":"Swings Both Ways","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swings_Both_Ways"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1,000th_no.1-1"}],"text":"List of UK Albums Chart number ones of the 1950s\nList of UK Albums Chart number ones of the 1960s\nList of UK Albums Chart number ones of the 1970s\nList of UK Albums Chart number ones of the 1980s\nList of UK Albums Chart number ones of the 1990s\nList of UK Albums Chart number ones of the 2000s\nList of UK Albums Chart number ones of the 2010s\nList of UK Albums Chart number ones of the 2020sThe first number one album was Frank Sinatra's Songs for Swingin' Lovers!.[1] For its first few years the chart was usually topped by a musical soundtrack or original cast recording, but rock albums steadily gained ground. Rock was dominant after the release of The Beatles first LP, Please Please Me, in 1963, except for the two and a half year spell later in the 1960s when the soundtrack of The Sound of Music went to the top of the charts repeatedly. As of the week ending 1 December 2013, Robbie Williams' tenth studio album Swings Both Ways became the 1,000th album to become number 1.[1]","title":"Lists of UK Albums Chart number ones"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"South Pacific","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Pacific_(1958_film)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"The Sound of Music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Sound_of_Music"},{"link_name":"The King and I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_King_and_I"},{"link_name":"Bridge over Troubled Water","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bridge_over_Troubled_Water"},{"link_name":"Simon and Garfunkel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon_and_Garfunkel"},{"link_name":"With the Beatles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/With_the_Beatles"}],"text":"The original soundtrack of South Pacific holds the record for the most weeks at Number 1, with a cumulative total of 115 weeks, including one stretch of 70 consecutive weeks.[2] A fairly distant second place is held by The Sound of Music soundtrack with a cumulative total of 70 weeks. Third is The King and I soundtrack with a cumulative total of 48 weeks. Fourth is the highest non soundtrack Bridge over Troubled Water by Simon and Garfunkel with a cumulative total of 33 weeks.The second longest consecutive streak is held by The Beatles' Please Please Me, which spent 30 weeks at the top before being knocked off by the band's second album, With the Beatles, which was itself at the summit for 21 weeks. This means The Beatles were at number one for 51 consecutive weeks in all - a total not bettered by any other artist.","title":"Records"}]
[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nagasaki_Expressway
Nagasaki Expressway
["1 History","2 Interchanges","3 Lanes","4 References"]
Expressway in Nagasaki and Saga prefecture, Japan Nagasaki Expressway 長崎自動車道Route informationLength120.4 km (74.8 mi)Existed1973–presentMajor junctionsFromTosu Junction in Tosu Kyushu Expressway Ōita ExpresswayToNagasaki Interchange in Nagasaki Nagasaki Dejima Road LocationCountryJapanMajor citiesSaga, Takeo, Omura, Isahaya Highway system National highways of Japan Expressways of Japan Nagasaki Expressway (長崎自動車道, Nagasaki Jidōsha-dō) is one of the Expressways of Japan from Tosu to Nagasaki. It runs through the prefecture of Saga, and the southern half of the Nagasaki prefecture. The total length is 120.4 km. History November 16, 1973, Tosu Interchange and Junction with the Kyushu Expressway to Nankan was open to traffic. November 17, 1982, a section from Nagasaki-Tarami to Omura Interchanges was opened to traffic. March 28, 1985, a section from Saga-Yamato to Tosu Interchanges was opened to traffic. February 5, 1987, the Tosu Junction in the east was opened. March 18, 1987, a section from Takeo-Kitagata to Saga-Yamato Interchanges was opened to traffic. January 26, 1990, a section from Omura to Takeo-Kitagata was opened to traffic which made the Nagasaki Expressway from Tosu to Nagasaki fully accessible with no gaps. January 26, 1990, the Takeo Junction was opened to traffic with another freeway. December 18, 1997, the tunnel from Higashisonogi to Ureshino Interchanges which made Nagasaki Expressway with four lanes. March 24, 2001, the Sagan Cross Bridge in the Tosu Junction was opened to traffic which made access to the bridge with the Kyushu Expressway. March 27, 2004, a section from Nagasaki to Nagasaki-Tarami Interchanges was opened with other freeway. June 28, 2019, a section from Nagasaki-Tarami to Nagasaki-Susukizuka Interchanges which made Nagasaki Expressway with four lanes. November 27, 2019, the Tawarazaka tunnel is mentioned in the Zombie Land Saga song "Saga Jihen". Interchanges This article contains a bulleted list or table of intersections which should be presented in a properly formatted junction table. Please consult this guideline for information on how to create one. Please improve this article if you can. (November 2021) Higashisonogi, Nagasaki, Japan IC - interchange, JCT - junction, SA - service area, PA - parking area, BS - bus stop, TN - tunnel, BR - bridge, TB - toll gate Bus stops labeled "○" are currently in use; those marked "◆" are closed. No. Name Connections Dist.fromOrigin Busstop Notes Location (9) Tosu JCT Kyushu Expressway Ōita Expressway 0.0 Tosu Saga 1 Tosu IC National Route 3 National Route 34 1.2 BS Kōnoe BS 3.3 ○ PA Yamaura PA 5.7 BS Nakabaru BS 10.6 ○ Miyaki 2 Higashisefuri IC National Route 385 14.8 Yoshinogari BS Kanzaki BS 17.3 ○ Kanzaki SA Kinryū SA 23.3 ○ Saga 3 Saga-Yamato IC National Route 263 26.6 ◆ 3-1 Ogi PA/SIC Pref. Route 44 (Ogi Fuji Route) via Ogi city road 33.4 ◆ Ogi 4 Taku IC National Route 203 (Higashi-Taku Bypass) 41.7 ◆ Taku BS Taku Seibyō BS 46.1 ◆ PA Taku-Nishi PA 47.048.1 for Fukuoka, Kumamoto and Oitafor Nagasaki 5 Takeo-Kitagata IC National Route 34 52.9 ◆ Takeo SA Kawanobori SA 61.9 ◆ 6 Takeo JCT Nishi-Kyūshū Expressway 64.3 7 Ureshino IC Pref. Route 1 (Sasebo Ureshino Route) 68.8 ○ Ureshino TN Tawarazaka TN - northbound: 2,656 m (8,714 ft)southbound: 2,610 m (8,560 ft) Higashisonogi Nagasaki 8 Higashisonogi IC National Route 34 National Route 205 78.6 ◆ PA Omura-wan PA 81.6 BS Matsubara BS 85.4 ○ Omura 9 Omura IC National Route 444 92.1 ○ Emergency Exit Access for National Hospital Organization Nagasaki Medical CenterAuthorized vehicles only 9-1 Koba PA/SIC 95.4 ○ PA:Only accessible for Nagasaki PA Imamura PA 100.6 ○ Only accessible for Fukuoka, Kumamoto and Oita 10 Isahaya IC National Route 34Pref. Route 125 (Isahaya Soto Kanjosen) 104.2 ○ Isahaya 11 Nagasaki-Tarami IC Nagasaki Bypass 109.1 Nagasaki 12 Nagasaki-Susukizuka IC Pref. Route 116 (Nagasaki-Susukizuka Interchange Route) 117.4 Only accessible for Fukuoka, Kumamoto and Oita 13 Nagasaki IC National Route 324 Nagasaki Dejima RoadPref. Route 51 (Nagasaki Minami Kanjosen) 120.4 Lanes 4-lane, Tosu Junction to Nagasaki-Susukizuka Interchanges 2-lane, Nagasaki-Susukizuka to Nagasaki Interchanges References ^ Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport, Kyushu Regional Development Bureau. "Road Timetable". Retrieved 2008-08-31.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) ^ "Saga Jihen", Zombie Land Saga: Franchouchou the Best Wikimedia Commons has media related to Nagasaki_Expressway. vte West Nippon Expressway CompanyNational Expressways E1 Meishin E1A Shin-Meishin E2 San'yō E2A Chūgoku E2A Kammon Bridge E3 Kyushu E9 San-in E10/E78 Higashikyushu E10 Miyazaki E11 Takamatsu E11/E56 Matsuyama E11/E32 Tokushima E25 Nishi-Meihan E26 Kinki E26/E42 Hanwa E27 Maizuru-Wakasa E29 Harima E29 Tottori E32/E56 Kōchi E34 Nagasaki E34 Ōita E54 Matsue E58 Okinawa E71 Kansai-Kūkō E73 Okayama E73 Yonago E74 Hiroshima E74 Hamada E77 Kyushu Chūō Toll Roads E2 Hiroshima-Iwakuni Road E3A Minamikyushu E9 Kyoto-Jūkan E10 Usa-Beppu Road E10 Nobeoka-Minami Road E24 Keinawa E31 Hiroshima-Kure Road E35 Nishi-Kyūshū E42 Yuasa Gobō Road E71 Sky Gate Bridge R E76 Imabari-Komatsu E78 Hayato Road E88 Keiji Bypass E89 Daini-Keihan Road E90 Sakai Senboku Road E91 Minami-Hanna Road E92 Daini Hanna E93 Daini-Shimmei E94 Kitasen Road E96 Nagasaki Bypass E97 Hiji Bypass Kanmon Roadway Tunnel vte Expressways of JapanEast Nippon Expressway Company C3 Tokyo Gaikan C4/E66 Ken-Ō CA Tokyo Bay Aqua-Line E4 Tōhoku E4A Aomori E4A Hachinohe E5 Dō-Ō E5A Sasson E5A Shiribeshi E6 Jōban E7 Nihonkai-Tōhoku E7/E46 Akita E8 Hokuriku E13 Tōhoku-Chūō E14 Tateyama E17 Kan-etsu E18 Jōshin-etsu E19 Nagano E38/E61 Dōtō E45 Sanriku E46 Kamaishi E48 Yamagata E49 Ban-etsu E50 Kita-Kantō E51 Higashi-Kantō E65 Shin-Kūkō Central Nippon Expressway Company C2 Mei-Nikan C3 Tōkai-Kanjō C4 Ken-Ō E1 Tōmei E1 Meishin E1A/E52/E69 Shin-Tōmei E1A Isewangan E1A Shin-Meishin E8 Hokuriku E19/E20/E68 Chūō E19 Nagano E23 Higashi-Meihan E23 Ise E27 Maizuru-Wakasa E41 Tōkai-Hokuriku E42 Kisei E52 Chūbu-Ōdan West Nippon Expressway Company E1 Meishin E1A Shin-Meishin E2 San'yō E2A Chūgoku E2A Kanmon Bridge E3 Kyushu E3A Minamikyushu E9 San'in E10/E78 Higashikyushu E10 Miyazaki E11/E32 Tokushima E11 Takamatsu E11/E56 Matsuyama E24 Keinawa E25 Nishi-Meihan E26 Kinki E26/E42 Hanwa E27 Maizuru-Wakasa E29 Harima E32/E56 Kōchi E34 Ōita E34 Nagasaki E35 Nishi-Kyūshū E54 Matsue E58 Okinawa E71 Kansai-Kūkō E73 Okayama E73 Yonago E74 Hamada E74 Hiroshima Honshu-Shikoku Bridge Expressway Company E28 Kobe-Awaji-Naruto E30 Seto-Chūō E76 Nishiseto MLIT E4A Kamikita E5 Hakodate Shindō E5A Kuromatsunai Shindō E7 Akita E9 San'in Kinki E25 Meihan E29 Tottori E38 Dōtō E38/E44 Kushiro Sotokan E39 Asahikawa-Monbetsu E41 Nōetsu E41/E86 Noto-Satoyama E45 Hachinohe-Kuji E45 Sanriku E45 Sanriku-kita Jūkan E46 Kamaishi E54 Onomichi E55 Kōchi-Tōbu E55 Tokushima-Nanbu E58 Naha Airport E59 Hakodate-Esashi E60 Obihiro-Hiroo E61 Tokachi-Okhotsk E62 Fukagawa-Rumoi E63 Hidaka E64 Tsugaru E67 Chūbu-Jūkan E69 San-en Nanshin E70 Izu-Jūkan E72 Kitakinki-Toyooka E75 Higashihiroshima-Kure E77 Kyushu Chūō Urban Expressways Fukuoka & Kitakyushu Hanshin Hiroshima Nagoya Shuto Tokyo Prefecture Maintained Routes E4A Daini-Michinoku E4A Michinoku E80 Abukuma Kōgen E81 Nikkō Utsunomiya E87 Chitahantō E95 Bantan Renraku E97 Ōita Airport
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Expressways of Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expressways_of_Japan"},{"link_name":"Tosu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tosu,_Saga"},{"link_name":"Nagasaki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nagasaki,_Nagasaki"},{"link_name":"Saga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saga_Prefecture"},{"link_name":"Nagasaki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nagasaki_Prefecture"}],"text":"Nagasaki Expressway (長崎自動車道, Nagasaki Jidōsha-dō) is one of the Expressways of Japan from Tosu to Nagasaki. It runs through the prefecture of Saga, and the southern half of the Nagasaki prefecture. The total length is 120.4 km.","title":"Nagasaki Expressway"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Zombie Land Saga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zombie_Land_Saga"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"November 16, 1973, Tosu Interchange and Junction with the Kyushu Expressway to Nankan was open to traffic.\nNovember 17, 1982, a section from Nagasaki-Tarami to Omura Interchanges was opened to traffic.\nMarch 28, 1985, a section from Saga-Yamato to Tosu Interchanges was opened to traffic.\nFebruary 5, 1987, the Tosu Junction in the east was opened.\nMarch 18, 1987, a section from Takeo-Kitagata to Saga-Yamato Interchanges was opened to traffic.\nJanuary 26, 1990, a section from Omura to Takeo-Kitagata was opened to traffic which made the Nagasaki Expressway from Tosu to Nagasaki fully accessible with no gaps.\nJanuary 26, 1990, the Takeo Junction was opened to traffic with another freeway.\nDecember 18, 1997, the tunnel from Higashisonogi to Ureshino Interchanges which made Nagasaki Expressway with four lanes.\nMarch 24, 2001, the Sagan Cross Bridge in the Tosu Junction was opened to traffic which made access to the bridge with the Kyushu Expressway.\nMarch 27, 2004, a section from Nagasaki to Nagasaki-Tarami Interchanges was opened with other freeway.\nJune 28, 2019, a section from Nagasaki-Tarami to Nagasaki-Susukizuka Interchanges which made Nagasaki Expressway with four lanes.\nNovember 27, 2019, the Tawarazaka tunnel is mentioned in the Zombie Land Saga song \"Saga Jihen\".[2]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nagasaki_EXP_82km_2008.jpg"},{"link_name":"interchange","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interchange_(road)"},{"link_name":"junction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interchange_(road)#Between_two_highways"},{"link_name":"service area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rest_area"},{"link_name":"parking area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parking_area"},{"link_name":"bus stop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bus_stop"},{"link_name":"tunnel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunnel"},{"link_name":"bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bridge"},{"link_name":"toll gate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toll_gate"}],"text":"Higashisonogi, Nagasaki, JapanIC - interchange, JCT - junction, SA - service area, PA - parking area, BS - bus stop, TN - tunnel, BR - bridge, TB - toll gate\nBus stops labeled \"○\" are currently in use; those marked \"◆\" are closed.","title":"Interchanges"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"4-lane, Tosu Junction to Nagasaki-Susukizuka Interchanges\n2-lane, Nagasaki-Susukizuka to Nagasaki Interchanges","title":"Lanes"}]
[{"image_text":"Higashisonogi, Nagasaki, Japan","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Nagasaki_EXP_82km_2008.jpg/250px-Nagasaki_EXP_82km_2008.jpg"}]
null
[{"reference":"Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport, Kyushu Regional Development Bureau. \"Road Timetable\". Retrieved 2008-08-31.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.qsr.mlit.go.jp/kyukan/roadtime/kyusyu-do.html","url_text":"\"Road Timetable\""}]}]
[{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nagasaki_Expressway&action=edit","external_links_name":"improve this article"},{"Link":"http://www.qsr.mlit.go.jp/kyukan/roadtime/kyusyu-do.html","external_links_name":"\"Road Timetable\""}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prempensua
Prempensua
["1 References","2 Listening"]
Prempensua and guitar playing at a wedding feast in Ghana. The prempensua is a large lamellophone used in the music of Ghana, similar to the marímbula or rumba box. The word prempensua is in the Akan language, although similar instruments are played by other ethnolinguistic groups in Ghana. It is also known as the ‘’kono’’ by the Kassena people, ‘’animgbo’’ by the Dagomba people, and the ‘’gyilgo’’ by the Gonja people. References ^ a b Prof. J.K. Anquandah. "Ghana's Heart Beats with Music". Ghana National Commission on Culture. Archived from the original on 3 March 2016. Listening Prempensua audio sample This Ghana-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"lamellophone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lamellophone"},{"link_name":"music of Ghana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_of_Ghana"},{"link_name":"marímbula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mar%C3%ADmbula"},{"link_name":"rumba box","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rumba_box"},{"link_name":"Akan language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akan_language"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-music-1"},{"link_name":"Kassena people","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kassena_people"},{"link_name":"Dagomba people","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dagomba_people"},{"link_name":"Gonja people","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gonja_people"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-music-1"}],"text":"The prempensua is a large lamellophone used in the music of Ghana, similar to the marímbula or rumba box. The word prempensua is in the Akan language, although similar instruments are played by other ethnolinguistic groups in Ghana.[1] It is also known as the ‘’kono’’ by the Kassena people, ‘’animgbo’’ by the Dagomba people, and the ‘’gyilgo’’ by the Gonja people.[1]","title":"Prempensua"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Prempensua audio sample","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20080121001317/http://www.smithsonianglobalsound.org/trackdetail.aspx?itemid=11090"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Flag_of_Ghana.svg"},{"link_name":"Ghana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghana"},{"link_name":"stub","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub"},{"link_name":"expanding it","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Prempensua&action=edit"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Ghana-stub"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Ghana-stub"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ghana-stub"}],"text":"Prempensua audio sampleThis Ghana-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte","title":"Listening"}]
[{"image_text":"Prempensua and guitar playing at a wedding feast in Ghana.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/KooNimo-Yaw-2000.jpg/220px-KooNimo-Yaw-2000.jpg"}]
null
[{"reference":"Prof. J.K. Anquandah. \"Ghana's Heart Beats with Music\". Ghana National Commission on Culture. Archived from the original on 3 March 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160303172332/http://ghanaculture.gov.gh/index1.php?linkid=264&page=2&sectionid=508","url_text":"\"Ghana's Heart Beats with Music\""},{"url":"http://ghanaculture.gov.gh/index1.php?linkid=264&page=2&sectionid=508","url_text":"the original"}]}]
[{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160303172332/http://ghanaculture.gov.gh/index1.php?linkid=264&page=2&sectionid=508","external_links_name":"\"Ghana's Heart Beats with Music\""},{"Link":"http://ghanaculture.gov.gh/index1.php?linkid=264&page=2&sectionid=508","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080121001317/http://www.smithsonianglobalsound.org/trackdetail.aspx?itemid=11090","external_links_name":"Prempensua audio sample"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Prempensua&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontario_Highway_141
Ontario Highway 141
["1 Route description","2 History","3 Major intersections","4 References","5 External links"]
Ontario provincial highway Highway 141Route informationMaintained by the Ministry of Transportation of OntarioLength54.3 km (33.7 mi)Existed1974–presentMajor junctionsWest end Highway 400 near Parry SoundEast end Highway 11 near Port Sydney LocationCountryCanadaProvinceOntario Highway system Ontario provincial highways Current Former 400-series ← Highway 140→ Highway 144 King's Highway 141, commonly referred to as Highway 141, is a provincially maintained highway in the Canadian province of Ontario. Its western terminus is at Highway 400 south of Horseshoe Lake in Seguin Township while its eastern terminus is at Highway 11 near Port Sydney. The route was designated in 1974 when Highway 532 was renumbered and upgraded from a secondary highway to a King's Highway. The route has remained generally unchanged since, though it was extended by several kilometres on October 7, 2003 when Highway 400 was extended north of Mactier. Route description Highway 141 in Rosseau Highway 141 is 54.3 km long. It travels through Muskoka District and Parry Sound District, travelling through the communities of Humphrey, Rosseau, Bent River (off-route but nearby), Ullswater, Raymond and Utterson. The road passes several bodies of water including Lake Rosseau, Skeleton Lake, Longs Lake and others. Other lakes are accessible via Highway 141 including Three Mile Lake, Lake Joseph, Horse Lake and others. Highway 141 is the first major highway connection between Highway 400 and Highway 11 north of Barrie and the Muskoka Lakes Region. The highway terminates at Exit 207 on both of these highways, and is the only highway in Ontario to begin and end at the same exit number. On Highway 400, the Highway 141 junction is located near the Parry Sound Area Municipal Airport. Rosseau is the largest community located directly on the route. History While Highway 141 was not designated until the mid-1970s, the route it follows was assumed in early 1956 by the Department of Highways. At that time, the route existed as Highway 532 and Highway 516. These two routes met southeast of Raymond, at what is now the junction with Muskoka District Road 35. On January 1, 1973, the route of Highway 532 was modified so that it continued east along the former Highway 516 instead of curving south through Bracebridge. This routing was short-lived; in 1974 the Ministry of Transportation and Communications redesignated the entirety of Highway 532 as Highway 141. On October 7, 2003, with the extension of Highway 400 between Mactier and Horseshoe Lake, the western terminus of Highway 141 was shifted from Highway 69 at Hayes Corners southwest to Highway 400, adding three kilometres of shared routing with Highway 69 and the access road to the Parry Sound Airport. In the summer of 2012, Highway 69 was decommissioned in the area; the old route is now known as Rankin Lake Road north of the shared segment and Lake Joseph Road south of it. Major intersections The following table lists the major junctions along Highway 141, as noted by the Ministry of Transportation of Ontario.  DivisionLocationkmmiDestinationsNotes Parry SoundSeguin0.00.0  Highway 400 / TCH – Toronto, Sudbury, Parry SoundHighway 400 exit 207 0.90.56Lake Joseph Road (Highway 7289 south)Formerly Highway 69 south; former southern end of Highway 69 concurrency (2003-2012) 4.42.7Lake Joseph Road (Highway 7290 north)Hayes Corners; formerly Highway 69 north; former northern end of Highway 69 concurrency (2003-2012); former Highway 141 western terminus (pre-2003) 21.713.5 Highway 632 south (Pine Street)Rosseau MuskokaMuskoka Lakes36.522.7 District Road 24 south (Dee Bank Road) – Dee BankUllswater Muskoka Lakes – Huntsville boundary46.629.0 District Road 35 south (Raymond Road)Parry Sound Colonization Road Huntsville53.032.9Old Muskoka Road 54.333.7 Highway 11 – Barrie, North Bay, Huntsville, Bracebridge District Road 10 eastHighway 11 exit 207; continues as District Road 10 1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi References ^ a b c Ministry of Transportation of Ontario (2016). "Annual Average Daily Traffic (AADT) counts". Retrieved January 1, 2021. ^ a b Ontario Back Road Atlas (Map). Cartography by MapArt. Peter Heiler. 2010. p. 58. § R28–S32. ISBN 978-1-55198-226-7. ^ Ontario Road Map (Map). Cartography by C.P. Robins. Ontario Department of Highways. 1956. § O31. ^ "Ontario Secondary Roads Now Designated 500, 600". Vol. 112, no. 33, 119. The Globe and Mail. February 4, 1956. p. 4. Two new Ontario road numbers appear on the province's 1956 official road map which will be ready for distribution next week. The new numbers are the 500 and 600 series and designate hundreds of miles of secondary roads which are wholly maintained by the Highways Department. More than 100 secondary roads will have their own numbers and signs this year. All of these secondary roads were taken into the province's main highways system because they form important connecting links with the King's Highways ^ Ontario Road Map (Map). Cartography by Photogrammetry Office. Ministry of Transportation and Communications. 1973. § F22–G23. ^ Ontario Road Map (Map). Cartography by Photogrammetry Department. Ministry of Transportation and Communications. 1978–79. § D23–24. ^ Ministry of Transportation of Ontario (October 7, 2003). "Notice of Opening of a New Four-Lane Highway Section of Highway 400". Government of Ontario. Archived from the original on October 28, 2003. Retrieved May 15, 2011. ^ Cooper, Cody Storm (June 27, 2012). "Highway 69 Name Change". Huntsville Forester. Metroland Media. External links Google Maps: Highway 141 route Highway 141 pictures and information vteOntario Provincial Highway NetworkThe King's HighwaysCurrent highways 2 3 4 5 6 7 7A 8 9 10 11 11B 12 15 16 17 17A 17B 19 20 21 23 24 26 27 28 33 34 35 37 40 41 48 49 58 58A 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 69 71 72 77 85 89 93 94 101 102 105 108 112 115 118 124 125 127 129 130 132 137 138 140 141 144 148 400-series highways 400 401 402 403 404 405 406 407 409 410 412 416 417 418 420 427 QEW Former highways 2A 2B 2S 3B 4A 5A 7B 8A 8B 8D 11A 12B 14 15A 18 18A 18B 22 24A 25 29 30 31 32 35A 35B 36 38 39 40A 40B 40C 42 43 44 45 46 47 48B 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 59 61B 68 70 73 74 75 76 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 86 87 88 90 91 92 95 96 97 98 99 100 103 104 106 107 109 110 111 114 116 117 119 120 121 122 123 126 128 131 133 134 135 136 169 400A Proposed 413 Bradford Bypass Secondary highwaysSecondary highways 500 501 502 503 504 505 506 507 508 509 510 511 512 513 514 515 516 518 519 520 522 522B 523 524 525 526 527 528 528A 529 529A 531 532 533 534 535 536 537 538 539 539A 540 540A 540B 541 541A 542 542A 544 545 546 547 548 549 550 551 552 553 554 555 556 557 558 559 560 560A 562 563 564 565 566 567 568 569 570 571 572 573 574 575 577 579 580 581 582 583 584 585 586 587 588 589 590 591 592 593 594 595 596 597 599 600 601 602 603 604 605 606 607 607A 608 609 611 612 613 614 615 616 617 618 619 621 622 623 624 625 626 627 628 630 631 632 633 634 636 637 638 639 640 641 642 643 644 645 646 647 650 651 652 654 655 656 657 658 661 663 664 665 667 668 670 671 672 673 By district Algoma Cochrane Kenora Manitoulin Nipissing Parry Sound Rainy River Sudbury Thunder Bay Timiskaming Tertiary roads            Tertiary roads 800 801 802 803 804 805 806 807 808 809 810 811 812 813 List Category WikiProject
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"provincially maintained highway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontario_Provincial_Highway_Network"},{"link_name":"Canadian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada"},{"link_name":"Ontario","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontario"},{"link_name":"Highway 400","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontario_Highway_400"},{"link_name":"Horseshoe Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horseshoe_Lake,_Ontario"},{"link_name":"Seguin Township","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seguin_Township,_Ontario"},{"link_name":"Highway 11","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontario_Highway_11"},{"link_name":"Port Sydney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_Sydney,_Ontario"},{"link_name":"Highway 532","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontario_Highway_532"},{"link_name":"Mactier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mactier,_Ontario"}],"text":"Ontario provincial highwayKing's Highway 141, commonly referred to as Highway 141, is a provincially maintained highway in the Canadian province of Ontario. Its western terminus is at Highway 400 south of Horseshoe Lake in Seguin Township while its eastern terminus is at Highway 11 near Port Sydney. The route was designated in 1974 when Highway 532 was renumbered and upgraded from a secondary highway to a King's Highway. The route has remained generally unchanged since, though it was extended by several kilometres on October 7, 2003 when Highway 400 was extended north of Mactier.","title":"Ontario Highway 141"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Rosseau_ON.jpg"},{"link_name":"Muskoka District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muskoka_District_Municipality,_Ontario"},{"link_name":"Parry Sound District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parry_Sound_District,_Ontario"},{"link_name":"Humphrey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humphrey,_Ontario"},{"link_name":"Rosseau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosseau,_Ontario"},{"link_name":"Bent River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bent_River,_Ontario"},{"link_name":"Ullswater","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ullswater,_Ontario"},{"link_name":"Raymond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raymond,_Ontario"},{"link_name":"Utterson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utterson,_Ontario"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2010_mapart-2"},{"link_name":"exit number","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exit_number"},{"link_name":"Parry Sound Area Municipal Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parry_Sound_Area_Municipal_Airport"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-km-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2010_mapart-2"}],"text":"Highway 141 in RosseauHighway 141 is 54.3 km long. It travels through Muskoka District and Parry Sound District, travelling through the communities of Humphrey, Rosseau, Bent River (off-route but nearby), Ullswater, Raymond and Utterson. The road passes several bodies of water including Lake Rosseau, Skeleton Lake, Longs Lake and others. Other lakes are accessible via Highway 141 including Three Mile Lake, Lake Joseph, Horse Lake and others.[2]Highway 141 is the first major highway connection between Highway 400 and Highway 11 north of Barrie and the Muskoka Lakes Region. The highway terminates at Exit 207 on both of these highways, and is the only highway in Ontario to begin and end at the same exit number. On Highway 400, the Highway 141 junction is located near the Parry Sound Area Municipal Airport. Rosseau is the largest community located directly on the route.[1][2]","title":"Route description"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Highway 532","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontario_Highway_532"},{"link_name":"Highway 516","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontario_Highway_516"},{"link_name":"Muskoka District Road 35","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Muskoka_District_Road_35&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1956_map-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-assumed1-4"},{"link_name":"Bracebridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bracebridge,_Ontario"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1973_map-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1978_map-6"},{"link_name":"shared routing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concurrency_(road)"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"While Highway 141 was not designated until the mid-1970s, the route it follows was assumed in early 1956 by the Department of Highways. At that time, the route existed as Highway 532 and Highway 516. These two routes met southeast of Raymond, at what is now the junction with Muskoka District Road 35.[3][4]\nOn January 1, 1973, the route of Highway 532 was modified so that it continued east along the former Highway 516 instead of curving south through Bracebridge.[5]\nThis routing was short-lived; in 1974 the Ministry of Transportation and Communications redesignated the entirety of Highway 532 as Highway 141.[6]On October 7, 2003, with the extension of Highway 400 between Mactier and Horseshoe Lake, the western terminus of Highway 141 was shifted from Highway 69 at Hayes Corners southwest to Highway 400, adding three kilometres of shared routing with Highway 69 and the access road to the Parry Sound Airport.[7] In the summer of 2012, Highway 69 was decommissioned in the area; the old route is now known as Rankin Lake Road north of the shared segment and Lake Joseph Road south of it.[8]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ministry of Transportation of Ontario","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Transportation_of_Ontario"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-km-1"}],"text":"The following table lists the major junctions along Highway 141, as noted by the Ministry of Transportation of Ontario.[1]","title":"Major intersections"}]
[{"image_text":"Highway 141 in Rosseau","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Rosseau_ON.jpg/220px-Rosseau_ON.jpg"}]
null
[{"reference":"Ministry of Transportation of Ontario (2016). \"Annual Average Daily Traffic (AADT) counts\". Retrieved January 1, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Transportation_of_Ontario","url_text":"Ministry of Transportation of Ontario"},{"url":"https://www.library.mto.gov.on.ca/SydneyPLUS/TechPubs/Portal/tp/tvSplash.aspx","url_text":"\"Annual Average Daily Traffic (AADT) counts\""}]},{"reference":"Ontario Back Road Atlas (Map). Cartography by MapArt. Peter Heiler. 2010. p. 58. § R28–S32. ISBN 978-1-55198-226-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MapArt","url_text":"MapArt"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55198-226-7","url_text":"978-1-55198-226-7"}]},{"reference":"Ontario Road Map (Map). Cartography by C.P. Robins. Ontario Department of Highways. 1956. § O31.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Ontario Secondary Roads Now Designated 500, 600\". Vol. 112, no. 33, 119. The Globe and Mail. February 4, 1956. p. 4. Two new Ontario road numbers appear on the province's 1956 official road map which will be ready for distribution next week. The new numbers are the 500 and 600 series and designate hundreds of miles of secondary roads which are wholly maintained by the Highways Department. More than 100 secondary roads will have their own numbers and signs this year. All of these secondary roads were taken into the province's main highways system because they form important connecting links with the King's Highways","urls":[]},{"reference":"Ontario Road Map (Map). Cartography by Photogrammetry Office. Ministry of Transportation and Communications. 1973. § F22–G23.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Ontario Road Map (Map). Cartography by Photogrammetry Department. Ministry of Transportation and Communications. 1978–79. § D23–24.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Ministry of Transportation of Ontario (October 7, 2003). \"Notice of Opening of a New Four-Lane Highway Section of Highway 400\". Government of Ontario. Archived from the original on October 28, 2003. Retrieved May 15, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20031028004805/http://ogov.newswire.ca/ontario/GONE/2003/10/07/c8815.html?lmatch=&lang=_e.html","url_text":"\"Notice of Opening of a New Four-Lane Highway Section of Highway 400\""},{"url":"http://ogov.newswire.ca/ontario/GONE/2003/10/07/c8815.html?lmatch=&lang=_e.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Cooper, Cody Storm (June 27, 2012). \"Highway 69 Name Change\". Huntsville Forester. Metroland Media.","urls":[]}]
[{"Link":"https://www.library.mto.gov.on.ca/SydneyPLUS/TechPubs/Portal/tp/tvSplash.aspx","external_links_name":"\"Annual Average Daily Traffic (AADT) counts\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20031028004805/http://ogov.newswire.ca/ontario/GONE/2003/10/07/c8815.html?lmatch=&lang=_e.html","external_links_name":"\"Notice of Opening of a New Four-Lane Highway Section of Highway 400\""},{"Link":"http://ogov.newswire.ca/ontario/GONE/2003/10/07/c8815.html?lmatch=&lang=_e.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://maps.google.ca/maps?f=d&hl=en&saddr=45.24872,-79.8313&daddr=Hwy-141,+Port+Sydney,+ON&sll=45.212762,-79.315281&sspn=0.026605,0.051498&ie=UTF8&t=h&z=10&om=1","external_links_name":"Google Maps: Highway 141 route"},{"Link":"http://www.onthighways.com/highway_141.htm","external_links_name":"Highway 141 pictures and information"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juli%C3%A1n_Herranz_Casado
Julián Herranz Casado
["1 Biography","2 References","3 External links"]
Spanish Catholic cardinal (born 1930) His EminenceJulián Herranz CasadoPresident emeritus of the Pontifical Council for Legislative TextsCardinal Herranz Casado in 2012Appointed19 December 1994Term ended15 February 2007PredecessorVincenzo FagioloSuccessorFrancesco CoccopalmerioOther post(s)Cardinal Priest of Sant'Eugenio (2014–present)OrdersOrdination7 August 1955by Juan Ricote AlonsoConsecration6 January 1991by Pope John Paul IICreated cardinal21 October 2003RankCardinal priestPersonal detailsBorn (1930-03-31) 31 March 1930 (age 94)Baena, SpainDenominationRoman CatholicPrevious post(s)Secretary of the Pontifical Council for the Interpretation of Legislative Texts (1983–1994)Titular Bishop of Vertara (1990–1994)Titular Archbishop of Vertara (1994–2003)Cardinal Deacon of Sant'Eugenio (2003–2014)MottoDomine ut videam(Latin for 'Lord, that I may see'); Luke 18:41 Julián Herranz Casado (born 31 March 1930) is a Spanish cardinal of the Catholic Church. He served as President of the Pontifical Council for the Interpretation of Legislative Texts in the Roman Curia from 1994 to 2007, and was elevated to the cardinalate in 2003 by Pope John Paul II. He is one of two cardinals – along with Juan Luis Cipriani Thorne – who belong to Opus Dei; Herranz Casado is the organisation's highest-ranking member in the Church's hierarchy. He is also considered one of the foremost experts in canon law, and to have been one of the Vatican's most influential figures during the period shortly before the death of Pope John Paul II. Biography Born in Baena in the Province of Córdoba, Herranz Casado joined Opus Dei in 1949 after reading a conspiratorial story about it as editor of a university newspaper. He was ordained as a priest of Opus Dei on 7 August 1955 by Bishop Juan Ricote Alonso, after obtaining doctorates in medicine from the Universities of Barcelona and Navarra and in canon law from the Pontifical University of St. Thomas Aquinas (Angelicum) in Rome. He taught canon law at the University of Navarra and travelled worldwide on behalf of Opus Dei until 1960, when he began to work for the Roman Curia. During the Second Vatican Council (1962–1965), Herranz Casado served as an assistant of study on the commissions for discipline of clergy and the Christian people. In 1984, he was appointed secretary for the Pontifical Commission for the Authentic Interpretation of the Code of Canon Law, which in 1988 became the Pontifical Council for Legislative Texts. On 15 December 1990, he was appointed titular bishop of Vertara by Pope John Paul II. Herranz Casado received his episcopal consecration on 6 January 1991 from John Paul II, with Archbishops Giovanni Battista Re and Justin Francis Rigali serving as co-consecrators, in St. Peter's Basilica. On 9 December 1994, he was named President of the Pontifical Council for Legislative Texts and raised to the rank of archbishop. Styles ofJulián Herranz CasadoReference styleHis EminenceSpoken styleYour EminenceInformal styleCardinalSeeVertara (titular) He was created Cardinal-Deacon of S. Eugenio by John Paul II in the consistory of 21 October 2003. According to Vatican journalist Sandro Magister, by the end of 2004, Herranz Casado was "constantly gaining influence" in the internal affairs of the Vatican. Along with Joseph Ratzinger, Angelo Sodano, and the Pope's private secretary, Archbishop Stanisław Dziwisz, Herranz Casado is believed to have been largely responsible for leading the Curia at times when the Pope was incapacitated by illness. Herranz finds conspiracy theories about Opus Dei particularly offensive, claiming that it has "no hidden agenda. The only policy is the message of Christ". Upon the death of John Paul II on 2 April 2005, Herranz Casado and all major Vatican officials automatically lost their positions. Herranz Casado was confirmed as president of Legislative Texts by Pope Benedict XVI on the following 21 April. He was one of the cardinal electors in the 2005 papal conclave. Though not generally considered a strong candidate for the papacy himself, he was described as a highly influential insider with the potential to play the role of a "kingmaker" at the conclave. It has been reported that, both before and after Pope John Paul's death, Herranz convened meetings of cardinals at a villa in Grottarossa, a suburb of Rome. Pope Benedict XVI named Francesco Coccopalmerio to replace Herranz as President of the Pontifical Council for Legislative Texts on 15 February 2007. In March 2012 Pope Benedict XVI established a Commission of Cardinals to investigate leaks of reserved and confidential documents on television, in newspapers, and in other communications media (in what is known as the Vatileaks scandal). It first met on Tuesday, 24 April 2012. Herranz served as the chair, and was accompanied by Cardinals Jozef Tomko and Salvatore De Giorgi. Having been a cardinal-deacon for ten years, he was promoted to cardinal-priest by Pope Francis on 12 June 2014. References ^ TIME Magazine. The Ways of Opus Dei 13 April 2006 ^ a b c "Herranz Card. Julián". Holy See Press Office. Archived from the original on 4 September 2017. Retrieved 26 November 2017. ^ Acta Apostolicae Sedis (PDF). Vol. LXXXIII. 1991. p. 109. Retrieved 20 June 2020. ^ Acta Apostolicae Sedis (PDF). Vol. LXXXVII. 1995. pp. 120, 213. Retrieved 20 June 2020. ^ Chiesa. Ruling in the Shadow of John Paul II: The Vatican Four 2005 Archived 25 April 2005 at the Wayback Machine ^ TIME Magazine. Power and Mystery 29 September 2002 ^ "Nomine e Confirme nella Curia Romana, 21.04.2005" (Press release) (in Italian). 21 April 2005. Retrieved 20 June 2020. ^ Times Online UK. Lobbying Begins for Papal Rivals 10 April 2005 ^ Allen Jr., John L. (16 February 2007). "Opus Dei down to one top Vatican official; Benedict's ties to Communion and Liberation deepen". National Catholic Reporter. Retrieved 19 June 2020. ^ "Notificazione della Segreteria du Stato". Holy See Press Office. Archived from the original on 26 August 2012. Retrieved 26 April 2012. ^ "Assegnazione del titolo presbiterale ad alcuni cardinali diaconi creati nel consistoro del 21 ottobre 2003" (in Italian). 12 June 2014. Retrieved 14 June 2014. External links Wikiquote has quotations related to Julián Herranz Casado. Wikimedia Commons has media related to Julián Herranz Casado. "Herranz Card. Julián". Holy See Press Office. Archived from the original on 4 September 2017. Retrieved 26 November 2017. An article by Sandro Magister about Vatican politics An interview with Cardinal Herranz about canon law Catholic Church titles Preceded byRosalio José Castillo Lara Secretary of the Pontifical Council for the Interpretation of Legislative Texts 25 January 1983 – 19 December 1994 Succeeded byBruno Bertagna Titular see created — TITULAR — Titular Bishop of Vertara 15 December 1990 – 19 December 1994 Himself as Titular Archbishop Himself as Titular Bishop — TITULAR — Titular Archbishop of Vertara 19 December 1994 – 21 October 2003 Succeeded byJohn Michael Miller Preceded byVincenzo Fagiolo President of the Pontifical Council for Legislative Texts 19 December 1994 – 15 February 2007 Succeeded byFrancesco Coccopalmerio Preceded byMario Francesco Pompedda President of the Disciplinary Commission of the Roman Curia 3 December 1999 – 11 May 2010 Succeeded byGiorgio Corbellini Preceded byFrancesco Colasuonno Cardinal-Deacon of Sant'Eugenio 21 October 2003 – 12 June 2014 Himself as Cardinal-Priest Himself as Cardinal-Deacon Cardinal-Priest 'pro hac vice' of Sant'Eugenio 12 June 2014 – Incumbent vteCollege of Cardinals List of current cardinals Cardinals of the Catholic Church under Pope Francis in order of precedence Cardinal bishops Re Sandri Arinze Bertone Saraiva Martins Parolin (CC) Ouellet Filoni Stella Tagle Raï Sako Cardinal priests Kitbunchu Nascimento Poupard Wetter López Rodríguez Mahony Ruini Darmaatmadja Wamala Maida Puljić Sandoval Íñiguez Stafford De Giorgi Rouco Varela Pengo Schönborn Rivera Carrera Pujats Sepe Kasper Bačkis Errázuriz Ossa Napier Rodríguez Maradiaga Cipriani Thorne Herranz Casado Scola Okogie Zubeir Wako Rigali Antonelli Turkson Bozanić Mẫn Barbarin Erdő Rodé Vallini Rosales Ricard Cañizares Llovera O'Malley (CC) Dziwisz Zen Lajolo Comastri Ryłko Farina Brady Martínez Sistach Vingt-Trois Bagnasco Sarr Gracias (CC) Robles Ortega DiNardo Scherer Njue Karlic Amato Sarah Monterisi Burke Koch Piacenza Ravasi Romeo Wuerl Assis Nycz Patabendige Don Marx Brandmüller Monteiro de Castro Abril y Castelló Vegliò Bertello Coccopalmerio Aviz O'Brien Calcagno Versaldi Alencherry Collins Duka Eijk Betori Dolan Woelki Tong Mureșan Thottunkal Onaiyekan Salazar Gómez Nichols Brenes Solórzano Lacroix (CC) Kutwa Tempesta Bassetti Poli Yeom Ezzati Andrello Ouédraogo Quevedo Langlois Clemente Souraphiel Dew Menichelli Nhơn Suárez Inda Bo Kovithavanij Montenegro Sturla Berhouet Blázquez Pérez Lacunza Maestrojuán Gomes Furtado Mafi Villalba Langa Nzapalainga Osoro Sierra Rocha (CC) Cupich D'Rozario Porras Cardozo De Kesel Piat Aguiar Retes Ribat Tobin Zerbo Omella Omella (CC) Arborelius Mangkhanekhoun Rosa Chávez De Donatis Coutts Santos Marto Barreto Jimeno Tsarahazana Petrocchi Maeda Ticona Porco Suharyo Hardjoatmodjo García Rodríguez Ambongo Besungu (CC) Hollerich (CC) Ramazzini Imeri Zuppi López Romero Tamkevičius Dal Corso Kambanda Gregory Advincula Aós Braco Lojudice Arizmendi Esquivel Aveline Okpaleke Steiner Ferrão McElroy Silva Cantoni Poola Costa Goh Martínez Flores Marengo Jiménez Carvajal Miglio Pizzaballa Brislin Rossi Aparicio Ryś Mulla Cano Rugambwa Francis Chow Bustillo Aguiar Marchetto Sánchez Cardinal deacons Martino Harvey Baldisseri Müller Mamberti Zenari Farrell Simoni Ladaria Ferrer Becciu Krajewski Bocos Merino Ayuso Guixot Mendonça Czerny Fitzgerald Grech Semeraro Gambetti Tomasi Cantalamessa Feroci Roche You Vérgez Alzaga (CC) Ghirlanda Frezza Prevost Gugerotti Fernández Tscherrig Pierre Artime Dri Cardinals ineligible to participate in a papal conclave in italics (CC): member of the Council of Cardinals See also: Titular Titular church List of titular churches List of creations of cardinals Category Media Catholic Church portal vteOpus DeiGeneral Types of membership list of members Priestly Society of the Holy Cross Timeline Churchesshrines Torreciudad St Mary Star of the Sea, West Melbourne Peterskirche, Vienna Heads Josemaría Escrivá Álvaro del Portillo Javier Echevarría Rodríguez Fernando Ocáriz Braña Canonized members/candidates Josemaría Escrivá canonization Álvaro del Portillo Guadalupe Ortiz de Landázuri Fernández de Heredia Opus Dei saints and beatified people Associated universities and Institutions University of Navarra (Spain) Pontifical University of the Holy Cross (Italy) PanAmerican Institute for High Business Direction Lexington College (Illinois, United States) Strathmore University (Kenya) University of Asia and the Pacific (Philippines) University of Piura (Peru) Panamerican University (Mexico) Media The Way The Da Vinci Code film criticism Opus Dei: An Objective Look Behind the Myths and Reality of the Most Controversial Force in the Catholic Church There Be Dragons Related topics Bibliography Controversies Corporate work Opus Dei and Catholic Church leaders Opus Dei and politics Opus Dei in society Women in Opus Dei Catholicism portal Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Spain France BnF data Germany Italy United States Poland Portugal Vatican Other IdRef
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"cardinal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardinal_(Catholic_Church)"},{"link_name":"Catholic Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_Church"},{"link_name":"Pontifical Council for the Interpretation of Legislative Texts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pontifical_Council_for_Legislative_Texts"},{"link_name":"Roman Curia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Curia"},{"link_name":"cardinalate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardinal_(Catholic_Church)"},{"link_name":"Pope John Paul II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_II"},{"link_name":"Juan Luis Cipriani Thorne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Luis_Cipriani_Thorne"},{"link_name":"Opus Dei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opus_Dei"},{"link_name":"Church's hierarchy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_Church_hierarchy"},{"link_name":"canon law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canon_law_(Catholic_Church)"},{"link_name":"Vatican","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_See"}],"text":"Julián Herranz Casado (born 31 March 1930) is a Spanish cardinal of the Catholic Church. He served as President of the Pontifical Council for the Interpretation of Legislative Texts in the Roman Curia from 1994 to 2007, and was elevated to the cardinalate in 2003 by Pope John Paul II.He is one of two cardinals – along with Juan Luis Cipriani Thorne – who belong to Opus Dei; Herranz Casado is the organisation's highest-ranking member in the Church's hierarchy. He is also considered one of the foremost experts in canon law, and to have been one of the Vatican's most influential figures during the period shortly before the death of Pope John Paul II.","title":"Julián Herranz Casado"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Baena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baena"},{"link_name":"Province of Córdoba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%B3rdoba_(Spanish_province)"},{"link_name":"Opus Dei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opus_Dei"},{"link_name":"conspiratorial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conspiracy_theory"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"ordained","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_orders"},{"link_name":"priest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Priesthood_(Catholic_Church)"},{"link_name":"of Opus Dei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opus_Dei:_Priestly_Society_of_the_Holy_Cross"},{"link_name":"Universities of Barcelona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Barcelona"},{"link_name":"Navarra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Navarra"},{"link_name":"canon law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canon_law_(Catholic_Church)"},{"link_name":"Pontifical University of St. Thomas Aquinas (Angelicum)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pontifical_University_of_St._Thomas_Aquinas_(Angelicum)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hspo-2"},{"link_name":"Roman Curia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Curia"},{"link_name":"Second Vatican Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Vatican_Council"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hspo-2"},{"link_name":"titular bishop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titular_bishop"},{"link_name":"Pope John Paul II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_II"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"episcopal consecration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishop_(Catholic_Church)"},{"link_name":"Giovanni Battista Re","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giovanni_Battista_Re"},{"link_name":"Justin Francis Rigali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justin_Francis_Rigali"},{"link_name":"co-consecrators","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consecrator"},{"link_name":"St. Peter's Basilica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Peter%27s_Basilica"},{"link_name":"Pontifical Council for Legislative Texts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pontifical_Council_for_Legislative_Texts"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Cardinal-Deacon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardinal_(Catholic_Church)"},{"link_name":"S. Eugenio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sant%27Eugenio"},{"link_name":"consistory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papal_consistory"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hspo-2"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Joseph Ratzinger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Benedict_XVI"},{"link_name":"Angelo Sodano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angelo_Sodano"},{"link_name":"private secretary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_assistant"},{"link_name":"Stanisław Dziwisz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_Dziwisz"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Pope Benedict XVI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Benedict_XVI"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"cardinal electors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardinal_electors_in_Papal_conclave,_2005"},{"link_name":"2005 papal conclave","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papal_conclave,_2005"},{"link_name":"strong candidate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papabile"},{"link_name":"papacy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Pope Benedict XVI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Benedict_XVI"},{"link_name":"Francesco Coccopalmerio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francesco_Coccopalmerio"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Pope Benedict XVI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Benedict_XVI"},{"link_name":"Vatileaks scandal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vatileaks_scandal"},{"link_name":"Jozef Tomko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jozef_Tomko"},{"link_name":"Salvatore De Giorgi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salvatore_De_Giorgi"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Pope Francis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Francis"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"text":"Born in Baena in the Province of Córdoba, Herranz Casado joined Opus Dei in 1949 after reading a conspiratorial story about it as editor of a university newspaper.[1] He was ordained as a priest of Opus Dei on 7 August 1955 by Bishop Juan Ricote Alonso, after obtaining doctorates in medicine from the Universities of Barcelona and Navarra and in canon law from the Pontifical University of St. Thomas Aquinas (Angelicum) in Rome.[2] He taught canon law at the University of Navarra and travelled worldwide on behalf of Opus Dei until 1960, when he began to work for the Roman Curia.During the Second Vatican Council (1962–1965), Herranz Casado served as an assistant of study on the commissions for discipline of clergy and the Christian people. In 1984, he was appointed secretary for the Pontifical Commission for the Authentic Interpretation of the Code of Canon Law,[2] which in 1988 became the Pontifical Council for Legislative Texts. On 15 December 1990, he was appointed titular bishop of Vertara by Pope John Paul II.[3] Herranz Casado received his episcopal consecration on 6 January 1991 from John Paul II, with Archbishops Giovanni Battista Re and Justin Francis Rigali serving as co-consecrators, in St. Peter's Basilica. On 9 December 1994, he was named President of the Pontifical Council for Legislative Texts and raised to the rank of archbishop.[4]He was created Cardinal-Deacon of S. Eugenio by John Paul II in the consistory of 21 October 2003.[2]According to Vatican journalist Sandro Magister, by the end of 2004, Herranz Casado was \"constantly gaining influence\" in the internal affairs of the Vatican.[citation needed] Along with Joseph Ratzinger, Angelo Sodano, and the Pope's private secretary, Archbishop Stanisław Dziwisz, Herranz Casado is believed to have been largely responsible for leading the Curia at times when the Pope was incapacitated by illness.[5] Herranz finds conspiracy theories about Opus Dei particularly offensive, claiming that it has \"no hidden agenda. The only policy is the message of Christ\".[6]Upon the death of John Paul II on 2 April 2005, Herranz Casado and all major Vatican officials automatically lost their positions. Herranz Casado was confirmed as president of Legislative Texts by Pope Benedict XVI on the following 21 April.[7] He was one of the cardinal electors in the 2005 papal conclave. Though not generally considered a strong candidate for the papacy himself, he was described as a highly influential insider with the potential to play the role of a \"kingmaker\" at the conclave. It has been reported that, both before and after Pope John Paul's death, Herranz convened meetings of cardinals at a villa in Grottarossa, a suburb of Rome.[8] Pope Benedict XVI named Francesco Coccopalmerio to replace Herranz as President of the Pontifical Council for Legislative Texts on 15 February 2007.[9]In March 2012 Pope Benedict XVI established a Commission of Cardinals to investigate leaks of reserved and confidential documents on television, in newspapers, and in other communications media (in what is known as the Vatileaks scandal). It first met on Tuesday, 24 April 2012. Herranz served as the chair, and was accompanied by Cardinals Jozef Tomko and Salvatore De Giorgi.[10]Having been a cardinal-deacon for ten years, he was promoted to cardinal-priest by Pope Francis on 12 June 2014.[11]","title":"Biography"}]
[]
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[{"reference":"\"Herranz Card. Julián\". Holy See Press Office. Archived from the original on 4 September 2017. Retrieved 26 November 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://press.vatican.va/content/salastampa/en/documentation/cardinali_biografie/cardinali_bio_herranz_j.html","url_text":"\"Herranz Card. Julián\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_See_Press_Office","url_text":"Holy See Press Office"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170904063941/http://press.vatican.va/content/salastampa/en/documentation/cardinali_biografie/cardinali_bio_herranz_j.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Acta Apostolicae Sedis (PDF). Vol. LXXXIII. 1991. p. 109. Retrieved 20 June 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.vatican.va/archive/aas/documents/AAS-83-1991-ocr.pdf","url_text":"Acta Apostolicae Sedis"}]},{"reference":"Acta Apostolicae Sedis (PDF). Vol. LXXXVII. 1995. pp. 120, 213. Retrieved 20 June 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.vatican.va/archive/aas/documents/AAS-87-1995-ocr.pdf","url_text":"Acta Apostolicae Sedis"}]},{"reference":"\"Nomine e Confirme nella Curia Romana, 21.04.2005\" (Press release) (in Italian). 21 April 2005. Retrieved 20 June 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://press.vatican.va/content/salastampa/it/bollettino/pubblico/2005/04/21/0231/00468.html","url_text":"\"Nomine e Confirme nella Curia Romana, 21.04.2005\""}]},{"reference":"Allen Jr., John L. (16 February 2007). \"Opus Dei down to one top Vatican official; Benedict's ties to Communion and Liberation deepen\". National Catholic Reporter. Retrieved 19 June 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncronline.org/news/opus-dei-down-one-top-vatican-official-benedicts-ties-communion-and-liberation-deepen","url_text":"\"Opus Dei down to one top Vatican official; Benedict's ties to Communion and Liberation deepen\""}]},{"reference":"\"Notificazione della Segreteria du Stato\". Holy See Press Office. Archived from the original on 26 August 2012. Retrieved 26 April 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120826235456/http://press.catholica.va/news_services/bulletin/news/29104.php?index=29104&lang=en","url_text":"\"Notificazione della Segreteria du Stato\""},{"url":"http://press.catholica.va/news_services/bulletin/news/29104.php?index%3D29104%26lang%3Den","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Assegnazione del titolo presbiterale ad alcuni cardinali diaconi creati nel consistoro del 21 ottobre 2003\" (in Italian). 12 June 2014. Retrieved 14 June 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.vatican.va/news_services/liturgy/2014/documents/ns_lit_doc_20140612_optatio-diaconis-cardinalibus_it.html","url_text":"\"Assegnazione del titolo presbiterale ad alcuni cardinali diaconi creati nel consistoro del 21 ottobre 2003\""}]},{"reference":"\"Herranz Card. Julián\". Holy See Press Office. Archived from the original on 4 September 2017. Retrieved 26 November 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://press.vatican.va/content/salastampa/en/documentation/cardinali_biografie/cardinali_bio_herranz_j.html","url_text":"\"Herranz Card. Julián\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_See_Press_Office","url_text":"Holy See Press Office"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170904063941/http://press.vatican.va/content/salastampa/en/documentation/cardinali_biografie/cardinali_bio_herranz_j.html","url_text":"Archived"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K-99_(Kansas_highway)
K-99 (Kansas highway)
["1 Route description","1.1 Chautauqua to Emporia","1.2 Emporia to Summerfield","2 History","3 Major intersections","4 References","5 External links"]
Route map: State highway in Kansas, United States K-99K-99 highlighted in redRoute informationMaintained by KDOT and the cities of Sedan, Emporia, Alma and WamegoLength234.473 mi (377.348 km)Existed1926–presentHistoryRenumbered to K-99 May 17, 1938Major junctionsSouth end SH-99 south of ChautauquaMajor intersections US-166 near Sedan US-160 near Moline US-400 near Severy US-54 near Eureka US-50 in Emporia I-35 in Emporia US-56 in Admire I-70 / US-40 near Alma US-24 in Wamego US-36 near Beattie North end N-99 in Summerfield LocationCountryUnited StatesStateKansasCountiesChautauqua, Elk, Greenwood, Lyon, Wabaunsee, Pottawatomie, Marshall Highway system Kansas State Highway System Interstate US State Spurs ← K-98→ K-100 K-99 is a state highway in the U.S. state of Kansas. The highway runs 234.473 miles (377.348 km) from Oklahoma State Highway 99 (SH-99) at the Oklahoma state line near Chautauqua north to Nebraska Highway 99 (N-99) at the Nebraska state line in Summerfield. K-99 connects Emporia with several smaller county seats to the south and north, including Sedan, Howard, Eureka, Alma, and Westmoreland while passing through the Flint Hills of eastern Kansas. The highway that became K-99, was originally designated in 1926 as K-11, and travelled from Sedan north to Frankfort. By 1927, the northern terminus was extended north to US-36 in Beattie. By 1931, it was extended south to the Oklahoma border. Then by 1932, it had been extended north to the Nebraska border. K-11 was renumbered to K-99 on May 17, 1938, along with Oklahoma and Nebraska doing the same to make a three-state continuous Highway 99. Route description K-99 in Beattie K-99 passes through four physiographic regions. The highway passes through the western edge of the Chautauqua Hills immediately north of the Oklahoma state line. K-99 continues through the Osage Cuestas. The highway passes through the Flint Hills from north of Emporia to the Kansas River at Wamego. A subset of the route's course through the Flint Hills, from Eskridge to near Wamego, is part of the Native Stone Scenic Byway, which recognizes the region's limestone, which was used in much of the region's masonry. From there, K-99 passes through the Glaciated Region to the Nebraska state line. K-99 has four memorial highway designations. From the Oklahoma state line to Severy, the highway is part of the Prairie Parkway. The route is part of Maisie Devore Highway along its concurrency with K-4 from Eskridge to near Alma. K-99 follows The Road to Oz from Interstate 70 (I-70) near Alma to the south city limit of Frankfort. Finally, the route is named the Frankfort Boys World War II Memorial Highway from the south city limit of Frankfort to U.S. Route 36 (US-36) near Beattie. The Frankfort Boys designation, approved by the Kansas Legislature in 2012, honors the World War II casualties of the city of Frankfort; more residents per capita died in the war from Frankfort than from any other community in the United States. Chautauqua to Emporia K-99 begins at the Oklahoma state line in Chautauqua County, as a continuation of Oklahoma State Highway 99. The highway passes through the city of Chautauqua on Johnson Street. K-99 intersects US-166 north of Chautauqua, and the state route continues north concurrently with US-166 Bus. across Middle Caney Creek, which feeds the Caney River, into the city of Sedan, the county seat of Chautauqua County. The highways enter town on School Street and turn west onto Main Street, which passes by the Emmett Kelly Museum and the historic Bradford Hotel. K-99 and US-166 Bus. cross Deer Creek to leave the city and diverge; the business route heads southwest to rejoin US-166, and K-99 curves north toward Elk County. K-99 crosses the South Fork of Wildcat Creek, which feeds the Elk River, and has a grade crossing of the South Kansas and Oklahoma Railroad immediately to the south of its junction with US-160 east of Moline. The two highways cross the North Fork of Wildcat Creek together before they diverge; US-166 heads east toward Elk Falls. K-99 crosses the Mound Branch of the Elk River and the river itself south of Howard. The route follows the east city limit of the county seat, home of the historic Elk County Courthouse and the Benson Historical Museum. North of Howard, K-99 crosses Pawpaw Creek and parallels Snake Creek toward Greenwood County. Prairie view along K-99 in Greenwood County K-99 crosses Salt Creek, which feeds the Fall River, and passes to the west and north of Severy, the latter side during the route's 1-mile-long (1.6 km) concurrency with east–west running US-400. The state highway crosses Plum Creek immediately to the north of US-400 and Otter Creek south of the city of Climax, which the highway bypasses to the west. K-99 crosses the Fall River south of its junction with US-54 east of the county seat of Eureka. The two highways head northeast and cross Bachelor Creek, which feeds the Verdigris River, before K-99 splits north. K-99 crosses Homer Creek and Indian Creek south of Hamilton and Onion Creek and Willow Creek north of that city. The highway crosses Holderman Creek before it briefly enters the city of Madison. In its brief transverse, K-99 veers northwest while K-249 (Southwest Boulevard) heads toward downtown. The highway meets the western end of K-58 (Madison Avenue) west of the city. North of K-58, K-99 crosses the Verdigris River immediately downstream from the confluence of the river's North and South branches and 1 mile (1.6 km) west of the historic Verdigris River Bridge north of Madison. The highway continues into Lyon County, where the highway crosses Eagle Creek, a tributary of the Neosho River, south of Olpe, where the route curves west through town before resuming its northward course toward Emporia. K-99 passes Emporia Municipal Airport and enters the city of Emporia on Commercial Street by crossing the Cottonwood River parallel to the historic Soden's Grove Bridge, a Marsh arch bridge. The highway passes by Soden Park, the site of the David Traylor Zoo of Emporia, and the historic Hallie B. Soden House and to the west of the Richard Howe House in the city's south end. K-99 enters the Emporia Downtown Historic District by crossing at grade the three-track BNSF Railway. North of its intersection with US-50 (6th Avenue), the highway passes by the Granada Theater, the Lyon County History Center, and the Kress Building and east of the Keebler-Stone House. North of downtown, K-99 passes east of the Warren Wesley Finney House and west of the Harris-Borman House and the William Allen White House State Historic Site, a house also known as Red Rocks. At 12th Avenue, which leads west to the Walt Mason House and the Andrew Carnegie Memorial Library, Commercial Street ends at the south end of the Emporia State University campus. K-99 turns west onto 12th Avenue and north onto Merchant Street to pass along the west side of the campus, which includes the Johnston Geology Museum, the Schmidt Museum of Natural History, and the National Teachers Hall of Fame. At the north end of campus, the highway has a diamond interchange with I-35 and leaves the city of Emporia by crossing the Neosho River. Emporia to Summerfield K-99 crosses Allen Creek and crosses over the I-335 portion of the Kansas Turnpike. The highway turns east, crosses the turnpike again, and turns north again 1 mile (1.6 km) south of its junction with K-170. K-99 crosses the turnpike for the third and final time and crosses Duck Creek and Hill Creek on its way to Admire. Within the city, the highway intersects a rail trail along a former Missouri Pacific Railroad line, and north of town, the route intersects US-56. K-99 crosses One Hundred and Forty-Two Mile Creek and Elm Creek, whose confluence form the Marais des Cygnes River, before the highway enters Wabaunsee County. The highway meets the western end of K-31 and crosses Dragoon Creek before entering the city of Eskridge, within which the route follows 3rd Avenue and passes to the north of the Eskridge Bandstand. K-99 intersects K-4 (Main Street), and the two highways head west out of town together. The routes pass to the north of Lake Wabaunsee, around which the lake's circumferential road crosses two historic stone arch bridges. West of the lake, K-4 and K-99 follow a curvaceous path—compared with following section line roads—before the highways diverge. K-99 continues north through the valley of the South Branch of Mill Creek, within which the highway does not follow section lines. The highway passes to the west of the Peter Thoes Barn and crosses the West Branch of Mill Creek just west of its confluence with the South Branch. K-99 curves northwest into the city of Alma, the county seat of Wabaunsee County. The highway has a grade crossing of the Union Pacific Railroad and curves north onto Missouri Street to pass through the Alma Downtown Historic District, which includes the Wabaunsee County Courthouse, the Wabaunsee County Historical Museum, and the Stuewe House. South of the Brandt Hotel, K-99 turns east onto 7th Street and curves north to leave town as it approaches the railroad. North of Alma, the highway crosses Hendricks Creek and has a diamond interchange with I-70 and US-40. K-99 meets the eastern end of K-18 east of the unincorporated village of Wabaunsee and crosses the Kansas River on the K-99 Wamego Bridge into the city of Wamego in Pottawatomie County. K-99 passes through Wamego on Lincoln Avenue, which has a double-track grade crossing of the Union Pacific Railroad and passes by the Oz Museum, a museum dedicated to the Wizard of Oz, and The Columbian Theatre. The highway passes to the west of the Wamego Historical Museum, which includes the Old Dutch Mill, and to the east of the historic Cassius & Adelia Baker House and George and Virginia Trout House. At the north end of the city, K-99 intersects US-24. The state highway crosses Rock Creek while passing through the city of Louisville, which lies west of the Vermillion Creek Crossing of the Oregon Trail. K-99 crosses Boxelder Creek and Rock Creek and passes the John McKimmons Barn on its way to the county seat of Westmoreland, where the route's path crosses that of the Oregon Trail and near the Rock Creek Valley Historical Society Museum. The highway has a brief concurrency with K-16 while passing to the west of the village of Blaine before it enters Marshall County. K-99 southbound by Summerfield K-99 crosses the Clear Fork of the Black Vermillion River and Cedar Creek on the way to Frankfort, at the south end of which the highway crosses the Black Vermillion River proper. The highway follows Kansas Avenue through a grade crossing of a Union Pacific rail line to 2nd Street, onto which K-99 turns east to join K-9. The two highways turn north one block east at Locust Street, which leads south to the Old Frankfort City Jail. K-99 and K-9 pass the Frankfort School on their way out of town, and the two highways diverge 1 mile (1.6 km) north of the city limit. K-99 crosses Snipe Creek before intersecting US-36 (Pony Express Highway) south of Beattie. The highway crosses Wolf Creek and intersects a Union Pacific rail line as the route enters the city from the south on Center Avenue and leaves to the east on Elm Street. K-99 makes three right-angle turns 0.5 miles (0.80 km) apart, the last its final turn north in Kansas, and intersects the Union Pacific rail line a third time where the highway crosses the path of the Pony Express. The highway passes to the west of the St. Bridget Church before entering the city of Summerfield, through which the highway passes on 4th Street and passes by the Transue Brothers Blacksmith & Wagon Shop. K-99 ends at the north city limit, which is also the Nebraska state line, and the road continues as Nebraska Highway 99. History K-99 was first designated as K-11 in 1926, to a highway that ran from K-44 in Sedan north through Emporia and Eskridge to K-6 in Frankfort. By 1927, K-44 became US-166 and K-6 became K-9, also the northern terminus was extended north to US-36 in Beattie. By 1931, K-11 was extended south to the Oklahoma border. Then by 1932, it had been extended north to the Nebraska border. In a November 6, 1936 resolution, K-11 was realigned from north of Louisville to south of Westmoreland, to eliminate five sharp curves. K-11 was renumbered to K-99 on May 17, 1938, along with Oklahoma and Nebraska doing the same to make a three state continuous Highway 99. In a June 14, 1940 resolution, K-99 was realigned between Frankfort and US-36, which eliminated four sharp curves. In an August 10, 1950 resolution, K-99 was realigned from Alma southward 1.1 miles (1.8 km). In a November 24, 1954 resolution, a 11.315-mile-long (18.210 km) section of K-99 was realigned south of Alma. In a June 28, 1958 resolution, the junction with US-24 and US-40 was moved 1 mile (1.6 km) northwest in Wamego. In a June 8, 1960 resolution, the overlap with US-59 was realigned east of Eureka, to eliminate two sharp curves. In a February 11, 1964 resolution, K-99 was realigned out of Madison, to the west of the city. In a January 18, 1978 resolution, K-99 and US-160 was realigned slightly where they overlap, northeast of Moline. In an October 10, 1984 resolution, K-99 was realigned slightly, just north of I-35, to eliminate two sharp curves. Before 1985, K-99 turned east to Severy, then turned north and crossed K-96. Then in an April 22, 1985 resolution, K-99 was realigned to go direct north to K-96, then overlap it east for 1 then turn north again. The overlap with US-166 Bus. in Sedan was originally US-166. In a December 22, 1993 resolution, KDOT approved and requested to realign US-166 south of Sedan, and to re-designate the former alignment as US-166 Business. This request was approved by AASHTO in an April 10, 1994 meeting. Until 2004, K-57 overlapped K-99 from just north of K-249 to Emporia. Then in a September 20, 2004 resolution, K-57 was truncated to Dwight, and K-57 from K-99 east was renumbered to K-58. On May 21, 2019, the highway was closed from Emporia to Olpe, due to flooding from Cottonwood River. Also a segment from I-35 to K-170 was closed due to flooding from Dow Creek, which opened back up early the next day. The other section was fully open to traffic on May 28, 2019. In December 2020, a project began to reconstruct and realign a section of K-99, between two miles (3.2 km) north of I-70 and just south of K-18. The project is expected to be completed by the summer of 2022. Ebert Construction Company of Wamego is the contractor on the $12.6 million project. The improved section will better serve the truck traffic from the Caterpillar facility. Major intersections CountyLocationmikmDestinationsNotes Chautauqua​0.0000.000 SH-99 south – PawhuskaSouthern terminus; Oklahoma state line ​5.8589.428 US 166 Bus. begin / US-166 – Arkansas City, CoffeyvilleEastern terminus of US-166 Bus.; south end of concurrency with US-166 Bus. Sedan9.87215.887 US 166 Bus. west – Cedarvale, Arkansas CityNorth end of concurrency with US-166 Bus. Elk​28.13945.285 US-160 west – MolineSouth end of concurrency with US-160 ​28.70346.193 US-160 east – Elk Falls, IndependenceNorth end of concurrency with US-160 Greenwood​47.13375.853 US-400 west – WichitaSouth end of concurrency with US-400 Severy48.19877.567 US-400 east – FredoniaNorth end of concurrency with US-400 ​61.11298.350 US-54 west – EurekaSouth end of concurrency with US-54 ​64.609103.978 US-54 east – Yates CenterNorth end of concurrency with US-54 Madison84.806136.482 K-249 north (Southwest Boulevard) – MadisonSouthern terminus of K-249 ​85.906138.252 K-58 east – MadisonWestern terminus of K-58 LyonEmporia105.356169.554 US-50 (6th Avenue) – Ottawa, Strong City 106.702171.720 I-35 – Kansas City, WichitaI-35 exit 130; diamond interchange ​117.338188.837 K-170 east – Reading, Osage CityWestern terminus of K-170 Admire126.458203.514 US-56 – Burlingame, Allen Wabaunsee​135.586218.205 K-31 east – HarveyvilleWestern terminus of K-31 Eskridge141.276227.362 K-4 east (Main Street) – TopekaSouth end of concurrency with K-4 ​151.428243.700 K-4 west – Alta VistaNorth end of concurrency with K-4 ​164.196264.248 I-70 / US-40 – Topeka, SalinaI-70 exit 328; diamond interchange ​170.391274.218 K-18 west – Wabaunsee, Zeandale, ManhattanEastern terminus of K-18 Kansas River173.428–173.617279.105–279.409K-99 Wamego Bridge PottawatomieWamego174.424280.708 US-24 – Manhattan, St. Marys Blaine195.622314.823 K-16 west – Olsburg, ManhattanSouth end of concurrency with K-16 196.023315.468 K-16 east – Wheaton, OnagaNorth end of concurrency with K-16 MarshallFrankfort210.232338.336 K-9 west (2nd Street) – Blue RapidsSouth end of concurrency with K-9 ​211.883340.993 K-9 east – Vermillion, CentraliaNorth end of concurrency with K-9 ​219.946353.969 US-36 (Pony Express Highway) – Marysville, Seneca Summerfield234.473377.348 N-99 north – Pawnee CityNorthern terminus; Nebraska state line 1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi      Concurrency terminus References ^ a b Rand McNally and Company (1926). "Kansas" (Map). Rand McNally Auto Road Atlas of the United States, including a Brief Description of the National Parks and Monuments. Chicago: Rand McNally and Company. pp. 56–57. ^ a b Oklahoma Department of Transportation. "Memorial Dedication and Revision History, SH 99". Retrieved 2020-04-27. ^ a b Staff (2016). "Pavement Management Information System". Kansas Department of Transportation. Retrieved April 15, 2017. ^ Tourism Division. "Native Stone Scenic Byway". Kansas Byways. Kansas Department of Wildlife, Parks, and Tourism. Archived from the original on April 16, 2017. Retrieved April 15, 2017. ^ a b c d e f g h Bureau of Transportation Planning. Kansas Official State Transportation Map (PDF) (Map) (2017–2018 ed.). Topeka, KS: Kansas Department of Transportation. §§ A10, B10, C10, D10, E10, F10, G10. Retrieved April 15, 2017. Emporia ^ Bureau of Transportation Planning (August 12, 2015). Kansas Memorial Highways, Bridges, and Interchanges (PDF) (Map). Topeka, KS: Kansas Department of Transportation. Archived (PDF) from the original on November 29, 2016. Retrieved April 15, 2017. ^ a b c d e f g h Bureau of Transportation Planning (April 2017). General County Highway Maps (half inch) (PDF) (Map). 1:125,000. Topeka, KS: Kansas Department of Transportation. Retrieved April 15, 2017. Chautauqua County Archived April 16, 2017, at the Wayback Machine Elk County Archived April 16, 2017, at the Wayback Machine Greenwood County Archived April 16, 2017, at the Wayback Machine Lyon County Archived April 16, 2017, at the Wayback Machine Wabaunsee County Archived April 16, 2017, at the Wayback Machine Pottawatomie County Archived April 16, 2017, at the Wayback Machine Marshall County Archived April 16, 2017, at the Wayback Machine ^ Brunner, Melissa (June 15, 2012). "Frankfort Boys Highway To Be Dedicated". WIBW-TV. Archived from the original on April 17, 2017. Retrieved April 16, 2017. ^ "Visit – Oz Museum". Oz Museum. Archived from the original on April 17, 2017. Retrieved April 16, 2017. ^ Rand McNally and Company (1927). "Kansas" (Map). Rand McNally Auto Road Atlas of the United States and Ontario, Quebec, and the Maritime Provinces of Canada, with a Brief Description of the National Parks and Monuments. 1:1,600,000. Chicago: Rand McNally and Company. pp. 54–55. OCLC 2078375 – via Rumsey Collection. ^ Rand McNally and Company (1931). "Kansas" (Map). Clason's Road Map of Kansas. 1:2,000,000. Denver: Clason Map Company. p. 87 – via Rumsey Collection. ^ State Highway Commission of Kansas (1932). Kansas State Highway System (PDF) (Map). Scale not given. Topeka: State Highway Commission of Kansas. OCLC 1007837202. Retrieved April 23, 2020. ^ State Highway Commission of Kansas (November 6, 1936). "Resolution for Relocation and Redesignation of Road in Pottawatomie County". Topeka: State Highway Commission of Kansas. Retrieved April 27, 2020. ^ Official State Transportation Map (PDF) (Map) (July 1938 ed.). Kansas Department of Transportation. Retrieved 2019-08-15. ^ State Highway Commission of Kansas (June 14, 1940). "Resolution for Relocation and Redesignation of Road in Marshall County". Topeka: State Highway Commission of Kansas. Retrieved April 27, 2020. ^ State Highway Commission of Kansas (August 10, 1950). "Resolution for Relocation and Redesignation of Road in Wabaunsee County". Topeka: State Highway Commission of Kansas. Retrieved April 27, 2020. ^ State Highway Commission of Kansas (November 24, 1954). "Resolution for Relocation and Redesignation of Road in Wabaunsee County". Topeka: State Highway Commission of Kansas. Retrieved April 27, 2020. ^ State Highway Commission of Kansas (June 28, 1958). "Resolution for Relocation and Redesignation of Road in Pottawatomie County". Topeka: State Highway Commission of Kansas. Retrieved April 27, 2020. ^ State Highway Commission of Kansas (January 18, 1978). "Resolution for Relocation and Redesignation of Road in Greenwood County". Topeka: State Highway Commission of Kansas. Retrieved April 27, 2020. ^ State Highway Commission of Kansas (February 11, 1964). "Resolution for Relocation and Redesignation of Road in Greenwood County". Topeka: State Highway Commission of Kansas. Retrieved April 27, 2020. ^ State Highway Commission of Kansas (January 18, 1978). "Resolution for Relocation and Redesignation of Highway in Elk County". Topeka: State Highway Commission of Kansas. Retrieved April 27, 2020. ^ State Highway Commission of Kansas (October 10, 1984). "Resolution to Relocate a segment of Highway in Lyon County". Topeka: State Highway Commission of Kansas. Retrieved April 27, 2020. ^ State Highway Commission of Kansas (April 22, 1985). "Resolution to relocate a segment of Highway in Greenwood County". Topeka: State Highway Commission of Kansas. Retrieved April 27, 2020. ^ Kansas Department of Transportation (December 22, 1993). "Resolution to establish and redesignate segments of highways in Chautauqua County". Topeka: Kansas Department of Transportation. Retrieved April 26, 2020. ^ Special Committee on U.S. Route Numbering (November 12, 1994). "Report of the Special Committee on U.S. Route Numbering to the Standing Committee on Highways" (PDF) (Report). Washington, DC: American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials. p. 3. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 16, 2017. Retrieved March 1, 2021. ^ Kansas Department of Transportation (September 20, 2004). "Rural Resolution to withdraw and redesignate segments of K-57". Topeka: Kansas Department of Transportation. Retrieved April 27, 2020. ^ Viviani, Nick (May 20, 2019). "KDOT: Stretch of K-99 likely closed for days". wibw.com. Retrieved 20 April 2020. ^ "Highway 99 now open to regular traffic". emporiagazette.com. May 28, 2019. Retrieved 20 April 2020. ^ Motter, Sarah (December 11, 2020). "Reconstruction, realignment project on K-99 in Wabaunsee Co. to begin Monday". wibw.com. Retrieved 5 March 2021. External links KML file (edit • help) Template:Attached KML/K-99 (Kansas highway)KML is not from Wikidata
