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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willie_de_Wit
Willie deWit
["1 Personal life","2 Amateur boxing career","2.1 1984 Olympics","2.2 Olympic results","3 Professional boxing career","4 Life after sport","5 Professional boxing record","6 References","7 External links"]
Canadian boxer and lawyer This biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately from the article and its talk page, especially if potentially libelous.Find sources: "Willie deWit" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (November 2010) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Willie deWitBorn (1961-06-13) June 13, 1961 (age 63)Three Hills, Alberta, CanadaStatisticsWeight(s)HeavyweightHeight6 ft 2.5 in (189 cm) Boxing recordTotal fights22Wins20Wins by KO14Losses1Draws1 Medal record Men's Boxing Representing  Canada Olympic Games 1984 Los Angeles Heavyweight Commonwealth Games 1982 Brisbane Heavyweight World Cup 1983 Rome Heavyweight William Theodore deWit, Q.C. (born June 13, 1961) is a Justice of the Court of King's Bench of Alberta sitting in Calgary since 2017. Previously, he was a criminal defence lawyer and a professional boxer. He represented Canada at the 1984 Summer Olympics and won a silver medal in the heavyweight division. DeWit and teammate Shawn O'Sullivan were heavily touted going into the Games, as both had won the world championship. Personal life DeWit played football in high school and was an all-star quarterback. He was offered a scholarship to the University of Alberta, but decided to quit football after he began learning how to box at a Grande Prairie health club which was run by a man named Jim Murrie. Impressed with his dedication and size, Murrie introduced deWit to Dr. Harry Snatic, a dentist and rancher who had been a youth boxing coach in Louisiana before moving his family in 1971 to Beaverlodge, a small town near Grande Prairie. He worked out with deWit three times a week, first in the health club, and then in the deWit's unheated garage where temperatures would often get to 10 or 20 degrees below zero. In 1987, DeWit lost his father, Len de Wit, and younger brother, Theo, who was 23 at the time, in a plane crash that killed 4 people in total. The plane, a Cessna 210, crashed into a forested area and exploded near Grande Prairie, Alberta. Amateur boxing career DeWit's first fight came at the Alberta provincial championships in March of 1979 in Medicine Hat. Snatic entered deWit in the light heavyweight intermediate novice division for boxers age 17 to 20 with less than 10 fights. DeWit knocked out his first opponent in 20 seconds which caused the coaches of the six other fighters in the division to pull their fighters. DeWit had won his first championship. Snatic then entered deWit in the British Columbia Golden Gloves championships where he fought 18-year-old Shane Anderson who was the western Canadian 178-pound champion and a veteran of about 40 fights. DeWit lost by decision, but he did beat Anderson in two of three return matches. In the last of those bouts, deWit knocked out Anderson, who never fought again. Snatic then took deWit to fight at the Washington State Penitentiary where he knocked out his opponent in the opening minute of the first round. Afterwards in April 1982, Snatic decided to sell his ranch and moved to Calgary. deWit went with him in order to find sparring partners, and to train with a Ugandan exile named Mansoor Esmail, who was Calgary's top boxing coach, and was considered a physical conditioning genius. DeWit's first major victory came in Las Vegas in June 1982 when he knocked out Cuba's Pedro Cardenas to win his first North American title. Then he won gold at the Commonwealth Games, taking him a total of three minutes and 12 seconds to knock out three opponents. In March 1983 he defeated Alexander Yagubkin of the U.S.S.R. to win the world title. Then, in September 1983 he defended his North American title against highly touted Cuban Aurelio Toyo. Leading up to the 1984 Olympics, a benefit in Calgary featuring boxing fan Ryan O'Neal and Farrah Fawcett raised $70,000 to finance DeWit's training. At this point Snatic began importing professional sparring partners from the United States. 1984 Olympics At the 1984 Los Angeles Olympics deWit lost the gold medal match in the heavyweight division to Henry Tillman of the United States. Heading into the Olympic Games, deWit and fellow Canadian Shawn O'Sullivan were considered favorites, particularly by Canadian fans and the Canadian media. The Tillman-deWit gold medal final featured no decisive blows; however, deWit appeared to win the first two rounds against Tillman with productive work to Tillman's midsection, although Tillman clearly won the third round. Nevertheless, Tillman won by a 5-0 decision. Three of the five judges controversially scored every round for Tillman. The unanimous decision startled Howard Cosell who was calling the bout for ABC Sports. "Good Lord! How do you like that?" Cosell blurted when the decision was announced. During his post-fight interviews, Cosell informed both Tillman and deWit that he personally disagreed with the official verdict. Tillman had also won a controversial decision in his semifinal bout, as had deWit. Olympic results 1st Round: bye Round of 16: Defeated Mohamed Bouchiche of Algeria by unanimous decision, 5–0 Quarterfinal: Defeated Dodovic Owiny of Uganda by a first-round knockout Semifinal: Defeated Arnold Vanderlyde of the Netherlands by split decision, 3–2 Final: Lost to Henry Tillman of the United States by unanimous decision, 0–5 (was awarded silver medal) Professional boxing career Tabbed early as a "Great White Hope," deWit turned professional immediately, persuaded in part by a contract offer reportedly worth $1 million and began to train out of Burnet, Texas. He then defeated Ken Lakusta to capture the Canadian heavyweight championship. A loss to Bert Cooper in 1987 was deWit's only career defeat, as he retired after five consecutive wins, the last of which being a unanimous decision victory over Henry Tillman. Life after sport After announcing his retirement from boxing he worked and was part owner in a concrete surfacing company in California, which he eventually left to return to Canada. A friend of his who was a judge, suggested he get an education and become a lawyer. DeWit returned to school and graduated from the University of Alberta in 1994 with a law degree. He was appointed Queen's Counsel (Q.C.) in 2013 and is the former president of the Canadian Bar Association Criminal Law subsection. In 1995 deWit was inducted into the Alberta Sports Hall of Fame. He also has a street named after him in Grande Prairie, Alberta. In 2012, deWit made a cameo appearance in the Calgary-based Souls in Rhythm band's musical video Another Round (featuring hop-hop artist Transit). In 2017, deWit was appointed as a Justice to the Court of Queen's Bench of Alberta (known as the Court of King's Bench since the accession of Charles III). He sits in Calgary. Professional boxing record 20 Wins (14 knockouts, 6 decisions), 1 Loss (1 knockout), 1 Draw Result Record Opponent Type Round Date Location Notes Win 17-3 Henry Tillman UD 10 29/03/1988 Edmonton, Alberta 100-94, 98-94, 97-95. Win 15-5-1 Tony Morrison UD 10 20/02/1988 Centre 200, Sydney, Nova Scotia Canada Heavyweight Title. Win 16-8 Donnie Long RTD 4 03/10/1987 Grande Prairie, Alberta Long did not come out for the fourth round. Win 16-10 Ken Lakusta KO 5 24/08/1987 Northlands Agricom, Edmonton, Alberta Canada Heavyweight Title. Lakusta knocked out at 2:32 of the fifth round. Win 13-13 Terry Mims KO 2 21/05/1987 Arco Arena, Sacramento, California Mims knocked out at 1:35 of the second round. Loss 15-1 Bert Cooper TKO 2 14/02/1987 Regina, Saskatchewan Referee stopped the bout at 2:58 of the second round. Win 6-2-1 Lorenzo Canady TKO 4 13/12/1986 Regina Agridome, Regina, Saskatchewan Referee stopped the bout at 1:04 of the fourth round. Win 16-9-2 Conroy Nelson TKO 4 10/11/1986 Halifax Metro Centre, Halifax, Nova Scotia Canada Heavyweight Title. Win 9-2-1 Andrew Stokes UD 10 30/09/1986 Agridome, Edmonton, Alberta 100-91, 100-92, 99-92. Win 16-8 Ken Lakusta UD 12 14/06/1986 Northlands Coliseum, Edmonton, Alberta Canada Heavyweight Title. 116-114, 120-111, 118-113. Win 10-0 Mike Acey TKO 3 03/05/1986 Regina Agridome, Regina, Saskatchewan Win 17-5 Jeff Jordan RTD 4 20/03/1986 Stampede Corral, Calgary, Alberta Jordan did not come out for the fifth round. Win 10-0 George Graham TKO 2 03/02/1986 Northlands Agricom, Edmonton, Alberta Win 12-0-1 Scott Wheaton UD 10 13/12/1985 Stampede Corral, Calgary, Alberta Win 10-8-2 Otis Bates KO 3 03/10/1985 Austin, Texas Win 3-0-1 Marion Bridges TKO 2 11/09/1985 Trump Plaza Hotel and Casino, Atlantic City, New Jersey Win 6-2-1 Earl Lewis TKO 3 11/07/1985 Trump Plaza Hotel and Casino, Atlantic City, New Jersey Referee stopped the bout at 2:00 of the third round. Win 5-4-1 Sterling Benjamin UD 6 05/06/1985 Resorts Casino Hotel, Atlantic City, New Jersey Draw 5-1-1 Alex Williamson PTS 6 15/04/1985 Caesars Palace, Las Vegas, Nevada 59-55, 56-57, 57-57. Win 19-12-1 Tony Pelu KO 2 05/03/1985 Dallas Convention Center Arena, Dallas, Texas Pelu knocked out at 2:49 of the second round. Win 2-1 Inoke Katoa TKO 4 24/01/1985 Showboat Hotel and Casino, Las Vegas, Nevada Win 0-2 Walter E.M. Morris TKO 2 01/12/1984 Northlands Coliseum, Edmonton, Alberta References ^ https://boxrec.com/en/box-pro/22919 ^ "Boxing record for Willie deWit". BoxRec. ^ "Five questions with Willie deWit, Court of Queen's Bench of Alberta judge". The Globe and Mail. 7 April 2017. ^ "Boxer's Father, Brother Killed In Plane Crash". da.tj.news. Daily Gleaner. June 15, 1987. ^ Feinstein, John (7 August 1984). "Breland Wins Decision, Not Popular Verdict". Washington Post. Retrieved 27 February 2023. ^ a b c "Willie deWit, Q.C." Wolch deWit Watts & Wilson. Archived from the original on March 7, 2017. Retrieved March 7, 2017. ^ "Names in the News". Los Angeles Times. 31 March 1988. Archived from the original on 2 April 2015. Retrieved 25 January 2013. ^ He was called to the Alberta Bar in September 1995. After practising with Howard Mackie Firm for a few months deWit joined the criminal defence firm of Evans Martin Wilson (now Wolch deWit Watts & Wilson) in 1996. "lawyersweekly.ca">[http://www.lawyersweekly.ca/index.php?section=article&articleid=2076 DeWit starred in boxing arena before moving on to a legal one Archived 2013-04-13 at the Wayback Machine ^ "Province appoints new Queen's Counsel". Alberta.ca: Announcements. Province of Alberta. December 31, 2013. Archived from the original on March 7, 2017. Retrieved March 7, 2017. ^ SOULS IN RHYTHM - ANOTHER ROUND (featuring Transit) - (Official), archived from the original on 2017-04-07, retrieved 2020-04-13 External links deWit's Calgary Law Firm Willie deWit at The Canadian Encyclopedia Boxing record for Willie deWit from BoxRec (registration required) Canadian Olympic Committee From Canada, a New Image For Boxing in Willie deWit by Michael Katz vteCommonwealth Games Boxing Champions in Men's Heavyweight 1930 – 1938: over 79.5 kg 1950: over 80 kg 1954 – 1982: over 81 kg 1986 – 2018: up to 91 kg 2022 – present: up to 92 kg 1930: Anthony Stuart (ENG) 1934: Pat Floyd (ENG) 1938: Thomas Osborne (CAN) 1950: Frank Creagh (NZL) 1954: Brian Harper (ENG) 1958: Daniel Bekker (SAF) 1962: George Oywello (UGA) 1966: Bill Kini (NZL) 1970: Benson Masanda (UGA) 1974: Neville Meade (ENG) 1978: Julius Awome (ENG) 1982: Willie de Wit (CAN) 1986: Jimmy Peau (NZL) 1990: George Onyango (KEN) 1994: Omar Ahmed (KEN) 1998: Mark Simmons (CAN) 2002: Jason Douglas (CAN) 2006: Brad Pitt (AUS) 2010: Simon Vallily (ENG) 2014: Samir El-Mais (CAN) 2018: David Nyika (NZL) 2022: Lewis Williams (ENG)
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Court of King's Bench of Alberta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Court_of_King%27s_Bench_of_Alberta"},{"link_name":"criminal defence lawyer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criminal_defence_lawyer"},{"link_name":"professional boxer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Professional_boxer"},{"link_name":"1984 Summer Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1984_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"heavyweight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heavyweight"},{"link_name":"Shawn O'Sullivan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shawn_O%27Sullivan"}],"text":"William Theodore deWit, Q.C. (born June 13, 1961) is a Justice of the Court of King's Bench of Alberta sitting in Calgary since 2017. Previously, he was a criminal defence lawyer and a professional boxer. He represented Canada at the 1984 Summer Olympics and won a silver medal in the heavyweight division. DeWit and teammate Shawn O'Sullivan were heavily touted going into the Games, as both had won the world championship.","title":"Willie deWit"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"University of Alberta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Alberta"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Cessna 210","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cessna_210"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"DeWit played football in high school and was an all-star quarterback. He was offered a scholarship to the University of Alberta, but decided to quit football after he began learning how to box at a Grande Prairie health club which was run by a man named Jim Murrie. Impressed with his dedication and size, Murrie introduced deWit to Dr. Harry Snatic, a dentist and rancher who had been a youth boxing coach in Louisiana before moving his family in 1971 to Beaverlodge, a small town near Grande Prairie. He worked out with deWit three times a week, first in the health club, and then in the deWit's unheated garage where temperatures would often get to 10 or 20 degrees below zero.[citation needed]In 1987, DeWit lost his father, Len de Wit, and younger brother, Theo, who was 23 at the time, in a plane crash that killed 4 people in total. The plane, a Cessna 210, crashed into a forested area and exploded near Grande Prairie, Alberta.