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"state highway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_highway"},{"link_name":"Kansas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kansas"},{"link_name":"Oklahoma State Highway 99","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oklahoma_State_Highway_99"},{"link_name":"Oklahoma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oklahoma"},{"link_name":"Chautauqua","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chautauqua,_Kansas"},{"link_name":"Nebraska Highway 99","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nebraska_Highway_99"},{"link_name":"Nebraska","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nebraska"},{"link_name":"Summerfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Summerfield,_Kansas"},{"link_name":"Emporia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emporia,_Kansas"},{"link_name":"county seats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_seat"},{"link_name":"Sedan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sedan,_Kansas"},{"link_name":"Howard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howard,_Kansas"},{"link_name":"Eureka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eureka,_Kansas"},{"link_name":"Alma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alma,_Kansas"},{"link_name":"Westmoreland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westmoreland,_Kansas"},{"link_name":"Flint Hills","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flint_Hills"},{"link_name":"Frankfort","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankfort,_Kansas"}],"text":"State highway in Kansas, United StatesK-99 is a state highway in the U.S. state of Kansas. The highway runs 234.473 miles (377.348 km) from Oklahoma State Highway 99 (SH-99) at the Oklahoma state line near Chautauqua north to Nebraska Highway 99 (N-99) at the Nebraska state line in Summerfield. K-99 connects Emporia with several smaller county seats to the south and north, including Sedan, Howard, Eureka, Alma, and Westmoreland while passing through the Flint Hills of eastern Kansas.The highway that became K-99, was originally designated in 1926 as K-11, and travelled from Sedan north to Frankfort. By 1927, the northern terminus was extended north to US-36 in Beattie. By 1931, it was extended south to the Oklahoma border. Then by 1932, it had been extended north to the Nebraska border. K-11 was renumbered to K-99 on May 17, 1938, along with Oklahoma and Nebraska doing the same to make a three-state continuous Highway 99.","title":"K-99 (Kansas highway)"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:KS99sRoadSignLeft-BeattieKS_(28267185863).jpg"},{"link_name":"physiographic regions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physiography"},{"link_name":"Chautauqua Hills","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geology_of_Kansas#Chautauqua_Hills"},{"link_name":"Osage Cuestas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geology_of_Kansas#Osage_Cuestas"},{"link_name":"Kansas River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kansas_River"},{"link_name":"Wamego","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wamego,_Kansas"},{"link_name":"Eskridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eskridge,_Kansas"},{"link_name":"Native Stone Scenic Byway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Native_Stone_Scenic_Byway&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"limestone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limestone"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Native_Stone_Scenic_Byway-4"},{"link_name":"Glaciated Region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geology_of_Kansas#Glaciated_Region"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2017_map-5"},{"link_name":"Severy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Severy,_Kansas"},{"link_name":"concurrency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concurrency_(road)"},{"link_name":"Interstate 70 (I-70)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_70_in_Kansas"},{"link_name":"Frankfort","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankfort,_Kansas"},{"link_name":"U.S. Route 36","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_36_in_Kansas"},{"link_name":"Beattie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beattie,_Kansas"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Memorial_Designations-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-County_Maps-7"},{"link_name":"Kansas Legislature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kansas_Legislature"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Frankfort_Boys-8"}],"text":"K-99 in BeattieK-99 passes through four physiographic regions. The highway passes through the western edge of the Chautauqua Hills immediately north of the Oklahoma state line. K-99 continues through the Osage Cuestas. The highway passes through the Flint Hills from north of Emporia to the Kansas River at Wamego. A subset of the route's course through the Flint Hills, from Eskridge to near Wamego, is part of the Native Stone Scenic Byway, which recognizes the region's limestone, which was used in much of the region's masonry.[4] From there, K-99 passes through the Glaciated Region to the Nebraska state line.[5] K-99 has four memorial highway designations. From the Oklahoma state line to Severy, the highway is part of the Prairie Parkway. The route is part of Maisie Devore Highway along its concurrency with K-4 from Eskridge to near Alma. K-99 follows The Road to Oz from Interstate 70 (I-70) near Alma to the south city limit of Frankfort. Finally, the route is named the Frankfort Boys World War II Memorial Highway from the south city limit of Frankfort to U.S. Route 36 (US-36) near Beattie.[6][7] The Frankfort Boys designation, approved by the Kansas Legislature in 2012, honors the World War II casualties of the city of Frankfort; more residents per capita died in the war from Frankfort than from any other community in the United States.[8]","title":"Route description"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chautauqua County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chautauqua_County,_Kansas"},{"link_name":"Oklahoma State Highway 99","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oklahoma_State_Highway_99"},{"link_name":"US-166","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_166"},{"link_name":"US-166 Bus.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_166_Business_(Sedan,_Kansas)"},{"link_name":"Caney River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caney_River"},{"link_name":"Emmett Kelly Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emmett_Kelly_Museum"},{"link_name":"Bradford Hotel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bradford_Hotel_(Sedan,_Kansas)"},{"link_name":"Elk County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elk_County,_Kansas"},{"link_name":"Elk River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elk_River_(Kansas)"},{"link_name":"grade crossing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grade_crossing"},{"link_name":"South Kansas and Oklahoma Railroad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Kansas_and_Oklahoma_Railroad"},{"link_name":"US-160","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_160_in_Kansas"},{"link_name":"Moline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moline,_Kansas"},{"link_name":"Elk Falls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elk_Falls,_Kansas"},{"link_name":"Elk County Courthouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elk_County_Courthouse_(Howard,_Kansas)"},{"link_name":"Greenwood County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenwood_County,_Kansas"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2017_map-5"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-County_Maps-7"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Flint-Hills-prairie-grass.jpg"},{"link_name":"Fall River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fall_River_(Kansas)"},{"link_name":"US-400","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_400"},{"link_name":"Climax","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climax,_Kansas"},{"link_name":"US-54","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_54_in_Kansas"},{"link_name":"Verdigris River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verdigris_River"},{"link_name":"Hamilton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamilton,_Kansas"},{"link_name":"Madison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madison,_Kansas"},{"link_name":"K-249","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K-249_(Kansas_highway)"},{"link_name":"K-58","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K-58_(Kansas_highway)"},{"link_name":"Verdigris River Bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Verdigris_River_Bridge&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Lyon County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyon_County,_Kansas"},{"link_name":"Neosho River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neosho_River"},{"link_name":"Olpe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olpe,_Kansas"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2017_map-5"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-County_Maps-7"},{"link_name":"Emporia Municipal Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emporia_Municipal_Airport"},{"link_name":"Cottonwood River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cottonwood_River_(Kansas)"},{"link_name":"Soden's Grove Bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Soden%27s_Grove_Bridge&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Marsh arch bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marsh_arch_bridge"},{"link_name":"David Traylor Zoo of Emporia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Traylor_Zoo_of_Emporia"},{"link_name":"Hallie B. Soden House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hallie_B._Soden_House&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Richard Howe House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Howe_House"},{"link_name":"Emporia Downtown Historic District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emporia_Downtown_Historic_District"},{"link_name":"BNSF Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BNSF_Railway"},{"link_name":"US-50","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_50_in_Kansas"},{"link_name":"Granada Theater","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Granada_Theater_(Emporia,_Kansas)"},{"link_name":"Lyon County History Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lyon_County_History_Center&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Kress Building","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kress_Building_(Emporia,_Kansas)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Keebler-Stone House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Keebler-Stone_House&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Warren Wesley Finney House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Warren_Wesley_Finney_House&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Harris-Borman House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harris-Borman_House"},{"link_name":"William Allen White House State Historic Site","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Allen_White_House_State_Historic_Site"},{"link_name":"Walt Mason House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walt_Mason_House"},{"link_name":"Andrew Carnegie Memorial Library","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Andrew_Carnegie_Memorial_Library&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Emporia State University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emporia_State_University"},{"link_name":"Schmidt Museum of Natural History","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Schmidt_Museum_of_Natural_History&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"National Teachers Hall of Fame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Teachers_Hall_of_Fame"},{"link_name":"diamond interchange","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diamond_interchange"},{"link_name":"I-35","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_35_in_Kansas"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2017_map-5"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-County_Maps-7"}],"sub_title":"Chautauqua to Emporia","text":"K-99 begins at the Oklahoma state line in Chautauqua County, as a continuation of Oklahoma State Highway 99. The highway passes through the city of Chautauqua on Johnson Street. K-99 intersects US-166 north of Chautauqua, and the state route continues north concurrently with US-166 Bus. across Middle Caney Creek, which feeds the Caney River, into the city of Sedan, the county seat of Chautauqua County. The highways enter town on School Street and turn west onto Main Street, which passes by the Emmett Kelly Museum and the historic Bradford Hotel. K-99 and US-166 Bus. cross Deer Creek to leave the city and diverge; the business route heads southwest to rejoin US-166, and K-99 curves north toward Elk County. K-99 crosses the South Fork of Wildcat Creek, which feeds the Elk River, and has a grade crossing of the South Kansas and Oklahoma Railroad immediately to the south of its junction with US-160 east of Moline. The two highways cross the North Fork of Wildcat Creek together before they diverge; US-166 heads east toward Elk Falls. K-99 crosses the Mound Branch of the Elk River and the river itself south of Howard. The route follows the east city limit of the county seat, home of the historic Elk County Courthouse and the Benson Historical Museum. North of Howard, K-99 crosses Pawpaw Creek and parallels Snake Creek toward Greenwood County.[5][7]Prairie view along K-99 in Greenwood CountyK-99 crosses Salt Creek, which feeds the Fall River, and passes to the west and north of Severy, the latter side during the route's 1-mile-long (1.6 km) concurrency with east–west running US-400. The state highway crosses Plum Creek immediately to the north of US-400 and Otter Creek south of the city of Climax, which the highway bypasses to the west. K-99 crosses the Fall River south of its junction with US-54 east of the county seat of Eureka. The two highways head northeast and cross Bachelor Creek, which feeds the Verdigris River, before K-99 splits north. K-99 crosses Homer Creek and Indian Creek south of Hamilton and Onion Creek and Willow Creek north of that city. The highway crosses Holderman Creek before it briefly enters the city of Madison. In its brief transverse, K-99 veers northwest while K-249 (Southwest Boulevard) heads toward downtown. The highway meets the western end of K-58 (Madison Avenue) west of the city. North of K-58, K-99 crosses the Verdigris River immediately downstream from the confluence of the river's North and South branches and 1 mile (1.6 km) west of the historic Verdigris River Bridge north of Madison. The highway continues into Lyon County, where the highway crosses Eagle Creek, a tributary of the Neosho River, south of Olpe, where the route curves west through town before resuming its northward course toward Emporia.[5][7]K-99 passes Emporia Municipal Airport and enters the city of Emporia on Commercial Street by crossing the Cottonwood River parallel to the historic Soden's Grove Bridge, a Marsh arch bridge. The highway passes by Soden Park, the site of the David Traylor Zoo of Emporia, and the historic Hallie B. Soden House and to the west of the Richard Howe House in the city's south end. K-99 enters the Emporia Downtown Historic District by crossing at grade the three-track BNSF Railway. North of its intersection with US-50 (6th Avenue), the highway passes by the Granada Theater, the Lyon County History Center, and the Kress Building and east of the Keebler-Stone House. North of downtown, K-99 passes east of the Warren Wesley Finney House and west of the Harris-Borman House and the William Allen White House State Historic Site, a house also known as Red Rocks. At 12th Avenue, which leads west to the Walt Mason House and the Andrew Carnegie Memorial Library, Commercial Street ends at the south end of the Emporia State University campus. K-99 turns west onto 12th Avenue and north onto Merchant Street to pass along the west side of the campus, which includes the Johnston Geology Museum, the Schmidt Museum of Natural History, and the National Teachers Hall of Fame. At the north end of campus, the highway has a diamond interchange with I-35 and leaves the city of Emporia by crossing the Neosho River.[5][7]","title":"Route description"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kansas Turnpike","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kansas_Turnpike"},{"link_name":"K-170","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K-170_(Kansas_highway)"},{"link_name":"Admire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Admire,_Kansas"},{"link_name":"rail trail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rail_trail"},{"link_name":"Missouri Pacific Railroad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missouri_Pacific_Railroad"},{"link_name":"US-56","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_56"},{"link_name":"Marais des Cygnes River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marais_des_Cygnes_River"},{"link_name":"Wabaunsee County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wabaunsee_County,_Kansas"},{"link_name":"K-31","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K-31_(Kansas_highway)"},{"link_name":"Eskridge Bandstand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eskridge_Bandstand&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"K-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K-4_(Kansas_highway)"},{"link_name":"two","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=East_Stone_Arch_Bridge_-_Lake_Wabaunsee&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"historic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Southeast_Stone_Arch_Bridge_-_Lake_Wabaunsee&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"stone arch bridges","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stone_arch_bridge"},{"link_name":"section line roads","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Section_line_road"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2017_map-5"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-County_Maps-7"},{"link_name":"Peter Thoes Barn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Peter_Thoes_Barn&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Union Pacific Railroad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_Pacific_Railroad"},{"link_name":"Alma Downtown Historic District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alma_Downtown_Historic_District_(Alma,_Kansas)"},{"link_name":"Wabaunsee County Courthouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wabaunsee_County_Courthouse&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Stuewe House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stuewe_House"},{"link_name":"Brandt Hotel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brandt_Hotel"},{"link_name":"US-40","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_40_in_Kansas"},{"link_name":"K-18","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K-18_(Kansas_highway)"},{"link_name":"unincorporated","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unincorporated_area"},{"link_name":"Wabaunsee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wabaunsee,_Kansas"},{"link_name":"K-99 Wamego Bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K-99_Wamego_Bridge"},{"link_name":"Pottawatomie County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pottawatomie_County,_Kansas"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2017_map-5"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-County_Maps-7"},{"link_name":"double-track","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double-track"},{"link_name":"Oz Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Oz_Museum&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Wizard of Oz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wizard_of_Oz_(character)"},{"link_name":"The Columbian Theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Columbian_Theatre"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Oz_Museum-9"},{"link_name":"Old Dutch Mill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Old_Dutch_Mill_(Kansas)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Cassius & Adelia Baker House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cassius_%26_Adelia_Baker_House"},{"link_name":"George and Virginia Trout House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_and_Virginia_Trout_House"},{"link_name":"US-24","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_24_in_Kansas"},{"link_name":"Louisville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louisville,_Kansas"},{"link_name":"Vermillion Creek Crossing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vermillion_Creek_Crossing,_Oregon_Trail&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Oregon Trail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oregon_Trail"},{"link_name":"John McKimmons Barn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John_McKimmons_Barn&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"K-16","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K-16_(Kansas_highway)"},{"link_name":"Blaine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blaine,_Kansas"},{"link_name":"Marshall County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marshall_County,_Kansas"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2017_map-5"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-County_Maps-7"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:KS99sSignRoad-Summerfield_(28267184373).jpg"},{"link_name":"Black Vermillion River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Black_Vermillion_River&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"K-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K-9_(Kansas_highway)"},{"link_name":"Old Frankfort City Jail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Old_Frankfort_City_Jail&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Frankfort School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankfort_School"},{"link_name":"Pony Express","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pony_Express"},{"link_name":"St. Bridget Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Bridget_Church"},{"link_name":"Transue Brothers Blacksmith & Wagon Shop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Transue_Brothers_Blacksmith_%26_Wagon_Shop&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2017_map-5"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-County_Maps-7"}],"sub_title":"Emporia to Summerfield","text":"K-99 crosses Allen Creek and crosses over the I-335 portion of the Kansas Turnpike. The highway turns east, crosses the turnpike again, and turns north again 1 mile (1.6 km) south of its junction with K-170. K-99 crosses the turnpike for the third and final time and crosses Duck Creek and Hill Creek on its way to Admire. Within the city, the highway intersects a rail trail along a former Missouri Pacific Railroad line, and north of town, the route intersects US-56. K-99 crosses One Hundred and Forty-Two Mile Creek and Elm Creek, whose confluence form the Marais des Cygnes River, before the highway enters Wabaunsee County. The highway meets the western end of K-31 and crosses Dragoon Creek before entering the city of Eskridge, within which the route follows 3rd Avenue and passes to the north of the Eskridge Bandstand. K-99 intersects K-4 (Main Street), and the two highways head west out of town together. The routes pass to the north of Lake Wabaunsee, around which the lake's circumferential road crosses two historic stone arch bridges. West of the lake, K-4 and K-99 follow a curvaceous path—compared with following section line roads—before the highways diverge.[5][7]K-99 continues north through the valley of the South Branch of Mill Creek, within which the highway does not follow section lines. The highway passes to the west of the Peter Thoes Barn and crosses the West Branch of Mill Creek just west of its confluence with the South Branch. K-99 curves northwest into the city of Alma, the county seat of Wabaunsee County. The highway has a grade crossing of the Union Pacific Railroad and curves north onto Missouri Street to pass through the Alma Downtown Historic District, which includes the Wabaunsee County Courthouse, the Wabaunsee County Historical Museum, and the Stuewe House. South of the Brandt Hotel, K-99 turns east onto 7th Street and curves north to leave town as it approaches the railroad. North of Alma, the highway crosses Hendricks Creek and has a diamond interchange with I-70 and US-40. K-99 meets the eastern end of K-18 east of the unincorporated village of Wabaunsee and crosses the Kansas River on the K-99 Wamego Bridge into the city of Wamego in Pottawatomie County.[5][7]K-99 passes through Wamego on Lincoln Avenue, which has a double-track grade crossing of the Union Pacific Railroad and passes by the Oz Museum, a museum dedicated to the Wizard of Oz, and The Columbian Theatre.[9] The highway passes to the west of the Wamego Historical Museum, which includes the Old Dutch Mill, and to the east of the historic Cassius & Adelia Baker House and George and Virginia Trout House. At the north end of the city, K-99 intersects US-24. The state highway crosses Rock Creek while passing through the city of Louisville, which lies west of the Vermillion Creek Crossing of the Oregon Trail. K-99 crosses Boxelder Creek and Rock Creek and passes the John McKimmons Barn on its way to the county seat of Westmoreland, where the route's path crosses that of the Oregon Trail and near the Rock Creek Valley Historical Society Museum. The highway has a brief concurrency with K-16 while passing to the west of the village of Blaine before it enters Marshall County.[5][7]K-99 southbound by SummerfieldK-99 crosses the Clear Fork of the Black Vermillion River and Cedar Creek on the way to Frankfort, at the south end of which the highway crosses the Black Vermillion River proper. The highway follows Kansas Avenue through a grade crossing of a Union Pacific rail line to 2nd Street, onto which K-99 turns east to join K-9. The two highways turn north one block east at Locust Street, which leads south to the Old Frankfort City Jail. K-99 and K-9 pass the Frankfort School on their way out of town, and the two highways diverge 1 mile (1.6 km) north of the city limit. K-99 crosses Snipe Creek before intersecting US-36 (Pony Express Highway) south of Beattie. The highway crosses Wolf Creek and intersects a Union Pacific rail line as the route enters the city from the south on Center Avenue and leaves to the east on Elm Street. K-99 makes three right-angle turns 0.5 miles (0.80 km) apart, the last its final turn north in Kansas, and intersects the Union Pacific rail line a third time where the highway crosses the path of the Pony Express. The highway passes to the west of the St. Bridget Church before entering the city of Summerfield, through which the highway passes on 4th Street and passes by the Transue Brothers Blacksmith & Wagon Shop. K-99 ends at the north city limit, which is also the Nebraska state line, and the road continues as Nebraska Highway 99.[5][7]","title":"Route description"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sedan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sedan,_Kansas"},{"link_name":"Emporia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emporia,_Kansas"},{"link_name":"Eskridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eskridge,_Kansas"},{"link_name":"Frankfort","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankfort,_Kansas"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1926rm-1"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1927rm-10"},{"link_name":"Oklahoma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oklahoma"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1931rm-11"},{"link_name":"Nebraska","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nebraska"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1932ksm-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1936resolution-13"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-odot-history-99-2"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-July1938-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1940resolution-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1950resolution-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1954resolution-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1958resolution-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1960resolution-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1964resolution-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1978resolution-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1984resolution-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1985resolution-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1993resolution-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1994_AASHTO-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2004resolution-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"Caterpillar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caterpillar_Inc."}],"text":"K-99 was first designated as K-11 in 1926, to a highway that ran from K-44 in Sedan north through Emporia and Eskridge to K-6 in Frankfort.[1] By 1927, K-44 became US-166 and K-6 became K-9, also the northern terminus was extended north to US-36 in Beattie.[10] By 1931, K-11 was extended south to the Oklahoma border.[11] Then by 1932, it had been extended north to the Nebraska border. [12] In a November 6, 1936 resolution, K-11 was realigned from north of Louisville to south of Westmoreland, to eliminate five sharp curves.[13] K-11 was renumbered to K-99 on May 17, 1938, along with Oklahoma and Nebraska doing the same to make a three state continuous Highway 99.[2][14]In a June 14, 1940 resolution, K-99 was realigned between Frankfort and US-36, which eliminated four sharp curves.[15] In an August 10, 1950 resolution, K-99 was realigned from Alma southward 1.1 miles (1.8 km).[16] In a November 24, 1954 resolution, a 11.315-mile-long (18.210 km) section of K-99 was realigned south of Alma.[17] In a June 28, 1958 resolution, the junction with US-24 and US-40 was moved 1 mile (1.6 km) northwest in Wamego.[18] In a June 8, 1960 resolution, the overlap with US-59 was realigned east of Eureka, to eliminate two sharp curves.[19] In a February 11, 1964 resolution, K-99 was realigned out of Madison, to the west of the city.[20] In a January 18, 1978 resolution, K-99 and US-160 was realigned slightly where they overlap, northeast of Moline.[21] In an October 10, 1984 resolution, K-99 was realigned slightly, just north of I-35, to eliminate two sharp curves.[22] Before 1985, K-99 turned east to Severy, then turned north and crossed K-96. Then in an April 22, 1985 resolution, K-99 was realigned to go direct north to K-96, then overlap it east for 1 then turn north again.[23] The overlap with US-166 Bus. in Sedan was originally US-166. In a December 22, 1993 resolution, KDOT approved and requested to realign US-166 south of Sedan, and to re-designate the former alignment as US-166 Business.[24] This request was approved by AASHTO in an April 10, 1994 meeting.[25] Until 2004, K-57 overlapped K-99 from just north of K-249 to Emporia. Then in a September 20, 2004 resolution, K-57 was truncated to Dwight, and K-57 from K-99 east was renumbered to K-58.[26]On May 21, 2019, the highway was closed from Emporia to Olpe, due to flooding from Cottonwood River. Also a segment from I-35 to K-170 was closed due to flooding from Dow Creek, which opened back up early the next day. The other section was fully open to traffic on May 28, 2019.[27][28]In December 2020, a project began to reconstruct and realign a section of K-99, between two miles (3.2 km) north of I-70 and just south of K-18. The project is expected to be completed by the summer of 2022. Ebert Construction Company of Wamego is the contractor on the $12.6 million project.[29] The improved section will better serve the truck traffic from the Caterpillar facility.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Major intersections"}]
[{"image_text":"K-99 in Beattie","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/KS99sRoadSignLeft-BeattieKS_%2828267185863%29.jpg/220px-KS99sRoadSignLeft-BeattieKS_%2828267185863%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Prairie view along K-99 in Greenwood County","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flint-Hills-prairie-grass.jpg/220px-Flint-Hills-prairie-grass.jpg"},{"image_text":"K-99 southbound by Summerfield","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/KS99sSignRoad-Summerfield_%2828267184373%29.jpg/220px-KS99sSignRoad-Summerfield_%2828267184373%29.jpg"}]
null
[{"reference":"Rand McNally and Company (1926). \"Kansas\" (Map). Rand McNally Auto Road Atlas of the United States, including a Brief Description of the National Parks and Monuments. Chicago: Rand McNally and Company. pp. 56–57.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rand_McNally","url_text":"Rand McNally and Company"}]},{"reference":"Oklahoma Department of Transportation. \"Memorial Dedication and Revision History, SH 99\". Retrieved 2020-04-27.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.okladot.state.ok.us/memorial/legal/sh99.htm","url_text":"\"Memorial Dedication and Revision History, SH 99\""}]},{"reference":"Staff (2016). \"Pavement Management Information System\". Kansas Department of Transportation. Retrieved April 15, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ksdot.org/matreslab/pmis/query.asp","url_text":"\"Pavement Management Information System\""}]},{"reference":"Tourism Division. \"Native Stone Scenic Byway\". Kansas Byways. Kansas Department of Wildlife, Parks, and Tourism. Archived from the original on April 16, 2017. Retrieved April 15, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.travelks.com/ksbyways/native-stone/","url_text":"\"Native Stone Scenic Byway\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170416131050/https://www.travelks.com/ksbyways/native-stone/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Bureau of Transportation Planning. Kansas Official State Transportation Map (PDF) (Map) (2017–2018 ed.). Topeka, KS: Kansas Department of Transportation. §§ A10, B10, C10, D10, E10, F10, G10. Retrieved April 15, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ksdot.org/Assets/wwwksdotorg/bureaus/burTransPlan/maps/state-pdf/2017-18Mapside.pdf","url_text":"Kansas Official State Transportation Map"}]},{"reference":"Bureau of Transportation Planning (August 12, 2015). Kansas Memorial Highways, Bridges, and Interchanges (PDF) (Map). Topeka, KS: Kansas Department of Transportation. Archived (PDF) from the original on November 29, 2016. Retrieved April 15, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ksdot.org/Assets/wwwksdotorg/bureaus/burTransPlan/maps/SpecialInterestStateMaps/Memorial.pdf","url_text":"Kansas Memorial Highways, Bridges, and Interchanges"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161129160450/http://ksdot.org/Assets/wwwksdotorg/bureaus/burTransPlan/maps/SpecialInterestStateMaps/Memorial.pdf","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Bureau of Transportation Planning (April 2017). General County Highway Maps (half inch) (PDF) (Map). 1:125,000. Topeka, KS: Kansas Department of Transportation. Retrieved April 15, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://ksdot.maps.arcgis.com/apps/webappviewer/index.html?id=b90fa96277e148f9800fb1b6a2d584f1","url_text":"General County Highway Maps (half inch)"}]},{"reference":"Brunner, Melissa (June 15, 2012). \"Frankfort Boys Highway To Be Dedicated\". WIBW-TV. Archived from the original on April 17, 2017. Retrieved April 16, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.wibw.com/home/headlines/Frankfort_Boys_Highway_To_Be_Dedicated_159278275.html","url_text":"\"Frankfort Boys Highway To Be Dedicated\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170417065825/http://www.wibw.com/home/headlines/Frankfort_Boys_Highway_To_Be_Dedicated_159278275.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Visit – Oz Museum\". Oz Museum. Archived from the original on April 17, 2017. Retrieved April 16, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://ozmuseum.com/pages/visit","url_text":"\"Visit – Oz Museum\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170417065637/https://ozmuseum.com/pages/visit","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Rand McNally and Company (1927). \"Kansas\" (Map). Rand McNally Auto Road Atlas of the United States and Ontario, Quebec, and the Maritime Provinces of Canada, with a Brief Description of the National Parks and Monuments. 1:1,600,000. Chicago: Rand McNally and Company. pp. 54–55. OCLC 2078375 – via Rumsey Collection.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rand_McNally","url_text":"Rand McNally and Company"},{"url":"https://www.davidrumsey.com/luna/servlet/detail/RUMSEY~8~1~33758~1171474:Rand-McNally-junior-auto-road-map-K","url_text":"\"Kansas\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/2078375","url_text":"2078375"}]},{"reference":"Rand McNally and Company (1931). \"Kansas\" (Map). Clason's Road Map of Kansas. 1:2,000,000. Denver: Clason Map Company. p. 87 – via Rumsey Collection.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clason_Map_Company","url_text":"Rand McNally and Company"},{"url":"https://www.davidrumsey.com/luna/servlet/detail/RUMSEY~8~1~314033~90082734:Clason-s-Road-Map-of-Kansas?sort=pub_list_no_initialsort%2Cpub_date%2Cpub_list_no%2Cseries_no&qvq=q:Kansas%20roads;sort:pub_list_no_initialsort%2Cpub_date%2Cpub_list_no%2Cseries_no;lc:RUMSEY~8~1&mi=102&trs=175","url_text":"\"Kansas\""}]},{"reference":"State Highway Commission of Kansas (1932). Kansas State Highway System (PDF) (Map). Scale not given. Topeka: State Highway Commission of Kansas. OCLC 1007837202. Retrieved April 23, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ksdot.org/Assets/wwwksdotorg/bureaus/burTransPlan/maps/HistoricStateMaps/1932Mapside.pdf","url_text":"Kansas State Highway System"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1007837202","url_text":"1007837202"}]},{"reference":"State Highway Commission of Kansas (November 6, 1936). \"Resolution for Relocation and Redesignation of Road in Pottawatomie County\". Topeka: State Highway Commission of Kansas. Retrieved April 27, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://dmsweb.ksdot.org/AppNetProd/docpop/pdfpop.aspx?KT142_0_0_0=003710307&clienttype=html&doctypeid=114","url_text":"\"Resolution for Relocation and Redesignation of Road in Pottawatomie County\""}]},{"reference":"Official State Transportation Map (PDF) (Map) (July 1938 ed.). Kansas Department of Transportation. Retrieved 2019-08-15.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ksdot.org/Assets/wwwksdotorg/bureaus/burTransPlan/maps/HistoricStateMaps/1938JulyMapside.pdf","url_text":"Official State Transportation Map"}]},{"reference":"State Highway Commission of Kansas (June 14, 1940). \"Resolution for Relocation and Redesignation of Road in Marshall County\". Topeka: State Highway Commission of Kansas. Retrieved April 27, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://dmsweb.ksdot.org/AppNetProd/docpop/pdfpop.aspx?KT142_0_0_0=003709882&clienttype=html&doctypeid=114","url_text":"\"Resolution for Relocation and Redesignation of Road in Marshall County\""}]},{"reference":"State Highway Commission of Kansas (August 10, 1950). \"Resolution for Relocation and Redesignation of Road in Wabaunsee County\". Topeka: State Highway Commission of Kansas. Retrieved April 27, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://dmsweb.ksdot.org/AppNetProd/docpop/pdfpop.aspx?KT142_0_0_0=003711096&clienttype=html&doctypeid=114","url_text":"\"Resolution for Relocation and Redesignation of Road in Wabaunsee County\""}]},{"reference":"State Highway Commission of Kansas (November 24, 1954). \"Resolution for Relocation and Redesignation of Road in Wabaunsee County\". Topeka: State Highway Commission of Kansas. Retrieved April 27, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://dmsweb.ksdot.org/AppNetProd/docpop/pdfpop.aspx?KT142_0_0_0=003711092&clienttype=html&doctypeid=114","url_text":"\"Resolution for Relocation and Redesignation of Road in Wabaunsee County\""}]},{"reference":"State Highway Commission of Kansas (June 28, 1958). \"Resolution for Relocation and Redesignation of Road in Pottawatomie County\". Topeka: State Highway Commission of Kansas. Retrieved April 27, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://dmsweb.ksdot.org/AppNetProd/docpop/pdfpop.aspx?KT142_0_0_0=003710291&clienttype=html&doctypeid=114","url_text":"\"Resolution for Relocation and Redesignation of Road in Pottawatomie County\""}]},{"reference":"State Highway Commission of Kansas (January 18, 1978). \"Resolution for Relocation and Redesignation of Road in Greenwood County\". Topeka: State Highway Commission of Kansas. Retrieved April 27, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://dmsweb.ksdot.org/AppNetProd/docpop/pdfpop.aspx?KT142_0_0_0=003709611&clienttype=html&doctypeid=114","url_text":"\"Resolution for Relocation and Redesignation of Road in Greenwood County\""}]},{"reference":"State Highway Commission of Kansas (February 11, 1964). \"Resolution for Relocation and Redesignation of Road in Greenwood County\". Topeka: State Highway Commission of Kansas. Retrieved April 27, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://dmsweb.ksdot.org/AppNetProd/docpop/pdfpop.aspx?KT142_0_0_0=003709609&clienttype=html&doctypeid=114","url_text":"\"Resolution for Relocation and Redesignation of Road in Greenwood County\""}]},{"reference":"State Highway Commission of Kansas (January 18, 1978). \"Resolution for Relocation and Redesignation of Highway in Elk County\". Topeka: State Highway Commission of Kansas. Retrieved April 27, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://dmsweb.ksdot.org/AppNetProd/docpop/pdfpop.aspx?KT142_0_0_0=003709380&clienttype=html&doctypeid=114","url_text":"\"Resolution for Relocation and Redesignation of Highway in Elk County\""}]},{"reference":"State Highway Commission of Kansas (October 10, 1984). \"Resolution to Relocate a segment of Highway in Lyon County\". Topeka: State Highway Commission of Kansas. Retrieved April 27, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://dmsweb.ksdot.org/AppNetProd/docpop/pdfpop.aspx?KT142_0_0_0=003709906&clienttype=html&doctypeid=114","url_text":"\"Resolution to Relocate a segment of Highway in Lyon County\""}]},{"reference":"State Highway Commission of Kansas (April 22, 1985). \"Resolution to relocate a segment of Highway in Greenwood County\". Topeka: State Highway Commission of Kansas. Retrieved April 27, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://dmsweb.ksdot.org/AppNetProd/docpop/pdfpop.aspx?KT142_0_0_0=003709608&clienttype=html&doctypeid=114","url_text":"\"Resolution to relocate a segment of Highway in Greenwood County\""}]},{"reference":"Kansas Department of Transportation (December 22, 1993). \"Resolution to establish and redesignate segments of highways in Chautauqua County\". Topeka: Kansas Department of Transportation. Retrieved April 26, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://dmsweb.ksdot.org/AppNetProd/docpop/pdfpop.aspx?KT142_0_0_0=003825787&clienttype=html&doctypeid=114","url_text":"\"Resolution to establish and redesignate segments of highways in Chautauqua County\""}]},{"reference":"Special Committee on U.S. Route Numbering (November 12, 1994). \"Report of the Special Committee on U.S. Route Numbering to the Standing Committee on Highways\" (PDF) (Report). Washington, DC: American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials. p. 3. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 16, 2017. Retrieved March 1, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20171016215025/http://sp.route.transportation.org/Documents/1994-USRN_Cmte.pdf","url_text":"\"Report of the Special Committee on U.S. Route Numbering to the Standing Committee on Highways\""},{"url":"http://sp.route.transportation.org/Documents/1994-USRN_Cmte.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Kansas Department of Transportation (September 20, 2004). \"Rural Resolution to withdraw and redesignate segments of K-57\". Topeka: Kansas Department of Transportation. Retrieved April 27, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://dmsweb.ksdot.org/AppNetProd/docpop/pdfpop.aspx?KT142_0_0_0=003708633&clienttype=html&doctypeid=114","url_text":"\"Rural Resolution to withdraw and redesignate segments of K-57\""}]},{"reference":"Viviani, Nick (May 20, 2019). \"KDOT: Stretch of K-99 likely closed for days\". wibw.com. Retrieved 20 April 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.wibw.com/content/news/KDOTStretch-of-K-99-likely-closed-for-days-510271451.html","url_text":"\"KDOT: Stretch of K-99 likely closed for days\""}]},{"reference":"\"Highway 99 now open to regular traffic\". emporiagazette.com. May 28, 2019. Retrieved 20 April 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.emporiagazette.com/free/article_7aeb35a8-8177-11e9-8853-67e5467294bc.html","url_text":"\"Highway 99 now open to regular traffic\""}]},{"reference":"Motter, Sarah (December 11, 2020). \"Reconstruction, realignment project on K-99 in Wabaunsee Co. to begin Monday\". wibw.com. Retrieved 5 March 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.wibw.com/2020/12/11/reconstruction-realignment-project-on-k-99-in-wabaunsee-co-to-begin-monday/","url_text":"\"Reconstruction, realignment project on K-99 in Wabaunsee Co. to begin Monday\""}]}]
[{"Link":"http://www.okladot.state.ok.us/memorial/legal/sh99.htm","external_links_name":"\"Memorial Dedication and Revision History, SH 99\""},{"Link":"http://www.ksdot.org/matreslab/pmis/query.asp","external_links_name":"\"Pavement Management Information System\""},{"Link":"https://www.travelks.com/ksbyways/native-stone/","external_links_name":"\"Native Stone Scenic Byway\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170416131050/https://www.travelks.com/ksbyways/native-stone/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.ksdot.org/Assets/wwwksdotorg/bureaus/burTransPlan/maps/state-pdf/2017-18Mapside.pdf","external_links_name":"Kansas Official State Transportation Map"},{"Link":"https://www.ksdot.org/Assets/wwwksdotorg/bureaus/burTransPlan/maps/state-pdf/2017-18Insetside.pdf","external_links_name":"Emporia"},{"Link":"https://www.ksdot.org/Assets/wwwksdotorg/bureaus/burTransPlan/maps/SpecialInterestStateMaps/Memorial.pdf","external_links_name":"Kansas Memorial Highways, Bridges, 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County\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20171016215025/http://sp.route.transportation.org/Documents/1994-USRN_Cmte.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Report of the Special Committee on U.S. Route Numbering to the Standing Committee on Highways\""},{"Link":"http://sp.route.transportation.org/Documents/1994-USRN_Cmte.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://dmsweb.ksdot.org/AppNetProd/docpop/pdfpop.aspx?KT142_0_0_0=003708633&clienttype=html&doctypeid=114","external_links_name":"\"Rural Resolution to withdraw and redesignate segments of K-57\""},{"Link":"https://www.wibw.com/content/news/KDOTStretch-of-K-99-likely-closed-for-days-510271451.html","external_links_name":"\"KDOT: Stretch of K-99 likely closed for days\""},{"Link":"http://www.emporiagazette.com/free/article_7aeb35a8-8177-11e9-8853-67e5467294bc.html","external_links_name":"\"Highway 99 now open to regular 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abusina
Abusina
["1 References"]
Abusina or Abusena was a Roman castra (military outpost), and later of town, of the Roman Province of Raetia. It was at Eining near Abensberg, on the Upper German- Raetian Limes , which at this point was the Danube River. Abusina stood near to the eastern termination of the high road which ran from the Roman military station Vindonissa on the Aar to the Danube. In the 2nd century the fort was occupied by the Cohors IV Tungrorum with about 1,000 men. By the later Roman Empire, archaeology and the Notitia Dignitatum suggest the site was occupied by Cohors III Brittonum with only 50 men. References ^ "Archaeological sites – ALApp Advanced Limes Applications". Archived from the original on 2020-10-20. Retrieved 2022-01-11. ^ Smith, William, ed. (1854–1857). "Abusi'na" . Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography. London: John Murray. ^ Coello, T. (1996). Unit Sizes in the late Roman Army. p 51. Authority control databases International VIAF National Germany Geographic Pleiades This Kelheim district location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte This article about the military history of Ancient Rome is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Kastell_Eining_4.JPG/220px-Kastell_Eining_4.JPG"}]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlitos_(footballer,_born_April_1985)
Carlitos (footballer, born April 1985)
["1 Club career","2 Personal life","3 Career statistics","4 Honours","5 References","6 External links"]
Cape Verdean association football player CarlitosPersonal informationFull name Carlos Emanuel Soares TavaresDate of birth (1985-04-23) 23 April 1985 (age 38)Place of birth Almada, PortugalHeight 1.75 m (5 ft 9 in)Position(s) Full-backYouth career1995–2000 Atlético Arrentela2000–2003 AmoraSenior career*Years Team Apps (Gls)2003–2005 Amora 62 (0)2005 Barreirense 12 (1)2005–2006 Odivelas 17 (0)2006 Barreirense 6 (1)2007 Imortal 11 (2)2007–2008 Portimonense 18 (0)2008–2009 Chaves 12 (0)2009–2010 Camacha 9 (0)2010–2011 Atlético 29 (0)2011–2015 AEL Limassol 98 (0)2015 Iraklis 5 (0)2016–2017 Omonia 42 (1)2018 Real Massamá 6 (0)2018–2020 Casa Pia 27 (0)Total 354 (5)International career2012–2018 Cape Verde 33 (0) *Club domestic league appearances and goals Carlos Emanuel Soares Tavares (born 23 April 1985), known as Carlitos, is a Cape Verdean former professional footballer who played as a right or left-back. Club career Born in Almada, Setúbal District, Carlitos played the vast majority of his career in the lower levels of Portuguese football. His first Segunda Liga experience occurred with Portimonense S.C. in the 2007–08 season. In summer 2011, Carlitos moved to the Cypriot First Division, where he spent several years in service of AEL Limassol. On 3 July 2015, he signed a two-year contract with Super League Greece club Iraklis FC. Carlitos returned to Cyprus and its top flight on 4 January 2016, when he joined AC Omonia. He scored his only goal for the side roughly one year later, when he headed home in a 2–1 away loss against Apollon Limassol FC, and after 52 competitive appearances he was released on 26 May 2017. Before retiring at age 35, Carlitos represented Real S.C. and Casa Pia A.C. in the Portuguese second tier. Personal life Carlitos' cousin, Nani, was also a footballer. He represented mainly Sporting CP, Manchester United and Portugal. Career statistics As of match played on 21 May 2017 Club Season League Cup Other Total Division Apps Goals Apps Goals Apps Goals Apps Goals Amora 2002–03 Segunda Divisão 8 0 0 0 — 8 0 2003–04 Segunda Divisão 36 0 1 1 — 37 1 2004–05 Segunda Divisão 18 0 2 0 — 20 0 Total 62 0 3 1 — 65 1 Barreirense 2004–05 Segunda Divisão 12 1 0 0 — 12 1 Total 12 1 0 0 — 12 1 Odivelas 2005–06 Segunda Divisão 17 0 1 0 — 18 0 Total 17 0 1 0 — 18 0 Imortal 2006–07 Segunda Divisão 11 2 0 0 — 11 2 Total 11 2 0 0 — 11 2 Barreirense 2006–07 Segunda Divisão 6 1 1 0 — 7 1 Total 6 1 1 0 — 7 1 Portimonense 2007–08 Segunda Liga 18 0 3 0 — 21 0 Total 18 0 3 0 — 21 0 Camacha 2009–10 Segunda Divisão 9 0 2 0 — 11 0 Total 9 0 2 0 — 11 0 Atlético 2010–11 Segunda Divisão 29 0 4 0 — 33 0 Total 29 0 4 0 — 33 0 AEL Limassol 2011–12 Cypriot First Division 29 0 7 0 — 36 0 2012–13 Cypriot First Division 16 0 4 0 11 0 31 0 2013–14 Cypriot First Division 31 0 2 0 — 33 0 2014–15 Cypriot First Division 22 0 5 0 4 0 31 0 Total 98 0 18 0 15 0 131 0 Iraklis 2015–16 Super League Greece 5 0 0 0 — 5 0 Total 5 0 0 0 — 5 0 Omonia 2015–16 Cypriot First Division 17 0 4 0 — 21 0 2016–17 Cypriot First Division 25 1 2 0 4 0 31 1 Total 42 1 6 0 4 0 52 1 Career total 309 5 38 1 19 0 366 6 ^ a b c Appearances in UEFA Champions League and UEFA Europa League Honours Barreirense Segunda Divisão: 2004–05 AEL Limassol Cypriot First Division: 2011–12 References ^ a b c d "Carlitos" (in Portuguese). Mais Futebol. Retrieved 21 September 2021. ^ "Carlitos dá nas vistas e é contratado" . Record (in Portuguese). 9 August 2007. Retrieved 28 September 2023. ^ Ανακοίνωση απόκτησης Καρλίτος (in Greek). Iraklis F.C. 3 July 2015. Archived from the original on 7 July 2015. Retrieved 14 July 2015. ^ "Καρλίτος και επίσημα" (in Greek). Omonoia News. 4 January 2016. Retrieved 4 June 2017. ^ "Το "παρθενικό" γκολ του Καρλίτος με την ΟΜΟΝΟΙΑ" (in Greek). Omonoia News. 15 January 2017. Retrieved 4 June 2017. ^ "Ολοκλήρωση συνεργασίας και ευχές για καλή συνέχεια στην καριέρα τους" (in Greek). AC Omonia. 26 May 2017. Retrieved 4 June 2017. ^ "Primo de Nani assinou pelo Real até ao final da época" (in Portuguese). Mais Futebol. 14 February 2018. Retrieved 28 September 2023. ^ "Casa Pia rescinde com internacional cabo-verdiano Carlitos" (in Portuguese). DTudo1Pouco. 9 January 2020. Retrieved 28 September 2023. ^ Vieira, Orlando (10 June 2011). ""Estou feliz no Manchester United" – Nani" . A Bola (in Portuguese). Archived from the original on 3 September 2011. Retrieved 8 December 2011. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Carlitos at ForaDeJogo (archived) ^ a b c d e "Carlitos". Soccerway. Retrieved 2 April 2015. External links Carlitos at ForaDeJogo (archived) Carlitos at National-Football-Teams.com Cape Verde squads vteCape Verde squad – 2013 Africa Cup of Nations 1 Vozinha 2 Sténio 3 F. Varela 4 Ramos 5 Babanco 6 Nando 7 Platini 8 T. Varela 9 Rambé 10 Nhuck 11 Tavares 12 Fock 13 Josimar 14 Gegé 15 Soares 16 Rilly 17 Ronny 18 Nivaldo 19 Pecks 20 Mendes 21 Djaniny 22 Silva 23 Carlitos Coach: Antunes vteCape Verde squad – 2015 Africa Cup of Nations 1 Vozinha 2 Stopira 3 F. Varela 4 Kay 5 Babanco 6 Semedo 7 O. Fortes 8 T. Varela 9 Kuca 10 Héldon 11 Rodrigues 12 Ken 13 Platini 14 Gegé 15 Rocha 16 Cruz 17 Calu 18 Nivaldo 19 Tavares 20 Mendes 21 Djaniny 22 J. Fortes 23 Carlitos Coach: Águas
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[]
null
[{"reference":"\"Carlitos\" (in Portuguese). Mais Futebol. Retrieved 21 September 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://maisfutebol.iol.pt/carlitos/real/5233-101-4566","url_text":"\"Carlitos\""}]},{"reference":"\"Carlitos dá nas vistas e é contratado\" [Carlitos displays skills and is signed]. Record (in Portuguese). 9 August 2007. Retrieved 28 September 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.record.pt/futebol/futebol-nacional/liga-betclic/portimonense/detalhe/carlitos-da-nas-vistas-e-e-contratado","url_text":"\"Carlitos dá nas vistas e é contratado\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Record_(Portuguese_newspaper)","url_text":"Record"}]},{"reference":"Ανακοίνωση απόκτησης Καρλίτος [Announcement of Carlitos acquisition] (in Greek). Iraklis F.C. 3 July 2015. Archived from the original on 7 July 2015. Retrieved 14 July 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150707223250/http://fciraklis.gr/anakinosi-apoktisis-karlitos/","url_text":"Ανακοίνωση απόκτησης Καρλίτος"},{"url":"http://fciraklis.gr/anakinosi-apoktisis-karlitos/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Καρλίτος και επίσημα\" [Carlitos is official] (in Greek). Omonoia News. 4 January 2016. Retrieved 4 June 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://omonoianews.com/podosfairo/2016/01/karlitos-ke-episima/","url_text":"\"Καρλίτος και επίσημα\""}]},{"reference":"\"Το \"παρθενικό\" γκολ του Καρλίτος με την ΟΜΟΝΟΙΑ\" [Carlitos \"maiden\" goal with OMONIA] (in Greek). Omonoia News. 15 January 2017. Retrieved 4 June 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://omonoianews.com/podosfairo/2017/01/partheniko-gkol-tou-karlitos-tin-omonia/","url_text":"\"Το \"παρθενικό\" γκολ του Καρλίτος με την ΟΜΟΝΟΙΑ\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ολοκλήρωση συνεργασίας και ευχές για καλή συνέχεια στην καριέρα τους\" [Completion of cooperation and best of luck in their future careers] (in Greek). AC Omonia. 26 May 2017. Retrieved 4 June 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://omonoia.com.cy/info.php?section=1&page=1&newsid=4840&lang=GR","url_text":"\"Ολοκλήρωση συνεργασίας και ευχές για καλή συνέχεια στην καριέρα τους\""}]},{"reference":"\"Primo de Nani assinou pelo Real até ao final da época\" [Nani's cousin signed for Real until the end of the season] (in Portuguese). Mais Futebol. 14 February 2018. Retrieved 28 September 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://maisfutebol.iol.pt/ii-liga/real-massama/primo-de-nani-assinou-pelo-real-ate-ao-final-da-epoca","url_text":"\"Primo de Nani assinou pelo Real até ao final da época\""}]},{"reference":"\"Casa Pia rescinde com internacional cabo-verdiano Carlitos\" [Casa Pia cut ties with Cape Verde international Carlitos] (in Portuguese). DTudo1Pouco. 9 January 2020. Retrieved 28 September 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://dtudo1pouco.cv/casa-pia-rescinde-com-internacional-cabo-verdiano-carlitos/","url_text":"\"Casa Pia rescinde com internacional cabo-verdiano Carlitos\""}]},{"reference":"Vieira, Orlando (10 June 2011). \"\"Estou feliz no Manchester United\" – Nani\" [\"I am happy at Manchester United\" – Nani]. A Bola (in Portuguese). Archived from the original on 3 September 2011. Retrieved 8 December 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110903033418/http://www.abola.pt/nnh/ver.aspx?id=268411","url_text":"\"\"Estou feliz no Manchester United\" – Nani\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Bola","url_text":"A Bola"},{"url":"http://www.abola.pt/nnh/ver.aspx?id=268411","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Carlitos\". Soccerway. Retrieved 2 April 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://int.soccerway.com/players/carlos-emanuel-soares-tavares/166304/","url_text":"\"Carlitos\""}]}]
[{"Link":"https://maisfutebol.iol.pt/carlitos/real/5233-101-4566","external_links_name":"\"Carlitos\""},{"Link":"https://www.record.pt/futebol/futebol-nacional/liga-betclic/portimonense/detalhe/carlitos-da-nas-vistas-e-e-contratado","external_links_name":"\"Carlitos dá nas vistas e é contratado\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150707223250/http://fciraklis.gr/anakinosi-apoktisis-karlitos/","external_links_name":"Ανακοίνωση απόκτησης Καρλίτος"},{"Link":"http://fciraklis.gr/anakinosi-apoktisis-karlitos/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://omonoianews.com/podosfairo/2016/01/karlitos-ke-episima/","external_links_name":"\"Καρλίτος και επίσημα\""},{"Link":"http://omonoianews.com/podosfairo/2017/01/partheniko-gkol-tou-karlitos-tin-omonia/","external_links_name":"\"Το \"παρθενικό\" γκολ του Καρλίτος με την ΟΜΟΝΟΙΑ\""},{"Link":"http://omonoia.com.cy/info.php?section=1&page=1&newsid=4840&lang=GR","external_links_name":"\"Ολοκλήρωση συνεργασίας και ευχές για καλή συνέχεια στην καριέρα τους\""},{"Link":"https://maisfutebol.iol.pt/ii-liga/real-massama/primo-de-nani-assinou-pelo-real-ate-ao-final-da-epoca","external_links_name":"\"Primo de Nani assinou pelo Real até ao final da época\""},{"Link":"https://dtudo1pouco.cv/casa-pia-rescinde-com-internacional-cabo-verdiano-carlitos/","external_links_name":"\"Casa Pia rescinde com internacional cabo-verdiano Carlitos\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110903033418/http://www.abola.pt/nnh/ver.aspx?id=268411","external_links_name":"\"\"Estou feliz no Manchester United\" – Nani\""},{"Link":"http://www.abola.pt/nnh/ver.aspx?id=268411","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210101000000/https://www.foradejogo.net/player.php?player=198504230001&language=2","external_links_name":"Carlitos"},{"Link":"https://int.soccerway.com/players/carlos-emanuel-soares-tavares/166304/","external_links_name":"\"Carlitos\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210101000000/https://www.foradejogo.net/player.php?player=198504230001&language=2","external_links_name":"Carlitos"},{"Link":"https://www.national-football-teams.com/player/47855.html","external_links_name":"Carlitos"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guavate,_Cayey,_Puerto_Rico
Guavate, Cayey, Puerto Rico
["1 History","2 Tourism","3 Notable residents","4 Gallery","5 See also","6 References"]
Coordinates: 18°07′56″N 66°04′43″W / 18.132132°N 66.078516°W / 18.132132; -66.078516Barrio of Cayey, Puerto Rico Barrio in Cayey, Puerto RicoGuavateBarrioThree Kings Monument carved by sculptor Juan Santos Torres at the Loma de los Tres Reyes MagosLocation of Guavate within the municipality of Cayey shown in redGuavateLocation of Puerto RicoCoordinates: 18°07′56″N 66°04′43″W / 18.132132°N 66.078516°W / 18.132132; -66.078516Commonwealth Puerto RicoMunicipality CayeyArea • Total4.52 sq mi (11.7 km2) • Land4.52 sq mi (11.7 km2) • Water0 sq mi (0 km2)Elevation1,673 ft (510 m)Population (2010) • Total1,870 • Density413.7/sq mi (159.7/km2) Source: 2010 CensusTime zoneUTC−4 (AST)ZIP Codes00736Area code787/939 Guavate is a barrio in the municipality of Cayey, Puerto Rico. Its population in 2010 was 1,870. History Guavate was in Spain's gazetteers until Puerto Rico was ceded by Spain in the aftermath of the Spanish–American War under the terms of the Treaty of Paris of 1898 and became an unincorporated territory of the United States. In 1899, the United States Department of War conducted a census of Puerto Rico finding that the combined population of Beatriz and Guavate barrios was 853. Historical population CensusPop.Note%± 1910433—1920320−26.1%193051962.2%194094982.9%19501,0318.6%1960931−9.7%1970893−4.1%19809395.2%19901,56266.3%20001,491−4.5%20101,87025.4%U.S. Decennial Census1900 (N/A) 1910-19301930-1950 1980-2000 2010 Tourism Guavate is known for its "pork highway" (a stretch of Puerto Rico Highway 184) and was featured in the Discover Puerto Rico tourism campaign of 2019 for being a must-see place in Puerto Rico because of its tender pork cuisine, mild weather and scenic views of Sierra de Cayey. The Carite State Forest is located nearby. Notable residents Juan Santos Torres El Picapiedras de Guavate is a well-known Puerto Rican sculptor who lives in and has a workshop in Guavate. Gallery Places in Guavate Los Pinos lechonera Lechonera View of lechoneras on PR-184 Guavate River See also Puerto Rico portal List of communities in Puerto Rico References ^ a b "US Gazetteer 2019". US Census. US Government. ^ U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Guavate barrio ^ Picó, Rafael; Buitrago de Santiago, Zayda; Berrios, Hector H. Nueva geografía de Puerto Rico: física, económica, y social, por Rafael Picó. Con la colaboración de Zayda Buitrago de Santiago y Héctor H. Berrios. San Juan Editorial Universitaria, Universidad de Puerto Rico,1969. ^ Gwillim Law (20 May 2015). Administrative Subdivisions of Countries: A Comprehensive World Reference, 1900 through 1998. McFarland. p. 300. ISBN 978-1-4766-0447-3. Retrieved 25 December 2018. ^ Puerto Rico: 2010 Population and Housing Unit Counts.pdf (PDF). U.S. Dept. of Commerce, Economics and Statistics Administration, U.S. Census Bureau. 2010. ^ "Anuario del comercio, de la industria, de la magistratura y de la administración. 1881". Biblioteca Nacional de España (in Spanish). p. 1614. Retrieved 4 April 2023. ^ Joseph Prentiss Sanger; Henry Gannett; Walter Francis Willcox (1900). Informe sobre el censo de Puerto Rico, 1899, United States. War Dept. Porto Rico Census Office (in Spanish). Imprenta del gobierno. p. 162. ^ "Report of the Census of Porto Rico 1899". War Department Office Director Census of Porto Rico. Archived from the original on July 16, 2017. Retrieved September 21, 2017. ^ "Table 3-Population of Municipalities: 1930 1920 and 1910" (PDF). United States Census Bureau. Archived (PDF) from the original on August 17, 2017. Retrieved September 21, 2017. ^ "Table 4-Area and Population of Municipalities Urban and Rural: 1930 to 1950" (PDF). United States Census Bureau. Archived (PDF) from the original on August 30, 2015. Retrieved September 21, 2014. ^ "Table 2 Population and Housing Units: 1960 to 2000" (PDF). United States Census Bureau. Archived (PDF) from the original on July 24, 2017. Retrieved September 21, 2017. ^ Puerto Rico: 2010 Population and Housing Unit Counts.pdf (PDF). U.S. Dept. of Commerce Economics and Statistics Administration U.S. Census Bureau. 2010. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2017-02-20. Retrieved 2019-08-02. ^ a b "Top Places to See in Puerto Rico". Discover Puerto Rico. ^ "Puerto Rico Leisure Guide – 2021". Issuu. Retrieved January 22, 2022. ^ "Puertorriqueñísimo - Cayey - El picapiedras de Guavate". YouTube (in Spanish). PuertoRicoNetwork. Retrieved 14 June 2020. ^ "EN FOTOS: Juan Santos, el Picapiedras de Guavate y su arte en mármol". orlandosentinel.com (in Spanish). 1 July 2019. Retrieved 14 June 2020. This Cayey, Puerto Rico location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"barrio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barrios_of_Puerto_Rico"},{"link_name":"Cayey, Puerto Rico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cayey,_Puerto_Rico"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pico_1969-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Law2015-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2010_Census-5"}],"text":"Barrio of Cayey, Puerto RicoBarrio in Cayey, Puerto RicoGuavate is a barrio in the municipality of Cayey, Puerto Rico. Its population in 2010 was 1,870.[3][4][5]","title":"Guavate, Cayey, Puerto Rico"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"gazetteers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gazetteer"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain"},{"link_name":"Spanish–American War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish%E2%80%93American_War"},{"link_name":"Treaty of Paris of 1898","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_of_1898"},{"link_name":"unincorporated territory of the United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insular_area"},{"link_name":"United States Department of War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_War"},{"link_name":"census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Census"},{"link_name":"Beatriz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beatriz,_Cayey,_Puerto_Rico"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-OfficeSanger1900-7"}],"text":"Guavate was in Spain's gazetteers[6] until Puerto Rico was ceded by Spain in the aftermath of the Spanish–American War under the terms of the Treaty of Paris of 1898 and became an unincorporated territory of the United States. In 1899, the United States Department of War conducted a census of Puerto Rico finding that the combined population of Beatriz and Guavate barrios was 853.[7]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Puerto Rico Highway 184","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puerto_Rico_Highway_184"},{"link_name":"pork cuisine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lechon"},{"link_name":"Sierra de Cayey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sierra_de_Cayey"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Discover_PR-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Carite State Forest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carite_State_Forest"}],"text":"Guavate is known for its \"pork highway\" (a stretch of Puerto Rico Highway 184) and was featured in the Discover Puerto Rico tourism campaign of 2019 for being a must-see place in Puerto Rico because of its tender pork cuisine, mild weather and scenic views of Sierra de Cayey.[13][14] The Carite State Forest is located nearby.","title":"Tourism"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Discover_PR-13"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Picapiedra-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-orlandosentinel.com_2019-16"}],"text":"Juan Santos Torres El Picapiedras de Guavate is a well-known Puerto Rican sculptor who lives in and has a workshop in Guavate.[13][15][16]","title":"Notable residents"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Los_Pinos_lechon_en_Guavate,_Cayey,_Puerto_Rico.jpg"},{"link_name":"lechonera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lechon"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Flickr_-_ggallice_-_Lechonera.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Flickr_-_ggallice_-_Rooftop_sentinel.jpg"},{"link_name":"PR-184","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puerto_Rico_Highway_184"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:R%C3%ADo_Guavate,_Cayey,_Puerto_Rico.jpg"}],"text":"Places in Guavate\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tLos Pinos lechonera\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tLechonera\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tView of lechoneras on PR-184\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tGuavate River","title":"Gallery"}]
[]
[{"title":"Puerto Rico portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Puerto_Rico"},{"title":"List of communities in Puerto Rico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_communities_in_Puerto_Rico"}]
[{"reference":"\"US Gazetteer 2019\". US Census. US Government.","urls":[{"url":"https://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/gazetteer/2019_Gazetteer/2019_gaz_cousubs_72.txt","url_text":"\"US Gazetteer 2019\""}]},{"reference":"Picó, Rafael; Buitrago de Santiago, Zayda; Berrios, Hector H. Nueva geografía de Puerto Rico: física, económica, y social, por Rafael Picó. Con la colaboración de Zayda Buitrago de Santiago y Héctor H. Berrios. San Juan Editorial Universitaria, Universidad de Puerto Rico,1969.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/nuevageografad00pic/page/247","url_text":"Nueva geografía de Puerto Rico: física, económica, y social, por Rafael Picó. Con la colaboración de Zayda Buitrago de Santiago y Héctor H. Berrios"}]},{"reference":"Gwillim Law (20 May 2015). Administrative Subdivisions of Countries: A Comprehensive World Reference, 1900 through 1998. McFarland. p. 300. ISBN 978-1-4766-0447-3. Retrieved 25 December 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=nXCeCQAAQBAJ","url_text":"Administrative Subdivisions of Countries: A Comprehensive World Reference, 1900 through 1998"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4766-0447-3","url_text":"978-1-4766-0447-3"}]},{"reference":"Puerto Rico: 2010 Population and Housing Unit Counts.pdf (PDF). U.S. Dept. of Commerce, Economics and Statistics Administration, U.S. Census Bureau. 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://permanent.access.gpo.gov/gpo35934/cph-2-53.pdf","url_text":"Puerto Rico: 2010 Population and Housing Unit Counts.pdf"}]},{"reference":"\"Anuario del comercio, de la industria, de la magistratura y de la administración. 1881\". Biblioteca Nacional de España (in Spanish). p. 1614. 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Retrieved September 21, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/stream/reportoncensusof00unitiala#page/n245/mode/2up","url_text":"\"Report of the Census of Porto Rico 1899\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170716033905/https://archive.org/stream/reportoncensusof00unitiala#page/n245/mode/2up","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Table 3-Population of Municipalities: 1930 1920 and 1910\" (PDF). United States Census Bureau. Archived (PDF) from the original on August 17, 2017. Retrieved September 21, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www2.census.gov/prod2/decennial/documents/00476569ch4.pdf","url_text":"\"Table 3-Population of Municipalities: 1930 1920 and 1910\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170817181600/https://www2.census.gov/prod2/decennial/documents/00476569ch4.pdf","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Table 4-Area and Population of Municipalities Urban and Rural: 1930 to 1950\" (PDF). United States Census Bureau. Archived (PDF) from the original on August 30, 2015. Retrieved September 21, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www2.census.gov/prod2/decennial/documents/23761117v1ch12.pdf","url_text":"\"Table 4-Area and Population of Municipalities Urban and Rural: 1930 to 1950\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150830033735/http://www2.census.gov/prod2/decennial/documents/23761117v1ch12.pdf","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Table 2 Population and Housing Units: 1960 to 2000\" (PDF). United States Census Bureau. Archived (PDF) from the original on July 24, 2017. Retrieved September 21, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.census.gov/prod/cen2000/phc-3-53-eng.pdf","url_text":"\"Table 2 Population and Housing Units: 1960 to 2000\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170724061852/https://www.census.gov/prod/cen2000/phc-3-53-eng.pdf","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Puerto Rico: 2010 Population and Housing Unit Counts.pdf (PDF). U.S. Dept. of Commerce Economics and Statistics Administration U.S. Census Bureau. 2010. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2017-02-20. Retrieved 2019-08-02.","urls":[{"url":"https://permanent.access.gpo.gov/gpo35934/cph-2-53.pdf","url_text":"Puerto Rico: 2010 Population and Housing Unit Counts.pdf"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170220183043/https://permanent.access.gpo.gov/gpo35934/cph-2-53.pdf","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Top Places to See in Puerto Rico\". Discover Puerto Rico.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.discoverpuertorico.com/list/top-places-to-see-puerto-rico","url_text":"\"Top Places to See in Puerto Rico\""}]},{"reference":"\"Puerto Rico Leisure Guide – 2021\". Issuu. Retrieved January 22, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://issuu.com/discoverpuertorico/docs/leisure_guide_2021_edited","url_text":"\"Puerto Rico Leisure Guide – 2021\""}]},{"reference":"\"Puertorriqueñísimo - Cayey - El picapiedras de Guavate\". YouTube (in Spanish). PuertoRicoNetwork. Retrieved 14 June 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0O6sNzAju7o","url_text":"\"Puertorriqueñísimo - Cayey - El picapiedras de Guavate\""}]},{"reference":"\"EN FOTOS: Juan Santos, el Picapiedras de Guavate y su arte en mármol\". orlandosentinel.com (in Spanish). 1 July 2019. Retrieved 14 June 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.orlandosentinel.com/elsentinel/negocios/os-es-picapiedras-guavate-puerto-rico-artesano-20190801-wkmwvaqrxbhl3j34cwrjtaz7pu-photogallery.html","url_text":"\"EN FOTOS: Juan Santos, el Picapiedras de Guavate y su arte en mármol\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Burial_Ground,_Frogmore
Royal Burial Ground, Frogmore
["1 Overview","2 Burials","2.1 Buried in 1928: previously interred at St George's Chapel","2.2 Burials 1929–1949","2.3 Burials 1950–1979","2.4 Burials 1980–present","3 Formerly buried at the Royal Burial Ground","4 Statue","5 Public access","6 References","7 External links"]
Coordinates: 51°28′26.4″N 0°35′54.9″W / 51.474000°N 0.598583°W / 51.474000; -0.598583Cemetery used by the British Royal Family, surrounds the Royal Mausoleum on the Frogmore Estate 51°28′26.4″N 0°35′54.9″W / 51.474000°N 0.598583°W / 51.474000; -0.598583 Queen Victoria's Royal Mausoleum at Frogmore and the Royal Burial Ground (front) The Royal Burial Ground is a cemetery used by the British royal family. Consecrated on 23 October 1928 by the Bishop of Oxford, it is adjacent to the Royal Mausoleum, which was built in 1862 to house the tomb of Queen Victoria and Prince Albert. The burial ground lies on the Frogmore estate within the Home Park at Windsor, in the English county of Berkshire. Overview The burial ground was established because the Royal Vault under St George's Chapel was becoming full; by 1928, there had been 23 interments since 1810. King George V allowed the burial ground to be made with the intention that in the future, only British sovereigns and those in the direct line of succession would be buried in the Royal Vault. Many members of the Royal Family, generally except for sovereigns and their consorts, have been interred in the Royal Burial Ground, among them Queen Victoria's children (Princess Helena, 1846–1923; Prince Arthur, 1850–1942; Princess Louise, 1848–1939) and one sovereign: Edward VIII, 1894–1972. In the adjacent Frogmore Gardens stands the Duchess of Kent's Mausoleum built in 1861 for Queen Victoria's mother. Burials Royal Burial Ground, Frogmore Buried in 1928: previously interred at St George's Chapel Schleswig-Holstein plot at Royal Burial Ground, Frogmore Some members of the British Royal family were reburied at this cemetery in 1928, having previously been interred in the Royal Vault at St George's Chapel. 1928 Prince Harald of Schleswig-Holstein (1876–1876), son of Princess Helena of the United Kingdom. Interred in the Royal Vault at St George's Chapel until transferred to the Royal Burial Ground in late October 1928. His coffin is in the same grave as that of his mother. 1928 Prince Francis of Teck (1870–1910), brother of Queen Mary. Funeral at St George's Chapel on 5 November 1910, then interred in the Royal Vault at St George's Chapel; transferred to the Royal Burial Ground in late October 1928. 1928 Princess Louise Margaret, Duchess of Connaught and Strathearn (1860–1917), wife of Prince Arthur, Duke of Connaught and Strathearn and viceregal consort of Canada. Cremated on the evening of 18 March 1917 at Golders Green Crematorium as first member of the Royal Family to be cremated, ashes put in an oak coffin for funeral at St George's Chapel on 19 March 1917, then placed in the Royal Vault at St George's Chapel; transferred to the Royal Burial Ground in late October 1928. 1928 Prince Christian of Schleswig-Holstein (1831–1917), husband of Princess Helena of the United Kingdom. Funeral at St George's Chapel on 1 November 1917, then interred in the Royal Vault at St George's Chapel; transferred to the Royal Burial Ground in late October 1928. 1928 Lord Leopold Mountbatten (1889–1922), grandson of Queen Victoria through his mother Princess Henry of Battenberg. Funeral at St George's Chapel on 1 May 1922, then interred in the Royal Vault at St George's Chapel; transferred to the Royal Burial Ground in late October 1928. 1928 Princess Helena of the United Kingdom (1846–1923), daughter of Queen Victoria, wife of Prince Christian of Schleswig-Holstein. Funeral at St George's Chapel on 15 June 1923, then interred in the Royal Vault at St George's Chapel; transferred to the Royal Burial Ground in late October 1928. 1928 Adolphus Cambridge, 1st Marquess of Cambridge (1868–1927), a former Prince of Teck and brother of Queen Mary and husband of Margaret Cambridge, Marchioness of Cambridge. Funeral at St George's Chapel on 29 October 1927, then interred in the Royal Vault at St George's Chapel; transferred to the Royal Burial Ground in late October 1928. His coffin is in the same grave as that of his wife. 1928 Rupert Cambridge, Viscount Trematon (1907–1928), son of Alexander Cambridge, 1st Earl of Athlone. Funeral at St George's Chapel on 19 April 1928, then interred in the Royal Vault at St George's Chapel; transferred to the Royal Burial Ground in late October 1928. Burials 1929–1949 Princess Louise, Duchess of Argyll's grave (centre) at the Royal Burial Ground, Frogmore 1929 Margaret Cambridge, Marchioness of Cambridge (1873–1929), wife of the 1st Marquess of Cambridge. Funeral at St George's Chapel on 30 March 1929, then interred in the Royal Burial Ground. Her coffin is in the same grave as that of her husband. 1935 Princess Victoria of the United Kingdom (1868–1935), daughter of King Edward VII. Funeral at St George's Chapel on 7 December 1935, then interred in the Royal Burial Ground on 8 January 1936. 1938 Prince Arthur of Connaught (1883–1938), son of Prince Arthur, Duke of Connaught and husband of Princess Alexandra, 2nd Duchess of Fife. A former Governor-General of South Africa. Funeral at St George's Chapel on 16 September 1938, then interred in the Royal Vault at St George's Chapel; transferred to the Royal Burial Ground on 22 September 1938. 1940 Princess Louise, Duchess of Argyll (1848–1939), daughter of Queen Victoria, wife of the 9th Duke of Argyll and viceregal consort of Canada. Cremated at Golders Green Crematorium, ashes put in an oak coffin for funeral at St George's Chapel on 12 December 1939, then placed in the Royal Vault at St George's Chapel; transferred to the Royal Burial Ground on 13 March 1940. 1942 Prince Arthur, Duke of Connaught and Strathearn (1850–1942), son of Queen Victoria. A former Governor General of Canada. Funeral at St George's Chapel on 23 January 1942, then interred in the Royal Vault at St George's Chapel; transferred to the Royal Burial Ground on 18 March 1942. 1948 Princess Helena Victoria of Schleswig-Holstein (1870–1948), daughter of Princess Helena of the United Kingdom. Funeral at St George's Chapel on 17 March 1948, then interred in the Royal Burial Ground. Burials 1950–1979 1956 Princess Marie Louise of Schleswig-Holstein (1872–1956), daughter of Prince Christian of Schleswig-Holstein and Princess Helena of the United Kingdom and also granddaughter of Queen Victoria. Funeral at St George's Chapel on 14 December 1956, then interred in the Royal Burial Ground. 1957 Alexander Cambridge, 1st Earl of Athlone (1874–1957), brother of Queen Mary and husband of Princess Alice, Countess of Athlone. A former Prince of Teck, a former Governor-General of South Africa and a former Governor General of Canada. Funeral at St George's Chapel on 19 January 1957, then interred in the Royal Burial Ground. His coffin is in the same grave as that of his wife. 1968 Prince George, Duke of Kent (1902–1942), son of King George V, husband of Princess Marina, Duchess of Kent. Funeral at St George's Chapel on 29 August 1942, then interred in the Royal Vault at St George's Chapel; transferred to the Royal Burial Ground on 29 August 1968, the day before his wife's funeral. 1968 Princess Marina, Duchess of Kent (1906–1968), wife of Prince George, Duke of Kent. Interred in the Royal Burial Ground on 30 August 1968. 1972 Prince Edward, Duke of Windsor (1894–1972), eldest son of King George V and formerly King Edward VIII. A former Governor of the Bahamas. Funeral at St George's Chapel on 5 June 1972, then interred in the Royal Burial Ground. 1972 Prince William of Gloucester (1941–1972), son of Prince Henry, Duke of Gloucester. Interred in the Royal Burial Ground on 2 September 1972. 1972 Sir Alexander Ramsay (1881–1972), husband of Princess Patricia of Connaught and former Fifth Sea Lord. Interred in the Royal Burial Ground in October 1972. 1974 Lady Patricia Ramsay (1886–1974), daughter of Prince Arthur, Duke of Connaught, and wife of Sir Alexander Ramsay. Interred in the Royal Burial Ground in January 1974. 1974 Prince Henry, Duke of Gloucester (1900–1974), son of King George V, husband of Princess Alice, Duchess of Gloucester. A former Governor-General of Australia. Interred in the Royal Burial Ground on 14 June 1974. 1975 Patrick Plunket, 7th Baron Plunket (1923–1975), Courtier, equerry to King George VI and Queen Elizabeth II. Interred in the Royal Burial Ground in June 1975. Burials 1980–present 1981 Princess Alice, Countess of Athlone (1883–1981), last surviving grandchild of Queen Victoria and daughter of Prince Leopold, Duke of Albany, wife of Alexander Cambridge, 1st Earl of Athlone and viceregal consort of Canada and of South Africa. Funeral at St George's Chapel on 8 January 1981, then interred in the Royal Burial Ground. Her coffin is in the same grave as that of her husband. 1981 George Cambridge, 2nd Marquess of Cambridge (1895–1981), son of the 1st Marquess of Cambridge. Interred in the Royal Burial Ground on 23 April 1981. His coffin is in the same grave as that of his wife. 1986 Wallis, Duchess of Windsor (1896–1986), wife of Prince Edward, Duke of Windsor. Funeral at St George's Chapel on 29 April 1986, then interred in the Royal Burial Ground, next to the grave of her husband. 1988 Dorothy Cambridge, Marchioness of Cambridge (1899–1988), wife of The 2nd Marquess of Cambridge. Interred in the Royal Burial Ground in April 1988. Her coffin is in the same grave as that of her husband. 1994 Lady May Abel Smith (1906–1994), daughter of Alexander Cambridge, 1st Earl of Athlone, and wife of Sir Henry Abel Smith. Interred in the Royal Burial Ground on 9 June 1994; her husband's ashes were buried there at the same time. Both are buried in the same grave. 1994 Sir Henry Abel Smith (1900–1993), husband of Lady May Abel Smith and former Governor of Queensland. Cremated, ashes interred in the Royal Burial Ground at the time of his wife's funeral there on 9 June 1994. Both are buried in the same grave. 2004 Princess Alice, Duchess of Gloucester (1901–2004), wife of Prince Henry, 1st Duke of Gloucester and viceregal consort of Australia. Funeral at St George's Chapel on 5 November 2004, then interred in the Royal Burial Ground. 2005 Sir Angus Ogilvy (1928–2004), husband of Princess Alexandra of Kent. Funeral at St George's Chapel on 5 January 2005, then interred in the Royal Burial Ground. Formerly buried at the Royal Burial Ground Queen Maria, Queen Mother of Yugoslavia (1900–1961), great-granddaughter of Queen Victoria, wife of King Alexander I of Yugoslavia. Died in London, funeral on 2 July 1961, then interred in the Royal Burial Ground. Remains were exhumed on 26 April 2013 and transferred to Oplenac, Serbia, on 28 April. Statue The statue overlooking the ground is a copy of the Danish Neoclassical sculptor Bertel Thorvaldsen's Christ, originally conceived 1821. The Frogmore copy was cast in 1903 at the bronze foundry Lauritz Rasmussen in Copenhagen. It was commissioned by the Danish-born Queen Alexandra in memory of her mother-in-law, Queen Victoria. Public access The Duchess of Kent's Mausoleum Frogmore House and its gardens are usually open to the public on about six days each year, usually around Easter and the August Bank Holiday. The Royal Burial Ground may be viewed from around its perimeter on the days on which the gardens are open to the public. The Duchess of Kent's Mausoleum may also be viewed externally, but is never open to the public. The Royal Mausoleum, the resting place of Queen Victoria and her husband Prince Albert, is structurally unsound and has been closed to the public since 2007. It was reported in August 2011 that repairs might not be completed for a further ten years. The Royal Mausoleum used to open on the Wednesday nearest Queen Victoria's birthday, 24 May, and occasionally on other days when the grounds were open. Restoration of the mausoleum began in June 2018, with the aims to create a dry moat around it and to replace the roof to protect it from the long-standing problem of water infiltration. References ^ "Royal Burials at St George's Chapel, Windsor". St George's Chapel. ^ a b "Royal Burials". The Times. 25 October 1928. p. 16. ^ Harl, Johann (3 June 2002). "Royal Rumours". New Statesman. p. 19. ^ Mendick, Robert; Sawer, Patrick (27 April 2013). "Yugoslavia's exiled Queen returns home at long last". The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 6 January 2020. ^ "Royal mausoleum faces 10-year closure". The Evening Standard. 3 August 2011. Retrieved 21 December 2015. ^ rose.slavin (16 August 2018). "The Royal Mausoleum at Frogmore". The Royal Family. Retrieved 11 February 2019. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to The Royal Burial Ground, Frogmore. Frogmore Royal Burial Ground (near bottom of page) vteCemeteries in EnglandEast Midlands Boston (Marian Road) Eckington Cemetery Louth Leicester (Welford Road) East of England Baldock Biggleswade Cambridge American Cemetery Cambridge Ascension Parish Cambridge (City) Cambridge (Histon Road) Cambridge (Mill Road) Hitchin Hoddesdon Lowestoft Cemetery Lowestoft (Kirkley) Letchworth Norwich (Earlham Road) Norwich (Gildencroft Quaker) Norwich (Rosary) North East Bishopwearmouth Middlesbrough (Linthorpe) Newcastle-upon-Tyne (Jesmond) Marske-by-the-Sea (St Germain's) North West Barrow-in-Furness (Thorncliffe) Birkenhead (Flaybrick Hill) Blackpool (Carleton) Blackpool (Layton) Chester (Overleigh) Darwen Liverpool (Allerton) Liverpool (Anfield) Liverpool (Everton) Liverpool (St James) Liverpool (Toxteth Park) Liverpool (West Derby) Macclesfield Manchester (Blackley) Manchester (Southern) Burials Rochdale (Middleton) Salford (Agecroft) Salford (Weaste) South East Aldershot Cemetery Aldershot Crematorium Aldershot Military Cemetery Ash, Surrey Brookwood Cemetery Brookwood American Cemetery Deal (Hamilton Road) Farnham (Green Lane) Farnham (Upper Hale) Farnham (West Street) Guildford (Mount) Hastings Kent & Sussex Oxford (Holywell) Margate Cemetery Oxford (Osney) Oxford (St Sepulchre's) Oxford (Wolvercote) Reading Old Royal Burial Ground (Frogmore) Southampton Hollybrook Southampton Old Southampton (South Stoneham) Westmill Woodland Burial Ground Winchester (Magdalen Hill) Winchester (West Hill) South West Barnstaple Bath Abbey Bath (Locksbrook) Bideford (East-the-Water) Bideford (Higher Cemetery) Bournemouth (East) Bournemouth (Kinson) Bournemouth (North) Bournemouth (Wimborne Road) Bristol (Arnos Vale) Ilfracombe Plymouth (Ford Park) Smallcombe (Bath) Tiverton Torquay West Midlands Birmingham (Brandwood End) Birmingham (Key Hill) Birmingham (Lodge Hill) Birmingham (Warstone Lane) Birmingham (Witton) Cannock Chase Coventry (London Road) Dudley (Lye and Wollescote) Greenhaven Woodland Yorkshire and the Humber Bradford (Undercliffe) Halifax (Stoney Royd) Harrogate (Stonefall) Hull (General) Leeds (Beckett Street) Sheffield (Abbey Lane) Sheffield (City Road) Sheffield (Crookes) Sheffield (General) Sheffield (Intake) Sheffield (Norton) Sheffield (St. Michael's) Sheffield (Tinsley Park) Sheffield (Wardsend) York By city Brighton and Hove London
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Consecrated on 23 October 1928 by the Bishop of Oxford, it is adjacent to the Royal Mausoleum, which was built in 1862 to house the tomb of Queen Victoria and Prince Albert. The burial ground lies on the Frogmore estate within the Home Park at Windsor, in the English county of Berkshire.[1]","title":"Royal Burial Ground, Frogmore"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Royal Vault","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_George%27s_Chapel,_Windsor_Castle#Royal_Vault"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"},{"link_name":"George V","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_V"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"},{"link_name":"Queen Victoria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_Victoria"},{"link_name":"Princess Helena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princess_Helena_of_the_United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Prince Arthur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_Arthur,_Duke_of_Connaught_and_Strathearn"},{"link_name":"Princess Louise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princess_Louise,_Duchess_of_Argyll"},{"link_name":"Edward VIII","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_VIII"},{"link_name":"Frogmore Gardens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frogmore_Gardens"},{"link_name":"Duchess of Kent's Mausoleum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duchess_of_Kent%27s_Mausoleum"},{"link_name":"Queen Victoria's mother","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princess_Victoria_of_Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld"}],"text":"The burial ground was established because the Royal Vault under St George's Chapel was becoming full; by 1928, there had been 23 interments since 1810.[2] King George V allowed the burial ground to be made with the intention that in the future, only British sovereigns and those in the direct line of succession would be buried in the Royal Vault.[2]Many members of the Royal Family, generally except for sovereigns and their consorts, have been interred in the Royal Burial Ground, among them Queen Victoria's children (Princess Helena, 1846–1923; Prince Arthur, 1850–1942; Princess Louise, 1848–1939) and one sovereign: Edward VIII, 1894–1972. In the adjacent Frogmore Gardens stands the Duchess of Kent's Mausoleum built in 1861 for Queen Victoria's mother.","title":"Overview"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Royalburialground.jpg"}],"text":"Royal Burial Ground, Frogmore","title":"Burials"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Schleswig-Holstein_plot_at_Royal_Burial_Ground,_Frogmore.jpg"},{"link_name":"British Royal family","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Royal_family"},{"link_name":"St George's Chapel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_George%27s_Chapel,_Windsor_Castle"},{"link_name":"Princess Helena of the United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princess_Helena_of_the_United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"St George's Chapel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_George%27s_Chapel,_Windsor_Castle"},{"link_name":"Prince Francis of Teck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_Francis_of_Teck"},{"link_name":"Queen Mary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_of_Teck"},{"link_name":"St George's Chapel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_George%27s_Chapel,_Windsor_Castle"},{"link_name":"Princess Louise Margaret, Duchess of Connaught and Strathearn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princess_Louise_Margaret_of_Prussia"},{"link_name":"Prince Arthur, Duke of Connaught and Strathearn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_Arthur,_Duke_of_Connaught_and_Strathearn"},{"link_name":"viceregal consort of Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viceregal_consort_of_Canada"},{"link_name":"Golders Green Crematorium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golders_Green_Crematorium"},{"link_name":"St George's Chapel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_George%27s_Chapel,_Windsor_Castle"},{"link_name":"Prince Christian of Schleswig-Holstein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_Christian_of_Schleswig-Holstein"},{"link_name":"Princess Helena of the United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princess_Helena_of_the_United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"St George's Chapel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_George%27s_Chapel,_Windsor_Castle"},{"link_name":"Lord Leopold Mountbatten","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_Leopold_Mountbatten"},{"link_name":"Princess Henry of Battenberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princess_Beatrice_of_the_United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"St George's Chapel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_George%27s_Chapel,_Windsor_Castle"},{"link_name":"Princess Helena of the United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princess_Helena_of_the_United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Prince Christian of Schleswig-Holstein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_Christian_of_Schleswig-Holstein"},{"link_name":"St George's Chapel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_George%27s_Chapel,_Windsor_Castle"},{"link_name":"Adolphus Cambridge, 1st Marquess of Cambridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolphus_Cambridge,_1st_Marquess_of_Cambridge"},{"link_name":"Teck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burg_Teck"},{"link_name":"Queen Mary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_of_Teck"},{"link_name":"Margaret Cambridge, Marchioness of Cambridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaret_Cambridge,_Marchioness_of_Cambridge"},{"link_name":"St George's Chapel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_George%27s_Chapel,_Windsor_Castle"},{"link_name":"Rupert Cambridge, Viscount Trematon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rupert_Cambridge,_Viscount_Trematon"},{"link_name":"Alexander Cambridge, 1st Earl of Athlone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Cambridge,_1st_Earl_of_Athlone"},{"link_name":"St George's Chapel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_George%27s_Chapel,_Windsor_Castle"}],"sub_title":"Buried in 1928: previously interred at St George's Chapel","text":"Schleswig-Holstein plot at Royal Burial Ground, FrogmoreSome members of the British Royal family were reburied at this cemetery in 1928, having previously been interred in the Royal Vault at St George's Chapel.1928 Prince Harald of Schleswig-Holstein (1876–1876), son of Princess Helena of the United Kingdom. Interred in the Royal Vault at St George's Chapel until transferred to the Royal Burial Ground in late October 1928. His coffin is in the same grave as that of his mother.\n1928 Prince Francis of Teck (1870–1910), brother of Queen Mary. Funeral at St George's Chapel on 5 November 1910, then interred in the Royal Vault at St George's Chapel; transferred to the Royal Burial Ground in late October 1928.\n1928 Princess Louise Margaret, Duchess of Connaught and Strathearn (1860–1917), wife of Prince Arthur, Duke of Connaught and Strathearn and viceregal consort of Canada. Cremated on the evening of 18 March 1917 at Golders Green Crematorium as first member of the Royal Family to be cremated, ashes put in an oak coffin for funeral at St George's Chapel on 19 March 1917, then placed in the Royal Vault at St George's Chapel; transferred to the Royal Burial Ground in late October 1928.\n1928 Prince Christian of Schleswig-Holstein (1831–1917), husband of Princess Helena of the United Kingdom. Funeral at St George's Chapel on 1 November 1917, then interred in the Royal Vault at St George's Chapel; transferred to the Royal Burial Ground in late October 1928.\n1928 Lord Leopold Mountbatten (1889–1922), grandson of Queen Victoria through his mother Princess Henry of Battenberg. Funeral at St George's Chapel on 1 May 1922, then interred in the Royal Vault at St George's Chapel; transferred to the Royal Burial Ground in late October 1928.\n1928 Princess Helena of the United Kingdom (1846–1923), daughter of Queen Victoria, wife of Prince Christian of Schleswig-Holstein. Funeral at St George's Chapel on 15 June 1923, then interred in the Royal Vault at St George's Chapel; transferred to the Royal Burial Ground in late October 1928.\n1928 Adolphus Cambridge, 1st Marquess of Cambridge (1868–1927), a former Prince of Teck and brother of Queen Mary and husband of Margaret Cambridge, Marchioness of Cambridge. Funeral at St George's Chapel on 29 October 1927, then interred in the Royal Vault at St George's Chapel; transferred to the Royal Burial Ground in late October 1928. His coffin is in the same grave as that of his wife.\n1928 Rupert Cambridge, Viscount Trematon (1907–1928), son of Alexander Cambridge, 1st Earl of Athlone. Funeral at St George's Chapel on 19 April 1928, then interred in the Royal Vault at St George's Chapel; transferred to the Royal Burial Ground in late October 1928.","title":"Burials"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Princess_Louise%27s_grave_at_Frogmore.jpg"},{"link_name":"Princess Louise, Duchess of Argyll","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princess_Louise,_Duchess_of_Argyll"},{"link_name":"Margaret Cambridge, Marchioness of Cambridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaret_Cambridge,_Marchioness_of_Cambridge"},{"link_name":"the 1st Marquess of Cambridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolphus_Cambridge,_1st_Marquess_of_Cambridge"},{"link_name":"St George's Chapel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_George%27s_Chapel,_Windsor_Castle"},{"link_name":"Princess Victoria of the United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princess_Victoria_of_the_United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Edward VII","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_VII"},{"link_name":"St George's Chapel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_George%27s_Chapel,_Windsor_Castle"},{"link_name":"Prince Arthur of Connaught","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_Arthur_of_Connaught"},{"link_name":"Prince Arthur, Duke of Connaught","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_Arthur,_Duke_of_Connaught_and_Strathearn"},{"link_name":"Princess Alexandra, 2nd Duchess of Fife","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princess_Alexandra,_2nd_Duchess_of_Fife"},{"link_name":"Governor-General of South Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor-General_of_South_Africa"},{"link_name":"St George's Chapel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_George%27s_Chapel,_Windsor_Castle"},{"link_name":"Princess Louise, Duchess of Argyll","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princess_Louise,_Duchess_of_Argyll"},{"link_name":"9th Duke of Argyll","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Campbell,_9th_Duke_of_Argyll"},{"link_name":"viceregal consort of Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viceregal_consort_of_Canada"},{"link_name":"Golders Green Crematorium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golders_Green_Crematorium"},{"link_name":"St George's Chapel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_George%27s_Chapel,_Windsor_Castle"},{"link_name":"Prince Arthur, Duke of Connaught and Strathearn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_Arthur,_Duke_of_Connaught_and_Strathearn"},{"link_name":"Governor General of Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_General_of_Canada"},{"link_name":"St George's Chapel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_George%27s_Chapel,_Windsor_Castle"},{"link_name":"Princess Helena Victoria of Schleswig-Holstein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princess_Helena_Victoria_of_Schleswig-Holstein"},{"link_name":"Princess Helena of the United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princess_Helena_of_the_United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"St George's Chapel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_George%27s_Chapel,_Windsor_Castle"}],"sub_title":"Burials 1929–1949","text":"Princess Louise, Duchess of Argyll's grave (centre) at the Royal Burial Ground, Frogmore1929 Margaret Cambridge, Marchioness of Cambridge (1873–1929), wife of the 1st Marquess of Cambridge. Funeral at St George's Chapel on 30 March 1929, then interred in the Royal Burial Ground. Her coffin is in the same grave as that of her husband.\n1935 Princess Victoria of the United Kingdom (1868–1935), daughter of King Edward VII. Funeral at St George's Chapel on 7 December 1935, then interred in the Royal Burial Ground on 8 January 1936.\n1938 Prince Arthur of Connaught (1883–1938), son of Prince Arthur, Duke of Connaught and husband of Princess Alexandra, 2nd Duchess of Fife. A former Governor-General of South Africa. Funeral at St George's Chapel on 16 September 1938, then interred in the Royal Vault at St George's Chapel; transferred to the Royal Burial Ground on 22 September 1938.\n1940 Princess Louise, Duchess of Argyll (1848–1939), daughter of Queen Victoria, wife of the 9th Duke of Argyll and viceregal consort of Canada. Cremated at Golders Green Crematorium, ashes put in an oak coffin for funeral at St George's Chapel on 12 December 1939, then placed in the Royal Vault at St George's Chapel; transferred to the Royal Burial Ground on 13 March 1940.\n1942 Prince Arthur, Duke of Connaught and Strathearn (1850–1942), son of Queen Victoria. A former Governor General of Canada. Funeral at St George's Chapel on 23 January 1942, then interred in the Royal Vault at St George's Chapel; transferred to the Royal Burial Ground on 18 March 1942.\n1948 Princess Helena Victoria of Schleswig-Holstein (1870–1948), daughter of Princess Helena of the United Kingdom. Funeral at St George's Chapel on 17 March 1948, then interred in the Royal Burial Ground.","title":"Burials"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Princess Marie Louise of Schleswig-Holstein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princess_Marie_Louise_of_Schleswig-Holstein"},{"link_name":"Prince Christian of Schleswig-Holstein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_Christian_of_Schleswig-Holstein"},{"link_name":"Princess Helena of the United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princess_Helena_of_the_United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Queen Victoria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_Victoria"},{"link_name":"St George's Chapel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_George%27s_Chapel,_Windsor_Castle"},{"link_name":"Alexander Cambridge, 1st Earl of Athlone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Cambridge,_1st_Earl_of_Athlone"},{"link_name":"Queen Mary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_of_Teck"},{"link_name":"Princess Alice, Countess of Athlone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princess_Alice,_Countess_of_Athlone"},{"link_name":"Teck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burg_Teck"},{"link_name":"Governor-General of South Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor-General_of_South_Africa"},{"link_name":"Governor General of Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_General_of_Canada"},{"link_name":"St George's Chapel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_George%27s_Chapel,_Windsor_Castle"},{"link_name":"Prince George, Duke of Kent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_George,_Duke_of_Kent"},{"link_name":"George V","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_V"},{"link_name":"Princess Marina, Duchess of Kent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princess_Marina,_Duchess_of_Kent"},{"link_name":"St George's Chapel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_George%27s_Chapel,_Windsor_Castle"},{"link_name":"Princess Marina, Duchess of Kent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princess_Marina,_Duchess_of_Kent"},{"link_name":"Prince George, Duke of Kent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_George,_Duke_of_Kent"},{"link_name":"Prince Edward, Duke of Windsor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_VIII"},{"link_name":"George V","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_V"},{"link_name":"Edward VIII","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_VIII"},{"link_name":"Governor of the Bahamas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_of_the_Bahamas"},{"link_name":"St George's Chapel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_George%27s_Chapel,_Windsor_Castle"},{"link_name":"Prince William of Gloucester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_William_of_Gloucester"},{"link_name":"Prince Henry, Duke of Gloucester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_Henry,_Duke_of_Gloucester"},{"link_name":"Sir Alexander Ramsay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Ramsay_(Royal_Navy_officer)"},{"link_name":"Princess Patricia of Connaught","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princess_Patricia_of_Connaught"},{"link_name":"Fifth Sea Lord","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fifth_Sea_Lord"},{"link_name":"Lady Patricia Ramsay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princess_Patricia_of_Connaught"},{"link_name":"Prince Arthur, Duke of Connaught","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_Arthur,_Duke_of_Connaught_and_Strathearn"},{"link_name":"Sir Alexander Ramsay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Ramsay_(Royal_Navy_officer)"},{"link_name":"Prince Henry, Duke of Gloucester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_Henry,_Duke_of_Gloucester"},{"link_name":"George V","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_V"},{"link_name":"Princess Alice, Duchess of Gloucester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princess_Alice,_Duchess_of_Gloucester"},{"link_name":"Governor-General of Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor-General_of_Australia"},{"link_name":"Patrick Plunket, 7th Baron Plunket","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrick_Plunket,_7th_Baron_Plunket"},{"link_name":"George VI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_VI"},{"link_name":"Elizabeth II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"sub_title":"Burials 1950–1979","text":"1956 Princess Marie Louise of Schleswig-Holstein (1872–1956), daughter of Prince Christian of Schleswig-Holstein and Princess Helena of the United Kingdom and also granddaughter of Queen Victoria. Funeral at St George's Chapel on 14 December 1956, then interred in the Royal Burial Ground.\n1957 Alexander Cambridge, 1st Earl of Athlone (1874–1957), brother of Queen Mary and husband of Princess Alice, Countess of Athlone. A former Prince of Teck, a former Governor-General of South Africa and a former Governor General of Canada. Funeral at St George's Chapel on 19 January 1957, then interred in the Royal Burial Ground. His coffin is in the same grave as that of his wife.\n1968 Prince George, Duke of Kent (1902–1942), son of King George V, husband of Princess Marina, Duchess of Kent. Funeral at St George's Chapel on 29 August 1942, then interred in the Royal Vault at St George's Chapel; transferred to the Royal Burial Ground on 29 August 1968, the day before his wife's funeral.\n1968 Princess Marina, Duchess of Kent (1906–1968), wife of Prince George, Duke of Kent. Interred in the Royal Burial Ground on 30 August 1968.\n1972 Prince Edward, Duke of Windsor (1894–1972), eldest son of King George V and formerly King Edward VIII. A former Governor of the Bahamas. Funeral at St George's Chapel on 5 June 1972, then interred in the Royal Burial Ground.\n1972 Prince William of Gloucester (1941–1972), son of Prince Henry, Duke of Gloucester. Interred in the Royal Burial Ground on 2 September 1972.\n1972 Sir Alexander Ramsay (1881–1972), husband of Princess Patricia of Connaught and former Fifth Sea Lord. Interred in the Royal Burial Ground in October 1972.\n1974 Lady Patricia Ramsay (1886–1974), daughter of Prince Arthur, Duke of Connaught, and wife of Sir Alexander Ramsay. Interred in the Royal Burial Ground in January 1974.\n1974 Prince Henry, Duke of Gloucester (1900–1974), son of King George V, husband of Princess Alice, Duchess of Gloucester. A former Governor-General of Australia. Interred in the Royal Burial Ground on 14 June 1974.\n1975 Patrick Plunket, 7th Baron Plunket (1923–1975), Courtier, equerry to King George VI and Queen Elizabeth II.[3] Interred in the Royal Burial Ground in June 1975.","title":"Burials"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Princess Alice, Countess of Athlone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princess_Alice,_Countess_of_Athlone"},{"link_name":"Queen Victoria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_Victoria"},{"link_name":"Prince Leopold, Duke of Albany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_Leopold,_Duke_of_Albany"},{"link_name":"Alexander Cambridge, 1st Earl of Athlone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Cambridge,_1st_Earl_of_Athlone"},{"link_name":"viceregal consort of Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viceregal_consort_of_Canada"},{"link_name":"St George's Chapel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_George%27s_Chapel,_Windsor_Castle"},{"link_name":"George Cambridge, 2nd Marquess of Cambridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Cambridge,_2nd_Marquess_of_Cambridge"},{"link_name":"the 1st Marquess of Cambridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolphus_Cambridge,_1st_Marquess_of_Cambridge"},{"link_name":"Wallis, Duchess of Windsor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wallis,_Duchess_of_Windsor"},{"link_name":"Prince Edward, Duke of Windsor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duke_of_Windsor"},{"link_name":"St George's Chapel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_George%27s_Chapel,_Windsor_Castle"},{"link_name":"Dorothy Cambridge, Marchioness of Cambridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Cambridge,_2nd_Marquess_of_Cambridge"},{"link_name":"The 2nd Marquess of Cambridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Cambridge,_2nd_Marquess_of_Cambridge"},{"link_name":"Lady May Abel Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lady_May_Abel_Smith"},{"link_name":"Alexander Cambridge, 1st Earl of Athlone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Cambridge,_1st_Earl_of_Athlone"},{"link_name":"Sir Henry Abel Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Abel_Smith"},{"link_name":"Sir Henry Abel Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Abel_Smith"},{"link_name":"Lady May Abel Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lady_May_Abel_Smith"},{"link_name":"Governor of Queensland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_of_Queensland"},{"link_name":"Princess Alice, Duchess of Gloucester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princess_Alice,_Duchess_of_Gloucester"},{"link_name":"Prince Henry, 1st Duke of Gloucester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_Henry,_Duke_of_Gloucester"},{"link_name":"viceregal consort of Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viceregal_consort_of_Australia"},{"link_name":"St George's Chapel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_George%27s_Chapel,_Windsor_Castle"},{"link_name":"Sir Angus Ogilvy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angus_Ogilvy"},{"link_name":"Princess Alexandra of Kent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princess_Alexandra,_The_Honourable_Lady_Ogilvy"},{"link_name":"St George's Chapel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_George%27s_Chapel,_Windsor_Castle"}],"sub_title":"Burials 1980–present","text":"1981 Princess Alice, Countess of Athlone (1883–1981), last surviving grandchild of Queen Victoria and daughter of Prince Leopold, Duke of Albany, wife of Alexander Cambridge, 1st Earl of Athlone and viceregal consort of Canada and of South Africa. Funeral at St George's Chapel on 8 January 1981, then interred in the Royal Burial Ground. Her coffin is in the same grave as that of her husband.\n1981 George Cambridge, 2nd Marquess of Cambridge (1895–1981), son of the 1st Marquess of Cambridge. Interred in the Royal Burial Ground on 23 April 1981. His coffin is in the same grave as that of his wife.\n1986 Wallis, Duchess of Windsor (1896–1986), wife of Prince Edward, Duke of Windsor. Funeral at St George's Chapel on 29 April 1986, then interred in the Royal Burial Ground, next to the grave of her husband.\n1988 Dorothy Cambridge, Marchioness of Cambridge (1899–1988), wife of The 2nd Marquess of Cambridge. Interred in the Royal Burial Ground in April 1988. Her coffin is in the same grave as that of her husband.\n1994 Lady May Abel Smith (1906–1994), daughter of Alexander Cambridge, 1st Earl of Athlone, and wife of Sir Henry Abel Smith. Interred in the Royal Burial Ground on 9 June 1994; her husband's ashes were buried there at the same time. Both are buried in the same grave.\n1994 Sir Henry Abel Smith (1900–1993), husband of Lady May Abel Smith and former Governor of Queensland. Cremated, ashes interred in the Royal Burial Ground at the time of his wife's funeral there on 9 June 1994. Both are buried in the same grave.\n2004 Princess Alice, Duchess of Gloucester (1901–2004), wife of Prince Henry, 1st Duke of Gloucester and viceregal consort of Australia. Funeral at St George's Chapel on 5 November 2004, then interred in the Royal Burial Ground.\n2005 Sir Angus Ogilvy (1928–2004), husband of Princess Alexandra of Kent. Funeral at St George's Chapel on 5 January 2005, then interred in the Royal Burial Ground.","title":"Burials"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Queen Maria, Queen Mother of Yugoslavia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_of_Yugoslavia"},{"link_name":"King Alexander I of Yugoslavia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_I_of_Yugoslavia"},{"link_name":"Oplenac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oplenac"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Queen Maria, Queen Mother of Yugoslavia (1900–1961), great-granddaughter of Queen Victoria, wife of King Alexander I of Yugoslavia. Died in London, funeral on 2 July 1961, then interred in the Royal Burial Ground. Remains were exhumed on 26 April 2013 and transferred to Oplenac, Serbia, on 28 April.[4]","title":"Formerly buried at the Royal Burial Ground"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Neoclassical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neoclassicism"},{"link_name":"Bertel Thorvaldsen's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bertel_Thorvaldsen"},{"link_name":"Lauritz Rasmussen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lauritz_Rasmussen"},{"link_name":"Copenhagen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copenhagen"},{"link_name":"Queen Alexandra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandra_of_Denmark"},{"link_name":"Queen Victoria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_Victoria"}],"text":"The statue overlooking the ground is a copy of the Danish Neoclassical sculptor Bertel Thorvaldsen's Christ, originally conceived 1821. The Frogmore copy was cast in 1903 at the bronze foundry Lauritz Rasmussen in Copenhagen. It was commissioned by the Danish-born Queen Alexandra in memory of her mother-in-law, Queen Victoria.","title":"Statue"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kentmausoleum.jpg"},{"link_name":"Frogmore House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frogmore_House"},{"link_name":"Easter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Easter"},{"link_name":"Duchess of Kent's Mausoleum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duchess_of_Kent%27s_Mausoleum"},{"link_name":"Royal Mausoleum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Mausoleum,_Frogmore"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"The Duchess of Kent's MausoleumFrogmore House and its gardens are usually open to the public on about six days each year, usually around Easter and the August Bank Holiday.The Royal Burial Ground may be viewed from around its perimeter on the days on which the gardens are open to the public. The Duchess of Kent's Mausoleum may also be viewed externally, but is never open to the public.The Royal Mausoleum, the resting place of Queen Victoria and her husband Prince Albert, is structurally unsound and has been closed to the public since 2007. It was reported in August 2011 that repairs might not be completed for a further ten years.[5]\nThe Royal Mausoleum used to open on the Wednesday nearest Queen Victoria's birthday, 24 May, and occasionally on other days when the grounds were open. Restoration of the mausoleum began in June 2018, with the aims to create a dry moat around it and to replace the roof to protect it from the long-standing problem of water infiltration.[6]","title":"Public access"}]