[3][4]","title":"Personal life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"British Columbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Columbia"},{"link_name":"Washington State Penitentiary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_State_Penitentiary"},{"link_name":"Alexander Yagubkin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Yagubkin"},{"link_name":"Ryan O'Neal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryan_O%27Neal"},{"link_name":"Farrah Fawcett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farrah_Fawcett"}],"text":"DeWit's first fight came at the Alberta provincial championships in March of 1979 in Medicine Hat. Snatic entered deWit in the light heavyweight intermediate novice division for boxers age 17 to 20 with less than 10 fights. DeWit knocked out his first opponent in 20 seconds which caused the coaches of the six other fighters in the division to pull their fighters. DeWit had won his first championship. Snatic then entered deWit in the British Columbia Golden Gloves championships where he fought 18-year-old Shane Anderson who was the western Canadian 178-pound champion and a veteran of about 40 fights. DeWit lost by decision, but he did beat Anderson in two of three return matches. In the last of those bouts, deWit knocked out Anderson, who never fought again.Snatic then took deWit to fight at the Washington State Penitentiary where he knocked out his opponent in the opening minute of the first round. Afterwards in April 1982, Snatic decided to sell his ranch and moved to Calgary. deWit went with him in order to find sparring partners, and to train with a Ugandan exile named Mansoor Esmail, who was Calgary's top boxing coach, and was considered a physical conditioning genius.DeWit's first major victory came in Las Vegas in June 1982 when he knocked out Cuba's Pedro Cardenas to win his first North American title. Then he won gold at the Commonwealth Games, taking him a total of three minutes and 12 seconds to knock out three opponents. In March 1983 he defeated Alexander Yagubkin of the U.S.S.R. to win the world title. Then, in September 1983 he defended his North American title against highly touted Cuban Aurelio Toyo.Leading up to the 1984 Olympics, a benefit in Calgary featuring boxing fan Ryan O'Neal and Farrah Fawcett raised $70,000 to finance DeWit's training. At this point Snatic began importing professional sparring partners from the United States.","title":"Amateur boxing career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"1984 Los Angeles Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boxing_at_the_1984_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"Henry Tillman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Tillman"},{"link_name":"Howard Cosell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howard_Cosell"}],"sub_title":"1984 Olympics","text":"At the 1984 Los Angeles Olympics deWit lost the gold medal match in the heavyweight division to Henry Tillman of the United States. Heading into the Olympic Games, deWit and fellow Canadian Shawn O'Sullivan were considered favorites, particularly by Canadian fans and the Canadian media. The Tillman-deWit gold medal final featured no decisive blows; however, deWit appeared to win the first two rounds against Tillman with productive work to Tillman's midsection, although Tillman clearly won the third round. Nevertheless, Tillman won by a 5-0 decision. Three of the five judges controversially scored every round for Tillman. The unanimous decision startled Howard Cosell who was calling the bout for ABC Sports. \"Good Lord! How do you like that?\" Cosell blurted when the decision was announced. During his post-fight interviews, Cosell informed both Tillman and deWit that he personally disagreed with the official verdict. Tillman had also won a controversial decision in his semifinal bout, as had deWit.","title":"Amateur boxing career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mohamed Bouchiche","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohamed_Bouchiche"},{"link_name":"Dodovic Owiny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dodovic_Owiny"},{"link_name":"Arnold Vanderlyde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arnold_Vanderlyde"},{"link_name":"Henry Tillman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Tillman"}],"sub_title":"Olympic results","text":"1st Round: bye\nRound of 16: Defeated Mohamed Bouchiche of Algeria by unanimous decision, 5–0\nQuarterfinal: Defeated Dodovic Owiny of Uganda by a first-round knockout\nSemifinal: Defeated Arnold Vanderlyde of the Netherlands by split decision, 3–2\nFinal: Lost to Henry Tillman of the United States by unanimous decision, 0–5 (was awarded silver medal)","title":"Amateur boxing career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WDW&W-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"Tabbed early as a \"Great White Hope,\" deWit turned professional immediately, persuaded in part by a contract offer reportedly worth $1 million and began to train out of Burnet, Texas. He then defeated Ken Lakusta to capture the Canadian heavyweight championship.[5][6]A loss to Bert Cooper in 1987 was deWit's only career defeat, as he retired after five consecutive wins, the last of which being a unanimous decision victory over Henry Tillman.[7]","title":"Professional boxing career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WDW&W-6"},{"link_name":"Queen's Counsel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen%27s_Counsel"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WDW&W-6"},{"link_name":"Alberta Sports Hall of Fame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alberta_Sports_Hall_of_Fame"},{"link_name":"Grande Prairie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grande_Prairie"},{"link_name":"Alberta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alberta"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Court of Queen's Bench of Alberta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Court_of_Queen%27s_Bench_of_Alberta"},{"link_name":"Charles III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_III"}],"text":"After announcing his retirement from boxing he worked and was part owner in a concrete surfacing company in California, which he eventually left to return to Canada. A friend of his who was a judge, suggested he get an education and become a lawyer.\nDeWit returned to school and graduated from the University of Alberta in 1994 with a law degree.[8][6] He was appointed Queen's Counsel (Q.C.) in 2013[9] and is the former president of the Canadian Bar Association Criminal Law subsection.[6]In 1995 deWit was inducted into the Alberta Sports Hall of Fame. He also has a street named after him in Grande Prairie, Alberta.In 2012, deWit made a cameo appearance in the Calgary-based Souls in Rhythm band's musical video Another Round (featuring hop-hop artist Transit).[10]In 2017, deWit was appointed as a Justice to the Court of Queen's Bench of Alberta (known as the Court of King's Bench since the accession of Charles III). He sits in Calgary.","title":"Life after sport"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Professional boxing record"}]
[]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upper_Langwith
Langwith, Derbyshire
["1 Villages synopsis","2 Langwith Museum","3 Rhubarb Farm","4 Notable people","5 See also","6 References","7 External links"]
Coordinates: 53°13′N 1°14′W / 53.217°N 1.233°W / 53.217; -1.233Collection of villages in Derbyshire, England A632 road in Langwith Langwith is a close group of six villages crossing the Derbyshire-Nottinghamshire border, on the River Poulter about 2 miles (3.2 km) from Warsop, and about 4 miles (6.4 km) from Bolsover on the A632 road, south of Whaley Thorns. The population is listed under the Derbyshire civil parish of Langwith (created from part of Scarcliffe parish in 2015) and the Nottinghamshire civil parish of Nether Langwith. These consist of Langwith, Langwith Maltings, Nether Langwith, Upper Langwith, Langwith Bassett and Langwith Junction. Villages synopsis Langwith lies just west in the district of Bolsover, Derbyshire, from Nether Langwith; in fact the two villages adjoin. Apart from a row of shops and houses wedged between the North side of the A632 and the river Poulter, the villages have two public houses: the Gate Hotel and the Jug and Glass. The entire village is not a post-Second World War council estate. Langwith Maltings This part of the village is separated from Langwith and Nether Langwith by a railway: the Doncaster-Nottingham line known today as the Robin Hood line. The village was first established following the opening of a railway station here, which was the only to serve this community of villages. This closed as part of the Dr Beeching closures of the 1960s. In the 1950s, the site next to the railway station was developed into a council estate, referred to as Dale Close. The Robin Hood line reopened the original with services between Nottingham and Worksop.. Etymology for Langwith see Nether Langwith, "Maltings", refers to the Malt House which existed here in operation, up until its closure and subsequent demolition in 1993. Nether Langwith Main article: Nether Langwith Etymology "Nether" is Saxon/Old German for Lower, "Lang" meaning long, and "with" is Old Norse vīōr wood Upper Langwith is a small village straddling the A632, at a fork for Langwith Junction and Bolsover, in Bolsover (district). The village is home to the Devonshire Arms pub, a mediaeval parish church and two manor houses. Langwith Museum In 2006, a Heritage lottery funded project refurbished the old Methodist chapel in Whaley Thorns to accommodate a museum to display the history of Langwith. It is mainly run by historian Tony Warrener and a group of volunteers. He is also a governor of Langwith Whaley Thorns Primary School and Shirebrook Comprehensive School. Tony has released an updated version of his book about the history of Langwith that he started many years ago. In 2011, the Heritage Centre left the Methodist Chapel and moved to North Street Whaley Thorns. The location is opposite the Long Willows which was the Institute and on the path leading to the train station (Robin Hood line). Rhubarb Farm Langwith has a horticultural social enterprise, Rhubarb Farm CIC, located on a two acre site at Hardwick Street, off Devonshire Drive. Started in January 2011, it supports vulnerable people with a variety of needs and abilities. It grows fruit and vegetables for a small customer-base of local farm shops, weekly veg bag customers and people coming to buy from site. Its main focus is supporting people to change their lives for the better through gaining confidence, skills, inspiration, new knowledge and motivation. The Farm supports people with physical and mental health issues, physical and learning disabilities, ex-offenders, recovering substance misusers and older people, including those with dementia. Its food work, delivering food bags and cooked meals, also supports people in food poverty and isolated people in Langwith and surrounding towns and villages. A Langwith Community Show was held at Rhubarb Farm site. Notable people Mason Bennett, professional footballer who plays as a forward with Millwall. Ken Wagstaff, footballer voted "Player of the Century" in 2000 for both Mansfield Town and Hull City football clubs. See also Listed buildings in Langwith, Derbyshire References ^ Ordnance Survey: Landranger map sheet 120 Mansfield & Worksop (Sherwood Forest) (Map). Ordnance Survey. 2014. ISBN 9780319242100. ^ "Changing land, changing lives. Rhubarb Farm inspiring yougsters and growing opportunities for all". Chad, 2 May, 2012, p.15. Accessed 31 March 2022 ^ "Lots to see and do at Langwith show". Chad, 14 August, 2013, p.34. Accessed 23 May 2022 External links Media related to Langwith, Derbyshire at Wikimedia Commons 53°13′N 1°14′W / 53.217°N 1.233°W / 53.217; -1.233
[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:A632_Langwith_-_geograph.org.uk_-_99299.jpg"},{"link_name":"Derbyshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derbyshire"},{"link_name":"Nottinghamshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nottinghamshire"},{"link_name":"River Poulter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_Poulter"},{"link_name":"Warsop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warsop"},{"link_name":"Bolsover","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolsover"},{"link_name":"A632 road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A632_road"},{"link_name":"Whaley Thorns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whaley_Thorns"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-OS120-1"},{"link_name":"civil parish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_parish"},{"link_name":"Scarcliffe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scarcliffe"},{"link_name":"Nether Langwith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nether_Langwith"}],"text":"Collection of villages in Derbyshire, EnglandA632 road in LangwithLangwith is a close group of six villages crossing the Derbyshire-Nottinghamshire border, on the River Poulter about 2 miles (3.2 km) from Warsop, and about 4 miles (6.4 km) from Bolsover on the A632 road, south of Whaley Thorns.[1] The population is listed under the Derbyshire civil parish of Langwith (created from part of Scarcliffe parish in 2015) and the Nottinghamshire civil parish of Nether Langwith.These consist of Langwith, Langwith Maltings, Nether Langwith, Upper Langwith, Langwith Bassett and Langwith Junction.","title":"Langwith, Derbyshire"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"district of Bolsover","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolsover_(district)"},{"link_name":"Derbyshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derbyshire"},{"link_name":"river Poulter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_Poulter"},{"link_name":"Second World War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_World_War"},{"link_name":"council estate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Council_estate"},{"link_name":"Doncaster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doncaster"},{"link_name":"Nottingham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nottingham"},{"link_name":"Robin Hood line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robin_Hood_line"},{"link_name":"Dr Beeching","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dr_Beeching"},{"link_name":"council estate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Council_estate"},{"link_name":"Malt House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malthouse"},{"link_name":"Saxon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Saxon"},{"link_name":"Old Norse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Norse"},{"link_name":"Langwith Junction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Langwith_Junction"},{"link_name":"Bolsover","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolsover"},{"link_name":"Bolsover (district)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolsover_(district)"}],"text":"Langwith lies just west in the district of Bolsover, Derbyshire, from Nether Langwith; in fact the two villages adjoin. Apart from a row of shops and houses wedged between the North side of the A632 and the river Poulter, the villages have two public houses: the Gate Hotel and the Jug and Glass. The entire village is not a post-Second World War council estate.Langwith Maltings This part of the village is separated from Langwith and Nether Langwith by a railway: the Doncaster-Nottingham line known today as the Robin Hood line. The village was first established following the opening of a railway station here, which was the only to serve this community of villages. This closed as part of the Dr Beeching closures of the 1960s. In the 1950s, the site next to the railway station was developed into a council estate, referred to as Dale Close. The Robin Hood line reopened the original with services between Nottingham and Worksop..Etymology for Langwith see Nether Langwith, \"Maltings\", refers to the Malt House which existed here in operation, up until its closure and subsequent demolition in 1993.Nether LangwithEtymology \"Nether\" is Saxon/Old German for Lower, \"Lang\" meaning long, and \"with\" is Old Norse vīōr woodUpper Langwith is a small village straddling the A632, at a fork for Langwith Junction and Bolsover, in Bolsover (district). The village is home to the Devonshire Arms pub, a mediaeval parish church and two manor houses.","title":"Villages synopsis"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"In 2006, a Heritage lottery funded project refurbished the old Methodist chapel in Whaley Thorns to accommodate a museum to display the history of Langwith. It is mainly run by historian Tony Warrener and a group of volunteers. He is also a governor of Langwith Whaley Thorns Primary School and Shirebrook Comprehensive School. Tony has released an updated version of his book about the history of Langwith that he started many years ago.In 2011, the Heritage Centre left the Methodist Chapel and moved to North Street Whaley Thorns. The location is opposite the Long Willows which was the Institute and on the path leading to the train station (Robin Hood line).","title":"Langwith Museum"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Langwith has a horticultural social enterprise, Rhubarb Farm CIC, located on a two acre site at Hardwick Street, off Devonshire Drive. Started in January 2011, it supports vulnerable people with a variety of needs and abilities. It grows fruit and vegetables for a small customer-base of local farm shops, weekly veg bag customers and people coming to buy from site. Its main focus is supporting people to change their lives for the better through gaining confidence, skills, inspiration, new knowledge and motivation. The Farm supports people with physical and mental health issues, physical and learning disabilities, ex-offenders, recovering substance misusers and older people, including those with dementia. Its food work, delivering food bags and cooked meals, also supports people in food poverty and isolated people in Langwith and surrounding towns and villages.[2]A Langwith Community Show was held at Rhubarb Farm site.[3]","title":"Rhubarb Farm"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mason Bennett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mason_Bennett"},{"link_name":"Millwall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Millwall_F.C."},{"link_name":"Ken Wagstaff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ken_Wagstaff"},{"link_name":"Mansfield Town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mansfield_Town_F.C."},{"link_name":"Hull City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hull_City_A.F.C."}],"text":"Mason Bennett, professional footballer who plays as a forward with Millwall.\nKen Wagstaff, footballer voted \"Player of the Century\" in 2000 for both Mansfield Town and Hull City football clubs.","title":"Notable people"}]