[{"image_text":"Queen Victoria's Royal Mausoleum at Frogmore and the Royal Burial Ground (front)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Royal_Mausoleum_of_Queen_Victoria_and_Prince_Albert%2C_Frogmore%2C_Berkshire.jpg/264px-Royal_Mausoleum_of_Queen_Victoria_and_Prince_Albert%2C_Frogmore%2C_Berkshire.jpg"},{"image_text":"Royal Burial Ground, Frogmore","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Royalburialground.jpg/220px-Royalburialground.jpg"},{"image_text":"Schleswig-Holstein plot at Royal Burial Ground, Frogmore","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Schleswig-Holstein_plot_at_Royal_Burial_Ground%2C_Frogmore.jpg/220px-Schleswig-Holstein_plot_at_Royal_Burial_Ground%2C_Frogmore.jpg"},{"image_text":"Princess Louise, Duchess of Argyll's grave (centre) at the Royal Burial Ground, Frogmore","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Princess_Louise%27s_grave_at_Frogmore.jpg/220px-Princess_Louise%27s_grave_at_Frogmore.jpg"},{"image_text":"The Duchess of Kent's Mausoleum","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Kentmausoleum.jpg/220px-Kentmausoleum.jpg"}]
null
[{"reference":"\"Royal Burials at St George's Chapel, Windsor\". St George's Chapel.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.stgeorges-windsor.org/about-st-georges/royal-connection/burial.html","url_text":"\"Royal Burials at St George's Chapel, Windsor\""}]},{"reference":"\"Royal Burials\". The Times. 25 October 1928. p. 16.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Harl, Johann (3 June 2002). \"Royal Rumours\". New Statesman. p. 19.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Mendick, Robert; Sawer, Patrick (27 April 2013). \"Yugoslavia's exiled Queen returns home at long last\". The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 6 January 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/serbia/10022862/Yugoslavias-exiled-Queen-returns-home-at-long-last.html","url_text":"\"Yugoslavia's exiled Queen returns home at long last\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph","url_text":"The Daily Telegraph"}]},{"reference":"\"Royal mausoleum faces 10-year closure\". The Evening Standard. 3 August 2011. Retrieved 21 December 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.standard.co.uk/news/royal-mausoleum-faces-10-year-closure-6428917.html","url_text":"\"Royal mausoleum faces 10-year closure\""}]},{"reference":"rose.slavin (16 August 2018). \"The Royal Mausoleum at Frogmore\". The Royal Family. Retrieved 11 February 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.royal.uk/royal-mausoleum-frogmore","url_text":"\"The Royal Mausoleum at Frogmore\""}]}]
[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Royal_Burial_Ground,_Frogmore&params=51_28_26.4_N_0_35_54.9_W_type:landmark_region:GB","external_links_name":"51°28′26.4″N 0°35′54.9″W / 51.474000°N 0.598583°W / 51.474000; -0.598583"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Royal_Burial_Ground,_Frogmore&params=51_28_26.4_N_0_35_54.9_W_type:landmark_region:GB","external_links_name":"51°28′26.4″N 0°35′54.9″W / 51.474000°N 0.598583°W / 51.474000; -0.598583"},{"Link":"http://www.stgeorges-windsor.org/about-st-georges/royal-connection/burial.html","external_links_name":"\"Royal Burials at St George's Chapel, Windsor\""},{"Link":"https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/serbia/10022862/Yugoslavias-exiled-Queen-returns-home-at-long-last.html","external_links_name":"\"Yugoslavia's exiled Queen returns home at long last\""},{"Link":"https://www.standard.co.uk/news/royal-mausoleum-faces-10-year-closure-6428917.html","external_links_name":"\"Royal mausoleum faces 10-year closure\""},{"Link":"https://www.royal.uk/royal-mausoleum-frogmore","external_links_name":"\"The Royal Mausoleum at Frogmore\""},{"Link":"https://www.royal.uk/houses-frogmore","external_links_name":"Frogmore Royal Burial Ground"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bidhan_Chandra_College,_Rishra
Bidhan Chandra College, Rishra
["1 Accreditation","2 See also","3 References","4 External links"]
Coordinates: 22°43′20.62″N 88°21′08.96″E / 22.7223944°N 88.3524889°E / 22.7223944; 88.3524889 This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Bidhan Chandra College, Rishra" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (February 2012) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) Bidhan Chandra College, RishraTypeUndergraduate collegeEstablished1957; 67 years ago (1957)PrincipalDr. Ramesh KarAddress31, Grand Trunk Rd, Rishra, West Bengal 712248, India22°43′20.62″N 88°21′08.96″E / 22.7223944°N 88.3524889°E / 22.7223944; 88.3524889CampusUrbanAffiliationsUniversity of CalcuttaWebsiteBidhan Chandra CollegeLocation in West BengalShow map of West BengalBidhan Chandra College, Rishra (India)Show map of India Bidhan Chandra College, also known as Rishra College, is present at Rishra, in the Hooghly district, West Bengal, India. It offers undergraduate courses in arts, Commerce and sciences and postgraduate courses in a few subjects. It is affiliated to University of Calcutta. It was established in 1957. Accreditation In 2016 the college was awarded B grade by the National Assessment and Accreditation Council (NAAC). The college is recognized by the University Grants Commission (UGC). See also List of colleges affiliated to the University of Calcutta Education in India Education in West Bengal References ^ "Affiliated College of University of Calcutta". Archived from the original on 18 February 2012. ^ a b Colleges in West Bengal, University Grants Commission Archived 16 November 2011 at the Wayback Machine External links Official website vteUniversity of CalcuttaPeople Vice-chancellors (List) Notable people Associated researchand training institutes Bose Institute Calcutta Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology CSSSC Indian Centre for Space Physics Indian Institute of Astrophysics Indian Institute of Chemical Biology Institute of Development Studies, Kolkata Maulana Abul Kalam Azad Institute of Asian Studies Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences SINP S. N. Bose National Centre for Basic Sciences Affiliated Colleges List of colleges affiliated to the University of Calcutta List of centres affiliated to the University of Calcutta Student life Calcutta Review Sports University Athletic Club University Rowing Club Campuses Asutosh Siksha Prangan (College Street Campus) Rasbehari Siksha Prangan (Rajabazar Science College) Taraknath Palit Siksha Prangan (Ballygunge Science College) Shahid Kshudiram Sikhsha Prangan (Alipore Campus) Technology Campus (Salt Lake) Related Art Museum History Honoris Causa Tagore Lectures Category Authority control databases ISNI This article about a university or college in West Bengal, India is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rishra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rishra"},{"link_name":"Hooghly district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hooghly_district"},{"link_name":"University of Calcutta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Calcutta"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-UGC-2"}],"text":"Bidhan Chandra College, also known as Rishra College, is present at Rishra, in the Hooghly district, West Bengal, India. It offers undergraduate courses in arts, Commerce and sciences and postgraduate courses in a few subjects. It is affiliated to University of Calcutta.[1] It was established in 1957.[2]","title":"Bidhan Chandra College, Rishra"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"National Assessment and Accreditation Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Assessment_and_Accreditation_Council"},{"link_name":"University Grants Commission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_Grants_Commission_(India)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-UGC-2"}],"text":"In 2016 the college was awarded B grade by the National Assessment and Accreditation Council (NAAC). The college is recognized by the University Grants Commission (UGC).[2]","title":"Accreditation"}]
[]
[{"title":"List of colleges affiliated to the University of Calcutta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_colleges_affiliated_to_the_University_of_Calcutta"},{"title":"Education in India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Education_in_India"},{"title":"Education in West Bengal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Education_in_West_Bengal"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Lakeville,_Massachusetts
North Lakeville, Massachusetts
["1 Geography","2 Demographics","3 References"]
Coordinates: 41°51′55″N 70°56′42″W / 41.86528°N 70.94500°W / 41.86528; -70.94500 Census-designated place in Massachusetts, United StatesNorth Lakeville, MassachusettsCensus-designated placeThe ReservoirLocation in Plymouth County in MassachusettsCoordinates: 41°51′55″N 70°56′42″W / 41.86528°N 70.94500°W / 41.86528; -70.94500CountryUnited StatesStateMassachusettsCountyPlymouthArea • Total5.17 sq mi (13.40 km2) • Land5.04 sq mi (13.07 km2) • Water0.13 sq mi (0.34 km2)Elevation79 ft (24 m)Population (2020) • Total3,290 • Density652.13/sq mi (251.78/km2)Time zoneUTC-5 (Eastern (EST)) • Summer (DST)UTC-4 (EDT)FIPS code25-48220GNIS feature ID1867308 North Lakeville is a census-designated place (CDP) in the town of Lakeville in Plymouth County, Massachusetts, United States. The population was 2,630 at the 2010 census. It is roughly bounded by the Middleboro-Lakeville town line to the east, Assawompset Pond to the south, Precinct Street to the southwest, and Rhode Island Road (Route 79) to the north/northwest. Geography North Lakeville is located at 41°51′55″N 70°56′42″W / 41.86528°N 70.94500°W / 41.86528; -70.94500 (41.865338, -70.944901). According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of 13.4 km2 (5.2 mi2), of which 13.3 km2 (5.1 mi2) is land and 0.2 km2 (0.1 mi2) (1.16%) is water. Demographics Historical population CensusPop.Note%± 20203,290—U.S. Decennial Census See also: List of Massachusetts locations by per capita income As of the census of 2000, there were 2,233 people, 821 households, and 640 families residing in the CDP. The population density was 168.1/km2 (435.2/mi2). There were 861 housing units at an average density of 64.8/km2 (167.8/mi2). The racial makeup of the CDP was 96.37% White, 0.22% African American, 0.18% Native American, 1.07% Asian, 0.04% Pacific Islander, 0.90% from other races, and 1.21% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.03% of the population. There were 821 households, out of which 30.6% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 65.5% were married couples living together, 9.1% had a female householder with no husband present, and 22.0% were non-families. 18.0% of all households were made up of individuals, and 9.5% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.72 and the average family size was 3.07. In the CDP, the population was spread out, with 23.3% under the age of 18, 6.5% from 18 to 24, 29.3% from 25 to 44, 25.8% from 45 to 64, and 15.0% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 40 years. For every 100 females, there were 92.8 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 93.7 males. The median income for a household in the CDP was $11,176, and the median income for a family was $17,026. Males had a median income of $5,094 versus $3,813 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $4,906. About 72.2% of families and 84.2% of the population were below the poverty line, including 51.0% of those under age 18 and 71.0% of those age 65 or over. References ^ "2020 U.S. Gazetteer Files". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved May 21, 2022. ^ "Profile of General Population and Housing Characteristics: 2010 Demographic Profile Data (DP-1): North Lakeville CDP, Massachusetts". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved March 26, 2012. ^ "US Gazetteer files: 2010, 2000, and 1990". United States Census Bureau. February 12, 2011. Retrieved April 23, 2011. ^ "Census of Population and Housing". Census.gov. Retrieved June 4, 2016. ^ "U.S. Census website". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved January 31, 2008. vteMunicipalities and communities of Plymouth County, Massachusetts, United StatesCounty seats: Brockton and PlymouthCities Bridgewater Brockton Towns Abington Carver Duxbury East Bridgewater Halifax Hanover Hanson Hingham Hull Kingston Lakeville Marion Marshfield Mattapoisett Middleborough Norwell Pembroke Plymouth Plympton Rochester Rockland Scituate Wareham West Bridgewater Whitman CDPs Bridgewater (CDP) Cedar Crest Duxbury (CDP) Green Harbor Hanson (CDP) Hingham (CDP) Kingston (CDP) Marion Center Marshfield (CDP) Marshfield Hills Mattapoisett Center Middleborough Center North Lakeville North Pembroke North Plymouth North Scituate Ocean Bluff-Brant Rock Onset The Pinehills Plymouth (CDP) Scituate (CDP) South Duxbury Southfield (CDP) Wareham Center West Wareham Weweantic White Island Shores Othervillages Cedarville Chiltonville Ellisville Manomet Micajah Heights Plymouth Beach Priscilla Beach South Carver South Plymouth South Pond Vallerville Wellingsley West Plymouth West Wind Shores White Horse Beach Massachusetts portal United States portal
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"census-designated place","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Census-designated_place"},{"link_name":"Lakeville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lakeville,_Massachusetts"},{"link_name":"Plymouth County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plymouth_County,_Massachusetts"},{"link_name":"Massachusetts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Census_2010-2"}],"text":"Census-designated place in Massachusetts, United StatesNorth Lakeville is a census-designated place (CDP) in the town of Lakeville in Plymouth County, Massachusetts, United States. The population was 2,630 at the 2010 census.[2]It is roughly bounded by the Middleboro-Lakeville town line to the east, Assawompset Pond to the south, Precinct Street to the southwest, and Rhode Island Road (Route 79) to the north/northwest.","title":"North Lakeville, Massachusetts"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"41°51′55″N 70°56′42″W / 41.86528°N 70.94500°W / 41.86528; -70.94500","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=North_Lakeville,_Massachusetts&params=41_51_55_N_70_56_42_W_type:city"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GR1-3"},{"link_name":"United States Census Bureau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau"}],"text":"North Lakeville is located at 41°51′55″N 70°56′42″W / 41.86528°N 70.94500°W / 41.86528; -70.94500 (41.865338, -70.944901).[3]According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of 13.4 km2 (5.2 mi2), of which 13.3 km2 (5.1 mi2) is land and 0.2 km2 (0.1 mi2) (1.16%) is water.","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of Massachusetts locations by per capita income","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Massachusetts_locations_by_per_capita_income"},{"link_name":"census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Census"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GR2-5"},{"link_name":"population density","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Population_density"},{"link_name":"White","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"African American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_American_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Native American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Native_American_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Asian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asian_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Pacific Islander","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_Islander_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"other races","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Race_(United_States_Census)"},{"link_name":"Hispanic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hispanic_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Latino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latino_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"married couples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marriage"},{"link_name":"per capita income","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Per_capita_income"},{"link_name":"poverty line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty_line"}],"text":"See also: List of Massachusetts locations by per capita incomeAs of the census[5] of 2000, there were 2,233 people, 821 households, and 640 families residing in the CDP. The population density was 168.1/km2 (435.2/mi2). There were 861 housing units at an average density of 64.8/km2 (167.8/mi2). The racial makeup of the CDP was 96.37% White, 0.22% African American, 0.18% Native American, 1.07% Asian, 0.04% Pacific Islander, 0.90% from other races, and 1.21% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.03% of the population.There were 821 households, out of which 30.6% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 65.5% were married couples living together, 9.1% had a female householder with no husband present, and 22.0% were non-families. 18.0% of all households were made up of individuals, and 9.5% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.72 and the average family size was 3.07.In the CDP, the population was spread out, with 23.3% under the age of 18, 6.5% from 18 to 24, 29.3% from 25 to 44, 25.8% from 45 to 64, and 15.0% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 40 years. For every 100 females, there were 92.8 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 93.7 males.The median income for a household in the CDP was $11,176, and the median income for a family was $17,026. Males had a median income of $5,094 versus $3,813 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $4,906. About 72.2% of families and 84.2% of the population were below the poverty line, including 51.0% of those under age 18 and 71.0% of those age 65 or over.","title":"Demographics"}]
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null
[{"reference":"\"2020 U.S. Gazetteer Files\". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved May 21, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/gazetteer/2020_Gazetteer/2020_gaz_place_25.txt","url_text":"\"2020 U.S. Gazetteer Files\""}]},{"reference":"\"Profile of General Population and Housing Characteristics: 2010 Demographic Profile Data (DP-1): North Lakeville CDP, Massachusetts\". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved March 26, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.census.gov/","url_text":"\"Profile of General Population and Housing Characteristics: 2010 Demographic Profile Data (DP-1): North Lakeville CDP, Massachusetts\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau","url_text":"United States Census Bureau"}]},{"reference":"\"US Gazetteer files: 2010, 2000, and 1990\". United States Census Bureau. February 12, 2011. Retrieved April 23, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.census.gov/geographies/reference-files/time-series/geo/gazetteer-files.html","url_text":"\"US Gazetteer files: 2010, 2000, and 1990\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau","url_text":"United States Census Bureau"}]},{"reference":"\"Census of Population and Housing\". Census.gov. Retrieved June 4, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.census.gov/prod/www/decennial.html","url_text":"\"Census of Population and Housing\""}]},{"reference":"\"U.S. Census website\". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved January 31, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.census.gov/","url_text":"\"U.S. Census website\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau","url_text":"United States Census Bureau"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbu,_Norway
Barbu, Norway
["1 History","1.1 Name","2 Government","3 See also","4 References","5 External links"]
Coordinates: 58°27′59″N 08°46′41″E / 58.46639°N 8.77806°E / 58.46639; 8.77806Former municipality in Aust-Agder, Norway Former municipality in Aust-Agder, NorwayBarbu Municipality Barbu kommuneFormer municipalityView of BarbuAust-Agder within NorwayBarbu within Aust-AgderCoordinates: 58°27′59″N 08°46′41″E / 58.46639°N 8.77806°E / 58.46639; 8.77806CountryNorwayCountyAust-AgderDistrictØstre AgderEstablished1 Jan 1878 • Preceded byØstre Moland MunicipalityDisestablished1 Jan 1902 • Succeeded byArendal MunicipalityAdministrative centreBarbuArea (upon dissolution) • Total15.3 km2 (5.9 sq mi)Population (1902) • Total6,787 • Density440/km2 (1,100/sq mi)Time zoneUTC+01:00 (CET) • Summer (DST)UTC+02:00 (CEST)ISO 3166 codeNO-0990Data from Statistics Norway Barbu is a former municipality in the old Aust-Agder county in Norway. Today, it is part of the is part of the town of Arendal in Agder county. The 15.3-square-kilometre (5.9 sq mi) municipality existed from 1878 until 1902 when it was merged into the town of Arendal. The municipality was located just to the north of what was then the 0.34-square-kilometre (84-acre) town of Arendal. The administrative centre of the small, urban municipality was called Barbu as well. Barbu Church was the church for the municipality. Today, the name Barbu refers to the village-like place located in head of the Galtesundet strait within the town of Arendal. Barbu is also a parish (sogn) in the Arendal prosti (deanery) within the Diocese of Agder og Telemark. History Originally, Barbu was a part of the municipality of Østre Moland that was created on 1 January 1838 (see formannskapsdistrikt law). On 1 May 1878, Østre Moland was divided to form three municipalities: Barbu (population: 4,874), Østre Moland (population: 2,524), and Tromøy (population: 2,320). On 1 January 1902, Barbu was merged with the neighboring town of Arendal, vastly increasing the size of the town. Before the merger, Barbu had a population of 6,787. Name The municipality (originally the parish) is named after the old Barbu farm (Old Norse: Berubú). The first element is likely derived from the female name Bera. Another theory is that the first element is the old name for a local river. The last element is bú which means "dwelling" or "farm". Government During its existence, this municipality was governed by a municipal council of directly elected representatives. The mayor was indirectly elected by a vote of the municipal council. See also List of former municipalities of Norway References ^ a b Kiær, Anders Nicolai; Helland, Amund; Vibe, Johan; Strøm, Boye (1904). "Arendal by". Norges land og folk: Nedenes amt (in Norwegian). Norway: H. Aschehoug & Company. p. 26. Retrieved 29 November 2017. ^ Bolstad, Erik; Thorsnæs, Geir, eds. (26 January 2023). "Kommunenummer". Store norske leksikon (in Norwegian). Kunnskapsforlaget. ^ Thorsnæs, Geir, ed. (21 June 2015). "Barbu – tidligere kommune i Aust-Agder". Store norske leksikon (in Norwegian). Kunnskapsforlaget. Retrieved 29 November 2017. ^ Jukvam, Dag (1999). "Historisk oversikt over endringer i kommune- og fylkesinndelingen" (PDF) (in Norwegian). Statistisk sentralbyrå. ISBN 9788253746845. ^ Rygh, Oluf (1905). Norske gaardnavne: Nedenes amt (in Norwegian) (8 ed.). Kristiania, Norge: W. C. Fabritius & sønners bogtrikkeri. p. 96. ^ Hansen, Tore; Vabo, Signy Irene, eds. (20 September 2022). "kommunestyre". Store norske leksikon (in Norwegian). Kunnskapsforlaget. Retrieved 1 January 2023. External links Arendal travel guide from Wikivoyage vteAgder county, Norway Main article: Agder Capitals: Kristiansand; Arendal County government: Agder County Municipality County lists: County Governors Villages Churches Towns and cities Arendal (1610) Grimstad (1622) Risør (1630) Kristiansand (1641) Flekkefjord (1660) Mandal (1779) Farsund (1795) Lillesand (1830-1961; 1996) Tvedestrand (1997) Lyngdal (2001) MunicipalitiesØstre Agder Arendal Froland Gjerstad Grimstad Risør Tvedestrand Vegårshei Åmli Setesdal Bygland Bykle Evje og Hornnes Valle Kristiansand Birkenes Iveland Kristiansand Lillesand Vennesla Lister and Mandal Farsund Flekkefjord Hægebostad Kvinesdal Lindesnes Lyngdal Sirdal Åseral Former Municipalities in AgderAust-Agder   Austre Moland (1838-1962) Barbu (1878-1902) Dypvåg (1838-1960) Eide (1838-1962) Evje (1877-1960) Evje og Vegusdal (1838-1877) Fjære (1846-1971) Flosta (1902-1962) Gjøvdal (1908-1960) Herefoss (1838-1967) Hisøy (1881-1992) Holt (1838-1960) Hornnes (1886-1960) Hornnes og Iveland (1838-1886) Hylestad (1915-1962) Høvåg (1865-1962) Landvik (1838-1971) Moland (1962-1992) Mykland (1876-1967) Stokken (1919-1962) Søndeled (1838-1964) Tovdal (1908-1967) Tromøy (1878-1992) Vegusdal (1877-1967) Vestre Moland (1838-1962) Øyestad (1838-1992) Vest-Agder   Audnedal (1964-2020) Austad (1909-1963) Bakke (1838-1965) Bjelland (1902-1964) Bjelland og Grindum (1838-1902) Eiken (1916-1963) Feda (1900-1963) Finsland (1838-1964) Fjotland (1838-1841, 1858-1963) Greipstad (1913-1964) Grindheim (1902-1964) Gyland (1838-1839, 1893-1965) Halse og Harkmark (1838-1964) Herad (1838-1965) Hidra (1893-1965) Holum (1838-1964) Hægeland (1896-1964) Konsmo (1911-1964) Kvås (1909-1963) Laudal (1899-1964) Lista (1838-1965) Mandal (1964-2020) Marnardal (1964-2020) Nes (1893-1965) Nes og Hidra (1838-1893) Nord-Audnedal (1845-1911) Oddernes (1838-1964) Randesund (1893-1965) Songdalen (1964-2020) Spangereid (1889-1964) Spind (1893-1965) Søgne (1838-2020) Sør-Audnedal (1845-1964) Tonstad (1905-1960) Tveit (1838-1965) Undal (1838-1845) Vigmostad (1911-1964) Øvre Sirdal (1905-1960) Øvrebø (1838-1865, 1896-1964) Øvrebø og Hægeland (1865-1896) Øyslebø (1899-1964) Øyslebø og Laudal (1838-1899)
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"former municipality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_former_municipalities_of_Norway"},{"link_name":"Aust-Agder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aust-Agder"},{"link_name":"Norway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norway"},{"link_name":"town of Arendal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arendal_(town)"},{"link_name":"Agder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agder"},{"link_name":"administrative centre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Administrative_centre"},{"link_name":"Barbu Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbu_Church"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-snl-3"},{"link_name":"Galtesundet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Galtesundet&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"strait","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strait"},{"link_name":"parish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parish"},{"link_name":"Arendal prosti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arendal_prosti"},{"link_name":"Diocese of Agder og Telemark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diocese_of_Agder_og_Telemark"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NLF-1"}],"text":"Former municipality in Aust-Agder, NorwayFormer municipality in Aust-Agder, NorwayBarbu is a former municipality in the old Aust-Agder county in Norway. Today, it is part of the is part of the town of Arendal in Agder county. The 15.3-square-kilometre (5.9 sq mi) municipality existed from 1878 until 1902 when it was merged into the town of Arendal. The municipality was located just to the north of what was then the 0.34-square-kilometre (84-acre) town of Arendal. The administrative centre of the small, urban municipality was called Barbu as well. Barbu Church was the church for the municipality.[3]Today, the name Barbu refers to the village-like place located in head of the Galtesundet strait within the town of Arendal. Barbu is also a parish (sogn) in the Arendal prosti (deanery) within the Diocese of Agder og Telemark.[1]","title":"Barbu, Norway"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Østre Moland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austre_Moland"},{"link_name":"formannskapsdistrikt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formannskapsdistrikt"},{"link_name":"Tromøy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trom%C3%B8y"},{"link_name":"town of Arendal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arendal_(town)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dag-4"}],"text":"Originally, Barbu was a part of the municipality of Østre Moland that was created on 1 January 1838 (see formannskapsdistrikt law). On 1 May 1878, Østre Moland was divided to form three municipalities: Barbu (population: 4,874), Østre Moland (population: 2,524), and Tromøy (population: 2,320). On 1 January 1902, Barbu was merged with the neighboring town of Arendal, vastly increasing the size of the town. Before the merger, Barbu had a population of 6,787.[4]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"parish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prestegjeld"},{"link_name":"Old Norse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Norse_language"},{"link_name":"bú","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/b%C3%BA#Old_Norse"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"sub_title":"Name","text":"The municipality (originally the parish) is named after the old Barbu farm (Old Norse: Berubú). The first element is likely derived from the female name Bera. Another theory is that the first element is the old name for a local river. The last element is bú which means \"dwelling\" or \"farm\".[5]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"municipal council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Municipal_council_(Norway)"},{"link_name":"directly elected","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direct_election"},{"link_name":"mayor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayor"},{"link_name":"indirectly elected","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indirect_election"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ks-6"}],"text":"During its existence, this municipality was governed by a municipal council of directly elected representatives. The mayor was indirectly elected by a vote of the municipal council.[6]","title":"Government"}]
[]
[{"title":"List of former municipalities of Norway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_former_municipalities_of_Norway"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ge%C3%A7itli,_Sason
Geçitli, Sason
["1 References"]
Coordinates: 38°23′06″N 41°25′37″E / 38.385°N 41.427°E / 38.385; 41.427Village in Batman Province, Turkey Village in Batman, TurkeyGeçitliVillageGeçitliLocation in TurkeyCoordinates: 38°23′06″N 41°25′37″E / 38.385°N 41.427°E / 38.385; 41.427CountryTurkeyProvinceBatmanDistrictSasonPopulation (2021)388Time zoneTRT (UTC+3) Geçitli is a village in the Sason District, Batman Province, Turkey. The village is populated by Arabs and had a population of 388 in 2021. References ^ "Türkiye Mülki İdare Bölümleri Envanteri". T.C. İçişleri Bakanlığı (in Turkish). Retrieved 19 December 2022. ^ "Address-based population registration system (ADNKS) results dated 31 December 2021" (XLS) (in Turkish). TÜİK. Retrieved 30 January 2023. ^ "Günümüz Sason Aşiretlerinin Dağılımı" (in Turkish). 28 July 2016. Archived from the original on 1 August 2016. Retrieved 3 February 2023. vteSason DistrictMunicipalities Sason Yücebağ Villages Acar Altıdere Balbaşı Bayramlar Boğazkapı Cevizli Çağlı Çakırpınar Çalışırlar Çayırlı Çınarlı Dağçatı Dereiçi Dereköy Derince Dikbayır Dörtbölük Ekinlik Ergünü Erikli Geçitli Gençler Gürgenli Güvercinlik Heybeli İncesu Kaleyolu Karameşe Karayün Kaşyayla Kavaklı Kayadüzü Kelhasan Kilimli Kilis Kınalı Köprübaşı Kulaksız Meşeli Örenağıl Sarıyayla Soğanlı Taşyuva Topluca Turnalı Umurlu Yakabağ Yeniköy Yiğitler Yolüstü Yuvalar Yuvalıçay Yürekli Ziyaret This geographical article about a location in Batman Province, Turkey is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[]
null
[{"reference":"\"Türkiye Mülki İdare Bölümleri Envanteri\". T.C. İçişleri Bakanlığı (in Turkish). Retrieved 19 December 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.e-icisleri.gov.tr/Anasayfa/MulkiIdariBolumleri.aspx","url_text":"\"Türkiye Mülki İdare Bölümleri Envanteri\""}]},{"reference":"\"Address-based population registration system (ADNKS) results dated 31 December 2021\" (XLS) (in Turkish). TÜİK. Retrieved 30 January 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.tuik.gov.tr/indir/duyuru/favori_raporlar.xlsx","url_text":"\"Address-based population registration system (ADNKS) results dated 31 December 2021\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%9C%C4%B0K","url_text":"TÜİK"}]},{"reference":"\"Günümüz Sason Aşiretlerinin Dağılımı\" (in Turkish). 28 July 2016. Archived from the original on 1 August 2016. Retrieved 3 February 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160801075526/http://www.sasun.org/kultur/gunumuz-sason-asiretlerinin-dagilimi-h731.html","url_text":"\"Günümüz Sason Aşiretlerinin Dağılımı\""},{"url":"http://www.sasun.org/kultur/gunumuz-sason-asiretlerinin-dagilimi-h731.html","url_text":"the original"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crni_Vrh,_Medve%C4%91a
Crni Vrh (Medveđa)
["1 References"]
For other uses, see Crni Vrh. Village in Jablanica District, SerbiaCrni Vrh Црни ВрхVillageCrni VrhCoordinates: 42°52′07″N 21°37′03″E / 42.86861°N 21.61750°E / 42.86861; 21.61750Country SerbiaDistrictJablanica DistrictMunicipalityMedveđaPopulation (2002) • Total141Time zoneUTC+1 (CET) • Summer (DST)UTC+2 (CEST) Crni Vrh is a village in the municipality of Medveđa, Serbia. According to the 2002 census, the village has a population of 141 people. References ^ Popis stanovništva, domaćinstava i Stanova 2002. Knjiga 1: Nacionalna ili etnička pripadnost po naseljima. Republika Srbija, Republički zavod za statistiku Beograd 2003. ISBN 86-84433-00-9 vte Municipality of MedveđaTown Medveđa Villages Bogunovac Borovac Varadin Velika Braina Vrapce Gazdare Gornja Lapaštica Gornji Bučumet Gornji Gajtan Grbavce Gubavce Gurgutovo Donji Bučumet Donji Gajtan Đulekare Kapit Lece Mala Braina Marovac Maćedonce Maćedonce (Retkocersko) Medevce Mrkonje Negosavlje Petrilje Poroštica Pusto Šilovo Ravna Banja Retkocer Rujkovac Svirce Sijarina Sijarinska Banja Sponce Srednji Bučumet Stara Banja Stubla Tulare Crni Vrh Čokotin LandmarksSijarinska Banja This Jablanica District, Serbia location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windermere,_Tasmania
Windermere, Tasmania
["1 History","2 Geography","3 Road infrastructure","4 References"]
Coordinates: 41°18′44″S 147°01′03″E / 41.3122°S 147.0175°E / -41.3122; 147.0175 Town in Tasmania, AustraliaWindermereTasmaniaWindermereCoordinates41°18′44″S 147°01′03″E / 41.3122°S 147.0175°E / -41.3122; 147.0175Population245 (2016 census)Postcode(s)7252Location23 km (14 mi) NW of LauncestonLGA(s)LauncestonRegionLauncestonState electorate(s)BassFederal division(s)Bass Localities around Windermere: Swan Bay Swan Bay Dilston Swan Bay Windermere Dilston Tamar River Tamar River Dilston Windermere is a rural locality in the local government area of Launceston in the Launceston region of Tasmania. It is located about 23 kilometres (14 mi) north-west of the town of Launceston. The 2016 census determined a population of 245 for the state suburb of Windermere. History Windermere was gazetted as a locality in 1963. Geography The Tamar River forms the southern boundary. Road infrastructure The C739 route (Windermere Road) enters from the east and runs west and north before exiting in the north-west. References ^ a b "2016 Census Quick Stats Windermere (Tas.)". quickstats.censusdata.abs.gov.au. Australian Bureau of Statistics. 23 October 2017. Retrieved 28 June 2020. ^ a b "Placenames Tasmania – Windermere". Placenames Tasmania. Select “Search”, enter "4563A", click “Search”, select row, map is displayed, click “Details”. Retrieved 28 June 2020. ^ Google (28 June 2020). "Windermere, Tasmania" (Map). Google Maps. Google. Retrieved 28 June 2020. ^ "Tasmanian Road Route Codes" (PDF). Department of Primary Industries, Parks, Water & Environment. May 2017. Archived from the original (PDF) on 1 August 2017. Retrieved 7 April 2020. This Launceston geography article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Launceston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_of_Launceston"},{"link_name":"Launceston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Launceston_LGA_Region"},{"link_name":"Tasmania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tasmania"},{"link_name":"Launceston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Launceston,_Tasmania"},{"link_name":"2016 census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_Australian_census"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Census2016Y-1"}],"text":"Town in Tasmania, AustraliaWindermere is a rural locality in the local government area of Launceston in the Launceston region of Tasmania. It is located about 23 kilometres (14 mi) north-west of the town of Launceston. The 2016 census determined a population of 245 for the state suburb of Windermere.[1]","title":"Windermere, Tasmania"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Placename-2"}],"text":"Windermere was gazetted as a locality in 1963.[2]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tamar River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamar_River,_Tasmania"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"The Tamar River forms the southern boundary.[3]","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Placename-2"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"The C739 route (Windermere Road) enters from the east and runs west and north before exiting in the north-west.[2][4]","title":"Road infrastructure"}]
[]
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[{"reference":"\"2016 Census Quick Stats Windermere (Tas.)\". quickstats.censusdata.abs.gov.au. Australian Bureau of Statistics. 23 October 2017. Retrieved 28 June 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://quickstats.censusdata.abs.gov.au/census_services/getproduct/census/2016/quickstat/SSC60751?opendocument","url_text":"\"2016 Census Quick Stats Windermere (Tas.)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Placenames Tasmania – Windermere\". Placenames Tasmania. Select “Search”, enter \"4563A\", click “Search”, select row, map is displayed, click “Details”. Retrieved 28 June 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.placenames.tas.gov.au/#p1","url_text":"\"Placenames Tasmania – Windermere\""}]},{"reference":"Google (28 June 2020). \"Windermere, Tasmania\" (Map). Google Maps. Google. Retrieved 28 June 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google","url_text":"Google"},{"url":"https://goo.gl/maps/W7HAc5AHzseNvB7Q9","url_text":"\"Windermere, Tasmania\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Maps","url_text":"Google Maps"}]},{"reference":"\"Tasmanian Road Route Codes\" (PDF). Department of Primary Industries, Parks, Water & Environment. May 2017. Archived from the original (PDF) on 1 August 2017. Retrieved 7 April 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170801112712/http://dpipwe.tas.gov.au/Documents/Route%20Descriptions%20V3.6.pdf","url_text":"\"Tasmanian Road Route Codes\""},{"url":"https://dpipwe.tas.gov.au/Documents/Route%20Descriptions%20V3.6.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Mackenzie,_2nd_Earl_of_Seaforth
George Mackenzie, 2nd Earl of Seaforth
["1 Origins","2 Estates","3 Civil War","4 Clan affairs","5 Final years","6 Death and posterity","7 References","8 Line of Chiefs"]
Scottish nobleman and Highland clan chief George Mackenzie, 2nd Earl of Seaforth George Mackenzie, 2nd Earl of Seaforth (died 1651) was a Highland clan chief and Scottish nobleman, who played an equivocating role in Scotland in the Wars of the Three Kingdoms. Origins Mackenzie was the son of Kenneth Mackenzie, 1st Lord Mackenzie of Kintail (died 1611), and Isobel, the daughter of Sir Gilbert Ogilvie of Powrie. The Mackenzies were a clan from Ross-shire that had risen to prominence in the 15th century during the disintegration of the Lordship of the Isles. On the death in 1633 of his elder half-brother Colin without male heirs, Mackenzie inherited his estates and the title of Earl of Seaforth. Prior to that point, he was known as George Mackenzie of Kildun. Estates As a result of the acquisitive proclivities of Seaforth's ancestors, his estates were very extensive. In 1633 he was "served heir male to his brother … in the lands and barony of Ellandonnan, including the barony of Lochalsh, in which was included the barony of the lands and towns of Lochcarron, namely, the towns and lands of Auchnaschelloch, Coullin (Coulin), Edderancharron, Attadill, Ruychichan, Brecklach, Achachoull, Dalmartyne, with fishings in salt water and fresh, Dalcharlarie, Arrinachteg (Arineckaig), Achintie, Slumba (Slumbay), Doune, Stromcarronach (Strome Carronach), in the Earldom of Ross, of the old extent of £13 6s 8d, and also the towns of Kisserin, and lands of Strome, with fishings in salt and fresh water, and the towns and lands of Torridan with the pertinents of the Castle of Strome; Lochalsh, Lochcarron, and Kisserin, including the davach of Achvanie, the davach of Achnatrait (Achintraid?), the davach of Stromcastell, Ardnagald, Ardneskan, and Blaad, and the half davach of Sannachan (Sanachan), Rassoll (Rassal), Meikle Strome, and Rerag (Reraig), in the Earldom of Ross, together of the old extent of £8 13s 4d." He was served heir male to his father Kenneth, Lord Mackenzie of Kintail, in the lands and barony of Pluscardine, on 14 January 1620; and had charters of Balmungie and Avoch, on 18 July 1635; of Raasay, on 18 February 1637 and of Lochalsh, on 4 July 1642. Civil War In the Bishops War, Seaforth, although personally attached to the king, was to be found on the side of the Covenant. He was appointed General of the Covenanters north of the Spey, but disbanded his army on Montrose's instructions following the Pacification of Berwick, which concluded on 18 June 1639. When Montrose joined the king's side, Seaforth too was suspected of lukewarmness for the Covenant. In 1640, he was temporarily imprisoned as a precautionary measure and in 1641, when the King arrived in Scotland, Seaforth was persuaded by the Earl of Traquair to enter into a bond with the Earls of Montrose, Wigtown, Atholl and Home against the Covenanters. However, he continued to equivocate, declining the king's offer of chief justice general of the Isles and taking up arms against Montrose after his victory at Aberdeen in September 1644. Montrose (with an army of only 1,500) was preparing to attack his forces of about 5,000, when he was informed of Argyll's descent on Lochaber. Changing his route, Montrose won a famous victory at Inverlochy against Argyll on 2 February 1645. Following this victory, Seaforth met Montrose between Elgin and Forres and was held prisoner for several days, but was subsequently released, having apparently sworn allegiance to the King and having promised never again under any circumstances to take up arms against him. Notwithstanding this promise, he shortly afterwards joined Sir John Hurry the Covenanting general. On 9 May 1645 he took part in the Battle of Auldearn, which was fought between Hurry's army of Sutherlands, Mackenzies, Frasers, Roses and Brodies and Montrose's army of Gordons, Macdonalds, Macphersons, Mackintoshes and Irish. The result was another victory for Montrose, but the Mackenzies emerged largely unscathed. The Reverend John Macrae (d. 1704) gave a lengthy account of the battle (in the Ardintoul manuscript) which suggested that there had been deliberate collusion between Montrose, Hurry and Seaforth. Be that as it may, Seaforth subsequently refused a commission from the Committee of Estates appointing him as their Lieutenant north of the Spey and was excommunicated by the General Assembly. He then joined Montrose publicly at the siege of Inverness in April 1646. Clan affairs After Montrose's departure for Norway in September 1646, compulsory loans were levied against leading Royalists. Sixteen Mackenzies were ordered to provide loans totaling £28,666 (Scottish), but it appears that the authorities experienced great difficulties in enforcing their payment. The list provides an interesting snapshot of the perceived resources of some of the leading clan members of the time: Thomas Mackenzie of Pluscarden: £2,000; Alexander Mackenzie of Kilcoy: £2,000; Roderick Mackenzie of Redcastle: £2,000; Alexander Mackenzie of Coul: £6,000; Kenneth Mackenzie of Gairloch: £3,333 6s.8d; Hector Mackenzie of Scotsburn: £2,000; Roderick Mackenzie of Davochmaluag: £1,333 6s.8d; John Mackenzie of Davach-Cairn: £1,333 6s.8d; William Mackenzie of Multavie: £1,000; Kenneth Mackenzie of Scatwell: £2,000; Thomas Mackenzie of Inverlael: £1,333 6s.8d; Colin Mackenzie of Mullochie: £666 13s.4d; Donald Mackenzie of Logie: £666 13s.4d; Kenneth Mackenzie of Assynt: £1,000; Colin Mackenzie of Kincraig: £1,000; Alexander Mackenzie of Suddie: £1,000. Seaforth's involvement in public affairs did not prevent him from pursuing (in the manner of his forebears) his own more personal concerns. In particular, he embarked on a remorseless campaign to wrest Assynt from the Macleods, laying siege to the castle of Donald Ban Mor Macleod on the Isle of Assynt in May 1646. His men were said (in a later complaint by the Macleods) to have carried away 3,000 cows, 2,000 horses and 7,000 sheep and goats, as well as burning the habitations of 180 families. Final years In 1648 Seaforth again raised a body of 4000 men in the Western Islands and Ross-shire, whom he led south, to aid the King's cause, but after joining in a few skirmishes under Lanark, they returned home to "cut their corn which was now ready for their sickles." During the whole of this period Seaforth's fidelity to the Royal cause was open to considerable suspicion, and when Charles I threw himself into the hands of the Scots at Newark, and ordered Montrose to disband his forces, Earl George, always trying to be on the winning side, came in to Middleton, and made terms with the Committee of Estates; but the Church, by whom he had previously been excommunicated, continued implacable, and would only agree to be satisfied by a public penance in sackcloth within the High Church of Edinburgh. The proud Earl consented, underwent this ignominious and degrading ceremonial, and his sentence of excommunication was then removed. Notwithstanding this public humiliation, after the death of Charles I, Seaforth, in a final act of tergiversation, went over to Holland in 1649, and joined Charles II, by whom he was made Principal Secretary of State for Scotland, the duties of which, however, he never had the opportunity of performing. Death and posterity When Seaforth received the news of the disastrous defeat of the king's forces at Worcester, he fell into a profound melancholy and died in August 1651, in Schiedam, Holland. Early in life, he had married Barbara, daughter of Arthur, Lord Forbes, and had by her at least eight children, including his heir and successor, Kenneth. Of his three daughters, Jean married first John, Earl of Mar, and secondly Andrew Fraser, 3rd Lord Fraser; Margaret married Sir William Sinclair of Mey; and Barbara married Sir John Urquhart of Cromarty. References Stephen Manganiello, The Concise Encyclopedia of the Revolutions and Wars of Scotland (Scarecrow Press, 2004) This article includes text from Alexander Mackenzie's History of the Mackenzies (Inverness, 1894), which is no longer in copyright. Line of Chiefs Preceded byColin Mackenzie Chief of Clan Mackenzie 1633–1651 Succeeded byKenneth Mackenzie Peerage of Scotland Preceded byColin Mackenzie Earl of Seaforth 1633–1651 Succeeded byKenneth Mackenzie
[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:George_Mackenzie,_-_Second_Earl_of_Seaforth._(BM_1943,0410.2405).jpg"},{"link_name":"Highland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_Highlands"},{"link_name":"clan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_clan"},{"link_name":"Scottish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotland"},{"link_name":"Scotland in the Wars of the Three Kingdoms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotland_in_the_Wars_of_the_Three_Kingdoms"}],"text":"George Mackenzie, 2nd Earl of SeaforthGeorge Mackenzie, 2nd Earl of Seaforth (died 1651) was a Highland clan chief and Scottish nobleman, who played an equivocating role in Scotland in the Wars of the Three Kingdoms.","title":"George Mackenzie, 2nd Earl of Seaforth"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kenneth Mackenzie, 1st Lord Mackenzie of Kintail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenneth_Mackenzie,_1st_Lord_Mackenzie_of_Kintail"},{"link_name":"Mackenzies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clan_Mackenzie"},{"link_name":"Ross-shire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ross-shire"},{"link_name":"Lordship of the Isles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_of_the_Isles"},{"link_name":"Colin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colin_Mackenzie,_1st_Earl_of_Seaforth"}],"text":"Mackenzie was the son of Kenneth Mackenzie, 1st Lord Mackenzie of Kintail (died 1611), and Isobel, the daughter of Sir Gilbert Ogilvie of Powrie. The Mackenzies were a clan from Ross-shire that had risen to prominence in the 15th century during the disintegration of the Lordship of the Isles.On the death in 1633 of his elder half-brother Colin without male heirs, Mackenzie inherited his estates and the title of Earl of Seaforth. Prior to that point, he was known as George Mackenzie of Kildun.","title":"Origins"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ellandonnan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eilean_Donan"},{"link_name":"Lochalsh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loch_Alsh"},{"link_name":"Lochcarron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lochcarron"},{"link_name":"Auchnaschelloch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Achnashellach"},{"link_name":"Attadill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attadale,_Scotland"},{"link_name":"Achintie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Achintee"},{"link_name":"Earldom of Ross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earldom_of_Ross"},{"link_name":"Strome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strome_Castle"},{"link_name":"Torridan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torridon"},{"link_name":"Achintraid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Achintraid"},{"link_name":"Ardneskan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ardaneaskan"},{"link_name":"Sanachan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loch_Kishorn"},{"link_name":"Pluscardine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pluscarden"},{"link_name":"Avoch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avoch"}],"text":"As a result of the acquisitive proclivities of Seaforth's ancestors, his estates were very extensive.In 1633 he was \"served heir male to his brother … in the lands and barony of Ellandonnan, including the barony of Lochalsh, in which was included the barony of the lands and towns of Lochcarron, namely, the towns and lands of Auchnaschelloch, Coullin (Coulin), Edderancharron, Attadill, Ruychichan, Brecklach, Achachoull, Dalmartyne, with fishings in salt water and fresh, Dalcharlarie, Arrinachteg (Arineckaig), Achintie, Slumba (Slumbay), Doune, Stromcarronach (Strome Carronach), in the Earldom of Ross, of the old extent of £13 6s 8d, and also the towns of Kisserin, and lands of Strome, with fishings in salt and fresh water, and the towns and lands of Torridan with the pertinents of the Castle of Strome; Lochalsh, Lochcarron, and Kisserin, including the davach of Achvanie, the davach of Achnatrait (Achintraid?), the davach of Stromcastell, Ardnagald, Ardneskan, and Blaad, and the half davach of Sannachan (Sanachan), Rassoll (Rassal), Meikle Strome, and Rerag (Reraig), in the Earldom of Ross, together of the old extent of £8 13s 4d.\" He was served heir male to his father Kenneth, Lord Mackenzie of Kintail, in the lands and barony of Pluscardine, on 14 January 1620; and had charters of Balmungie and Avoch, on 18 July 1635; of Raasay, on 18 February 1637 and of Lochalsh, on 4 July 1642.","title":"Estates"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bishops War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishops_War"},{"link_name":"king","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_I_of_England"},{"link_name":"Covenant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Covenanters"},{"link_name":"Montrose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Graham,_1st_Marquess_of_Montrose"},{"link_name":"Pacification of Berwick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacification_of_Berwick"},{"link_name":"Earl of Traquair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Stewart,_1st_Earl_of_Traquair"},{"link_name":"Wigtown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Fleming,_2nd_Earl_of_Wigtown"},{"link_name":"Atholl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John_Murray,_1st_Earl_of_Atholl&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Home","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Home,_3rd_Earl_of_Home"},{"link_name":"John Hurry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Urry_(soldier)"},{"link_name":"Battle of Auldearn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Auldearn"},{"link_name":"Committee of Estates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Committee_of_Estates"}],"text":"In the Bishops War, Seaforth, although personally attached to the king, was to be found on the side of the Covenant. He was appointed General of the Covenanters north of the Spey, but disbanded his army on Montrose's instructions following the Pacification of Berwick, which concluded on 18 June 1639. When Montrose joined the king's side, Seaforth too was suspected of lukewarmness for the Covenant. In 1640, he was temporarily imprisoned as a precautionary measure and in 1641, when the King arrived in Scotland, Seaforth was persuaded by the Earl of Traquair to enter into a bond with the Earls of Montrose, Wigtown, Atholl and Home against the Covenanters. However, he continued to equivocate, declining the king's offer of chief justice general of the Isles and taking up arms against Montrose after his victory at Aberdeen in September 1644.Montrose (with an army of only 1,500) was preparing to attack his forces of about 5,000, when he was informed of Argyll's descent on Lochaber. Changing his route, Montrose won a famous victory at Inverlochy against Argyll on 2 February 1645. Following this victory, Seaforth met Montrose between Elgin and Forres and was held prisoner for several days, but was subsequently released, having apparently sworn allegiance to the King and having promised never again under any circumstances to take up arms against him. Notwithstanding this promise, he shortly afterwards joined Sir John Hurry the Covenanting general. On 9 May 1645 he took part in the Battle of Auldearn, which was fought between Hurry's army of Sutherlands, Mackenzies, Frasers, Roses and Brodies and Montrose's army of Gordons, Macdonalds, Macphersons, Mackintoshes and Irish. The result was another victory for Montrose, but the Mackenzies emerged largely unscathed. The Reverend John Macrae (d. 1704) gave a lengthy account of the battle (in the Ardintoul manuscript) which suggested that there had been deliberate collusion between Montrose, Hurry and Seaforth.Be that as it may, Seaforth subsequently refused a commission from the Committee of Estates appointing him as their Lieutenant north of the Spey and was excommunicated by the General Assembly. He then joined Montrose publicly at the siege of Inverness in April 1646.","title":"Civil War"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pluscarden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pluscarden"},{"link_name":"Kilcoy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mackenzie_Baronets"},{"link_name":"Redcastle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Redcastle"},{"link_name":"Coul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mackenzie_Baronets"},{"link_name":"Gairloch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gairloch"},{"link_name":"Davochmaluag","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fodderty"},{"link_name":"Scatwell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mackenzie_Baronets"},{"link_name":"Assynt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assynt"},{"link_name":"Assynt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assynt"}],"text":"After Montrose's departure for Norway in September 1646, compulsory loans were levied against leading Royalists. Sixteen Mackenzies were ordered to provide loans totaling £28,666 (Scottish), but it appears that the authorities experienced great difficulties in enforcing their payment. The list provides an interesting snapshot of the perceived resources of some of the leading clan members of the time:Thomas Mackenzie of Pluscarden: £2,000;\nAlexander Mackenzie of Kilcoy: £2,000;\nRoderick Mackenzie of Redcastle: £2,000;\nAlexander Mackenzie of Coul: £6,000;\nKenneth Mackenzie of Gairloch: £3,333 6s.8d;\nHector Mackenzie of Scotsburn: £2,000;\nRoderick Mackenzie of Davochmaluag: £1,333 6s.8d;\nJohn Mackenzie of Davach-Cairn: £1,333 6s.8d;\nWilliam Mackenzie of Multavie: £1,000;\nKenneth Mackenzie of Scatwell: £2,000;\nThomas Mackenzie of Inverlael: £1,333 6s.8d;\nColin Mackenzie of Mullochie: £666 13s.4d;\nDonald Mackenzie of Logie: £666 13s.4d;\nKenneth Mackenzie of Assynt: £1,000;\nColin Mackenzie of Kincraig: £1,000;\nAlexander Mackenzie of Suddie: £1,000.Seaforth's involvement in public affairs did not prevent him from pursuing (in the manner of his forebears) his own more personal concerns. In particular, he embarked on a remorseless campaign to wrest Assynt from the Macleods, laying siege to the castle of Donald Ban Mor Macleod on the Isle of Assynt in May 1646. His men were said (in a later complaint by the Macleods) to have carried away 3,000 cows, 2,000 horses and 7,000 sheep and goats, as well as burning the habitations of 180 families.","title":"Clan affairs"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lanark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Hamilton,_2nd_Duke_of_Hamilton"},{"link_name":"Newark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newark-on-Trent"},{"link_name":"Middleton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Middleton,_1st_Earl_of_Middleton"},{"link_name":"Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_Scotland"},{"link_name":"sackcloth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burlap"},{"link_name":"Holland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holland"},{"link_name":"Charles II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_II_of_England"},{"link_name":"Principal Secretary of State for Scotland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secretary_of_State,_Scotland"}],"text":"In 1648 Seaforth again raised a body of 4000 men in the Western Islands and Ross-shire, whom he led south, to aid the King's cause, but after joining in a few skirmishes under Lanark, they returned home to \"cut their corn which was now ready for their sickles.\" During the whole of this period Seaforth's fidelity to the Royal cause was open to considerable suspicion, and when Charles I threw himself into the hands of the Scots at Newark, and ordered Montrose to disband his forces, Earl George, always trying to be on the winning side, came in to Middleton, and made terms with the Committee of Estates; but the Church, by whom he had previously been excommunicated, continued implacable, and would only agree to be satisfied by a public penance in sackcloth within the High Church of Edinburgh. The proud Earl consented, underwent this ignominious and degrading ceremonial, and his sentence of excommunication was then removed. Notwithstanding this public humiliation, after the death of Charles I, Seaforth, in a final act of tergiversation, went over to Holland in 1649, and joined Charles II, by whom he was made Principal Secretary of State for Scotland, the duties of which, however, he never had the opportunity of performing.","title":"Final years"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Worcester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Worcester"},{"link_name":"Arthur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Arthur_Forbes,_9th_Lord_Forbes&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Lord Forbes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_Forbes"},{"link_name":"Kenneth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenneth_Mackenzie,_3rd_Earl_of_Seaforth"},{"link_name":"John","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John_Erskine,_20th_Earl_of_Mar,_de_jure_4th_Earl_of_Mar&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Earl of Mar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earl_of_Mar"},{"link_name":"Mey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castle_of_Mey"},{"link_name":"Cromarty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cromarty"}],"text":"When Seaforth received the news of the disastrous defeat of the king's forces at Worcester, he fell into a profound melancholy and died in August 1651, in Schiedam, Holland.Early in life, he had married Barbara, daughter of Arthur, Lord Forbes, and had by her at least eight children, including his heir and successor, Kenneth. Of his three daughters, Jean married first John, Earl of Mar, and secondly Andrew Fraser, 3rd Lord Fraser; Margaret married Sir William Sinclair of Mey; and Barbara married Sir John Urquhart of Cromarty.","title":"Death and posterity"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Line of Chiefs"}]
[{"image_text":"George Mackenzie, 2nd Earl of Seaforth","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/George_Mackenzie%2C_-_Second_Earl_of_Seaforth._%28BM_1943%2C0410.2405%29.jpg/220px-George_Mackenzie%2C_-_Second_Earl_of_Seaforth._%28BM_1943%2C0410.2405%29.jpg"}]
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[]
[]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saku_District,_Shinano
Saku District, Shinano
["1 Pesticide problems","2 References","3 External links"]
Coordinates: 36°17′06″N 138°27′21″E / 36.284879°N 138.45575°E / 36.284879; 138.45575Saku (佐久郡, -gun) was a district located in Shinano Province (now Nagano Prefecture). Due to land reforms, Saku District split into Minamisaku (南佐久郡) and Kitasaku (北佐久郡) Districts on January 14, 1879. The former Gunga(ancient district office) (郡衙) is estimated to be located at Nagatoro in the city of Saku. Pesticide problems Cases of dermatitis caused by pesticide exposures, tabulated by the Division of Dermatology, Saku Central Hospital, Japan, from 1975 to 2000 are described. Dermatitis cases gradually decreased from 1975 to 2000, presumably accelerated by the phase-out of dermatitis-causing pesticides, including difolatan fungicide and salithion, an organophosphate insecticide. Cases of chronic and solar dermatitis gradually decreased, which may be explained by reductions in the use of allergenic or photosensitive sulfur agents and organophosphates. However, the ratios of chemical burns from irritant pesticides—calcium polysulfide, dazomet, methyl bromide, chlorpicrin, paraquat/diquat, organophosphorus, quintozene, and glyphosate—rose in those years. Chemical burns from calcium polysulfide were responsible for most of the severe cases. References ^ 毎日新聞2007年10月11日『西近津遺跡群：古代郡衙推定地、竪穴住居跡から銅製印鑑－－佐久／長野』によれば、佐久市長土呂の西近津地域が郡衙の推定地であるとされている ^ 西近津遺跡群発掘（長野県埋蔵文化財センター） ^ 金沢大学文学部史学科考古学研究室『金大考古』Vol.56 長野県佐久地方の遺跡案内 ^ 信濃毎日新聞2007年11月7日によれば、『「郡」と刻んだ須恵器　佐久・西近津遺跡群で出土』 External links History of Saku Region 36°17′06″N 138°27′21″E / 36.284879°N 138.45575°E / 36.284879; 138.45575 This Nagano Prefecture location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte   This Japanese history–related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Districts_of_Japan"},{"link_name":"Shinano Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shinano_Province"},{"link_name":"Nagano Prefecture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nagano_Prefecture"},{"link_name":"Minamisaku (南佐久郡)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minamisaku_District,_Nagano"},{"link_name":"Kitasaku (北佐久郡)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kitasaku_District,_Nagano"},{"link_name":"郡衙","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%83%A1%E8%A1%99"},{"link_name":"Saku","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saku,_Nagano"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Saku (佐久郡, -gun) was a district located in Shinano Province (now Nagano Prefecture).\nDue to land reforms, Saku District split into Minamisaku (南佐久郡) and Kitasaku (北佐久郡) Districts on January 14, 1879.The former Gunga(ancient district office) (郡衙) is estimated to be located at Nagatoro in the city of Saku.[1][2][3][4]","title":"Saku District, Shinano"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"dermatitis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dermatitis"},{"link_name":"pesticide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pesticide"},{"link_name":"difolatan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Difolatan"},{"link_name":"fungicide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fungicide"},{"link_name":"salithion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Salithion&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"organophosphate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organophosphate"},{"link_name":"insecticide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insecticide"},{"link_name":"solar dermatitis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_dermatitis"},{"link_name":"allergenic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allergen"},{"link_name":"calcium polysulfide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcium_polysulfide"},{"link_name":"dazomet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dazomet"},{"link_name":"methyl bromide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methyl_bromide"},{"link_name":"chlorpicrin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlorpicrin"},{"link_name":"paraquat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paraquat"},{"link_name":"diquat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diquat"},{"link_name":"quintozene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quintozene"},{"link_name":"glyphosate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glyphosate"}],"text":"Cases of dermatitis caused by pesticide exposures, tabulated by the Division of Dermatology, Saku Central Hospital, Japan, from 1975 to 2000 are described. Dermatitis cases gradually decreased from 1975 to 2000, presumably accelerated by the phase-out of dermatitis-causing pesticides, including difolatan fungicide and salithion, an organophosphate insecticide. Cases of chronic and solar dermatitis gradually decreased, which may be explained by reductions in the use of allergenic or photosensitive sulfur agents and organophosphates. However, the ratios of chemical burns from irritant pesticides—calcium polysulfide, dazomet, methyl bromide, chlorpicrin, paraquat/diquat, organophosphorus, quintozene, and glyphosate—rose in those years. Chemical burns from calcium polysulfide were responsible for most of the severe cases.","title":"Pesticide problems"}]
[]
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[]
[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Saku_District,_Shinano&params=36.284879_N_138.45575_E_type:city_region:JP_scale:100000","external_links_name":"36°17′06″N 138°27′21″E / 36.284879°N 138.45575°E / 36.284879; 138.45575"},{"Link":"http://mainichi.jp/area/nagano/news/20071011ddlk20040524000c.html","external_links_name":"毎日新聞2007年10月11日『西近津遺跡群：古代郡衙推定地、竪穴住居跡から銅製印鑑－－佐久／長野』によれば、佐久市長土呂の西近津地域が郡衙の推定地であるとされている"},{"Link":"http://www.grn.janis.or.jp/~maibun/tyousa/nishitikatu/nishitikatu03.html","external_links_name":"西近津遺跡群発掘（長野県埋蔵文化財センター）"},{"Link":"http://web.kanazawa-u.ac.jp/~arch/cgi-bin/wiki.cgi?page=%A1%D8%B6%E2%C2%E7%B9%CD%B8%C5%A1%D9","external_links_name":"金沢大学文学部史学科考古学研究室『金大考古』Vol.56 長野県佐久地方の遺跡案内"},{"Link":"http://www.shinmai.co.jp/news/20071107/KT071106GDI090013000022.htm","external_links_name":"信濃毎日新聞2007年11月7日によれば、『「郡」と刻んだ須恵器　佐久・西近津遺跡群で出土』"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150702055515/http://www1.ocn.ne.jp/~oomi/sakugun.html","external_links_name":"History of Saku Region"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Saku_District,_Shinano&params=36.284879_N_138.45575_E_type:city_region:JP_scale:100000","external_links_name":"36°17′06″N 138°27′21″E / 36.284879°N 138.45575°E / 36.284879; 138.45575"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Saku_District,_Shinano&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Saku_District,_Shinano&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confederate_Memorial_Hall,_Vanderbilt_University
Memorial Hall, Vanderbilt University
["1 History","2 See also","3 References","4 External links"]
Coordinates: 36°08′27″N 86°47′52″W / 36.1407°N 86.7978°W / 36.1407; -86.7978This article is about the dormitory hall at Vanderbilt University. For the museum in New Orleans, Louisiana, see Confederate Memorial Hall. Memorial HallConfederate Memorial HallMemorial Hall in 2007 (then known as Confederate Memorial Hall)General informationTown or cityNashvilleCountryUnited StatesCompleted1935OwnerVanderbilt UniversityDesign and constructionArchitect(s)Henry C. Hibbs Memorial Hall (formerly known as Confederate Memorial Hall) is a historic building on the Peabody College campus of Vanderbilt University in Nashville, Tennessee. It was built in 1935 as a dormitory hall for female descendants of Confederate States Army veterans. Its former name resulted in multiple lawsuits and student unrest. In August 2016, Vanderbilt announced it would reimburse the United Daughters of the Confederacy for their financial contribution and remove the word Confederate from the building. History The project was initiated by the United Daughters of the Confederacy (UDC) as early as the mid-1890s and was supported by Peabody College president James D. Porter, a Confederate veteran and former Tennessee governor, in 1902. Edith D. Pope, the second editor of the Confederate Veteran and a leading member of the Nashville No. 1 chapter of the UDC, played a key role in its construction. In addition, Pope and other members of the UDC made sure the college would offer a course on Southern history. The construction of Confederate Memorial Hall was supported by a $50,000 donation from the UDC in 1933. The total cost of construction was $140,000. The building was completed in 1935. It was used as a residential building by female descendants of Confederate veterans who were selected by the UDC to live free of charge while they studied education. Memorial Hall in 2006 The building became part of Vanderbilt University campus in 1979 when the university acquired Peabody College. By 1988, students were holding protests on campus, arguing the building's name was offensive to black students. As a result, the university added a memorial plaque near the building to contextualize the origin of the name. When Gordon Gee became Chancellor in 2002, he tried to change the name of the building. However, the United Daughters of the Confederacy sued the university in the Davidson County Chancery Court. The case went to the Tennessee Supreme Court, and Judge William C. Koch, Jr. sided with the UDC. By 2005, Judge William B. Cain of the Tennessee Court of Appeals concluded that the word Confederate was not about slavery, but about the fallen soldiers of the Confederate States Army, who defended their land against Northern invaders. When he suggested Vanderbilt University would have to repay the UDC for their $50,000 donation (adjusted to inflation), the university dropped the lawsuit. However, the university used the name "Memorial Hall" in their publications. In November 2015, students asked Chancellor Nicholas Zeppos to change the name on the building, arguing that "Vanderbilt refuses to pay $1 million to the Daughters of the Confederacy to divorce this university from its 'racist' past but raised $10 million to renovate campus baseball facilities". On August 15, 2016, the university announced it would remove the word Confederate from the building after receiving an anonymous donation of $1.2 million to repay the United Daughters of the Confederacy. The UDC "reluctantly" accepted the donation. Meanwhile, the university hid the word Confederate with a "temporary covering". Alumnus Clay Travis, a Fox Sports journalist, criticized his alma mater's decision to remove the word Confederate, comparing them to "Middle Eastern terrorists". In response, Jack Daniel's canceled a $3,000 promotion deal it had with Travis. See also List of Confederate monuments and memorials Removal of Confederate monuments and memorials References ^ a b Simpson, John A. (2003). Edith D. Pope and Her Nashville Friends: Guardians of the Lost Cause in the Confederate Veteran. Knoxville, Tennessee: University of Tennessee Press. pp. 98–106. ISBN 9781572332119. OCLC 750779185. ^ a b c d e Brophy, Alfred L. (Fall 2006). "Confederate Memory and Monuments: Of Judicial Opinions, Statutes and Buildings". Journal of International Affairs. 60 (1): 134–136. JSTOR 24358016. ^ a b c d e f Jaschik, Scott (May 5, 2005). "Confederates Defeat Vanderbilt: Appeals court says university must pay -- if it wants to change controversial name of a dormitory". Inside Higher Ed. Retrieved November 21, 2015. ^ "Reports at 40th UDC Convention". The Kingsport Times. Kingsport, Tennessee. October 10, 1935. p. 6. Retrieved September 27, 2017 – via Newspapers.com. ^ a b c d "Ranking America's Leading Liberal Art Colleges on Their Success in Integrating African Americans". The Journal of Blacks in Higher Education (8): 86. Winter 2002. doi:10.2307/3134213. JSTOR 3134213. ^ "Vanderbilt Sued Over Hall's Name Change". The Washington Post. October 18, 2002. Retrieved November 21, 2015. ^ Brophy, Alfred L. (2006). Reparations : Pro and Con. New York City: Oxford University Press. p. 15. ISBN 019530408X. OCLC 62755581. ^ Woods, Jeff (November 17, 2015). "Vandy's Black Students Put Zeppos On the Spot". Nashville Scene. Retrieved November 21, 2015. ^ Tamburin, Adam (August 15, 2016). "Vanderbilt to remove 'Confederate' from building name". The Tennessean. Retrieved August 15, 2016. Anonymous donors recently gave the university the $1.2 million needed for that purpose; the Vanderbilt Board of Trust authorized the move this summer. ^ Koren, Marina (August 15, 2016). "The College Dorm and the Confederacy". The Atlantic. Retrieved August 15, 2016. Vanderbilt will return $1.2 million to the Tennessee chapter of the United Daughters of the Confederacy, the present value of the $50,000 the group donated to the school in 1933 for the construction of the dorm. The $1.2 million payment will come from anonymous donors who gave specifically for the removal of the inscription, the school said. ^ a b Tamburin, Adam (August 16, 2016). "Daughters of the Confederacy reluctantly accepts Vanderbilt deal". The Tennessean. Retrieved August 19, 2016. ^ a b Tamburin, Adam (August 17, 2016). "Jack Daniel's nixes Clay Travis deal over 'Confederate' controversy". The Tennessean. Retrieved August 18, 2016. External links Media related to Memorial Hall (Vanderbilt University) at Wikimedia Commons vteVanderbilt UniversityLocated in Nashville, TennesseeSchools and colleges Undergraduate Blair School of Music College of Arts and Science Peabody College School of Engineering Graduate Divinity School Graduate School Law School Owen Graduate School of Management School of Medicine School of Nursing People Cornelius Vanderbilt Holland McTyeire Bruce R. Evans Southern Agrarians Fugitives Vanderbilt alumni Vanderbilt athletes Vanderbilt chancellors Spirit of Gold Greek life Bachelor of Ugliness Athletics Vanderbilt Commodores Football Basketball Men's Women's Baseball Men's soccer FirstBank Stadium Hawkins Field Memorial Gymnasium "Dynamite" Places Alumni Hall Disciples Divinity House Dyer Observatory First Amendment Center Jean and Alexander Heard Library Institute for Space and Defense Electronics Home Economics Building Mayborn Building Memorial Hall Monroe Carell Jr. Children's Hospital Old Gym Thomas W. Phillips Memorial Television News Archive Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center Vanderbilt University Medical Center Vanderbilt University Press Publications The Vanderbilt Hustler Vanderbilt Orbis The Slant Vanderbilt Law Review Affiliations Association of American Universities Southeastern Conference American Lacrosse Conference Founded 1873 36°08′27″N 86°47′52″W / 36.1407°N 86.7978°W / 36.1407; -86.7978
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Confederate Memorial Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confederate_Memorial_Hall"},{"link_name":"Peabody College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peabody_College"},{"link_name":"Vanderbilt University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanderbilt_University"},{"link_name":"Nashville, Tennessee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nashville,_Tennessee"},{"link_name":"Confederate States Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confederate_States_Army"},{"link_name":"student unrest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Student_protest"},{"link_name":"United Daughters of the Confederacy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Daughters_of_the_Confederacy"}],"text":"This article is about the dormitory hall at Vanderbilt University. For the museum in New Orleans, Louisiana, see Confederate Memorial Hall.Memorial Hall (formerly known as Confederate Memorial Hall) is a historic building on the Peabody College campus of Vanderbilt University in Nashville, Tennessee. It was built in 1935 as a dormitory hall for female descendants of Confederate States Army veterans. Its former name resulted in multiple lawsuits and student unrest. In August 2016, Vanderbilt announced it would reimburse the United Daughters of the Confederacy for their financial contribution and remove the word Confederate from the building.","title":"Memorial Hall, Vanderbilt University"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"James D. Porter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_D._Porter"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-simpson98-1"},{"link_name":"Edith D. Pope","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edith_D._Pope"},{"link_name":"Confederate Veteran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confederate_Veteran"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-simpson98-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-brophyconfederatememory-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-confederatesdefeatvanderbilt-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-reportsat40th-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rankingamericas-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rankingamericas-5"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-brophyconfederatememory-2"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Vandyconfederatehall.jpg"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-confederatesdefeatvanderbilt-3"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rankingamericas-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rankingamericas-5"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-confederatesdefeatvanderbilt-3"},{"link_name":"Gordon Gee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gordon_Gee"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-brophyconfederatememory-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-brophyconfederatememory-2"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-washingtonvanderbiltsue-6"},{"link_name":"Tennessee Supreme Court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennessee_Supreme_Court"},{"link_name":"William C. Koch, Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_C._Koch,_Jr."},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-brophyconfederatememory-2"},{"link_name":"William B. Cain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=William_B._Cain&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Tennessee Court of Appeals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennessee_Court_of_Appeals"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-confederatesdefeatvanderbilt-3"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-reparations15-7"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-confederatesdefeatvanderbilt-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-confederatesdefeatvanderbilt-3"},{"link_name":"Nicholas Zeppos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicholas_Zeppos"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nashvillescenejeff-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tennesseanvanderbilttoremoveconfederate-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-korenthecollegedormandthecon-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tenndaughtersreluctantly-11"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tenndaughtersreluctantly-11"},{"link_name":"Clay Travis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clay_Travis"},{"link_name":"Fox Sports","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fox_Sports"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tennconfederatevanderbilt-12"},{"link_name":"Jack Daniel's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Daniel%27s"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tennconfederatevanderbilt-12"}],"text":"The project was initiated by the United Daughters of the Confederacy (UDC) as early as the mid-1890s and was supported by Peabody College president James D. Porter, a Confederate veteran and former Tennessee governor, in 1902.[1] Edith D. Pope, the second editor of the Confederate Veteran and a leading member of the Nashville No. 1 chapter of the UDC, played a key role in its construction. In addition, Pope and other members of the UDC made sure the college would offer a course on Southern history.[1]The construction of Confederate Memorial Hall was supported by a $50,000 donation from the UDC in 1933.[2][3] The total cost of construction was $140,000.[4] The building was completed in 1935.[5] It was used as a residential building by female descendants of Confederate veterans who were selected by the UDC to live free of charge while they studied education.[5][2]Memorial Hall in 2006The building became part of Vanderbilt University campus in 1979 when the university acquired Peabody College.[3] By 1988, students were holding protests on campus, arguing the building's name was offensive to black students.[5] As a result, the university added a memorial plaque near the building to contextualize the origin of the name.[5][3]When Gordon Gee became Chancellor in 2002, he tried to change the name of the building.[2] However, the United Daughters of the Confederacy sued the university in the Davidson County Chancery Court.[2][6] The case went to the Tennessee Supreme Court, and Judge William C. Koch, Jr. sided with the UDC.[2] By 2005, Judge William B. Cain of the Tennessee Court of Appeals concluded that the word Confederate was not about slavery, but about the fallen soldiers of the Confederate States Army, who defended their land against Northern invaders.[3][7] When he suggested Vanderbilt University would have to repay the UDC for their $50,000 donation (adjusted to inflation), the university dropped the lawsuit.[3] However, the university used the name \"Memorial Hall\" in their publications.[3]In November 2015, students asked Chancellor Nicholas Zeppos to change the name on the building, arguing that \"Vanderbilt refuses to pay $1 million to the Daughters of the Confederacy to divorce this university from its 'racist' past but raised $10 million to renovate campus baseball facilities\".[8]On August 15, 2016, the university announced it would remove the word Confederate from the building after receiving an anonymous donation of $1.2 million to repay the United Daughters of the Confederacy.[9][10] The UDC \"reluctantly\" accepted the donation.[11] Meanwhile, the university hid the word Confederate with a \"temporary covering\".[11]Alumnus Clay Travis, a Fox Sports journalist, criticized his alma mater's decision to remove the word Confederate, comparing them to \"Middle Eastern terrorists\".[12] In response, Jack Daniel's canceled a $3,000 promotion deal it had with Travis.[12]","title":"History"}]
[{"image_text":"Memorial Hall in 2006","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Vandyconfederatehall.jpg/220px-Vandyconfederatehall.jpg"}]
[{"title":"List of Confederate monuments and memorials","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Confederate_monuments_and_memorials"},{"title":"Removal of Confederate monuments and memorials","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Removal_of_Confederate_monuments_and_memorials"}]
[{"reference":"Simpson, John A. (2003). Edith D. Pope and Her Nashville Friends: Guardians of the Lost Cause in the Confederate Veteran. Knoxville, Tennessee: University of Tennessee Press. pp. 98–106. ISBN 9781572332119. OCLC 750779185.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=3Dwh0dEOFS8C&q=Edith+D.+Pope+peabody+college&pg=PA98","url_text":"Edith D. Pope and Her Nashville Friends: Guardians of the Lost Cause in the Confederate Veteran"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781572332119","url_text":"9781572332119"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/750779185","url_text":"750779185"}]},{"reference":"Brophy, Alfred L. (Fall 2006). \"Confederate Memory and Monuments: Of Judicial Opinions, Statutes and Buildings\". Journal of International Affairs. 60 (1): 134–136. JSTOR 24358016.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_L._Brophy","url_text":"Brophy, Alfred L."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/24358016","url_text":"24358016"}]},{"reference":"Jaschik, Scott (May 5, 2005). \"Confederates Defeat Vanderbilt: Appeals court says university must pay -- if it wants to change controversial name of a dormitory\". Inside Higher Ed. Retrieved November 21, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.insidehighered.com/news/2005/05/05/vanderbilt","url_text":"\"Confederates Defeat Vanderbilt: Appeals court says university must pay -- if it wants to change controversial name of a dormitory\""}]},{"reference":"\"Reports at 40th UDC Convention\". The Kingsport Times. Kingsport, Tennessee. October 10, 1935. p. 6. Retrieved September 27, 2017 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/image/62761719/?terms=%22confederate%2Bmemorial%2Bhall%22","url_text":"\"Reports at 40th UDC Convention\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspapers.com","url_text":"Newspapers.com"}]},{"reference":"\"Ranking America's Leading Liberal Art Colleges on Their Success in Integrating African Americans\". The Journal of Blacks in Higher Education (8): 86. Winter 2002. doi:10.2307/3134213. JSTOR 3134213.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3134213","url_text":"10.2307/3134213"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/3134213","url_text":"3134213"}]},{"reference":"\"Vanderbilt Sued Over Hall's Name Change\". The Washington Post. October 18, 2002. Retrieved November 21, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/2002/10/18/vanderbilt-sued-over-halls-name-change/88c18d4e-6d83-4b6f-abfb-76b8149a1fcf/","url_text":"\"Vanderbilt Sued Over Hall's Name Change\""}]},{"reference":"Brophy, Alfred L. (2006). Reparations : Pro and Con. New York City: Oxford University Press. p. 15. ISBN 019530408X. OCLC 62755581.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=uODnLGkr1N8C&q=Judge+William+B.+Cain&pg=PA15","url_text":"Reparations : Pro and Con"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/019530408X","url_text":"019530408X"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/62755581","url_text":"62755581"}]},{"reference":"Woods, Jeff (November 17, 2015). \"Vandy's Black Students Put Zeppos On the Spot\". Nashville Scene. Retrieved November 21, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nashvillescene.com/pitw/archives/2015/11/17/vandys-black-students-put-zeppos-on-the-spot","url_text":"\"Vandy's Black Students Put Zeppos On the Spot\""}]},{"reference":"Tamburin, Adam (August 15, 2016). \"Vanderbilt to remove 'Confederate' from building name\". The Tennessean. Retrieved August 15, 2016. Anonymous donors recently gave the university the $1.2 million needed for that purpose; the Vanderbilt Board of Trust authorized the move this summer.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.tennessean.com/story/news/education/2016/08/15/vanderbilt-remove-confederate-building-name/88771680/","url_text":"\"Vanderbilt to remove 'Confederate' from building name\""}]},{"reference":"Koren, Marina (August 15, 2016). \"The College Dorm and the Confederacy\". The Atlantic. Retrieved August 15, 2016. Vanderbilt will return $1.2 million to the Tennessee chapter of the United Daughters of the Confederacy, the present value of the $50,000 the group donated to the school in 1933 for the construction of the dorm. [...] The $1.2 million payment will come from anonymous donors who gave specifically for the removal of the inscription, the school said.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theatlantic.com/news/archive/2016/08/vanderbilt-confederate-hall/495941/","url_text":"\"The College Dorm and the Confederacy\""}]},{"reference":"Tamburin, Adam (August 16, 2016). \"Daughters of the Confederacy reluctantly accepts Vanderbilt deal\". The Tennessean. Retrieved August 19, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.tennessean.com/story/news/education/2016/08/16/daughters-confederacy-reluctantly-accepts-vanderbilt-deal/88873674/","url_text":"\"Daughters of the Confederacy reluctantly accepts Vanderbilt deal\""}]},{"reference":"Tamburin, Adam (August 17, 2016). \"Jack Daniel's nixes Clay Travis deal over 'Confederate' controversy\". The Tennessean. Retrieved August 18, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.tennessean.com/story/news/education/2016/08/17/jack-daniels-nixes-clay-travis-deal-over-confederate-controversy/88898546/","url_text":"\"Jack Daniel's nixes Clay Travis deal over 'Confederate' controversy\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strangers_with_Candy_(disambiguation)
Strangers with Candy (disambiguation)
[]
Strangers with Candy is a television series produced by Comedy Central. Strangers with Candy may also refer to: Strangers with Candy, a five-piece nu metal music group Strangers with Candy (film), a 2005 American film Topics referred to by the same term This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Strangers with Candy.If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article.