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[{"title":"Listed buildings in Langwith, Derbyshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Listed_buildings_in_Langwith,_Derbyshire"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Third_Man_Theme
The Third Man Theme
["1 Background","2 Other versions","3 Lyrics","4 Other utilization","5 See also","6 Sources","7 References","8 External links"]
This article's lead section may be too short to adequately summarize the key points. Please consider expanding the lead to provide an accessible overview of all important aspects of the article. (August 2023) 1949 single by Anton Karas"The Third Man Theme"Single by Anton KarasReleased1949Length2:06LabelDecca (UK)London (U.S.)Songwriter(s)Anton Karas "The Third Man Theme" (also written "3rd Man Theme" and known as "The Harry Lime Theme") is an instrumental written and performed by Anton Karas for the soundtrack to the 1949 film The Third Man. Background The Third Man is a 1949 British film noir, directed by Carol Reed. One night after a long day of filming The Third Man on location in Vienna, Reed and cast members Joseph Cotten, Alida Valli and Orson Welles had dinner and retired to a wine cellar. In the bistro, which retained the atmosphere of the pre-war days, they heard the zither music of Anton Karas, a 40-year-old musician who was playing there just for the tips. Reed immediately realized that this was the music he wanted for his film. Karas spoke only German, which no one in Reed's party spoke, but fellow customers translated Reed's offer to the musician that he compose and perform the soundtrack for The Third Man. Karas was reluctant since it meant traveling to England, but he finally accepted. Karas wrote and recorded the 40 minutes of music heard in The Third Man over a six-week period, after the entire film was translated for him at Shepperton Studios.: 449–450  The composition that became famous as "The Third Man Theme" had long been in Karas's repertoire, but he had not played it in 15 years. "When you play in a café, nobody stops to listen," Karas said. "This tune takes a lot out of your fingers. I prefer playing 'Wien, Wien', the sort of thing one can play all night while eating sausages at the same time." According to writer and critic Rudi Blesh, the tune is identical to the main theme of "Rags to Burn", a ragtime piano piece credited to Frank X. McFadden and published in Kansas City, Missouri, in 1899. The prominence of the "Third Man Theme" in the film developed gradually during its editing. Carol Reed initially envisioned Karas' music as being integrated with an orchestral score. The film's editor Oswald Hafenrichter ultimately prevailed in convincing Reed to weave Karas' unaccompanied theme throughout the film. So prominent is "The Third Man Theme" that the image of its performance on the vibrating strings of the zither provides the background for the film's main title sequence. The full soundtrack album was ready for release when The Third Man came out, but there was not a lot of interest in it. Instead, labels focused on the catchy main theme and released it as a single. More than half a million copies of "The Third Man Theme" record were sold within weeks of the film's release.: 450  The tune was originally released in the UK in 1949, where it was known as "The Harry Lime Theme". Following its release in the US in 1950, "The Third Man Theme" spent 11 weeks at number one on Billboard's US Best Sellers in Stores chart, from April 29 to July 8. Its success led to a trend in releasing film theme music as singles. A guitar version by Guy Lombardo also sold strongly. Chet Atkins and Eddie Cochran also recorded it. Four more versions charted in the US during 1950. According to Faber and Faber, the different versions of the theme have collectively sold an estimated forty million copies. The zither-based Anton Karas version excerpted from the film soundtrack was released by Decca in 1949 across Europe with different catalog numbers. It was a 10-inch 78 rpm single with "The Harry Lime theme" on the A side and "The Cafe Mozart Waltz" on the B side. This became the most common version heard by European listeners. Decca F.9235 (United Kingdom), Decca NF.9235 (Germany) Decca M.32760 (Netherlands) Decca 671 (Italy) Karas also performed "The Third Man Theme" and other zither music for the 1951–1952 syndicated radio series The Adventures of Harry Lime, a Third Man prequel produced in London. Orson Welles reprised his role as Harry Lime.: 409  "Whenever he entered a restaurant in those years, the band would strike up Anton Karas's "Third Man Theme", wrote Welles biographer Joseph McBride.: 115  Other versions This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (September 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this message) The guitar-based version performed by Guy Lombardo and His Royal Canadians was recorded December 9, 1949 and was released in the US by Decca under catalog number Decca 24839 (1950). It was a 78 rpm 10 inch single that had "The 3rd Man theme" on the A side and "The Cafe Mozart Waltz" on the B side (and subsequently released as a 45 rpm 7- inch single). This was the version most familiar to American listeners. It continued in print into the 1980s. Another guitar-based version was recorded by guitar master Chet Atkins recorded it in 1952. It was released on his 1955 album "Stringin' Along with Chet Atkins". The Swedish-born guitarist Nils Larsson recorded the tune in Stockholm on November 17, 1949, as "Banjo-Lasse" with Thorstein Sjögren's orchestra. It was released on the 78 rpm record HMV X 7567. Telefunken released a single of the Anton Karas version for the West German market in 1950. It was re-released as a 7-inch 45 rpm format single in 1957. In 1950 the London Records label (a sub-division of Decca UK) released the Anton Karas version in both a 10-inch 78 rpm single and a 7-inch 45 rpm single . The comedian Victor Borge covered the theme on piano for his 1955 album Caught in the Act. Russ Conway recorded a honky tonk piano version of "The Harry Lime theme" with Geoff Love and his Orchestra for Columbia Records in 1958. It was released as a 7-inch 45 rpm single with "The Lantern Slide" on the B side. Eddie Cochran recorded it in 1959 as "Fourth Man Theme". Berl Olswanger and the Berl Olswanger Orchestra included their version on the album Berl Olswanger Orchestra with the Olswanger Beat (1964) Herb Alpert & The Tijuana Brass recorded a Latin-flavored go-go version of the piece arranged for brass instruments on his album !!Going Places!! (1965) for A&M Records. The song peaked at #47 on Billboard's Hot 100 in 1965. For their BBC special, It's The Beatles, The Beatles mixed a piece of the tune into an unintentionally instrumental version of "From Me To You" after the microphones had failed and the song had devolved into a tongue-in-cheek vamp. Six years later, they recorded another impromptu version during a jam session in 1969, but neither version has ever appeared on any of their official albums. The Band played it on Moondog Matinee (1973) , an album of song covers. Record World said that "the boys in The Band showcase their instrumental virtuousity on this jaunty yet mellow ditty." The Shadows recorded a version on their double LP Hits Right Up Your Street (1981) for Polydor Records. The song rose to No. 44 on the UK singles chart in May 1981. An unidentified instrumentalist played the song in a bar scene in the 2002 action film XXX. Martin Carthy on his album, Waiting for Angels, Topic TSCD527. Andy Samberg and Akiva Schaffer's comedy troupe The Lonely Island used a sample of the theme song on the song "Stork Patrol". The theme was used for the title sequence of the movie review TV series Ebert Presents: At the Movies. George Carlin used "The Harry Lime Theme" to demonstrate "Hawaiian Nose Hummimg" in his 1972 release, "Class Clown". Michael "Bully" Herbig used the theme in a key scene in his Western film parody The Shoe of Manitu. Lyrics The original lyrics to the song, published under the name "The Zither Melody: song version of The Harry Lime Theme (The Third Man)", were written by Michael Carr and Jack Golden for the London film production (©1950, Chappell & Co., Ltd., London, Sydney & Paris). Alternate lyrics to the song, published under the name "The Third Man Theme", were written by American author and historian Walter Lord (A Night to Remember, Incredible Victory, etc.) in 1950. Sheet music for the song was sold by Chappell & Co., and it was recorded by Don Cherry and The Victor Young Orchestra on May 5, 1950. Other utilization "The Third Man Theme" was used in a 1982 TV mail-order record collection, Aerobic Dancing , with Sharon Barbano. "The Third Man Theme" is informally known in Japan as the "Ebisu Beer Theme," which is still used in Ebisu beer commercials to this day. For this reason, it is also used at Ebisu Station on the JR Yamanote line, Saikyo Line, and Shōnan-Shinjuku Line to inform passengers of departing trains. See also List of Billboard number-one singles of 1950 Sources "The Foreign Film Theme - "The Third Man Theme" 1949". Space Age Pop Music. Retrieved August 25, 2006. "The Third Man theme" discography. Space Age Pop Music. Retrieved November 21, 2011. References ^ "The Third Man". AFI Catalog of Feature Films. Retrieved 2014-05-13. ^ a b Brady, Frank, Citizen Welles: A Biography of Orson Welles. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1989 ISBN 0-385-26759-2 ^ "Making The 3rd Man and Other Interesting Stuff" (PDF). Rialto Pictures. Retrieved 2014-05-12. ^ Blesh, Rudi (1958). Shining Trumpets: A History of Jazz (2nd ed.). Da Capo Press. p. 350. ISBN 0-306-80029-2. ^ Drazin, Charles (2000). "The Fourth Man". In Search of the Third Man. Hal Leonard Corporation. pp. 97–98. ISBN 9780879102944. And Carol Reed said to Oswald, 'You know, Ossie, it might be a good idea to use this tune whenever Harry Lime is on the screen.' ^ "The Third Man (1949)". Art of the Title. Retrieved 2014-05-12. ^ Song title 199 - Third Man Theme ^ "The Third Man Theme". ntl.matrix.com.br. Retrieved August 25, 2006. ^ Welles, Orson, and Peter Bogdanovich, edited by Jonathan Rosenbaum, This is Orson Welles. New York: HarperCollins Publishers 1992 ISBN 0-06-016616-9. ^ "The Lives of Harry Lime". Internet Archive. Retrieved 2014-05-12. ^ McBride, Joseph, What Ever Happened to Orson Welles? A Portrait of an Independent Career. Lexington, Kentucky: University Press of Kentucky, 2006, ISBN 0-8131-2410-7 ^ "Single Picks" (PDF). Record World. February 2, 1974. p. 12. Retrieved 2023-03-17. ^ "UK Official Chart: Shadows". Official Charts Company. 2019. Retrieved 27 January 2019. ^ "Stork Patrol" (sample used), The Lonely Island, 23 December 2005 External links Anton Karas plays The Third Man Theme in the Empress Club in London on YouTube Songfacts Authority control databases MusicBrainz work
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"instrumental","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instrumental"},{"link_name":"Anton Karas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anton_Karas"},{"link_name":"The Third Man","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Third_Man"}],"text":"1949 single by Anton Karas\"The Third Man Theme\" (also written \"3rd Man Theme\" and known as \"The Harry Lime Theme\") is an instrumental written and performed by Anton Karas for the soundtrack to the 1949 film The Third Man.","title":"The Third Man Theme"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"film noir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Film_noir"},{"link_name":"Carol Reed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carol_Reed"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Joseph Cotten","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Cotten"},{"link_name":"Alida Valli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alida_Valli"},{"link_name":"Orson Welles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orson_Welles"},{"link_name":"zither","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zither"},{"link_name":"Shepperton Studios","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shepperton_Studios"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Brady-2"},{"link_name":"Wien, Wien","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudolf_Sieczy%C5%84ski"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rialto-3"},{"link_name":"Rudi Blesh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudi_Blesh"},{"link_name":"ragtime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ragtime"},{"link_name":"Kansas City, Missouri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kansas_City,_Missouri"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Oswald Hafenrichter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oswald_Hafenrichter"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Drazin-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Brady-2"},{"link_name":"Billboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"Best Sellers in Stores","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Best_Sellers_in_Stores"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"guitar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guitar"},{"link_name":"Guy Lombardo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guy_Lombardo"},{"link_name":"Chet Atkins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chet_Atkins"},{"link_name":"Eddie Cochran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eddie_Cochran"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Faber and Faber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faber_and_Faber"},{"link_name":"The Adventures of Harry Lime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Adventures_of_Harry_Lime"},{"link_name":"prequel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prequel"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TIOW-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Archive_Lime-10"},{"link_name":"Joseph McBride","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_McBride_(writer)"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-McBride-11"}],"text":"The Third Man is a 1949 British film noir, directed by Carol Reed.[1] One night after a long day of filming The Third Man on location in Vienna, Reed and cast members Joseph Cotten, Alida Valli and Orson Welles had dinner and retired to a wine cellar. In the bistro, which retained the atmosphere of the pre-war days, they heard the zither music of Anton Karas, a 40-year-old musician who was playing there just for the tips. Reed immediately realized that this was the music he wanted for his film. Karas spoke only German, which no one in Reed's party spoke, but fellow customers translated Reed's offer to the musician that he compose and perform the soundtrack for The Third Man. Karas was reluctant since it meant traveling to England, but he finally accepted. Karas wrote and recorded the 40 minutes of music heard in The Third Man over a six-week period, after the entire film was translated for him at Shepperton Studios.[2]: 449–450The composition that became famous as \"The Third Man Theme\" had long been in Karas's repertoire, but he had not played it in 15 years. \"When you play in a café, nobody stops to listen,\" Karas said. \"This tune takes a lot out of your fingers. I prefer playing 'Wien, Wien', the sort of thing one can play all night while eating sausages at the same time.\"[3] According to writer and critic Rudi Blesh, the tune is identical to the main theme of \"Rags to Burn\", a ragtime piano piece credited to Frank X. McFadden and published in Kansas City, Missouri, in 1899.[4]The prominence of the \"Third Man Theme\" in the film developed gradually during its editing. Carol Reed initially envisioned Karas' music as being integrated with an orchestral score. The film's editor Oswald Hafenrichter ultimately prevailed in convincing Reed to weave Karas' unaccompanied theme throughout the film.[5] So prominent is \"The Third Man Theme\" that the image of its performance on the vibrating strings of the zither provides the background for the film's main title sequence.[6]The full soundtrack album was ready for release when The Third Man came out, but there was not a lot of interest in it. Instead, labels focused on the catchy main theme and released it as a single. More than half a million copies of \"The Third Man Theme\" record were sold within weeks of the film's release.[2]: 450  The tune was originally released in the UK in 1949, where it was known as \"The Harry Lime Theme\". Following its release in the US in 1950, \"The Third Man Theme\" spent 11 weeks at number one on Billboard's US Best Sellers in Stores chart, from April 29 to July 8.[7] Its success led to a trend in releasing film theme music as singles.[citation needed] A guitar version by Guy Lombardo also sold strongly. Chet Atkins and Eddie Cochran also recorded it. Four more versions charted in the US during 1950.[8] According to Faber and Faber, the different versions of the theme have collectively sold an estimated forty million copies.The zither-based Anton Karas version excerpted from the film soundtrack was released by Decca in 1949 across Europe with different catalog numbers. It was a 10-inch 78 rpm single with \"The Harry Lime theme\" on the A side and \"The Cafe Mozart Waltz\" on the B side. This became the most common version heard by European listeners.Decca F.9235 (United Kingdom), Decca NF.9235 (Germany)\nDecca M.32760 (Netherlands)\nDecca 671 (Italy)Karas also performed \"The Third Man Theme\" and other zither music for the 1951–1952 syndicated radio series The Adventures of Harry Lime, a Third Man prequel produced in London. Orson Welles reprised his role as Harry Lime.[9]: 409 [10] \"Whenever he entered a restaurant in those years, the band would strike up Anton Karas's \"Third Man Theme\", wrote Welles biographer Joseph McBride.[11]: 115","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Guy Lombardo and His Royal Canadians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guy_Lombardo"},{"link_name":"Decca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decca_Records"},{"link_name":"catalog number","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Catalog_numbering_systems_for_single_records&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Chet Atkins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chet_Atkins"},{"link_name":"Stockholm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stockholm"},{"link_name":"78 rpm record","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/78_rpm_record"},{"link_name":"HMV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/His_Master%27s_Voice"},{"link_name":"London Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Records"},{"link_name":"Victor Borge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor_Borge"},{"link_name":"Russ Conway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russ_Conway"},{"link_name":"Geoff Love and his Orchestra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geoff_Love"},{"link_name":"Columbia Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_Records"},{"link_name":"Eddie Cochran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eddie_Cochran"},{"link_name":"Berl Olswanger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Berl_Olswanger&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Herb Alpert & The Tijuana Brass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herb_Alpert_%26_The_Tijuana_Brass"},{"link_name":"go-go","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Go-go_dancing"},{"link_name":"!!Going Places!!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Going_Places_(Herb_Alpert_and_the_Tijuana_Brass_album)"},{"link_name":"A&M Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%26M_Records"},{"link_name":"The Beatles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Beatles"},{"link_name":"The Band","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Band"},{"link_name":"Moondog Matinee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moondog_Matinee"},{"link_name":"Record World","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Record_World"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rw-12"},{"link_name":"The Shadows","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Shadows"},{"link_name":"Hits Right Up Your Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hits_Right_Up_Your_Street"},{"link_name":"Polydor Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polydor_Records"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-UKchartShadows-13"},{"link_name":"XXX","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XXX_(2002_film)"},{"link_name":"Andy Samberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andy_Samberg"},{"link_name":"Akiva Schaffer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akiva_Schaffer"},{"link_name":"The Lonely Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Lonely_Island"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Ebert Presents: At the Movies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ebert_Presents:_At_the_Movies"},{"link_name":"The Shoe of Manitu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Der_Schuh_des_Manitu#Connections"}],"text":"The guitar-based version performed by Guy Lombardo and His Royal Canadians was recorded December 9, 1949 and was released in the US by Decca under catalog number Decca 24839 (1950). It was a 78 rpm 10 inch single that had \"The 3rd Man theme\" on the A side and \"The Cafe Mozart Waltz\" on the B side (and subsequently released as a 45 rpm 7- inch single). This was the version most familiar to American listeners. It continued in print into the 1980s.\nAnother guitar-based version was recorded by guitar master Chet Atkins recorded it in 1952. It was released on his 1955 album \"Stringin' Along with Chet Atkins\".\nThe Swedish-born guitarist Nils Larsson recorded the tune in Stockholm on November 17, 1949, as \"Banjo-Lasse\" with Thorstein Sjögren's orchestra. It was released on the 78 rpm record HMV X 7567.\nTelefunken released a single of the Anton Karas version for the West German market [Telefunken A-10-856] in 1950. It was re-released as a 7-inch 45 rpm format single [U-45-856] in 1957.\nIn 1950 the London Records label (a sub-division of Decca UK) released the Anton Karas version in both a 10-inch 78 rpm single [London 536] and a 7-inch 45 rpm single [London 30005].\nThe comedian Victor Borge covered the theme on piano for his 1955 album Caught in the Act.\nRuss Conway recorded a honky tonk piano version of \"The Harry Lime theme\" with Geoff Love and his Orchestra for Columbia Records in 1958. It was released as a 7-inch 45 rpm single [Columbia 45-DB 4060] with \"The Lantern Slide\" on the B side.\nEddie Cochran recorded it in 1959 as \"Fourth Man Theme\".\nBerl Olswanger and the Berl Olswanger Orchestra included their version on the album Berl Olswanger Orchestra with the Olswanger Beat (1964)\nHerb Alpert & The Tijuana Brass recorded a Latin-flavored go-go version of the piece arranged for brass instruments on his album !!Going Places!! (1965) for A&M Records. The song peaked at #47 on Billboard's Hot 100 in 1965.\nFor their BBC special, It's The Beatles, The Beatles mixed a piece of the tune into an unintentionally instrumental version of \"From Me To You\" after the microphones had failed and the song had devolved into a tongue-in-cheek vamp. Six years later, they recorded another impromptu version during a jam session in 1969, but neither version has ever appeared on any of their official albums.\nThe Band played it on Moondog Matinee (1973) [Capitol 93592], an album of song covers. Record World said that \"the boys in The Band showcase their instrumental virtuousity on this jaunty yet mellow ditty.\"[12]\nThe Shadows recorded a version on their double LP Hits Right Up Your Street (1981) for Polydor Records. The song rose to No. 44 on the UK singles chart in May 1981.[13]\nAn unidentified instrumentalist played the song in a bar scene in the 2002 action film XXX.\nMartin Carthy on his album, Waiting for Angels, Topic TSCD527.\nAndy Samberg and Akiva Schaffer's comedy troupe The Lonely Island used a sample of the theme song on the song \"Stork Patrol\".[14]\nThe theme was used for the title sequence of the movie review TV series Ebert Presents: At the Movies.\nGeorge Carlin used \"The Harry Lime Theme\" to demonstrate \"Hawaiian Nose Hummimg\" in his 1972 release, \"Class Clown\".\nMichael \"Bully\" Herbig used the theme in a key scene in his Western film parody The Shoe of Manitu.","title":"Other versions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Michael Carr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Carr_(composer)"},{"link_name":"London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Films"},{"link_name":"Walter Lord","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Lord"},{"link_name":"Chappell & Co.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chappell_%26_Co."},{"link_name":"Don Cherry and The Victor Young Orchestra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.youtube.com/watch?v=VeD85axEtRk"}],"text":"The original lyrics to the song, published under the name \"The Zither Melody: song version of The Harry Lime Theme (The Third Man)\", were written by Michael Carr and Jack Golden for the London film production (©1950, Chappell & Co., Ltd., London, Sydney & Paris).Alternate lyrics to the song, published under the name \"The Third Man Theme\", were written by American author and historian Walter Lord (A Night to Remember, Incredible Victory, etc.) in 1950. Sheet music for the song was sold by Chappell & Co., and it was recorded by Don Cherry and The Victor Young Orchestra on May 5, 1950.","title":"Lyrics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ebisu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sapporo_Brewery#Yebisu"},{"link_name":"Ebisu Station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ebisu_Station_(Tokyo)"},{"link_name":"JR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan_Rail"},{"link_name":"Yamanote line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yamanote_line"},{"link_name":"Saikyo Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saikyo_Line"},{"link_name":"Shōnan-Shinjuku Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sh%C5%8Dnan-Shinjuku_Line"}],"text":"\"The Third Man Theme\" was used in a 1982 TV mail-order record collection, Aerobic Dancing [Parade LP 100A], with Sharon Barbano.\"The Third Man Theme\" is informally known in Japan as the \"Ebisu Beer Theme,\" which is still used in Ebisu beer commercials to this day. For this reason, it is also used at Ebisu Station on the JR Yamanote line, Saikyo Line, and Shōnan-Shinjuku Line to inform passengers of departing trains.","title":"Other utilization"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"\"The Foreign Film Theme - \"The Third Man Theme\" 1949\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.spaceagepop.com/forefilm.htm"},{"link_name":"\"The Third Man theme\" discography.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.spaceagepop.com/thirdman.htm"}],"text":"\"The Foreign Film Theme - \"The Third Man Theme\" 1949\". Space Age Pop Music. Retrieved August 25, 2006.\n\"The Third Man theme\" discography. Space Age Pop Music. Retrieved November 21, 2011.","title":"Sources"}]
[]
[{"title":"List of Billboard number-one singles of 1950","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Billboard_number-one_singles_of_1950"}]
[{"reference":"\"The Third Man\". AFI Catalog of Feature Films. Retrieved 2014-05-13.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.afi.com/members/catalog/DetailView.aspx?s=&Movie=27593","url_text":"\"The Third Man\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_American_Film_Institute_Catalog_of_Motion_Pictures","url_text":"AFI Catalog of Feature Films"}]},{"reference":"\"Making The 3rd Man and Other Interesting Stuff\" (PDF). Rialto Pictures. Retrieved 2014-05-12.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.rialtopictures.com/images_01/Making_of_Third_Man.pdf","url_text":"\"Making The 3rd Man and Other Interesting Stuff\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rialto_Pictures","url_text":"Rialto Pictures"}]},{"reference":"Blesh, Rudi (1958). Shining Trumpets: A History of Jazz (2nd ed.). Da Capo Press. p. 350. ISBN 0-306-80029-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudi_Blesh","url_text":"Blesh, Rudi"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-306-80029-2","url_text":"0-306-80029-2"}]},{"reference":"Drazin, Charles (2000). \"The Fourth Man\". In Search of the Third Man. Hal Leonard Corporation. pp. 97–98. ISBN 9780879102944. And Carol Reed said to Oswald, 'You know, Ossie, it might be a good idea to use this tune whenever Harry Lime is on the screen.'","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=VnUHGCE6vDoC&pg=PA98","url_text":"\"The Fourth Man\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780879102944","url_text":"9780879102944"}]},{"reference":"\"The Third Man (1949)\". Art of the Title. Retrieved 2014-05-12.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.artofthetitle.com/title/the-third-man/","url_text":"\"The Third Man (1949)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_of_the_Title","url_text":"Art of the Title"}]},{"reference":"\"The Lives of Harry Lime\". Internet Archive. Retrieved 2014-05-12.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/TheLivesOfHarryLime","url_text":"\"The Lives of Harry Lime\""}]},{"reference":"\"Single Picks\" (PDF). Record World. February 2, 1974. p. 12. Retrieved 2023-03-17.","urls":[{"url":"https://worldradiohistory.com/Archive-All-Music/Record-World/70s/74/RW-1974-02-02.pdf","url_text":"\"Single Picks\""}]},{"reference":"\"UK Official Chart: Shadows\". Official Charts Company. 2019. Retrieved 27 January 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.officialcharts.com/artist/8804/shadows/","url_text":"\"UK Official Chart: Shadows\""}]}]