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[]
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[]
[{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:WhatLinksHere/Strangers_with_Candy_(disambiguation)&namespace=0","external_links_name":"internal link"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beti_Bachao_Bahu_Lao
Vishva Hindu Parishad
["1 History","2 Ideology","3 Religious conversion","3.1 Beti Bachao Bahu Lao","4 Litigation","5 Youth organisations","6 International presence","7 Violence","8 Controversies","9 References","10 Bibliography","11 External links"]
Coordinates: 28°20′N 77°06′E / 28.33°N 77.10°E / 28.33; 77.10Hindu nationalist organisation Vishva Hindu ParishadLogo of the V.H.P, depicting a Banyan tree and the slogan dharmo rakṣati rakṣitaḥAbbreviationVHPFormation29 August 1964; 59 years ago (29 August 1964)FounderM. S. GolwalkarS. S. ApteSwami ChinmayanandaTypeFar-rightPurposeHindu militancyHindu nationalism, Hindutva, and pan-Dharmic religionsHeadquartersNew Delhi, IndiaCoordinates28°20′N 77°06′E / 28.33°N 77.10°E / 28.33; 77.10Region served WorldwideOfficial language HindiInternational PresidentRabindra Narain SinghInternational Working PresidentAlok Kumar AdvocateSubsidiaries Bajrang Dal Durga Vahini AffiliationsSangh ParivarWebsitevhp.org Vishva Hindu Parishad (VHP) (transl. World Council of Hindus) is an Indian far-right Hindu organisation based on Hindu nationalism. The VHP was founded in 1964 by M. S. Golwalkar and S. S. Apte in collaboration with Swami Chinmayananda. Its stated objective is "to organise, consolidate the Hindu society and to serve and protect the Hindu Dharma". It was established to construct and renovate Hindu temples, and deal with matters of cow slaughter and religious conversion. The VHP is a member of the Sangh Parivar group, the family of Hindu nationalist organisations led by the RSS. The VHP has been criticised for contributing to violence against Muslims in India, most notably for its role in the demolition of the Babri Masjid in 1992 over the Ayodhya dispute. Part of a series onDiscrimination Forms Institutional Structural Statistical Taste-based Attributes Age Caste Class Dialect Disability Genetic Hair texture Height Language Looks Mental disorder Race / Ethnicity Skin color Scientific racism Rank Sex Sexual orientation Species Size Viewpoint Social Arophobia Acephobia Adultism Anti-albinism Anti-autism Anti-homelessness Anti-drug addicts Anti-intellectualism Anti-intersex Anti-left handedness Anti-Masonry Antisemitism Aporophobia Audism Biphobia Clannism Cronyism Elitism Ephebiphobia Social determinants of health Social determinants of health in poverty Social determinants of mental health Fatphobia Gayphobia Gerontophobia Heterosexism HIV/AIDS stigma Homophobia Leprosy stigma Lesbophobia Discrimination against men Misandry Misogyny Nepotism Pedophobia Perpetual foreigner Pregnancy Reverse Sectarianism Supremacism White Transphobia Non-binary Transmisogyny Trans men Vegaphobia Xenophobia Religious Ahmadiyya Atheism Baháʼí Faith Buddhism Catholicism Christianity post–Cold War era Falun Gong Hinduism Persecution Untouchability Islam Persecution Jehovah's Witnesses Judaism Persecution LDS or Mormon Neopaganism Eastern Orthodox Oriental Orthodox Protestantism Rastafari Shi'ism Sufism Zoroastrianism Ethnic/national Afghan African Albanian American Arab Armenian Asian France South Africa United States Assyrian Azerbaijani Black people African Americans China South Africa Bengali Bulgarian Catalan Chechen Chinese Croat Filipino Fulani Finnish Georgian Greek Haitian Hazara Hispanic Hungarian Igbo Indian Indigenous people Australia Canada United States Iranian Irish Israeli Italian Japanese Jewish Korean Kurdish Lithuanian Malay Māori Mexican Middle Eastern Mongolian Nigerian Pakistani Palestinians Pashtun Polish Quebec Romani Romanian Serb Slavic Somali Tatar Thai Turkish Ukrainian Uyghur Venezuelan Vietnamese Manifestations Anti-LGBT rhetoric Blood libel Bullying Cancel culture Capital punishment for homosexuality Compulsory sterilization Corrective rape Counter-jihad Cultural genocide Defamation Democide Disability hate crime Dog whistle Economic Education Employment Eliminationism Enemy of the people Ethnic cleansing Ethnic conflict Ethnic hatred Ethnic joke Ethnocide Forced conversion Freak show Gay bashing Gendercide Genital modification and mutilation Genocide examples Glass ceiling Hate crime LGBT Hate group Hate speech Homeless dumping Housing Indian rolling Intersectionality Lavender scare LGBT grooming conspiracy theory List of people killed for being transgender Lynching Mortgage Murder music Native American mascots Braves Blackhawks Chiefs Occupational segregation Persecution Pogrom Political repression Purge Racialization Religious persecution Religious terrorism Religious violence Religious war Scapegoating Segregation academy Sexual harassment Sex-selective abortion Slut-shaming Trans bashing Victimisation Violence against women White flight White genocide conspiracy theory Wife selling Witch-hunt Policies Age of candidacy Blood purity Blood quantum Crime of apartheid Disabilities Catholic Jewish Gender pay gap Gender roles Gerontocracy Gerrymandering Ghetto benches Internment Jewish quota Law for Protection of the Nation MSM blood donation restrictions Nonpersons Numerus clausus (as religious or racial quota) One-drop rule Racial quota Racial segregation Jim Crow laws Nuremberg Laws Racial steering Redlining Same-sex marriage (laws and issues prohibiting) Segregation age racial religious sexual Social exclusion Sodomy law State atheism State religion Ugly law Voter suppression Countermeasures Affirmative action Anti-discrimination law Anti-racism Constitutional colorblindness Cultural assimilation Cultural pluralism Diversity training Empowerment Fat acceptance movement Feminism Fighting Discrimination Hate speech laws by country Human rights Intersex human rights LGBT rights Masculism Multiculturalism Nonviolence Racial integration Reappropriation Self-determination Social integration Toleration Related topics Allophilia Amatonormativity Bias Christian privilege Cisnormativity Civil liberties Dehumanization Diversity Ethnic penalty Eugenics Figleaf Gender-blind Heteronormativity Internalized oppression Intersectionality Male privilege Masculism Medical model of disability autism Multiculturalism Net bias Neurodiversity Oikophobia Oppression Police brutality Political correctness Polyculturalism Power distance Prejudice Prisoner abuse Racial bias in criminal news in the United States Racism by country Racial color blindness Religious intolerance Second-generation gender bias Snobbery Social exclusion Social identity threat Social model of disability Social stigma Speciesism Stereotype threat The talk White privilege vte Part of a series onIslamophobia Issues Airport profiling United States Conspiracy theories Counter-jihad Eurabia Great Replacement Halal-related Love jihad Hijabophobia Netherlands France Karnataka, India Media Muslim immigration bans Orientalism Persecution Quran desecration Status by country Australia Austria Belgium Bosnia–Herzegovina Canada China France Germany Iceland India Indonesia Israel Italy Myanmar Netherlands Norway Poland Russia  Sweden Switzerland United Kingdom Conservative Party United States Stereotypes ExamplesAttacks on mosques: Al-Hidaya Al-Nurayn Bærum Babri Masjid Banya Bashi Bayonne Beit Lahia Bloomington Christchurch Corsica Escondido Gondar Hyderabad Ibrahim Kattankudy Kosovo Manili Malegaon Malmö 2009–10 Palimbang Quebec City Sweden (2014) Zürich Planned attacks California (2001) Singapore Genocide: Bosnian Ethnic cleansing Srebrenica Chechen and Ingush / Crimean Tatars Circassian Pacification of Algeria / Libya Palestinian genocide allegation Rohingya Massacres, torture, expulsion: Abu Ghraib (2000s) Albanians (1912–13) Assam (2014) Ayyadieh (1191) Baghdad (1258) Big Excursion (1989) Bossemptélé (2014) Bukovica (1943) Beirut (1975) Boyo (2021) Cave of the Patriarchs (1994) Granada (1482–92) Gujarat (2002) Guangzhou (878–79) Harmanli (1878) İşkodra and Niş (1877–78) Japan (1937–45) Jerusalem (1099) Karantina (1976) Kulen Vakuf (1941) Kafr Qasim (1956) Lasithi (1897) Mecca (600s) Moriscos (1609) Myanmar (2015) Nellie (1983) Northern Sri Lanka (1990) Norway (2011) Paris (1961) Sri Lanka (2018) Sabra and Shatila (1982) Šahovići (1924) Sétif and Guelma (1945) Shadian (1975) Sohmor (1984) Spain (1500–26) Walisongo (2000) Other incidents: Almondbury bullying incident Bendigo mosque protests Bulli Bai case / Sulli Deals CAA, 2019 Erklärung 2018 Flying imams incident Jerry Klein Haridwar hate speeches Hindutva pop Holy Terror Innocence of Muslims Jyllands-Posten cartoons Kathua rape case Muslim Massacre (video game) Quran desecrations 2005 2010 2011 2019–23 Serbia Strong Persecution of Uyghurs in China Xinjiang internment camps Swiss minaret ban Trojan Horse affair Media Document.no FrontPage Magazine Jihad Watch OpIndia Politically Incorrect Rebel News Stormfront WikiIslam Opposition Amnesty International CAIR Forum Against Islamophobia and Racism Human Rights Watch Islamophobia Watch Muslim American Society Muslims Condemn Southern Poverty Law Center Tell MAMA vte History The VHP was founded in 1964 by RSS leaders M. S. Golwalkar and S. S. Apte in collaboration with the Hindu spiritual leader Chinmayananda Saraswati. According to Chinmayananda, the objective of the VHP was to awaken Hindus to their place in the comity of nations. Chinmayananda was nominated as its founding President, while Apte was nominated as its founding General Secretary. It was decided at the meeting that the name of the proposed organisation would be "Vishva Hindu Parishad" and that a world convention of Hindus was to be held at Prayag (Allahabad) during the Kumbh Mela of 1966 for its launch. It was further decided that it would be a non-political organisation and that no office bearer of any political party shall be simultaneously an office bearer in the Parishad. The delegation of the founders also included Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan founder K. M. Munshi, Gujarati scholar Keshavram Kashiram Shastri, Sikh leader Tara Singh, Namdhari Sikh leader Satguru Jagjit Singh and eminent politicians such as C. P. Ramaswami Iyer. In the mid-1990s, VHP had 1.6 million members worldwide. According to a 2008 estimate, VHP claimed 6.8 million members. Ideology The VHP was first mooted at a conference in Pawai, Sandipani Sadhanalaya, Bombay on 29 August 1964. The conference was hosted by RSS chief M. S. Golwalkar. The date was chosen to coincide with the festival of Janmashtami. Several representatives from the Hindu, Sikh, Buddhist and Jain faiths were present in the meeting, as well as the Dalai Lama. Golwalkar explained that "all faiths of Indian origins need to unite", saying that the word "Hindu" (people of "Hindustan") also applied to adherents of all the above religions. Apte declared: The world has been divided to Christian, Islam and communist. All of them view Hindu society as very fine rich food on which to feast and fatten themselves. It is necessary in this age of conflict to think of and organise the Hindu world to save it from the evils of all the three. Its main objective is "to organise, consolidate the Hindu society and to serve, protect the Hindu Dharma". It has been involved in social service projects and in encouraging the construction and renovation of Hindu temples. It is against the caste system, and opposes cow slaughter. Defending Hindus around the world and Hindu rights has been one of its stated objectives. The VHP considers Buddhists, Jains and Sikhs as well as native tribal religions as part of the greater Hindu fraternity. The VHP promotes the education and involvement of members of Hindu diaspora in their "cultural duties and spiritual values." This view was first promoted by Chinmayananda,: 42  and is reflected in the promulgation of VHP organisations in Indo-Caribbean countries Trinidad and Tobago, Guyana and Suriname. The organisation acts under the guidance from Dharma Sansad, a religious parliament of Gurus. Religious conversion The VHP is against religious conversion, and uses trained members known as Dharma Prasaar Vibhag (Dharma Propagation Unit) to meet their ends. The VHP also provides means for reconversion back to Hinduism. From 1982 to 1985, over 66,000 people were reconverted to Hinduism following the efforts of VHP. VHP claimed to have converted 5,000 people to Hinduism in 2002. In 2004, VHP claimed to have converted 12,857 people to Hinduism. 3,727 of these were Muslims and 9,130 were Christians. In Punjab, the VHP has played an active role to prevent conversions of Sikhs. Majority of them are low caste Sikhs converting to Christianity. This may be a result of oppression by high caste Sikhs but there are considerable free will conversions among the higher class Sikhs too; however, the VHP have forcibly stopped Christian missionaries from converting Sikhs. VHP engaged in "re-conversion" program in the state of Orissa. In June 2002, VHP converted 143 tribal Christians into Hinduism in Tainser village of Sundergarh district. In 2005, VHP in Bargarh carried out reconversion ceremony for 567 Christians. The new converts had signed affidavits, confirming their intention to change their religion. Another 600 Dalit tribal Christians were converted to Hinduism in Bijepur, Odisha. In April 2005, in West Bengal members of 45 tribal families converted to Hinduism from Christianity in a ceremony organised by Akhil Bhartiya Sanatan Santhal, allied to VHP. In March 2021, a Freedom to Religion Bill was passed in Madhya Pradesh, and the VHP plans to organise for action in other states. Beti Bachao Bahu Lao Beti Bachao Bahu Lao is a campaign planned by the Vishva Hindu Parishad (VHP) and its affiliates Bajrang Dal etc., that claimed to marry young Muslim girls to Hindu men. In 2016, journalist Rahul Kotiyal of Scroll.in was awarded Ramnath Goenka Award for reporting on a campaign by RSS and Bajrang Dal named "Beti Bachao, Bahu Lao". The campaign attempted to stop Hindu girls from marrying non-Hindus. If RSS members get information of a Hindu girl planning to marry a Muslim man, then the RSS members would track the girl and would inform the parents of the girl accusing this to be a case of Love Jihad. Litigation In 2005, after the protests organised by VHP, the Jharkhand Legislative Assembly passed a Cow Protection Commission Bill that made the killing of, cruelty to and illegal trading of cows a crime. In 2007, VHP had launched nationwide protest against demolition of the Rama Setu. On 12 September 2007, the VHP, with the aid of BJP and the Rameswaram Sreeramsetu Surakshaya Manch, had blocked road and rail traffic in Orissa. Thousands of activists participated in these protests in Bhubaneswar, Jatani, Rourkela, and Sambalpur. Youth organisations Main article: Bajrang Dal Local office of Vishva Hindu Parishad, at Haridwar The Bajrang Dal founded in 1984, is organised in many states in major training camps called shakhas, where thousands of youths simultaneously train in various activities, receive sports, education in Hindutva and cultural indoctrination. The Durga Vahini, founded in 1991 under the tutelage of Sadhvi Rithambara as its founding chairperson and the support of the VHP, is described as the "female arm of the Dal". Members of the Vahini contend that the portrayal of their group as a branch of the Bajrang Dal is an oversimplification, and that their goals are to "dedicate ourselves to spiritual, physical, mental and knowledge development". The VHP also have divisions made up of women. VHP secretary Giri Raj Kishore charted out highly visible roles for women in the group. He charted out two "satyagrahas" for women during their demonstrations. The VHP has been a prime backer of the World Hindu Conference in which issues such as casteism, sectarianism, and the future of Hindus were discussed. Prior Conferences have included Hindu Groups such as Parisada Hindu Dharma. International presence Vishwa Hindu Parishad has presence in 29 countries outside of India. The Australia wing of Vishva Hindu Parishad conducts activities such as conducting weekend schools, language classes, cultural workshops, festivals. The festivals are also organised for open to all communities promoting Unity in Diversity. The press release from city council of Holroyd states that Vishva Hindu Parishad is active in supporting multiculturalism in the same region. Logo Hindu Students Council (also known as HSC) is an organisation of Hindu students in the US and Canada. The HSC was set up in 1990 with support from the Vishwa Hindu Parishad of America. Although the HSC says that it became fully independent in 2003, its association with that body was a matter of some debate. Prior to its separation from its parent organisation, it was considered to be the student-wing of the VHP. Violence The VHP has been associated with violence on a number of occasions. The VHP had been aggressively involved in the Ayodhya dispute over the Ram Janmabhoomi, or Babri Masjid before its demolition, since March 1984, after getting encouraged by the strong response it had got from ekatmata yatra programme, it organised in 1983, which was aimed at Hindu unity and self-protection against Islam and Christianity. This activity in the Ayodhya issue involved demonstrations, petitions and litigation, along with militant processions, forceful conversion ceremonies and incidents of violence and vandalism, particularly targeting Muslims. The VHP is also said to have sought the destruction of the Babri mosque. According to the VHP and its affiliated organisations, the Babri Mosque was built by demolishing the temple at the birthplace of Rama (Ram Janmabhoomi) by the Mughal Emperor Babur in early 16th century. It further stated in Allahabad court documentation that the building was in a dilapidated condition. It was in ruins and could not be used for worship or any activities. In 1989, the VHP, keeping in view the impending Loksabha elections, organised a massive movement to start the construction of a Ram temple at the disputed site. The BJP-VHP organised a huge rally of 200,000 volunteers at this site on 6 December 1992 and set out to demolish the mosque. According to the Human Rights Watch, the VHP and Bajrang Dal, in collaboration with BJP had been involved in 2002 Gujarat riots. Though VHP has denied these claims, VHP spokesman Kaushikbahi Mehta said, "We in the VHP had nothing to do with the violence except to take care of widows and victims of the Godhra mayhem." In 2015, VHP defended the demolition of a church in Haryana, although it has denied involvement in the incident. VHP joint general secretary Surendra Jain alleged that the church was built "for the purpose of aggressive conversion" and likened its destruction to the violence of the 1857 war which he claimed "was fought for the cause of religion". On 4 June 2018, the VHP was classified as a militant religious organisation by the CIA in its World Factbook's entry for India, under the category of political pressure groups, along with Bajrang Dal. The VHP reportedly explored legal options to have this tag removed. The World Factbook removed the mentions of the VHP and the Bajrang Dal from the entry by 25 June 2018. Controversies The Vishva Hindu Parishad has been involved in several controversies. This includes violence against minority religious groups as well as scheduled caste/tribe communities. The Vishva Hindu Parishad has also faced flak for acts of moral policing. In 2002, following the Godhra train burning, VHP demanded a statewide bandh in the state of Gujarat. Several VHP leaders were involved in the 2002 Gujarat riots that followed, targeting Muslim communities statewide. The VHP leader, Pravin Togadia, was arrested in April 2003 after distributing tridents to Bajrang Dal activists in Ajmer, defying a ban and prohibitory orders. He asserted that the coming Assembly polls in the Indian state of Rajasthan would be fought on the issue of tridents and attacked the ruling Indian National Congress Party for "placating" Muslims for electoral gains. He expressed satisfaction at the publicity received due to the incident. The VHP has been criticized for moral policing against couples celebrating Valentines Day. Calling it a western attack on Indian culture, the VHP and Bajrang Dal activists have been accused of threatening and intimidating couples for celebrating Valentines Day. In August 2013, the Vishwa Hindu Parishad came out in support of Asaram, a spiritual leader, after he was arrested for the rape of a minor. Ashok Singhal and Pravin Togadia, presidents of Vishwa Hindu Parishad, deemed the arrest to be an attack on Hindu religious sentiments, and along with Akhil Bharatiya Vidyarthi Parishad, the student wing of the ruling party and the Hindu Jagruti Manch, organised violent demonstrations across the country, in protest. The family of the victim alleged then that they received threats from Asaram's followers and Vishwa Hindu Parishad activists wanting the charges against him dropped, while also intimidating witnesses and eventually murdering them. Asaram was convicted in April 2018 and sentenced to life imprisonment on the charges of rape. On 2 November 2014, during the Kiss of Love protest against moral policing, members of Bajrang Dal, Shiv Sena, Vishwa Hindu Parishad and many other right wing groups opposed and attacked protestors and threatened to strip protestors for kissing on the streets. These opposing groups claimed that public display of affection is against both Indian culture and the law of the land (under section 294 of the Indian Penal Code), though according to the Supreme Court and the Delhi High Court, kissing in public is not a criminal offence. Police took many of the Kiss of Love protestors into custody to save their lives, but were blamed for giving a free hand to counter protestors of the right wing groups. From 2015, Bajrang Dal and Vishwa Hindu Parishad have been accused of promoting and indulging in Cow vigilantism, apparently targeting Muslims and lower caste Hindus, mostly Dalits. Human rights groups have slammed several state Governments for promoting and supporting such acts, even turning a blind eye. Police officers have been threatened by members of cow protection groups for intervening in such cases or arresting cow vigilantes. Following the Una Flogging incident in Gujarat, where four dalits were brutally thrashed by Bajrang Dal goons and vigilantes when they were skinning dead cow carcasses, the victims converted to Buddhism. The conversion irked some perpetrators, who attacked the victims for the second time after being out on bail. On 15 August 2022, the eleven men sentenced to life imprisonment in the Bilkis Bano gangrape case, which occurred during the 2002 Gujarat riots, were released from a Godhra jail by the Gujarat government. Following their release, the rapists were allegedly greeted with garlands from members of Bajrang Dal and Vishva Hindu Parishad. The release and felicitation was criticized by several activists and members of opposition, and the release itself is controversial, because the convicts were released as per the old 1992 Remission Policy instead of the aggressive 2014 Policy. The challenge to release the rapists, which was pending in Supreme Court after a review petition was filed, was dismissed in December 2022, earning criticism from women's safety activists. The Supreme Court, however, redirected the Bombay High Court to look into the case. On 8 January 2024, the Supreme Court bench, led by Justices B.V. Nagarathna and Ujjal Bhuyan, reversed the Gujarat Government's decision and canceled the remission, noting that the convicts were freed erroneously. In its judgement, the bench noted several frauds committed by one of the convicts Radheshyam Bhagwandas Shah, also known as Lala Vakil, who had filed the petition for remission, as he did not declare earlier remission petitions submitted to the Maharashtra State Government, as the trial was transferred to the High Court in Mumbai—the remissions were denied on the recommendation of CBI, as well as the magistrate and Superintendent of Police of Dahod, Gujarat. The Supreme Court eventually ordered the convicts to surrender within two weeks to carry out the remainder of their life sentences. The Vishwa Hindu Parishad has been a major opponent of LGTBQ rights and describes homosexuality as mental disease. Several VHP activists have violently targeted LGBTQ parades across the country. Following the Supreme Court's judgement in April 2023 on same sex marriages, the VHP welcomed the decision, calling it a Western attack on Indian culture. Following the decision to add caste as a form of discrimination by the city of Seattle and the state of California in the United States in 2023, VHP leaders and supporters criticized this decision and attempted to stop the legislations to pass the bill. The decision was taken after caste-based discrimination issues in Silicon Valley came to the surface in 2020 with a lawsuit by the State of California against Cisco Systems filed by the California Department of Fair Employment and Housing (DFEH, later named Civil Rights Department). The Department sued Cisco and two of its senior engineers for discrimination against a Dalit engineer (identified as "John Doe"), who alleged that he received lower wages and fewer opportunities because of his caste. On April 10, 2023, the California Civil Rights Department dismissed its case in Superior Court against the two senior engineers. On 14 February 2024, the Vishva Hindu Parishad and Bajrang Dal intimidated and targeted couples who were celebrating Valentines Day. Several activists and leaders threatened resort to violence if clubs, pubs and corporate hotels across Hyderabad did not cancel celebrations for Valentines Day. The activists instead asked the youngsters to pay tribute to the soldiers and service-members who were killed in the 2019 Pulwama attack, which was perpetrated by Pakistan-based Islamist terrorist group Jaish-e-Mohammed. References ^ a b c "VHP at Glance". Vhp.org. 29 August 1964. Retrieved 4 April 2021. ^ Sravasti Dasgupta (8 July 2022). "Far Right Groups in India opens Hindu Helpline". The Independent. ^ Valiani, Arafaat A. (11 November 2011). Militant publics in India: Physical culture and violence in the making of a modern polity. New York, NY: Palgrave Macmillan. p. 180. ISBN 978-0-230-37063-0. Retrieved 17 February 2021 – via Google Books. 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Moonje Uma Bharti Yogi Adityanath Narendra Modi Events and controversies Assassination of Mahatma Gandhi Demolition of the Babri Masjid 1970 Bhiwandi riots Haridwar hate speeches Hindu terrorism Hindutva pop Cow vigilante violence in India vteHindu reform movementsReform movements Adi Dharm/Brahmoism Brahmo Samaj Sadharan Brahmo Samaj Advait Mat Divine Light Mission American Meditation Institute Ananda Ananda Ashrama Ananda Marga Anandamayee Sangha Art of Living Arya Samaj Ayyavazhi Brahma Kumaris Chinmaya Mission Datta Yoga Divine Life Society Hanuman Foundation Himalayan Institute of Yoga Science and Philosophy Hindu nationalism Hindutva Hindu Janajagruti Samiti Hindu Mahasabha Hindu Munnani Hindu Sena Hindu Yuva Vahini Sanatan Sanstha Sangh Parivar Vishva Hindu Parishad Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh International Vedanta ISKCON ISKCON Revival Isha Foundation Kriya Yoga Mahima Dharma Mata Amritanandamayi Math Matua Mahasangha Narayana Dharma Prarthana Samaj Ramakrishna Mission / Vedanta Societies Ravidassia Sahaja Yoga Sant Mat Radha Soami Sathya Sai Baba Satsang Satya Dharma Satyashodhak Samaj Science of Identity Self-Realization Fellowship / Yogoda Satsanga Shirdi Sai Baba Sivananda yoga Sri Aurobindo Ashram Sri Ramana Ashram Abidance in Truth Swadhyay Parivar NNDYM Transcendental Meditation Topics Bhakti Brahmacharya Caste Ghar Wapsi Moksha Neo-Vedanta Persecution of Hindus Shuddhi Women in Hinduism Gurus and revivalist writers Amritanandamayi Ananda Yogi Anandamayi Ma Anukulchandra Chakravarty Arumuka Navalar Athavale Aurobindo Boro Maa Chatterjee Chinmayananda Saraswati Chinmoy Dayananda Saraswati Daya Mata Ganapathi Sachchidananda Haidakhan Babaji Hariharananda Giri Jaggi Vasudev Jyotirao Phule Kalki Bhagawan Kelkar, N. C. Kriyananda Lekhraj Maharishi Mahesh Yogi Mahatma Gandhi Mirra Alfassa Narayana Guru Neem Karoli Nirmala Paramananda Prem Rawat Ram Chandra Ram Dass Ram Mohan Roy Ramakrishna Ramana Maharshi Ravi Shankar Sarkar Sathya Sai Baba Savarkar Sen, K. C. Shraddhanand Sister Nivedita Sivananda Swami Rama Tagore, D. Tilak Vaswani Vipulananda Vishnudevananda Vivekananda Yogananda more General Indian diaspora Indianisation Influence of Indian religions Indian-origin religions Hinduism Buddhism Jainism Sikhism Persecution of Hindus vteBharatiya Janata PartyParty presidents Atal Bihari Vajpayee (1980–86) L. K. Advani (1986–91, 1993–98, 2004–06) Murli Manohar Joshi (1991–93) Kushabhau Thakre (1998–2000) Bangaru Laxman (2000–01) Jana Krishnamurthi (2001–02) Venkaiah Naidu (2002–04) Rajnath Singh (2006–09) Nitin Gadkari (2009–13) Rajnath Singh (2013–14) Amit Shah (2014–2020) J. P. Nadda (2020–present) Current vice presidents Raman Singh Vasundhara Raje Radha Mohan Singh Baijayant Panda Raghubar Das Rekha Verma Annpurna Devi Bharti Shiyal D. K. Aruna M. Chuba Ao A. P. Abdullakutty Prime ministers Atal Bihari Vajpayee (1996; 1998–2004) Narendra Modi (2014–present) Deputy prime ministers L. K. Advani (2002–2004) Other prominent leaders Arun Jaitley Bhavurao Deshpande Nirmala Sitharaman Piyush Goyal Kalyan Singh Anandiben Patel Smriti Irani Ravi Shankar Prasad Mukhtar Abbas Naqvi Sushil Kumar Modi Ram Naik Suvendu Adhikari Sarbananda Sonowal Chandrakant Bacchu Patil Dilip Ghosh Jamyang Tsering Namgyal Madan Lal Khurana Sahib Singh Verma Sushma Swaraj Manohar Parrikar Keshubhai Patel Shanta Kumar Prem Kumar Dhumal Babulal Marandi Arjun Munda D. V. Sadananda Gowda Jagadish Shettar Sunder Lal Patwa Uma Bharti Babulal Gaur Devendra Fadnavis Bhairon Singh Shekhawat Ram Prakash Gupta Jagdambika Pal Nityanand Swami Bhagat Singh Koshyari B. C. Khanduri Ramesh Pokhriyal Trivendra Singh Rawat Gulab Chand Kataria Hriday Narayan Dikshit Biswabhusan Harichandan Bandaru Dattatreya Draupadi Murmu Vajubhai Vala Kalraj Mishra Banwarilal Purohit Tamilisai Soundararajan Manoj Sinha Suresh Prabhu B. S. Yediyurappa Yogi Adityanath Himanta Biswa Sarma Current chief ministers Pema Khandu Himanta Biswa Sarma Vishnu Deo Sai Pramod Sawant Bhupendrabhai Patel Nayab Singh Saini Mohan Yadav Mohan Charan Majhi Bhajan Lal Sharma N. Biren Singh Yogi Adityanath Manik Saha Pushkar Singh Dhami Currentdeputy chief ministers Chowna Mein Devendra Fadnavis Yanthungo Patton Brajesh Pathak Keshav Prasad Maurya Samrat Chaudhary Vijay Kumar Sinha Arun Sao Vijay Sharma Rajendra Shukla Jagdish Devda Diya Kumari Prem Chand Bairwa Kanak Vardhan Singh Deo Pravati Parida Currentnational spokespersons Anil Baluni Sanjay Mayukh Sambit Patra Sudhanshu Trivedi Syed Shahnawaz Hussain Rajiv Pratap Rudy Nalin Kohli Rajeev Chandrasekhar Gaurav Bhatia Syed Zafar Islam Tom Vadakkan Sanju Verma Gopal Krishna Agarwal Iqbal Singh Lalpura R. P. Singh Rajyavardhan Singh Rathore Aparajita Sarangi Heena Gavit Guruprakash Mmhonlumo Kikon Raju Bista K. K. Sharma Currentgeneral secretaries Arun Singh Bhupender Yadav B. L. Santhosh (Organisation) Dushyant Kumar Gautam Dilip Saikia Kailash Vijayvargiya Shiv Prakash (Organisation) Tarun Chugh Currentnational secretaries Vinod Tawde Vinod Sonkar Bishweswar Tudu Satya Kumar Sunil Deodhar Arvind Menon Harish Dwivedi Pankaja Munde Om Prakash Dhurve Anupam Hazra Narendra Singh Vijaya Rahatkar Alka Gurjar Political wings National Executive Committee Bharatiya Janata Yuva Morcha BJP Mahila Morcha BJP IT Cell State Units State Presidents Related organisations Akhil Bharatiya Vidyarthi Parishad Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh Bharatiya Jana Sangh Janata Party Bharatiya Mazdoor Sangh Bharatiya Kisan Sangh Swadeshi Jagaran Manch Vishva Hindu Parishad Others Hindutva Hindu nationalism Integral humanism Electoral history Party leaders in the Parliament Rajya Sabha members Authority control databases International VIAF National Israel United States Other IdRef
[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Protection_policy#semi"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jaffrelot2009-8"},{"link_name":"far-right","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Far-right_politics"},{"link_name":"Hindu nationalism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindutva"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"M. S. Golwalkar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M._S._Golwalkar"},{"link_name":"S. S. Apte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S._S._Apte"},{"link_name":"Swami Chinmayananda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinmayananda_Saraswati"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-vhp_main_objective-1"},{"link_name":"Hindu temples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindu_temple"},{"link_name":"cow slaughter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cattle_slaughter_in_India"},{"link_name":"religious conversion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religious_conversion"},{"link_name":"Sangh Parivar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sangh_Parivar"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jelen_2002-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Hindu nationalist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindu_nationalism"},{"link_name":"RSS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rashtriya_Swayamsevak_Sangh"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"violence against Muslims in India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Violence_against_Muslims_in_India"},{"link_name":"demolition of the Babri Masjid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demolition_of_the_Babri_Masjid"},{"link_name":"Ayodhya dispute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayodhya_dispute"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"text":"Hindu nationalist organisationVishva Hindu Parishad (VHP) (transl. World Council of Hindus[8]) is an Indian far-right Hindu organisation based on Hindu nationalism.[9] The VHP was founded in 1964 by M. S. Golwalkar and S. S. Apte in collaboration with Swami Chinmayananda. Its stated objective is \"to organise, consolidate the Hindu society and to serve and protect the Hindu Dharma\".[1] It was established to construct and renovate Hindu temples, and deal with matters of cow slaughter and religious conversion. The VHP is a member of the Sangh Parivar group,[10][11] the family of Hindu nationalist organisations led by the RSS.[12]The VHP has been criticised for contributing to violence against Muslims in India, most notably for its role in the demolition of the Babri Masjid in 1992 over the Ayodhya dispute.[13][14]","title":"Vishva Hindu Parishad"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"M. S. Golwalkar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M._S._Golwalkar"},{"link_name":"S. S. Apte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S._S._Apte"},{"link_name":"Chinmayananda Saraswati","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinmayananda_Saraswati"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKatju20135-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"comity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comity"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-KatjuEarly-17"},{"link_name":"Allahabad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allahabad"},{"link_name":"Kumbh Mela","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allahabad_Kumbh_Mela"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-vhp_inception-18"},{"link_name":"Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bharatiya_Vidya_Bhavan"},{"link_name":"K. M. Munshi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K._M._Munshi"},{"link_name":"Keshavram Kashiram Shastri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keshavram_Kashiram_Shastri"},{"link_name":"Tara Singh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tara_Singh_(activist)"},{"link_name":"C. P. Ramaswami Iyer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C._P._Ramaswami_Iyer"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKatju2013-19"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-vhp_inception-18"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-thenational-21"}],"text":"The VHP was founded in 1964 by RSS leaders M. S. Golwalkar and S. S. Apte in collaboration with the Hindu spiritual leader Chinmayananda Saraswati.[15][16] According to Chinmayananda, the objective of the VHP was to awaken Hindus to their place in the comity of nations.[17]Chinmayananda was nominated as its founding President, while Apte was nominated as its founding General Secretary. It was decided at the meeting that the name of the proposed organisation would be \"Vishva Hindu Parishad\" and that a world convention of Hindus was to be held at Prayag (Allahabad) during the Kumbh Mela of 1966 for its launch. It was further decided that it would be a non-political organisation and that no office bearer of any political party shall be simultaneously an office bearer in the Parishad.[18] The delegation of the founders also included Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan founder K. M. Munshi, Gujarati scholar Keshavram Kashiram Shastri, Sikh leader Tara Singh, Namdhari Sikh leader Satguru Jagjit Singh and eminent politicians such as C. P. Ramaswami Iyer.[19][18]In the mid-1990s, VHP had 1.6 million members worldwide.[20] According to a 2008 estimate, VHP claimed 6.8 million members.[21]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bombay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombay"},{"link_name":"M. S. Golwalkar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M._S._Golwalkar"},{"link_name":"Janmashtami","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janmashtami"},{"link_name":"Dalai Lama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenzin_Gyatso,_14th_Dalai_Lama"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Long2011-22"},{"link_name":"faiths of Indian origins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_religions"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith2003189-23"},{"link_name":"Christian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianity"},{"link_name":"Islam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam"},{"link_name":"communist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communism"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith2003189-23"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-vhp_main_objective-1"},{"link_name":"social service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_service"},{"link_name":"Hindu temples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindu_temple"},{"link_name":"caste system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caste_system"},{"link_name":"cow slaughter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cattle_slaughter_in_India"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"Buddhists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism"},{"link_name":"Jains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jainism"},{"link_name":"Sikhs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sikhism"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Long2011-22"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Hindu diaspora","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindu_diaspora"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-KatjuEarly-17"},{"link_name":"Indo-Caribbean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indo-Caribbean"},{"link_name":"Trinidad and Tobago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinidad_and_Tobago"},{"link_name":"Guyana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guyana"},{"link_name":"Suriname","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suriname"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-INTP-25"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKatju2013-19"}],"text":"The VHP was first mooted at a conference in Pawai, Sandipani Sadhanalaya, Bombay on 29 August 1964. The conference was hosted by RSS chief M. S. Golwalkar. The date was chosen to coincide with the festival of Janmashtami. Several representatives from the Hindu, Sikh, Buddhist and Jain faiths were present in the meeting, as well as the Dalai Lama.[22] Golwalkar explained that \"all faiths of Indian origins need to unite\", saying that the word \"Hindu\" (people of \"Hindustan\") also applied to adherents of all the above religions.[23] Apte declared:The world has been divided to Christian, Islam and communist. All of them view Hindu society as very fine rich food on which to feast and fatten themselves. It is necessary in this age of conflict to think of and organise the Hindu world to save it from the evils of all the three.[23]Its main objective is \"to organise, consolidate the Hindu society and to serve, protect the Hindu Dharma\".[1] It has been involved in social service projects and in encouraging the construction and renovation of Hindu temples. It is against the caste system, and opposes cow slaughter. Defending Hindus around the world and Hindu rights has been one of its stated objectives.[24] The VHP considers Buddhists, Jains and Sikhs[22] as well as native tribal religions[citation needed] as part of the greater Hindu fraternity.The VHP promotes the education and involvement of members of Hindu diaspora in their \"cultural duties and spiritual values.\" This view was first promoted by Chinmayananda,[17]: 42  and is reflected in the promulgation of VHP organisations in Indo-Caribbean countries Trinidad and Tobago, Guyana and Suriname.[25]The organisation acts under the guidance from Dharma Sansad, a religious parliament of Gurus.[19]","title":"Ideology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"religious conversion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conversion_(religion)"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-faith-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"Orissa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odisha"},{"link_name":"Sundergarh district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sundergarh_district"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-faith-27"},{"link_name":"Bargarh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bargarh"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Praveen_Kumar_Chaudhary_2011_100-30"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Praveen_Kumar_Chaudhary_2011_100-30"},{"link_name":"Madhya Pradesh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madhya_Pradesh"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"}],"text":"The VHP is against religious conversion, and uses trained members known as Dharma Prasaar Vibhag (Dharma Propagation Unit) to meet their ends. The VHP also provides means for reconversion back to Hinduism. From 1982 to 1985, over 66,000 people were reconverted to Hinduism following the efforts of VHP.[26]VHP claimed to have converted 5,000 people to Hinduism in 2002.[27] In 2004, VHP claimed to have converted 12,857 people to Hinduism. 3,727 of these were Muslims and 9,130 were Christians.[28]In Punjab, the VHP has played an active role to prevent conversions of Sikhs. Majority of them are low caste Sikhs converting to Christianity. This may be a result of oppression by high caste Sikhs but there are considerable free will conversions among the higher class Sikhs too; however, the VHP have forcibly stopped Christian missionaries from converting Sikhs.[29]VHP engaged in \"re-conversion\" program in the state of Orissa. In June 2002, VHP converted 143 tribal Christians into Hinduism in Tainser village of Sundergarh district.[27] In 2005, VHP in Bargarh carried out reconversion ceremony for 567 Christians. The new converts had signed affidavits, confirming their intention to change their religion. Another 600 Dalit tribal Christians were converted to Hinduism in Bijepur, Odisha.[30]In April 2005, in West Bengal members of 45 tribal families converted to Hinduism from Christianity in a ceremony organised by Akhil Bhartiya Sanatan Santhal, allied to VHP.[30]In March 2021, a Freedom to Religion Bill was passed in Madhya Pradesh, and the VHP plans to organise for action in other states.[31]","title":"Religious conversion"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"Scroll.in","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scroll.in"},{"link_name":"Ramnath Goenka Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramnath_Goenka_Award"},{"link_name":"Love Jihad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love_Jihad"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"}],"sub_title":"Beti Bachao Bahu Lao","text":"Beti Bachao Bahu Lao is a campaign planned by the Vishva Hindu Parishad (VHP) and its affiliates Bajrang Dal etc., that claimed to marry young Muslim girls to Hindu men.[32]In 2016, journalist Rahul Kotiyal of Scroll.in was awarded Ramnath Goenka Award for reporting on a campaign by RSS and Bajrang Dal named \"Beti Bachao, Bahu Lao\". The campaign attempted to stop Hindu girls from marrying non-Hindus. If RSS members get information of a Hindu girl planning to marry a Muslim man, then the RSS members would track the girl and would inform the parents of the girl accusing this to be a case of Love Jihad.[33]","title":"Religious conversion"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jharkhand Legislative Assembly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jharkhand_Legislative_Assembly"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"Rama Setu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rama_Setu"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"Bhubaneswar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhubaneswar"},{"link_name":"Jatani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jatani"},{"link_name":"Rourkela","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rourkela"},{"link_name":"Sambalpur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sambalpur"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"}],"text":"In 2005, after the protests organised by VHP, the Jharkhand Legislative Assembly passed a Cow Protection Commission Bill that made the killing of, cruelty to and illegal trading of cows a crime.[34]In 2007, VHP had launched nationwide protest against demolition of the Rama Setu.[35] On 12 September 2007, the VHP, with the aid of BJP and the Rameswaram Sreeramsetu Surakshaya Manch, had blocked road and rail traffic in Orissa. Thousands of activists participated in these protests in Bhubaneswar, Jatani, Rourkela, and Sambalpur.[36][37]","title":"Litigation"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:An_old_building_at_Haridwar.jpg"},{"link_name":"Haridwar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haridwar"},{"link_name":"Bajrang Dal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bajrang_Dal"},{"link_name":"Durga Vahini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Durga_Vahini"},{"link_name":"Sadhvi Rithambara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sadhvi_Rithambara"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"Giri Raj Kishore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giriraj_Kishore"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"Parisada Hindu Dharma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parisada_Hindu_Dharma"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"}],"text":"Local office of Vishva Hindu Parishad, at HaridwarThe Bajrang Dal founded in 1984, is organised in many states in major training camps called shakhas, where thousands of youths simultaneously train in various activities, receive sports, education in Hindutva and cultural indoctrination. The Durga Vahini, founded in 1991 under the tutelage of Sadhvi Rithambara as its founding chairperson and the support of the VHP, is described as the \"female arm of the Dal\". Members of the Vahini contend that the portrayal of their group as a branch of the Bajrang Dal is an oversimplification, and that their goals are to \"dedicate ourselves to spiritual, physical, mental and knowledge development\".[38] The VHP also have divisions made up of women. VHP secretary Giri Raj Kishore charted out highly visible roles for women in the group. He charted out two \"satyagrahas\" for women during their demonstrations.[39]The VHP has been a prime backer of the World Hindu Conference in which issues such as casteism, sectarianism, and the future of Hindus were discussed. Prior Conferences have included Hindu Groups such as Parisada Hindu Dharma.[40]","title":"Youth organisations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-INTP-25"},{"link_name":"Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"multiculturalism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiculturalism"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hindu_Students_Council_logo.png"},{"link_name":"Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"}],"text":"Vishwa Hindu Parishad has presence in 29 countries outside of India.[25] The Australia wing of Vishva Hindu Parishad conducts activities such as conducting weekend schools, language classes, cultural workshops, festivals. The festivals are also organised for open to all communities promoting Unity in Diversity.[41] The press release from city council of Holroyd states that Vishva Hindu Parishad is active in supporting multiculturalism in the same region.[42]LogoHindu Students Council (also known as HSC) is an organisation of Hindu students in the US and Canada. The HSC was set up in 1990 with support from the Vishwa Hindu Parishad of America.[43] Although the HSC says that it became fully independent in 2003,[44] its association with that body was a matter of some debate.[45] Prior to its separation from its parent organisation, it was considered to be the student-wing of the VHP.[46][47][48][49]","title":"International presence"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ayodhya dispute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayodhya_dispute"},{"link_name":"Ram Janmabhoomi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ram_Janmabhoomi"},{"link_name":"Babri Masjid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babri_Masjid"},{"link_name":"demolition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demolition_of_the_Babri_Masjid"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"link_name":"Rama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rama"},{"link_name":"Ram Janmabhoomi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ram_Janmabhoomi"},{"link_name":"Babur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babur"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-52"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"},{"link_name":"Human Rights Watch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_Rights_Watch"},{"link_name":"BJP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BJP"},{"link_name":"2002 Gujarat riots","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2002_Gujarat_riots"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"},{"link_name":"Godhra mayhem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Godhra_train_burning"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"},{"link_name":"Haryana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haryana"},{"link_name":"1857 war","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Rebellion_of_1857"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-VHP_defends_church_demolition-58"},{"link_name":"militant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Militant"},{"link_name":"CIA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency"},{"link_name":"World Factbook","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_World_Factbook"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-59"},{"link_name":"Bajrang Dal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bajrang_Dal"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-60"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-61"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-62"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-63"}],"text":"The VHP has been associated with violence on a number of occasions.The VHP had been aggressively involved in the Ayodhya dispute over the Ram Janmabhoomi, or Babri Masjid before its demolition, since March 1984, after getting encouraged by the strong response it had got from ekatmata yatra programme, it organised in 1983, which was aimed at Hindu unity and self-protection against Islam and Christianity. This activity in the Ayodhya issue involved demonstrations, petitions and litigation, along with militant processions, forceful conversion ceremonies and incidents of violence and vandalism, particularly targeting Muslims.[50] The VHP is also said to have sought the destruction of the Babri mosque. According to the VHP and its affiliated organisations, the Babri Mosque was built by demolishing the temple at the birthplace of Rama (Ram Janmabhoomi) by the Mughal Emperor Babur in early 16th century. It further stated in Allahabad court documentation that the building was in a dilapidated condition. It was in ruins and could not be used for worship or any activities.[51][52][53][54] In 1989, the VHP, keeping in view the impending Loksabha elections, organised a massive movement to start the construction of a Ram temple at the disputed site. The BJP-VHP organised a huge rally of 200,000 volunteers at this site on 6 December 1992 and set out to demolish the mosque.[55]According to the Human Rights Watch, the VHP and Bajrang Dal, in collaboration with BJP had been involved in 2002 Gujarat riots.[56] Though VHP has denied these claims, VHP spokesman Kaushikbahi Mehta said, \"We in the VHP had nothing to do with the violence except to take care of widows and victims of the Godhra mayhem.\"[57]In 2015, VHP defended the demolition of a church in Haryana, although it has denied involvement in the incident. VHP joint general secretary Surendra Jain alleged that the church was built \"for the purpose of aggressive conversion\" and likened its destruction to the violence of the 1857 war which he claimed \"was fought for the cause of religion\".[58]On 4 June 2018, the VHP was classified as a militant religious organisation by the CIA in its World Factbook's entry for India,[59] under the category of political pressure groups, along with Bajrang Dal.[60][61] The VHP reportedly explored legal options to have this tag removed.[62] The World Factbook removed the mentions of the VHP and the Bajrang Dal from the entry by 25 June 2018.[63]","title":"Violence"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Godhra train burning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Godhra_train_burning"},{"link_name":"2002 Gujarat riots","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riots"},{"link_name":"Pravin Togadia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pravin_Togadia"},{"link_name":"Rajasthan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rajasthan"},{"link_name":"Indian National Congress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_National_Congress"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-64"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-65"},{"link_name":"Asaram","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asaram"},{"link_name":"Ashok Singhal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashok_Singhal"},{"link_name":"Pravin Togadia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pravin_Togadia"},{"link_name":"Akhil Bharatiya Vidyarthi Parishad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akhil_Bharatiya_Vidyarthi_Parishad"},{"link_name":"Hindu Jagruti Manch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindu_Janajagruti_Samiti"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Frontline_2013-10-04-66"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-67"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-68"},{"link_name":"Kiss of Love protest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_Kiss_of_Love_protest"},{"link_name":"Bajrang Dal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bajrang_Dal"},{"link_name":"Shiv Sena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shiv_Sena"},{"link_name":"public display of affection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_display_of_affection"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-69"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-70"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-71"},{"link_name":"Bajrang Dal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bajrang_Dal"},{"link_name":"Cow vigilantism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cow_vigilante_violence_in_India"},{"link_name":"Dalits","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dalit"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-72"},{"link_name":"Una Flogging incident","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_Una_flogging_incident"},{"link_name":"Buddhism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dalit_Buddhist_movement"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-73"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-74"},{"link_name":"2002 Gujarat riots","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2002_Gujarat_riots"},{"link_name":"[75]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-75"},{"link_name":"Bajrang Dal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bajrang_Dal"},{"link_name":"[76]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-76"},{"link_name":"[77]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-77"},{"link_name":"[78]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-78"},{"link_name":"[79]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-79"},{"link_name":"CBI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Bureau_of_Investigation"},{"link_name":"[80]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-80"},{"link_name":"[81]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-81"},{"link_name":"[82]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-82"},{"link_name":"[83]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-83"},{"link_name":"Seattle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seattle"},{"link_name":"California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California"},{"link_name":"[84]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-84"},{"link_name":"Silicon Valley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silicon_Valley"},{"link_name":"California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California"},{"link_name":"Cisco Systems","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cisco_Systems"},{"link_name":"California Department of Fair Employment and Housing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_Civil_Rights_Department"},{"link_name":"[85]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wire_legal_grounds-85"},{"link_name":"[86]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-86"},{"link_name":"[87]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-87"},{"link_name":"[88]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-88"},{"link_name":"[89]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-89"},{"link_name":"2019 Pulwama attack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Pulwama_attack"},{"link_name":"Pakistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan"},{"link_name":"Islamist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamism"},{"link_name":"[90]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-90"},{"link_name":"Jaish-e-Mohammed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaish-e-Mohammed"},{"link_name":"[91]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-91"}],"text":"The Vishva Hindu Parishad has been involved in several controversies. This includes violence against minority religious groups as well as scheduled caste/tribe communities. The Vishva Hindu Parishad has also faced flak for acts of moral policing.In 2002, following the Godhra train burning, VHP demanded a statewide bandh in the state of Gujarat. Several VHP leaders were involved in the 2002 Gujarat riots that followed, targeting Muslim communities statewide.The VHP leader, Pravin Togadia, was arrested in April 2003 after distributing tridents to Bajrang Dal activists in Ajmer, defying a ban and prohibitory orders. He asserted that the coming Assembly polls in the Indian state of Rajasthan would be fought on the issue of tridents and attacked the ruling Indian National Congress Party for \"placating\" Muslims for electoral gains. He expressed satisfaction at the publicity received due to the incident.[64]The VHP has been criticized for moral policing against couples celebrating Valentines Day. Calling it a western attack on Indian culture, the VHP and Bajrang Dal activists have been accused of threatening and intimidating couples for celebrating Valentines Day.[65]In August 2013, the Vishwa Hindu Parishad came out in support of Asaram, a spiritual leader, after he was arrested for the rape of a minor. Ashok Singhal and Pravin Togadia, presidents of Vishwa Hindu Parishad, deemed the arrest to be an attack on Hindu religious sentiments, and along with Akhil Bharatiya Vidyarthi Parishad, the student wing of the ruling party and the Hindu Jagruti Manch, organised violent demonstrations across the country, in protest.[66][67] The family of the victim alleged then that they received threats from Asaram's followers and Vishwa Hindu Parishad activists wanting the charges against him dropped, while also intimidating witnesses and eventually murdering them. Asaram was convicted in April 2018 and sentenced to life imprisonment on the charges of rape.[68]On 2 November 2014, during the Kiss of Love protest against moral policing, members of Bajrang Dal, Shiv Sena, Vishwa Hindu Parishad and many other right wing groups opposed and attacked protestors and threatened to strip protestors for kissing on the streets. These opposing groups claimed that public display of affection is against both Indian culture and the law of the land (under section 294 of the Indian Penal Code), though according to the Supreme Court and the Delhi High Court, kissing in public is not a criminal offence.[69][70] Police took many of the Kiss of Love protestors into custody to save their lives, but were blamed for giving a free hand to counter protestors of the right wing groups.[71]From 2015, Bajrang Dal and Vishwa Hindu Parishad have been accused of promoting and indulging in Cow vigilantism, apparently targeting Muslims and lower caste Hindus, mostly Dalits. Human rights groups have slammed several state Governments for promoting and supporting such acts, even turning a blind eye. Police officers have been threatened by members of cow protection groups for intervening in such cases or arresting cow vigilantes.[72] Following the Una Flogging incident in Gujarat, where four dalits were brutally thrashed by Bajrang Dal goons and vigilantes when they were skinning dead cow carcasses, the victims converted to Buddhism. The conversion irked some perpetrators, who attacked the victims for the second time after being out on bail.[73][74]On 15 August 2022, the eleven men sentenced to life imprisonment in the Bilkis Bano gangrape case, which occurred during the 2002 Gujarat riots, were released from a Godhra jail by the Gujarat government.[75] Following their release, the rapists were allegedly greeted with garlands from members of Bajrang Dal and Vishva Hindu Parishad.[76] The release and felicitation was criticized by several activists and members of opposition, and the release itself is controversial, because the convicts were released as per the old 1992 Remission Policy instead of the aggressive 2014 Policy. The challenge to release the rapists, which was pending in Supreme Court after a review petition was filed, was dismissed in December 2022, earning criticism from women's safety activists. The Supreme Court, however, redirected the Bombay High Court to look into the case.[77][78] On 8 January 2024, the Supreme Court bench, led by Justices B.V. Nagarathna and Ujjal Bhuyan, reversed the Gujarat Government's decision and canceled the remission, noting that the convicts were freed erroneously.[79] In its judgement, the bench noted several frauds committed by one of the convicts Radheshyam Bhagwandas Shah, also known as Lala Vakil, who had filed the petition for remission, as he did not declare earlier remission petitions submitted to the Maharashtra State Government, as the trial was transferred to the High Court in Mumbai—the remissions were denied on the recommendation of CBI, as well as the magistrate and Superintendent of Police of Dahod, Gujarat. The Supreme Court eventually ordered the convicts to surrender within two weeks to carry out the remainder of their life sentences.[80]The Vishwa Hindu Parishad has been a major opponent of LGTBQ rights and describes homosexuality as mental disease.[81] Several VHP activists have violently targeted LGBTQ parades across the country.[82] Following the Supreme Court's judgement in April 2023 on same sex marriages, the VHP welcomed the decision, calling it a Western attack on Indian culture.[83]Following the decision to add caste as a form of discrimination by the city of Seattle and the state of California in the United States in 2023, VHP leaders and supporters criticized this decision and attempted to stop the legislations to pass the bill.[84] The decision was taken after caste-based discrimination issues in Silicon Valley came to the surface in 2020 with a lawsuit by the State of California against Cisco Systems filed by the California Department of Fair Employment and Housing (DFEH, later named Civil Rights Department).[85] The Department sued Cisco and two of its senior engineers for discrimination against a Dalit engineer (identified as \"John Doe\"), who alleged that he received lower wages and fewer opportunities because of his caste.[86][87] On April 10, 2023, the California Civil Rights Department dismissed its case in Superior Court against the two senior engineers.[88]On 14 February 2024, the Vishva Hindu Parishad and Bajrang Dal intimidated and targeted couples who were celebrating Valentines Day. Several activists and leaders threatened resort to violence if clubs, pubs and corporate hotels across Hyderabad did not cancel celebrations for Valentines Day.[89] The activists instead asked the youngsters to pay tribute to the soldiers and service-members who were killed in the 2019 Pulwama attack, which was perpetrated by Pakistan-based Islamist terrorist[90] group Jaish-e-Mohammed.[91]","title":"Controversies"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-203-48433-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-203-48433-3"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1849041386","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1849041386"},{"link_name":"The New Cold War? Religious Nationalism Confronts the Secular State","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/newcoldwarreligi00mark"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-520-08651-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-08651-7"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-81-250-2476-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-250-2476-7"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-93-5018-040-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-93-5018-040-2"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-631-20862-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-631-20862-4"}],"text":"Clarke, Peter (2004). Encyclopedia of New Religious Movements. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-203-48433-3.\nJaffrelot, Christophe (2011). Religion, Caste, and Politics in India. C Hurst & Co. ISBN 978-1849041386.\nJuergensmeyer, Mark (1993). The New Cold War? Religious Nationalism Confronts the Secular State. University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-08651-7.\nKatju, Manjari (2013). Vishva Hindu Parishad and Indian Politics. Orient Blackswan. ISBN 978-81-250-2476-7.\nKumar, Praveen (2011). Communal Crimes and National Integration: A Socio-Legal Study. Readworthy Publications. ISBN 978-93-5018-040-2.\nSmith, David James (2003). Hinduism and Modernity. Blackwell Publishing. ISBN 978-0-631-20862-4.","title":"Bibliography"}]
[{"image_text":"Local office of Vishva Hindu Parishad, at Haridwar","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/An_old_building_at_Haridwar.jpg/220px-An_old_building_at_Haridwar.jpg"},{"image_text":"Logo","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/d6/Hindu_Students_Council_logo.png/220px-Hindu_Students_Council_logo.png"}]
null
[{"reference":"\"VHP at Glance\". Vhp.org. 29 August 1964. Retrieved 4 April 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://vhp.org/vhp-at-glance/about-vhp/","url_text":"\"VHP at Glance\""}]},{"reference":"Sravasti Dasgupta (8 July 2022). \"Far Right Groups in India opens Hindu Helpline\". The Independent.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.independent.co.uk/asia/india/vhp-helpline-number-hindus-jihad-b2118791.html","url_text":"\"Far Right Groups in India opens Hindu Helpline\""}]},{"reference":"Valiani, Arafaat A. (11 November 2011). Militant publics in India: Physical culture and violence in the making of a modern polity. New York, NY: Palgrave Macmillan. p. 180. ISBN 978-0-230-37063-0. Retrieved 17 February 2021 – via Google Books. In 2002, almost 2,000 Muslims were killed in carefully planned attacks by the VHP and the Bajrang Dal. The state was governed by the BJP in 2002, and some BJP representatives brazenly justified and abetted the violence.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=_XLHAAAAQBAJ","url_text":"Militant publics in India: Physical culture and violence in the making of a modern polity"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palgrave_Macmillan","url_text":"Palgrave Macmillan"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-230-37063-0","url_text":"978-0-230-37063-0"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Books","url_text":"Google Books"}]},{"reference":"Parashar, Swati (5 March 2014). Women and Militant Wars: The politics of injury. Routledge. p. 27. ISBN 978-1-134-11606-5. Retrieved 13 February 2021 – via Google Books. The Sangh Parivar (literally known as the Sangh family) includes groups such as the Rashtriye Swayamsewak Sangh, the Bajrang Dal, Shiv Sena and the Vishwa Hindu Parishad. They articulate a militant Hindu nationalist politics, opposing the Muslim 'other'.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=YoH8AgAAQBAJ","url_text":"Women and Militant Wars: The politics of injury"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Routledge","url_text":"Routledge"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-134-11606-5","url_text":"978-1-134-11606-5"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Books","url_text":"Google Books"}]},{"reference":"Alter, Joseph S. (1994). \"Somatic Nationalism: Indian Wrestling and Militant Hinduism\". Modern Asian Studies. 28 (3): 557–588. doi:10.1017/S0026749X00011860. ISSN 0026-749X. JSTOR 313044. S2CID 146291615. Retrieved 13 February 2021 – via JSTOR. It would be anathema for the leaders of such militant groups as the RSS, Shiva Sena, and Bajrang Dal, to let a Muslim 'voice' speak to the issue of what is lacking among Hindus, much less turn—even nominally—to an Islamic model of civility to define the terms of Hindu self development.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Alter","url_text":"Alter, Joseph S."},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/313044","url_text":"\"Somatic Nationalism: Indian Wrestling and Militant Hinduism\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modern_Asian_Studies","url_text":"Modern Asian Studies"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0026749X00011860","url_text":"10.1017/S0026749X00011860"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0026-749X","url_text":"0026-749X"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/313044","url_text":"313044"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:146291615","url_text":"146291615"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR","url_text":"JSTOR"}]},{"reference":"Anand, Dibyesh (May 2007). \"Anxious Sexualities: Masculinity, Nationalism and Violence\". British Journal of Politics and International Relations. 9 (2): 257–269. doi:10.1111/j.1467-856x.2007.00282.x. S2CID 143765766. Retrieved 13 February 2021 – via Academia.edu. Amrish Ji, a leader of a militant organisation Bajrang Dal, in a public speech accused Muslims of treating 'Bharat Mata' ('Mother India') as a 'dayan' ('witch') (Amrish Ji 2005).","urls":[{"url":"https://www.academia.edu/25169782","url_text":"\"Anxious Sexualities: Masculinity, Nationalism and Violence\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Journal_of_Politics_and_International_Relations","url_text":"British Journal of Politics and International Relations"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1467-856x.2007.00282.x","url_text":"10.1111/j.1467-856x.2007.00282.x"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143765766","url_text":"143765766"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academia.edu","url_text":"Academia.edu"}]},{"reference":"\"Rabindra Narain Singh elected as VHP president\". 13 December 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://indianexpress.com/article/india/rabindra-narain-singh-elected-as-vhp-president-7409740/","url_text":"\"Rabindra Narain Singh elected as VHP president\""}]},{"reference":"Jaffrelot, Christophe (2009). Hindu Nationalism: A Reader. Princeton University Press. p. 19. ISBN 978-1-4008-2803-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christophe_Jaffrelot","url_text":"Jaffrelot, Christophe"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=mOXWgr53A5kC","url_text":"Hindu Nationalism: A Reader"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4008-2803-6","url_text":"978-1-4008-2803-6"}]},{"reference":"Jaffrelot, Christophe (31 December 2008). \"Hindu Nationalism and the (Not So Easy) Art of Being Outraged: The Ram Setu Controversy\". South Asia Multidisciplinary Academic Journal (2). doi:10.4000/samaj.1372. ISSN 1960-6060.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christophe_Jaffrelot","url_text":"Jaffrelot, Christophe"},{"url":"http://journals.openedition.org/samaj/1372","url_text":"\"Hindu Nationalism and the (Not So Easy) Art of Being Outraged: The Ram Setu Controversy\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.4000%2Fsamaj.1372","url_text":"10.4000/samaj.1372"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1960-6060","url_text":"1960-6060"}]},{"reference":"Jelen, Ted Gerard; Wilcox, Clyde (2002). Religion and Politics in Comparative Perspective: The One, The Few, and The Many. Cambridge University Press. p. 253. 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Ethnic and Racial Studies. 24 (2): 268. doi:10.1080/01419870020023445. S2CID 32217209.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prema_Kurien","url_text":"Kurien, Prema"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1080%2F01419870020023445","url_text":"10.1080/01419870020023445"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:32217209","url_text":"32217209"}]},{"reference":"Katju, Manjari (1998). \"The Early Vishva Hindu Parishad: 1964 to 1983\". Social Scientist. 26 (5/6): 34–60. doi:10.2307/3517547. 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Religious Nationalism Confronts the Secular State"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-08651-7","url_text":"978-0-520-08651-7"}]},{"reference":"Katju, Manjari (2013). Vishva Hindu Parishad and Indian Politics. Orient Blackswan. ISBN 978-81-250-2476-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-250-2476-7","url_text":"978-81-250-2476-7"}]},{"reference":"Kumar, Praveen (2011). Communal Crimes and National Integration: A Socio-Legal Study. Readworthy Publications. ISBN 978-93-5018-040-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-93-5018-040-2","url_text":"978-93-5018-040-2"}]},{"reference":"Smith, David James (2003). Hinduism and Modernity. Blackwell Publishing. 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Communalism\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=dE9qEg-NgHMC&q=india+since+independence","external_links_name":"India Since Independence"},{"Link":"https://www.hrw.org/reports/2002/india/India0402-06.htm#P898_170936","external_links_name":"\"We Have No Orders to Save You: State Participation and Complicity in Communal Violence in Gujarat\""},{"Link":"https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Eves-as-Ram-bhakts-the-Gujarat-model/articleshow/6548454.cms","external_links_name":"\"Eves as Ram bhakts, the Gujarat model\""},{"Link":"http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/VHP-defends-attack-on-Haryana-church-calls-1857-communal-war/articleshow/46590892.cms","external_links_name":"\"VHP defends attack on Haryana church, calls 1857 'communal war'\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180608053701/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/resources/the-world-factbook/fields/print_2115.html","external_links_name":"\"Political Pressure Groups and 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World Factbook listed Bajrang Dal and VHP as 'militant religious organisation'\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071228083551/http://www.hinduonnet.com/2003/04/14/stories/2003041404280100.htm","external_links_name":"Togadia defies ban, distributes tridents"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121021235439/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2008-02-15/india/27749916_1_bajrang-dal-moral-police-saffron-brigade","external_links_name":"\"On V-Day, Bajrang Dal men force couple to get 'married'\""},{"Link":"http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2008-02-15/india/27749916_1_bajrang-dal-moral-police-saffron-brigade","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/asaram-bapu-is-real-saint-is-innocent-pravin-togadia/articleshow/22125229.cms?from=mdr","external_links_name":"\"Asaram Bapu is real saint, is innocent: Pravin Togadia\""},{"Link":"https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/self-styled-godman-asaram-found-guilty-of-rape-of-teenager-in-2013/articleshow/63892726.cms","external_links_name":"\"Self-styled godman Asaram found guilty of rape of teenager in 2013 – Times of India\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180426034212/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/self-styled-godman-asaram-found-guilty-of-rape-of-teenager-in-2013/articleshow/63892726.cms","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/Kissing-in-public-by-married-couple-not-obscene-HC/articleshow/4066941.cms","external_links_name":"\"Kissing in public by married couple not obscene: HC\""},{"Link":"https://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/kerala-high-court-refuses-to-interfere-with-kochi-kiss-fest/","external_links_name":"\"Kerala High Court refuses to interfere with Kochi Kiss 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Religious Nationalism Confronts the Secular State"},{"Link":"https://vhp.org/","external_links_name":"Official website"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/155368696","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007605358205171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n89284696","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://www.idref.fr/120547252","external_links_name":"IdRef"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austria_Classic_Hotel_Wien