[{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VeD85axEtRk","external_links_name":"Don Cherry and The Victor Young Orchestra"},{"Link":"http://www.spaceagepop.com/forefilm.htm","external_links_name":"\"The Foreign Film Theme - \"The Third Man Theme\" 1949\""},{"Link":"http://www.spaceagepop.com/thirdman.htm","external_links_name":"\"The Third Man theme\" discography."},{"Link":"http://www.afi.com/members/catalog/DetailView.aspx?s=&Movie=27593","external_links_name":"\"The Third Man\""},{"Link":"http://www.rialtopictures.com/images_01/Making_of_Third_Man.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Making The 3rd Man and Other Interesting Stuff\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=VnUHGCE6vDoC&pg=PA98","external_links_name":"\"The Fourth Man\""},{"Link":"http://www.artofthetitle.com/title/the-third-man/","external_links_name":"\"The Third Man (1949)\""},{"Link":"http://tsort.info/music/3hq6ab.htm","external_links_name":"Song title 199 - Third Man Theme"},{"Link":"http://ntl.matrix.com.br/pfilho/html/lyrics/t/third_man_theme.txt","external_links_name":"\"The Third Man Theme\""},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/TheLivesOfHarryLime","external_links_name":"\"The Lives of Harry Lime\""},{"Link":"https://worldradiohistory.com/Archive-All-Music/Record-World/70s/74/RW-1974-02-02.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Single Picks\""},{"Link":"https://www.officialcharts.com/artist/8804/shadows/","external_links_name":"\"UK Official Chart: Shadows\""},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rH9giCg3Nro","external_links_name":"\"Stork Patrol\" (sample used)"},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gFz79SBnuk8","external_links_name":"Anton Karas plays The Third Man Theme in the Empress Club in London"},{"Link":"http://www.songfacts.com/detail.php?id=4212","external_links_name":"Songfacts"},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/work/033e7672-ed79-3d76-97c6-289049c19d7d","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz work"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephan_Welch
Stephan Welch
["1 References"]
Retired Anglican priest Christianity portal Stephan John Welch (born 16 October 1950) is a retired Anglican priest. He was the Archdeacon of Middlesex from 2006 until his retirement effective 30 November 2019. Welch was educated at the University of Hull and ordained deacon in 1977, and priest in 1978. After a curacy at Christ Church, Waltham Cross he was Priest in charge at Reculver until 1986. He was then at St Bartholomew, Herne Bay until 1992; St Mary, Hurley until 2000; and St Peter, Hammersmith until his appointment as Archdeacon of Middlesex. It was announced on 13 June that Welch was to retire "later" in 2019. References ^ "Stephan Welch | Diocese of London". london.anglican.org. Retrieved 11 March 2016. ^ ‘WELCH, Stephan John’, Who's Who 2016, A & C Black, an imprint of Bloomsbury Publishing plc, 2016; online edn, Oxford University Press, 2015 ; online edn, Nov 2015 accessed 11 March 2016 ^ @ArchdeaconLuke (22 November 2019). "Farewell tonight to our esteemed colleague Archdeacon Stephan @dioceseoflondon Thank you for all you have done!" (Tweet) – via Twitter. ^ "Stephan John Welch". Crockford's Clerical Directory (online ed.). Church House Publishing. Retrieved 11 March 2016. ^ "Archdeacons announce their retirement". 13 June 2019. Church of England titles Preceded byMalcolm Colmer Archdeacon of Middlesex 2006–2019 Richard Frank vteArchdeacons of MiddlesexHigh Medieval Robert Roger son of Robert Richard de Belmeis (II) Hugh Ralph de Diceto Richard Foliot (I) Gilbert Foliot (II) Ralph of Ely William of Sainte-Mère-Église (II) Reginald Robert de Bonewell John de Norton Fulk Basset/de Sanford Richard Foliot (II) Henry de Wengham (II) Thomas Ingoldsthorpe Ralph Baldock Ralph de Malling Late Medieval Richard Newport Robert Baldock Roger de Hales Thomas de Astley Edmund Trussel Robert de Reddeswell Thomas Durant Henry de Idesworth Andrew de Offord Pierre Card. de la Forêt William de Palmorna Adam Thebaud of Sudbury Bartholomew Sidey William Stortford Richard Bruton Richard Clifford (jr) Simon Northew William Booth Stephen Wilton Robert Wyott John Wodde William Dudley Richard Lichfield John Aleyne/Carver Richard Eden Early modern Henry Hervie John Wymmesley William Chedsey Alexander Nowell Thomas Watts Adam Squire Richard Vaughan Richard Webster Robert Tighe William Goodwin Richard Cluet Robert Pory Thomas Cook William Jane John Goodman Robert Grove Robert Corey William Lancaster Roger Altham Daniel Waterland Fifield Allen John Hotham George Jubb Stephen Eaton George Cambridge William Hale John Lonsdale John Sinclair Late modern James Hessey Robinson Thornton Henry Bevan Norman Thicknesse Stephen Phillimore Anthony Morcom John Eastaugh Derek Hayward John Perry Tim Raphael Malcolm Colmer Stephan Welch Richard Frank vteDiocese of London St Paul's Cathedral Westminster Abbey (second cathedral, 1550–1556) The Old Deanery, London Diocesan House, London Diocese of Westminster (1540–1550) Area scheme (1979–present) Office holdersDiocesan bishop Sarah Mullally, Bishop of London Area bishops Emma Ineson, Bishop of Kensington Joanne Grenfell, Bishop of Stepney Lusa Nsenga-Ngoy, Bishop of Willesden Anderson Jeremiah, Bishop of Edmonton Other suffragan bishops AEO: Jonathan Baker, Bishop suffragan of Fulham & Rob Munro, Bishop suffragan of Ebbsfleet Ric Thorpe, Bishop of Islington (bishop for church plants) Pete Broadbent, Bishop's Adviser (2030 Vision) and honorary assistant bishop Deans and senior priests Andrew Tremlett, Dean of St Paul's Archdeacons Luke Miller, Archdeacon of London John Hawkins, Archdeacon of Hampstead Richard Frank, Archdeacon of Middlesex Catherine Pickford, Archdeacon of Northolt Peter Farley-Moore, Archdeacon of Hackney Katherine Hedderly, Archdeacon-designate of Charing Cross Historic offices Bishop suffragan of Bedford (1534–1914) Bishop suffragan of Marlborough (1888–1918) Archdeacon of Colchester; Archdeacon of Essex (both: 12th century–1846; moved to Rochester then St Albans then Chelmsford) Archdeacon of St Albans (1550–1845; moved to Rochester then St Albans) Historic residences Fulham Palace (8th century–1975) London House, Ludgate Hill (?–17th century) London House, Aldersgate (18th century) London House, St James's (18th–19th centuries) This article about a Church of England archdeacon in the Province of Canterbury is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domjean
Domjean
["1 See also","2 References"]
Coordinates: 48°59′16″N 1°01′52″W / 48.9878°N 1.0311°W / 48.9878; -1.0311 Commune in Normandy, FranceDomjeanCommuneSaint-Jean-Baptiste churchLocation of Domjean DomjeanShow map of FranceDomjeanShow map of NormandyCoordinates: 48°59′16″N 1°01′52″W / 48.9878°N 1.0311°W / 48.9878; -1.0311CountryFranceRegionNormandyDepartmentMancheArrondissementSaint-LôCantonCondé-sur-VireIntercommunalitySaint-Lô AggloGovernment • Mayor (2020–2026) Louis JannièreArea116.57 km2 (6.40 sq mi)Population (2021)996 • Density60/km2 (160/sq mi)DemonymDomjeanaisTime zoneUTC+01:00 (CET) • Summer (DST)UTC+02:00 (CEST)INSEE/Postal code50164 /50420Elevation30–178 m (98–584 ft)1 French Land Register data, which excludes lakes, ponds, glaciers > 1 km2 (0.386 sq mi or 247 acres) and river estuaries. Domjean (French pronunciation: ) is a commune in the Manche department in north-western France. See also Communes of the Manche department References ^ "Répertoire national des élus: les maires" (in French). data.gouv.fr, Plateforme ouverte des données publiques françaises. 13 September 2022. ^ "Populations légales 2021" (in French). The National Institute of Statistics and Economic Studies. 28 December 2023. Wikimedia Commons has media related to Domjean. vte Communes of the Manche department Agneaux Agon-Coutainville Airel Amigny Anctoville-sur-Boscq Anneville-en-Saire Appeville Aucey-la-Plaine Audouville-la-Hubert Aumeville-Lestre Auvers Auxais Avranchessubpr Azeville Bacilly La Baleine Barenton Barfleur Barneville-Carteret La Barre-de-Semilly Baubigny Baudre Baupte Beauchamps Beaucoudray Beauficel Beauvoir Belval Benoîtville Bérigny Beslon Besneville Beuvrigny Beuzeville-la-Bastille Biéville Biniville Blainville-sur-Mer Blosville La Bloutière Boisyvon La Bonneville Bourguenolles Bourgvallées Boutteville Brainville Brécey Bréhal Bretteville Bretteville-sur-Ay Breuville Bréville-sur-Mer Bricquebec-en-Cotentin Bricquebosq Bricqueville-la-Blouette Bricqueville-sur-Mer Brillevast Brix Brouains Buais-les-Monts Cambernon Cametours Camprond Canisy Canteloup Canville-la-Rocque Carantilly Carentan-les-Marais Carneville Carolles Catteville Cavigny Céaux Cérences Cerisy-la-Forêt Cerisy-la-Salle La Chaise-Baudouin Champeaux Champrepus Chanteloup La Chapelle-Cécelin La Chapelle-Urée Chaulieu Chavoy Cherbourg-en-Cotentinsubpr Chérencé-le-Héron Clitourps La Colombe Colomby Condé-sur-Vire Coudeville-sur-Mer Coulouvray-Boisbenâtre Courcy Courtils Coutancessubpr Couvains Couville Crasville Créances Les Cresnays Crollon Crosville-sur-Douve Cuves Dangy Le Dézert Digosville Domjean Donville-les-Bains Doville Dragey-Ronthon Ducey-Les Chéris Écausseville Émondeville Équilly Éroudeville L'Étang-Bertrand Étienville La Feuillie Fermanville Feugères Fierville-les-Mines Flamanville Fleury Flottemanville Folligny Fontenay-sur-Mer Fourneaux Le Fresne-Poret Fresville Gathemo Gatteville-le-Phare Gavray-sur-Sienne Geffosses Genêts Ger La Godefroy Golleville Gonfreville Gonneville-le-Theil Gorges Gouvets Gouville-sur-Mer Graignes-Mesnil-Angot Le Grand-Celland Grandparigny Granville Gratot Grimesnil Le Grippon Grosville Le Guislain La Hague Le Ham Hambye Hamelin Hardinvast Hauteville-la-Guichard Hauteville-sur-Mer Hautteville-Bocage La Haye La Haye-Bellefond La Haye-d'Ectot La Haye-Pesnel Héauville Helleville Hémevez Heugueville-sur-Sienne Hiesville Hocquigny Huberville Hudimesnil Huisnes-sur-Mer Isigny-le-Buat Joganville Juilley Jullouville Juvigny les Vallées Lamberville La Lande-d'Airou Lapenty Laulne Lengronne Lessay Lestre Liesville-sur-Douve Lieusaint Lingeard Les Loges-Marchis Les Loges-sur-Brécey Lolif Longueville Le Loreur Le Lorey La Lucerne-d'Outremer Le Luot La Luzerne Magneville Marcey-les-Grèves Marchésieux Marcilly Margueray Marigny-le-Lozon Martinvast Maupertuis Maupertus-sur-Mer La Meauffe Méautis Le Mesnil Le Mesnil-Adelée Le Mesnil-Amey Le Mesnil-Aubert Le Mesnil-au-Val Le Mesnil-Eury Le Mesnil-Garnier Le Mesnil-Gilbert Le Mesnillard Le Mesnil-Ozenne Le Mesnil-Rouxelin Le Mesnil-Véneron Le Mesnil-Villeman La Meurdraquière Millières Les Moitiers-d'Allonne Montabot Montaigu-la-Brisette Montaigu-les-Bois Montbray Montcuit Montebourg Montfarville Monthuchon Montjoie-Saint-Martin Montmartin-sur-Mer Montpinchon Montrabot Montreuil-sur-Lozon Mont-Saint-Michel Montsenelle Moon-sur-Elle Morigny Mortain-Bocage Morville La Mouche Moulines Moyon Villages Muneville-le-Bingard Muneville-sur-Mer Nay Négreville Néhou Le Neufbourg Neufmesnil Neuville-au-Plain Neuville-en-Beaumont Nicorps Notre-Dame-de-Cenilly Notre-Dame-de-Livoye Nouainville Octeville-l'Avenel Orglandes Orval-sur-Sienne Ouville Ozeville Le Parc Percy-en-Normandie Périers La Pernelle Perriers-en-Beauficel Le Perron Le Petit-Celland Picauville Pierreville Les Pieux Pirou Le Plessis-Lastelle Poilley Pontaubault Pont-Hébert Pontorson Ponts Port-Bail-sur-Mer Précey Quettehou Quettreville-sur-Sienne Quibou Quinéville Raids Rampan Rauville-la-Bigot Rauville-la-Place Reffuveille Regnéville-sur-Mer Reigneville-Bocage Remilly Les Marais Réville Rocheville Romagny-Fontenay Roncey Le Rozel Sacey Saint-Amand-Villages Saint-André-de-Bohon Saint-André-de-l'Épine Saint-Aubin-de-Terregatte Saint-Aubin-des-Préaux Saint-Barthélemy Saint-Brice Saint-Brice-de-Landelles Saint-Christophe-du-Foc Saint-Clair-sur-l'Elle Saint-Clément-Rancoudray Saint-Cyr Saint-Cyr-du-Bailleul Saint-Denis-le-Gast Saint-Denis-le-Vêtu Sainte-Cécile Sainte-Colombe Sainte-Geneviève Sainte-Marie-du-Mont Sainte-Mère-Église Sainte-Suzanne-sur-Vire Saint-Floxel Saint-Fromond Saint-Georges-d'Elle Saint-Georges-de-la-Rivière Saint-Georges-de-Livoye Saint-Georges-de-Rouelley Saint-Georges-Montcocq Saint-Germain-d'Elle Saint-Germain-de-Tournebut Saint-Germain-de-Varreville Saint-Germain-le-Gaillard Saint-Germain-sur-Ay Saint-Germain-sur-Sèves Saint-Gilles Saint-Hilaire-du-Harcouët Saint-Jacques-de-Néhou Saint-James Saint-Jean-de-Daye Saint-Jean-de-la-Haize Saint-Jean-de-la-Rivière Saint-Jean-d'Elle Saint-Jean-de-Savigny Saint-Jean-des-Champs Saint-Jean-du-Corail-des-Bois Saint-Jean-le-Thomas Saint-Joseph Saint-Laurent-de-Cuves Saint-Laurent-de-Terregatte Saint-Lôpref Saint-Louet-sur-Vire Saint-Loup Saint-Malo-de-la-Lande Saint-Marcouf Saint-Martin-d'Aubigny Saint-Martin-d'Audouville Saint-Martin-de-Bonfossé Saint-Martin-de-Cenilly Saint-Martin-de-Varreville Saint-Martin-le-Bouillant Saint-Martin-le-Gréard Saint-Maur-des-Bois Saint-Maurice-en-Cotentin Saint-Michel-de-Montjoie Saint-Nicolas-de-Pierrepont Saint-Nicolas-des-Bois Saint-Ovin Saint-Pair-sur-Mer Saint-Patrice-de-Claids Saint-Pierre-d'Arthéglise Saint-Pierre-de-Coutances Saint-Pierre-de-Semilly Saint-Pierre-Église Saint-Pierre-Langers Saint-Planchers Saint-Pois Saint-Quentin-sur-le-Homme Saint-Sauveur-de-Pierrepont Saint-Sauveur-la-Pommeraye Saint-Sauveur-le-Vicomte Saint-Sauveur-Villages Saint-Sébastien-de-Raids Saint-Senier-de-Beuvron Saint-Senier-sous-Avranches Saint-Vaast-la-Hougue Saint-Vigor-des-Monts Sartilly-Baie-Bocage Saussemesnil Saussey Savigny Savigny-le-Vieux Sébeville Sénoville Servon Sideville Siouville-Hague Sortosville Sortosville-en-Beaumont Sottevast Sotteville Sourdeval Subligny Surtainville Taillepied Tamerville Tanis Le Tanu Le Teilleul Terre-et-Marais Tessy-Bocage Teurthéville-Bocage Teurthéville-Hague Thèreval Théville Tirepied-sur-Sée Tocqueville Tollevast Torigny-les-Villes Tourneville-sur-Mer Tourville-sur-Sienne Tréauville Tribehou La Trinité Turqueville Urville Vains Valcanville Valognes Le Val-Saint-Père Varenguebec Varouville Le Vast Vaudreville La Vendelée Ver Vernix Vesly Le Vicel Vicq-sur-Mer Videcosville Villebaudon Villedieu-les-Poêles-Rouffigny Villiers-Fossard Virandeville Yquelon Yvetot-Bocage pref: prefecture subpr: subprefecture Authority control databases: National France BnF data This Manche geographical article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delegacia_da_Mulher
Women's police station
["1 Aim","2 Results","3 See also","4 References"]
Women's police stations (also units or offices) – Spanish: Comisaría de la Mujer, Portuguese: Delegacia da mulher – are police stations specializing in crimes with female victims. The women's police station was first introduced in Kozhikode District of Kerala, India on 27th October 1973. In 1985 the same was introduced in Brazil and are numerous in Latin America. According to Latin American Perspectives, the first women's police station was opened in Sao Paulo, Brazil and "In the first six months of operation, the DDM processed 2,083 reports." Officers at these stations are only allowed to respond to certain crimes, such as psychological violence, domestic violence, family violence, as well as specific types of threats and sexual violence. Some units offer financial help, counseling, and medical care for women who are having trouble. In India, a study found "the establishment of 188 women's police stations resulted in a 23 percent increase in reporting of crimes against women and children and a higher conviction rate between 2002 and 2004". A 2020 study found that women who lived near women's police stations in Brazil had higher trust in the police. A 2020 study found that the implementation of all-women's police stations in India had counterproductive impacts on victims of gender-based violence. Aim Women's police stations are located in mostly Latin American countries where rates of rape and violence against women are high. Americasquarterly.org states, "Femicide—the killing of women—has reached alarming levels in Latin America. The most recent region-wide statistics available, from 2003, show that seven Latin American countries score among the worst 10 nations when measuring the rate of femicide per one million women in 40 countries." Women's police stations are also in Ghana, India, Pakistan, Kosovo, Liberia, Nicaragua, Peru, Sierra Leone, South Africa, Uganda and Uruguay. A policewoman at a station in Pakistan states, "Even if a woman is being beaten and psychologically tortured, she's told to consider her husband's honor and not go to the police station." Some women in Latin America do not even know their rights, Endvawow.org states, "Only in Brazil had a majority of women surveyed receiving training or information about their rights one or more times (by any source): 54% in Brazil, 42% in Nicaragua, 34% in Peru, and 23% in Ecuador." According to Hautzinger in her article Criminalising Male Violence in Brazil's Women's Police Stations, in Salvador, Brazil in regular police stations in spousal violence cases less than 2% actually went to court and the punishments the men did get were very minor. Endvawnow states that women police stations are an important first step for crimes to enter the justice system. Results Women's police stations have greatly expanded since 1985. Endvawnow.org states, "In 2010, there were 475 WPS in Brazil, 34 in Ecuador, 59 in Nicaragua, and 27 in Peru." In Santos' article EN-GENDERING THE POLICE states, "They expanded victims' citizenship rights, allowing them to denounce violence that not long ago was invisible and considered a private matter. In 2000, for example, 310,058 complaints of violence against women were registered in the women's police stations of Sao Paulo." Language barriers and the inability to get to a station is still a problem. According to Endvawnow.org, women's police stations are located in more populated areas making it hard for women in rural areas to get to them, and women who do not speak the same language as the policewomen can not communicate effectively. Endvawnow.org also states "It was also found that poor and less educated women are sometimes ignored in the WPS. Also, despite psychological violence being illegal in all four countries, operators frequently prioritize those cases in which women have severe visible physical injuries, and may resist accepting complaints of psychological violence." Over 80% of Brazilians consider WPS the most effective government policy to address domestic violence while more than 50% of citizens in cities with Women Police Stations (WPS) can identify their locations. However, the effectiveness of WPS is heavily contingent on perceptions of police legitimacy to encourage reporting. Empirical evidence suggests that WPS in Brazil can produce positive effects on perceptions of trust in police for both men and women, contributing to better evaluations of police effectiveness. There is also evidence on the positive effect of WPS in men's attitudes condemning violence against women in municipalities in Brazil with the specialized services. See also Feminism portal Women-only space Women's shelter References ^ a b c "Women's police stations / units". UN Women. Retrieved 4 December 2015. ^ Nelson, Sara (1996). "Constructing and Negotiating Gender in Women's Police Stations in Brazil". Latin American Perspectives. 23 (1): 131–148. doi:10.1177/0094582X9602300109. JSTOR 2633942. S2CID 143740475. ^ a b Córdova, Abby; Kras, Helen (2020). "Addressing Violence Against Women: The Effect of Women's Police Stations on Police Legitimacy". Comparative Political Studies. 53 (5): 775–808. doi:10.1177/0010414019879959. ISSN 0010-4140. S2CID 211395636. ^ Jassal, Nirvikar (2020). "Gender, Law Enforcement, and Access to Justice: Evidence from All-Women Police Stations in India". American Political Science Review. 114 (4): 1035–1054. doi:10.1017/S0003055420000684. ISSN 0003-0554. ^ "Fast facts: Statistics on violence against women and girls". ^ Gasman, Nadine. "Gender: Violence Against Women". Americas Quarterly. Retrieved 20 April 2016. ^ Ahmed, Beenish (22 August 2015). "Why This Police Force's Gender Problem Is Bad News For Women". thinkprocess.org. Retrieved 15 March 2016. ^ a b c d e "Women's Police Stations in Latin America Case Study: An Entry Point for Stopping Violence and Gaining Access to Justice (Brazil, Peru, Ecuador and Nicaragua)" (PDF). Endvawnow.org. December 2011. Retrieved 16 March 2016. ^ Hautzinger, Sarah (2002). "Criminalising Male Violence in Brazil's Women's Police Stations: from awed essentialism to imagined communities". Journal of Gender Studies. 11 (3): 243–251. doi:10.1080/0958923022000021278. S2CID 144437774. ^ Santos, Cecilia (21 January 2004). "EN-GENDERING THE POLICE: > Women's Police Stations and Feminism in Sao Paulo*". Latin American Research Review. 39 (3): 29–55. doi:10.1353/lar.2004.0059. S2CID 144853157. ^ Instituto Patrícia Galvão. "Percepções da população brasileira sobre feminicídio" (PDF). ^ Córdova, Abby; Kras, Helen (2022-01-01). "State Action to Prevent Violence against Women: The Effect of Women's Police Stations on Men's Attitudes toward Gender-Based Violence". The Journal of Politics. 84 (1): 1–17. doi:10.1086/714931. ISSN 0022-3816. Authority control databases: National Israel United States
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Officers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Police_officer"},{"link_name":"psychological violence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychological_violence"},{"link_name":"domestic violence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domestic_violence"},{"link_name":"family violence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family_violence"},{"link_name":"sexual violence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexual_violence"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-UN-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-UN-1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kras-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Officers at these stations are only allowed to respond to certain crimes, such as psychological violence, domestic violence, family violence, as well as specific types of threats and sexual violence. Some units offer financial help, counseling, and medical care for women who are having trouble.[1]In India, a study found \"the establishment of 188 women's police stations resulted in a 23 percent increase in reporting of crimes against women and children and a higher conviction rate between 2002 and 2004\".[1] A 2020 study found that women who lived near women's police stations in Brazil had higher trust in the police.[3] A 2020 study found that the implementation of all-women's police stations in India had counterproductive impacts on victims of gender-based violence.[4]","title":"Women's police station"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"violence against women","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Violence_against_women"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women_in_India"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-8"}],"text":"Women's police stations are located in mostly Latin American countries where rates of rape and violence against women are high.[5] Americasquarterly.org states, \"Femicide—the killing of women—has reached alarming levels in Latin America. The most recent region-wide statistics available, from 2003, show that seven Latin American countries score among the worst 10 nations when measuring the rate of femicide per one million women in 40 countries.\"[6] Women's police stations are also in Ghana, India, Pakistan, Kosovo, Liberia, Nicaragua, Peru, Sierra Leone, South Africa, Uganda and Uruguay. A policewoman at a station in Pakistan states, \"Even if a woman is being beaten and psychologically tortured, she's told to consider her husband's honor and not go to the police station.\"[7] Some women in Latin America do not even know their rights, Endvawow.org states, \"Only in Brazil had a majority of women surveyed receiving training or information about their rights one or more times (by any source): 54% in Brazil, 42% in Nicaragua, 34% in Peru, and 23% in Ecuador.\"[8] According to Hautzinger in her article Criminalising Male Violence in Brazil's Women's Police Stations, in Salvador, Brazil in regular police stations in spousal violence cases less than 2% actually went to court and the punishments the men did get were very minor.[9] Endvawnow states that women police stations are an important first step for crimes to enter the justice system.[8]","title":"Aim"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-8"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"rural areas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rural_area"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-8"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-8"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kras-3"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"text":"Women's police stations have greatly expanded since 1985. Endvawnow.org states, \"In 2010, there were 475 WPS in Brazil, 34 in Ecuador, 59 in Nicaragua, and 27 in Peru.\"[8] In Santos' article EN-GENDERING THE POLICE states, \"They [women's police stations] expanded victims' citizenship rights, allowing them to denounce violence that not long ago was invisible and considered a private matter. In 2000, for example, 310,058 complaints of violence against women were registered in the women's police stations of Sao Paulo.\"[10] Language barriers and the inability to get to a station is still a problem. According to Endvawnow.org, women's police stations are located in more populated areas making it hard for women in rural areas to get to them, and women who do not speak the same language as the policewomen can not communicate effectively.[8] Endvawnow.org also states \"It was also found that poor and less educated women are sometimes ignored in the WPS. Also, despite psychological violence being illegal in all four countries, operators frequently prioritize those cases in which women have severe visible physical injuries, and may resist accepting complaints of psychological violence.\"[8]Over 80% of Brazilians consider WPS the most effective government policy to address domestic violence while more than 50% of citizens in cities with Women Police Stations (WPS) can identify their locations.[11] However, the effectiveness of WPS is heavily contingent on perceptions of police legitimacy to encourage reporting. Empirical evidence suggests that WPS in Brazil can produce positive effects on perceptions of trust in police for both men and women, contributing to better evaluations of police effectiveness.[3] There is also evidence on the positive effect of WPS in men's attitudes condemning violence against women in municipalities in Brazil with the specialized services.[12]","title":"Results"}]
[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Youngbloods
The Youngbloods
["1 Band history","1.1 Background and formation","1.2 Small gigs to recording success","1.3 Later history","2 Former members","3 Discography","3.1 Studio albums","3.2 Compilation albums","3.3 Live albums","3.4 Reissue albums","3.5 Singles","4 References","5 External links"]
American folk rock band For other uses, see Youngblood (disambiguation). This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "The Youngbloods" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (December 2008) (Learn how and when to remove this message) The YoungbloodsThe band in 1968Background informationOriginGreenwich Village, New York City, United StatesGenresFolk rockpsychedelic rockYears active1965–1972, 1984–1985LabelsRaccoon Records, RCA VictorPast membersJesse Colin YoungJerry CorbittLowell LevingerJoe BauerMichael KaneDavid PerperScott Lawrence The Youngbloods were an American rock band consisting of Jesse Colin Young (vocals, bass, guitar), Jerry Corbitt (vocals, guitar, keyboards, harmonica), Lowell "Banana" Levinger (guitar and electric piano), and Joe Bauer (drums). Despite receiving critical acclaim, they never achieved widespread popularity. Their only U.S. Top 40 entry was Chet Powers' "Get Together". Band history Background and formation Jesse Colin Young (born Perry Miller, November 22, 1941, Queens, New York City) was a moderately successful folk singer with two LPs under his belt – Soul of a City Boy (1964) and Youngblood (1965) – when he met fellow folk singer and former bluegrass musician from Cambridge, Massachusetts, Jerry Corbitt (born Jerry Byron Corbitt, January 7, 1943, Tifton, Georgia). When in town, Young would drop in on Corbitt, and the two played together exchanging harmonies. Beginning in January 1965, the two began performing on the Canadian circuit as a duo, eventually adopting the name "The Youngbloods". Young played bass, and Corbitt sang and played piano, harmonica and lead guitar. Corbitt introduced Young to a bluegrass musician, Lowell Levinger (born Lowell Vincent Levinger III, September 9, 1944, Manhattan, New York City). Levinger, known as "Banana", could play the piano, banjo, mandolin, mandola, guitar and bass; he had played in the Proper Bostonians and the Trolls, and played mainly piano and guitar in the Youngbloods. He knew of a fellow tenant who could flesh out the band, Joe Bauer (born September 26, 1941, Memphis, Tennessee), an aspiring jazz drummer with experience playing in society dance bands. Small gigs to recording success Once the line-up was set, Jesse Colin Young and the Youngbloods, as the group was then known, began building a reputation from their club dates. (Early demo sides from 1965 were later issued by Mercury Records on the Two Trips album.) Their first concert had been at Gerde's Folk City in Greenwich Village; months later, they were the house band at the Cafe Au Go Go and had signed a recording contract with RCA Victor. Young, however, was not satisfied with RCA. The arrangement produced one charting single, "Grizzly Bear" (number 52 in 1967). Several critically praised albums followed: The Youngbloods (1967, later retitled Get Together); Earth Music (1967); and Elephant Mountain (1969), with the track "Darkness, Darkness". In 1967, when the track "Get Together", a paean to universal brotherhood, first appeared, it did not sell well, reaching only number 62 on the chart. But two years later – after Dan Ingram had recorded a brotherhood promotion for WABC-AM in which the song was used as a bed for the promotion, and after the National Council of Christians and Jews subsequently used the song in television and radio commercials – the track was re-released and cracked the Top 5. This disc sold over one million copies and received a gold record, awarded by the RIAA, on October 7, 1969. Johnny Carson once reportedly refused to allow the band to perform on The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson, saying they were overly demanding during the pre-show soundcheck. In a 2009 interview, Young stated that the band refused to perform because the show reneged on a promise that they could play a song from their new album Elephant Mountain, instead demanding that they play only "Get Together". With Corbitt's departure from the band (for a solo career) in 1969, before the band recorded the album Elephant Mountain, Levinger assumed lead guitar duties and played extensively on Wurlitzer electric piano. The band became adept at lengthy improvisations in their live performances (as captured on the albums Rock Festival and Ride the Wind, released after the band moved over to their own Raccoon label, distributed by Warner Brothers). The group added the bassist Michael Kane to their lineup in 1971 and released two more albums: Good & Dusty (1971), which featured "Hippie from Olema" (an answer to Merle Haggard's "Okie from Muskogee"), and High on a Ridgetop (1972), before disbanding. Later history In 1971, Jerry Corbitt and former Youngbloods producer Charlie Daniels formed a band called Corbitt & Daniels and toured. Young, Levinger and Bauer went on to solo careers; only Young had any notable success. Levinger, Bauer and Kane were part of another group, Noggins, in 1972, which released one album, Crab Tunes. Bauer died of a brain tumor in September 1982, at the age of 40. Banana supplied guitar, banjo, synthesizer, and back-up vocals to Mimi Fariña's 1985 solo album, Solo, and also toured with her on and off from 1973 until the 1990s. During the 1980s and 1990s, he played with the jam rock band Zero on keyboards, vocals and rhythm guitar. In late 1984, the Youngbloods briefly reunited for a club tour. The 1984 