Austria Classic Hotel Wien
["1 History","2 Notable guests","3 Notes","4 Literature","5 External links"]
Coordinates: 48°13′1.37″N 16°23′22.2″E / 48.2170472°N 16.389500°E / 48.2170472; 16.389500Building in Vienna, AustriaAustria Classic Hotel WienGeneral informationLocationPraterstraße 72,Vienna, AustriaOpening1838OwnerReinhard Blumauer Ines Pietsch (Manager) Ingeborg Seitz (Director)Design and constructionDeveloperJosef ScheiflingerOther informationNumber of rooms81Websitewww.classic-hotelwien.at The Austria Classic Hotel Wien is a three-star hotel, on Praterstraße in Vienna's second district, the Leopoldstadt. It is a member of the Austria Classic Hotels group and was named 'Hotel Nordbahn' until a rebranding in January 2008. History The building 'Zum schwarzen Tor' on Praterstraße Nr.72 (named Jägerzeile until 1862) was completed in 1808. It originally served as residential house for a Peter Danhauser and only comprised two floors. In 1838, one year after Austria's first steam railway, the Emperor Ferdinand Northern Railway (German: Kaiser Ferdinands-Nordbahn, KFNB; Czech: Severní dráha císaře Ferdinanda, SDCF), had opened and the first station building of the Imperial and Royal North railway station on Nordbahnstraße was inaugurated. The existing building was extended by one floor, and established as 'Hotel Nordbahn', because of tourist accommodation needs through increased international traffic. From 1843 to 1849 further extensions and adaptations were undertaken by hotel owner Josef Scheiflinger. Since that time the hotel has remained a family property. Between 1944 and 1945, during the Second World War, the building was partially destroyed, and was under Soviet administration until 1955. After the Allied Occupation of Austria, the hotel management was restored to Kommerzialrat Felix Scheiflinger, who had succeeded his father Josef Scheiflinger in 1908. In 1961, the management was transferred to Erika Blumauer, Felix Scheiflinger's daughter, who modernised the building and passed management to her son, Reinhard Blumauer, in 1973. Hotel Nordbahn was rebranded as Austria Classic Hotel Wien on 1 January 2008. In 2010 Reinhard Blumauer passed management to his daughter Ines Pietsch, who "became one of the youngest hotel managers of Austria". Praterstraße and Hotel Nordbahn before 1898 Hotel Nordbahn about 1910 Hotel Nordbahn and the Dogenhof in 1928 Notable guests The Austro-American composer and film score composition pioneer Max Steiner was born on 10 May 1888 in Hotel Nordbahn as 'Maximilian Raoul Steiner'. At his time Steiner was one of the best-known composers in Hollywood. Sometimes referred to as "the father of film music", Steiner is widely regarded today as one of the greatest film score composers in the history of cinema. Steiner composed hundreds of film scores, amongst those Casablanca, Gone with the Wind and King Kong. On the occasion of Max Steiner's 100th birthday a commemorative plaque was revealed at the hotel by owner Reinhard Blumauer, Bezirksvorsteher (head of district) Heinz Weißmann and Viennese mayor Helmut Zilk. Fine artist and playwright Stanisław Wyspiański, a Polish member of the Vienna Secession, resided in Hotel Nordbahn in summer 1904, en route from convalescent care in Bad Hall to his hometown Krakau. Since 1996 a plaque on the facade of the hotel commemorates the 50th anniversary of the Österreichisch-Polnische Gesellschaft (Austrian-Polish Society) and Wyspiański's frequent stays at the hotel, where amongst others he wrote his German dramatic fragment "Weimar 1829". Commemorative plaque for Stanisław Wyspiański (since 1996) Commemorative plaque for Max Steiner (since 1988) Unveiling the Max Steiner-plaque (f.l. R. Blumauer, H. Weißmann, H. Zilk) Both commemorative plaques at the hotel's facade Notes ^ Wolfgang Czerny, Ingrid Kastel: Wien: II. bis IX. und XX. Bezirk. In: Dehio-Handbuch: Die Kunstdenkmäler Österreichs; hrsg. vom Institut für Österreichische Kunstforschung des Bundesdenkmalamtes: Band 2 für Wien. Wien: A.Schroll, 1993, S.36, ISBN 3-7031-0680-8 ^ "Aus Hotel Nordbahn wird "Austria Classic Hotel Wien"". ^ "Austria Classic Hotel Wien unter neuer Führung". ^ sdtom (2008-02-13). "Max Steiner " Film Music: The Neglected Art". Sdtom.wordpress.com. Retrieved 2010-11-27. ^ Jonathan Bousfield, Rob Humphreys: The rough guide to Austria. Rough Guides, 2001, S.78, ISBN 1-85828-709-X ^ Austria Classic Hotel Wien: The History of Hotel Wien ^ Józef Buszko, Walter Leitsch: Österreich Polen: 1000 Jahre Beziehungen. Band 5 von Studia Austro-Polonica. Krakau: Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Jagiellońskiego, 1996, S.523, ISBN 83-233-0968-X ^ Roman Taborski: Zur Tradition der kulturellen Beziehungen zwischen Polen und Wien. In: Mit Wort und Tat: deutsch-polnischer Kultur- und Wissenschaftsdialog in Vergangenheit und Gegenwart. Veröffentlichung zum 225. Jahrestag der Societas Jablonoviana 1774 - 1999 / Dietrich Scholze(Hg.), Kongress: Kolloquium. Jablonowskische Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften zu Leipzig; (Leipzig): 1999.11.12-13. Leipzig: Universitätsverl., 2001, S.186, ISBN 3-935693-00-1 Literature Referencing Literature: Hermann Bahr (Hg.): Briefe von Josef Kainz. Wien: Rikola Verlag, 1922 Helga Gibs: Leopoldstadt: kleine Welt am grossen Strom. Wien: Mohl, 1997, S.67, ISBN 3-900272-54-9 Albert Paris Gütersloh: Die tanzende Törin: Roman. München: Langen-Müller, 1973 Cilly Kugelmann, Hanno Loewy: So einfach war das: jüdische Kindheit und Jugend in Deutschland seit 1945. Zeitzeugnisse aus dem Jüdischen Museum Berlin. Köln: DuMont 2002 Allan H. Mankoff: Mankoff's lusty Europe: the first all-purpose European guide to sex, love and romance. New York City: Viking Press, 1972 Franz Julius Schneeberger: Banditen im Franck: Politisch-socialer Roman aus der Gegenwart. Von A. v. S. Band 2, Wien, Pest, Leipzig: A. Hartleben, 1867 Siegfried Weyr: Wien: Magie der Inneren Stadt. Band 1 von Eine Stadt erzählt. Wien: Zsolnay, 1968 External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Austria Classic Hotel Wien. Austria Classic Hotel Wien 48°13′1.37″N 16°23′22.2″E / 48.2170472°N 16.389500°E / 48.2170472; 16.389500
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"three-star hotel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three-star_hotel"},{"link_name":"Vienna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vienna"},{"link_name":"Leopoldstadt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leopoldstadt"},{"link_name":"Austria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austria"},{"link_name":"rebranding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rebranding"}],"text":"Building in Vienna, AustriaThe Austria Classic Hotel Wien is a three-star hotel, on Praterstraße in Vienna's second district, the Leopoldstadt. It is a member of the Austria Classic Hotels group and was named 'Hotel Nordbahn' until a rebranding in January 2008.","title":"Austria Classic Hotel Wien"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Emperor Ferdinand Northern Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emperor_Ferdinand_Northern_Railway"},{"link_name":"German","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_language"},{"link_name":"Czech","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czech_language"},{"link_name":"station building","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Station_building"},{"link_name":"Imperial and Royal North railway station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wien_Praterstern_railway_station"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Soviet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union"},{"link_name":"Occupation of Austria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occupation_of_Austria"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hotel_Nordbahn_um_1900.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hotel_Nordbahn_historische_Ansicht.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_102-06266,_Wien,_Umzug_zum_S%C3%A4ngerbund-Fest.jpg"}],"text":"The building 'Zum schwarzen Tor' on Praterstraße Nr.72 (named Jägerzeile until 1862) was completed in 1808. It originally served as residential house for a Peter Danhauser and only comprised two floors. In 1838, one year after Austria's first steam railway, the Emperor Ferdinand Northern Railway (German: Kaiser Ferdinands-Nordbahn, KFNB; Czech: Severní dráha císaře Ferdinanda, SDCF), had opened and the first station building of the Imperial and Royal North railway station on Nordbahnstraße was inaugurated. The existing building was extended by one floor, and established as 'Hotel Nordbahn',[1] because of tourist accommodation needs through increased international traffic.From 1843 to 1849 further extensions and adaptations were undertaken by hotel owner Josef Scheiflinger. Since that time the hotel has remained a family property. Between 1944 and 1945, during the Second World War, the building was partially destroyed, and was under Soviet administration until 1955. After the Allied Occupation of Austria, the hotel management was restored to Kommerzialrat Felix Scheiflinger, who had succeeded his father Josef Scheiflinger in 1908. In 1961, the management was transferred to Erika Blumauer, Felix Scheiflinger's daughter, who modernised the building and passed management to her son, Reinhard Blumauer, in 1973. Hotel Nordbahn was rebranded as Austria Classic Hotel Wien on 1 January 2008.[2] In 2010 Reinhard Blumauer passed management to his daughter Ines Pietsch, who \"became one of the youngest hotel managers of Austria\".[3]Praterstraße and Hotel Nordbahn before 1898\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tHotel Nordbahn about 1910\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tHotel Nordbahn and the Dogenhof in 1928","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"composer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Composer"},{"link_name":"film score","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Film_score"},{"link_name":"Max Steiner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Steiner"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Casablanca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casablanca_(film)"},{"link_name":"Gone with the Wind","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gone_with_the_Wind_(film)"},{"link_name":"King Kong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_Kong_(1933_film)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"commemorative plaque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commemorative_plaque"},{"link_name":"Bezirksvorsteher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Districts_of_Vienna"},{"link_name":"Helmut Zilk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helmut_Zilk"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Fine artist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fine_art"},{"link_name":"playwright","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Playwright"},{"link_name":"Stanisław Wyspiański","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_Wyspia%C5%84ski"},{"link_name":"Polish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_people"},{"link_name":"Vienna Secession","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vienna_Secession"},{"link_name":"Bad Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bad_Hall"},{"link_name":"Krakau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"facade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facade"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:GuentherZ_2007-04-07_0124_Wien02_Praterstrasse72_Gedenktafel_Stanislaw_Wyspianski.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:GuentherZ_2007-04-07_0122_Wien02_Praterstrasse72_Gedenktafel_Max_Steiner.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1988-Steiner-Max-Austria-Classic-Hotel-Wien-Vienna-23_01.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Max_Steiner_Gedenktafel_Praterstra%C3%9Fe_72,Wien_2.jpg"}],"text":"The Austro-American composer and film score composition pioneer Max Steiner was born on 10 May 1888 in Hotel Nordbahn as 'Maximilian Raoul Steiner'. At his time Steiner was one of the best-known composers in Hollywood. Sometimes referred to as \"the father of film music\",[4] Steiner is widely regarded today as one of the greatest film score composers in the history of cinema. Steiner composed hundreds of film scores, amongst those Casablanca, Gone with the Wind and King Kong.[5] On the occasion of Max Steiner's 100th birthday a commemorative plaque was revealed at the hotel by owner Reinhard Blumauer, Bezirksvorsteher (head of district) Heinz Weißmann and Viennese mayor Helmut Zilk.[6]\nFine artist and playwright Stanisław Wyspiański, a Polish member of the Vienna Secession, resided in Hotel Nordbahn in summer 1904, en route from convalescent care in Bad Hall to his hometown Krakau.[7] Since 1996 a plaque on the facade of the hotel commemorates the 50th anniversary of the Österreichisch-Polnische Gesellschaft (Austrian-Polish Society) and Wyspiański's frequent stays at the hotel, where amongst others he wrote his German dramatic fragment \"Weimar 1829\".[8]Commemorative plaque for Stanisław Wyspiański (since 1996)\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tCommemorative plaque for Max Steiner (since 1988)\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tUnveiling the Max Steiner-plaque (f.l. R. Blumauer, H. Weißmann, H. Zilk)\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tBoth commemorative plaques at the hotel's facade","title":"Notable guests"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"3-7031-0680-8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-7031-0680-8"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"\"Aus Hotel Nordbahn wird \"Austria Classic Hotel Wien\"\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.ots.at/presseaussendung/OTS_20071106_OTS0160/aus-hotel-nordbahn-wird-austria-classic-hotel-wien-bild"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"\"Austria Classic Hotel Wien unter neuer Führung\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.hotelundtouristik.at/news/news/artikel/austria-classic-hotel-wien-unter-neuer-fuehrung.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"\"Max Steiner \" Film Music: The Neglected Art\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//sdtom.wordpress.com/2008/02/13/max-steiner/"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1-85828-709-X","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85828-709-X"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"The History of Hotel Wien","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.classic-hotelwien.at/en/hotel-vienna-center-city-2-district-1020/historic-hotel-nordbahn-leopoldstadt/"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-7"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"83-233-0968-X","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/83-233-0968-X"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-8"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"3-935693-00-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-935693-00-1"}],"text":"^ Wolfgang Czerny, Ingrid Kastel: Wien: II. bis IX. und XX. Bezirk. In: Dehio-Handbuch: Die Kunstdenkmäler Österreichs; hrsg. vom Institut für Österreichische Kunstforschung des Bundesdenkmalamtes: Band 2 für Wien. Wien: A.Schroll, 1993, S.36, ISBN 3-7031-0680-8\n\n^ \"Aus Hotel Nordbahn wird \"Austria Classic Hotel Wien\"\".\n\n^ \"Austria Classic Hotel Wien unter neuer Führung\".\n\n^ sdtom (2008-02-13). \"Max Steiner \" Film Music: The Neglected Art\". Sdtom.wordpress.com. Retrieved 2010-11-27.\n\n^ Jonathan Bousfield, Rob Humphreys: The rough guide to Austria. Rough Guides, 2001, S.78, ISBN 1-85828-709-X\n\n^ Austria Classic Hotel Wien: The History of Hotel Wien\n\n^ Józef Buszko, Walter Leitsch: Österreich Polen: 1000 Jahre Beziehungen. Band 5 von Studia Austro-Polonica. Krakau: Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Jagiellońskiego, 1996, S.523, ISBN 83-233-0968-X\n\n^ Roman Taborski: Zur Tradition der kulturellen Beziehungen zwischen Polen und Wien. In: Mit Wort und Tat: deutsch-polnischer Kultur- und Wissenschaftsdialog in Vergangenheit und Gegenwart. Veröffentlichung zum 225. Jahrestag der Societas Jablonoviana 1774 - 1999 / Dietrich Scholze(Hg.), Kongress: Kolloquium. Jablonowskische Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften zu Leipzig; (Leipzig): 1999.11.12-13. Leipzig: Universitätsverl., 2001, S.186, ISBN 3-935693-00-1","title":"Notes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hermann Bahr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermann_Bahr"},{"link_name":"Josef Kainz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josef_Kainz"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"3-900272-54-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-900272-54-9"},{"link_name":"Albert Paris Gütersloh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Paris_G%C3%BCtersloh"}],"text":"Referencing Literature:Hermann Bahr (Hg.): Briefe von Josef Kainz. Wien: Rikola Verlag, 1922\nHelga Gibs: Leopoldstadt: kleine Welt am grossen Strom. Wien: Mohl, 1997, S.67, ISBN 3-900272-54-9\nAlbert Paris Gütersloh: Die tanzende Törin: Roman. München: Langen-Müller, 1973\nCilly Kugelmann, Hanno Loewy: So einfach war das: jüdische Kindheit und Jugend in Deutschland seit 1945. Zeitzeugnisse aus dem Jüdischen Museum Berlin. Köln: DuMont 2002\nAllan H. Mankoff: Mankoff's lusty Europe: the first all-purpose European guide to sex, love and romance. New York City: Viking Press, 1972\nFranz Julius Schneeberger: Banditen im Franck: Politisch-socialer Roman aus der Gegenwart. Von A. v. S. Band 2, Wien, Pest, Leipzig: A. Hartleben, 1867\nSiegfried Weyr: Wien: Magie der Inneren Stadt. Band 1 von Eine Stadt erzählt. Wien: Zsolnay, 1968","title":"Literature"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"\"Aus Hotel Nordbahn wird \"Austria Classic Hotel Wien\"\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ots.at/presseaussendung/OTS_20071106_OTS0160/aus-hotel-nordbahn-wird-austria-classic-hotel-wien-bild","url_text":"\"Aus Hotel Nordbahn wird \"Austria Classic Hotel Wien\"\""}]},{"reference":"\"Austria Classic Hotel Wien unter neuer Führung\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.hotelundtouristik.at/news/news/artikel/austria-classic-hotel-wien-unter-neuer-fuehrung.html","url_text":"\"Austria Classic Hotel Wien unter neuer Führung\""}]},{"reference":"sdtom (2008-02-13). \"Max Steiner \" Film Music: The Neglected Art\". Sdtom.wordpress.com. Retrieved 2010-11-27.","urls":[{"url":"http://sdtom.wordpress.com/2008/02/13/max-steiner/","url_text":"\"Max Steiner \" Film Music: The Neglected Art\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodore_Hardeen
Theodore Hardeen
["1 Early life","2 Career","3 Personal life and death","4 Legacy","5 Gallery","6 References","7 Further reading","8 External links"]
Hungarian-American entertainer (1876–1945) The native form of this personal name is Weisz Ferenc Dezső. This article uses Western name order when mentioning individuals. Theodore HardeenHardeen in 1905BornFerenc Dezső Weisz(1876-03-04)March 4, 1876Budapest, Kingdom of Hungary, Austria-HungaryDiedJune 12, 1945(1945-06-12) (aged 69)Manhattan, New York, U.S.OccupationMagicianYears active1893–1945RelativesHarry Houdini (brother) Ferenc Dezső Weisz (March 4, 1876 – June 12, 1945), known as Theodore "Dash" Hardeen, was a Hungarian-American magician and escape artist who was the younger brother of Harry Houdini. Hardeen, who usually billed himself as the "brother of Houdini", was the founder of the Magician's Guild. Hardeen was the first magician to conceive escaping from a straitjacket in full view of the audience, rather than behind a curtain. Early life Hardeen was born as "Ferenc Dezső Weisz" (or "Ferencz Dezső Weisz") in Budapest, and went by the name "Theodore Weiss" when he and his family were living in Appleton, Wisconsin. He was known as "Deshi" and later "Dash" by his parents. In 1893, Hardeen performed with Houdini at Coney Island as "The Brothers Houdini". While he and Harry were there, Harry met and married Wilhelmina Beatrice "Bess" Rahner. Career Hardeen with his brother, Houdini (seated left) c. 1901 Will Goldston, English stage magician and editor of the Magician Annual, wrote that: "Hardeen learned his business from Houdini, and he learned it well, as no man could have failed to do with such a master. But the natural ability was always there. Even if Houdini had not existed to point the way, it is quite likely that Hardeen would have become an escape artiste. I have seen him perform several times, and have marvelled at his achievements. The huge chains in the cartoon are hardly an exaggeration of those from which he breaks loose. The handcuffs but a simple thing compared with those with which he is used to toy. Hardeen, like his more famous brother Harry Houdini is a great favourite in the magical world. He is a man of considerable culture and one of the best raconteurs I have ever met. Like Houdini, he is willing to expend both time and money freely to further the cause of magic. Both the amateurs and the professionals of our number regard him as a friend. And the general public regard him as a brilliant artiste and a thrilling entertainer." After his brother's death in 1926, Hardeen played the vaudeville circuit, doing many of his late brother's routines. From 1938 to 1941, he was featured in Olsen and Johnson's Broadway revue, Hellzapoppin. During World War II, he performed for the troops (as his brother had done during World War I). In 1936, Hardeen starred in a Vitaphone short film for Warner Bros. called Medium Well Done. In it, Hardeen played a "hardboiled detective" on the case of a bogus medium. The film was directed by Lloyd French, who directed many of the early Laurel and Hardy shorts. Personal life and death Like his brother, Hardeen was skeptical of the claims of spiritualist mediums. With his friend Julien Proskauer, he exposed the fraudulent methods of the mediums. Houdini, in his will, requested that all his files be given to Hardeen and destroyed ("I give, devise and bequeath to my brother, Theodore, Professionally known as "Hardeen" all my theatrical effects, new mysteries and illusions and accompanying paraphernalia, to be burnt and destroyed upon his death.") On August 15, 1927, Hardeen's Brooklyn home was broken into and some of Houdini's apparatuses were damaged. Later that year, Hardeen burned all of Houdini's personal files in a furnace in his basement. In 1945 while planning on writing a book about his brother, Hardeen went to Manhattan's Doctors Hospital for a simple operation. He unexpectedly died of complications while recovering from the procedure. He was 69 years old. Legacy During his final show on May 29, 1945, in Ridgeway, Queens, Hardeen named his chief assistant, Douglas Geoffrey, his official successor. Geoffrey then went on to perform as "Hardeen, Jr."; he died January 14, 1990, at the age of 82. Richard Valentine Pitchford (1895–1973) took over the Magicians' Guild after Hardeen's death. Sidney Hollis Radner received the Houdini collection from Hardeen. Gallery Hardeen in 1903 A poster for a performance at a theater, c. 1911 Magicians Julien Proskauer (left) and Hardeen (right) revealing a fraudulent method of table-turning. Both wore wrist bands with metal hooks to lift the séance table. Hardeen's tombstone at the Houdini gravesite at Machpelah Cemetery in Queens. The inscription reads: "He went about doing good. We miss you, dear." References ^ Hardeen, Theodore. (1903). Life and History of Hardeen. A promotional pamphlet sold at performances wherein Hardeen explains how he came to do the straitjacket escape in front of an audience. Hardeen does not take credit for the idea, he merely states the facts. ^ "The forgotten films of Theo Hardeen". Retrieved February 19, 2011. ^ Worden, Helen (November 1944). "Exposing Tricks of the Fake Mediums". Popular Science. Vol. 145, no. 5. pp. 67–71, 213–214. Retrieved May 7, 2016. ^ Randi, James; Sugar, Bert Randolph. (1976). Houdini, His Life and Art. Grosset & Dunlap. p. 153. ISBN 978-0448125466 ^ Price, David. (1985). Magic: A Pictorial History of Conjurers in the Theater. Cornwall Books. p. 203. ISBN 978-0845347386 ^ Kalush, William; Sloman, Larry. (2006). The Secret Life of Houdini: The Making of America's First Superhero. Atria Books. pp. 530-531. ISBN 978-0743272087 ^ "Hardeen Dead, 69. Houdini's Brother. Illusionist, Escape Artist, a Founder of Magician's Guild. Gave Last Show May 29". The New York Times. June 13, 1945. Retrieved August 21, 2007. Theodore Hardeen, a brother of the late Harry Houdini, illusionist and a prominent magician in his own right, died yesterday in the Doctors Hospital. His age was 69. ^ "Houdini's Brother Dies with Escape Secrets". Chicago Tribune. June 13, 1945. When Houdini died in 1926, he bequeathed his tricks to his brother with the provision that Hardeen should not disclose them. The brothers were sons of ... ^ The source says Ridgeway, Queens. This may be a mistake for Ridgewood, Queens. ^ a b "The untold story of Hardeen, Jr". Retrieved May 22, 2011. ^ "Richard V. Pitchford Dies. Magician Known as Cardini". The New York Times. November 13, 1973. Retrieved July 21, 2007. Richard V. Pitchford, who as Cardini was a prominent sleight-of-hand artist and was president of the Magicians Guild in 1945, died today in Kingston Hospital. He was 79 years old and lived in Gardiner. ^ Murphy, Dean E. (October 29, 2004). "In Sadness, Prime Houdini Artifact Collector Puts Items on Auction Block". The New York Times. Retrieved February 14, 2007. ... Mr. Radner, aka Rendar the Magician, owns one of the world's biggest and most valuable collections of Harry Houdini artifacts, including the Chinese Water Torture Cell, one of Houdini's signature props from 1912 until his death in 1926. Most of the items were given to Mr. Radner in 1940s by Houdini's brother, another escape artist who went by the stage name Hardeen. Hardeen considered Mr. Radner, then a student at Yale with a reputation for jumping from diving boards in handcuffs, as his protégé. Further reading Goldston, Will. The Magician Annual (1911–1912) Hardeen, Theodore. (1903). Life and History of Hardeen. New York. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Theodore Hardeen. Theodore Hareen is interviewed over WNYC in 1939 Authority control databases International FAST VIAF National United States Other SNAC
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"personal name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_name"},{"link_name":"Western name order","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_name#Western_name_order"},{"link_name":"magician","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magic_(illusion)"},{"link_name":"escape artist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escape_artist"},{"link_name":"Harry Houdini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Houdini"},{"link_name":"Magician's Guild","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magician%27s_Guild"},{"link_name":"straitjacket","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Straitjacket"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"The native form of this personal name is Weisz Ferenc Dezső. This article uses Western name order when mentioning individuals.Ferenc Dezső Weisz (March 4, 1876 – June 12, 1945), known as Theodore \"Dash\" Hardeen, was a Hungarian-American magician and escape artist who was the younger brother of Harry Houdini. Hardeen, who usually billed himself as the \"brother of Houdini\", was the founder of the Magician's Guild. Hardeen was the first magician to conceive escaping from a straitjacket in full view of the audience, rather than behind a curtain.[1]","title":"Theodore Hardeen"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Budapest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budapest"},{"link_name":"Appleton, Wisconsin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Appleton,_Wisconsin"},{"link_name":"Coney Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coney_Island"},{"link_name":"Wilhelmina Beatrice \"Bess\" Rahner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bess_Houdini"}],"text":"Hardeen was born as \"Ferenc Dezső Weisz\" (or \"Ferencz Dezső Weisz\") in Budapest, and went by the name \"Theodore Weiss\" when he and his family were living in Appleton, Wisconsin. He was known as \"Deshi\" and later \"Dash\" by his parents.In 1893, Hardeen performed with Houdini at Coney Island as \"The Brothers Houdini\". While he and Harry were there, Harry met and married Wilhelmina Beatrice \"Bess\" Rahner.","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Houdini_brothers_1901.jpg"},{"link_name":"Houdini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Houdini"},{"link_name":"Will Goldston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Will_Goldston"},{"link_name":"vaudeville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaudeville"},{"link_name":"Olsen and Johnson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olsen_and_Johnson"},{"link_name":"Broadway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadway_theatre"},{"link_name":"Hellzapoppin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hellzapoppin_(musical)"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"World War I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I"},{"link_name":"Vitaphone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitaphone"},{"link_name":"Warner Bros.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warner_Bros."},{"link_name":"Laurel and Hardy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laurel_and_Hardy"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Hardeen with his brother, Houdini (seated left) c. 1901Will Goldston, English stage magician and editor of the Magician Annual, wrote that:\"Hardeen learned his business from Houdini, and he learned it well, as no man could have failed to do with such a master. But the natural ability was always there. Even if Houdini had not existed to point the way, it is quite likely that Hardeen would have become an escape artiste. I have seen him perform several times, and have marvelled at his achievements. The huge chains in the cartoon are hardly an exaggeration of those from which he breaks loose. The handcuffs but a simple thing compared with those with which he is used to toy. Hardeen, like his more famous brother Harry Houdini is a great favourite in the magical world. He is a man of considerable culture and one of the best raconteurs I have ever met. Like Houdini, he is willing to expend both time and money freely to further the cause of magic. Both the amateurs and the professionals of our number regard him as a friend. And the general public regard him as a brilliant artiste and a thrilling entertainer.\"After his brother's death in 1926, Hardeen played the vaudeville circuit, doing many of his late brother's routines. From 1938 to 1941, he was featured in Olsen and Johnson's Broadway revue, Hellzapoppin. During World War II, he performed for the troops (as his brother had done during World War I).In 1936, Hardeen starred in a Vitaphone short film for Warner Bros. called Medium Well Done. In it, Hardeen played a \"hardboiled detective\" on the case of a bogus medium. The film was directed by Lloyd French, who directed many of the early Laurel and Hardy shorts.[2]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"mediums","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mediumship"},{"link_name":"Julien Proskauer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julien_Proskauer"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"will","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Will_and_testament"},{"link_name":"files","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Document"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Doctors Hospital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctors_Hospital_(Manhattan)"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"Like his brother, Hardeen was skeptical of the claims of spiritualist mediums. With his friend Julien Proskauer, he exposed the fraudulent methods of the mediums.[3]Houdini, in his will, requested that all his files be given to Hardeen and destroyed (\"I give, devise and bequeath to my brother, Theodore, Professionally known as \"Hardeen\" all my theatrical effects, new mysteries and illusions and accompanying paraphernalia, to be burnt and destroyed upon his death.\")[4][5] On August 15, 1927, Hardeen's Brooklyn home was broken into and some of Houdini's apparatuses were damaged. Later that year, Hardeen burned all of Houdini's personal files in a furnace in his basement.[6]In 1945 while planning on writing a book about his brother, Hardeen went to Manhattan's Doctors Hospital for a simple operation. He unexpectedly died of complications while recovering from the procedure. He was 69 years old.[7][8]","title":"Personal life and death"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Queens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queens"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HardeenJr-10"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HardeenJr-10"},{"link_name":"Richard Valentine Pitchford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Valentine_Pitchford"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-obit-11"},{"link_name":"Sidney Hollis Radner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidney_Hollis_Radner"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"text":"During his final show on May 29, 1945, in Ridgeway, Queens,[9] Hardeen named his chief assistant, Douglas Geoffrey, his official successor. Geoffrey then went on to perform as \"Hardeen, Jr.\";[10] he died January 14, 1990, at the age of 82.[10]Richard Valentine Pitchford (1895–1973) took over the Magicians' Guild after Hardeen's death.[11] Sidney Hollis Radner received the Houdini collection from Hardeen.[12]","title":"Legacy"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Theodore_Hardeen_magician.png"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hardeen-newspaper-advertisement_1911.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Theodore_Hardeen_revealing_table_tilting_trickery.png"},{"link_name":"Julien Proskauer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julien_Proskauer"},{"link_name":"table-turning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Table-turning"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tombstone_of_Theo_Hardeen.jpg"},{"link_name":"Machpelah Cemetery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machpelah_Cemetery_(Queens)"},{"link_name":"Queens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queens"}],"text":"Hardeen in 1903\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tA poster for a performance at a theater, c. 1911\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tMagicians Julien Proskauer (left) and Hardeen (right) revealing a fraudulent method of table-turning. Both wore wrist bands with metal hooks to lift the séance table.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tHardeen's tombstone at the Houdini gravesite at Machpelah Cemetery in Queens. The inscription reads: \"He went about doing good. We miss you, dear.\"","title":"Gallery"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Goldston, Will. The Magician Annual (1911–1912)\nHardeen, Theodore. (1903). Life and History of Hardeen. New York.","title":"Further reading"}]
[{"image_text":"Hardeen with his brother, Houdini (seated left) c. 1901","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Houdini_brothers_1901.jpg/220px-Houdini_brothers_1901.jpg"}]
null
[{"reference":"\"The forgotten films of Theo Hardeen\". Retrieved February 19, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.wildabouthoudini.com/2011/02/forgotten-films-of-theo-hardeen.html","url_text":"\"The forgotten films of Theo Hardeen\""}]},{"reference":"Worden, Helen (November 1944). \"Exposing Tricks of the Fake Mediums\". Popular Science. Vol. 145, no. 5. pp. 67–71, 213–214. Retrieved May 7, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=3iADAAAAMBAJ&q=worden&pg=PA67","url_text":"\"Exposing Tricks of the Fake Mediums\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Popular_Science","url_text":"Popular Science"}]},{"reference":"\"Hardeen Dead, 69. Houdini's Brother. Illusionist, Escape Artist, a Founder of Magician's Guild. Gave Last Show May 29\". The New York Times. June 13, 1945. Retrieved August 21, 2007. Theodore Hardeen, a brother of the late Harry Houdini, illusionist and a prominent magician in his own right, died yesterday in the Doctors Hospital. His age was 69.","urls":[{"url":"https://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9E06E0DB143AE333A05750C1A9609C946493D6CF&legacy=true","url_text":"\"Hardeen Dead, 69. Houdini's Brother. Illusionist, Escape Artist, a Founder of Magician's Guild. Gave Last Show May 29\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"}]},{"reference":"\"Houdini's Brother Dies with Escape Secrets\". Chicago Tribune. June 13, 1945. When Houdini died in 1926, he bequeathed his tricks to his brother with the provision that Hardeen should not disclose them. The brothers were sons of ...","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_Tribune","url_text":"Chicago Tribune"}]},{"reference":"\"The untold story of Hardeen, Jr\". Retrieved May 22, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.wildabouthoudini.com/2011/05/untold-story-of-hardeen-jr.html","url_text":"\"The untold story of Hardeen, Jr\""}]},{"reference":"\"Richard V. Pitchford Dies. Magician Known as Cardini\". The New York Times. November 13, 1973. Retrieved July 21, 2007. Richard V. Pitchford, who as Cardini was a prominent sleight-of-hand artist and was president of the Magicians Guild in 1945, died today in Kingston Hospital. He was 79 years old and lived in Gardiner.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1973/11/13/archives/richard-v-pitchford-dies-magician-known-as-cardini.html","url_text":"\"Richard V. Pitchford Dies. Magician Known as Cardini\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"}]},{"reference":"Murphy, Dean E. (October 29, 2004). \"In Sadness, Prime Houdini Artifact Collector Puts Items on Auction Block\". The New York Times. Retrieved February 14, 2007. ... Mr. Radner, aka Rendar the Magician, owns one of the world's biggest and most valuable collections of Harry Houdini artifacts, including the Chinese Water Torture Cell, one of Houdini's signature props from 1912 until his death in 1926. Most of the items were given to Mr. Radner in 1940s by Houdini's brother, another escape artist who went by the stage name Hardeen. Hardeen considered Mr. Radner, then a student at Yale with a reputation for jumping from diving boards in handcuffs, as his protégé.","urls":[{"url":"https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9F05EEDA133DF93AA15753C1A9629C8B63&sec=travel&spon=&pagewanted=all","url_text":"\"In Sadness, Prime Houdini Artifact Collector Puts Items on Auction Block\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"}]}]
[{"Link":"http://www.wildabouthoudini.com/2011/02/forgotten-films-of-theo-hardeen.html","external_links_name":"\"The forgotten films of Theo Hardeen\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=3iADAAAAMBAJ&q=worden&pg=PA67","external_links_name":"\"Exposing Tricks of the Fake Mediums\""},{"Link":"https://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9E06E0DB143AE333A05750C1A9609C946493D6CF&legacy=true","external_links_name":"\"Hardeen Dead, 69. Houdini's Brother. Illusionist, Escape Artist, a Founder of Magician's Guild. Gave Last Show May 29\""},{"Link":"http://www.wildabouthoudini.com/2011/05/untold-story-of-hardeen-jr.html","external_links_name":"\"The untold story of Hardeen, Jr\""},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/1973/11/13/archives/richard-v-pitchford-dies-magician-known-as-cardini.html","external_links_name":"\"Richard V. Pitchford Dies. Magician Known as Cardini\""},{"Link":"https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9F05EEDA133DF93AA15753C1A9629C8B63&sec=travel&spon=&pagewanted=all","external_links_name":"\"In Sadness, Prime Houdini Artifact Collector Puts Items on Auction Block\""},{"Link":"https://www.wnyc.org/story/keeper-houdinis-secrets","external_links_name":"Theodore Hareen is interviewed over WNYC in 1939"},{"Link":"http://id.worldcat.org/fast/324347/","external_links_name":"FAST"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/76117902","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n93061532","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w67m1hq6","external_links_name":"SNAC"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kim_Hyde
Kim Hyde
["1 Casting","2 Storylines","3 Reception","4 References","5 External links"]
Soap opera character Soap opera character Kim HydeHome and Away characterPortrayed byChris HemsworthDuration2004–2007First appearance17 February 2004Last appearance3 July 2007ClassificationFormer, regularIntroduced byJulie McGauranBook appearancesHome and Away: MaydayIn-universe informationOccupationStudentLifeguardPersonal trainerFatherBarry HydeMotherKerry HydeBrothersJonathan HydeWifeRachel Armstrong (2006–07)Kit Hunter (2007–)SonsArchie Hunter HydeGrandfathersJim HydeAuntsLorraine Robertson Kimberly "Kim" Hyde is a character on the Australian television soap opera Home and Away, played by Chris Hemsworth. He made his first appearance on 17 February 2004 and departed on 3 July 2007. Casting Hemsworth originally auditioned for the role of Robbie Hunter, but he was turned down by the producers and the role went to Jason Smith. Hemsworth was then asked to return and try out for the role of Kim Hyde. He won the role and had to relocate to Sydney to film his scenes. Of joining Home and Away, Hemsworth said "The role in Home and Away is consistent work for me and is a great experience. It is so fast-paced and basically it allows me to learn a lot about the industry." Hemsworth appeared for three and a half years on Home and Away, before leaving in 2007 to focus on his film career. Hemsworth returned to the set of Home and Away in November 2014 to film a scene in the Pier Diner, as an extra and not as his character Kim Hyde, in which he was seen at a table in the background, wearing a black baseball cap. He appeared in the episode broadcast on 19 May 2015. Storylines Kim arrives in Summer Bay after his father, Barry (Ivar Kants) is appointed principal of Summer Bay High at the start of the school year. It is clear the two do not get along and already had previous issues when Barry taught at Kim's previous school. He quickly befriends Robbie and embarrasses him in front of his girlfriend Tasha Andrews (Isabel Lucas) when he questions Robbie's virginity. The moment is interrupted when the three witness Noah Lawson (Beau Brady) wipe out while surfing. Kim dives into the sea and saves Noah. Robbie and Tasha are impressed with his heroics and suggest he join a swimming team, which Kim declines having previously been on one. Kim and Barry's relationship becomes more and more strained to the point where Kim moves in with Tasha and Irene Roberts. His ex, Brooke McPherson (Alyssa McClelland) returns, telling him he is the father of her son Charlie. Kim is furious when realises Barry knew about the child but grows to love Charlie. The truth is revealed that Charlie is not his son and Brooke leaves, with Kim and Barry's relationship no better than before. He then drops out of school and begins working at the gym after Tasha buys him a share much to his father's chagrin. He re-enrolls after Noah's death and participates in a memorial concert. Matilda Hunter (Indiana Evans) takes an interest in Kim and feigns drowning to get his attention only for it to backfire and end up struggling for real. However, she is rescued. Matilda overhears Kim talking to Robbie and saying he will ask out his sister. However, Kim means Robbie and Matilda's older sister, Kit (Amy Mizzi). Kim and Kit begin a relationship before she heads to Paris. Kim gets his driver's license and takes a camping trip with Robbie and Tasha. Robbie steps on a needle and fears he has contracted HIV. Kim supports him, but their friendship becomes somewhat strained when Robbie's behaviour becomes erratic. During this time, Kim becomes close to Noah's widow, Hayley (Bec Cartwright; Ella Scott Lynch) and they have a brief fling which ends. Kim dates Eve Jacobsen (Emily Perry), who is using the identity of Zoe McCallister. When Kim returns from the city after a break, he is alarmed to learn that Eve has apparently died and was the Summer Bay Stalker. His next big shock is Hayley is pregnant and he is possibly the father, Scott Hunter (Kip Gamblin) who is dating Hayley is also a possibility. Scott and Hayley break up, and Kim gets together with Hayley and he proposes, but some people suspect Hayley is only with Kim because of the baby. On the day of the wedding, Hayley discovers she still loves Scott and jilts Kim at the altar. Scott proposes to Hayley and they plan to leave Summer Bay with baby Noah, which infuriates Kim and he seeks legal advice. After a meeting, Kim is run over by a car and it is revealed he does not share the baby's blood type, meaning he is not the father despite paternity results saying so (they were secretly swapped by Eve). Scott and Hayley leave for Paris and Kim becomes depressed. He then befriends Kylie Kopperton (Leah Etkind) who introduces him to ecstasy. Kim overdoses one night and is thrown out of a car outside the hospital during the storm. Rachel Armstrong (Amy Mathews) finds him and he is revived. She becomes his counsellor in order to help him handle his recent grief. They become closer and Kim steps up his quest to woo her and they become a couple. Brian Helpman (John Noble), Rachel's superior begins blackmailing her about the relationship and Rachel is forced to come clean and is luckily able to continue as a doctor. Kim is shocked when Barry is unmasked as the murderer of local mayor Josh West (Daniel Collopy) who blackmailed him about the death of Kim's mother, Kerry and stands by his father. During this time, Charlie McKinnon (Matt Levett) befriends Kim and Rachel and becomes dangerously obsessed with Kim. Charlie kidnaps Rachel but he is foiled and instituationalised. When Eve reappears much to the shock of everyone at Jack Holden (Paul O'Brien) and Martha MacKenzie's (Jodi Gordon) wedding and causes an explosion which kills her, Tracey Thompson (Sarah Enright) and Rachel's mother, Elaine (Julie Hudspeth), Kim is among the casualties. He, Robbie, Matilda, Martha, Kit and Belle Taylor (Jessica Tovey) are airlifted to the city but their helicopter crashes in the bush, leaving them stranded. While the others go for help, Kim stays behind with Kit and fearing they will die, the pair have sex. The party is found and Kim and Kit's liaison is revealed to Rachel, who forgives Kim. Following an unfounded accusation from Tara O'Neill (Cashelle Dunn) of sexual assault and his wedding to Rachel, the drama in Kim's life escalates when Kit returns for the Christmas, announcing she is pregnant with their child. Rachel has some difficulty accepting after plans to adopt Lee Morton's (Natasha Lee) newborn son Joe, fall through. Kim and Kit grow closer together and Kim and Rachel's marriage begins to feel strained. Kim and Kit share a kiss, and following the revelation that Rachel slept with Hugh Sullivan (Rodger Corser), Kim decides to leave her and be with Kit and baby Archie in the city. Reception For his portrayal of Kim, Hemsworth won the Most Popular New Male Talent award at the 2005 Logie Awards, he also received a nomination for Most Popular Actor. The following year, Hemsworth was again nominated for Most Popular Actor. At the first Digital Spy Soap Awards, Hemsworth earned a nomination for Best Exit. Hannah Rand of The Daily Telegraph said Hemsworth was "born to play hunky high school dropout" Kim, due to his physique and pin-up looks. References ^ a b c Rand, Hannah (25 January 2009). "Home and Away in LA". The Daily Telegraph. News Limited. Retrieved 11 November 2011. ^ a b "Chris Hemsworth". Yahoo!7. Archived from the original on 30 May 2006. Retrieved 11 November 2011. ^ Finke, Nikki (16 May 2009). "Exclusive: Chris Hemsworth Is 'Thor'". Deadline Hollywood. PMC. Retrieved 12 November 2011. ^ Harp, Justin (5 April 2011). "Chris Hemsworth: 'Natalie Portman kiss crazy'". Digital Spy. Hachette Filipacchi UK. Retrieved 12 November 2011. ^ "Chris Hemsworth returns to Summer Bay!". TV Week. 26 November 2014. Retrieved 20 May 2015. ^ a b Moran, Jonathon (18 May 2015). "Chris Hemsworth returns to Summer Bay with Home and Away cameo". The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 20 May 2015. ^ "2005 TV Week Logie Awards". TV Week. Ninemsn. Archived from the original on 24 March 2012. Retrieved 11 November 2011. ^ Browne, Rachel (1 May 2005). "TV & Radio". The Sun-Herald. Fairfax Media. p. 46. Retrieved 11 November 2011. ^ Beaumont, Lucy (4 May 2006). "What's the value of a Logie?". The Age. Fairfax Media. p. 3. Retrieved 11 November 2011. ^ Green, Kris (21 March 2008). "Digital Spy Soap Awards 2008: The Winners". Digital Spy. Hachette Filipacchi UK. Retrieved 11 November 2011. External links Character profile at Yahoo!7 vteHome and Away charactersPresent characters Mackenzie Booth Marilyn Chambers Justin Morgan John Palmer Leah Patterson-Baker Irene Roberts Alf Stewart Roo Stewart Former characters Charlotte Adams Tasha Andrews Rachel Armstrong Billie Ashford Martin Ashford Ben Astoni Maggie Astoni Ziggy Astoni Gina Austin Xavier Austin Dan Baker Andy Barrett Josh Barrett Morag Bellingham Alex Bennett Saul Bennett Sasha Bezmel Donna Bishop Shauna Bradley Casey Braxton Darryl Braxton Heath Braxton Kyle Braxton Charlie Buckton Ruby Buckton Adam Cameron Annie Campbell Geoff Campbell Kat Chapman Selina Cook Johnny Cooper Nate Cooper Miles Copeland Lucinda Croft Drew Curtis Jazz Curtis Ric Dalby Blake Dean Jasmine Delaney Martin Dibble Donald Fisher Simon Fitzgerald Sally Fletcher Tom Fletcher Nicole Franklin James Fraser Lachlan Fraser Brodie Hanson Chris Harrington Willow Harris Jack Holden Lucas Holden Sam Holden Tony Holden Beth Hunter Kit Hunter Matilda Hunter Robbie Hunter Scott Hunter Kim Hyde Emma Jackson Ryder Jackson Jett James Peta Janossi Aden Jefferies Elijah Johnson Melody Jones Charlotte King Hunter King Tamara Kingsley Jude Lawson Noah Lawson Ryan Lee Ben Lucini Evelyn MacGuire Oscar MacGuire Zac MacGuire Martha MacKenzie Greg Marshall Sam Marshall Steven Matheson Mitch McColl Jesse McGregor Floss McPhee Denny Miller Roxy Miller Seb Miller Casey Mitchell Grant Mitchell Brody Morgan Frank Morgan Mason Morgan Tori Morgan Carly Morris Liam Murphy Gypsy Nash Joel Nash Natalie Nash Rebecca Nash Tom Nash Travis Nash Viv Newton Tug O'Neale Phoebe Nicholson Bella Nixon Maddy Osborne Matt Page Ari Parata Angel Parrish Nick Parrish Shane Parrish Vinnie Patterson VJ Patterson Kane Phillips Alex Poulos Joey Rainbow Curtis Reed Shannon Reed Harry Reynolds Chloe Richards Olivia Fraser Richards Damian Roberts Finlay Roberts Angelo Rosetta Haydn Ross Pippa Ross Angie Russell Josie Russell Flynn Saunders Pippa Saunders April Scott Bianca Scott Ricky Sharpe Bobby Simpson Sophie Simpson Colleen Smart Lance Smart Narelle Smart Hayley Smith Ken Smith Nick Smith Romeo Smith Will Smith Ailsa Stewart Celia Stewart Duncan Stewart Rob Storey Dani Sutherland Jade Sutherland Kirsty Sutherland Rhys Sutherland Shelley Sutherland Belle Taylor Dean Thompson Sarah Thompson Colby Thorne Cassie Turner Amanda Vale Dexter Walker Indi Walker Sid Walker Kelly Watson Justine Welles Josh West Hannah Wilson Jack Wilson Matt Wilson Characters by year 1988 1989 1990 1991 1993 1994 1995 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Home and Away","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Home_and_Away"},{"link_name":"Chris Hemsworth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Hemsworth"}],"text":"Soap opera characterKimberly \"Kim\" Hyde is a character on the Australian television soap opera Home and Away, played by Chris Hemsworth. He made his first appearance on 17 February 2004 and departed on 3 July 2007.","title":"Kim Hyde"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Robbie Hunter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robbie_Hunter_(Home_and_Away)"},{"link_name":"Jason Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jason_Smith_(actor)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rand-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rand-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CH-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CH-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Pier Diner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Summer_Bay#Pier_Diner"},{"link_name":"extra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extra_(acting)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Return-6"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Return-6"}],"text":"Hemsworth originally auditioned for the role of Robbie Hunter, but he was turned down by the producers and the role went to Jason Smith.[1] Hemsworth was then asked to return and try out for the role of Kim Hyde.[1] He won the role and had to relocate to Sydney to film his scenes.[2] Of joining Home and Away, Hemsworth said \"The role in Home and Away is consistent work for me and is a great experience. It is so fast-paced and basically it allows me to learn a lot about the industry.\"[2] Hemsworth appeared for three and a half years on Home and Away, before leaving in 2007 to focus on his film career.[3][4] Hemsworth returned to the set of Home and Away in November 2014 to film a scene in the Pier Diner, as an extra and not as his character Kim Hyde, in which he was seen at a table in the background, wearing a black baseball cap.[5][6] He appeared in the episode broadcast on 19 May 2015.[6]","title":"Casting"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ivar Kants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivar_Kants"},{"link_name":"Isabel Lucas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isabel_Lucas"},{"link_name":"Noah Lawson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noah_Lawson"},{"link_name":"Beau Brady","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beau_Brady"},{"link_name":"wipe out","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wipe_out_(surfing)"},{"link_name":"Irene Roberts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irene_Roberts_(Home_and_Away)"},{"link_name":"Alyssa McClelland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alyssa_McClelland"},{"link_name":"Matilda Hunter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matilda_Hunter"},{"link_name":"Indiana Evans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiana_Evans"},{"link_name":"Kit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kit_Hunter"},{"link_name":"Amy Mizzi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amy_Mizzi"},{"link_name":"Hayley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hayley_Smith_(Home_and_Away)"},{"link_name":"Bec Cartwright","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bec_Cartwright"},{"link_name":"Ella Scott Lynch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ella_Scott_Lynch"},{"link_name":"Eve Jacobsen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eve_Jacobsen"},{"link_name":"Zoe McCallister","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoe_McCallister"},{"link_name":"Scott Hunter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scott_Hunter_(Home_and_Away)"},{"link_name":"Kip Gamblin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kip_Gamblin"},{"link_name":"Kylie Kopperton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kylie_Kopperton"},{"link_name":"Rachel Armstrong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rachel_Armstrong"},{"link_name":"Amy Mathews","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amy_Mathews"},{"link_name":"Brian Helpman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_Helpman"},{"link_name":"Josh West","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josh_West_(Home_and_Away)"},{"link_name":"Daniel Collopy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Collopy"},{"link_name":"Charlie McKinnon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlie_McKinnon"},{"link_name":"Jack Holden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Holden_(Home_and_Away)"},{"link_name":"Paul O'Brien","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_O%27Brien_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Martha MacKenzie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martha_MacKenzie"},{"link_name":"Jodi Gordon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jodi_Gordon"},{"link_name":"Tracey Thompson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tracey_Thompson"},{"link_name":"Elaine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elaine_Armstrong"},{"link_name":"Belle Taylor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belle_Taylor"},{"link_name":"Jessica Tovey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jessica_Tovey"},{"link_name":"Tara O'Neill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tara_O%27Neill"},{"link_name":"Lee Morton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lee_Morton"},{"link_name":"Joe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Morton_(Home_and_Away)"},{"link_name":"Hugh Sullivan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_Sullivan"},{"link_name":"Rodger Corser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rodger_Corser"}],"text":"Kim arrives in Summer Bay after his father, Barry (Ivar Kants) is appointed principal of Summer Bay High at the start of the school year. It is clear the two do not get along and already had previous issues when Barry taught at Kim's previous school. He quickly befriends Robbie and embarrasses him in front of his girlfriend Tasha Andrews (Isabel Lucas) when he questions Robbie's virginity. The moment is interrupted when the three witness Noah Lawson (Beau Brady) wipe out while surfing. Kim dives into the sea and saves Noah. Robbie and Tasha are impressed with his heroics and suggest he join a swimming team, which Kim declines having previously been on one. Kim and Barry's relationship becomes more and more strained to the point where Kim moves in with Tasha and Irene Roberts. His ex, Brooke McPherson (Alyssa McClelland) returns, telling him he is the father of her son Charlie. Kim is furious when realises Barry knew about the child but grows to love Charlie. The truth is revealed that Charlie is not his son and Brooke leaves, with Kim and Barry's relationship no better than before. He then drops out of school and begins working at the gym after Tasha buys him a share much to his father's chagrin. He re-enrolls after Noah's death and participates in a memorial concert.Matilda Hunter (Indiana Evans) takes an interest in Kim and feigns drowning to get his attention only for it to backfire and end up struggling for real. However, she is rescued. Matilda overhears Kim talking to Robbie and saying he will ask out his sister. However, Kim means Robbie and Matilda's older sister, Kit (Amy Mizzi). Kim and Kit begin a relationship before she heads to Paris. Kim gets his driver's license and takes a camping trip with Robbie and Tasha. Robbie steps on a needle and fears he has contracted HIV. Kim supports him, but their friendship becomes somewhat strained when Robbie's behaviour becomes erratic. During this time, Kim becomes close to Noah's widow, Hayley (Bec Cartwright; Ella Scott Lynch) and they have a brief fling which ends.Kim dates Eve Jacobsen (Emily Perry), who is using the identity of Zoe McCallister. When Kim returns from the city after a break, he is alarmed to learn that Eve has apparently died and was the Summer Bay Stalker. His next big shock is Hayley is pregnant and he is possibly the father, Scott Hunter (Kip Gamblin) who is dating Hayley is also a possibility. Scott and Hayley break up, and Kim gets together with Hayley and he proposes, but some people suspect Hayley is only with Kim because of the baby. On the day of the wedding, Hayley discovers she still loves Scott and jilts Kim at the altar. Scott proposes to Hayley and they plan to leave Summer Bay with baby Noah, which infuriates Kim and he seeks legal advice. After a meeting, Kim is run over by a car and it is revealed he does not share the baby's blood type, meaning he is not the father despite paternity results saying so (they were secretly swapped by Eve). Scott and Hayley leave for Paris and Kim becomes depressed.He then befriends Kylie Kopperton (Leah Etkind) who introduces him to ecstasy. Kim overdoses one night and is thrown out of a car outside the hospital during the storm. Rachel Armstrong (Amy Mathews) finds him and he is revived. She becomes his counsellor in order to help him handle his recent grief. They become closer and Kim steps up his quest to woo her and they become a couple. Brian Helpman (John Noble), Rachel's superior begins blackmailing her about the relationship and Rachel is forced to come clean and is luckily able to continue as a doctor. Kim is shocked when Barry is unmasked as the murderer of local mayor Josh West (Daniel Collopy) who blackmailed him about the death of Kim's mother, Kerry and stands by his father. During this time, Charlie McKinnon (Matt Levett) befriends Kim and Rachel and becomes dangerously obsessed with Kim. Charlie kidnaps Rachel but he is foiled and instituationalised. When Eve reappears much to the shock of everyone at Jack Holden (Paul O'Brien) and Martha MacKenzie's (Jodi Gordon) wedding and causes an explosion which kills her, Tracey Thompson (Sarah Enright) and Rachel's mother, Elaine (Julie Hudspeth), Kim is among the casualties. He, Robbie, Matilda, Martha, Kit and Belle Taylor (Jessica Tovey) are airlifted to the city but their helicopter crashes in the bush, leaving them stranded. While the others go for help, Kim stays behind with Kit and fearing they will die, the pair have sex. The party is found and Kim and Kit's liaison is revealed to Rachel, who forgives Kim.Following an unfounded accusation from Tara O'Neill (Cashelle Dunn) of sexual assault and his wedding to Rachel, the drama in Kim's life escalates when Kit returns for the Christmas, announcing she is pregnant with their child. Rachel has some difficulty accepting after plans to adopt Lee Morton's (Natasha Lee) newborn son Joe, fall through. Kim and Kit grow closer together and Kim and Rachel's marriage begins to feel strained. Kim and Kit share a kiss, and following the revelation that Rachel slept with Hugh Sullivan (Rodger Corser), Kim decides to leave her and be with Kit and baby Archie in the city.","title":"Storylines"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2005 Logie Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logie_Awards_of_2005"},{"link_name":"Most Popular Actor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logie_Award_for_Most_Popular_Actor"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Digital Spy Soap Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_Spy_Soap_Awards"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"The Daily Telegraph","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph_(Sydney)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rand-1"}],"text":"For his portrayal of Kim, Hemsworth won the Most Popular New Male Talent award at the 2005 Logie Awards, he also received a nomination for Most Popular Actor.[7][8] The following year, Hemsworth was again nominated for Most Popular Actor.[9] At the first Digital Spy Soap Awards, Hemsworth earned a nomination for Best Exit.[10] Hannah Rand of The Daily Telegraph said Hemsworth was \"born to play hunky high school dropout\" Kim, due to his physique and pin-up looks.[1]","title":"Reception"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"Rand, Hannah (25 January 2009). \"Home and Away in LA\". The Daily Telegraph. News Limited. Retrieved 11 November 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dailytelegraph.com.au/lifestyle/sunday-magazine/home-and-away-in-la/story-e6frf039-1111118645473","url_text":"\"Home and Away in LA\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph_(Sydney)","url_text":"The Daily Telegraph"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/News_Limited","url_text":"News Limited"}]},{"reference":"\"Chris Hemsworth\". Yahoo!7. Archived from the original on 30 May 2006. Retrieved 11 November 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20060530054148/http://www.seven.com.au/homeandaway/meetthecast_chris-hemsworth","url_text":"\"Chris Hemsworth\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yahoo!7","url_text":"Yahoo!7"},{"url":"http://www.seven.com.au/homeandaway/meetthecast_chris-hemsworth","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Finke, Nikki (16 May 2009). \"Exclusive: Chris Hemsworth Is 'Thor'\". Deadline Hollywood. PMC. Retrieved 12 November 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikki_Finke","url_text":"Finke, Nikki"},{"url":"https://www.deadline.com/2009/05/exclusive-chris-hemsworth-is-thor/","url_text":"\"Exclusive: Chris Hemsworth Is 'Thor'\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deadline_Hollywood","url_text":"Deadline Hollywood"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(company)","url_text":"PMC"}]},{"reference":"Harp, Justin (5 April 2011). \"Chris Hemsworth: 'Natalie Portman kiss crazy'\". Digital Spy. Hachette Filipacchi UK. Retrieved 12 November 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.digitalspy.co.uk/movies/news/a312926/chris-hemsworth-natalie-portman-kiss-crazy.html","url_text":"\"Chris Hemsworth: 'Natalie Portman kiss crazy'\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_Spy","url_text":"Digital Spy"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hachette_Filipacchi_UK","url_text":"Hachette Filipacchi UK"}]},{"reference":"\"Chris Hemsworth returns to Summer Bay!\". TV Week. 26 November 2014. Retrieved 20 May 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.tvweeklogieawards.com.au/news/articles/2014/11/chris-hemsworth-returns-to-summer-bay!/","url_text":"\"Chris Hemsworth returns to Summer Bay!\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TV_Week","url_text":"TV Week"}]},{"reference":"Moran, Jonathon (18 May 2015). \"Chris Hemsworth returns to Summer Bay with Home and Away cameo\". The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 20 May 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dailytelegraph.com.au/entertainment/sydney-confidential/chris-hemsworth-returns-to-summer-bay-with-home-and-away-cameo/story-fni0cvc9-1227357941810","url_text":"\"Chris Hemsworth returns to Summer Bay with Home and Away cameo\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph_(Sydney)","url_text":"The Daily Telegraph"}]},{"reference":"\"2005 TV Week Logie Awards\". TV Week. Ninemsn. Archived from the original on 24 March 2012. Retrieved 11 November 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120324034741/http://tvweek.ninemsn.com.au/blog.aspx?blogentryid=662479&showcomments=true","url_text":"\"2005 TV Week Logie Awards\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TV_Week","url_text":"TV Week"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ninemsn","url_text":"Ninemsn"},{"url":"http://tvweek.ninemsn.com.au/blog.aspx?blogentryid=662479&showcomments=true","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Browne, Rachel (1 May 2005). \"TV & Radio\". The Sun-Herald. Fairfax Media. p. 46. Retrieved 11 November 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://newsstore.fairfax.com.au/apps/viewDocument.ac?page=1&sy=age&kw=Chris+Hemsworth+and+Logie&pb=all_ffx&dt=selectRange&dr=entire&so=relevance&sf=text&sf=headline&rc=10&rm=200&sp=nrm&clsPage=1&docID=SHD050501VV5J01H53KG","url_text":"\"TV & Radio\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Sun-Herald","url_text":"The Sun-Herald"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fairfax_Media","url_text":"Fairfax Media"}]},{"reference":"Beaumont, Lucy (4 May 2006). \"What's the value of a Logie?\". The Age. Fairfax Media. p. 3. Retrieved 11 November 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://newsstore.fairfax.com.au/apps/viewDocument.ac?page=1&sy=age&kw=Chris+Hemsworth+and+Logie&pb=all_ffx&dt=selectRange&dr=entire&so=relevance&sf=text&sf=headline&rc=10&rm=200&sp=nrm&clsPage=1&docID=AGE060504107OI60IF8A","url_text":"\"What's the value of a Logie?\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Age","url_text":"The Age"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fairfax_Media","url_text":"Fairfax Media"}]},{"reference":"Green, Kris (21 March 2008). \"Digital Spy Soap Awards 2008: The Winners\". Digital Spy. Hachette Filipacchi UK. Retrieved 11 November 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.digitalspy.co.uk/soaps/news/a92054/digital-spy-soap-awards-2008-the-winners.html","url_text":"\"Digital Spy Soap Awards 2008: The Winners\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_Spy","url_text":"Digital Spy"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hachette_Filipacchi_UK","url_text":"Hachette Filipacchi UK"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strup%C4%8Dice
Strupčice
["1 Administrative parts","2 Demographics","3 References","4 External links"]
Coordinates: 50°28′16″N 13°31′50″E / 50.47111°N 13.53056°E / 50.47111; 13.53056Municipality in Ústí nad Labem, Czech RepublicStrupčiceMunicipalityCentre of Strupčice FlagCoat of armsStrupčiceLocation in the Czech RepublicCoordinates: 50°28′16″N 13°31′50″E / 50.47111°N 13.53056°E / 50.47111; 13.53056Country Czech RepublicRegionÚstí nad LabemDistrictChomutovFirst mentioned1352Area • Total19.66 km2 (7.59 sq mi)Elevation258 m (846 ft)Population (2024-01-01) • Total1,138 • Density58/km2 (150/sq mi)Time zoneUTC+1 (CET) • Summer (DST)UTC+2 (CEST)Postal codes431 11, 431 14Websitewww.obec-strupcice.cz Strupčice (German: Trupschitz) is a municipality and village in Chomutov District in the Ústí nad Labem Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 1,100 inhabitants. Strupčice lies approximately 10 kilometres (6 mi) east of Chomutov, 42 km (26 mi) south-west of Ústí nad Labem, and 77 km (48 mi) north-west of Prague. Administrative parts The villages of Hošnice, Okořín and Sušany are administrative parts of Strupčice. Demographics Historical populationYearPop.±%18691,197—    18801,268+5.9%18901,410+11.2%19001,530+8.5%19101,619+5.8%19211,868+15.4%19302,316+24.0%19501,372−40.8%19611,148−16.3%1970920−19.9%1980761−17.3%1991568−25.4%2001654+15.1%2011722+10.4%20211,050+45.4%Source: Censuses References ^ "Population of Municipalities – 1 January 2024". Czech Statistical Office. 2024-05-17. ^ "Historický lexikon obcí České republiky 1869–2011 – Okres Chomutov" (in Czech). Czech Statistical Office. 2015-12-21. pp. 13–14. ^ "Population Census 2021: Population by sex". Public Database. Czech Statistical Office. 2021-03-27. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Strupčice. Official website vteTowns, market towns and villages of Chomutov District Bílence Blatno Boleboř Březno Černovice Chbany Chomutov Domašín Droužkovice Hora Svatého Šebestiána Hrušovany Jirkov Kadaň Kalek Klášterec nad Ohří Kovářská Křimov Kryštofovy Hamry Libědice Loučná pod Klínovcem Málkov Mašťov Měděnec Místo Nezabylice Okounov Otvice Perštejn Pesvice Pětipsy Račetice Radonice Rokle Spořice Strupčice Údlice Vejprty Veliká Ves Vilémov Vrskmaň Všehrdy Všestudy Výsluní Vysoká Pec Authority control databases: National Germany Czech Republic This Ústí nad Labem Region location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[]
null
[{"reference":"\"Population of Municipalities – 1 January 2024\". Czech Statistical Office. 2024-05-17.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.czso.cz/csu/czso/population-of-municipalities-qexb0dqr2d","url_text":"\"Population of Municipalities – 1 January 2024\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czech_Statistical_Office","url_text":"Czech Statistical Office"}]},{"reference":"\"Historický lexikon obcí České republiky 1869–2011 – Okres Chomutov\" (in Czech). Czech Statistical Office. 2015-12-21. pp. 13–14.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.czso.cz/documents/10180/20537734/130084150422.pdf/78a7a0a6-8132-41db-87c1-4a9c4fc6a5f3?version=1.2","url_text":"\"Historický lexikon obcí České republiky 1869–2011 – Okres Chomutov\""}]},{"reference":"\"Population Census 2021: Population by sex\". Public Database. Czech Statistical Office. 2021-03-27.","urls":[{"url":"https://vdb.czso.cz/vdbvo2/faces/en/index.jsf?page=vystup-objekt-parametry&z=T&f=TABULKA&sp=A&skupId=4429&katalog=33515&pvo=SLD21001-OB-OK","url_text":"\"Population Census 2021: Population by sex\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czech_Statistical_Office","url_text":"Czech Statistical Office"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock%27n_Yodel
Rock'n Yodel
["1 Track listing","1.1 Side A","1.2 Side B","2 Charts","3 References"]
1979 studio album by Kikki DanielssonRock'n YodelAlbum coverStudio album by Kikki DanielssonReleasedApril 1979GenreCountry pop, SchlagerLabelMariann GrammofonKikki Danielsson chronology Rock'n Yodel(1979) Just Like a Woman(1981) Rock'n Yodel is a studio album by Kikki Danielsson, released in April 1979 as her debut album as a solo artist. It peaked at number 13 on the Swedish Albums Chart. The title "Rock'n Yodel", which features Kikki Danielsson yodeling, charted at Svensktoppen for 10 weeks between 13 May–15 July 1979, peaking at 5th position. Track listing Side A # Title Songwriter Length 1. "Och vi hörde klockor ringa (Les trois cloches)" Jean Villard, Britt Lindeborg 4.06 2. "Talking in Your Sleep" Roger Cook, Bobby Woods 3.03 3. "Vad kan jag göra" Lasse Holm, Britt Lindeborg 3.33 4. "Letter Sweater" Lasse Holm, Thomas Minor 2.38 5. "Please Help Me (I'm Falling)" Hal Blair, Don Robertson 2.58 6. "Jag är ditt ljus på mörka vatten (Candle on the Water)" Joel Hirschhorn, Al Kasha, Doreen Denning 2.40 7. "Rock'n Roll Music" Chuck Berry 2.32 Side B # Title Songwriter Length 8. "Rock'n Yodel" Lasse Holm 2.50 9. "Que Será, Será" Ray Evans, Jay Livigston 3.35 10. "Let's Keep it that Way" Curly Putman, Rafe Van Hoy 3.50 11. "Sweet Little You" Larry Kolber, Barry Mann 2.00 12. "Lay Your Love on Me" Mike Chapman, Nicky Chinn 3.16 13. "Tänker lära mig leva livet" Lasse Holm, Britt Lindeborg 3.15 14. "Springa omkring (Stumblin' in)" Mike Chapman, Nicky Chinn 3.43 Charts Chart (1979) Peak position Sweden (Sverigetopplistan) 13 References ^ Kikki at Swedish Media Database. ^ "Svensktoppen 1979" (in Swedish). Sveriges Radio. 1979. Retrieved 1 March 2021. ^ "Rock'n Yodel". Swedishcharts. 1979. Retrieved 4 August 2007. vteKikki DanielssonStudio albums Rock'n Yodel (1979) Just Like a Woman (1981) Kikki (1982) Singles Bar (1983 ) Midnight Sunshine (1984) Bra vibrationer (1985) Papaya Coconut (1986) Min barndoms jular (1987) Canzone d'Amore (1989) Vägen hem till dej (1991) Jag ska aldrig lämna dig (1992) Nu är det advent (2001) Första dagen på resten av mitt liv (2011) Postcard from a Painted Lady (2015) Christmas Card from a Painted Lady (2016) Portrait of a Painted Lady (2017) Other albums Varför är kärleken röd? (1983) Kikkis 15 bästa låtar (1984) På begäran (1990) In Country (1992) Långt bortom bergen (1997) I mitt hjärta (1999) Fri – En samling (2001) I dag & i morgon (2006) Kikkis bästa (2008) Songs "9 to 5" "Bra vibrationer" "Comment ça va" "Dag efter dag" "En enda gång" "En timme för sent" "I dag & i morgon" "I kväll jag tänder ett ljus" "Papaya Coconut" "Que Sera, Sera (Whatever Will Be, Will Be)" "Varför är kärleken röd?" "Waiting for the Morning" Related articles Chips Kikki, Bettan & Lotta 20 år med oss – Vem é dé du vill ha Live från Rondo "Vem é dé du vill ha" Wizex This 1970s country music album-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mean_width
Mean width
["1 Mean widths of convex bodies in low dimensions","1.1 One dimension","1.2 Two dimensions","1.3 Three dimensions","2 See also","3 References","4 Further reading"]
In geometry, the mean width is a measure of the "size" of a body; see Hadwiger's theorem for more about the available measures of bodies. In n {\displaystyle n} dimensions, one has to consider ( n − 1 ) {\displaystyle (n-1)} -dimensional hyperplanes perpendicular to a given direction n ^ {\displaystyle {\hat {n}}} in S n − 1 {\displaystyle S^{n-1}} , where S n {\displaystyle S^{n}} is the n-sphere (the surface of a ( n + 1 ) {\displaystyle (n+1)} -dimensional sphere). The "width" of a body in a given direction n ^ {\displaystyle {\hat {n}}} is the distance between the closest pair of such planes, such that the body is entirely in between the two hyper planes (the planes only intersect with the boundary of the body). The mean width is the average of this "width" over all n ^ {\displaystyle {\hat {n}}} in S n − 1 {\displaystyle S^{n-1}} . The definition of the "width" of body B in direction n ^ {\displaystyle {\hat {n}}} in 2 dimensions. More formally, define a compact body B as being equivalent to set of points in its interior plus the points on the boundary (here, points denote elements of R n {\displaystyle \mathbb {R} ^{n}} ). The support function of body B is defined as h B ( n ) = max { ⟨ n , x ⟩ | x ∈ B } {\displaystyle h_{B}(n)=\max\{\langle n,x\rangle |x\in B\}} where n {\displaystyle n} is a direction and ⟨ , ⟩ {\displaystyle \langle ,\rangle } denotes the usual inner product on R n {\displaystyle \mathbb {R} ^{n}} . The mean width is then b ( B ) = 1 S n − 1 ∫ S n − 1 h B ( n ^ ) + h B ( − n ^ ) , {\displaystyle b(B)={\frac {1}{S_{n-1}}}\int _{S^{n-1}}h_{B}({\hat {n}})+h_{B}(-{\hat {n}}),} where S n − 1 {\displaystyle S_{n-1}} is the ( n − 1 ) {\displaystyle (n-1)} -dimensional volume of S n − 1 {\displaystyle S^{n-1}} . Note, that the mean width can be defined for any body (that is compact), but it is most useful for convex bodies (that is bodies, whose corresponding set is a convex set). Mean widths of convex bodies in low dimensions One dimension The mean width of a line segment L is the length (1-volume) of L. Two dimensions The mean width w of any compact shape S in two dimensions is p/π, where p is the perimeter of the convex hull of S. So w is the diameter of a circle with the same perimeter as the convex hull. Three dimensions For convex bodies K in three dimensions, the mean width of K is related to the average of the mean curvature, H, over the whole surface of K. In fact, ∫ δ K H 2 π d S = b ( K ) {\displaystyle \int _{\delta K}{\frac {H}{2\pi }}dS=b(K)} where δ K {\displaystyle \delta K} is the boundary of the convex body K {\displaystyle K} and d S {\displaystyle dS} a surface integral element, H {\displaystyle H} is the mean curvature at the corresponding position on δ K {\displaystyle \delta K} . Similar relations can be given between the other measures and the generalizations of the mean curvature, also for other dimensions . As the integral over the mean curvature is typically much easier to calculate than the mean width, this is a very useful result. See also Curve of constant width References ^ Jiazu, Zhou; Deshuo, Jiang (2008), "On mean curvatures of a parallel convex body", Acta Mathematica Scientia, 28 (3): 489–494, doi:10.1016/S0252-9602(08)60050-8 Further reading The mean width is usually mentioned in any good reference on convex geometry, for instance, Selected topics in convex geometry by Maria Moszyńska (Birkhäuser, Boston 2006). The relation between the mean width and the mean curvature is also derived in that reference. The application of the mean width as one of the measures featuring in Hadwiger's theorem is discussed in Beifang Chen in "A simplified elementary proof of Hadwiger's volume theorem." Geom. Dedicata 105 (2004), 107—120.
[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Width_in_dir_n_for_mean_width.png"},{"link_name":"convex set","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convex_set"}],"text":"The definition of the \"width\" of body B in direction \n \n \n \n \n \n \n n\n ^\n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\hat {n}}}\n \n in 2 dimensions.More formally, define a compact body B as being equivalent to set of points in its interior plus the points on the boundary (here, points denote elements of \n \n \n \n \n \n R\n \n \n n\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\mathbb {R} ^{n}}\n \n). The support function of body B is defined ash\n \n B\n \n \n (\n n\n )\n =\n max\n {\n ⟨\n n\n ,\n x\n ⟩\n \n |\n \n x\n ∈\n B\n }\n \n \n {\\displaystyle h_{B}(n)=\\max\\{\\langle n,x\\rangle |x\\in B\\}}where \n \n \n \n n\n \n \n {\\displaystyle n}\n \n is a direction and \n \n \n \n ⟨\n ,\n ⟩\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\langle ,\\rangle }\n \n denotes the usual inner product on \n \n \n \n \n \n R\n \n \n n\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\mathbb {R} ^{n}}\n \n. The mean width is thenb\n (\n B\n )\n =\n \n \n 1\n \n S\n \n n\n −\n 1\n \n \n \n \n \n ∫\n \n \n S\n \n n\n −\n 1\n \n \n \n \n \n h\n \n B\n \n \n (\n \n \n \n n\n ^\n \n \n \n )\n +\n \n h\n \n B\n \n \n (\n −\n \n \n \n n\n ^\n \n \n \n )\n ,\n \n \n {\\displaystyle b(B)={\\frac {1}{S_{n-1}}}\\int _{S^{n-1}}h_{B}({\\hat {n}})+h_{B}(-{\\hat {n}}),}where \n \n \n \n \n S\n \n n\n −\n 1\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle S_{n-1}}\n \n is the \n \n \n \n (\n n\n −\n 1\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle (n-1)}\n \n-dimensional volume of \n \n \n \n \n S\n \n n\n −\n 1\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle S^{n-1}}\n \n.\nNote, that the mean width can be defined for any body (that is compact), but it is most\nuseful for convex bodies (that is bodies, whose corresponding set is a convex set).","title":"Mean width"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Mean widths of convex bodies in low dimensions"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"One dimension","text":"The mean width of a line segment L is the length (1-volume) of L.","title":"Mean widths of convex bodies in low dimensions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"convex hull","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convex_hull"}],"sub_title":"Two dimensions","text":"The mean width w of any compact shape S in two dimensions is p/π, where p is the perimeter of the convex hull of S. So w is the diameter of a circle with the same perimeter as the convex hull.","title":"Mean widths of convex bodies in low dimensions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"mean curvature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mean_curvature"},{"link_name":"mean curvature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mean_curvature"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"sub_title":"Three dimensions","text":"For convex bodies K in three dimensions, the mean width of K is related to the average of the mean curvature, H, over the whole surface of K. In fact,∫\n \n δ\n K\n \n \n \n \n H\n \n 2\n π\n \n \n \n d\n S\n =\n b\n (\n K\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\int _{\\delta K}{\\frac {H}{2\\pi }}dS=b(K)}where \n \n \n \n δ\n K\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\delta K}\n \n is the boundary of the convex body \n \n \n \n K\n \n \n {\\displaystyle K}\n \n and \n \n \n \n d\n S\n \n \n {\\displaystyle dS}\n \n\na surface integral element, \n \n \n \n H\n \n \n {\\displaystyle H}\n \n is the mean curvature at the corresponding position\non \n \n \n \n δ\n K\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\delta K}\n \n. Similar relations can be given between the other measures \nand the generalizations of the mean curvature, also for other dimensions \n.[1]\nAs the integral over the mean curvature is typically much easier to calculate\nthan the mean width, this is a very useful result.","title":"Mean widths of convex bodies in low dimensions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hadwiger's theorem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadwiger%27s_theorem"}],"text":"The mean width is usually mentioned in any good reference on convex geometry, for instance, Selected topics in convex geometry by Maria Moszyńska (Birkhäuser, Boston 2006). The relation between the mean width and the mean curvature is also derived in that reference.The application of the mean width as one of the measures featuring in Hadwiger's theorem\nis discussed in Beifang Chen in \"A simplified elementary proof of Hadwiger's volume theorem.\" Geom. Dedicata 105 (2004), 107—120.","title":"Further reading"}]
[{"image_text":"The definition of the \"width\" of body B in direction \n \n \n \n \n \n \n n\n ^\n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\hat {n}}}\n \n in 2 dimensions.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f8/Width_in_dir_n_for_mean_width.png/220px-Width_in_dir_n_for_mean_width.png"}]
[{"title":"Curve of constant width","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curve_of_constant_width"}]
[{"reference":"Jiazu, Zhou; Deshuo, Jiang (2008), \"On mean curvatures of a parallel convex body\", Acta Mathematica Scientia, 28 (3): 489–494, doi:10.1016/S0252-9602(08)60050-8","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0252-9602%2808%2960050-8","url_text":"10.1016/S0252-9602(08)60050-8"}]}]
[{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0252-9602%2808%2960050-8","external_links_name":"10.1016/S0252-9602(08)60050-8"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheila_Bappoo
Sheilabai Bappoo
["1 Biography","2 Awards","3 References","4 External links"]
Mauritian politician Sheilabai BappooGOSKNational Social Security Minister Of MauritiusIn office7 August 2011 – 10 December 2014PresidentAnerood JugnauthPrime MinisterNavin RamgoolamIn office5 July 2005 – 5 May 2010Preceded bySam LauthanSucceeded byLeela Devi DookhunMinister for Gender Equality, Child Development and Family WelfareIn office11 May 2010 – 17 August 2011PresidentSir Anerood JugnauthPrime MinisterNavin RamgoolamPreceded byIndranee SeebunSucceeded byMireille MartinIn office7 October 1991 – 5 July 1995In office5 September 1983 – 1 October 1990 Personal detailsBorn (1947-06-16) 16 June 1947 (age 77)Beau Bassin MauritiusPolitical partyMilitant Socialist Movement, Mauritian Labour PartyOccupationTeacher Sheilabai Bappoo (born Rama on 16 June 1947 in Beau Bassin, Mauritius) is a Mauritius politician, Minister of Social Security, National Solidarity and Senior Citizens Welfare & Reform Institutions in Mauritius from 2005 to 2010. She also held the ministry of Gender Equality, Child Protection and Family Planning from 1983 to 1995 and from 2010 to 2011. Biography Sheila Bappoo completed her graduation in teaching from Queen Elizabeth College. She was a teacher until 1977. She was a leader of the Mauritian Militant Movement and was General-Secretary of the party until 1975. She decided to step down in favor of Anerood Jugnauth, who went on to become the President. Bapoo was elected councilor of Beau-Bassin & Rose-Hill where she was appointed as Deputy Mayor in 1977. The split in her party created a rift between the new Prime Minister Anerood Jugnauth and the leader of the party Berenger. In 1983 they finally announced the termination of their alliance. Jugnauth proposed the creation of a new party sister to the MMM with the members who disagreed with Berenger, one of them was Bappoo. She finally merged with Jugnauth in the new party called the Militant Socialist Movement (MSM). The party won the elections of 1983. Jugnauth remained Prime Minister with a new team along with Bappoo as Minister of Women's Right. In 1996 Rama Sithanen, Alain Laridon and Sheila Bappoo formed a new party named Rally for Reform or Rassemblement Pour la Réforme (RPR). The RPR allied with PMSD for the municipal elections, going on to win 25% of the votes. From 1991 to 1995, she served as the Minister for Women's Rights, Child Development and Family Welfare. She joined MSM in 2003 and subsequently served as the Minister of Labour and Industrial Relations and Women's Rights, Child Development and Family Welfare. She was elected again in Constituency No 16 as from July 2005 to date, under the banner of Labour Party, Social Alliance. At the 2005 elections she was candidate for the Labour Party (Mauritius) with the Alliance Sociale coalition Alliance Sociale (PTR–PMXD–LVF–MR–MMSM) and was elected at Constituency No. 16. At the subsequent elections in 2010 she was again elected in the same Constituency under the banner of Labour Party (coalition of PTR-PMSD-MSM). From July 2005 to 11 May 2010, she held the ministry of Social Security, National Solidarity and Senior Citizens Welfare & Reform Institutions. Her portfolio was changed to Gender Equality, Child Development and Family Welfare on 11 May 2010 and she continued till 7 August 2011. On 18 August 2011, she became the Minister of Social Security, National Solidarity and Reforms Institutions Welfare. On 15 March 2015, Sheila Bappoo withdrew from politics. Awards 2007: Grand Officer of the Order of the Star and Key of the Indian Ocean and set eligible to use post-nominal (GOSK). References ^ a b c Sleeman, Elizabeth (2001). The International Who's Who of Women 2002. Psychology Press. p. 40. ISBN 9781857431223. ^ Lansford, Tom, ed. (2005). Political Handbook of the World 2015. CQ Press. p. 4005. ISBN 9781483371559. ^ "Sheila Bappoo: "L'éducation au respect de la femme commence dès l'enfance"". L'Express. Retrieved 2018-03-17. ^ Banks, Arthur S.; Day, Alan J.; Muller, Thomas C. (2016). Political Handbook of the World 1998. Springer. p. 601. ISBN 9781349149513. ^ "Elected Members 2005". Office of the Electoral Commissioner. Government of Mauritius. Retrieved 2020-07-09. ^ "Results of 2010 elections". Office of Electoral Commissioner. Government of Mauritius. ^ "Bappoo (Mrs) Sheilabai, GOSK". National Assembly, Government of Mauritius. 2016. Retrieved 28 October 2016. ^ "DUTY FREE SAGA: Nita Deerpalsing asks the three VVIP swearing another affidavit". Lemauricien. 15 March 2015. Retrieved 4 November 2016. External links Official biography
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Beau Bassin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beau_Bassin"},{"link_name":"Mauritius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mauritius"},{"link_name":"Mauritius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mauritius"},{"link_name":"ministry of Gender Equality, Child Protection and Family Planning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Gender_Equality,_Child_Development_and_Family_Welfare"}],"text":"Sheilabai Bappoo (born Rama on 16 June 1947 in Beau Bassin, Mauritius) is a Mauritius politician, Minister of Social Security, National Solidarity and Senior Citizens Welfare & Reform Institutions in Mauritius from 2005 to 2010. She also held the ministry of Gender Equality, Child Protection and Family Planning from 1983 to 1995 and from 2010 to 2011.","title":"Sheilabai Bappoo"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mauritian Militant Movement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mauritian_Militant_Movement"},{"link_name":"Anerood Jugnauth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anerood_Jugnauth"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Eli-1"},{"link_name":"Anerood Jugnauth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anerood_Jugnauth"},{"link_name":"Militant Socialist Movement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Militant_Socialist_Movement"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Rama Sithanen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rama_Sithanen"},{"link_name":"Rally for Reform","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rally_for_Reform&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Rassemblement Pour la Réforme","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rassemblement_Pour_la_R%C3%A9forme&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Eli-1"},{"link_name":"2005 elections","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2005_Mauritian_general_election"},{"link_name":"Labour Party (Mauritius)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labour_Party_(Mauritius)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-official-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"Sheila Bappoo completed her graduation in teaching from Queen Elizabeth College. She was a teacher until 1977.She was a leader of the Mauritian Militant Movement and was General-Secretary of the party until 1975. She decided to step down in favor of Anerood Jugnauth, who went on to become the President.[1] Bapoo was elected councilor of Beau-Bassin & Rose-Hill where she was appointed as Deputy Mayor in 1977.The split in her party created a rift between the new Prime Minister Anerood Jugnauth and the leader of the party Berenger. In 1983 they finally announced the termination of their alliance. Jugnauth proposed the creation of a new party sister to the MMM with the members who disagreed with Berenger, one of them was Bappoo. She finally merged with Jugnauth in the new party called the Militant Socialist Movement (MSM). The party won the elections of 1983. Jugnauth remained Prime Minister with a new team along with Bappoo as Minister of Women's Right.[2]In 1996 Rama Sithanen, Alain Laridon and Sheila Bappoo formed a new party named Rally for Reform or Rassemblement Pour la Réforme (RPR).[3] The RPR allied with PMSD for the municipal elections, going on to win 25% of the votes.[4] From 1991 to 1995, she served as the Minister for Women's Rights, Child Development and Family Welfare.She joined MSM in 2003 and subsequently served as the Minister of Labour and Industrial Relations and Women's Rights, Child Development and Family Welfare.[1] She was elected again in Constituency No 16 as from July 2005 to date, under the banner of Labour Party, Social Alliance.At the 2005 elections she was candidate for the Labour Party (Mauritius) with the Alliance Sociale coalition Alliance Sociale (PTR–PMXD–LVF–MR–MMSM) and was elected at Constituency No. 16.[5] At the subsequent elections in 2010 she was again elected in the same Constituency under the banner of Labour Party (coalition of PTR-PMSD-MSM).[6] From July 2005 to 11 May 2010, she held the ministry of Social Security, National Solidarity and Senior Citizens Welfare & Reform Institutions. Her portfolio was changed to Gender Equality, Child Development and Family Welfare on 11 May 2010 and she continued till 7 August 2011.On 18 August 2011, she became the Minister of Social Security, National Solidarity and Reforms Institutions Welfare.[7]On 15 March 2015, Sheila Bappoo withdrew from politics.[8]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Order of the Star and Key of the Indian Ocean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_the_Star_and_Key_of_the_Indian_Ocean"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Eli-1"}],"text":"2007: Grand Officer of the Order of the Star and Key of the Indian Ocean and set eligible to use post-nominal (GOSK).[1]","title":"Awards"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"Sleeman, Elizabeth (2001). The International Who's Who of Women 2002. Psychology Press. p. 40. ISBN 9781857431223.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=6J8xDWDqOkEC&q=sheila+bappoo+%2B+party&pg=PA692","url_text":"The International Who's Who of Women 2002"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781857431223","url_text":"9781857431223"}]},{"reference":"Lansford, Tom, ed. (2005). Political Handbook of the World 2015. CQ Press. p. 4005. ISBN 9781483371559.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=yNGfBwAAQBAJ&q=sheila+bappoo+%2B+party&pg=PT4005","url_text":"Political Handbook of the World 2015"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781483371559","url_text":"9781483371559"}]},{"reference":"\"Sheila Bappoo: \"L'éducation au respect de la femme commence dès l'enfance\"\". L'Express. Retrieved 2018-03-17.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.lexpress.mu/article/328155/sheila-bappoo-leducation-au-respect-femme-commence-lenfance","url_text":"\"Sheila Bappoo: \"L'éducation au respect de la femme commence dès l'enfance\"\""}]},{"reference":"Banks, Arthur S.; Day, Alan J.; Muller, Thomas C. (2016). Political Handbook of the World 1998. Springer. p. 601. ISBN 9781349149513.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=D6mFCwAAQBAJ&q=sheila+bappoo+%2B+party&pg=PA601","url_text":"Political Handbook of the World 1998"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781349149513","url_text":"9781349149513"}]},{"reference":"\"Elected Members 2005\". Office of the Electoral Commissioner. Government of Mauritius. Retrieved 2020-07-09.","urls":[{"url":"http://electoral.govmu.org/English/electionresult/nasselec/Pages/2005/Elected-Members-2005.aspx","url_text":"\"Elected Members 2005\""}]},{"reference":"\"Results of 2010 elections\". Office of Electoral Commissioner. Government of Mauritius.","urls":[{"url":"http://electoral.govmu.org/English/electionresult/nasselec/Pages/Elected-Member-May-2010.aspx","url_text":"\"Results of 2010 elections\""}]},{"reference":"\"Bappoo (Mrs) Sheilabai, GOSK\". National Assembly, Government of Mauritius. 2016. Retrieved 28 October 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://mauritiusassembly.govmu.org/English/hmembers/Pages/Bappoo-(Mrs)-Sheilabai,-GOSK.aspx","url_text":"\"Bappoo (Mrs) Sheilabai, GOSK\""}]},{"reference":"\"DUTY FREE SAGA: Nita Deerpalsing asks the three VVIP swearing another affidavit\". Lemauricien. 15 March 2015. Retrieved 4 November 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.lemauricien.com/topics/Sheila%20Bappoo","url_text":"\"DUTY FREE SAGA: Nita Deerpalsing asks the three VVIP swearing another affidavit\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third_Circuit
United States Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit
["1 Current composition of the court","2 Vacancies and pending nominations","3 List of former judges","4 Chief judges","5 Succession of seats","6 See also","7 References","8 External links"]
Current United States federal appellate court United States Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit(3d Cir.)LocationJames A. Byrne U.S. Courthouse(Philadelphia, Pennsylvania)Appeals fromDistrict of DelawareDistrict of New JerseyEastern District of PennsylvaniaMiddle District of PennsylvaniaWestern District of PennsylvaniaDistrict of the Virgin IslandsEstablishedJune 16, 1891Judges14Circuit JusticeSamuel AlitoChief JudgeMichael Chagareswww.ca3.uscourts.gov The United States Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit (in case citations, 3d Cir.) is a federal court with appellate jurisdiction over the district courts for the following districts: District of Delaware District of New Jersey Eastern District of Pennsylvania Middle District of Pennsylvania Western District of Pennsylvania This circuit also hears appeals from the District Court of the Virgin Islands, which is an Article VI territorial court and not a district court under Article III of the Constitution. The court is composed of 14 active judges and is based at the James A. Byrne United States Courthouse in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The court also conducts sittings in other venues, including the United States Virgin Islands. It is one of 13 United States courts of appeals. Due to the court's appellate jurisdiction over Delaware (where more than half of publicly-traded companies in the United States incorporate), the court handles a significant number of influential commercial cases in the United States. Current composition of the court As of June 15, 2023: # Title Judge Duty station Born Term of service Appointed by Active Chief Senior 61 Chief Judge Michael Chagares Newark, NJ 1962 2006–present 2021–present — G. W. Bush 62 Circuit Judge Kent A. Jordan Wilmington, DE 1957 2006–present — — G. W. Bush 63 Circuit Judge Thomas Hardiman Pittsburgh, PA 1965 2007–present — — G. W. Bush 66 Circuit Judge Patty Shwartz Newark, NJ 1961 2013–present — — Obama 67 Circuit Judge Cheryl Ann Krause Philadelphia, PA 1968 2014–present — — Obama 68 Circuit Judge L. Felipe Restrepo Philadelphia, PA 1959 2016–present — — Obama 69 Circuit Judge Stephanos Bibas Philadelphia, PA 1969 2017–present — — Trump 70 Circuit Judge David J. Porter Pittsburgh, PA 1966 2018–present — — Trump 71 Circuit Judge Paul Matey Newark, NJ 1971 2019–present — — Trump 72 Circuit Judge Peter J. Phipps Pittsburgh, PA 1973 2019–present — — Trump 73 Circuit Judge Arianna J. Freeman Philadelphia, PA 1978 2022–present — — Biden 74 Circuit Judge Tamika Montgomery-Reeves Wilmington, DE 1981 2023–present — — Biden 75 Circuit Judge Cindy K. Chung Pittsburgh, PA 1975 2023–present — — Biden 76 Circuit Judge vacant — — — — — — 42 Senior Circuit Judge Walter King Stapleton Wilmington, DE 1934 1985–1999 — 1999–present Reagan 45 Senior Circuit Judge Anthony Joseph Scirica Philadelphia, PA 1940 1987–2013 2003–2010 2013–present Reagan 46 Senior Circuit Judge Robert Cowen inactive 1930 1987–1998 — 1998–present Reagan 47 Senior Circuit Judge Richard Lowell Nygaard Erie, PA 1940 1988–2005 — 2005–present Reagan 49 Senior Circuit Judge Jane Richards Roth Wilmington, DE 1935 1991–2006 — 2006–present G. H. W. Bush 51 Senior Circuit Judge Theodore McKee Philadelphia, PA 1947 1994–2022 2010–2016 2022–present Clinton 53 Senior Circuit Judge Marjorie Rendell Philadelphia, PA 1947 1997–2015 — 2015–present Clinton 55 Senior Circuit Judge Thomas L. Ambro Wilmington, DE 1949 2000–2023 — 2023–present Clinton 56 Senior Circuit Judge Julio M. Fuentes Newark, NJ 1946 2000–2016 — 2016–present Clinton 57 Senior Circuit Judge D. Brooks Smith Duncansville, PA 1951 2002–2021 2016–2021 2021–present G. W. Bush 59 Senior Circuit Judge D. Michael Fisher Pittsburgh, PA 1944 2003–2017 — 2017–present G. W. Bush Vacancies and pending nominations Seat Prior judge's duty station Seat last held by Vacancy reason Date of vacancy Nominee Date of nomination 4 Newark, NJ Joseph A. Greenaway Jr. Retirement June 15, 2023 Adeel A. Mangi November 27, 2023 5 Wilmington, DE Kent A. Jordan January 15, 2025 – – List of former judges # Judge State Born–died Active service Chief Judge Senior status Appointed by Reason fortermination 1 Marcus Wilson Acheson PA 1828–1906 1891–1906 — — B. Harrison / Operation of law death 2 George M. Dallas PA 1839–1917 1892–1909 — — B. Harrison retirement 3 George Gray DE 1840–1925 1899–1914 — — McKinley retirement 4 Joseph Buffington PA 1855–1947 1906–1938 — 1938–1947 T. Roosevelt death 5 William M. Lanning NJ 1849–1912 1909–1912 — — Taft death 6 Robert W. Archbald PA 1848–1926 1911–1913 — — impeachment and conviction 7 John Bayard McPherson PA 1846–1919 1912–1919 — — Taft death 8 Victor Baynard Woolley DE 1867–1945 1914–1938 — 1938–1945 Wilson death 9 Thomas Griffith Haight NJ 1879–1942 1919–1920 — — Wilson resignation 10 John Warren Davis NJ 1867–1945 1920–1939 — 1939–1941 Wilson resignation 11 Joseph Whitaker Thompson PA 1861–1946 1931–1938 — 1938–1946 Hoover death 12 John Biggs Jr. DE 1895–1979 1937–1965 1948–1965 1965–1979 F. D. Roosevelt death 13 Albert Branson Maris PA 1893–1989 1938–1958 — 1958–1989 F. D. Roosevelt death 14 William Clark NJ 1891–1957 1938–1943 — — F. D. Roosevelt resignation 15 Francis Biddle PA 1886–1968 1939–1940 — — F. D. Roosevelt resignation 16 Charles Alvin Jones PA 1887–1966 1939–1944 — — F. D. Roosevelt resignation 17 Herbert Funk Goodrich PA 1889–1962 1940–1962 — — F. D. Roosevelt death 18 Gerald McLaughlin NJ 1893–1977 1943–1968 — 1968–1977 F. D. Roosevelt death 19 John Joseph O'Connell PA 1894–1949 1945–1949 — — Truman death 20 Harry Ellis Kalodner PA 1896–1977 1946–1969 1965–1966 1969–1977 Truman death 21 William H. Hastie VI 1904–1976 1949–1971 1968–1971 1971–1976 Truman death 22 Austin Leander Staley PA 1902–1978 1950–1967 1966–1967 1967–1978 Truman death 23 Phillip Forman NJ 1895–1978 1959–1961 — 1961–1978 Eisenhower death 24 James Cullen Ganey PA 1899–1972 1961–1966 — 1966–1972 Kennedy death 25 William Francis Smith NJ 1903–1968 1961–1968 — — Kennedy death 26 Abraham Lincoln Freedman PA 1904–1971 1964–1971 — — L. B. Johnson death 27 Collins J. Seitz DE 1914–1998 1966–1989 1971–1984 1989–1998 L. B. Johnson death 28 Francis Lund Van Dusen PA 1912–1993 1967–1977 — 1977–1993 L. B. Johnson death 29 Ruggero J. Aldisert PA 1919–2014 1968–1986 1984–1986 1986–2014 L. B. Johnson death 30 David Henry Stahl PA 1920–1970 1968–1970 — — L. B. Johnson death 31 Arlin M. Adams PA 1921–2015 1969–1987 — — Nixon retirement 32 John Joseph Gibbons NJ 1924–2018 1969–1990 1987–1990 — Nixon retirement 33 Max Rosenn PA 1910–2006 1970–1981 — 1981–2006 Nixon death 34 James Rosen NJ 1909–1972 1971–1972 — — Nixon death 35 James Hunter III NJ 1916–1989 1971–1986 — 1986–1989 Nixon death 36 Joseph F. Weis Jr. PA 1923–2014 1973–1988 — 1988–2014 Nixon death 37 Leonard I. Garth NJ 1921–2016 1973–1986 — 1986–2016 Nixon death 38 A. Leon Higginbotham Jr. PA 1928–1998 1977–1991 1990–1991 1991–1993 Carter retirement 39 Dolores Sloviter PA 1932–2022 1979–2013 1991–1998 2013–2022 Carter death 40 Edward R. Becker PA 1933–2006 1981–2003 1998–2003 2003–2006 Reagan death 41 Carol Los Mansmann PA 1942–2002 1985–2002 — — Reagan death 43 Morton Ira Greenberg NJ 1933–2021 1987–2000 — 2000–2021 Reagan death 44 William D. Hutchinson PA 1932–1995 1987–1995 — — Reagan death 48 Samuel Alito NJ 1950–present 1990–2006 — — G. H. W. Bush elevation to Supreme Court 50 Timothy K. Lewis PA 1954–present 1992–1999 — — G. H. W. Bush resignation 52 H. Lee Sarokin NJ 1928–2023 1994–1996 — — Clinton retirement 54 Maryanne Trump Barry NJ 1937–2023 1999–2011 — 2011–2019 Clinton retirement 58 Michael Chertoff NJ 1953–present 2003–2005 — — G. W. Bush resignation 60 Franklin Van Antwerpen PA 1941–2016 2004–2006 — 2006–2016 G. W. Bush death 64 Joseph A. Greenaway Jr. NJ 1957–present 2010–2023 — — Obama retirement 65 Thomas I. Vanaskie PA 1953–present 2010–2018 — 2018–2019 Obama retirement ^ Acheson was appointed as a circuit judge for the Third Circuit in 1891 by Benjamin Harrison. The Judiciary Act of 1891 reassigned his seat to what is now the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit. Chief judges Chief Judge Biggs Jr. 1948–1965 Kalodner 1965–1966 Staley 1966–1967 Hastie 1968–1971 Seitz 1971–1984 Aldisert 1984–1986 Gibbons 1987–1990 Higginbotham 1990–1991 Sloviter 1991–1998 Becker 1998–2003 Scirica 2003–2010 McKee 2010–2016 D. Smith 2016–2021 Chagares 2021–present Chief judges have administrative responsibilities with respect to their circuits, and preside over any panel on which they serve, unless the circuit justice (the Supreme Court justice responsible for the circuit) is also on the panel. Unlike the Supreme Court, where one justice is specifically nominated to be chief, the office of chief judge rotates among the circuit judges. To be chief, a judge must have been in active service on the court for at least one year, be under the age of 65, and have not previously served as chief judge. A vacancy is filled by the judge highest in seniority among the group of qualified judges, with seniority determined first by commission date, then by age. The chief judge serves for a term of seven years, or until age 70, whichever occurs first. If no judge qualifies to be chief, the youngest judge over the age of 65 who has served on the court for at least one year shall act as chief until another judge qualifies. If no judge has served on the court for more than a year, the most senior judge shall act as chief. Judges can forfeit or resign their chief judgeship or acting chief judgeship while retaining their active status as a circuit judge. When the office was created in 1948, the chief judge was the longest-serving judge who had not elected to retire, on what has since 1958 been known as senior status, or declined to serve as chief judge. After August 6, 1959, judges could not become or remain chief after turning 70 years old. The current rules have been in operation since October 1, 1982. Succession of seats The court has fourteen seats for active judges, numbered in the order in which they were initially filled. Judges who assume senior status enter a kind of retirement in which they remain on the bench but vacate their seats, thus allowing the U.S. President to appoint new judges to fill their seats. Seat 1 Established on December 10, 1869, by the Judiciary Act of 1869 as a circuit judgeship for the Third Circuit Reassigned on June 16, 1891, to the newly formed United States Circuit Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit by the Judiciary Act of 1891 Acheson PA 1892–1906 Buffington PA 1906–1938 Biddle PA 1939–1940 Goodrich PA 1940–1962 Freedman PA 1964–1971 Weis Jr. PA 1973–1988 Nygaard PA 1988–2005 Hardiman PA 2007–present Seat 2 Established on June 16, 1891, by the Judiciary Act of 1891 Dallas PA 1892–1909 Lanning NJ 1909–1912 McPherson PA 1912–1919 Haight NJ 1919–1920 Davis NJ 1920–1939 Jones PA 1939–1944 Kalodner PA 1946–1969 Adams PA 1969–1987 Hutchinson PA 1987–1995 Rendell PA 1997–2015 Bibas PA 2017–present Seat 3 Established on February 23, 1899, by 30 Stat. 846 Gray DE 1899–1914 Woolley DE 1914–1938 Maris PA 1938–1958 Forman NJ 1959–1961 W. Smith NJ 1961–1968 Hunter III NJ 1971–1986 Cowen NJ 1987–1998 Fuentes NJ 2000–2016 Matey NJ 2019–present Seat 4 Established on June 10, 1930, by 46 Stat. 538 Thompson PA 1931–1938 Clark NJ 1938–1943 McLaughlin NJ 1943–1968 Gibbons NJ 1969–1990 Alito NJ 1990–2006 Greenaway Jr. NJ 2010–2023 vacant NJ 2023–present Seat 5 Established as a temporary judgeship on June 24, 1936, by 49 Stat. 1903 Made permanent on May 31, 1938, by 52 Stat. 584 Biggs Jr. DE 1937–1965 Seitz DE 1966–1989 Roth DE 1991–2006 Jordan DE 2006–present Seat 6 Established on December 7, 1944, by 58 Stat. 796 O'Connell PA 1945–1949 Staley PA 1950–1967 Aldisert PA 1968–1986 Scirica PA 1987–2013 Restrepo PA 2016–present Seat 7 Established on August 3, 1949, by 63 Stat. 493 Hastie VI 1950–1971 Rosen NJ 1971–1972 Garth NJ 1973–1986 Greenberg NJ 1987–2000 Chertoff NJ 2003–2005 Chagares NJ 2006–present Seat 8 Established on May 19, 1961, by 75 Stat. 80 Ganey PA 1961–1966 Van Dusen PA 1967–1977 Higginbotham Jr. PA 1977–1991 McKee PA 1994–2022 Freeman PA 2022–present Seat 9 Established on June 18, 1968, by 82 Stat. 184 Stahl PA 1968–1970 Rosenn PA 1970–1981 Becker PA 1981–2003 Van Antwerpen PA 2004–2006 Vanaskie PA 2010–2018 Phipps PA 2019–present Seat 10 Established on October 20, 1978, by 92 Stat. 1629 Sloviter PA 1979–2013 Krause PA 2014–present Seat 11 Established on July 10, 1984, by 98 Stat. 333 Mansmann PA 1985–2002 Fisher PA 2003–2017 Porter PA 2018–present Seat 12 Established on July 10, 1984, by 98 Stat. 333 Stapleton DE 1985–1999 Ambro DE 2000–2023 Montgomery-Reeves DE 2023–present Seat 13 Established on December 1, 1990, by 104 Stat. 5089 Lewis PA 1992–1999 D. Smith PA 2002–2021 Chung PA 2023–present Seat 14 Established on December 1, 1990, by 104 Stat. 5089 Sarokin NJ 1994–1996 Barry NJ 1999–2011 Shwartz NJ 2013–present See also Judicial appointment history for United States federal courts#Third Circuit List of current United States circuit judges References ^ "Notice for Sitting in Virgin Islands" (PDF). Official website of the Third Circuit. Archived from the original (PDF) on April 1, 2013. Retrieved March 6, 2013. ^ "U. S. Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit". Official website of the Federal Judicial Center. Archived from the original on May 25, 2005. Retrieved May 30, 2005. ^ "Third Circuit Court of Appeals Judges" (PDF). Official website of the United States Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit. Archived from the original (PDF) on May 10, 2005. Retrieved May 30, 2005. ^ "Future Judicial Vacancies | United States Courts". www.uscourts.gov. ^ a b c d Recess appointment, confirmed by the United States Senate at a later date. ^ Archbald did not have a permanent seat on this court. Instead, he was appointed to the ill-fated United States Commerce Court in 1910 by William Howard Taft. Aside from their duties on the Commerce Court, the judges of the Commerce Court also acted as at-large appellate judges, able to be assigned by the chief justice of the United States to whichever circuit most needed help. Archbald was assigned to the Third Circuit upon his commission. ^ 28 U.S.C. § 45 ^ 62 Stat. 871, 72 Stat. 497, 96 Stat. 51 External links Official website Recent opinions from Findlaw vteJudges of the United States courts of appealsFull list · Names in bold represent current chief judges.1st CircuitActive Barron Kayatta Gelpí Montecalvo Rikelman Aframe Senior Campbell Selya Lynch Lipez Howard Thompson 2nd CircuitActive Livingston Lohier Sullivan Bianco Park Nardini Menashi Lee Robinson Pérez Nathan Merriam Kahn Senior Newman Kearse Walker Jacobs Leval Calabresi Cabranes Straub Sack Parker Raggi Wesley Lynch Chin Carney 3rd CircuitActive Chagares Jordan Hardiman Shwartz Krause Restrepo Bibas Porter Matey Phipps Freeman Montgomery-Reeves Chung 1 seat vacant Senior Stapleton Scirica Cowen Nygaard Roth McKee Rendell Ambro Fuentes Smith Fisher 4th CircuitActive Diaz Wilkinson Niemeyer King Gregory Agee Wynn Thacker Harris Richardson Quattlebaum Rushing Heytens Benjamin Berner Senior Motz Traxler Keenan Floyd 5th CircuitActive Richman Jones Smith Stewart Elrod Southwick Haynes Graves Higginson Willett Ho Duncan Engelhardt Oldham Wilson Douglas Ramirez Senior King Jolly Higginbotham Davis Duhé Wiener Barksdale Dennis Clement 6th CircuitActive Sutton Moore Clay Gibbons Griffin Kethledge Stranch Thapar Bush Larsen Nalbandian Readler Murphy Davis Mathis Bloomekatz Senior Guy Ryan Boggs Norris Suhrheinrich Siler Batchelder Daughtrey Cole Gilman Rogers Cook McKeague White 7th CircuitActive Sykes Easterbrook Rovner Brennan Scudder St. Eve Kirsch Jackson-Akiwumi Lee Pryor Kolar Senior Bauer Flaum Ripple Manion Hamilton 8th CircuitActive Colloton Loken Smith Gruender Benton Shepherd Kelly Erickson Grasz Stras Kobes Senior Bowman Wollman Beam Hansen Arnold Melloy 9th CircuitActive Murguia Wardlaw Gould Rawlinson Callahan M. Smith Ikuta Christen Nguyen Owens Friedland Bennett R. Nelson Miller Bade Collins Lee Bress Forrest Bumatay VanDyke Koh Sung Sanchez H. Thomas Mendoza Desai Johnstone de Alba Senior Wallace Schroeder D. Nelson Canby O'Scannlain Trott Fernandez Kleinfeld Hawkins Tashima S. Thomas Silverman Graber McKeown Fletcher Paez Berzon Tallman Clifton Bybee Bea N. Smith Hurwitz 10th CircuitActive Holmes Hartz Tymkovich Matheson Bacharach Phillips McHugh Moritz Eid Carson Rossman Federico Senior Seymour Porfilio Anderson Baldock Brorby Ebel Kelly Briscoe Lucero Murphy O'Brien 11th CircuitActive W. Pryor Wilson Jordan Rosenbaum J. Pryor Newsom Branch Grant Luck Lagoa Brasher Abudu Senior Tjoflat Anderson Edmondson Dubina Black E. Carnes Hull Marcus J. Carnes D.C. CircuitActive Srinivasan Henderson Millett Pillard Wilkins Katsas Rao Walker Childs Pan Garcia Senior Edwards Ginsburg Sentelle Randolph Rogers Federal CircuitActive Moore Newman Lourie Dyk Prost Reyna Taranto Chen Hughes Stoll Cunningham Stark Senior Mayer Plager Clevenger Schall Bryson Linn Wallach vteActive district judges of the Third Circuit Court of AppealsDelaware Connolly Noreika Williams Hall New Jersey Bumb Wigenton Cecchi Salas Shipp Arleo Martinotti Neals Quraishi O'Hearn Williams Castner Padin Farbiarz Kirsch Semper Kiel E. Pennsylvania Goldberg Diamond Sánchez Quiñones Schmehl McHugh Beetlestone Kearney Pappert Leeson Kenney Wolson Younge Marston Gallagher Perez Hodge Murphy Scott 3 seats vacant M. Pennsylvania Brann Conner Wilson Munley Mehalchick 1 seat vacant W. Pennsylvania Hornak Bissoon Baxter Horan Ranjan Stickman Haines Colville Hardy Wiegand Virgin Islands Molloy Lewis vteSenior district judges of the Third Circuit Court of AppealsDelaware Longobardi Andrews New Jersey Thompson Rodriguez Cooper Hayden Martini Chesler Sheridan McNulty E. Pennsylvania Kelly DuBois Buckwalter Bartle Yohn Padova Brody Tucker Schiller Surrick Davis Rufe Baylson Savage Slomsky Jones M. Pennsylvania Rambo Kane Mariani Mannion W. Pennsylvania Bloch Ambrose Conti Cercone Schwab Gibson Fischer Virgin Islands Gómez vteUnited States federal courts Supreme Court of the United States United States courts of appeals List of United States district and territorial courts Courts of appeals 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th 9th 10th 11th DC Federal District courts Alabama (M, N, S) Alaska Arizona Arkansas (E, W) California (C, E, N, S) Colorado Connecticut Delaware District of Columbia Florida (M, N, S) Georgia (M, N, S) Hawaii Idaho Illinois (C, N, S) Indiana (N, S) Iowa (N, S) Kansas Kentucky (E, W) Louisiana (E, M, W) Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan (E, W) Minnesota Mississippi (N, S) Missouri (E, W) Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York (E, N, S, W) North Carolina (E, M, W) North Dakota Ohio (N, S) Oklahoma (E, N, W) Oregon Pennsylvania (E, M, W) Puerto Rico Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee (E, M, W) Texas (E, N, S, W) Utah Vermont Virginia (E, W) Washington (E, W) West Virginia (N, S) Wisconsin (E, W) Wyoming Specialty courts Court of International Trade Judicial Panel on Multidistrict Litigation Alien Terrorist Removal Court Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court of Review Territorial courts Guam Northern Mariana Islands Virgin Islands Extinct courts Former United States district courts District of Orleans District of Potomac Eastern District of Illinois District of the Canal Zone District of China District of Berlin NoteAmerican Samoa does not have a district court or federal territorial court; federal matters there go to the District of Columbia, Hawaii, or its own Supreme Court. Authority control databases International ISNI People Trove
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Byrne United States Courthouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_A._Byrne_United_States_Courthouse"},{"link_name":"Philadelphia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philadelphia"},{"link_name":"Pennsylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"United States Virgin Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Virgin_Islands"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"United States courts of appeals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_courts_of_appeals"},{"link_name":"Delaware","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delaware"}],"text":"The United States Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit (in case citations, 3d Cir.) is a federal court with appellate jurisdiction over the district courts for the following districts:District of Delaware\nDistrict of New Jersey\nEastern District of Pennsylvania\nMiddle District of Pennsylvania\nWestern District of PennsylvaniaThis circuit also hears appeals from the District Court of the Virgin Islands, which is an Article VI territorial court and not a district court under Article III of the Constitution.The court is composed of 14 active judges and is based at the James A. Byrne United States Courthouse in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The court also conducts sittings in other venues, including the United States Virgin Islands.[1] It is one of 13 United States courts of appeals. Due to the court's appellate jurisdiction over Delaware (where more than half of publicly-traded companies in the United States incorporate), the court handles a significant number of influential commercial cases in the United States.","title":"United States Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_Third_Circuit&action=edit"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dutystation3rd-3"}],"text":"As of June 15, 2023[update]:[2][3]","title":"Current composition of the court"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Vacancies and pending nominations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"circuit judge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_circuit_court"},{"link_name":"Benjamin Harrison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Harrison"},{"link_name":"Judiciary Act of 1891","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judiciary_Act_of_1891"}],"text":"^ Acheson was appointed as a circuit judge for the Third Circuit in 1891 by Benjamin Harrison. The Judiciary Act of 1891 reassigned his seat to what is now the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit.","title":"List of former judges"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Supreme Court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"senior status","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senior_status"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"Chief judges have administrative responsibilities with respect to their circuits, and preside over any panel on which they serve, unless the circuit justice (the Supreme Court justice responsible for the circuit) is also on the panel. Unlike the Supreme Court, where one justice is specifically nominated to be chief, the office of chief judge rotates among the circuit judges.To be chief, a judge must have been in active service on the court for at least one year, be under the age of 65, and have not previously served as chief judge. A vacancy is filled by the judge highest in seniority among the group of qualified judges, with seniority determined first by commission date, then by age. The chief judge serves for a term of seven years, or until age 70, whichever occurs first. If no judge qualifies to be chief, the youngest judge over the age of 65 who has served on the court for at least one year shall act as chief until another judge qualifies. If no judge has served on the court for more than a year, the most senior judge shall act as chief. Judges can forfeit or resign their chief judgeship or acting chief judgeship while retaining their active status as a circuit judge.[7]When the office was created in 1948, the chief judge was the longest-serving judge who had not elected to retire, on what has since 1958 been known as senior status, or declined to serve as chief judge. After August 6, 1959, judges could not become or remain chief after turning 70 years old. The current rules have been in operation since October 1, 1982.[8]","title":"Chief judges"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"senior status","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senior_status"},{"link_name":"U.S. President","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Judiciary Act of 1869","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judiciary_Act_of_1869"},{"link_name":"circuit judgeship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_circuit_court"},{"link_name":"Judiciary Act of 1891","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judiciary_Act_of_1891"},{"link_name":"Acheson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcus_Wilson_Acheson"},{"link_name":"Buffington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Buffington"},{"link_name":"Biddle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Biddle"},{"link_name":"Goodrich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Funk_Goodrich"},{"link_name":"Freedman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln_Freedman"},{"link_name":"Weis Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_F._Weis_Jr."},{"link_name":"Nygaard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Lowell_Nygaard"},{"link_name":"Hardiman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Hardiman"},{"link_name":"Judiciary Act of 1891","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judiciary_Act_of_1891"},{"link_name":"Dallas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_M._Dallas_(judge)"},{"link_name":"Lanning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_M._Lanning"},{"link_name":"McPherson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Bayard_McPherson"},{"link_name":"Haight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Griffith_Haight"},{"link_name":"Davis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Warren_Davis_(judge)"},{"link_name":"Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Alvin_Jones"},{"link_name":"Kalodner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Ellis_Kalodner"},{"link_name":"Adams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arlin_Adams"},{"link_name":"Hutchinson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_D._Hutchinson"},{"link_name":"Rendell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marjorie_Rendell"},{"link_name":"Bibas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephanos_Bibas"},{"link_name":"Gray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Gray_(Delaware_politician)"},{"link_name":"Woolley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor_Baynard_Woolley"},{"link_name":"Maris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Branson_Maris"},{"link_name":"Forman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phillip_Forman"},{"link_name":"W. Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Francis_Smith"},{"link_name":"Hunter III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Hunter_III"},{"link_name":"Cowen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Cowen"},{"link_name":"Fuentes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julio_M._Fuentes"},{"link_name":"Matey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Matey"},{"link_name":"Thompson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Whitaker_Thompson"},{"link_name":"Clark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Clark_(judge)"},{"link_name":"McLaughlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerald_McLaughlin"},{"link_name":"Gibbons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Joseph_Gibbons"},{"link_name":"Alito","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Alito"},{"link_name":"Greenaway Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_A._Greenaway_Jr."},{"link_name":"Biggs Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Biggs_Jr."},{"link_name":"Seitz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collins_J._Seitz"},{"link_name":"Roth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jane_Richards_Roth"},{"link_name":"Jordan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kent_A._Jordan"},{"link_name":"O'Connell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Joseph_O%27Connell"},{"link_name":"Staley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austin_Leander_Staley"},{"link_name":"Aldisert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruggero_J._Aldisert"},{"link_name":"Scirica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony_Joseph_Scirica"},{"link_name":"Restrepo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L._Felipe_Restrepo"},{"link_name":"Hastie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_H._Hastie"},{"link_name":"Rosen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Rosen_(jurist)"},{"link_name":"Garth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonard_I._Garth"},{"link_name":"Greenberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morton_Ira_Greenberg"},{"link_name":"Chertoff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Chertoff"},{"link_name":"Chagares","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Chagares"},{"link_name":"Ganey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Cullen_Ganey"},{"link_name":"Van Dusen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Lund_Van_Dusen"},{"link_name":"Higginbotham Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A._Leon_Higginbotham_Jr."},{"link_name":"McKee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodore_McKee"},{"link_name":"Freeman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arianna_J._Freeman"},{"link_name":"Stahl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Henry_Stahl"},{"link_name":"Rosenn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Rosenn"},{"link_name":"Becker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_R._Becker"},{"link_name":"Van Antwerpen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franklin_Van_Antwerpen"},{"link_name":"Vanaskie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_I._Vanaskie"},{"link_name":"Phipps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_J._Phipps"},{"link_name":"Sloviter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dolores_Sloviter"},{"link_name":"Krause","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheryl_Ann_Krause"},{"link_name":"Mansmann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carol_Los_Mansmann"},{"link_name":"Fisher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D._Michael_Fisher"},{"link_name":"Porter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_J._Porter_(judge)"},{"link_name":"Stapleton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_King_Stapleton"},{"link_name":"Ambro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_L._Ambro"},{"link_name":"Montgomery-Reeves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamika_Montgomery-Reeves"},{"link_name":"Lewis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timothy_K._Lewis"},{"link_name":"D. Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D._Brooks_Smith"},{"link_name":"Chung","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cindy_K._Chung"},{"link_name":"Sarokin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._Lee_Sarokin"},{"link_name":"Barry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maryanne_Trump_Barry"},{"link_name":"Shwartz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patty_Shwartz"}],"text":"The court has fourteen seats for active judges, numbered in the order in which they were initially filled. Judges who assume senior status enter a kind of retirement in which they remain on the bench but vacate their seats, thus allowing the U.S. President to appoint new judges to fill their seats.Seat 1\n\n\nEstablished on December 10, 1869, by the Judiciary Act of 1869 as a circuit judgeship for the Third Circuit\n\n\nReassigned on June 16, 1891, to the newly formed United States Circuit Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit by the Judiciary Act of 1891\n\n\nAcheson\nPA\n1892–1906\n\n\nBuffington\nPA\n1906–1938\n\n\nBiddle\nPA\n1939–1940\n\n\nGoodrich\nPA\n1940–1962\n\n\nFreedman\nPA\n1964–1971\n\n\nWeis Jr.\nPA\n1973–1988\n\n\nNygaard\nPA\n1988–2005\n\n\nHardiman\nPA\n2007–present\n\n\n\n\n\nSeat 2\n\n\nEstablished on June 16, 1891, by the Judiciary Act of 1891\n\n\nDallas\nPA\n1892–1909\n\n\nLanning\nNJ\n1909–1912\n\n\nMcPherson\nPA\n1912–1919\n\n\nHaight\nNJ\n1919–1920\n\n\nDavis\nNJ\n1920–1939\n\n\nJones\nPA\n1939–1944\n\n\nKalodner\nPA\n1946–1969\n\n\nAdams\nPA\n1969–1987\n\n\nHutchinson\nPA\n1987–1995\n\n\nRendell\nPA\n1997–2015\n\n\nBibas\nPA\n2017–present\n\n\n\n\n\nSeat 3\n\n\nEstablished on February 23, 1899, by 30 Stat. 846\n\n\nGray\nDE\n1899–1914\n\n\nWoolley\nDE\n1914–1938\n\n\nMaris\nPA\n1938–1958\n\n\nForman\nNJ\n1959–1961\n\n\nW. Smith\nNJ\n1961–1968\n\n\nHunter III\nNJ\n1971–1986\n\n\nCowen\nNJ\n1987–1998\n\n\nFuentes\nNJ\n2000–2016\n\n\nMatey\nNJ\n2019–present\n\n\n\n\n\nSeat 4\n\n\nEstablished on June 10, 1930, by 46 Stat. 538\n\n\nThompson\nPA\n1931–1938\n\n\nClark\nNJ\n1938–1943\n\n\nMcLaughlin\nNJ\n1943–1968\n\n\nGibbons\nNJ\n1969–1990\n\n\nAlito\nNJ\n1990–2006\n\n\nGreenaway Jr.\nNJ\n2010–2023\n\n\nvacant\nNJ\n2023–presentSeat 5\n\n\nEstablished as a temporary judgeship on June 24, 1936, by 49 Stat. 1903\n\n\nMade permanent on May 31, 1938, by 52 Stat. 584\n\n\nBiggs Jr.\nDE\n1937–1965\n\n\nSeitz\nDE\n1966–1989\n\n\nRoth\nDE\n1991–2006\n\n\nJordan\nDE\n2006–present\n\n\n\n\n\nSeat 6\n\n\nEstablished on December 7, 1944, by 58 Stat. 796\n\n\nO'Connell\nPA\n1945–1949\n\n\nStaley\nPA\n1950–1967\n\n\nAldisert\nPA\n1968–1986\n\n\nScirica\nPA\n1987–2013\n\n\nRestrepo\nPA\n2016–present\n\n\n\n\n\nSeat 7\n\n\nEstablished on August 3, 1949, by 63 Stat. 493\n\n\nHastie\nVI\n1950–1971\n\n\nRosen\nNJ\n1971–1972\n\n\nGarth\nNJ\n1973–1986\n\n\nGreenberg\nNJ\n1987–2000\n\n\nChertoff\nNJ\n2003–2005\n\n\nChagares\nNJ\n2006–present\n\n\n\n\n\nSeat 8\n\n\nEstablished on May 19, 1961, by 75 Stat. 80\n\n\nGaney\nPA\n1961–1966\n\n\nVan Dusen\nPA\n1967–1977\n\n\nHigginbotham Jr.\nPA\n1977–1991\n\n\nMcKee\nPA\n1994–2022\n\n\nFreeman\nPA\n2022–presentSeat 9\n\n\nEstablished on June 18, 1968, by 82 Stat. 184\n\n\nStahl\nPA\n1968–1970\n\n\nRosenn\nPA\n1970–1981\n\n\nBecker\nPA\n1981–2003\n\n\nVan Antwerpen\nPA\n2004–2006\n\n\nVanaskie\nPA\n2010–2018\n\n\nPhipps\nPA\n2019–present\n\n\n\n\n\nSeat 10\n\n\nEstablished on October 20, 1978, by 92 Stat. 1629\n\n\nSloviter\nPA\n1979–2013\n\n\nKrause\nPA\n2014–present\n\n\n\n\n\nSeat 11\n\n\nEstablished on July 10, 1984, by 98 Stat. 333\n\n\nMansmann\nPA\n1985–2002\n\n\nFisher\nPA\n2003–2017\n\n\nPorter\nPA\n2018–presentSeat 12\n\n\nEstablished on July 10, 1984, by 98 Stat. 333\n\n\nStapleton\nDE\n1985–1999\n\n\nAmbro\nDE\n2000–2023\n\n\nMontgomery-Reeves\nDE\n2023–present\n\n\n\n\n\nSeat 13\n\n\nEstablished on December 1, 1990, by 104 Stat. 5089\n\n\nLewis\nPA\n1992–1999\n\n\nD. Smith\nPA\n2002–2021\n\n\nChung\nPA\n2023–present\n\n\n\n\n\nSeat 14\n\n\nEstablished on December 1, 1990, by 104 Stat. 5089\n\n\nSarokin\nNJ\n1994–1996\n\n\nBarry\nNJ\n1999–2011\n\n\nShwartz\nNJ\n2013–present","title":"Succession of seats"}]
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[{"title":"Judicial appointment history for United States federal courts#Third Circuit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judicial_appointment_history_for_United_States_federal_courts#Third_Circuit"},{"title":"List of current United States circuit judges","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_current_United_States_circuit_judges"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria_Reggie_Kennedy
Victoria Reggie Kennedy
["1 Early life and education","2 Career","2.1 Gun control advocacy","2.2 Activities","2.3 U.S. ambassador to Austria","3 Personal life","3.1 Marriage to Ted Kennedy","4 Footnotes","5 External links"]
American diplomat, attorney, and activist (born 1954) Victoria Reggie KennedyUnited States Ambassador to Austria IncumbentAssumed office January 12, 2022PresidentJoe BidenPreceded byTrevor Traina Personal detailsBornVictoria Anne Reggie (1954-02-26) February 26, 1954 (age 70)Crowley, Louisiana, U.S.Political partyDemocraticSpouses Grier Raclin ​ ​(m. 1981; div. 1990)​ Ted Kennedy ​ ​(m. 1992; died 2009)​ Children2RelativesKennedy Family (by marriage)EducationTulane University (BA, JD) Victoria Anne Kennedy (née Reggie; born February 26, 1954) is an American diplomat, attorney, and activist who presently serves as the United States Ambassador to Austria since 2022. She is the widow and the second wife of longtime U.S. senator Ted Kennedy. A member of the Kennedy family through her late husband, Kennedy was born in Louisiana and became a practicing attorney after attending Tulane University Law School. As a partner at Keck, Mahin & Cate, she specialized in financial law. She was appointed as ambassador by President Joe Biden in 2021 and confirmed unanimously by the US Senate. She is a sister-in-law to former president John F. Kennedy and former Attorney General Robert F. Kennedy. Early life and education The second of six children, Victoria Anne Reggie was born in Crowley in Acadia Parish in southwestern Louisiana. Her father, Edmund Reggie, was a Louisiana judge and banker, and her mother, Doris Ann Boustany, was a Democratic National committeewoman. Reggie is of Lebanese descent, as all of her grandparents were Maronites from Lebanon who immigrated to the United States and later settled to Louisiana. Reggie's grandparents became important members of the local Roman Catholic church, and later their children became involved in business and politics. Her brother is Denis Reggie, a photographer who popularized the genre of wedding photojournalism. Reggie's immediate family was wealthy because of money from her maternal family's interest in the Bunny Bread baking concern in New Orleans. She was raised in a family that was constantly involved in politics and campaigns. At the 1956 Democratic National Convention, her father helped deliver his state for John F. Kennedy's unsuccessful bid for the vice-presidential nomination. Over time, John Kennedy developed a close social relationship with the Reggies. Her mother cast the only Louisiana delegate vote for Ted Kennedy at the 1980 Democratic National Convention. Victoria Reggie attended parochial schools growing up and was a straight-A student. She attended Newcomb College at Tulane University in New Orleans, where she graduated with a Bachelor of Arts in English, magna cum laude, was elected to Phi Beta Kappa and was president of the Kappa Alpha Theta sorority. She then received her Juris Doctor degree, summa cum laude in 1979 from Tulane University Law School. There she was a member of the Tulane Law Review. Her education at Tulane, along with twenty years of other Tulane tuition for her brothers and sisters, was paid for by scholarships awarded by a political ally of her father. Career After law school, Reggie clerked for Judge Robert Arthur Sprecher at the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit in Chicago. As an attorney, she specialized in banking law. Kennedy in 2002 Gun control advocacy Kennedy is president and co-founder of Common Sense about Kids and Guns, an advocacy group begun in 1999 which seeks to reduce gun deaths and injuries to children in the U.S. She is a member of the board of trustees of the Brady Center to Prevent Gun Violence, and has served on the board of Stop Handgun Violence in Boston. She is a board member of Catholic Democrats and authored the preface for their 2009 book The Catholic Case for Obama. Activities Reports indicated that the Senator Kennedy expressed the wish that his wife would succeed him in office, and speculation towards that possibility continued during his illness. Upon his death, some thought that she would be appointed by then-Governor Deval Patrick to take the Senator's seat until the special election could take place, but she declined and the governor instead appointed long-time Kennedy associate Paul G. Kirk. Some Democratic officials hoped she would agree to run for Senate to finish out her husband's term, but she declined again and instead endorsed Martha Coakley for the special election to fill the vacant seat. Coakley was defeated by Scott Brown. A year later, speculation continued as some noted Democrats saw her as their best chance to take back Senator Kennedy's former seat from Brown and the Republicans in the 2012 election; however, she again declined, and the Democratic nomination was awarded to Elizabeth Warren, who went on to defeat Brown in November 2012. Kennedy was invited to speak at the spring commencement of the Catholic Anna Maria College in Paxton, Massachusetts, but at the request of Bishop Robert Joseph McManus of the Diocese of Worcester, Kennedy was disinvited by the college. The bishop and other Catholic organizations had expressed reservations about a stalwart pro-choice advocate like Kennedy speaking at a Catholic university. In February 2014, U.S. President Barack Obama nominated her to serve as a governor of the United States Postal Service (a member of the Board of Governors of the United States Postal Service), for a term expiring December 8, 2016. Had she been confirmed, Kennedy would assume the board seat being vacated by Carolyn L. Gallagher. The nomination expired with the end of Obama's term as president. U.S. ambassador to Austria In 2021, U.S. President Joe Biden nominated Kennedy to serve as the Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary to Austria. In mid-June, the office of Austrian President Alexander Van der Bellen had confirmed the required "agreement" for Kennedy's appointment was issued. On October 5, 2021, a hearing on her nomination was held before the Senate Foreign Relations Committee. On October 19, 2021, her nomination was reported favorably out of committee. On October 26, 2021, Kennedy was confirmed by the Senate by voice vote. Her swearing in as the United States Ambassador to Austria took place at Edward M. Kennedy Institute for the United States Senate on November 16, 2021, with Supreme Court Justice Stephen Breyer administering her oath of office. She arrived in Vienna on January 7, 2022, and presented her credentials to President Alexander Van der Bellen on January 12, 2022. Personal life She met her first husband, Grier C. Raclin, a telecommunications attorney (who later became a senior executive at Charter Communications in St. Louis, Missouri), when they clerked together at the Everett McKinley Dirksen Federal Courthouse. Their 1981 church wedding was in Crowley and "feted four hundred guests with a week's worth of parties." Following marriage, the couple moved to Washington, D.C., where she practiced banking and savings and loan law and restructuring and bankruptcy law for Keck, Mahin & Cate. She was made partner there, and was known to be "charismatic and hard-driving" and a tough negotiator in settlement talks and "as a real star" for her ability to work on complicated financial transactions. Reggie and Raclin had two children, Curran (born 1982) and Caroline (born 1985). They were divorced in 1990. Upon her divorce, she was left to juggle her career as a lawyer with her role as a single mother of two young children. Marriage to Ted Kennedy Kennedy and Reggie began dating in June 1991 after meeting at a party celebrating her parents' 40th wedding anniversary. Ted Kennedy said of this meeting, "I had known Vicki before, but this was the first time I think I really saw her." The relationship became serious in September 1991. They were engaged in March 1992, and married July 3, 1992, in a civil ceremony at his home in McLean, Virginia. His political career had suffered from a long period of womanizing, drinking, and adverse publicity, and she is credited with stabilizing his personal life and helping him resume a productive career in the Senate. Kennedy was devoted to her two children. In Ted Kennedy's 1994 senatorial re-election campaign against moderate Republican Mitt Romney, she was credited by The New York Times with "giving him a political advantage in a difficult contest." For a Boston, Massachusetts, reception she organized, 1,200 influential New England women met five of Kennedy's Senate colleagues. Kennedy became Ted's principal assistant and closest political advisor. By 1997, she no longer practiced law. Following Ted Kennedy's May 2008 diagnosis of brain cancer, Kennedy became his primary caregiver. Footnotes ^ "The Kennedys". American Experience. PBS. October 2, 2003. Archived from the original (film; transcript available) on March 13, 2009. Retrieved March 5, 2009. ^ a b c d Rimer, Sarah (September 24, 1994). "The 1994 Campaign; Kennedy's Wife Is Giving Him a Political Advantage in a Difficult Contest". The New York Times. Retrieved August 29, 2009. ^ a b c d e f g Kahn, Joseph P. (February 19, 2009). "An Untidy Private Life, Then a Turn to Stability". The Boston Globe. Retrieved February 20, 2009. ^ a b c d e Hersh, Burton (1997). The Shadow President: Ted Kennedy in Opposition. Steerforth Press. pp. 105–109. ISBN 1-883642-30-2. ^ a b Gliatto, Tom (March 30, 1992). "Time to Marry? Right, Said Ted". People. Retrieved August 29, 2009. ^ a b c d e f Romano, Lois (June 7, 2008). "Senator's Wife Is His First Mate, Adviser and Caregiver". The Washington Post via The Ledger. Archived from the original on September 1, 2009. Retrieved August 29, 2009. ^ a b c Adam Clymer (1999). Edward M. Kennedy: A Biography. William Morrow. pp. 492–493. ISBN 0-688-14285-0. ^ a b "Common Sense about Kids and Guns: Kennedy Bio". Archived from the original on September 7, 2006. Retrieved August 4, 2006. Mrs. Kennedy received her undergraduate degree, a B.A. magna cum laude, from Newcomb College of Tulane University, in New Orleans, where she was elected to Phi Beta Kappa and other honor societies and was involved in student government. She was graduated summa cum laude from the Tulane Law School in 1979, where she was an editor of the Tulane Law Review and was inducted in the Order of the Coif. In May 1998, Mrs. Kennedy received an Honorary Doctor of Laws degree from the Suffolk University Law School in Boston for her service to her community. ^ Tyler, Bridges (October 15, 1995). "Records Reveal More Perks to the Powerful; The Tulane Scholarship Scandal Part II". The Times-Picayune. ^ "Louisiana Scholarships Have Political Pedigree". The New York Times. October 17, 1995. Retrieved October 28, 2008. ^ Bishop, Ian (May 22, 2008). "Ted Kennedy: I'd Like Wife to Take Seat". Daily News. ^ Fee, Gayle; Raposa, Laura (February 20, 2009). "Is Vicki Kennedy Ready to Succeed?". Boston Herald. Retrieved August 29, 2009. ^ Parnes, Amie (August 29, 2009). "Next Step Not Clear for Vicki Kennedy". The Politico. Accessed 2009-09-01. ^ Healy, Orla (August 30, 2009). "Race to Follow Ted Waits for Family to Make up their Minds". Irish Independent. Accessed 2009-09-01. ^ LeBlanc, Steve (August 30, 2009). "Push begins to choose successor to Ted Kennedy's Senate seat". AP via masslive.com. Retrieved August 30, 2010. ^ "Victoria Kennedy endorses Martha Coakley in race for Ted Kennedy's Senate seat". AP via masslive.com. January 7, 2010. Retrieved August 30, 2010. ^ Akers, Mary Ann; Philip Rucker (August 15, 2010). "Prominent Democrats want Kennedy's widow to run for his Senate seat". The Washington Post. Retrieved August 30, 2010. ^ Lehigh, Scot (January 12, 2011). "A word with Kennedy". The Boston Globe. Retrieved June 18, 2012. ^ Seelye, Katharine Q. (June 2, 2012). "Warren Fends Off Party Challenger in Massachusetts Race". The New York Times. Retrieved June 18, 2012. ^ "Catholic College Cancels Kennedy as Commencement Speaker at Request of Bishop « Campus Notes". Archived from the original on May 12, 2012. Retrieved May 9, 2012. ^ Presidential Nominations Sent to the Senate | whitehouse.gov ^ Urbanski, Al (July 15, 2014). "Postal Board Nominees Would Hand Rate-Setting Authority to USPS". Direct Marketing News. Archived from the original on July 17, 2014. Retrieved August 7, 2014. Attorney and consultant Victoria Reggie Kennedy, widow of Sen. Ted Kennedy, said she was cautious on the issue of raising rates and would defer judgment until she gains more experience on the board. ^ Staff Writer (July 14, 2021). "Austria approves Victoria Kennedy as new US envoy, report says". The Boston Globe. The Associated Press. Retrieved July 14, 2021. ^ "PN1031 - Nomination of Victoria Reggie Kennedy for Department of State, 117th Congress (2021-2022)". www.congress.gov. 2021-10-26. Retrieved 2021-11-10. ^ "SFRC Approves 33 Critical Foreign Policy Nominations" (Press release). Washington, D.C.: United States Senate Committee on Foreign Relations. October 19, 2021. Retrieved November 9, 2021. ^ Kelly, Laura (October 26, 2021). "Senate confirms four Biden ambassadors after delay". The Hill. Retrieved October 26, 2021. ^ "Edward M. Kennedy Institute Hosts Victoria Reggie Kennedy's swearing-in as Ambassador to Austria, names her President Emerita" (Press release). Communications Department. Edward M. Kennedy Institute. December 14, 2021. Retrieved January 7, 2022. ^ Burton, Alice (January 7, 2022). "Designierte US-Botschafterin Victoria Reggie Kennedy in Wien gelandet" (in German). APA-OTS. Retrieved January 7, 2022. ^ @USAmbAustria (January 12, 2022). "Today, I was honored to meet President Alexander @vanderbellen and present my credentials. I look forward to working hard to strengthen our bilateral ties with Austria!" (Tweet) – via Twitter. ^ Staff writer (Undated). "Corporate Governance — Biography; Grier C. Raclin — Executive Vice President and Chief Administrative Officer". Charter Communications. Accessed September 1, 2009. ^ Blumenfeld, Laura. (1992-03-20, page b.01). "Victoria Reggie, Ready for Teddy; Her Friends and Family Agree. She's Perfect for Him", The Washington Post. ^ Trueheart, Charles (1992-03-15, page A.05). "Kennedy Announces Plans to Wed Washington Lawyer." The Washington Post. ^ "Ted Kennedy, Victoria Reggie Wed". AP News. Retrieved July 11, 2021. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Vicki Kennedy. "Victoria Reggie Kennedy" Archived September 7, 2006, at the Wayback Machine, her biography at Common Sense about Kids and Guns "Victoria Reggie and Ted Kennedy Marriage Profile", (undated) by Sheri Stritof and Bob Stritof at About.com Appearances on C-SPAN Diplomatic posts Preceded byTrevor Traina United States Ambassador to Austria 2022–present Incumbent vteTed KennedyFebruary 22, 1932 – August 25, 2009 United States Senator from Massachusetts, 1962–2009Electoralhistory U.S. Senate elections in Massachusetts: 1962 (special) 1964 1970 1976 1982 1988 1994 2000 2006 1980 United States presidential election (Democratic primaries) Ted Kennedy 1980 presidential campaign Books My Senator and Me: A Dog's-Eye View of Washington, D.C. (2006) True Compass (2009) Speeches The Dream Shall Never Die Family,family tree Joan Bennett Kennedy (first wife) Victoria Reggie Kennedy (second wife, widow) Kara Kennedy (daughter) Edward M. Kennedy Jr. (son) Patrick J. Kennedy II (son) Joseph P. Kennedy Sr. (father) Rose Kennedy (mother) Joseph P. Kennedy Jr. (brother) John F. Kennedy (brother presidency) Rosemary Kennedy (sister) Kathleen Kennedy (sister) Eunice Kennedy Shriver (sister) Patricia Kennedy Lawford (sister) Robert F. Kennedy (brother) Jean Kennedy Smith (sister) Patrick J. Kennedy I (grandfather) John F. Fitzgerald (grandfather) Related Awards and honors Political positions Kennedy Compound Edward M. Kennedy Institute for the United States Senate Edward M. Kennedy Serve America Act Chappaquiddick incident Mary Jo Kopechne Friends of Ireland Chappaquiddick (2018 film) Category vteKennedy familyI.P. J. Kennedy (1858–1929) Joseph P. Kennedy Sr. (m.) Rose Fitzgerald II.Joseph P. Kennedy Sr. (1888–1969) Joseph P. Kennedy Jr. John F. Kennedy (m.) Jacqueline Bouvier Rosemary Kennedy Kathleen Kennedy (m.) William Cavendish, Marquess of Hartington Eunice Kennedy (m.) Sargent Shriver Patricia Kennedy (m./div.) Peter Lawford Robert F. Kennedy (m.) Ethel Skakel Jean Kennedy (m.) Stephen Edward Smith Edward M. "Ted" Kennedy (m./div. 1st) Joan Bennett; (m. 2nd) Victoria Reggie III.John F. Kennedy (1917–1963) Caroline Kennedy (m.) Edwin Schlossberg John F. Kennedy Jr. (m.) Carolyn Bessette Patrick Bouvier Kennedy Eunice Kennedy Shriver (1921–2009) Bobby Shriver Maria Shriver (m./div.) Arnold Schwarzenegger Timothy Shriver Mark Shriver Anthony Shriver Patricia Kennedy Lawford (1924–2006) Christopher Lawford Robert F. Kennedy (1925–1968) Kathleen Kennedy Townsend Joseph P. Kennedy II Robert F. Kennedy Jr. (m./sep.) Mary Richardson (m. 3rd) Cheryl Hines Michael LeMoyne Kennedy Kerry Kennedy (m./div.) Andrew Cuomo Christopher G. Kennedy Max Kennedy Douglas Harriman Kennedy Rory Kennedy (m.) Mark Bailey Jean Kennedy Smith (1928–2020) William Kennedy Smith Ted Kennedy (1932–2009) Kara Kennedy Edward M. Kennedy Jr. Patrick J. Kennedy (m.) Amy Kennedy V. Rose Schlossberg Tatiana Schlossberg Jack Schlossberg Katherine Schwarzenegger (m.) Chris Pratt Patrick Schwarzenegger Joseph P. Kennedy III Maeve Kennedy McKean Max Kennedy Jr. Related Hickory Hill Kennedy Compound Kennedy curse Merchandise Mart The Kennedys (museum) The Kennedys (miniseries) The Kennedys: After Camelot CategoryKennedy familym. = married; div. = divorced; sep. = separated. vteUnited States Ambassadors to Austria Austrian Empire (1838–1867) Muhlenberg Jenifer Stiles Webb McCurdy Foote Jackson Jones Motley Austro-Hungarian Empire (1867–1917) Watts Jay Orth Beale Kasson Phelps Taft J. Francis Lawton Grant Tripp Tower Harris McCormick Storer C. Francis Kerens Penfield Republic of Austria (1921–1938, 1946–present) Frazier Washburn Stockton Earle Messersmith Emmet Wiley Erhardt Donnelly Thompson Matthews Riddleberger MacArthur Humes Buchanan Wolf Kaiser Cummings von Damm Lauder Grunwald Huffington Hunt Hall Brown McCaw Girard-diCarlo Eacho Wesner Traina Kennedy vteCurrent United States Ambassadors to the member states of the European Union Austria: Victoria Reggie Kennedy Belgium: Michael M. Adler Bulgaria: Kenneth H. Merten Croatia: Nathalie Rayes Cyprus: Julie D. Fisher Czech Republic: Bijan Sabet Denmark: Alan M. Leventhal Estonia: George P. Kent Finland: Doug Hickey France: Denise Bauer Germany: Amy Gutmann Greece: George James Tsunis Hungary: David Pressman Ireland: Claire D. Cronin Italy: Jack Markell Latvia: Christopher T. Robinson Lithuania: Kara McDonald Luxembourg: Tom Barrett Malta: Constance J. Milstein Netherlands: Shefali Razdan Duggal Poland: Mark Brzezinski Portugal: Randi Levine Romania: Kathleen A. Kavalec Slovakia: Gautam A. Rana Slovenia: Jamie Harpootlian Spain: Julissa Reynoso Pantaleón Sweden: Erik Ramanathan European Union: Mark Gitenstein Authority control databases International VIAF National Germany United States
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"United States Ambassador to Austria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ambassadors_of_the_United_States_to_Austria"},{"link_name":"U.S. senator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._senator"},{"link_name":"Ted Kennedy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ted_Kennedy"},{"link_name":"Kennedy family","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kennedy_Family"},{"link_name":"Tulane University Law School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tulane_University_Law_School"},{"link_name":"Keck, Mahin & Cate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keck,_Mahin_%26_Cate"},{"link_name":"Joe Biden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Biden"},{"link_name":"John F. Kennedy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_F._Kennedy"},{"link_name":"Robert F. Kennedy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_F._Kennedy"}],"text":"Victoria Anne Kennedy (née Reggie; born February 26, 1954)[1] is an American diplomat, attorney, and activist who presently serves as the United States Ambassador to Austria since 2022. She is the widow and the second wife of longtime U.S. senator Ted Kennedy.A member of the Kennedy family through her late husband, Kennedy was born in Louisiana and became a practicing attorney after attending Tulane University Law School. As a partner at Keck, Mahin & Cate, she specialized in financial law. She was appointed as ambassador by President Joe Biden in 2021 and confirmed unanimously by the US Senate. She is a sister-in-law to former president John F. Kennedy and former Attorney General Robert F. Kennedy.","title":"Victoria Reggie Kennedy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Crowley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crowley,_Louisiana"},{"link_name":"Acadia Parish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acadia_Parish,_Louisiana"},{"link_name":"Louisiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louisiana"},{"link_name":"Louisiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louisiana"},{"link_name":"Democratic National committeewoman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_National_Committee"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYT1994-bank-family-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bg-series-ch5-3"},{"link_name":"Lebanese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lebanese_American"},{"link_name":"Maronites","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maronites"},{"link_name":"Lebanon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lebanon"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hersh-4"},{"link_name":"Roman Catholic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholicism"},{"link_name":"Denis Reggie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denis_Reggie"},{"link_name":"New Orleans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Orleans"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-people-92-5"},{"link_name":"1956 Democratic National Convention","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1956_Democratic_National_Convention"},{"link_name":"John F. Kennedy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_F._Kennedy"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TheLedger-6"},{"link_name":"Ted Kennedy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ted_Kennedy"},{"link_name":"1980 Democratic National Convention","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1980_Democratic_National_Convention"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-clymer-7"},{"link_name":"parochial schools","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parochial_school"},{"link_name":"Newcomb College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._Sophie_Newcomb_Memorial_College"},{"link_name":"Tulane University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tulane_University"},{"link_name":"Bachelor of Arts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bachelor_of_Arts"},{"link_name":"magna cum laude","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_honors#Types"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kidsandgunsbio-8"},{"link_name":"Phi Beta Kappa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phi_Beta_Kappa"},{"link_name":"Kappa Alpha Theta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kappa_Alpha_Theta"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-people-92-5"},{"link_name":"Juris Doctor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juris_Doctor"},{"link_name":"summa cum laude","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_honors#Types"},{"link_name":"Tulane University Law School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tulane_University_Law_School"},{"link_name":"Tulane Law Review","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tulane_Law_Review"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TP1995-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYT1995-10"}],"text":"The second of six children, Victoria Anne Reggie was born in Crowley in Acadia Parish in southwestern Louisiana. Her father, Edmund Reggie, was a Louisiana judge and banker, and her mother, Doris Ann Boustany, was a Democratic National committeewoman.[2][3] Reggie is of Lebanese descent, as all of her grandparents were Maronites from Lebanon who immigrated to the United States and later settled to Louisiana.[4] Reggie's grandparents became important members of the local Roman Catholic church, and later their children became involved in business and politics. Her brother is Denis Reggie, a photographer who popularized the genre of wedding photojournalism.Reggie's immediate family was wealthy because of money from her maternal family's interest in the Bunny Bread baking concern in New Orleans.[5] She was raised in a family that was constantly involved in politics and campaigns. At the 1956 Democratic National Convention, her father helped deliver his state for John F. Kennedy's unsuccessful bid for the vice-presidential nomination. Over time, John Kennedy developed a close social relationship with the Reggies.[6] Her mother cast the only Louisiana delegate vote for Ted Kennedy at the 1980 Democratic National Convention.[7]Victoria Reggie attended parochial schools growing up and was a straight-A student. She attended Newcomb College at Tulane University in New Orleans, where she graduated with a Bachelor of Arts in English, magna cum laude,[8] was elected to Phi Beta Kappa and was president of the Kappa Alpha Theta sorority.[5] She then received her Juris Doctor degree, summa cum laude in 1979 from Tulane University Law School. There she was a member of the Tulane Law Review. Her education at Tulane, along with twenty years of other Tulane tuition for her brothers and sisters, was paid for by scholarships awarded by a political ally of her father.[9][10]","title":"Early life and education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"clerked","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clerk_of_court"},{"link_name":"Robert Arthur Sprecher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Arthur_Sprecher"},{"link_name":"U.S. Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_Seventh_Circuit"},{"link_name":"Chicago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Victoria_Reggie_Kennedy_2002.jpg"}],"text":"After law school, Reggie clerked for Judge Robert Arthur Sprecher at the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit in Chicago. As an attorney, she specialized in banking law.Kennedy in 2002","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Brady Center to Prevent Gun Violence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brady_Center_to_Prevent_Gun_Violence"},{"link_name":"Stop Handgun Violence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stop_Handgun_Violence"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kidsandgunsbio-8"},{"link_name":"Catholic Democrats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_Democrats"}],"sub_title":"Gun control advocacy","text":"Kennedy is president and co-founder of Common Sense about Kids and Guns, an advocacy group begun in 1999 which seeks to reduce gun deaths and injuries to children in the U.S. She is a member of the board of trustees of the Brady Center to Prevent Gun Violence, and has served on the board of Stop Handgun Violence in Boston.[8] She is a board member of Catholic Democrats and authored the preface for their 2009 book The Catholic Case for Obama.","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYDailyNews-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Deval Patrick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deval_Patrick"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Paul G. Kirk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_G._Kirk"},{"link_name":"Martha Coakley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martha_Coakley"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Scott Brown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scott_Brown_(politician)"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Elizabeth Warren","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_Warren"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Anna Maria College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anna_Maria_College"},{"link_name":"Paxton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paxton,_Massachusetts"},{"link_name":"Robert Joseph McManus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Joseph_McManus"},{"link_name":"Diocese of Worcester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Worcester"},{"link_name":"pro-choice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pro-choice"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Barack Obama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama"},{"link_name":"United States Postal Service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Postal_Service"},{"link_name":"Board of Governors of the United States Postal Service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Board_of_Governors_of_the_United_States_Postal_Service"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DMNJuly2014-22"}],"sub_title":"Activities","text":"Reports indicated that the Senator Kennedy expressed the wish that his wife would succeed him in office,[11] and speculation towards that possibility continued during his illness.[12]Upon his death, some thought that she would be appointed by then-Governor Deval Patrick to take the Senator's seat until the special election could take place, but she declined[13][14][15] and the governor instead appointed long-time Kennedy associate Paul G. Kirk. Some Democratic officials hoped she would agree to run for Senate to finish out her husband's term, but she declined again and instead endorsed Martha Coakley for the special election to fill the vacant seat.[16] Coakley was defeated by Scott Brown. A year later, speculation continued as some noted Democrats saw her as their best chance to take back Senator Kennedy's former seat from Brown and the Republicans in the 2012 election;[17] however, she again declined,[18] and the Democratic nomination was awarded to Elizabeth Warren, who went on to defeat Brown in November 2012.[19]Kennedy was invited to speak at the spring commencement of the Catholic Anna Maria College in Paxton, Massachusetts, but at the request of Bishop Robert Joseph McManus of the Diocese of Worcester, Kennedy was disinvited by the college. The bishop and other Catholic organizations had expressed reservations about a stalwart pro-choice advocate like Kennedy speaking at a Catholic university.[20]In February 2014, U.S. President Barack Obama nominated her to serve as a governor of the United States Postal Service (a member of the Board of Governors of the United States Postal Service), for a term expiring December 8, 2016. Had she been confirmed, Kennedy would assume the board seat being vacated by Carolyn L. Gallagher. The nomination expired with the end of Obama's term as president.[21][22]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Joe Biden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Biden"},{"link_name":"Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary to Austria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ambassadors_of_the_United_States_to_Austria"},{"link_name":"Alexander Van der Bellen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Van_der_Bellen"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"Senate Foreign Relations Committee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Foreign_Relations"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"voice vote","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voice_vote"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"Edward M. Kennedy Institute for the United States Senate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_M._Kennedy_Institute_for_the_United_States_Senate"},{"link_name":"Stephen Breyer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Breyer"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"Vienna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vienna"},{"link_name":"Alexander Van der Bellen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Van_der_Bellen"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"}],"sub_title":"U.S. ambassador to Austria","text":"In 2021, U.S. President Joe Biden nominated Kennedy to serve as the Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary to Austria. In mid-June, the office of Austrian President Alexander Van der Bellen had confirmed the required \"agreement\" for Kennedy's appointment was issued.[23] On October 5, 2021, a hearing on her nomination was held before the Senate Foreign Relations Committee.[24] On October 19, 2021, her nomination was reported favorably out of committee.[25] On October 26, 2021, Kennedy was confirmed by the Senate by voice vote.[26] Her swearing in as the United States Ambassador to Austria took place at Edward M. Kennedy Institute for the United States Senate on November 16, 2021, with Supreme Court Justice Stephen Breyer administering her oath of office.[27] She arrived in Vienna on January 7, 2022, and presented her credentials to President Alexander Van der Bellen on January 12, 2022.[28][29]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"telecommunications","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunication"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hersh-4"},{"link_name":"Charter Communications","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charter_Communications"},{"link_name":"St. Louis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Louis,_Missouri"},{"link_name":"Missouri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missouri"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"Everett McKinley Dirksen Federal Courthouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dirksen_Federal_Building"},{"link_name":"Washington, D.C.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington,_D.C."},{"link_name":"savings and loan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Savings_and_loan_association"},{"link_name":"bankruptcy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bankruptcy"},{"link_name":"Keck, Mahin & Cate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keck,_Mahin_%26_Cate"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bg-series-ch5-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hersh-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hersh-4"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bg-series-ch5-3"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYT1994-bank-family-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYT1994-bank-family-2"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WaPo-31"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bg-series-ch5-3"}],"text":"She met her first husband, Grier C. Raclin, a telecommunications attorney[4] (who later became a senior executive at Charter Communications in St. Louis, Missouri),[30] when they clerked together at the Everett McKinley Dirksen Federal Courthouse. Their 1981 church wedding was in Crowley and \"feted four hundred guests with a week's worth of parties.\"Following marriage, the couple moved to Washington, D.C., where she practiced banking and savings and loan law and restructuring and bankruptcy law for Keck, Mahin & Cate.[3][4] She was made partner there, and was known to be \"charismatic and hard-driving\" and a tough negotiator in settlement talks[4] and \"as a real star\" for her ability to work on complicated financial transactions.[3] Reggie and Raclin had two children, Curran (born 1982) and Caroline (born 1985).[2] They were divorced in 1990.[2][31] Upon her divorce, she was left to juggle her career as a lawyer with her role as a single mother of two young children.[3]","title":"Personal life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bg-series-ch5-3"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-clymer-7"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-clymer-7"},{"link_name":"McLean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McLean,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bg-series-ch5-3"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TheLedger-6"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bg-series-ch5-3"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TheLedger-6"},{"link_name":"1994 senatorial re-election campaign","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Senate_election_in_Massachusetts,_1994"},{"link_name":"moderate Republican","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rockefeller_Republican"},{"link_name":"Mitt Romney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitt_Romney"},{"link_name":"The New York Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYT1994-bank-family-2"},{"link_name":"Boston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston"},{"link_name":"Massachusetts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts"},{"link_name":"New England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_England"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hersh-4"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TheLedger-6"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TheLedger-6"},{"link_name":"brain cancer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brain_cancer"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TheLedger-6"}],"sub_title":"Marriage to Ted Kennedy","text":"Kennedy and Reggie began dating in June 1991[32] after meeting at a party celebrating her parents' 40th wedding anniversary.[3] Ted Kennedy said of this meeting, \"I had known Vicki before, but this was the first time I think I really saw her.\"[7] The relationship became serious in September 1991.[7] They were engaged in March 1992, and married July 3, 1992, in a civil ceremony at his home in McLean, Virginia.[33] His political career had suffered from a long period of womanizing, drinking, and adverse publicity, and she is credited with stabilizing his personal life and helping him resume a productive career in the Senate.[3][6] Kennedy was devoted to her two children.[3][6]In Ted Kennedy's 1994 senatorial re-election campaign against moderate Republican Mitt Romney, she was credited by The New York Times with \"giving him a political advantage in a difficult contest.\"[2] For a Boston, Massachusetts, reception she organized, 1,200 influential New England women met five of Kennedy's Senate colleagues.[4] Kennedy became Ted's principal assistant and closest political advisor.[6] By 1997, she no longer practiced law.[6] Following Ted Kennedy's May 2008 diagnosis of brain cancer, Kennedy became his primary caregiver.[6]","title":"Personal life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"\"The Kennedys\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20090313091721/http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/kennedys/sfeature/sf_tree_text.html"},{"link_name":"American Experience","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Experience"},{"link_name":"PBS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_Broadcasting_Service"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/kennedys/sfeature/sf_tree_text.html"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-NYT1994-bank-family_2-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-NYT1994-bank-family_2-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-NYT1994-bank-family_2-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-NYT1994-bank-family_2-3"},{"link_name":"\"The 1994 Campaign; 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delay\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//thehill.com/homenews/senate/578574-senate-confirms-four-more-of-bidens-ambassadors"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-27"},{"link_name":"\"Edward M. Kennedy Institute Hosts Victoria Reggie Kennedy's swearing-in as Ambassador to Austria, names her President Emerita\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.emkinstitute.org/about/newsroom/press-releases/victoria-reggie-kennedy-ambassador-2021"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-28"},{"link_name":"\"Designierte US-Botschafterin Victoria Reggie Kennedy in Wien gelandet\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.ots.at/presseaussendung/OTS_20220107_OTS0036/designierte-us-botschafterin-victoria-reggie-kennedy-in-wien-gelandet-bild"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-29"},{"link_name":"\"Today, I was honored to meet President Alexander @vanderbellen and present my credentials. I look forward to working hard to strengthen our bilateral ties with Austria!\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//x.com/USAmbAustria/status/1481272340449267715"},{"link_name":"Tweet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tweet_(social_media)"},{"link_name":"Twitter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-30"},{"link_name":"\"Corporate Governance — Biography; Grier C. Raclin — Executive Vice President and Chief Administrative Officer\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//phx.corporate-ir.net/phoenix.zhtml?c=112298&p=irol-govBio&ID=142678"},{"link_name":"Charter Communications","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charter_Communications"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-WaPo_31-0"},{"link_name":"The Washington Post","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Washington_Post"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-32"},{"link_name":"The Washington Post","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Washington_Post"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-33"},{"link_name":"\"Ted Kennedy, Victoria Reggie Wed\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//apnews.com/article/c9522941e53d58c1fac5d80f197a6f03"}],"text":"^ \"The Kennedys\". American Experience. PBS. October 2, 2003. Archived from the original (film; transcript available) on March 13, 2009. Retrieved March 5, 2009.\n\n^ a b c d Rimer, Sarah (September 24, 1994). \"The 1994 Campaign; Kennedy's Wife Is Giving Him a Political Advantage in a Difficult Contest\". The New York Times. Retrieved August 29, 2009.\n\n^ a b c d e f g Kahn, Joseph P. (February 19, 2009). \"An Untidy Private Life, Then a Turn to Stability\". The Boston Globe. Retrieved February 20, 2009.\n\n^ a b c d e Hersh, Burton (1997). The Shadow President: Ted Kennedy in Opposition. Steerforth Press. pp. 105–109. ISBN 1-883642-30-2.\n\n^ a b Gliatto, Tom (March 30, 1992). \"Time to Marry? Right, Said Ted\". People. Retrieved August 29, 2009.\n\n^ a b c d e f Romano, Lois (June 7, 2008). \"Senator's Wife Is His First Mate, Adviser and Caregiver\". The Washington Post via The Ledger. Archived from the original on September 1, 2009. Retrieved August 29, 2009.\n\n^ a b c Adam Clymer (1999). Edward M. Kennedy: A Biography. William Morrow. pp. 492–493. ISBN 0-688-14285-0.\n\n^ a b \"Common Sense about Kids and Guns: Kennedy Bio\". Archived from the original on September 7, 2006. Retrieved August 4, 2006. Mrs. Kennedy received her undergraduate degree, a B.A. magna cum laude, from Newcomb College of Tulane University, in New Orleans, where she was elected to Phi Beta Kappa and other honor societies and was involved in student government. She was graduated summa cum laude from the Tulane Law School in 1979, where she was an editor of the Tulane Law Review and was inducted in the Order of the Coif. In May 1998, Mrs. Kennedy received an Honorary Doctor of Laws degree from the Suffolk University Law School in Boston for her service to her community.\n\n^ Tyler, Bridges (October 15, 1995). \"Records Reveal More Perks to the Powerful; The Tulane Scholarship Scandal Part II\". The Times-Picayune.\n\n^ \"Louisiana Scholarships Have Political Pedigree\". The New York Times. October 17, 1995. Retrieved October 28, 2008.\n\n^ Bishop, Ian (May 22, 2008). \"Ted Kennedy: I'd Like Wife to Take Seat\". Daily News.\n\n^ Fee, Gayle; Raposa, Laura (February 20, 2009). \"Is Vicki Kennedy Ready to Succeed?\". Boston Herald. Retrieved August 29, 2009.\n\n^ Parnes, Amie (August 29, 2009). \"Next Step Not Clear for Vicki Kennedy\". The Politico. Accessed 2009-09-01.\n\n^ Healy, Orla (August 30, 2009). \"Race to Follow Ted Waits for Family to Make up their Minds\". Irish Independent. Accessed 2009-09-01.\n\n^ LeBlanc, Steve (August 30, 2009). \"Push begins to choose successor to Ted Kennedy's Senate seat\". AP via masslive.com. Retrieved August 30, 2010.\n\n^ \"Victoria Kennedy endorses Martha Coakley in race for Ted Kennedy's Senate seat\". AP via masslive.com. January 7, 2010. Retrieved August 30, 2010.\n\n^ Akers, Mary Ann; Philip Rucker (August 15, 2010). \"Prominent Democrats want Kennedy's widow to run for his Senate seat\". The Washington Post. Retrieved August 30, 2010.\n\n^ Lehigh, Scot (January 12, 2011). \"A word with Kennedy\". The Boston Globe. Retrieved June 18, 2012.\n\n^ Seelye, Katharine Q. (June 2, 2012). \"Warren Fends Off Party Challenger in Massachusetts Race\". The New York Times. Retrieved June 18, 2012.\n\n^ \"Catholic College Cancels Kennedy as Commencement Speaker at Request of Bishop « Campus Notes\". Archived from the original on May 12, 2012. Retrieved May 9, 2012.\n\n^ Presidential Nominations Sent to the Senate | whitehouse.gov\n\n^ Urbanski, Al (July 15, 2014). \"Postal Board Nominees Would Hand Rate-Setting Authority to USPS\". Direct Marketing News. Archived from the original on July 17, 2014. Retrieved August 7, 2014. Attorney and consultant Victoria Reggie Kennedy, widow of Sen. Ted Kennedy, said she was cautious on the issue of raising rates and would defer judgment until she gains more experience on the board.\n\n^ Staff Writer (July 14, 2021). \"Austria approves Victoria Kennedy as new US envoy, report says\". The Boston Globe. The Associated Press. Retrieved July 14, 2021.\n\n^ \"PN1031 - Nomination of Victoria Reggie Kennedy for Department of State, 117th Congress (2021-2022)\". www.congress.gov. 2021-10-26. Retrieved 2021-11-10.\n\n^ \"SFRC Approves 33 Critical Foreign Policy Nominations\" (Press release). Washington, D.C.: United States Senate Committee on Foreign Relations. October 19, 2021. Retrieved November 9, 2021.\n\n^ Kelly, Laura (October 26, 2021). \"Senate confirms four Biden ambassadors after delay\". The Hill. Retrieved October 26, 2021.\n\n^ \"Edward M. Kennedy Institute Hosts Victoria Reggie Kennedy's swearing-in as Ambassador to Austria, names her President Emerita\" (Press release). Communications Department. Edward M. Kennedy Institute. December 14, 2021. Retrieved January 7, 2022.\n\n^ Burton, Alice (January 7, 2022). \"Designierte US-Botschafterin Victoria Reggie Kennedy in Wien gelandet\" (in German). APA-OTS. Retrieved January 7, 2022.\n\n^ @USAmbAustria (January 12, 2022). \"Today, I was honored to meet President Alexander @vanderbellen and present my credentials. I look forward to working hard to strengthen our bilateral ties with Austria!\" (Tweet) – via Twitter.\n\n^ Staff writer (Undated). \"Corporate Governance — Biography; Grier C. Raclin — Executive Vice President and Chief Administrative Officer\". Charter Communications. Accessed September 1, 2009.\n\n^ Blumenfeld, Laura. (1992-03-20, page b.01). \"Victoria Reggie, Ready for Teddy; Her Friends and Family Agree. She's Perfect for Him\", The Washington Post.\n\n^ Trueheart, Charles (1992-03-15, page A.05). \"Kennedy Announces Plans to Wed Washington Lawyer.\" The Washington Post.\n\n^ \"Ted Kennedy, Victoria Reggie Wed\". AP News. Retrieved July 11, 2021.","title":"Footnotes"}]