line-up contained Young, Corbitt and Levinger, plus new members David Perper (drums, ex-Pablo Cruise) and Scott Lawrence (keyboards, woodwinds). Once the tour was completed, the group disbanded once again by mid-1985. Jerry Corbitt died of lung cancer on March 8, 2014. He was 71. Lowell Levinger released three self-produced bluegrass albums as "Grandpa Banana": I'll Do Anything For You (2009), Just Trying To Break Even (2011) and Even Grandpas Get The Blues (2012). He later joined Little Steven and the Disciples of Soul for their 2017 European and 2018 American tours in support of (Steven) Van Zandt's latest album, Soulfire. In 2014, Sony Music Japan remastered the first three Youngbloods albums as The Youngbloods – 3 Albums Collection 1967–1969 (Mini LP BSCD2). The Youngbloods and Earth Music, contain both mono and stereo versions of the album plus bonus tracks. Elephant Mountain contains the full stereo version of the album, plus a few mono versions of selected tracks plus bonus tracks. Former members Jesse Colin Young – bass, guitar, vocals (1965–1972, 1984–1985) Jerry Corbitt – guitar, harmonica, vocals (1965–1969, 1984–1985; died 2014) Lowell Levinger – lead guitar, piano, finger cymbals, pedal steel guitar, vocals (1965–1972, 1984–1985) Joe Bauer – drums (1965–1972; died 1982) Michael Kane – bass (1971–1972; died 2022) David Perper – drums (1984–1985) Scott Lawrence – keyboards, woodwinds (1984–1985) John Richard (Earthquake) Anderson – group manager, harmonica, vocals (1968–1972; died 2017) Discography Studio albums List of studio albums, with selected chart positions Title Release Peak chart positions US CAN The Youngbloods Released: January 1967 Label: RCA Victor Formats: LP, CD 131 89 Earth Music Released: May 1967 Label: RCA Victor Formats: LP, CD — — Elephant Mountain Released: 1969 Label: RCA Victor Formats: LP, CD, cassette 118 — Good and Dusty Released: 1971 Label: Racoon Records Formats: LP, CD, cassette 160 — High on a Ridge Top Released: November 1972 Label: Racoon Records Formats: LP, CD, 8-track 185 — "—" denotes that the recording did not chart. Compilation albums List of live albums, with selected chart positions Title Release Peak chart positions US Two Trips Released: 1970 Label: Mercury Formats: LP — The Best of the Youngbloods Released: 1970 Label: RCA Victor Formats: LP, CD, cassette 144 Sunlight Released: 1970 Label: RCA Victor Formats: LP 186 "—" denotes that the recording did not chart. Live albums List of live albums, with selected chart positions Title Release Peak chart positions US CAN Rock Festival Released: 1970 Label: Racoon Records Formats: LP, CD, cassette 89 73 Ride the Wind Released: 1971 Label: Racoon Records Formats: LP, CD, 8-track 157 — "—" denotes that the recording did not chart. Reissue albums Title Release Jesse Colin Young & The Youngbloods Reissue of Jesse Colin Young's Young Blood (1965) Released: 1969 Label: Mercury Formats: LP The Youngbloods Reissue of The Youngbloods (1967) Released: 1988 Label: Edsel Formats: LP Singles Year Title Peak chart positions Certification Record Label B-side Album US AC 1966 "Rider" – – Mercury Records "Sometimes" Jesse Colin Young & The Youngbloods "Grizzly Bear" 52 – RCA Victor "Tears Are Falling" The Youngbloods 1967 "Merry-Go-Round" – – "Foolin' Around (The Waltz)" "Euphoria" – – "The Wine Song" Earth Music "Get Together" 62 – "All My Dreams Blue" The Youngbloods "Fool Me" – – "I Can Tell" Earth Music 1968 "Quicksand" – – "Dreamer's Dream" Elephant Mountain 1969 "Darkness, Darkness" 124 – "On Sir Francis Drake" "Get Together" (re-release) 5 37 US: Gold "Beautiful" Get Together (The Youngbloods re-release) "Sunlight" 114 – "Trillium" Elephant Mountain 1970 "Darkness, Darkness" (re-release) 86 – "On Sir Francis Drake" "Darkness, Darkness" (re-release) – – "On Sir Francis Drake" "Hippie from Olema" – – Raccoon Records "Misty Roses" Good and Dusty 1971 "Sunlight" (re-release) 123 – RCA Victor "Reason to Believe" Ride the Wind "Sugar Babe" – – "Reason to Believe" "It's a Lovely Day" – – Raccoon Records "Ice Bag" Rock Festival 1972 "Light Shine" – – "Will the Circle Be Unbroken" Good and Dusty "Dreamboat" – – "Kind Hearted Woman" High on a Ridge Top "Running Bear" – – "Kind Hearted Woman" 2009 "All My Dreams Blue" – – Sundazed Records "Sham" References ^ a b Murrells, Joseph (1978). The Book of Golden Discs (2nd ed.). London: Barrie and Jenkins Ltd. p. 270. ISBN 0-214-20512-6. ^ a b Cole, Tom (April 10, 2019). "Beyond The Summer Of Love, 'Get Together' Is An Anthem For Every Season". American Anthem. NPR. Retrieved July 14, 2019. ^ a b "Jerry Byron Corbitt". Tributes.com. Retrieved February 11, 2016. ^ a b "January to June 2014". The Dead Rock Stars Club. Retrieved March 11, 2014. ^ a b c d e f g h Colin Larkin, ed. (1997). The Virgin Encyclopedia of Popular Music (Concise ed.). Virgin Books. pp. 1289/90. ISBN 1-85227-745-9. ^ Sullivan, Steve (2013). Encyclopedia of Great Popular Song Recordings, Vol. 2. Scarecrow Press. p. 410. ISBN 978-0810882966. Retrieved April 14, 2015. ^ "Billboard Singles". AllMusic. Retrieved April 14, 2015. ^ "Jesse Colin Young – Walking Off Johnny Carson". Living Legends Music. February 5, 2009. Retrieved August 25, 2012. ^ Doc Rock. "The 1980s". The Dead Rock Stars Club. Retrieved March 11, 2014. ^ "Banana (Lowell Levinger)". Archived from the original on February 7, 2012. ^ a b c "The Youngbloods – Awards". AllMusic. Rovi Corporation. Archived from the original on 5 September 2012. Retrieved 22 January 2020. ^ a b Peak chart positions for studio albums in Canada: The Youngbloods (aka Get Together): "Top 50 Albums". RPM. 12 (16). December 6, 1969. Retrieved January 17, 2020. Rock Festival: "Top 50 Albums". RPM. 14 (16). December 5, 1970. Retrieved January 17, 2020. ^ "Gold & Platinum". RIAA. Retrieved August 13, 2018. External links VH1 Biography: The Youngbloods The Youngbloods at IMDb Lowell Levinger Interview NAMM Oral History Library (2017) The Youngbloods discography at Discogs vteThe Youngbloods Jesse Colin Young Jerry Corbitt Lowell Levinger Joe Bauer Michael Kane David Perper Scott Lawrence Albums The Youngbloods Earth Music Elephant Mountain Rock Festival Singles "Get Together" "Darkness, Darkness" "Running Bear" B-sides "Misty Roses" "Reason to Believe" "Will the Circle Be Unbroken" "Kind Hearted Woman" Related articles Song for Juli "Jambalaya" Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF National France BnF data Germany United States Czech Republic Artists MusicBrainz
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Youngblood (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Youngblood_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"Jesse Colin Young","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesse_Colin_Young"},{"link_name":"Jerry Corbitt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerry_Corbitt"},{"link_name":"electric piano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_piano"},{"link_name":"Top 40","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Top_40"},{"link_name":"Chet Powers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chet_Powers"},{"link_name":"Get Together","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Get_Together_(The_Youngbloods_song)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-The_Book_of_Golden_Discs-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-npr2019-2"}],"text":"For other uses, see Youngblood (disambiguation).The Youngbloods were an American rock band consisting of Jesse Colin Young (vocals, bass, guitar), Jerry Corbitt (vocals, guitar, keyboards, harmonica), Lowell \"Banana\" Levinger (guitar and electric piano), and Joe Bauer (drums). Despite receiving critical acclaim, they never achieved widespread popularity. Their only U.S. Top 40 entry was Chet Powers' \"Get Together\".[1][2]","title":"The Youngbloods"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Band history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Queens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queens"},{"link_name":"folk singer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folk_singer"},{"link_name":"folk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_folk_music"},{"link_name":"bluegrass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bluegrass_music"},{"link_name":"Cambridge, Massachusetts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge,_Massachusetts"},{"link_name":"Jerry Corbitt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerry_Corbitt"},{"link_name":"Tifton, Georgia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tifton,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tribute-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dead_2-4"},{"link_name":"duo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duet_(music)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Larkin-5"},{"link_name":"Manhattan, New York City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manhattan"},{"link_name":"banjo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banjo"},{"link_name":"mandolin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandolin"},{"link_name":"mandola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandola"},{"link_name":"Memphis, Tennessee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memphis,_Tennessee"},{"link_name":"jazz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jazz"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Larkin-5"}],"sub_title":"Background and formation","text":"Jesse Colin Young (born Perry Miller, November 22, 1941, Queens, New York City) was a moderately successful folk singer with two LPs under his belt – Soul of a City Boy (1964) and Youngblood (1965) – when he met fellow folk singer and former bluegrass musician from Cambridge, Massachusetts, Jerry Corbitt (born Jerry Byron Corbitt, January 7, 1943, Tifton, Georgia).[3][4] When in town, Young would drop in on Corbitt, and the two played together exchanging harmonies.Beginning in January 1965, the two began performing on the Canadian circuit as a duo, eventually adopting the name \"The Youngbloods\".[5] Young played bass, and Corbitt sang and played piano, harmonica and lead guitar. Corbitt introduced Young to a bluegrass musician, Lowell Levinger (born Lowell Vincent Levinger III, September 9, 1944, Manhattan, New York City). Levinger, known as \"Banana\", could play the piano, banjo, mandolin, mandola, guitar and bass; he had played in the Proper Bostonians and the Trolls, and played mainly piano and guitar in the Youngbloods. He knew of a fellow tenant who could flesh out the band, Joe Bauer (born September 26, 1941, Memphis, Tennessee), an aspiring jazz drummer with experience playing in society dance bands.[5]","title":"Band history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mercury Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercury_Records"},{"link_name":"Gerde's Folk City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerde%27s_Folk_City"},{"link_name":"Greenwich Village","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenwich_Village"},{"link_name":"house band","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_band"},{"link_name":"Cafe Au Go Go","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cafe_Au_Go_Go"},{"link_name":"RCA Victor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RCA_Victor"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Larkin-5"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Larkin-5"},{"link_name":"The Youngbloods","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Youngbloods_LP"},{"link_name":"Earth Music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth_Music"},{"link_name":"Elephant Mountain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elephant_Mountain"},{"link_name":"Darkness, Darkness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darkness,_Darkness"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Larkin-5"},{"link_name":"Get Together","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Get_Together_(The_Youngbloods_song)"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Dan Ingram","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dan_Ingram"},{"link_name":"WABC-AM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WABC-AM"},{"link_name":"National Council of Christians and Jews","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian%E2%80%93Jewish_reconciliation"},{"link_name":"Top 5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Top_40"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-npr2019-2"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"disc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gramophone_record"},{"link_name":"gold record","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_recording_sales_certification"},{"link_name":"RIAA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recording_Industry_Association_of_America"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-The_Book_of_Golden_Discs-1"},{"link_name":"Johnny Carson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johnny_Carson"},{"link_name":"The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Tonight_Show_Starring_Johnny_Carson"},{"link_name":"soundcheck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soundcheck"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Larkin-5"},{"link_name":"Rock Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_Festival_(album)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Larkin-5"},{"link_name":"Warner Brothers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warner_Brothers"},{"link_name":"Merle Haggard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merle_Haggard"},{"link_name":"Okie from Muskogee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Okie_from_Muskogee_(song)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Larkin-5"}],"sub_title":"Small gigs to recording success","text":"Once the line-up was set, Jesse Colin Young and the Youngbloods, as the group was then known, began building a reputation from their club dates. (Early demo sides from 1965 were later issued by Mercury Records on the Two Trips album.) Their first concert had been at Gerde's Folk City in Greenwich Village; months later, they were the house band at the Cafe Au Go Go and had signed a recording contract with RCA Victor.[5] Young, however, was not satisfied with RCA.[citation needed]The arrangement produced one charting single, \"Grizzly Bear\" (number 52 in 1967).[5] Several critically praised albums followed: The Youngbloods (1967, later retitled Get Together); Earth Music (1967); and Elephant Mountain (1969), with the track \"Darkness, Darkness\".[5]In 1967, when the track \"Get Together\", a paean to universal brotherhood, first appeared, it did not sell well, reaching only number 62 on the chart.[6] But two years later – after Dan Ingram had recorded a brotherhood promotion for WABC-AM in which the song was used as a bed for the promotion, and after the National Council of Christians and Jews subsequently used the song in television and radio commercials – the track was re-released and cracked the Top 5.[2][7] This disc sold over one million copies and received a gold record, awarded by the RIAA, on October 7, 1969.[1]Johnny Carson once reportedly refused to allow the band to perform on The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson, saying they were overly demanding during the pre-show soundcheck. In a 2009 interview, Young stated that the band refused to perform because the show reneged on a promise that they could play a song from their new album Elephant Mountain, instead demanding that they play only \"Get Together\".[8]With Corbitt's departure from the band (for a solo career) in 1969, before the band recorded the album Elephant Mountain, Levinger assumed lead guitar duties and played extensively on Wurlitzer electric piano.