[{"image_text":"Kennedy in 2002","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Victoria_Reggie_Kennedy_2002.jpg/220px-Victoria_Reggie_Kennedy_2002.jpg"}]
null
[{"reference":"\"The Kennedys\". American Experience. PBS. October 2, 2003. Archived from the original (film; transcript available) on March 13, 2009. Retrieved March 5, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090313091721/http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/kennedys/sfeature/sf_tree_text.html","url_text":"\"The Kennedys\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Experience","url_text":"American Experience"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_Broadcasting_Service","url_text":"PBS"},{"url":"https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/kennedys/sfeature/sf_tree_text.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Rimer, Sarah (September 24, 1994). \"The 1994 Campaign; Kennedy's Wife Is Giving Him a Political Advantage in a Difficult Contest\". The New York Times. Retrieved August 29, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9E00EEDF123AF937A1575AC0A962958260&sec=&spon=","url_text":"\"The 1994 Campaign; Kennedy's Wife Is Giving Him a Political Advantage in a Difficult Contest\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"}]},{"reference":"Kahn, Joseph P. (February 19, 2009). \"An Untidy Private Life, Then a Turn to Stability\". The Boston Globe. Retrieved February 20, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.boston.com/news/nation/articles/2009/02/19/chapter_5_trials__redemption?mode=PF","url_text":"\"An Untidy Private Life, Then a Turn to Stability\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Boston_Globe","url_text":"The Boston Globe"}]},{"reference":"Hersh, Burton (1997). The Shadow President: Ted Kennedy in Opposition. Steerforth Press. pp. 105–109. ISBN 1-883642-30-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/shadowpresidentt00hers/page/105","url_text":"The Shadow President: Ted Kennedy in Opposition"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Steerforth_Press&action=edit&redlink=1","url_text":"Steerforth Press"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/shadowpresidentt00hers/page/105","url_text":"105–109"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-883642-30-2","url_text":"1-883642-30-2"}]},{"reference":"Gliatto, Tom (March 30, 1992). \"Time to Marry? Right, Said Ted\". People. Retrieved August 29, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tom_Gliatto&action=edit&redlink=1","url_text":"Gliatto, Tom"},{"url":"http://www.people.com/people/archive/article/0,,20112307,00.html","url_text":"\"Time to Marry? Right, Said Ted\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People_(magazine)","url_text":"People"}]},{"reference":"Romano, Lois (June 7, 2008). \"Senator's Wife Is His First Mate, Adviser and Caregiver\". The Washington Post via The Ledger. Archived from the original on September 1, 2009. Retrieved August 29, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090901112931/http://www.theledger.com/article/20080607/NEWS/806070382/1326%26","url_text":"\"Senator's Wife Is His First Mate, Adviser and Caregiver\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Washington_Post","url_text":"The Washington Post"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Ledger","url_text":"The Ledger"},{"url":"http://www.theledger.com/article/20080607/NEWS/806070382/1326%26","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Common Sense about Kids and Guns: Kennedy Bio\". Archived from the original on September 7, 2006. Retrieved August 4, 2006. Mrs. Kennedy received her undergraduate degree, a B.A. magna cum laude, from Newcomb College of Tulane University, in New Orleans, where she was elected to Phi Beta Kappa and other honor societies and was involved in student government. She was graduated summa cum laude from the Tulane Law School in 1979, where she was an editor of the Tulane Law Review and was inducted in the Order of the Coif. In May 1998, Mrs. Kennedy received an Honorary Doctor of Laws degree from the Suffolk University Law School in Boston for her service to her community.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20060907052230/http://www.kidsandguns.org/familyroom/bios.asp","url_text":"\"Common Sense about Kids and Guns: Kennedy Bio\""},{"url":"http://www.kidsandguns.org/familyroom/bios.asp","url_text":"the original"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_the_Coif","url_text":"Order of the Coif"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suffolk_University_Law_School","url_text":"Suffolk University Law School"}]},{"reference":"Tyler, Bridges (October 15, 1995). \"Records Reveal More Perks to the Powerful; The Tulane Scholarship Scandal Part II\". The Times-Picayune.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Times-Picayune","url_text":"The Times-Picayune"}]},{"reference":"\"Louisiana Scholarships Have Political Pedigree\". The New York Times. October 17, 1995. Retrieved October 28, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=990CEFD81F3FF934A25753C1A963958260&sec=&spon=&partner=permalink&exprod=permalink","url_text":"\"Louisiana Scholarships Have Political Pedigree\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"}]},{"reference":"Bishop, Ian (May 22, 2008). \"Ted Kennedy: I'd Like Wife to Take Seat\". Daily News.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nydailynews.com/news/us_world/2008/05/22/2008-05-22_ted_kennedy_id_like_wife_to_take_seat.html","url_text":"\"Ted Kennedy: I'd Like Wife to Take Seat\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daily_News_(New_York)","url_text":"Daily News"}]},{"reference":"Fee, Gayle; Raposa, Laura (February 20, 2009). \"Is Vicki Kennedy Ready to Succeed?\". Boston Herald. Retrieved August 29, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bostonherald.com/track/inside_track/view/2009_02_20_Is_Vicki_Kennedy_ready_to_succeed_/srvc=home&position=3","url_text":"\"Is Vicki Kennedy Ready to Succeed?\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Herald","url_text":"Boston Herald"}]},{"reference":"LeBlanc, Steve (August 30, 2009). \"Push begins to choose successor to Ted Kennedy's Senate seat\". AP via masslive.com. Retrieved August 30, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.masslive.com/news/index.ssf/2009/08/push_begins_to_choose_successo.html","url_text":"\"Push begins to choose successor to Ted Kennedy's Senate seat\""}]},{"reference":"\"Victoria Kennedy endorses Martha Coakley in race for Ted Kennedy's Senate seat\". AP via masslive.com. January 7, 2010. Retrieved August 30, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.masslive.com/news/index.ssf/2010/01/victoria_kennedy_endorses_mart.html","url_text":"\"Victoria Kennedy endorses Martha Coakley in race for Ted Kennedy's Senate seat\""}]},{"reference":"Akers, Mary Ann; Philip Rucker (August 15, 2010). \"Prominent Democrats want Kennedy's widow to run for his Senate seat\". The Washington Post. Retrieved August 30, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/08/14/AR2010081402970.html","url_text":"\"Prominent Democrats want Kennedy's widow to run for his Senate seat\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Washington_Post","url_text":"The Washington Post"}]},{"reference":"Lehigh, Scot (January 12, 2011). \"A word with Kennedy\". The Boston Globe. Retrieved June 18, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.boston.com/news/politics/articles/2011/01/12/a_word_with_kennedy/","url_text":"\"A word with Kennedy\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Boston_Globe","url_text":"The Boston Globe"}]},{"reference":"Seelye, Katharine Q. (June 2, 2012). \"Warren Fends Off Party Challenger in Massachusetts Race\". The New York Times. Retrieved June 18, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2012/06/03/us/politics/elizabeth-warren-seeks-to-revive-senate-campaign.html","url_text":"\"Warren Fends Off Party Challenger in Massachusetts Race\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"}]},{"reference":"\"Catholic College Cancels Kennedy as Commencement Speaker at Request of Bishop « Campus Notes\". Archived from the original on May 12, 2012. Retrieved May 9, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120512045037/http://blog.cardinalnewmansociety.org/2012/03/30/catholic-college-cancels-kennedy-as-commencement-speaker-at-request-of-bishop/","url_text":"\"Catholic College Cancels Kennedy as Commencement Speaker at Request of Bishop « Campus Notes\""},{"url":"http://blog.cardinalnewmansociety.org/2012/03/30/catholic-college-cancels-kennedy-as-commencement-speaker-at-request-of-bishop/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Urbanski, Al (July 15, 2014). \"Postal Board Nominees Would Hand Rate-Setting Authority to USPS\". Direct Marketing News. Archived from the original on July 17, 2014. Retrieved August 7, 2014. Attorney and consultant Victoria Reggie Kennedy, widow of Sen. Ted Kennedy, said she was cautious on the issue of raising rates and would defer judgment until she gains more experience on the board.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140717191951/http://www.dmnews.com/postal-board-nominees-would-hand-rate-setting-authority-to-usps/article/360875/","url_text":"\"Postal Board Nominees Would Hand Rate-Setting Authority to USPS\""},{"url":"http://www.dmnews.com/postal-board-nominees-would-hand-rate-setting-authority-to-usps/article/360875/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Staff Writer (July 14, 2021). \"Austria approves Victoria Kennedy as new US envoy, report says\". The Boston Globe. The Associated Press. Retrieved July 14, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bostonglobe.com/2021/07/14/world/report-austria-approves-victoria-kennedy-new-us-envoy/","url_text":"\"Austria approves Victoria Kennedy as new US envoy, report says\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Boston_Globe","url_text":"The Boston Globe"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Associated_Press","url_text":"The Associated Press"}]},{"reference":"\"PN1031 - Nomination of Victoria Reggie Kennedy for Department of State, 117th Congress (2021-2022)\". www.congress.gov. 2021-10-26. Retrieved 2021-11-10.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.congress.gov/nomination/117th-congress/1031","url_text":"\"PN1031 - Nomination of Victoria Reggie Kennedy for Department of State, 117th Congress (2021-2022)\""}]},{"reference":"\"SFRC Approves 33 Critical Foreign Policy Nominations\" (Press release). Washington, D.C.: United States Senate Committee on Foreign Relations. October 19, 2021. Retrieved November 9, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.foreign.senate.gov/press/chair/release/sfrc-approves-33-critical-foreign-policy-nominations-","url_text":"\"SFRC Approves 33 Critical Foreign Policy Nominations\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Foreign_Relations","url_text":"United States Senate Committee on Foreign Relations"}]},{"reference":"Kelly, Laura (October 26, 2021). \"Senate confirms four Biden ambassadors after delay\". The Hill. Retrieved October 26, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://thehill.com/homenews/senate/578574-senate-confirms-four-more-of-bidens-ambassadors","url_text":"\"Senate confirms four Biden ambassadors after delay\""}]},{"reference":"\"Edward M. Kennedy Institute Hosts Victoria Reggie Kennedy's swearing-in as Ambassador to Austria, names her President Emerita\" (Press release). Communications Department. Edward M. Kennedy Institute. December 14, 2021. Retrieved January 7, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.emkinstitute.org/about/newsroom/press-releases/victoria-reggie-kennedy-ambassador-2021","url_text":"\"Edward M. Kennedy Institute Hosts Victoria Reggie Kennedy's swearing-in as Ambassador to Austria, names her President Emerita\""}]},{"reference":"Burton, Alice (January 7, 2022). \"Designierte US-Botschafterin Victoria Reggie Kennedy in Wien gelandet\" (in German). APA-OTS. Retrieved January 7, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ots.at/presseaussendung/OTS_20220107_OTS0036/designierte-us-botschafterin-victoria-reggie-kennedy-in-wien-gelandet-bild","url_text":"\"Designierte US-Botschafterin Victoria Reggie Kennedy in Wien gelandet\""}]},{"reference":"@USAmbAustria (January 12, 2022). \"Today, I was honored to meet President Alexander @vanderbellen and present my credentials. I look forward to working hard to strengthen our bilateral ties with Austria!\" (Tweet) – via Twitter.","urls":[{"url":"https://x.com/USAmbAustria/status/1481272340449267715","url_text":"\"Today, I was honored to meet President Alexander @vanderbellen and present my credentials. I look forward to working hard to strengthen our bilateral ties with Austria!\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tweet_(social_media)","url_text":"Tweet"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter","url_text":"Twitter"}]},{"reference":"\"Ted Kennedy, Victoria Reggie Wed\". AP News. Retrieved July 11, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://apnews.com/article/c9522941e53d58c1fac5d80f197a6f03","url_text":"\"Ted Kennedy, Victoria Reggie Wed\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Procelsterna_cerulea
Blue noddy
["1 Taxonomy","2 Description","3 References"]
Species of bird Blue noddy Conservation status Least Concern  (IUCN 3.1) Scientific classification Domain: Eukaryota Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Aves Order: Charadriiformes Family: Laridae Genus: Anous Species: A. ceruleus Binomial name Anous ceruleus(Bennett, FD, 1840) Synonyms Procelsterna cerulea (Bennett, 1840) The blue noddy or hinaokū or manuohina (Anous ceruleus) is a seabird in the family Laridae. It is also known as the blue-grey noddy. It is found in American Samoa, the Cook Islands, Fiji, French Polynesia, Kiribati, Marshall Islands, New Caledonia, Samoa, Tonga (Niua), Tuvalu and Hawaii. It has occurred as a vagrant in Australia and Japan. Its natural habitat is open, shallow seas in tropical and subtropical regions. Taxonomy The first formal description of the blue noddy was by Frederick Debell Bennett in 1840 under the binomial name Sterna cerulea. The specific name ceruleus is Latin for "dark blue". The blue noddy was formerly placed in the genus Procelsterna. A molecular phylogenetic study published in 2016 found that the five noddies formed a single clade with the blue noddy and the grey noddy in Procelsterna nested between the species in the genus Anous. The authors proposed that the noddies should be merged into a single genus Anous and that Procelsterna should be considered as a junior synonym. A seabird observed at Necker Island, the French Frigate Shoals, and Nihoa during a cruise through the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands by the United States Fish Commission research ship USFC Albatross in 1902 originally was thought to be new to science and was given the scientific name Procelsterna saxatalis and the popular name Necker Island tern. It later was reclassified as a subspecies of the blue noddy. There are five subspecies: A. c. saxatilis (Fisher, 1903): Marcus Island & north Marshall Islands to the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands A. c. ceruleus (Bennett, 1840): Kiritimati Island & the Marquesas Islands A. c. nebouxi (Mathews, 1912): Phoenix Islands, Tuvalu, Fiji & the Samoan Islands A. c. teretirostris (Lafresnaye, 1841):Tuamotu Archipelago, Cook, Austral & Society Islands A. c. murphyi (Mougin & Naurois, 1981): Gambier Islands (French Polynesia) The grey noddy (Anous albivitta) replaces it to the south of its range; the two were formerly considered to be a single species but are now often split. Description The blue noddy is 25–28 cm (9.8–11.0 in) in length and has a wingspan of 46–60 cm (18–24 in). References ^ BirdLife International (2018). "Anous ceruleus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2018: e.T22727746A133493654. Retrieved 11 December 2023. ^ Gregg, Jason (12 May 2021). "Decolonizing Seabirds". Hakai Magazine. Archived from the original on 2021-05-12. Retrieved 2021-05-14. ^ Bennett, Frederick Debell (1840). Narrative of a Whaling Voyage Round the Globe, from the year 1833 to 1836. Vol. 2. London: Richard Bentley. pp. 248–249. ^ Jobling, James A. (2010). The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names. London: Christopher Helm. p. 83. ISBN 978-1-4081-2501-4. ^ Cibois, A.; Thibault, J.-C.; Rocamora, G.; Pasquet, E. (2016). "Molecular phylogeny and systematics of Blue and Grey Noddies (Procelsterna)". Ibis. 158 (2): 433–438. doi:10.1111/ibi.12363. ^ "Moku Manamana : Necker Island" (PDF). Georgehbalazs.com. p. 28. Retrieved 2022-03-07. ^ J. A. A (April 1903). "Fisher on a New Tern from Necker Island?". The Auk. 20 (2): 230–231. doi:10.2307/4069859. JSTOR 4069859. ^ Gill, Frank; Donsker, David, eds. (2023). "Noddies, gulls, terns, auks". World Bird List. 13.2. International Ornithologists' Union. Retrieved 11 December 2023. ^ Gochfeld, M.; Burger, J.; Garcia, E.F.J. "Blue Noddy (Procelsterna cerulea)". In del Hoyo, J.; Elliott, A.; Sargatal, J.; Christie, D.A.; de Juana, E. (eds.). Handbook of the Birds of the World Alive. Lynx Edicions. Retrieved 17 April 2017. Taxon identifiersProcelsterna cerulea Wikidata: Q76500 Wikispecies: Anous ceruleus ARKive: procelsterna-cerulea Avibase: D021AB6A1D78BCA6 BirdLife: 22727746 BOW: bugnod CoL: 4MMQH eBird: bugnod GBIF: 2481223 iNaturalist: 4573 IRMNG: 11131117 ITIS: 554390 NZOR: 3f5c1632-3e6d-4c3b-ac06-a9daaf1e9acb OBIS: 405103 Open Tree of Life: 304310 SeaLifeBase: 76998 WoRMS: 405103 Sterna cerulea Wikidata: Q62575856 GBIF: 8392133 Open Tree of Life: 7659040
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"seabird","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seabird"},{"link_name":"Laridae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laridae"},{"link_name":"American Samoa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Samoa"},{"link_name":"Cook Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cook_Islands"},{"link_name":"Fiji","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiji"},{"link_name":"French Polynesia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Polynesia"},{"link_name":"Kiribati","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiribati"},{"link_name":"Marshall Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marshall_Islands"},{"link_name":"New Caledonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Caledonia"},{"link_name":"Samoa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samoa"},{"link_name":"Tonga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonga"},{"link_name":"Tuvalu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuvalu"},{"link_name":"Hawaii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaii"},{"link_name":"vagrant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vagrancy_in_birds"},{"link_name":"Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia"},{"link_name":"Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan"},{"link_name":"habitat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Habitat"}],"text":"The blue noddy or hinaokū or manuohina[2] (Anous ceruleus) is a seabird in the family Laridae. It is also known as the blue-grey noddy.It is found in American Samoa, the Cook Islands, Fiji, French Polynesia, Kiribati, Marshall Islands, New Caledonia, Samoa, Tonga (Niua), Tuvalu and Hawaii. It has occurred as a vagrant in Australia and Japan. Its natural habitat is open, shallow seas in tropical and subtropical regions.","title":"Blue noddy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"formal description","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Species_description"},{"link_name":"binomial name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binomial_name"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"molecular phylogenetic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular_phylogenetic"},{"link_name":"clade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clade"},{"link_name":"grey noddy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grey_noddy"},{"link_name":"junior synonym","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synonym_(taxonomy)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Necker Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Necker_Island_(Hawaii)"},{"link_name":"French Frigate Shoals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Frigate_Shoals"},{"link_name":"Nihoa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nihoa"},{"link_name":"Northwestern Hawaiian Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northwestern_Hawaiian_Islands"},{"link_name":"United States Fish Commission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Fish_Commission"},{"link_name":"research ship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Research_ship"},{"link_name":"USFC Albatross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Albatross_(1882)"},{"link_name":"scientific name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_name"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"subspecies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subspecies"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ioc-8"},{"link_name":"Marcus Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcus_Island"},{"link_name":"Marshall Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marshall_Islands"},{"link_name":"Northwestern Hawaiian Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northwestern_Hawaiian_Islands"},{"link_name":"Kiritimati Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiritimati_Island"},{"link_name":"Marquesas Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marquesas_Islands"},{"link_name":"Mathews","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregory_Mathews"},{"link_name":"Phoenix Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoenix_Islands"},{"link_name":"Tuvalu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuvalu"},{"link_name":"Fiji","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiji"},{"link_name":"Samoan Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samoan_Islands"},{"link_name":"Lafresnaye","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_de_Lafresnaye"},{"link_name":"Tuamotu Archipelago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuamotu_Archipelago"},{"link_name":"Cook","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cook_Islands"},{"link_name":"Austral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austral_Islands"},{"link_name":"Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society_Islands"},{"link_name":"Naurois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_de_Naurois"},{"link_name":"Gambier Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gambier_Islands"},{"link_name":"French Polynesia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Polynesia"},{"link_name":"grey noddy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grey_noddy"}],"text":"The first formal description of the blue noddy was by Frederick Debell Bennett in 1840 under the binomial name Sterna cerulea.[3] The specific name ceruleus is Latin for \"dark blue\".[4]The blue noddy was formerly placed in the genus Procelsterna. A molecular phylogenetic study published in 2016 found that the five noddies formed a single clade with the blue noddy and the grey noddy in Procelsterna nested between the species in the genus Anous. The authors proposed that the noddies should be merged into a single genus Anous and that Procelsterna should be considered as a junior synonym.[5]A seabird observed at Necker Island, the French Frigate Shoals, and Nihoa during a cruise through the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands by the United States Fish Commission research ship USFC Albatross in 1902 originally was thought to be new to science and was given the scientific name Procelsterna saxatalis and the popular name Necker Island tern. It later was reclassified as a subspecies of the blue noddy.[6][7]\nThere are five subspecies:[8]A. c. saxatilis (Fisher, 1903): Marcus Island & north Marshall Islands to the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands\nA. c. ceruleus (Bennett, 1840): Kiritimati Island & the Marquesas Islands\nA. c. nebouxi (Mathews, 1912): Phoenix Islands, Tuvalu, Fiji & the Samoan Islands\nA. c. teretirostris (Lafresnaye, 1841):Tuamotu Archipelago, Cook, Austral & Society Islands\nA. c. murphyi (Mougin & Naurois, 1981): Gambier Islands (French Polynesia)The grey noddy (Anous albivitta) replaces it to the south of its range; the two were formerly considered to be a single species but are now often split.","title":"Taxonomy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hbw-9"}],"text":"The blue noddy is 25–28 cm (9.8–11.0 in) in length and has a wingspan of 46–60 cm (18–24 in).[9]","title":"Description"}]
[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Hurst_(musician)
Robert Hurst (musician)
["1 Biography","2 Discography","2.1 As leader","2.2 As sideman","3 Film and video","4 References"]
American jazz bassist Robert L. Hurst, IIIHurst performing at The University of Michigan in 2014Background informationBirth nameRobert HurstBorn (1964-10-04) October 4, 1964 (age 59)Detroit, Michigan, U.S.GenresJazzOccupation(s)Musician, composer, educatorInstrument(s)Double bass, bass guitarYears active1980–presentWebsiteroberthurst.comMusical artist Robert Hurst (born October 4, 1964) is an American jazz bassist. Biography Hurst played guitar early in his career before concentrating on bass. He worked with Out of the Blue in 1985 and also did work with musicians such as Tony Williams, Mulgrew Miller, Harry Connick Jr., Geri Allen, Russell Malone, and Steve Coleman. From 1986 to 1991 Hurst played in Wynton Marsalis's ensemble, and played with Branford Marsalis in the early 1990s. He was also a member of The Tonight Show Band. His debut as a leader, 1993's Robert Hurst Presents, reached No. 13 on the Billboard Top Jazz Albums chart. He currently teaches jazz bass at the University of Michigan. Discography As leader Robert Hurst Presents: Robert Hurst (Columbia, 1992) One for Namesake (Sony, 1993) Unrehurst, Vol. 1 (Bebob, 2002) Unrehurst, Vol. 2 (Bebob, 2010) Bob Ya Head (Bebob, 2010) Bob: A Palindrome (Bebob, 2013) Black Current Jam (Dot Time, 2017) As sideman With Chris Botti 2005 To Love Again: The Duets 2009 Chris Botti in Boston 2012 Impressions With Donald Brown 1988 Early Bird 1991 People Music (Muse) With Diana Krall 2004 Live at the Montreal Jazz Festival 2005 Christmas Songs 2006 From This Moment On 2008 Christmas Hits & Duos 2009 Quiet Nights 2010 Doing All Right: In Concert With Ellis Marsalis Jr. 1990 Ellis Marsalis Trio 1993 Whistle Stop With Branford Marsalis 1987 Renaissance 1990 Crazy People Music 1990 Music from Mo' Better Blues 1991 Bloomington 1991 The Beautyful Ones Are Not Yet Born 1992 I Heard You Twice the First Time 2004 The Steep Anthology With Wynton Marsalis 1986 J Mood 1987 Live at Blues Alley (Wynton Marsalis album) 1987 Marsalis Standard Time, Vol. I 1988 Thick in the South: Soul Gestures in Southern Blue, Vol. 1 1990 Standard Time, Vol. 2: Intimacy Calling 2004 Trios 2007 Standards & Ballads With Greg Osby 2003 St. Louis Shoes 2004 Public With Out of the Blue 1985 Out of the Blue 1986 Inside Track With others 1986 Bemsha Swing, Woody Shaw 1988 20, Harry Connick Jr. 1988 Cipher Syntax, Strata Institute 1989 Bluestruck, Terumasa Hino 1989 Face to Face, Renee Rosnes 1989 Hard Groovin', Ricky Ford 1989 Scene One, Vincent Herring 1989 The Road Less Traveled, Marvin Smitty Smith 1990 From Day to Day, Mulgrew Miller 1991 Kenny Kirkland, Kenny Kirkland 1991 The Nurturer, Geri Allen 1992 Guitar on Top, Dave Stryker 1992 Russell Malone, Russell Malone 1993 In Focus, Bruce Barth 1994 Live at Bradley's, Kevin Eubanks 1995 Vanessa Rubin Sings, Vanessa Rubin 1995 West Coast Jazz Summit, Eric Reed 1996 King Shaman, Medwyn Goodall 1997 That Day..., Dianne Reeves 1998 In the Long Run, Dave Ellis 1998 Seasons 4 U, Lou Rawls 2000 Treasure Chest, Joe Gilman 2001 Big Wide Grin, Keb' Mo' 2001 Surfacing, John Beasley 2001 The Power of the String, Paul Jackson 2001 Vertigo, René Marie 2002 A Love Affair in Paris, Buddy Montgomery 2002 Blue Black, Jean Toussaint 2002 Jazz Is a Spirit, Terri Lyne Carrington 2002 New Light, Bill Mobley 2002 Pasa Tiempo, Joe Louis Walker 2003 Mapenzi, Ronald Muldrow 2003 Summertime, Mike Clark 2004 The Art of Five, Billy Cobham 2005 It's Time, Michael Bublé 2005 Jumping the Creek, Charles Lloyd 2005 SF Jazz Collective, SFJAZZ Collective 2005 Sings the Peggy Lee Songbook, Bette Midler 2006 Beyond the Wall, Kenny Garrett 2006 Kinesthetics, Scott Kinsey 2007 Collaborations, Jill Scott 2007 Mosaic Select: Tony Williams, Tony Williams 2008 Yo-Yo Ma & Friends: Songs of Joy & Peace, Yo-Yo Ma 2009 American Classic, Willie Nelson 2009 Love Is the Answer, Barbra Streisand 2010 ... Featuring Norah Jones, Norah Jones 2012 Kisses on the Bottom, Paul McCartney Film and video Steven Soderburgh – Ocean's Thirteen, 2007 Steven Soderburgh – The Good German, 2006 George Clooney – Good Night and Good Luck, 2005 Steven Soderburgh – Ocean's Twelve, 2004 Steven Soderburgh – Ocean's Eleven, 2000 MTV Films on VH–1 – Tamara Davis, Single Ladies, 2011 PBS Great Performances – Happy Birthday Ella: A Tribute to the First Lady of Song, 2007 HBO Green House Productions – Mackie Austin Hard Road Home, 2007 Sony Music Entertainment – Chris Botti in Boston, 2009 The Verve Music Group – Live at the Montreal Jazz Festival with Diana Krall, Verve, 2005 ABC – Their Eyes Were Watching God, 2005 Horn of the Moon Productions – Paco Farias Short Film, Broken, 2003 Brown Sugar – 2002 Men of Honor – 2000 Dinner with Friends – HBO Films. RL. Hurst musician, original score by Dave Grusin The Blue Lobster – Dogma 2000 Presentation The Wood – Paramount Pictures presents an MTV Films Production Beverly Hillbillies, Been There Done That, Theme & Soundtrack Spike Lee Clockers, Mo' Better Blues, Do the Right Thing – Soundtrack USC–Independent Productions – The Expendables, Featuring: Brother Try 'n Catch a Cab on the East Side Blues & Simi Valley Blues by Robert Hurst 20th Century Fox Film Co., Keenan Wayans – In Living Color Featuring: Detroit Red by Robert Hurst (A dance bumper for the Fly Girls) Acorn Productions, Bernie Casey – The Dinner CBS Music Video Enterprises: Wynton Marsalis–Blues & Swing Columbia Records & Pennebaker Associates, Inc., Branford Marsalis–The Music Tells You: Title track, Roust About Composed by Robert Hurst (Jazz Hall of Fame Inductee) Sony Music International Branford Marsalis – BB's Blues Chanticleer Films – Marco Williams – Without a Pass Featuring compositions by Robert Hurst (Cable Ace Award Nominee) References ^ Scott Yanow, Robert Hurst at AllMusic ^ Charts, Allmusic ^ "Robert Hurst". AllMusic. Retrieved March 2, 2017. ^ "Robert Hurst | Credits". AllMusic. Retrieved March 2, 2017. vteBranford Marsalis Quartet Branford Marsalis Joey Calderazzo Eric Revis Justin Faulkner Jeff "Tain" Watts Kenny Kirkland Robert Hurst Studio albums Random Abstract (1988) Crazy People Music (1990) Requiem (1999) I Heard You Twice the First Time (1992) Contemporary Jazz (2000) Footsteps of Our Fathers (2002) Romare Bearden Revealed (2003) Eternal (2004) Braggtown (2006) Upward Spiral (2016) The Secret Between the Shadow and the Soul (2019) Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF WorldCat National France BnF data Germany Israel United States Netherlands Artists MusicBrainz Other IdRef
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"jazz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jazz"}],"text":"Musical artistRobert Hurst (born October 4, 1964) is an American jazz bassist.","title":"Robert Hurst (musician)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Out of the Blue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Out_of_the_Blue_(American_band)"},{"link_name":"Tony Williams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Williams_(drummer)"},{"link_name":"Mulgrew Miller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mulgrew_Miller"},{"link_name":"Harry Connick Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Connick_Jr."},{"link_name":"Geri Allen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geri_Allen"},{"link_name":"Russell Malone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russell_Malone"},{"link_name":"Steve Coleman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Coleman"},{"link_name":"Wynton Marsalis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wynton_Marsalis"},{"link_name":"Branford Marsalis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Branford_Marsalis"},{"link_name":"The Tonight Show Band","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Tonight_Show_Band"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Billboard Top Jazz Albums","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_Top_Jazz_Albums"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"University of Michigan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Michigan"}],"text":"Hurst played guitar early in his career before concentrating on bass. He worked with Out of the Blue in 1985 and also did work with musicians such as Tony Williams, Mulgrew Miller, Harry Connick Jr., Geri Allen, Russell Malone, and Steve Coleman. From 1986 to 1991 Hurst played in Wynton Marsalis's ensemble, and played with Branford Marsalis in the early 1990s. He was also a member of The Tonight Show Band.[1] His debut as a leader, 1993's Robert Hurst Presents, reached No. 13 on the Billboard Top Jazz Albums chart.[2] He currently teaches jazz bass at the University of Michigan.","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Columbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_Records"},{"link_name":"Sony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sony_Music"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AM_discog-3"}],"sub_title":"As leader","text":"Robert Hurst Presents: Robert Hurst (Columbia, 1992)\nOne for Namesake (Sony, 1993)\nUnrehurst, Vol. 1 (Bebob, 2002)\nUnrehurst, Vol. 2 (Bebob, 2010)\nBob Ya Head (Bebob, 2010)\nBob: A Palindrome (Bebob, 2013)[3]\nBlack Current Jam (Dot Time, 2017)","title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chris Botti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Botti"},{"link_name":"To Love Again: The Duets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/To_Love_Again:_The_Duets"},{"link_name":"Chris Botti in Boston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Botti_in_Boston"},{"link_name":"Impressions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impressions_(Chris_Botti_album)"},{"link_name":"Donald Brown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Brown_(musician)"},{"link_name":"People Music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People_Music_(Donald_Brown_album)"},{"link_name":"Diana Krall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diana_Krall"},{"link_name":"Live at the Montreal Jazz Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Live_at_the_Montreal_Jazz_Festival"},{"link_name":"Christmas Songs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christmas_Songs_(Diana_Krall_album)"},{"link_name":"From This Moment On","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/From_This_Moment_On_(album)"},{"link_name":"Quiet Nights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quiet_Nights_(Diana_Krall_album)"},{"link_name":"Ellis Marsalis Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ellis_Marsalis_Jr."},{"link_name":"Branford Marsalis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Branford_Marsalis"},{"link_name":"Crazy People Music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crazy_People_Music"},{"link_name":"Music from Mo' Better Blues","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mo%27_Better_Blues#Music"},{"link_name":"Bloomington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloomington_(album)"},{"link_name":"The Beautyful Ones Are Not Yet Born","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Beautyful_Ones_Are_Not_Yet_Born_(album)"},{"link_name":"I Heard You Twice the First Time","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_Heard_You_Twice_the_First_Time"},{"link_name":"Wynton Marsalis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wynton_Marsalis"},{"link_name":"J Mood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J_Mood"},{"link_name":"Live at Blues Alley (Wynton Marsalis album)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Live_at_Blues_Alley_(Wynton_Marsalis_album)"},{"link_name":"Marsalis Standard Time, Vol. I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marsalis_Standard_Time,_Vol._I"},{"link_name":"Thick in the South: Soul Gestures in Southern Blue, Vol. 1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thick_in_the_South:_Soul_Gestures_in_Southern_Blue,_Vol._1"},{"link_name":"Standard Time, Vol. 2: Intimacy Calling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_Time,_Vol._2:_Intimacy_Calling"},{"link_name":"Greg Osby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greg_Osby"},{"link_name":"Out of the Blue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Out_of_the_Blue_(American_band)"},{"link_name":"Bemsha Swing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bemsha_Swing_(album)"},{"link_name":"Woody Shaw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woody_Shaw"},{"link_name":"20","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/20_(Harry_Connick_Jr._album)"},{"link_name":"Harry Connick Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Connick_Jr."},{"link_name":"Terumasa Hino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terumasa_Hino"},{"link_name":"Renee Rosnes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renee_Rosnes"},{"link_name":"Hard Groovin'","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hard_Groovin%27"},{"link_name":"Ricky Ford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ricky_Ford"},{"link_name":"Vincent Herring","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vincent_Herring"},{"link_name":"Marvin Smitty Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marvin_Smitty_Smith"},{"link_name":"From Day to Day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/From_Day_to_Day"},{"link_name":"Mulgrew Miller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mulgrew_Miller"},{"link_name":"Kenny Kirkland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenny_Kirkland_(album)"},{"link_name":"Kenny Kirkland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenny_Kirkland"},{"link_name":"The Nurturer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Nurturer"},{"link_name":"Geri Allen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geri_Allen"},{"link_name":"Dave Stryker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dave_Stryker"},{"link_name":"Russell Malone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russell_Malone"},{"link_name":"Bruce Barth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruce_Barth"},{"link_name":"Kevin Eubanks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kevin_Eubanks"},{"link_name":"Vanessa Rubin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanessa_Rubin"},{"link_name":"Eric Reed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_Reed_(musician)"},{"link_name":"Medwyn Goodall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medwyn_Goodall"},{"link_name":"Dianne Reeves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dianne_Reeves"},{"link_name":"Dave Ellis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dave_Ellis_(saxophonist)"},{"link_name":"Lou Rawls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lou_Rawls"},{"link_name":"Joe Gilman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Gilman"},{"link_name":"Big Wide Grin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Wide_Grin"},{"link_name":"Keb' Mo'","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keb%27_Mo%27"},{"link_name":"John Beasley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Beasley_(musician)"},{"link_name":"Paul Jackson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Jackson_(bassist)"},{"link_name":"René Marie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Marie"},{"link_name":"Buddy Montgomery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddy_Montgomery"},{"link_name":"Jean Toussaint","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Toussaint"},{"link_name":"Jazz Is a Spirit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jazz_Is_a_Spirit"},{"link_name":"Terri Lyne Carrington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terri_Lyne_Carrington"},{"link_name":"Bill Mobley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Mobley"},{"link_name":"Joe Louis Walker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Louis_Walker"},{"link_name":"Ronald Muldrow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_Muldrow"},{"link_name":"Mike Clark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Clark_(jazz_musician)"},{"link_name":"Billy Cobham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billy_Cobham"},{"link_name":"It's Time","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/It%27s_Time_(Michael_Bubl%C3%A9_album)"},{"link_name":"Michael Bublé","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Bubl%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"Jumping the Creek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jumping_the_Creek"},{"link_name":"Charles Lloyd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Lloyd_(jazz_musician)"},{"link_name":"SFJAZZ Collective","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SFJAZZ_Collective"},{"link_name":"Sings the Peggy Lee Songbook","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bette_Midler_Sings_the_Peggy_Lee_Songbook"},{"link_name":"Bette Midler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bette_Midler"},{"link_name":"Beyond the Wall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beyond_the_Wall_(album)"},{"link_name":"Kenny Garrett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenny_Garrett"},{"link_name":"Kinesthetics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinesthetics_(album)"},{"link_name":"Scott Kinsey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scott_Kinsey"},{"link_name":"Collaborations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collaborations_(Jill_Scott_album)"},{"link_name":"Jill Scott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jill_Scott_(singer)"},{"link_name":"Tony Williams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Williams_(drummer)"},{"link_name":"Yo-Yo Ma & Friends: Songs of Joy & Peace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Songs_of_Joy_%26_Peace"},{"link_name":"Yo-Yo Ma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yo-Yo_Ma"},{"link_name":"American Classic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Classic"},{"link_name":"Willie Nelson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willie_Nelson"},{"link_name":"Love Is the Answer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love_Is_the_Answer_(album)"},{"link_name":"Barbra Streisand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbra_Streisand"},{"link_name":"... Featuring Norah Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/..._Featuring_Norah_Jones"},{"link_name":"Norah Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norah_Jones"},{"link_name":"Kisses on the Bottom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kisses_on_the_Bottom"},{"link_name":"Paul McCartney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_McCartney"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AM_credits-4"}],"sub_title":"As sideman","text":"With Chris Botti2005 To Love Again: The Duets\n2009 Chris Botti in Boston\n2012 ImpressionsWith Donald Brown1988 Early Bird\n1991 People Music (Muse)With Diana Krall2004 Live at the Montreal Jazz Festival\n2005 Christmas Songs\n2006 From This Moment On\n2008 Christmas Hits & Duos\n2009 Quiet Nights\n2010 Doing All Right: In ConcertWith Ellis Marsalis Jr.1990 Ellis Marsalis Trio\n1993 Whistle StopWith Branford Marsalis1987 Renaissance\n1990 Crazy People Music\n1990 Music from Mo' Better Blues\n1991 Bloomington\n1991 The Beautyful Ones Are Not Yet Born\n1992 I Heard You Twice the First Time\n2004 The Steep AnthologyWith Wynton Marsalis1986 J Mood\n1987 Live at Blues Alley (Wynton Marsalis album)\n1987 Marsalis Standard Time, Vol. I\n1988 Thick in the South: Soul Gestures in Southern Blue, Vol. 1\n1990 Standard Time, Vol. 2: Intimacy Calling\n2004 Trios\n2007 Standards & BalladsWith Greg Osby2003 St. Louis Shoes\n2004 PublicWith Out of the Blue1985 Out of the Blue\n1986 Inside TrackWith others1986 Bemsha Swing, Woody Shaw\n1988 20, Harry Connick Jr.\n1988 Cipher Syntax, Strata Institute\n1989 Bluestruck, Terumasa Hino\n1989 Face to Face, Renee Rosnes\n1989 Hard Groovin', Ricky Ford\n1989 Scene One, Vincent Herring\n1989 The Road Less Traveled, Marvin Smitty Smith\n1990 From Day to Day, Mulgrew Miller\n1991 Kenny Kirkland, Kenny Kirkland\n1991 The Nurturer, Geri Allen\n1992 Guitar on Top, Dave Stryker\n1992 Russell Malone, Russell Malone\n1993 In Focus, Bruce Barth\n1994 Live at Bradley's, Kevin Eubanks\n1995 Vanessa Rubin Sings, Vanessa Rubin\n1995 West Coast Jazz Summit, Eric Reed\n1996 King Shaman, Medwyn Goodall\n1997 That Day..., Dianne Reeves\n1998 In the Long Run, Dave Ellis\n1998 Seasons 4 U, Lou Rawls\n2000 Treasure Chest, Joe Gilman\n2001 Big Wide Grin, Keb' Mo'\n2001 Surfacing, John Beasley\n2001 The Power of the String, Paul Jackson\n2001 Vertigo, René Marie\n2002 A Love Affair in Paris, Buddy Montgomery\n2002 Blue Black, Jean Toussaint\n2002 Jazz Is a Spirit, Terri Lyne Carrington\n2002 New Light, Bill Mobley\n2002 Pasa Tiempo, Joe Louis Walker\n2003 Mapenzi, Ronald Muldrow\n2003 Summertime, Mike Clark\n2004 The Art of Five, Billy Cobham\n2005 It's Time, Michael Bublé\n2005 Jumping the Creek, Charles Lloyd\n2005 SF Jazz Collective, SFJAZZ Collective\n2005 Sings the Peggy Lee Songbook, Bette Midler\n2006 Beyond the Wall, Kenny Garrett\n2006 Kinesthetics, Scott Kinsey\n2007 Collaborations, Jill Scott\n2007 Mosaic Select: Tony Williams, Tony Williams\n2008 Yo-Yo Ma & Friends: Songs of Joy & Peace, Yo-Yo Ma\n2009 American Classic, Willie Nelson\n2009 Love Is the Answer, Barbra Streisand\n2010 ... Featuring Norah Jones, Norah Jones\n2012 Kisses on the Bottom, Paul McCartney[4]","title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Steven Soderburgh – Ocean's Thirteen, 2007\nSteven Soderburgh – The Good German, 2006\nGeorge Clooney – Good Night and Good Luck, 2005\nSteven Soderburgh – Ocean's Twelve, 2004\nSteven Soderburgh – Ocean's Eleven, 2000\nMTV Films on VH–1 – Tamara Davis, Single Ladies, 2011\nPBS Great Performances – Happy Birthday Ella: A Tribute to the First Lady of Song, 2007\nHBO Green House Productions – Mackie Austin Hard Road Home, 2007\nSony Music Entertainment – Chris Botti in Boston, 2009\nThe Verve Music Group – Live at the Montreal Jazz Festival with Diana Krall, Verve, 2005\nABC – Their Eyes Were Watching God, 2005\nHorn of the Moon Productions – Paco Farias Short Film, Broken, 2003\nBrown Sugar – 2002\nMen of Honor – 2000\nDinner with Friends – HBO Films. RL. Hurst musician, original score by Dave Grusin\nThe Blue Lobster – Dogma 2000 Presentation\nThe Wood – Paramount Pictures presents an MTV Films Production\nBeverly Hillbillies, Been There Done That, Theme & Soundtrack\nSpike Lee Clockers, Mo' Better Blues, Do the Right Thing – Soundtrack\nUSC–Independent Productions – The Expendables, Featuring: Brother Try 'n Catch a Cab on the East Side Blues & Simi Valley Blues by Robert Hurst\n20th Century Fox Film Co., Keenan Wayans – In Living Color Featuring: Detroit Red by Robert Hurst (A dance bumper for the Fly Girls)\nAcorn Productions, Bernie Casey – The Dinner\nCBS Music Video Enterprises: Wynton Marsalis–Blues & Swing\nColumbia Records & Pennebaker Associates, Inc., Branford Marsalis–The Music Tells You: Title track, Roust About Composed by Robert Hurst (Jazz Hall of Fame Inductee)\nSony Music International Branford Marsalis – BB's Blues\nChanticleer Films – Marco Williams – Without a Pass Featuring compositions by Robert Hurst (Cable Ace Award Nominee)","title":"Film and video"}]
[]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rod_Daniels
Rod Daniels
["1 References"]
This biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately from the article and its talk page, especially if potentially libelous.Find sources: "Rod Daniels" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (June 2010) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Rod Daniels is an American television news broadcaster. He was the former TV news anchor at WBAL-TV in Baltimore, Maryland who retired in 2015 after more than 30 years of service at the station. Daniels graduated from William Paterson University in 1975 with a Bachelor of Arts degree in speech communications; he received a President's Medal award from his alma mater in 2004. Daniels began his career as a weekend sports anchor at WIS-TV in Columbia, South Carolina. He then moved to WTAE-TV in Pittsburgh as a weekend anchor and reporter, and later to WISN-TV in Milwaukee. He worked at WBAL-TV from 1984 to 2015. He received the Catholic Archdiocese Medal of Honor for Communications for his coverage of church activities. During Pope John Paul II's visit to Baltimore in 1995, Rod served as host of the celebration at Camden Yards. References ^ a b c Zurawik, David (May 8, 2015). "WBAL anchorman Rod Daniels to retire after more than 30 years". Baltim. Sun. Retrieved May 10, 2015 – via baltimoresun.com. ^ a b "William Paterson University to hold commencement on May 18" (Press release). William Paterson University. April 15, 2004. Archived from the original on May 17, 2007. Retrieved December 18, 2008. ^ "News Team WBAL-TV Biography of Rod Daniels". WBAL-TV. Retrieved 12 March 2015. This biographical article related to television journalism in the United States is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"TV news anchor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=TV_news_anchor&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"WBAL-TV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WBAL-TV"},{"link_name":"Baltimore, Maryland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baltimore,_Maryland"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-zurawik2015-1"},{"link_name":"William Paterson University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Paterson_University"},{"link_name":"Bachelor of Arts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bachelor_of_Arts"},{"link_name":"speech communications","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speech_Communications"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-zurawik2015-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WPU-PR-2"},{"link_name":"alma mater","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/alma_mater"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WPU-PR-2"},{"link_name":"WIS-TV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WIS-TV"},{"link_name":"Columbia, South Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia,_South_Carolina"},{"link_name":"WTAE-TV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WTAE-TV"},{"link_name":"Pittsburgh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pittsburgh"},{"link_name":"WISN-TV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WISN-TV"},{"link_name":"WBAL-TV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WBAL-TV"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-zurawik2015-1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Pope John Paul II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_II"},{"link_name":"Baltimore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baltimore"},{"link_name":"Camden Yards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camden_Yards"}],"text":"Rod Daniels is an American television news broadcaster. He was the former TV news anchor at WBAL-TV in Baltimore, Maryland who retired in 2015 after more than 30 years of service at the station.[1]Daniels graduated from William Paterson University in 1975 with a Bachelor of Arts degree in speech communications;[1][2] he received a President's Medal award from his alma mater in 2004.[2]Daniels began his career as a weekend sports anchor at WIS-TV in Columbia, South Carolina. He then moved to WTAE-TV in Pittsburgh as a weekend anchor and reporter, and later to WISN-TV in Milwaukee. He worked at WBAL-TV from 1984 to 2015.[1]He received the Catholic Archdiocese Medal of Honor for Communications for his coverage of church activities.[3]During Pope John Paul II's visit to Baltimore in 1995, Rod served as host of the celebration at Camden Yards.","title":"Rod Daniels"}]
[]
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[{"reference":"Zurawik, David (May 8, 2015). \"WBAL anchorman Rod Daniels to retire after more than 30 years\". Baltim. Sun. Retrieved May 10, 2015 – via baltimoresun.com.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.baltimoresun.com/entertainment/tv/z-on-tv-blog/bal-wbal-anchorman-rod-daniels-to-retire-after-more-than-30-years-20150508-story.html","url_text":"\"WBAL anchorman Rod Daniels to retire after more than 30 years\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baltim._Sun","url_text":"Baltim. Sun"}]},{"reference":"\"William Paterson University to hold commencement on May 18\" (Press release). William Paterson University. April 15, 2004. Archived from the original on May 17, 2007. Retrieved December 18, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070517020400/http://ww2.wpunj.edu/adminsrv/pub-info/Releases/04_518commence.htm","url_text":"\"William Paterson University to hold commencement on May 18\""},{"url":"http://ww2.wpunj.edu/adminsrv/pub-info/Releases/04_518commence.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"News Team WBAL-TV Biography of Rod Daniels\". WBAL-TV. Retrieved 12 March 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.wbaltv.com/tv/news-team/WBAL-TV-11-News-at-6-11/10405082","url_text":"\"News Team WBAL-TV Biography of Rod Daniels\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WBAL-TV","url_text":"WBAL-TV"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:Ashton1983
User talk:Ashton1983
["1 Changing geneology to genealogy","2 Historical spelling","3 Your rollback request","4 Welcome to the Novels WikiProject","5 Just to say hai","6 WBOSITG's RfA","7 My RfA","8 RFA Thanks","9 Anti-semitic nonsense","10 RfA thank-spam","11 RfA thanks!","12 Rosary","13 Thanks!","14 Evidence","15 Re: Your vandalism warnings","16 Last, but certainly not least... (RFA Thanks)","17 My Rfa","18 joining the ranks of the admins","19 Rfa thanks","20 The Novels WikiProject Newsletter - Issue XXV - June 2008","21 Happy Independence Day!","22 Many thanks!","23 Calling all active WP:NOVELS members","24 WikiProject Novels Newsletter - September 2008","25 Thank you","26 ArbCom elections are now open!"]
Dear Ashton 1983 I noticed that you edited the page for Israel Kleiner. I am doing some research on his early career and would appreciate any acvice you might have about how I can learn more about him. I would also like to know if there is some way to connect with his descendants —Preceding unsigned comment added by Friedj54 (talk • contribs) 19:30, 17 October 2008 (UTC) Welcome! Hello, Ashton1983, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are some pages that you might find helpful: The five pillars of Wikipedia Tutorial How to edit a page How to write a great article Manual of Style I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your messages on discussion pages using four tildes (~~~~); this will automatically insert your username and the date. If you need help, check out Wikipedia:Questions, ask me on my talk page, or ask your question on this page and then place {{helpme}} before the question. Again, welcome! --Le Grand Roi des CitrouillesTally-ho! 11:28, 24 April 2008 (UTC) Changing geneology to genealogy Hi, just noticed when you were changing the spelling geneology to genealogy. In a particular article it was actually a link that was changed, so the link became unusable (i fixed it tho). Just letting ya know.--Celtus (talk) 05:46, 25 April 2008 (UTC) Whoops. Sorry. I found that by entering incorrect spellings into the search box and pressing search instead of go, I was able to find articles that had those errors. I did know that changing an URL would break the link, and actually left one unchanged somewhere, but I must have just not noticed that that one was an URL. Maybe I was working too quickly. Thanks for fixing my mistake. Ashton1983 (talk) 08:43, 25 April 2008 (UTC) Historical spelling I have reverted your edit to John Bull (composer) where you changed "grievious" to grievous". Please be aware that this is a quotation in the original spelling and should be left as such. There are many articles in Wikipedia which contain such quotations, and care has to be exercised when editing. Many thanks. Nick Michael (talk) 14:01, 5 May 2008 (UTC) That's fine, if you're sure it's in the original. I've been correcting a lot of spelling "mistakes", and in some cases, I found invisible notes telling editors that a particular "misspelling" was in the original. Thanks for letting me know. Ashton1983 (talk) 14:08, 5 May 2008 (UTC) Invisible notes? I don't know anything about that! But I touch a lot on renaissance music and composers, where there are many quotations and particularly, pieces of music listed. A favourite target of the zealous is the word "freind's"in Priscilla Bunbury's Virginal Book (no. 3 of the contents), which is for ever being "corrected". It's all too easy to do a search for "freind" and change every occurrence willy nilly, but you have to be on the lookout for historical orthography. Cheers. Nick Michael (talk) 15:04, 5 May 2008 (UTC) Well, I promise not to "correct" this! Ashton1983 (talk) 15:18, 5 May 2008 (UTC) Isn't that delightful! Although I know very well you people have a job to do, I really hate standardized spelling; it limits the written word so much. When you consider Milton's use in Paradise Lost of both "me" and "mee" (the latter spelling used to give emphasis), it is such a shame we have abandoned so delicate and sensitive a tool. Just my rant for the day... Nick Michael (talk) 18:45, 5 May 2008 (UTC) I admit I like standardized spellings. I guess you were born into the wrong era! :-) Ashton1983 (talk) 20:08, 5 May 2008 (UTC) Your rollback request You're welcome. Just remember it should only be used to revert vandalism. Good luck. Acalamari 21:04, 7 May 2008 (UTC) Welcome to the Novels WikiProject Hi, and welcome to the Novels WikiProject! As you may have guessed, we're a group of editors working to improve Wikipedia's coverage of topics related to fiction books often referred to as "Novels". A few features that you might find helpful: Our navigation box points to most of the useful pages within the project. The announcement and open task box is updated quite regularly. You can watch it if you're interested; or, you can add it directly to your user page by including {{WikiProject_Novels_announcements}} there. While you are updating your userpage, don't forget our userbox {{Wikipedia:WikiProject Novels/Outreach/User WPNOVELS}}. The project has a monthly newsletter; it will normally be delivered as a link, but other methods are available. There are a variety of interesting things to do within the project; you're free to participate however much—or little—you like: Starting some new articles? Our article structure guidelines / template outlines some things to include. If you have any questions, please don't hesitate to ask one of the members, and we'll be happy to help you. Again, welcome! We look forward to seeing you around! – Liveste (talk • edits) 05:59, 11 May 2008 (UTC) Just to say hai Tinucherian has smiled at you! Smiles promote WikiLove and hopefully this one has made your day better. Spread the WikiLove by smiling at someone else, whether it be someone you have had disagreements with in the past or a good friend or a possibly new friend. Cheers, and happy editing! Smile at others by adding {{subst:Smile}} to their talk page with a friendly message. Have a great day ! -- TinuCherian (Wanna Talk?) - 11:14, 12 May 2008 (UTC) Thanks for the smile back ! :D -- TinuCherian (Wanna Talk?) - 09:20, 13 May 2008 (UTC) WBOSITG's RfA Hello Ashton1983, I'd like to take this opportunity to thank you for your participation in my RfA which was passed with a final tally of 114/10/4. I'm both shocked and honoured to gain so much support from users whom I admire and trust, and I hope I can avoid breaking that backing by being the best administrator I possibly can. I will take on board the opposition's comments and I hope to improve over the coming months and years. Once again, thank you! weburiedoursecretsinthegarden 20:28, 13 May 2008 (UTC) My RfA Hi Ashton, I wanted to say thank you for supporting my request for adminship, which passed with 100 supports, 0 opposes and 1 neutral. I wanted to get round everybody individually, even though it's considered by some to be spam (which... I suppose it is! but anyway. :)). It means a lot to me that the community has placed its trust in my ability to use the extra buttons, and I only hope I can live up to its expectations. If you need anything, or notice something that bothers you, don't hesitate to let me know. Thanks again, PeterSymonds | talk 23:03, 13 May 2008 (UTC) RFA Thanks Thanks for your support at my recent Request for adminship. It meant a lot to me that you continued to follow the discussion on the page, and that you were willing to reconsider your position. I hope you find I live up to your expectations. Best, Risker (talk) 15:59, 16 May 2008 (UTC) Anti-semitic nonsense Yes, it was vandalism. Tovojolo (talk) 21:59, 16 May 2008 (UTC) RfA thank-spam Ashton1983, just a note of appreciation for your recent support of my request for adminship, which ended successfully with 112 supports, 2 opposes, and 1 neutral. If there's something I've realized during my RFA process this last week, it's that adminship is primarily about trust. I will strive to honour that trust in my future interactions with the community. Many thanks! Gatoclass (talk) 06:26, 17 May 2008 (UTC) RfA thanks! RfA: Many thanks Many thanks for your participation in my recent request for adminship. I am impressed by the amount of thought that goes into people's contribution to the RfA process, and humbled that so many have chosen to trust me with this new responsibility. I step into this new role cautiously, but will do my very best to live up to your kind words and expectations, and to further the project of the encyclopedia. Again, thank you. --jbmurray (talk • contribs) 05:54, 18 May 2008 (UTC) Rosary I have undone your vandalism on the Rosary page. Please don't do this again, or action will have to be taken against you. JNF Tveit (talk) 15:55, 19 May 2008 (UTC) Um, I think you need to look a little bit more carefully at what you're restoring. Ashton1983 (talk) 16:01, 19 May 2008 (UTC) I'm sorry, there was a mistake where I perceived you to be the vandal and inadvertently redid the vandalism you had undone. JNF Tveit (talk) 16:02, 19 May 2008 (UTC) No problem. I guessed that was what had happened. Ashton1983 (talk) 16:04, 19 May 2008 (UTC) Thanks! Thanks so much for your support in my RfA, which closed successfully this morning. TravellingCarithe Busy Bee 19:44, 22 May 2008 (UTC) And thanks from me too. I appreciate the support you and others have in me, and hope not to goof up too quickly! Well done for your continuing efforts on the Genie page too. I totally agree with your comment there about the article needing expanding on the real topic. Maybe one of these days I will give it a go! --Slp1 (talk) 15:44, 26 May 2008 (UTC) Evidence Ashton, you'll see there's a section here responding to your evidence. As to the most recent addition, I must say I find it curious you'd say arguments where there's an unspoken other side are most damaging, when the whole point of these forums is presumably for both sides to address the behavioral issues and particularly to defend themselves, e.g., for SV to provide the other side. The fact that you argue this as a new user who just registered last month seems to add to the problem, particularly as you present such specific information, and claim there are many more of these. Are there editors who are familiar with how you've come to take an interest in the case so quickly? The amount of background you're claiming here seems to raise the issue. Mackan79 (talk) 04:03, 27 May 2008 (UTC) I have it on my watchlist and will post there if I feel there's anything I want to add, thanks. My interest in this case seems much less than yours. As for your 'satiable curiosity, you haven't treated User:Jacina, who registered around the same time, to the same level of interrogation. Strange. Ashton1983 (talk) 00:33, 28 May 2008 (UTC) You seem pretty interested to me, considering the conclusions you're drawing based on two or three points. The problem is of course I've made my interests clear, while it appears you have an interest you're not acknowledging, while presenting significant amounts of analysis. I'm not sure Jacina's paragraph is comparable. You can do as you like, but I thought it worth asking whether you'll acknowledge more of a background here than just with this account. Mackan79 (talk) 01:44, 28 May 2008 (UTC) Re: Your vandalism warnings Hi, Gurch. Your vandalism warnings are appearing just as vandalism1, etc. Is that intentional? Ashton1983 (talk) 18:15, 2 June 2008 (UTC) I broke Huggle. But I fixed it again -- Gurch (talk) 00:07, 3 June 2008 (UTC) Last, but certainly not least... (RFA Thanks) Ashton, many kind thanks for coming in-at-the-wire with that final RFA support vote. you may be interested in checking out my in-depth RFA analysis (comments are welcome). i've also left the standard portion of templated thank spam below. best regards, xenocidic (talk) 00:15, 6 June 2008 (UTC) templated rfa thank-spam Thank you for your support So...how do I use these things? ;> I would like to thank the community for placing their trust in me during my recent request for adminship, which passed 72 13 2 . Rest assured, I have read each comment thoroughly and will be addressing the various concerns raised as I step cautiously into my new role as janitor. In particular, I would like to thank Balloonman for putting so much time into reviewing my contributions and writing such a thoughtful nomination statement after knowing me for only a brief period of time (and for convincing me that I was ready to take up the mop now, rather than go through admin coaching). To my fellow admins - please let me know right away if I ever take any mis-steps with my new tools. Should I make a mistake, and you reverse the action, I will not consider it to be wheel-warring (but please tell me so I can understand what I did wrong). To everyone - please feel free to slap me around a bit if I ever lose sight of the core philosophy of Wikipedia as I understand it - the advancement of knowledge through the processes of mutual understanding and respect. As always, feel free to drop by my talk page if I can be of any assistance. =) Sincerely, ~xenocidic, 01:04, 4 June 2008 (UTC) My Rfa Thanks, Ashton1983, for participating in my recent RfA, which recently passed with 81 support and 1 neutral !votes. I appreciate all the support and constructive criticism offered in my RfA and I thank you for taking the time to !vote in my nomination. I feel so honoured to be trusted by so many of you and please, if you have any advice, comments or complaints about my actions as an administrator, leave a note on my talk page. I would also like to thank Acalamari, Rlevse and Nishkid64, for their nomination statements. Thank you again. AngelOfSadness talk 23:36, 8 June 2008 (UTC) joining the ranks of the admins Thanks for your participation in my successful RfA. Now I’m off to do some fixin'... Pinkville (talk) 01:30, 19 June 2008 (UTC) Rfa thanks Thank you for participating in my RfA. The Rfa was successful with 64 Support and 1 Neutral. None of this would have happened without your support. I would also like to thank my nominator Wizardman and my sensei/co-nom bibliomaniac15--Lenticel (talk) 09:12, 20 June 2008 (UTC) The Novels WikiProject Newsletter - Issue XXV - June 2008 The June 2008 issue of the Novels WikiProject newsletter has been published. You may read the newsletter, change the format in which future issues will be delivered to you, or unsubscribe from this notification by following the link. Thank you. SteveBot (owner) 23:41, 20 June 2008 (UTC) Happy Independence Day! As you are a nice Wikipedian, I just wanted to wish you a happy Independence Day! And if you are not an American, then have a happy day and a wonderful weekend anyway!  :) Your friend and colleague, --Happy Independence Day! Le Grand Roi des CitrouillesTally-ho! 21:21, 4 July 2008 (UTC) Many thanks! Thank you... ...for participating in my RfA, which closed with 119 in support, 4 neutral and 5 opposes. I'm honestly overwhelmed at the level of support that I've received from the community, and will do my best to maintain the trust placed in me. I 'm also thankful to those who opposed or expressed a neutral position, for providing clear rationales and superb feedback for me to build on. I've set up a space for you to provide any further feedback or thoughts, should you feel inclined to. However you voted, thanks for taking the time out to contribute to the process, it's much appreciated. Kind regards, Gazimoff 22:31, 4 August 2008 (UTC) Calling all active WP:NOVELS members WikiProject Novels Roll Call WikiProject Novels is currently holding a roll call, which we hope to have annually. Your username is listed on the members list, but we are unsure as to which editors are still active within the project. If you still consider yourself an active WP:Novels editor, please add your name back to the Active Members list. Also feel free to join any of our task forces and take a look at the project's Job Centre to get involved! Next month we will begin the coordinator election selection process. We hope to have more involvement and input this time around! More news will be forthcoming. Thanks, everyone! María (habla conmigo) 14:32, 8 September 2008 (UTC) WikiProject Novels Newsletter - September 2008 The WikiProject Novels NewsletterIssue XXVI - September 2008 Archives  |  Tip Line  |  Editors The Novels WikiProject Newsletter Issue XXVI - September 2008 Project news The Margaret Atwood novel The Penelopiad reached Featured Article status on June 29 and then appeared on Wikipedia's Main Page as Today's featured article on August 26. It is the first article created through Wikipedia:Articles for creation to become Featured. To Kill a Mockingbird appeared on Wikipedia's Main Page as Today's featured article on July 11. I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings reached Good Article status on July 1. Member news The members list is currently under review so we have moved all past active member's name to a Incumbent List and are doing a Project Roll Call. If you still consider yourself an active WP:NOVELS editor, please add your name back to the Active Members List. You may also wish to add your name to any of our many Project Task Forces. Task force news A Fantasy Literature task force has been proposed. Comments are welcomed on that proposal since we already have our own WikiProject Novels/Fantasy task force which is covered under our Novels WikiProject. Novel-related news Devil May Care, written by Sebastian Faulks ("writing as Ian Fleming"), has become Penguin Books fastest selling hardcover fiction title. It is the latest installment in the book series about British secret agent James Bond and was released to coincide with the 100th anniversary of late Bond creator Ian Fleming's birthday on May 28, 1908. Me Cheeta: the Autobiography, written by a ghostwriter, is the autobiography of Cheeta the Chimp who is listed in the Guinness World Records as the oldest recorded non-human primate at the age of 76. He has appeared in various movie roles which included twelve Tarzan movies and even battled addiction to alcohol and cigars. The book is not published until October 1, but judges for the 2008 Guardian First Book Award were sent a early version and were so impressed that they have included it on the 10-strong longlist. Stephenie Meyer, who is listed by Time magazine as one of its 100 most influential people of 2008, has decided not to continue with writing her draft for Midnight Sun after 12 chapters of the unfinished manuscript were leaked on the internet. Current debates Categories for Discussion has a series of discussions about whether to categorize certain specific types of fictional characters: double agents, dictators, characters with eidetic memory, etc. Advice from any Novels project members would be valuable in assisting them. WikiProject Media franchises aims to help editors with the coordination of articles within the thousands of media franchises which exist and has requested input from our members. They are currently discussing a naming convention for franchise articles. Since this may affect one or more articles in our Novel project, they would like to get opinions before implimenting any changes. From the Members With the Newsletter being almost three months overdue, I have decided to take on the position of Editor to make sure it reaches you regularly on time each month. The Newsletter is meant to inspire and encourage our team of Editors and so my goal shall be to make it informative and interesting each issue. We now have many positions vacant in our Project Team, so we are looking for members who have the time and interest to take on the various roles, details of which can be found at the Job Centre. Shortly a Coordinator nominations notice shall also be sent out to all members, which will commence the annual Coordinator selection process. Next month's Newsletter will include a message from our Coordinator Maria, who will introduce herself and speak on our forthcoming elections for extra Coordinators. Boylo (talk), Editor Collaboration of the Month This month's Collaboration has been selected by popular vote and is Look Homeward, Angel. The next collaboration is due for selection on 14 September, 2008 so cast your vote. Newsletter challenge Our last newsletter's challenge The Pure Land was completed by our member Maclean25, who also provided us with tipline news for this newsletter. The first person to start the article is mentioned in the next newsletter. This month's article is Leslie Ann Moore's first book in her fantasy 'Griffin's Daughter' trilogy, which was named by the Independent Book Publishers Association as the 2008 Ben Franklin Award winner for Best First Fiction, Griffin's Daughter. Note: This article was previously deleted due to lack of notability, but that now can be established since winning this award. To unsubscribe from further issues of this newsletter please remove your name from here. This newsletter was automatically delivered by TinucherianBot (talk) 14:25, 10 September 2008 (UTC) Thank you Hi Ashton1983. I would like to thank you for your support in my RfA and the confidence expressed thereby. It is very much appreciated. :) The RfA was closed as successful with 73 supports, 3 opposes and 4 neutral. I would especially like to thank WBOSITG for nominating me. Best wishes and thanks again, —αἰτίας •discussion• 23:13, 18 September 2008 (UTC) ArbCom elections are now open! Hi, You appear to be eligible to vote in the current Arbitration Committee election. The Arbitration Committee is the panel of editors responsible for conducting the Wikipedia arbitration process. It has the authority to enact binding solutions for disputes between editors, primarily related to serious behavioural issues that the community has been unable to resolve. This includes the ability to impose site bans, topic bans, editing restrictions, and other measures needed to maintain our editing environment. The arbitration policy describes the Committee's roles and responsibilities in greater detail. If you wish to participate, you are welcome to review the candidates' statements and submit your choices on the voting page. For the Election committee, MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 13:50, 24 November 2015 (UTC)
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forces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Novels#Task_forces"},{"link_name":"Job Centre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Novels/JobCentre"},{"link_name":"coordinator election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Novels/Coordinators"},{"link_name":"María","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Yllosubmarine"},{"link_name":"habla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:Yllosubmarine"},{"link_name":"migo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Contributions/Yllosubmarine"},{"link_name":"reply","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk:Ashton1983&action=edit&section=24"},{"link_name":"TinucherianBot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:TinucherianBot"},{"link_name":"talk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:TinucherianBot"},{"link_name":"reply","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk:Ashton1983&action=edit&section=25"},{"link_name":"WBOSITG","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:WBOSITG"},{"link_name":"αἰτίας","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Aitias"},{"link_name":"discussion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:Aitias"},{"link_name":"reply","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/"},{"link_name":"ArbCom elections are now open!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:ACE2015"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk:Ashton1983&action=edit&section=26"},{"link_name":"Arbitration Committee election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:ACE2015"},{"link_name":"Arbitration Committee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:ARBCOM"},{"link_name":"arbitration process","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:RFAR"},{"link_name":"site bans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:BAN"},{"link_name":"topic bans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:TBAN"},{"link_name":"arbitration policy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:ARBPOL"},{"link_name":"review the candidates' statements","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:ACE2015/C"},{"link_name":"the voting page","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:SecurePoll/vote/398"},{"link_name":"MediaWiki message delivery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:MediaWiki_message_delivery"},{"link_name":"talk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:MediaWiki_message_delivery"},{"link_name":"reply","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/"}],"text":"Dear Ashton 1983I noticed that you edited the page for Israel Kleiner. I am doing some research on his early career and would appreciate any acvice you might have about how I can learn more about him. I would also like to know if there is some way to connect with his descendants —Preceding unsigned comment added by Friedj54 (talk • contribs) 19:30, 17 October 2008 (UTC)[reply]Welcome!Hello, Ashton1983, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are some pages that you might find helpful:The five pillars of Wikipedia\nTutorial\nHow to edit a page\nHow to write a great article\nManual of StyleI hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your messages on discussion pages using four tildes (~~~~); this will automatically insert your username and the date. If you need help, check out Wikipedia:Questions, ask me on my talk page, or ask your question on this page and then place {{helpme}} before the question. Again, welcome! --Le Grand Roi des CitrouillesTally-ho! 11:28, 24 April 2008 (UTC)[reply]Changing geneology to genealogy[edit]Hi, just noticed when you were changing the spelling geneology to genealogy. In a particular article it was actually a link that was changed, so the link became unusable (i fixed it tho). Just letting ya know.--Celtus (talk) 05:46, 25 April 2008 (UTC)[reply]Whoops. Sorry. I found that by entering incorrect spellings into the search box and pressing search instead of go, I was able to find articles that had those errors. I did know that changing an URL would break the link, and actually left one unchanged somewhere, but I must have just not noticed that that one was an URL. Maybe I was working too quickly. Thanks for fixing my mistake. Ashton1983 (talk) 08:43, 25 April 2008 (UTC)[reply]Historical spelling[edit]I have reverted your edit to John Bull (composer) where you changed \"grievious\" to grievous\". Please be aware that this is a quotation in the original spelling and should be left as such. There are many articles in Wikipedia which contain such quotations, and care has to be exercised when editing. Many thanks. Nick Michael (talk) 14:01, 5 May 2008 (UTC)[reply]That's fine, if you're sure it's in the original. I've been correcting a lot of spelling \"mistakes\", and in some cases, I found invisible notes telling editors that a particular \"misspelling\" was in the original. Thanks for letting me know. Ashton1983 (talk) 14:08, 5 May 2008 (UTC)[reply]Invisible notes? I don't know anything about that! But I touch a lot on renaissance music and composers, where there are many quotations and particularly, pieces of music listed. A favourite target of the zealous is the word \"freind's\"in Priscilla Bunbury's Virginal Book (no. 3 of the contents), which is for ever being \"corrected\". It's all too easy to do a search for \"freind\" and change every occurrence willy nilly, but you have to be on the lookout for historical orthography. Cheers. Nick Michael (talk) 15:04, 5 May 2008 (UTC)[reply]Well, I promise not to \"correct\" this! Ashton1983 (talk) 15:18, 5 May 2008 (UTC)[reply]Isn't that delightful! Although I know very well you people have a job to do, I really hate standardized spelling; it limits the written word so much. When you consider Milton's use in Paradise Lost of both \"me\" and \"mee\" (the latter spelling used to give emphasis), it is such a shame we have abandoned so delicate and sensitive a tool. Just my rant for the day... Nick Michael (talk) 18:45, 5 May 2008 (UTC)[reply]I admit I like standardized spellings. I guess you were born into the wrong era! :-) Ashton1983 (talk) 20:08, 5 May 2008 (UTC)[reply]Your rollback request[edit]You're welcome. Just remember it should only be used to revert vandalism. Good luck. Acalamari 21:04, 7 May 2008 (UTC)[reply]Welcome to the Novels WikiProject[edit]Hi, and welcome to the Novels WikiProject! As you may have guessed, we're a group of editors working to improve Wikipedia's coverage of topics related to fiction books often referred to as \"Novels\".\nA few features that you might find helpful:\n\nOur navigation box points to most of the useful pages within the project.\nThe announcement and open task box is updated quite regularly. You can watch it if you're interested; or, you can add it directly to your user page by including {{WikiProject_Novels_announcements}} there. While you are updating your userpage, don't forget our userbox {{Wikipedia:WikiProject Novels/Outreach/User WPNOVELS}}.\nThe project has a monthly newsletter; it will normally be delivered as a link, but other methods are available.\nThere are a variety of interesting things to do within the project; you're free to participate however much—or little—you like:\n\nStarting some new articles? Our article structure guidelines / template outlines some things to include.\nIf you have any questions, please don't hesitate to ask one of the members, and we'll be happy to help you. Again, welcome! We look forward to seeing you around! – Liveste (talk • edits) 05:59, 11 May 2008 (UTC)[reply]Just to say hai[edit]Tinucherian has smiled at you! Smiles promote WikiLove and hopefully this one has made your day better. Spread the WikiLove by smiling at someone else, whether it be someone you have had disagreements with in the past or a good friend or a possibly new friend. Cheers, and happy editing! Smile at others by adding {{subst:Smile}} to their talk page with a friendly message.Have a great day ! -- TinuCherian (Wanna Talk?) - 11:14, 12 May 2008 (UTC)[reply]Thanks for the smile back ! :D -- TinuCherian (Wanna Talk?) - 09:20, 13 May 2008 (UTC)[reply]WBOSITG's RfA[edit]Hello Ashton1983, I'd like to take this opportunity to thank you for your participation in my RfA which was passed with a final tally of 114/10/4. I'm both shocked and honoured to gain so much support from users whom I admire and trust, and I hope I can avoid breaking that backing by being the best administrator I possibly can. I will take on board the opposition's comments and I hope to improve over the coming months and years. Once again, thank you! weburiedoursecretsinthegarden 20:28, 13 May 2008 (UTC)[reply]My RfA[edit]Hi Ashton,\nI wanted to say thank you for supporting my request for adminship, which passed with 100 supports, 0 opposes and 1 neutral. I wanted to get round everybody individually, even though it's considered by some to be spam (which... I suppose it is! but anyway. :)). It means a lot to me that the community has placed its trust in my ability to use the extra buttons, and I only hope I can live up to its expectations. If you need anything, or notice something that bothers you, don't hesitate to let me know. Thanks again, PeterSymonds | talk 23:03, 13 May 2008 (UTC)[reply]RFA Thanks[edit]Thanks for your support at my recent Request for adminship. It meant a lot to me that you continued to follow the discussion on the page, and that you were willing to reconsider your position. I hope you find I live up to your expectations. Best, Risker (talk) 15:59, 16 May 2008 (UTC)[reply]Anti-semitic nonsense[edit]Yes, it was vandalism. Tovojolo (talk) 21:59, 16 May 2008 (UTC)[reply]RfA thank-spam[edit]Ashton1983, just a note of appreciation for your recent support of my request for adminship, which ended successfully with 112 supports, 2 opposes, and 1 neutral. If there's something I've realized during my RFA process this last week, it's that adminship is primarily about trust. I will strive to honour that trust in my future interactions with the community. Many thanks! Gatoclass (talk) 06:26, 17 May 2008 (UTC)[reply]RfA thanks![edit]Rosary[edit]I have undone your vandalism on the Rosary page. Please don't do this again, or action will have to be taken against you. JNF Tveit (talk) 15:55, 19 May 2008 (UTC)[reply]Um, I think you need to look a little bit more carefully at what you're restoring. Ashton1983 (talk) 16:01, 19 May 2008 (UTC)[reply]\nI'm sorry, there was a mistake where I perceived you to be the vandal and inadvertently redid the vandalism you had undone. JNF Tveit (talk) 16:02, 19 May 2008 (UTC)[reply]\nNo problem. I guessed that was what had happened. Ashton1983 (talk) 16:04, 19 May 2008 (UTC)[reply]Thanks![edit]Thanks so much for your support in my RfA, which closed successfully this morning. TravellingCarithe Busy Bee 19:44, 22 May 2008 (UTC)[reply]And thanks from me too. I appreciate the support you and others have in me, and hope not to goof up too quickly! Well done for your continuing efforts on the Genie page too. I totally agree with your comment there about the article needing expanding on the real topic. Maybe one of these days I will give it a go! --Slp1 (talk) 15:44, 26 May 2008 (UTC)[reply]Evidence[edit]Ashton, you'll see there's a section here responding to your evidence. As to the most recent addition, I must say I find it curious you'd say arguments where there's an unspoken other side are most damaging, when the whole point of these forums is presumably for both sides to address the behavioral issues and particularly to defend themselves, e.g., for SV to provide the other side. The fact that you argue this as a new user who just registered last month seems to add to the problem, particularly as you present such specific information, and claim there are many more of these. Are there editors who are familiar with how you've come to take an interest in the case so quickly? The amount of background you're claiming here seems to raise the issue. Mackan79 (talk) 04:03, 27 May 2008 (UTC)[reply]I have it on my watchlist and will post there if I feel there's anything I want to add, thanks. My interest in this case seems much less than yours. As for your 'satiable curiosity, you haven't treated User:Jacina, who registered around the same time, to the same level of interrogation. Strange. Ashton1983 (talk) 00:33, 28 May 2008 (UTC)[reply]\nYou seem pretty interested to me, considering the conclusions you're drawing based on two or three points. The problem is of course I've made my interests clear, while it appears you have an interest you're not acknowledging, while presenting significant amounts of analysis. I'm not sure Jacina's paragraph is comparable. You can do as you like, but I thought it worth asking whether you'll acknowledge more of a background here than just with this account. Mackan79 (talk) 01:44, 28 May 2008 (UTC)[reply]Re: Your vandalism warnings[edit]Hi, Gurch. Your vandalism warnings are appearing just as vandalism1, etc. Is that intentional? Ashton1983 (talk) 18:15, 2 June 2008 (UTC)[reply]I broke Huggle. But I fixed it again -- Gurch (talk) 00:07, 3 June 2008 (UTC)[reply]Last, but certainly not least... (RFA Thanks)[edit]Ashton, many kind thanks for coming in-at-the-wire with that final RFA support vote. you may be interested in checking out my in-depth RFA analysis (comments are welcome). i've also left the standard portion of templated thank spam below. best regards, xenocidic (talk) 00:15, 6 June 2008 (UTC)[reply]templated rfa thank-spam\nThank you for your support\nSo...how do I use these things? ;>\nI would like to thank the community for placing their trust in me during my recent request for adminship, which passed 72 13 2 . Rest assured, I have read each comment thoroughly and will be addressing the various concerns raised as I step cautiously into my new role as janitor. In particular, I would like to thank Balloonman for putting so much time into reviewing my contributions and writing such a thoughtful nomination statement after knowing me for only a brief period of time (and for convincing me that I was ready to take up the mop now, rather than go through admin coaching).\nTo my fellow admins - please let me know right away if I ever take any mis-steps with my new tools. Should I make a mistake, and you reverse the action, I will not consider it to be wheel-warring (but please tell me so I can understand what I did wrong).\nTo everyone - please feel free to slap me around a bit if I ever lose sight of the core philosophy of Wikipedia as I understand it - the advancement of knowledge through the processes of mutual understanding and respect. As always, feel free to drop by my talk page if I can be of any assistance. =) \n\nSincerely,\n\n~xenocidic, 01:04, 4 June 2008 (UTC)My Rfa[edit]joining the ranks of the admins[edit]Thanks for your participation in my successful RfA. Now I’m off to do some fixin'... Pinkville (talk) 01:30, 19 June 2008 (UTC)[reply]Rfa thanks[edit]The Novels WikiProject Newsletter - Issue XXV - June 2008[edit]The June 2008 issue of the Novels WikiProject newsletter has been published. You may read the newsletter, change the format in which future issues will be delivered to you, or unsubscribe from this notification by following the link. Thank you. SteveBot (owner) 23:41, 20 June 2008 (UTC)[reply]Happy Independence Day![edit]As you are a nice Wikipedian, I just wanted to wish you a happy Independence Day! And if you are not an American, then have a happy day and a wonderful weekend anyway!  :) Your friend and colleague, --Happy Independence Day! Le Grand Roi des CitrouillesTally-ho! 21:21, 4 July 2008 (UTC)[reply]Many thanks![edit]Calling all active WP:NOVELS members[edit]WikiProject Novels Roll Call\n\n\nWikiProject Novels is currently holding a roll call, which we hope to have annually. Your username is listed on the members list, but we are unsure as to which editors are still active within the project. If you still consider yourself an active WP:Novels editor, please add your name back to the Active Members list. Also feel free to join any of our task forces and take a look at the project's Job Centre to get involved!\n\nNext month we will begin the coordinator election selection process. We hope to have more involvement and input this time around! More news will be forthcoming. Thanks, everyone! María (habla conmigo) 14:32, 8 September 2008 (UTC)[reply]WikiProject Novels Newsletter - September 2008[edit]This newsletter was automatically delivered by TinucherianBot (talk) 14:25, 10 September 2008 (UTC) [reply]Thank you[edit]Hi Ashton1983. I would like to thank you for your support in my RfA and the confidence expressed thereby. It is very much appreciated. :) The RfA was closed as successful with 73 supports, 3 opposes and 4 neutral. I would especially like to thank WBOSITG for nominating me. Best wishes and thanks again, —αἰτίας •discussion• 23:13, 18 September 2008 (UTC)[reply]ArbCom elections are now open![edit]Hi,\nYou appear to be eligible to vote in the current Arbitration Committee election. The Arbitration Committee is the panel of editors responsible for conducting the Wikipedia arbitration process. It has the authority to enact binding solutions for disputes between editors, primarily related to serious behavioural issues that the community has been unable to resolve. This includes the ability to impose site bans, topic bans, editing restrictions, and other measures needed to maintain our editing environment. The arbitration policy describes the Committee's roles and responsibilities in greater detail. If you wish to participate, you are welcome to review the candidates' statements and submit your choices on the voting page. For the Election committee, MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 13:50, 24 November 2015 (UTC)[reply]","title":"User talk:Ashton1983"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buchwald-Hartwig_reaction
Buchwald–Hartwig amination
["1 History","2 Mechanism","3 Application","4 Scope","4.1 First-generation catalyst system","4.2 Bidentate phosphine ligands","4.3 Sterically hindered ligands","4.4 Ammonia equivalents","5 Variations on C–N couplings: C–O, C–S, and C–C couplings","6 References","7 External links"]
Chemical reaction for synthesizing C–N bonds This article relies excessively on references to primary sources. Please improve this article by adding secondary or tertiary sources. Find sources: "Buchwald–Hartwig amination" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (August 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Buchwald-Hartwig amination Named after Stephen L. Buchwald John F. Hartwig Reaction type Coupling reaction Identifiers Organic Chemistry Portal buchwald-hartwig-reaction RSC ontology ID RXNO:0000192 In organic chemistry, the Buchwald–Hartwig amination is a chemical reaction for the synthesis of carbon–nitrogen bonds via the palladium-catalyzed coupling reactions of amines with aryl halides. Although Pd-catalyzed C–N couplings were reported as early as 1983, Stephen L. Buchwald and John F. Hartwig have been credited, whose publications between 1994 and the late 2000s established the scope of the transformation. The reaction's synthetic utility stems primarily from the shortcomings of typical methods (nucleophilic substitution, reductive amination, etc.) for the synthesis of aromatic C−N bonds, with most methods suffering from limited substrate scope and functional group tolerance. The development of the Buchwald–Hartwig reaction allowed for the facile synthesis of aryl amines, replacing to an extent harsher methods (the Goldberg reaction, nucleophilic aromatic substitution, etc.) while significantly expanding the repertoire of possible C−N bond formations. Over the course of its development, several 'generations' of catalyst systems have been developed, with each system allowing greater scope in terms of coupling partners and milder conditions, allowing virtually any amine to be coupled with a wide variety of aryl coupling partners. Because of the ubiquity of aryl C–N bonds in pharmaceuticals and natural products, the reaction has gained wide use in synthetic organic chemistry, with application in many total syntheses and the industrial preparation of numerous pharmaceuticals. History The first example of a palladium catalyzed C–N cross-coupling reaction was published in 1983 by Migita and coworkers and described a reaction between several aryl bromides and N,N-diethylamino-tributyltin using 1 mol% PdCl22. Though several aryl bromides were tested, only electronically neutral, sterically unencumbered substrates gave good to excellent yields. Original precedent for Pd-catalyzed C–N coupling (Eq.2) In 1984, Dale L. Boger and James S. Panek reported an example of Pd(0)-mediated C–N bond formation in the context of their work on the synthesis of lavendamycin which utilized stoichiometric Pd(PPh3)4. Attempts to render the reaction catalytic were unsuccessful. C–N coupling reaction in the total synthesis of lavendamycin (Eq.3) These reports were virtually uncited for a decade. In February 1994, Hartwig reported a systematic study of the palladium compounds involved in the original Migita paper, concluding that the d10 complex Pd2 was the active catalyst. Proposed was a catalytic cycle involving oxidative addition of the aryl bromide. hartwig 1994 (Eq.4) In May 1994, Buchwald published an extension of the Migita paper offering two major improvements over the original paper. First, transamination of Bu3SnNEt2 followed by argon purge to remove the volatile diethylamine allowed extension of the methodology to a variety of secondary amines (both cyclic and acyclic) and primary anilines. Secondly, the yield for electron rich and electron poor arenes was improved via minor modifications to the reaction procedure (higher catalyst loading, higher temperature, longer reaction time), although no ortho-substituted aryl groups were included in this publication. Buchwald 1994 publication (Eq.5)Stephen L. Buchwald and John F. HartwigIn 1995, back to back studies from each lab showed that the couplings could be conducted with free amines in the presence of a bulky base (NaOtBu in the Buchwald publication, LiHMDS in the Hartwig publication), allowing for organotin-free coupling. Though these improved conditions proceeded at a faster rate, the substrate scope was limited almost entirely to secondary amines due to competitive hydrodehalogenation of the bromoarenes. (See Mechanism below) 1995 Tin-free coupling conditions (Eq.6) These results established the so-called "first generation" of Buchwald–Hartwig catalyst systems. The following years saw development of more sophisticated phosphine ligands that allowed extension to a larger variety of amines and aryl groups. Aryl iodides, chlorides, and triflates eventually became suitable substrates, and reactions run with weaker bases at room temperature were developed. These advances are detailed in the Scope section below, and the extension to more complex systems remains an active area of research. Mechanism The reaction mechanism for this reaction has been demonstrated to proceed through steps similar to those known for palladium catalyzed CC coupling reactions. Steps include oxidative addition of the aryl halide to a Pd(0) species, addition of the amine to the oxidative addition complex, deprotonation followed by reductive elimination. An unproductive side reaction can compete with reductive elimination wherein the amide undergoes beta hydride elimination to yield the hydrodehalogenated arene and an imine product. Throughout the development of the reaction the group sought to identify reaction intermediates through fundamental mechanistic studies. These studies have revealed a divergent reaction pathways depending on whether monodentate or chelating phosphine ligands are employed in the reaction, and a number of nuanced influences have been revealed (especially concerning the dialkylbiaryl phosphine ligands developed by Buchwald). The catalytic cycle proceeds as follows: Catalytic cycle for monodentate phosphine ligand systems (Eq.7) For monodentate ligand systems the monophosphine palladium (0) species is believed to form the palladium (II) species which is in equilibrium with the μ-halogen dimer. The stability of this dimer decreases in the order of X = I > Br > Cl, and is thought to be responsible for the slow reaction of aryl iodides with the first-generation catalyst system. Amine ligation followed by deprotonation by base produces the palladium amide. (Chelating systems have been shown to undergo these two steps in reverse order, with base complexation preceding amide formation.) This key intermediate reductively eliminates to produce the product and regenerate the catalyst. However, a side reaction can occur wherein β-hydride elimination followed by reductive elimination produces the hydrodehalogenated arene and the corresponding imine. Not shown are additional equilibria wherein various intermediates coordinate to additional phosphine ligands at various stages in the catalytic cycle. For chelating ligands, the monophosphine palladium species is not formed; oxidative addition, amide formation and reductive elimination occur from L2Pd complexes. The Hartwig group found that "reductive elimination can occur from either a four-coordinate bisphosphine or three-coordinate monophosphine arylpalladium amido complex. Eliminations from the three-coordinate compounds are faster. Second, β-hydrogen elimination occurs from a three-coordinate intermediate. Therefore, β-hydrogen elimination occurs slowly from arylpalladium complexes containing chelating phosphines while reductive elimination can still occur from these four-coordinate species." Application Because of the ubiquity of aryl C–N bonds in pharmaceuticals and natural products, the reaction has gained wide use in synthetic organic chemistry, with application in many total syntheses and the industrial preparation of numerous pharmaceuticals. Industrial applications include α-arylation of carbonyl compounds (such as ketones, esters, amides, aldehydes) and nitriles. Scope Although the scope of the Buchwald–Hartwig amination has been expanded to include a wide variety of aryl and amine coupling partners, the conditions required for any particular reactants are still largely substrate dependent. Various ligand systems have been developed, each with varying capabilities and limitations, and the choice of conditions requires consideration of the steric and electronic properties of both partners. Detailed below are the substrates and conditions for the major generations of ligand systems. (Not included herein are N-heterocyclic carbene ligands and ligands with wide bite angles such as Xantphos and Spanphos which also have been developed considerably.) First-generation catalyst system The first generation (Pd2) catalyst system was found to be effective for the coupling of both cyclic and acyclic secondary amines bearing both alkyl and aryl functionality (though not diarylamines) with a variety of aryl bromides. In general, these conditions were not able to couple primary amines due to competitive hydrodehalogenation of the arene. Aryl iodides were found to be suitable substrates for the intramolecular variant of this reaction, and importantly, could be coupled intermolecularly only if dioxane was used in place of toluene as a solvent, albeit with modest yields. Bidentate phosphine ligands The development of diphenylphosphinobinapthyl (BINAP) and diphenylphosphinoferrocene (DPPF) as ligands for the Buchwald–Hartwig amination provided the first reliable extension to primary amines and allowed efficient coupling of aryl iodides and triflates. (It is believed that the bidentate ligands prevent formation of the palladium iodide dimer after oxidative addition, speeding up the reaction.) These ligands typically produce the coupled products at higher rates and better yields than the first generation of catalysts. The initial reports of these ligands as catalysts were somewhat unexpected given the mechanistic evidence for monoligated complexes serving as the active catalysts in the first-generation system. In fact, the first examples from both labs were published in the same issue of JACS. Bidentate ligand examples (Eq.8) The chelation from these ligands is thought to suppress β-hydride elimination by preventing an open coordination site. In fact, α-chiral amines were found not to racemize when chelating ligands were employed, in contrast to the first-generation catalyst system. Chiral retention by chelating phosphine ligands (Eq.9) Sterically hindered ligands Bulky tri- and di-alkyl phosphine ligands have been shown to be remarkably active catalysts, allowing the coupling of a wide range of amines (primary, secondary, electron withdrawn, heterocyclic, etc.) with aryl chlorides, bromides, iodides, and triflates. Additionally, reactions employing hydroxide, carbonate, and phosphate bases in place of the traditional alkoxide and silylamide bases have been developed. The Buchwald group has developed a wide range of dialkylbiaryl phosphine ligands, while the Hartwig group has focused on ferrocene-derived and trialkyl phosphine ligands. Bulky ligands in the Buchwald–Hartwig amination (Eq.10) The dramatic increase in activity seen with these ligands is attributed to their propensity to sterically favor the monoligated palladium species at all stages of the catalytic cycle, dramatically increasing the rate of oxidative addition, amide formation, and reductive elimination. Several of these ligands also seem to enhance the rate of reductive elimination relative to β-hydride elimination via the electron donating arene-palladium interaction. Even electron withdrawn amines and heterocyclic substrates can be coupled under these conditions, despite their tendency to deactivate the palladium catalyst. Heteoaryl and amide substrates in the Buchwald–Hartwig amination (Eq.11) Ammonia equivalents Ammonia remains one of the most challenging coupling partners for Buchwald–Hartwig amination reactions, a problem attributed to its tight binding with palladium complexes. Several strategies have been developed to overcome this based on reagents that serve as ammonia equivalents. The use of a benzophenone imine or silylamide can overcome this limitation, with subsequent hydrolysis furnishing the primary aniline. Ammonia equivalents in the Buchwald–Hartwig amination (Eq.12) A catalyst system that can directly couple ammonia using a Josiphos-type ligand. Variations on C–N couplings: C–O, C–S, and C–C couplings Under conditions similar to those employed for amination, alcohols can be coupled with aryl halides to produce the corresponding aryl ethers. This serves as a convenient replacement for harsher analogues of this process such as the Ullmann condensation. Aryl ether synthesis (Eq.13) Thiols and thiophenols can be coupled with aryl halides under Buchwald-Hartwig-type conditions to produce the corresponding aryl thioethers. Furthermore, mercaptoesters have been employed as H2S-equivalents in order to generate the thiophenol from the corresponding aryl halide. Enolates and other similar carbon nucleophiles can also be coupled to produce α-aryl ketones, malonates, nitriles, etc. The scope of this transformation is similarly ligand-dependent and a number of systems have been developed. Several enantioselective methods for this process have been developed. Enolate coupling as an extension of the Buchwald–Hartwig amination (Eq.14) Several versions of the reaction employing complexes of copper and nickel rather than palladium have also been developed. References ^ Forero-Cortés, Paola A.; Haydl, Alexander M. (2 July 2019). "The 25th Anniversary of the Buchwald–Hartwig Amination: Development, Applications, and Outlook". Organic Process Research & Development. 23 (8): 1478–1483. doi:10.1021/acs.oprd.9b00161. S2CID 198366762. ^ Weygand, Conrad (1972). Hilgetag, G.; Martini, A. (eds.). Weygand/Hilgetag Preparative Organic Chemistry (4th ed.). New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. p. 461. ISBN 0471937495. ^ Kosugi, M.; Kameyama, M.; Migita, T. (1983), "Palladium-Catalyzed Aromatic Amination of Aryl Bromides With n,n-Di-Ethylamino-Tributyltin", Chemistry Letters, 12 (6): 927–928, doi:10.1246/cl.1983.927 ^ Boger, D.L.; Panek, J.S. (1984), "Palladium(0)- mediated -carboline synthesis: Preparation of the CDE ring system of lavendamycin", Tetrahedron Letters, 25 (30): 3175–3178, doi:10.1016/S0040-4039(01)91001-9 ^ Paul,F.; Patt, J.; Hartwig, J.F. (1994), "Palladium-catalyzed formation of carbon-nitrogen bonds. Reaction intermediates and catalyst improvements in the hetero cross-coupling of aryl halides and tin amides", J. Am. Chem. Soc., 116 (13): 5969–5970, doi:10.1021/ja00092a058 ^ Guram, A.S.; Buchwald, S.L. (1994), "Palladium-Catalyzed Aromatic Aminations with in situ Generated Aminostannanes", J. Am. Chem. Soc., 116 (17): 7901–7902, doi:10.1021/ja00096a059 ^ a b Louie,J.; Hartwig, J.F. (1995), "Palladium-catalyzed synthesis of arylamines from aryl halides. Mechanistic studies lead to coupling in the absence of tin reagents", Tetrahedron Letters, 36 (21): 3609–3612, doi:10.1016/0040-4039(95)00605-C ^ a b c Guram, A.S.; Rennels, R.A.; Buchwald, S.L. (1995), "A Simple Catalytic Method for the Conversion of Aryl Bromides to Arylamines", Angewandte Chemie International Edition, 34 (12): 1348–1350, doi:10.1002/anie.199513481 ^ a b c Muci, A.R.; Buchwald, S.L. (2002), "Practical Palladium Catalysts for C–N and C–O Bond Formation", Topics in Curr. Chem., Topics in Current Chemistry, 219: 131–209, doi:10.1007/3-540-45313-x_5, ISBN 978-3-540-42175-7 ^ Driver, M.S.; Hartwig, J.F. (1997), "Carbon−Nitrogen-Bond-Forming Reductive Elimination of Arylamines from Palladium(II) Phosphine Complexes", J. Am. Chem. Soc., 119 (35): 8232–8245, doi:10.1021/ja971057x ^ Hartwig, J.F.; Richards, S.; Barañano, D.; Paul, F. (1996), "Influences on the Relative Rates for C−N Bond-Forming Reductive Elimination and β-Hydrogen Elimination of Amides. A Case Study on the Origins of Competing Reduction in the Palladium-Catalyzed Amination of Aryl Halides", J. Am. Chem. Soc., 118 (15): 3626–3633, doi:10.1021/ja954121o ^ Driver, M.S.; Hartwig, J.F. (1995), "A Rare, Low-Valent Alkylamido Complex, a Diphenylamido Complex, and Their Reductive Elimination of Amines by Three-Coordinate Intermediates", J. Am. Chem. Soc., 117 (16): 4708–4709, doi:10.1021/ja00121a030 ^ Widenhoefer, R.A.; Buchwald, S.L. (1996), "Halide and Amine Influence in the Equilibrium Formation of Palladium Tris(o-tolyl)phosphine Mono(amine) Complexes from Palladium Aryl Halide Dimers", Organometallics, 15 (12): 2755–2763, doi:10.1021/om9509608 ^ a b Hartwig, J.F. (1999), "Approaches to catalyst discovery. New carbon-heteroatom and carbon-carbon bond formation", Pure Appl. Chem., 71 (8): 1416–1423, doi:10.1351/pac199971081417, S2CID 34700080 ^ Hartwig, J.F. (1997), "Palladium-Catalyzed Amination of Aryl Halides: Mechanism and Rational Catalyst Design", Synlett, 1997 (4): 329–340, doi:10.1055/s-1997-789, S2CID 196704196 ^ Hartwig, J.F. (1998), "Carbon-Heteroatom Bond-Forming Reductive Eliminations of Amines, Ethers, and Sulfides", Acc. Chem. Res., 31: 852–860, doi:10.1021/ar970282g ^ Wolfe, J.P.; Wagaw, S.; Marcoux, J.F.; Buchwald, S.L. (1998), "Rational Development of Practical Catalysts for Aromatic Carbon-Nitrogen Bond Formation", Acc. Chem. Res., 31: 805–818, doi:10.1021/ar9600650 ^ a b Hartwig, J.F. (1998), "Transition Metal Catalyzed Synthesis of Arylamines and Aryl Ethers from Aryl Halides and Triflates: Scope and Mechanism", Angew. Chem. Int. Ed., 37 (15): 2046–2067, doi:10.1002/(sici)1521-3773(19980817)37:15<2046::aid-anie2046>3.0.co;2-l, PMID 29711045 ^ a b Hartwig, J.F. (2008), "Evolution of a Fourth Generation Catalyst for the Amination and Thioetherification of Aryl Halides", Acc. Chem. Res., 41 (11): 1534–1544, doi:10.1021/ar800098p, PMC 2819174, PMID 18681463 ^ a b Surry, D.S.; Buchwald, S.L. (2008), "Biaryl Phosphane Ligands in Palladium-Catalyzed Amination", Angew. Chem. Int. Ed., 47 (34): 6338–6361, doi:10.1002/anie.200800497, PMC 3517088, PMID 18663711 ^ Surry, D.S.; Buchwald, S.L. (2011), "Dialkylbiaryl phosphines in Pd-catalyzed amination: a user's guide", Chem. Sci., 2 (1): 27–50, doi:10.1039/c0sc00331j, PMC 3306613, PMID 22432049 ^ ^ Thomas J. Colacot. The 2010 Nobel Prize in Chemistry: Palladium-Catalysed Cross-Coupling. Archived 2020-06-02 at the Wayback Machine Platinum Metals Rev., 2011, 55, (2) doi:10.1595/147106711X558301 ^ Wolfe, J. P.; Buchwald, S. L. (1996), "Palladium-Catalyzed Amination of Aryl Iodides", J. Org. Chem., 61 (3): 1133–1135, doi:10.1021/jo951844h ^ Driver, M.S.; Hartwig, J.F. (1996), "A Second-Generation Catalyst for Aryl Halide Amination: Mixed Secondary Amines from Aryl Halides and Primary Amines Catalyzed by (DPPF)PdCl2", J. Am. Chem. Soc., 118 (30): 7217–7218, doi:10.1021/ja960937t ^ Wolfe, J.P.; Wagaw, S.; Buchwald, S.L. (1996), "An Improved Catalyst System for Aromatic Carbon-Nitrogen Bond Formation: The Possible Involvement of Bis(Phosphine) Palladium Complexes as Key Intermediates", J. Am. Chem. Soc., 118: 7215–7216, doi:10.1021/ja9608306 ^ Louie, J.; Driver, M.S.; Hamann, B.C.; Hartwig, J.F. (1997), "Palladium-Catalyzed Amination of Aryl Triflates and Importance of Triflate Addition Rate", J. Org. Chem., 62 (5): 1268–1273, doi:10.1021/jo961930x ^ Wagaw, S.; Rennels, R.A.; Buchwald, S.L. (1997), "Palladium-Catalyzed Coupling of Optically Active Amines with Aryl Bromides", J. Am. Chem. Soc., 119 (36): 8451–8458, doi:10.1021/ja971583o ^ Old, D.W.; Wolfe, J.P.; Buchwald, S.L. (1998), "A Highly Active Catalyst for Palladium-Catalyzed Cross-Coupling Reactions: Room-Temperature Suzuki Couplings and Amination of Unactivated Aryl Chlorides", J. Am. Chem. Soc., 120 (37): 9722–9723, doi:10.1021/ja982250+ ^ Wolfe, J.P.; Buchwald, S.L. (1999), "A Highly Active Catalyst for the Room-Temperature Amination and Suzuki Coupling of Aryl Chlorides", Angew. Chem. Int. Ed., 38 (16): 2413–2416, doi:10.1002/(sici)1521-3773(19990816)38:16<2413::aid-anie2413>3.0.co;2-h, PMID 10458806 ^ Hamann, B.C.; Hartwig, J.F. (1998), "Sterically Hindered Chelating Alkyl Phosphines Provide Large Rate Accelerations in Palladium-Catalyzed Amination of Aryl Iodides, Bromides, and Chlorides, and the First Amination of Aryl Tosylates", J. Am. Chem. Soc., 120 (29): 7369–7370, doi:10.1021/ja981318i ^ Wolfe, J.P.; Tomori, H.; Sadighi, J.P.; Yin, J.; Buchwald, S.L. (2000), "Simple, Efficient Catalyst System for the Palladium-Catalyzed Amination of Aryl Chlorides, Bromides, and Triflates" (PDF), J. Org. Chem., 65 (4): 1158–1174, doi:10.1021/jo991699y, PMID 10814067 ^ Stambuli, J.P.; Kuwano, R.; Hartwig, J.F. (2002), "Unparalleled Rates for the Activation of Aryl Chlorides and Bromides: Coupling with Amines and Boronic Acids in Minutes at Room Temperature", Angew. Chem. Int. Ed., 41 (24): 4746–4748, doi:10.1002/anie.200290036, PMID 12481346 ^ Huang, X.; Anderson, K.W.; Zim, D.; Jiang, L.; Klapars, A.; Buchwald, S.L. (2003), "Expanding Pd-Catalyzed C–N Bond-Forming Processes: The First Amidation of Aryl Sulfonates, Aqueous Amination, and Complementarity with Cu-Catalyzed Reactions", J. Am. Chem. Soc., 125 (22): 6653–6655, doi:10.1021/ja035483w, PMID 12769573 ^ Anderson, K.W.; Tundel, R.E.; Ikawa, T.; Altman, R.A.; Buchwald, S.L. (2006), "Monodentate Phosphines Provide Highly Active Catalysts for Pd-Catalyzed C–N Bond-Forming Reactions of Heteroaromatic Halides/Amines and (H)N-Heterocycles", Angew. Chem. Int. Ed., 45 (39): 6523–6527, doi:10.1002/anie.200601612, PMID 16955526 ^ Ikawa, T.; Barder, T.E.; Biscoe, M.R.; Buchwald, S.L. (2007), "Pd-Catalyzed Amidations of Aryl Chlorides Using Monodentate Biaryl Phosphine Ligands: A Kinetic, Computational, and Synthetic Investigation", J. Am. Chem. Soc., 129 (43): 13001–13007, doi:10.1021/ja0717414, PMID 17918833 ^ Wolfe, J.P.; Ahman, J.; Sadighi, J.P.; Singer, R.A.; Buchwald, S.L. (1997), "An Ammonia Equivalent for the Palladium-Catalyzed Amination of Aryl Halides and Triflates", Tetrahedron Lett., 38 (36): 6367–6370, doi:10.1016/S0040-4039(97)01465-2 ^ Lee, S.; Jorgensen, M.; Hartwig, J.F. (2001), "Palladium-Catalyzed Synthesis of Arylamines from Aryl Halides and Lithium Bis(trimethylsilyl)amide as an Ammonia Equivalent", Org. Lett., 3 (17): 2729–2732, doi:10.1021/ol016333y, PMID 11506620 ^ Huang, X.; Buchwald, S.L. (2001), "New Ammonia Equivalents for the Pd-Catalyzed Amination of Aryl Halides", Org. Lett., 3 (21): 3417–3419, doi:10.1021/ol0166808, PMID 11594848 ^ Vo, G.D.; Hartwig, J.F. (2009), "Palladium-Catalyzed Coupling of Ammonia with Aryl Chlorides, Bromides, Iodides, and Sulfonates: A General Method for the Preparation of Primary Arylamines", J. Am. Chem. Soc., 131 (31): 11049–11061, doi:10.1021/ja903049z, PMC 2823124, PMID 19591470 ^ Mann, G.; Incarvito, C.; Rheingold, A.L.; Hartwig, J.F. (1999), "Palladium-Catalyzed C–O Coupling Involving Unactivated Aryl Halides. Sterically Induced Reductive Elimination To Form the C–O Bond in Diaryl Ethers", J. Am. Chem. Soc., 121: 3224–3225, doi:10.1021/ja984321a ^ Torraca, K.E.; Huang, X.; Parrish, C.A.; Buchwald, S.L. (2001), "An Efficient Intermolecular Palladium-Catalyzed Synthesis of Aryl Ethers", J. Am. Chem. Soc., 123 (43): 10770–10771, doi:10.1021/ja016863p, PMID 11674023 ^ Heesgaard Jepsen Tue (2011). "Synthesis of Functionalized Dibenzothiophenes - An Efficient Three-Step Approach Based on Pd-Catalyzed C–C and CS Bond Formations". European Journal of Organic Chemistry. 2011: 53–57. doi:10.1002/ejoc.201001393. ^ Culkin, D.A.; Hartwig, J.F. (2003), "Palladium-Catalyzed r-Arylation of Carbonyl Compounds and Nitriles", Acc. Chem. Res., 36 (4): 234–245, doi:10.1021/ar0201106, PMID 12693921 ^ Hamada, T.; Chieffi, A.; Ahman, J.; Buchwald, S.L. (2002), "An Improved Catalyst for the Asymmetric Arylation of Ketone Enolates", J. Am. Chem. Soc., 124 (7): 1261–1268, doi:10.1021/ja011122+, PMID 11841295 ^ Liao, X.; Weng, Z.; Hartwig, J.F. (2008), "Enantioselective r-Arylation of Ketones with Aryl Triflates Catalyzed by Difluorphos Complexes of Palladium and Nickel", J. Am. Chem. Soc., 130 (1): 195–200, doi:10.1021/ja074453g, PMC 2551326, PMID 18076166 External links Buchwald–Hartwig Coupling – Recent Literature Buchwald–Hartwig Chemistry Ian Mangion MacMillan Group Meeting July 30, 2002 Link Buchwald–Hartwig reaction Precious-Metal catalysts from Acros Organics for coupling reactions in organic synthesis Link vteTopics in organic reactions Addition reaction Elimination reaction Polymerization Reagents Rearrangement reaction Redox reaction Regioselectivity Stereoselectivity Stereospecificity Substitution reaction A value Alpha effect Annulene Anomeric effect Antiaromaticity Aromatic ring current Aromaticity Baird's rule Baker–Nathan effect Baldwin's rules Bema Hapothle Beta-silicon effect Bicycloaromaticity Bredt's rule Bürgi–Dunitz angle Catalytic resonance theory Charge remote fragmentation Charge-transfer complex Clar's rule Conformational isomerism Conjugated system Conrotatory and disrotatory Curtin–Hammett principle Dynamic binding (chemistry) Edwards equation Effective molarity Electromeric effect Electron-rich Electron-withdrawing group Electronic effect Electrophile Evelyn effect Flippin–Lodge angle Free-energy relationship Grunwald–Winstein equation Hammett acidity function Hammett equation George S. Hammond Hammond's postulate Homoaromaticity Hückel's rule Hyperconjugation Inductive effect Kinetic isotope effect LFER solvent coefficients (data page) Marcus theory Markovnikov's rule Möbius aromaticity Möbius–Hückel concept More O'Ferrall–Jencks plot Negative hyperconjugation Neighbouring group participation 2-Norbornyl cation Nucleophile Kennedy J. P. Orton Passive binding Phosphaethynolate Polar effect Polyfluorene Ring strain Σ-aromaticity Spherical aromaticity Spiroaromaticity Steric effects Superaromaticity Swain–Lupton equation Taft equation Thorpe–Ingold effect Vinylogy Walsh diagram Woodward–Hoffmann rules Woodward's rules Y-aromaticity Yukawa–Tsuno equation Zaitsev's rule Σ-bishomoaromaticity List of organic reactionsCarbon-carbon bond forming reactions Acetoacetic ester synthesis Acyloin condensation Aldol condensation Aldol reaction Alkane metathesis Alkyne metathesis Alkyne trimerisation Alkynylation Allan–Robinson reaction Arndt–Eistert reaction Auwers synthesis Aza-Baylis–Hillman reaction Barbier reaction Barton–Kellogg reaction Baylis–Hillman reaction Benary reaction Bergman cyclization Biginelli reaction Bingel reaction Blaise ketone synthesis Blaise reaction Blanc chloromethylation Bodroux–Chichibabin aldehyde synthesis Bouveault aldehyde synthesis Bucherer–Bergs reaction Buchner ring expansion Cadiot–Chodkiewicz coupling Carbonyl allylation Carbonyl olefin metathesis Castro–Stephens coupling Chan rearrangement Chan–Lam coupling Claisen condensation Claisen rearrangement Claisen-Schmidt condensation Combes quinoline synthesis Corey–Fuchs reaction Corey–House synthesis Coupling reaction Cross-coupling reaction Cross dehydrogenative coupling Cross-coupling partner Dakin–West reaction Darzens reaction Diels–Alder reaction Doebner reaction Wulff–Dötz reaction Ene reaction Enyne metathesis Ethenolysis Favorskii reaction Ferrier carbocyclization Friedel–Crafts reaction Fujimoto–Belleau reaction Fujiwara–Moritani reaction Fukuyama coupling Gabriel–Colman rearrangement Gattermann reaction Glaser coupling Grignard reaction Grignard reagent Hammick reaction Heck reaction Henry reaction Heterogeneous metal catalyzed cross-coupling High dilution principle Hiyama coupling Homologation reaction Horner–Wadsworth–Emmons reaction Hydrocyanation Hydrovinylation Hydroxymethylation Ivanov reaction Johnson–Corey–Chaykovsky reaction Julia olefination Julia–Kocienski olefination Kauffmann olefination Knoevenagel condensation Knorr pyrrole synthesis Kolbe–Schmitt reaction Kowalski ester homologation Kulinkovich reaction Kumada coupling Liebeskind–Srogl coupling Malonic ester synthesis Mannich reaction McMurry reaction Meerwein arylation Methylenation Michael reaction Minisci reaction Mizoroki-Heck vs. Reductive Heck Nef isocyanide reaction Nef synthesis Negishi coupling Nierenstein reaction Nitro-Mannich reaction Nozaki–Hiyama–Kishi reaction Olefin conversion technology Olefin metathesis Palladium–NHC complex Passerini reaction Peterson olefination Pfitzinger reaction Piancatelli rearrangement Pinacol coupling reaction Prins reaction Quelet reaction Ramberg–Bäcklund reaction Rauhut–Currier reaction Reformatsky reaction Reimer–Tiemann reaction Rieche formylation Ring-closing metathesis Robinson annulation Sakurai reaction Seyferth–Gilbert homologation Shapiro reaction Sonogashira coupling Stetter reaction Stille reaction Stollé synthesis Stork enamine alkylation Suzuki reaction Takai olefination Thermal rearrangement of aromatic hydrocarbons Thorpe reaction Ugi reaction Ullmann reaction Wagner-Jauregg reaction Weinreb ketone synthesis Wittig reaction Wurtz reaction Wurtz–Fittig reaction Zincke–Suhl reaction Homologation reactions Arndt–Eistert reaction Hooker reaction Kiliani–Fischer synthesis Kowalski ester homologation Methoxymethylenetriphenylphosphorane Seyferth–Gilbert homologation Wittig reaction Olefination reactions Bamford–Stevens reaction Barton–Kellogg reaction Boord olefin synthesis Chugaev elimination Cope reaction Corey–Winter olefin synthesis Dehydrohalogenation Elimination reaction Grieco elimination Hofmann elimination Horner–Wadsworth–Emmons reaction Hydrazone iodination Julia olefination Julia–Kocienski olefination Kauffmann olefination McMurry reaction Peterson olefination Ramberg–Bäcklund reaction Shapiro reaction Takai olefination Wittig reaction Carbon-heteroatom bond forming reactions Azo coupling Bartoli indole synthesis Boudouard reaction Cadogan–Sundberg indole synthesis Diazonium compound Esterification Grignard reagent Haloform reaction Hegedus indole synthesis Hurd–Mori 1,2,3-thiadiazole synthesis Kharasch–Sosnovsky reaction Knorr pyrrole synthesis Leimgruber–Batcho indole synthesis Mukaiyama hydration Nenitzescu indole synthesis Oxymercuration reaction Reed reaction Schotten–Baumann reaction Ullmann condensation Williamson ether synthesis Yamaguchi esterification Degradation reactions Barbier–Wieland degradation Bergmann degradation Edman degradation Emde degradation Gallagher–Hollander degradation Hofmann rearrangement Hooker reaction Isosaccharinic acid Marker degradation Ruff degradation Strecker degradation Von Braun amide degradation Weerman degradation Wohl degradation Organic redox reactions Acyloin condensation Adkins–Peterson reaction Akabori amino-acid reaction Alcohol oxidation Algar–Flynn–Oyamada reaction Amide reduction Andrussow process Angeli–Rimini reaction Aromatization Autoxidation Baeyer–Villiger oxidation Barton–McCombie deoxygenation Bechamp reduction Benkeser reaction Bergmann degradation Birch reduction Bohn–Schmidt reaction Bosch reaction Bouveault–Blanc reduction Boyland–Sims oxidation Cannizzaro reaction Carbonyl reduction Clemmensen reduction Collins oxidation Corey–Itsuno reduction Corey–Kim oxidation Corey–Winter olefin synthesis Criegee oxidation Dakin oxidation Davis oxidation Deoxygenation Dess–Martin oxidation DNA oxidation Elbs persulfate oxidation Emde degradation Eschweiler–Clarke reaction Étard reaction Fischer–Tropsch process Fleming–Tamao oxidation Fukuyama reduction Ganem oxidation Glycol cleavage Griesbaum coozonolysis Grundmann aldehyde synthesis Haloform reaction Hydrogenation Hydrogenolysis Hydroxylation Jones oxidation Kiliani–Fischer synthesis Kolbe electrolysis Kornblum oxidation Kornblum–DeLaMare rearrangement Leuckart reaction Ley oxidation Lindgren oxidation Lipid peroxidation Lombardo methylenation Luche reduction Markó–Lam deoxygenation McFadyen–Stevens reaction Meerwein–Ponndorf–Verley reduction Methionine sulfoxide Miyaura borylation Mozingo reduction Noyori asymmetric hydrogenation Omega oxidation Oppenauer oxidation Oxygen rebound mechanism Ozonolysis Parikh–Doering oxidation Pinnick oxidation Prévost reaction Reduction of nitro compounds Reductive amination Riley oxidation Rosenmund reduction Rubottom oxidation Sabatier reaction Sarett oxidation Selenoxide elimination Shapiro reaction Sharpless asymmetric dihydroxylation Epoxidation of allylic alcohols Sharpless epoxidation Sharpless oxyamination Stahl oxidation Staudinger reaction Stephen aldehyde synthesis Swern oxidation Transfer hydrogenation Wacker process Wharton reaction Whiting reaction Wohl–Aue reaction Wolff–Kishner reduction Wolffenstein–Böters reaction Zinin reaction Rearrangement reactions 1,2-rearrangement 1,2-Wittig rearrangement 2,3-sigmatropic rearrangement 2,3-Wittig rearrangement Achmatowicz reaction Alkyne zipper reaction Allen–Millar–Trippett rearrangement Allylic rearrangement Alpha-ketol rearrangement Amadori rearrangement Arndt–Eistert reaction Aza-Cope rearrangement Baker–Venkataraman rearrangement Bamberger rearrangement Banert cascade Beckmann rearrangement Benzilic acid rearrangement Bergman cyclization Bergmann degradation Boekelheide reaction Brook rearrangement Buchner ring expansion Carroll rearrangement Chan rearrangement Claisen rearrangement Cope rearrangement Corey–Fuchs reaction Cornforth rearrangement Criegee rearrangement Curtius rearrangement Demjanov rearrangement Di-π-methane rearrangement Dimroth rearrangement Divinylcyclopropane-cycloheptadiene rearrangement Dowd–Beckwith ring-expansion reaction Electrocyclic reaction Ene reaction Enyne metathesis Favorskii reaction Favorskii rearrangement Ferrier carbocyclization Ferrier rearrangement Fischer–Hepp rearrangement Fries rearrangement Fritsch–Buttenberg–Wiechell rearrangement Gabriel–Colman rearrangement Group transfer reaction Halogen dance rearrangement Hayashi rearrangement Hofmann rearrangement Hofmann–Martius rearrangement Ireland–Claisen rearrangement Jacobsen rearrangement Kornblum–DeLaMare rearrangement Kowalski ester homologation Lobry de Bruyn–Van Ekenstein transformation Lossen rearrangement McFadyen–Stevens reaction McLafferty rearrangement Meyer–Schuster rearrangement Mislow–Evans rearrangement Mumm rearrangement Myers allene synthesis Nazarov cyclization reaction Neber rearrangement Newman–Kwart rearrangement Overman rearrangement Oxy-Cope rearrangement Pericyclic reaction Piancatelli rearrangement Pinacol rearrangement Pummerer rearrangement Ramberg–Bäcklund reaction Ring expansion and contraction Ring-closing metathesis Rupe reaction Schmidt reaction Semipinacol rearrangement Seyferth–Gilbert homologation Sigmatropic reaction Skattebøl rearrangement Smiles rearrangement Sommelet–Hauser rearrangement Stevens rearrangement Stieglitz rearrangement Thermal rearrangement of aromatic hydrocarbons Tiffeneau–Demjanov rearrangement Vinylcyclopropane rearrangement Wagner–Meerwein rearrangement Wallach rearrangement Weerman degradation Westphalen–Lettré rearrangement Willgerodt rearrangement Wolff rearrangement Ring forming reactions 1,3-Dipolar cycloaddition Annulation Azide-alkyne Huisgen cycloaddition Baeyer–Emmerling indole synthesis Bartoli indole synthesis Bergman cyclization Biginelli reaction Bischler–Möhlau indole synthesis Bischler–Napieralski reaction Blum–Ittah aziridine synthesis Bobbitt reaction Bohlmann–Rahtz pyridine synthesis Borsche–Drechsel cyclization Bucherer carbazole synthesis Bucherer–Bergs reaction Cadogan–Sundberg indole synthesis Camps quinoline synthesis Chichibabin pyridine synthesis Cook–Heilbron thiazole synthesis Cycloaddition Darzens reaction Davis–Beirut reaction De Kimpe aziridine synthesis Debus–Radziszewski imidazole synthesis Dieckmann condensation Diels–Alder reaction Feist–Benary synthesis Ferrario–Ackermann reaction Fiesselmann thiophene synthesis Fischer indole synthesis Fischer oxazole synthesis Friedländer synthesis Gewald reaction Graham reaction Hantzsch pyridine synthesis Hegedus indole synthesis Hemetsberger indole synthesis Hofmann–Löffler reaction Hurd–Mori 1,2,3-thiadiazole synthesis Iodolactonization Isay reaction Jacobsen epoxidation Johnson–Corey–Chaykovsky reaction Knorr pyrrole synthesis Knorr quinoline synthesis Kröhnke pyridine synthesis Kulinkovich reaction Larock indole synthesis Madelung synthesis Nazarov cyclization reaction Nenitzescu indole synthesis Niementowski quinazoline synthesis Niementowski quinoline synthesis Paal–Knorr synthesis Paternò–Büchi reaction Pechmann condensation Petrenko-Kritschenko piperidone synthesis Pictet–Spengler reaction Pomeranz–Fritsch reaction Prilezhaev reaction Pschorr cyclization Reissert indole synthesis Ring-closing metathesis Robinson annulation Sharpless epoxidation Simmons–Smith reaction Skraup reaction Urech hydantoin synthesis Van Leusen reaction Wenker synthesis Cycloaddition 1,3-Dipolar cycloaddition 4+4 Photocycloaddition (4+3) cycloaddition 6+4 Cycloaddition Alkyne trimerisation Aza-Diels–Alder reaction Azide-alkyne Huisgen cycloaddition Bradsher cycloaddition Cheletropic reaction Conia-ene reaction Cyclopropanation Diazoalkane 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition Diels–Alder reaction Enone–alkene cycloadditions Hexadehydro Diels–Alder reaction Imine Diels–Alder reaction Intramolecular Diels–Alder cycloaddition Inverse electron-demand Diels–Alder reaction Ketene cycloaddition McCormack reaction Metal-centered cycloaddition reactions Nitrone-olefin (3+2) cycloaddition Oxo-Diels–Alder reaction Ozonolysis Pauson–Khand reaction Povarov reaction Prato reaction Retro-Diels–Alder reaction Staudinger synthesis Trimethylenemethane cycloaddition Vinylcyclopropane (5+2) cycloaddition Wagner-Jauregg reaction Heterocycle forming reactions Algar–Flynn–Oyamada reaction Allan–Robinson reaction Auwers synthesis Bamberger triazine synthesis Banert cascade Barton–Zard reaction Bernthsen acridine synthesis Bischler–Napieralski reaction Bobbitt reaction Boger pyridine synthesis Borsche–Drechsel cyclization Bucherer carbazole synthesis Bucherer–Bergs reaction Chichibabin pyridine synthesis Cook–Heilbron thiazole synthesis Diazoalkane 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition Einhorn–Brunner reaction Erlenmeyer–Plöchl azlactone and amino-acid synthesis Feist–Benary synthesis Fischer oxazole synthesis Gabriel–Colman rearrangement Gewald reaction Hantzsch ester Hantzsch pyridine synthesis Herz reaction Knorr pyrrole synthesis Kröhnke pyridine synthesis Lectka enantioselective beta-lactam synthesis Lehmstedt–Tanasescu reaction Niementowski quinazoline synthesis Nitrone-olefin (3+2) cycloaddition Paal–Knorr synthesis Pellizzari reaction Pictet–Spengler reaction Pomeranz–Fritsch reaction Prilezhaev reaction Robinson–Gabriel synthesis Stollé synthesis Urech hydantoin synthesis Wenker synthesis Wohl–Aue reaction
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"organic chemistry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organic_chemistry"},{"link_name":"chemical reaction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_reaction"},{"link_name":"carbon–nitrogen bonds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon%E2%80%93nitrogen_bond"},{"link_name":"palladium-catalyzed coupling reactions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross-coupling_reaction"},{"link_name":"amines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amine"},{"link_name":"aryl halides","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aryl_halide"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Stephen L. Buchwald","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_L._Buchwald"},{"link_name":"John F. Hartwig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_F._Hartwig"},{"link_name":"nucleophilic substitution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nucleophilic_substitution"},{"link_name":"reductive amination","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reductive_amination"},{"link_name":"C−N","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon-nitrogen_bond"},{"link_name":"functional group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Functional_group"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Goldberg reaction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goldberg_reaction"},{"link_name":"nucleophilic aromatic substitution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nucleophilic_aromatic_substitution"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Buchwaldhartwig.png"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"natural products","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_product"},{"link_name":"total syntheses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Total_synthesis"}],"text":"In organic chemistry, the Buchwald–Hartwig amination is a chemical reaction for the synthesis of carbon–nitrogen bonds via the palladium-catalyzed coupling reactions of amines with aryl halides.[1] Although Pd-catalyzed C–N couplings were reported as early as 1983, Stephen L. Buchwald and John F. Hartwig have been credited, whose publications between 1994 and the late 2000s established the scope of the transformation. The reaction's synthetic utility stems primarily from the shortcomings of typical methods (nucleophilic substitution, reductive amination, etc.) for the synthesis of aromatic C−N bonds, with most methods suffering from limited substrate scope and functional group tolerance.[2] The development of the Buchwald–Hartwig reaction allowed for the facile synthesis of aryl amines, replacing to an extent harsher methods (the Goldberg reaction, nucleophilic aromatic substitution, etc.) while significantly expanding the repertoire of possible C−N bond formations.[citation needed]Over the course of its development, several 'generations' of catalyst systems have been developed, with each system allowing greater scope in terms of coupling partners and milder conditions, allowing virtually any amine to be coupled with a wide variety of aryl coupling partners.[citation needed] Because of the ubiquity of aryl C–N bonds in pharmaceuticals and natural products, the reaction has gained wide use in synthetic organic chemistry, with application in many total syntheses and the industrial preparation of numerous pharmaceuticals.","title":"Buchwald–Hartwig amination"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"tin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tin"},{"link_name":"electronically neutral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electron_withdrawing_group"},{"link_name":"sterically unencumbered","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steric_hindrance"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Migita-3"},{"link_name":"Dale L. Boger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dale_L._Boger"},{"link_name":"Pd(PPh3)4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetrakis_triphenylphosphine_palladium"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Boger-4"},{"link_name":"d10","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D_orbital"},{"link_name":"oxidative addition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxidative_addition"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hartwig1-5"},{"link_name":"transamination","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transamination"},{"link_name":"argon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argon"},{"link_name":"diethylamine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diethylamine"},{"link_name":"secondary amines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secondary_amine"},{"link_name":"anilines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aniline"},{"link_name":"ortho","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arene_substitution_patterns"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Stephen_L._Buchwald_and_John_F._Hartwig.png"},{"link_name":"base","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Base_(chemistry)"},{"link_name":"NaOtBu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodium_tert-butoxide"},{"link_name":"LiHMDS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LiHMDS"},{"link_name":"organotin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organotin"},{"link_name":"hydrodehalogenation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beta_hydride_elimination"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hartwig2-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Buchwald2-8"},{"link_name":"Mechanism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Mechanism"},{"link_name":"phosphine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phosphine"},{"link_name":"ligands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ligands"},{"link_name":"iodides","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iodide"},{"link_name":"chlorides","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chloride"},{"link_name":"triflates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triflate"},{"link_name":"Scope","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Scope"}],"text":"The first example of a palladium catalyzed C–N cross-coupling reaction was published in 1983 by Migita and coworkers and described a reaction between several aryl bromides and N,N-diethylamino-tributyltin using 1 mol% PdCl2[P(o-tolyl)3]2. Though several aryl bromides were tested, only electronically neutral, sterically unencumbered substrates gave good to excellent yields.[3]In 1984, Dale L. Boger and James S. Panek reported an example of Pd(0)-mediated C–N bond formation in the context of their work on the synthesis of lavendamycin which utilized stoichiometric Pd(PPh3)4. Attempts to render the reaction catalytic were unsuccessful.[4]These reports were virtually uncited for a decade. In February 1994, Hartwig reported a systematic study of the palladium compounds involved in the original Migita paper, concluding that the d10 complex Pd[P(o-Tolyl)3]2 was the active catalyst. Proposed was a catalytic cycle involving oxidative addition of the aryl bromide.[5]In May 1994, Buchwald published an extension of the Migita paper offering two major improvements over the original paper. First, transamination of Bu3SnNEt2 followed by argon purge to remove the volatile diethylamine allowed extension of the methodology to a variety of secondary amines (both cyclic and acyclic) and primary anilines. Secondly, the yield for electron rich and electron poor arenes was improved via minor modifications to the reaction procedure (higher catalyst loading, higher temperature, longer reaction time), although no ortho-substituted aryl groups were included in this publication.[6]Stephen L. Buchwald and John F. HartwigIn 1995, back to back studies from each lab showed that the couplings could be conducted with free amines in the presence of a bulky base (NaOtBu in the Buchwald publication, LiHMDS in the Hartwig publication), allowing for organotin-free coupling. Though these improved conditions proceeded at a faster rate, the substrate scope was limited almost entirely to secondary amines due to competitive hydrodehalogenation of the bromoarenes.[7][8] (See Mechanism below)These results established the so-called \"first generation\" of Buchwald–Hartwig catalyst systems. The following years saw development of more sophisticated phosphine ligands that allowed extension to a larger variety of amines and aryl groups. Aryl iodides, chlorides, and triflates eventually became suitable substrates, and reactions run with weaker bases at room temperature were developed. These advances are detailed in the Scope section below, and the extension to more complex systems remains an active area of research.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"reaction mechanism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reaction_mechanism"},{"link_name":"reductive elimination","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reductive_elimination"},{"link_name":"imine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imine"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-buchwaldreview2002-9"},{"link_name":"monodentate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monodentate"},{"link_name":"chelating","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelate_effect"},{"link_name":"dialkylbiaryl phosphine ligands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dialkylbiaryl_phosphine_ligands"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hartwigmech-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hartwigmech2-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hartwigmech3-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Buchwaldmech-13"},{"link_name":"equilibrium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_equilibrium"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hartwigreview1999-14"}],"text":"The reaction mechanism for this reaction has been demonstrated to proceed through steps similar to those known for palladium catalyzed CC coupling reactions. Steps include oxidative addition of the aryl halide to a Pd(0) species, addition of the amine to the oxidative addition complex, deprotonation followed by reductive elimination. An unproductive side reaction can compete with reductive elimination wherein the amide undergoes beta hydride elimination to yield the hydrodehalogenated arene and an imine product.[9]Throughout the development of the reaction the group sought to identify reaction intermediates through fundamental mechanistic studies. These studies have revealed a divergent reaction pathways depending on whether monodentate or chelating phosphine ligands are employed in the reaction, and a number of nuanced influences have been revealed (especially concerning the dialkylbiaryl phosphine ligands developed by Buchwald).The catalytic cycle proceeds as follows:[10][11][12][13]For monodentate ligand systems the monophosphine palladium (0) species is believed to form the palladium (II) species which is in equilibrium with the μ-halogen dimer. The stability of this dimer decreases in the order of X = I > Br > Cl, and is thought to be responsible for the slow reaction of aryl iodides with the first-generation catalyst system. Amine ligation followed by deprotonation by base produces the palladium amide. (Chelating systems have been shown to undergo these two steps in reverse order, with base complexation preceding amide formation.) This key intermediate reductively eliminates to produce the product and regenerate the catalyst. However, a side reaction can occur wherein β-hydride elimination followed by reductive elimination produces the hydrodehalogenated arene and the corresponding imine. Not shown are additional equilibria wherein various intermediates coordinate to additional phosphine ligands at various stages in the catalytic cycle.For chelating ligands, the monophosphine palladium species is not formed; oxidative addition, amide formation and reductive elimination occur from L2Pd complexes. The Hartwig group found that \"reductive elimination can occur from either a four-coordinate bisphosphine or three-coordinate monophosphine arylpalladium amido complex. Eliminations from the three-coordinate compounds are faster. Second, β-hydrogen elimination occurs from a three-coordinate intermediate. Therefore, β-hydrogen elimination occurs slowly from arylpalladium complexes containing chelating phosphines while reductive elimination can still occur from these four-coordinate species.\"[14]","title":"Mechanism"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"natural products","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_product"},{"link_name":"total syntheses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Total_synthesis"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"}],"text":"Because of the ubiquity of aryl C–N bonds in pharmaceuticals and natural products, the reaction has gained wide use in synthetic organic chemistry, with application in many total syntheses and the industrial preparation of numerous pharmaceuticals.[22]\nIndustrial applications include α-arylation of carbonyl compounds (such as ketones, esters, amides, aldehydes) and nitriles.[23]","title":"Application"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"N-heterocyclic carbene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N-heterocyclic_carbene"},{"link_name":"bite angles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bite_angle"},{"link_name":"Xantphos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xantphos"},{"link_name":"Spanphos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanphos"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-buchwaldreview2002-9"}],"text":"Although the scope of the Buchwald–Hartwig amination has been expanded to include a wide variety of aryl and amine coupling partners, the conditions required for any particular reactants are still largely substrate dependent. Various ligand systems have been developed, each with varying capabilities and limitations, and the choice of conditions requires consideration of the steric and electronic properties of both partners. Detailed below are the substrates and conditions for the major generations of ligand systems. (Not included herein are N-heterocyclic carbene ligands and ligands with wide bite angles such as Xantphos and Spanphos which also have been developed considerably.)[9]","title":"Scope"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hartwig2-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Buchwald2-8"},{"link_name":"intramolecular","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intramolecular_reaction"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Buchwald2-8"},{"link_name":"intermolecularly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intermolecular"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Buchwald3-24"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:FirstGenerationCatalystSystem.png"}],"sub_title":"First-generation catalyst system","text":"The first generation (Pd[P(o-Tolyl)3]2) catalyst system was found to be effective for the coupling of both cyclic and acyclic secondary amines bearing both alkyl and aryl functionality (though not diarylamines) with a variety of aryl bromides. In general, these conditions were not able to couple primary amines due to competitive hydrodehalogenation of the arene.[7][8]Aryl iodides were found to be suitable substrates for the intramolecular variant of this reaction,[8] and importantly, could be coupled intermolecularly only if dioxane was used in place of toluene as a solvent, albeit with modest yields.[24]","title":"Scope"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"diphenylphosphinobinapthyl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BINAP"},{"link_name":"diphenylphosphinoferrocene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1,1%27-Bis(diphenylphosphino)ferrocene"},{"link_name":"JACS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journal_of_the_American_Chemical_Society"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hartwig3-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Buchwald_4-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hartwig_4-27"},{"link_name":"chelation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelate_effect"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Buchwald_5-28"}],"sub_title":"Bidentate phosphine ligands","text":"The development of diphenylphosphinobinapthyl (BINAP) and diphenylphosphinoferrocene (DPPF) as ligands for the Buchwald–Hartwig amination provided the first reliable extension to primary amines and allowed efficient coupling of aryl iodides and triflates. (It is believed that the bidentate ligands prevent formation of the palladium iodide dimer after oxidative addition, speeding up the reaction.) These ligands typically produce the coupled products at higher rates and better yields than the first generation of catalysts. The initial reports of these ligands as catalysts were somewhat unexpected given the mechanistic evidence for monoligated complexes serving as the active catalysts in the first-generation system. In fact, the first examples from both labs were published in the same issue of JACS.[25][26][27]The chelation from these ligands is thought to suppress β-hydride elimination by preventing an open coordination site. In fact, α-chiral amines were found not to racemize when chelating ligands were employed, in contrast to the first-generation catalyst system.[28]","title":"Scope"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"hydroxide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydroxide"},{"link_name":"carbonate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbonate"},{"link_name":"phosphate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phosphate"},{"link_name":"dialkylbiaryl phosphine ligands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dialkylbiaryl_phosphine_ligands"},{"link_name":"ferrocene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferrocene"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HartwigACR2-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Buchwaldreview2008-20"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"}],"sub_title":"Sterically hindered ligands","text":"Bulky tri- and di-alkyl phosphine ligands have been shown to be remarkably active catalysts, allowing the coupling of a wide range of amines (primary, secondary, electron withdrawn, heterocyclic, etc.) with aryl chlorides, bromides, iodides, and triflates. Additionally, reactions employing hydroxide, carbonate, and phosphate bases in place of the traditional alkoxide and silylamide bases have been developed. The Buchwald group has developed a wide range of dialkylbiaryl phosphine ligands, while the Hartwig group has focused on ferrocene-derived and trialkyl phosphine ligands.[29][30][31][32][33][34]The dramatic increase in activity seen with these ligands is attributed to their propensity to sterically favor the monoligated palladium species at all stages of the catalytic cycle, dramatically increasing the rate of oxidative addition, amide formation, and reductive elimination. Several of these ligands also seem to enhance the rate of reductive elimination relative to β-hydride elimination via the electron donating arene-palladium interaction.[19][20]Even electron withdrawn amines and heterocyclic substrates can be coupled under these conditions, despite their tendency to deactivate the palladium catalyst.[35][36]","title":"Scope"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ammonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ammonia"},{"link_name":"benzophenone imine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benzophenone_imine"},{"link_name":"aniline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aniline"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"}],"sub_title":"Ammonia equivalents","text":"Ammonia remains one of the most challenging coupling partners for Buchwald–Hartwig amination reactions, a problem attributed to its tight binding with palladium complexes. Several strategies have been developed to overcome this based on reagents that serve as ammonia equivalents. The use of a benzophenone imine or silylamide can overcome this limitation, with subsequent hydrolysis furnishing the primary aniline.[37][38][39]A catalyst system that can directly couple ammonia using a Josiphos-type ligand.[40]","title":"Scope"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"alcohols","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcohol_(chemistry)"},{"link_name":"ethers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ether"},{"link_name":"Ullmann condensation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ullmann_condensation"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"copper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copper"},{"link_name":"nickel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nickel"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hartwigreview1998-18"}],"text":"Under conditions similar to those employed for amination, alcohols can be coupled with aryl halides to produce the corresponding aryl ethers. This serves as a convenient replacement for harsher analogues of this process such as the Ullmann condensation.[41][42]Thiols and thiophenols can be coupled with aryl halides under Buchwald-Hartwig-type conditions to produce the corresponding aryl thioethers. Furthermore, mercaptoesters have been employed as H2S-equivalents in order to generate the thiophenol from the corresponding aryl halide.[43]Enolates and other similar carbon nucleophiles can also be coupled to produce α-aryl ketones, malonates, nitriles, etc. The scope of this transformation is similarly ligand-dependent and a number of systems have been developed.[44] Several enantioselective methods for this process have been developed.[45][46]Several versions of the reaction employing complexes of copper and nickel rather than palladium have also been developed.[18]","title":"Variations on C–N couplings: C–O, C–S, and C–C couplings"}]
[{"image_text":"Original precedent for Pd-catalyzed C–N coupling","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Migita.png/450px-Migita.png"},{"image_text":"C–N coupling reaction in the total synthesis of lavendamycin","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Bogerpanekamination.png/400px-Bogerpanekamination.png"},{"image_text":"hartwig 1994","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Hartwig1.png/650px-Hartwig1.png"},{"image_text":"Buchwald 1994 publication","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Buchwald1994.png/550px-Buchwald1994.png"},{"image_text":"Stephen L. Buchwald and John F. Hartwig","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Stephen_L._Buchwald_and_John_F._Hartwig.png/220px-Stephen_L._Buchwald_and_John_F._Hartwig.png"},{"image_text":"1995 Tin-free coupling conditions","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Tinfree.png/500px-Tinfree.png"},{"image_text":"Catalytic cycle for monodentate phosphine ligand systems","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Monophosmechanism.png/600px-Monophosmechanism.png"},{"image_text":"Bidentate ligand examples","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/BHASecondgenexamples.png/600px-BHASecondgenexamples.png"},{"image_text":"Chiral retention by chelating phosphine ligands","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/BHASecondgenchiral.png/450px-BHASecondgenchiral.png"},{"image_text":"Bulky ligands in the Buchwald–Hartwig amination","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/BHAThirdgenscope.png/500px-BHAThirdgenscope.png"},{"image_text":"Heteoaryl and amide substrates in the Buchwald–Hartwig amination","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/BHAHetarylamide.png/530px-BHAHetarylamide.png"},{"image_text":"Ammonia equivalents in the Buchwald–Hartwig amination","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/BHAammonia.png/600px-BHAammonia.png"},{"image_text":"Aryl ether synthesis","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/BHAether.png/500px-BHAether.png"},{"image_text":"Enolate coupling as an extension of the Buchwald–Hartwig amination","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/BHAenolates.png/550px-BHAenolates.png"}]
null
[{"reference":"Forero-Cortés, Paola A.; Haydl, Alexander M. (2 July 2019). \"The 25th Anniversary of the Buchwald–Hartwig Amination: Development, Applications, and Outlook\". Organic Process Research & Development. 23 (8): 1478–1483. doi:10.1021/acs.oprd.9b00161. S2CID 198366762.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1021%2Facs.oprd.9b00161","url_text":"10.1021/acs.oprd.9b00161"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:198366762","url_text":"198366762"}]},{"reference":"Weygand, Conrad (1972). Hilgetag, G.; Martini, A. (eds.). Weygand/Hilgetag Preparative Organic Chemistry (4th ed.). New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. p. 461. ISBN 0471937495.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0471937495","url_text":"0471937495"}]},{"reference":"Kosugi, M.; Kameyama, M.; Migita, T. (1983), \"Palladium-Catalyzed Aromatic Amination of Aryl Bromides With n,n-Di-Ethylamino-Tributyltin\", Chemistry Letters, 12 (6): 927–928, doi:10.1246/cl.1983.927","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1246%2Fcl.1983.927","url_text":"10.1246/cl.1983.927"}]},{"reference":"Boger, D.L.; Panek, J.S. (1984), \"Palladium(0)- mediated [beta]-carboline synthesis: Preparation of the CDE ring system of lavendamycin\", Tetrahedron Letters, 25 (30): 3175–3178, doi:10.1016/S0040-4039(01)91001-9","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetrahedron_Letters","url_text":"Tetrahedron Letters"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0040-4039%2801%2991001-9","url_text":"10.1016/S0040-4039(01)91001-9"}]},{"reference":"Paul,F.; Patt, J.; Hartwig, J.F. (1994), \"Palladium-catalyzed formation of carbon-nitrogen bonds. Reaction intermediates and catalyst improvements in the hetero cross-coupling of aryl halides and tin amides\", J. Am. Chem. Soc., 116 (13): 5969–5970, doi:10.1021/ja00092a058","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._Am._Chem._Soc.","url_text":"J. Am. Chem. 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Mechanistic studies lead to coupling in the absence of tin reagents\", Tetrahedron Letters, 36 (21): 3609–3612, doi:10.1016/0040-4039(95)00605-C","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetrahedron_Letters","url_text":"Tetrahedron Letters"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0040-4039%2895%2900605-C","url_text":"10.1016/0040-4039(95)00605-C"}]},{"reference":"Guram, A.S.; Rennels, R.A.; Buchwald, S.L. (1995), \"A Simple Catalytic Method for the Conversion of Aryl Bromides to Arylamines\", Angewandte Chemie International Edition, 34 (12): 1348–1350, doi:10.1002/anie.199513481","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angewandte_Chemie_International_Edition","url_text":"Angewandte Chemie International Edition"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fanie.199513481","url_text":"10.1002/anie.199513481"}]},{"reference":"Muci, A.R.; Buchwald, S.L. (2002), \"Practical Palladium Catalysts for C–N and C–O Bond Formation\", Topics in Curr. Chem., Topics in Current Chemistry, 219: 131–209, doi:10.1007/3-540-45313-x_5, ISBN 978-3-540-42175-7","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2F3-540-45313-x_5","url_text":"10.1007/3-540-45313-x_5"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-540-42175-7","url_text":"978-3-540-42175-7"}]},{"reference":"Driver, M.S.; Hartwig, J.F. (1997), \"Carbon−Nitrogen-Bond-Forming Reductive Elimination of Arylamines from Palladium(II) Phosphine Complexes\", J. Am. Chem. Soc., 119 (35): 8232–8245, doi:10.1021/ja971057x","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fja971057x","url_text":"10.1021/ja971057x"}]},{"reference":"Hartwig, J.F.; Richards, S.; Barañano, D.; Paul, F. (1996), \"Influences on the Relative Rates for C−N Bond-Forming Reductive Elimination and β-Hydrogen Elimination of Amides. A Case Study on the Origins of Competing Reduction in the Palladium-Catalyzed Amination of Aryl Halides\", J. Am. Chem. Soc., 118 (15): 3626–3633, doi:10.1021/ja954121o","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fja954121o","url_text":"10.1021/ja954121o"}]},{"reference":"Driver, M.S.; Hartwig, J.F. (1995), \"A Rare, Low-Valent Alkylamido Complex, a Diphenylamido Complex, and Their Reductive Elimination of Amines by Three-Coordinate Intermediates\", J. Am. Chem. Soc., 117 (16): 4708–4709, doi:10.1021/ja00121a030","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fja00121a030","url_text":"10.1021/ja00121a030"}]},{"reference":"Widenhoefer, R.A.; Buchwald, S.L. (1996), \"Halide and Amine Influence in the Equilibrium Formation of Palladium Tris(o-tolyl)phosphine Mono(amine) Complexes from Palladium Aryl Halide Dimers\", Organometallics, 15 (12): 2755–2763, doi:10.1021/om9509608","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fom9509608","url_text":"10.1021/om9509608"}]},{"reference":"Hartwig, J.F. (1999), \"Approaches to catalyst discovery. New carbon-heteroatom and carbon-carbon bond formation\", Pure Appl. Chem., 71 (8): 1416–1423, doi:10.1351/pac199971081417, S2CID 34700080","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1351%2Fpac199971081417","url_text":"10.1351/pac199971081417"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:34700080","url_text":"34700080"}]},{"reference":"Hartwig, J.F. (1997), \"Palladium-Catalyzed Amination of Aryl Halides: Mechanism and Rational Catalyst Design\", Synlett, 1997 (4): 329–340, doi:10.1055/s-1997-789, S2CID 196704196","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1055%2Fs-1997-789","url_text":"10.1055/s-1997-789"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:196704196","url_text":"196704196"}]},{"reference":"Hartwig, J.F. (1998), \"Carbon-Heteroatom Bond-Forming Reductive Eliminations of Amines, Ethers, and Sulfides\", Acc. Chem. Res., 31: 852–860, doi:10.1021/ar970282g","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1021%2Far970282g","url_text":"10.1021/ar970282g"}]},{"reference":"Wolfe, J.P.; Wagaw, S.; Marcoux, J.F.; Buchwald, S.L. (1998), \"Rational Development of Practical Catalysts for Aromatic Carbon-Nitrogen Bond Formation\", Acc. Chem. Res., 31: 805–818, doi:10.1021/ar9600650","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1021%2Far9600650","url_text":"10.1021/ar9600650"}]},{"reference":"Hartwig, J.F. (1998), \"Transition Metal Catalyzed Synthesis of Arylamines and Aryl Ethers from Aryl Halides and Triflates: Scope and Mechanism\", Angew. Chem. Int. Ed., 37 (15): 2046–2067, doi:10.1002/(sici)1521-3773(19980817)37:15<2046::aid-anie2046>3.0.co;2-l, PMID 29711045","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1002%2F%28sici%291521-3773%2819980817%2937%3A15%3C2046%3A%3Aaid-anie2046%3E3.0.co%3B2-l","url_text":"10.1002/(sici)1521-3773(19980817)37:15<2046::aid-anie2046>3.0.co;2-l"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29711045","url_text":"29711045"}]},{"reference":"Hartwig, J.F. (2008), \"Evolution of a Fourth Generation Catalyst for the Amination and Thioetherification of Aryl Halides\", Acc. Chem. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purpurin_(glass)
Purpurin (glass)
["1 Historical references and archeology","2 Rediscovering the technology","3 References","4 External links"]
Opaque glass of the Ancient World Purpurin (Italian: Porporino; Latin: Haematinum, derived from Greek haimátinos = "of blood"; German: Hämatinon), sometimes referred to as glass porphyr, is an opaque glass of brownish to lustrous deep-reddish color which in classical antiquity was used for residential luxury objects, mosaics and various decorative purposes. Purpurin is somewhat harder than normal glass but can be easily cut and polished. Its red color is permanently lost upon smelting. The material bears some resemblance to goldstone. Historical references and archeology Purpurin artifacts are frequently found during archeological excavations of more affluent Roman settlements, often along with actual Roman glass; Pompeii is a prime example. Pliny the Elder reports in his Historia naturalis: "Obsidian is made by artificial coloring and used for dishware, and also a completely red and opaque glass called haematinum." The art of making this type of glass seems to have originated in India; glass beads of a similar material have been found in the Indus valley and were dated to the late 2nd millennium BCE. Rediscovering the technology The process for "haematinum" (i.e., "blood-red ware") has not been related in any preserved documents from antiquity, and the details of its composition and production remained a mystery until the mid-19th century. Although the German chemist Martin Heinrich Klaproth had found copper when he analyzed red glass from the Villa Jovis, he mistakenly believed the fabled haematinon was not glass, but rather recast slag from copper smelting. In 1844, Schubarth made a strong case for it being copper-colorated glass, which was later proven to be correct. King Ludwig I of Bavaria, who intended to build a reconstruction of a Pompeian villa for educational purposes, assigned Max Joseph von Pettenkofer to the task of rediscovering the method of manufacturing the antique "blood glass", and indeed the young chemist reported success in 1853. His process called for fusing easily smelting standard alkali-lead glass with copper(II) oxide and magnetite in the presence of small amounts of magnesium oxide and carbon, followed by very slow cooling of the resultant brown mass, which would then take on a deep red color from precipitating microparticles of reduced metallic copper. Subsequently, Emanuel Kayser realized the brownish tint was attributable to co-precipitated metallic lead, and that this can be avoided by using borax instead of lead glass or lead oxide. His recipe consisted of 60 parts silicon oxide in the form of pure quartz sand, 10 parts calcined borax, 10 parts copper oxide, and 3 parts magnetite. References ^ Naturalis Historia liber XXXVI, chapter 68: Fit et tincturae genere obsianum ad escaria vasa, et totum rubens vitrum atque non tralucens, haematinum appellatum. ^ Gowlett, J.A.J.: High Definition Archaeology: Threads Through the Past. page 276–277 Routledge 1997. ISBN 0-415-18429-0 ^ Klaproth M.H. Beiträge zur chemischen Kenntnis der Mineralkörper Vol. VI (1815), p. 136 ^ Schubarth. Einige Notizen über rothes und blaues Glas. Journal für Praktische Chemie Vol. 3 (1844)p. 300-316 ^ Pettenkofer, M. Ueber einen antiken rothen Glasfluss (Haematinon) und über Aventurin-Glas. Abhandlungen der naturw.-techn. Commission der k. b. Akad. der Wissensch. I. Bd. München, literar.-artist. Anstalt, 1856. Meyers Konversations-Lexikon. 4th ed., Leipzig and Vienna 1888; Vol. 8, p. 36 Brockhaus' Konversations-Lexikon. 14th ed., Leipzig, Berlin and Vienna 1894; Vol. 8, p. 697 Lueger, O.: Lexikon der gesamten Technik und ihrer Hilfswissenschaften, Stuttgart and Leipzig 1906; Vol. 4, p. 707. External links Replication of the manufacturing technology (April 2002), with illustrations: Roman Glassmakers Newsletter No. 3 Archived
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"classical antiquity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classical_antiquity"},{"link_name":"mosaics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosaics"},{"link_name":"goldstone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goldstone_(glass)"}],"text":"Purpurin (Italian: Porporino; Latin: Haematinum, derived from Greek haimátinos = \"of blood\"; German: Hämatinon), sometimes referred to as glass porphyr, is an opaque glass of brownish to lustrous deep-reddish color which in classical antiquity was used for residential luxury objects, mosaics and various decorative purposes. Purpurin is somewhat harder than normal glass but can be easily cut and polished. Its red color is permanently lost upon smelting. The material bears some resemblance to goldstone.","title":"Purpurin (glass)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Roman glass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_glass"},{"link_name":"Pompeii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pompeii"},{"link_name":"Pliny the Elder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pliny_the_Elder"},{"link_name":"Historia naturalis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_History_(Pliny)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Purpurin artifacts are frequently found during archeological excavations of more affluent Roman settlements, often along with actual Roman glass; Pompeii is a prime example.Pliny the Elder reports in his Historia naturalis: \"Obsidian is made by artificial coloring and used for dishware, and also a completely red and opaque glass called haematinum.\"[1] The art of making this type of glass seems to have originated in India; glass beads of a similar material have been found in the Indus valley and were dated to the late 2nd millennium BCE.[2]","title":"Historical references and archeology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Martin Heinrich Klaproth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Heinrich_Klaproth"},{"link_name":"Villa Jovis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Villa_Jovis"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"slag from copper smelting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slag#Ancient_slag_use"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Ludwig I of Bavaria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludwig_I_of_Bavaria"},{"link_name":"Max Joseph von Pettenkofer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Joseph_von_Pettenkofer"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"copper(II) oxide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copper(II)_oxide"},{"link_name":"magnetite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetite"},{"link_name":"magnesium oxide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnesium_oxide"},{"link_name":"Emanuel Kayser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emanuel_Kayser"},{"link_name":"lead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lead"},{"link_name":"borax","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borax"},{"link_name":"quartz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quartz"}],"text":"The process for \"haematinum\" (i.e., \"blood-red ware\") has not been related in any preserved documents from antiquity, and the details of its composition and production remained a mystery until the mid-19th century. Although the German chemist Martin Heinrich Klaproth had found copper when he analyzed red glass from the Villa Jovis,[3] he mistakenly believed the fabled haematinon was not glass, but rather recast slag from copper smelting. In 1844, Schubarth made a strong case for it being copper-colorated glass,[4] which was later proven to be correct.King Ludwig I of Bavaria, who intended to build a reconstruction of a Pompeian villa for educational purposes, assigned Max Joseph von Pettenkofer to the task of rediscovering the method of manufacturing the antique \"blood glass\", and indeed the young chemist reported success in 1853.[5] His process called for fusing easily smelting standard alkali-lead glass with copper(II) oxide and magnetite in the presence of small amounts of magnesium oxide and carbon, followed by very slow cooling of the resultant brown mass, which would then take on a deep red color from precipitating microparticles of reduced metallic copper.Subsequently, Emanuel Kayser realized the brownish tint was attributable to co-precipitated metallic lead, and that this can be avoided by using borax instead of lead glass or lead oxide. His recipe consisted of 60 parts silicon oxide in the form of pure quartz sand, 10 parts calcined borax, 10 parts copper oxide, and 3 parts magnetite.","title":"Rediscovering the technology"}]
[]
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