[5] The band became adept at lengthy improvisations in their live performances (as captured on the albums Rock Festival and Ride the Wind, released after the band moved over to their own Raccoon label,[5] distributed by Warner Brothers).The group added the bassist Michael Kane to their lineup in 1971 and released two more albums: Good & Dusty (1971), which featured \"Hippie from Olema\" (an answer to Merle Haggard's \"Okie from Muskogee\"), and High on a Ridgetop (1972), before disbanding.[5]","title":"Band history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jerry Corbitt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerry_Corbitt"},{"link_name":"Charlie Daniels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlie_Daniels"},{"link_name":"brain tumor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brain_tumor"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Mimi Fariña","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mimi_Fari%C3%B1a"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"David Perper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Perper"},{"link_name":"Pablo Cruise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pablo_Cruise"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tribute-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dead_2-4"},{"link_name":"bluegrass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bluegrass_music"},{"link_name":"Little Steven and the Disciples of Soul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_Steven_and_the_Disciples_of_Soul"}],"sub_title":"Later history","text":"In 1971, Jerry Corbitt and former Youngbloods producer Charlie Daniels formed a band called Corbitt & Daniels and toured. Young, Levinger and Bauer went on to solo careers; only Young had any notable success. Levinger, Bauer and Kane were part of another group, Noggins, in 1972, which released one album, Crab Tunes. Bauer died of a brain tumor in September 1982, at the age of 40.[9]Banana supplied guitar, banjo, synthesizer, and back-up vocals to Mimi Fariña's 1985 solo album, Solo, and also toured with her on and off from 1973 until the 1990s.[10] During the 1980s and 1990s, he played with the jam rock band Zero on keyboards, vocals and rhythm guitar.In late 1984, the Youngbloods briefly reunited for a club tour. The 1984 line-up contained Young, Corbitt and Levinger, plus new members David Perper (drums, ex-Pablo Cruise) and Scott Lawrence (keyboards, woodwinds). Once the tour was completed, the group disbanded once again by mid-1985.Jerry Corbitt died of lung cancer on March 8, 2014. He was 71.[3][4]Lowell Levinger released three self-produced bluegrass albums as \"Grandpa Banana\": I'll Do Anything For You (2009), Just Trying To Break Even (2011) and Even Grandpas Get The Blues (2012). He later joined Little Steven and the Disciples of Soul for their 2017 European and 2018 American tours in support of (Steven) Van Zandt's latest album, Soulfire.In 2014, Sony Music Japan remastered the first three Youngbloods albums as The Youngbloods – 3 Albums Collection 1967–1969 (Mini LP BSCD2). The Youngbloods and Earth Music, contain both mono and stereo versions of the album plus bonus tracks. Elephant Mountain contains the full stereo version of the album, plus a few mono versions of selected tracks plus bonus tracks.","title":"Band history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jesse Colin Young","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesse_Colin_Young"},{"link_name":"Jerry Corbitt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerry_Corbitt"},{"link_name":"Lowell Levinger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lowell_Levinger&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"David Perper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Perper"}],"text":"Jesse Colin Young – bass, guitar, vocals (1965–1972, 1984–1985)\nJerry Corbitt – guitar, harmonica, vocals (1965–1969, 1984–1985; died 2014)\nLowell Levinger – lead guitar, piano, finger cymbals, pedal steel guitar, vocals (1965–1972, 1984–1985)\nJoe Bauer – drums (1965–1972; died 1982)\nMichael Kane – bass (1971–1972; died 2022)\nDavid Perper – drums (1984–1985)\nScott Lawrence – keyboards, woodwinds (1984–1985)\nJohn Richard (Earthquake) Anderson – group manager, harmonica, vocals (1968–1972; died 2017)","title":"Former members"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Studio albums","title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Compilation albums","title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Live albums","title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Reissue albums","title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Singles","title":"Discography"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"Murrells, Joseph (1978). The Book of Golden Discs (2nd ed.). London: Barrie and Jenkins Ltd. p. 270. ISBN 0-214-20512-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/bookofgoldendisc00murr/page/270","url_text":"The Book of Golden Discs"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/bookofgoldendisc00murr/page/270","url_text":"270"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-214-20512-6","url_text":"0-214-20512-6"}]},{"reference":"Cole, Tom (April 10, 2019). \"Beyond The Summer Of Love, 'Get Together' Is An Anthem For Every Season\". American Anthem. NPR. Retrieved July 14, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.npr.org/2019/04/10/711545679/get-together-youngbloods-summer-of-love-american-anthem","url_text":"\"Beyond The Summer Of Love, 'Get Together' Is An Anthem For Every Season\""}]},{"reference":"\"Jerry Byron Corbitt\". Tributes.com. Retrieved February 11, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.tributes.com/obituary/show/Jerry-Byron-Corbitt-100924020","url_text":"\"Jerry Byron Corbitt\""}]},{"reference":"\"January to June 2014\". The Dead Rock Stars Club. Retrieved March 11, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.thedeadrockstarsclub.com/2014.html#sthash.LW2iVCIO.uJpgNEPn.dpbs","url_text":"\"January to June 2014\""}]},{"reference":"Colin Larkin, ed. (1997). The Virgin Encyclopedia of Popular Music (Concise ed.). Virgin Books. pp. 1289/90. ISBN 1-85227-745-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colin_Larkin_(writer)","url_text":"Colin Larkin"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Popular_Music","url_text":"The Virgin Encyclopedia of Popular Music"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virgin_Books","url_text":"Virgin Books"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85227-745-9","url_text":"1-85227-745-9"}]},{"reference":"Sullivan, Steve (2013). Encyclopedia of Great Popular Song Recordings, Vol. 2. Scarecrow Press. p. 410. ISBN 978-0810882966. Retrieved April 14, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=QWBPAQAAQBAJ&q=Get+Together+by+the+youngbloods+1967+chart+position&pg=PA410","url_text":"Encyclopedia of Great Popular Song Recordings, Vol. 2"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0810882966","url_text":"978-0810882966"}]},{"reference":"\"Billboard Singles\". AllMusic. Retrieved April 14, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.allmusic.com/artist/the-youngbloods-mn0000692251/awards","url_text":"\"Billboard Singles\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AllMusic","url_text":"AllMusic"}]},{"reference":"\"Jesse Colin Young – Walking Off Johnny Carson\". Living Legends Music. February 5, 2009. Retrieved August 25, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.livinglegendsmusic.com/lltv/index.php?task=video&video=657","url_text":"\"Jesse Colin Young – Walking Off Johnny Carson\""}]},{"reference":"Doc Rock. \"The 1980s\". The Dead Rock Stars Club. Retrieved March 11, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://thedeadrockstarsclub.com/1980.html","url_text":"\"The 1980s\""}]},{"reference":"\"Banana (Lowell Levinger)\". Archived from the original on February 7, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.richardandmimi.com/banana.html","url_text":"\"Banana (Lowell Levinger)\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120207234442/http://www.richardandmimi.com/banana.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"The Youngbloods – Awards\". AllMusic. Rovi Corporation. Archived from the original on 5 September 2012. Retrieved 22 January 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120905220537/http://www.allmusic.com/artist/the-youngbloods-mn0000692251/awards","url_text":"\"The Youngbloods – Awards\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AllMusic","url_text":"AllMusic"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rovi_Corporation","url_text":"Rovi Corporation"},{"url":"http://www.allmusic.com/artist/the-youngbloods-mn0000692251/awards","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Top 50 Albums\". RPM. 12 (16). December 6, 1969. Retrieved January 17, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.bac-lac.gc.ca/eng/discover/films-videos-sound-recordings/rpm/Pages/item.aspx?IdNumber=4854&","url_text":"\"Top 50 Albums\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RPM_(magazine)","url_text":"RPM"}]},{"reference":"\"Top 50 Albums\". RPM. 14 (16). December 5, 1970. Retrieved January 17, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.bac-lac.gc.ca/eng/discover/films-videos-sound-recordings/rpm/Pages/item.aspx?IdNumber=2372&","url_text":"\"Top 50 Albums\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RPM_(magazine)","url_text":"RPM"}]},{"reference":"\"Gold & Platinum\". RIAA. Retrieved August 13, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.riaa.com/gold-platinum/?tab_active=default-award&se=youngblood#search_section","url_text":"\"Gold & Platinum\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bappy_Chowdhury
Bappy Chowdhury
["1 Career","2 Filmography","3 Awards and nominations","4 References"]
Bangladeshi actor ইয়াসিন আহমেদ রানাইয়াসিন আহমেদ রানাBornচুহাNarayanganj, BangladeshEducationহপ বেদাOccupationFilm ArtistYears active১৯৮৭–present ইয়াসিন আহমেদ রানা is a Bangladeshi film actor. He made his debut in 2012, appearing in Bhalobasar Rong as an Comedian opposite রুনা খান . Career ইয়াসিন has made his acting debut in 2013 with Bhalobasar Rong. He released two films "Lover Number One" and Ajob Prem which were remakes of Indian movies. In 2016 he started in Ami Tomar Hote Chai with Bidya Sinha Mim. The same year he also starred in Apon Manush with Pori Moni and One Way with Bobby. Filmography Year Film Role Director Notes 2012 Bhalobasar Rong Bappy Shaheen Sumon Debut Film 2013 Onnorokom Bhalobasha Shuvo Shaheen Sumon Jotil Prem Jibon Chowdhury Shaheen Sumon Romeo Romeo Raju Chowdhury Prem Prem Paglami Romeo Shafi Uddin Shafi Tobuo Bhalobashi Songram Montazur Rahman Akbar Ki Prem Dekhaila Sami Shah Mohammad Songram Inchi Inchi Prem Shuvo Raju Chowdhury 2014 Ki Darun Dekhte Apon Wajed Ali Sumon Dobir Saheber Songsar Kuddus Jakir Hossain Raju Honeymoon Rusho Shafi Uddin Shafi I Don't Care Surjo Mohammad Hossain Jaimy Love Station Nibir Shahadat Hossain Liton Onek Sadher Moyna Moti Jakir Hossain Raju 2015 Gunda: The Terrorist Jibon Ispahani Arif Jahan Lover Number One Badshah Faruk Omar Ajob Prem Rafi Wajed Ali Sumon Epar Opar Shimul Delwar Jahan Jhantu 2016 Sweetheart Zishan Wajed Ali Sumon Onek Dame Kena Jakir Hossain Raju Baje Chele: The Loafer Reshad Chowdhury Monirul Islam Sohel & Rahim Babu One Way Emon Iftakar Chowdhury Ami Tomer Hote Chai Abir Anonno Mamun 2017 Koto Swapno Koto Asha Jibon Wakil Ahmed Missed Call Roman Shafi Uddin Shafi Sultana Bibiana Sultan Himel Ashraf Dulabhai Zindabad Sagor Montazur Rahman Akbar Apon Manush Robi Shah Alam Mondal 2018 Poloke Poloke Tomake Chai Tamim S.M. Shahnawaz Shanu Nayok Abhi Ispahani Arif Jahan Asmani Azad / Asman M. Shakhawat Hossain 2019 Daag Hridoye Shohag Tarek Shikder Paglami Prem Komol Sarkar Dongiri Shah Alam Mondal 2020 Priyo Komola Priyo Shahriar Nazim Joy 2022 Shoshurbari Zindabad 2 Abir Debashish Biswas 2023 Joy Bangla Kazi Hayat Shotru Durjoy Sumon Dhar 570† TBA Ashraf Shishir Danger Zone† TBA Belal Sani Kustigir† TBA Shaheen-Sumon Awards and nominations Year Awards Category Film Result 2013 Freelancer Rubel First Stage Nomination for Best Film Actor Onnorokom Bhalobasha Nominated Freelancer Rubel Second Stage Nomination for Best Film Actor Prem Prem Paglaami Nominated Freelancer Rubel Third Stage Nomination for Best Film Actor Tobou Bhalobashi Nominated References ^ "And the next Dhallywood queen is..." Dhaka Tribune. Retrieved 15 February 2017. ^ "Indian artists get more preference – Bappi Chowdhury". The Daily Star. 21 November 2015. Retrieved 15 February 2017. ^ "Ami Tomar Hote Chai". The Daily Star. 24 December 2016. Retrieved 15 February 2017. ^ "Bappi to Star in Two Upcoming Films". The Daily Star. 27 August 2016. Retrieved 15 February 2017. ^ jagonews24.com. "শুভ জন্মদিন শাহীন সুমন". jagonews24.com. Retrieved 10 February 2023.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) ^ "A year on the silver screen". The Daily Star. 1 January 2017. ^ Shazu, Shah Alam; Amin, Rafsana (18 December 2021). "Zahara Mitu's dreams on the silver screen". The Daily Star. ^ "I aspire to play experimental characters: Bappy Chowdhury". New Age. 12 February 2022. ^ মেরিল-প্রথম আলো পুরস্কার ২০১৩ প্রথম পর্বে মনোনয়ন পেলেন যঁারা . Prothom Alo (in Bengali). p. 24. ^ মেরিল-প্রথম আলো পুরস্কার ২০১৩ দ্বিতীয় পর্বে মনোনয়ন পেলেন যঁারা . Prothom Alo (in Bengali). p. 23. ^ মেরিল-প্রথম আলো পুরস্কার ২০১৩ তৃতীয় পর্বে মনোনয়ন পেলেন যঁারা . Prothom Alo (in Bengali). p. 24. Archived from the original on 18 May 2014. Retrieved 30 January 2014. Wikimedia Commons has media related to Bappy Chowdhury.
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[]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernie_Pike
Ernie Pike
["1 Overview","2 Creation","3 Publishing history","4 Bibliography","5 References"]
Comics character Ernie PikeErnie Pike, drawn by Alberto Breccia.Publication informationPublisherEditorial FronteraFirst appearanceHora Cero #1 (May 1957)Created byHéctor Germán Oesterheld, Hugo Pratt Ernie Pike is a comics series written by Héctor Germán Oesterheld and originally drawn by Hugo Pratt, starring a World War II and Korean War reporter. It was first published in the magazine "Hora Cero" in Buenos Aires, Argentina, in 1957. The reporter, loosely based on the real reporter Ernie Pyle, acts as a narrator of stories, without being directly involved in them. Such stories do not narrate real battles or exploits of noteworthy military people, being instead tragic stories of unknown soldiers, made up by the author. Oesterheld worked again with the character during the time of the Vietnam War, and Ricardo Barreiro used it for a brief story about the Falklands War. Overview The comic is set during World War II, and the protagonist - Ernie Pike - is the narrator, without playing an active role in the stories. Unlike genre standards, the comic does not show any battles, and neither describes the war between Allies and Nazis as a conflict between good and evil. Instead, it centers on tragic events involving soldiers of both sides. Generally, those tragedies are misunderstandings that end up badly: characters who go mad, kill their own friends by friendly fire or because they believe them to be traitors, attempt to get killed in a specific way to avoid a more gruesome death, or who must mercy-kill badly hurt comrades, to cite several examples. Oesterheld, thus, utilizes war comics to reflect his personal dislike of war itself. The character never formulates positive or negative opinions about the Allies, the Nazis or specific events of the war, but about the morality of the soldiers in the anecdotes. The stories take place at various locations of World War II, such as the European Theatre, the South Pacific ocean, the North African Campaign and the Eastern Front. There are no recurring characters besides Ernie Pike, and in many cases even his presence is small: he appears in just two panels in "Kumba", only one in "El amuleto", and in some stories he is completely absent. The character also evolves along the published issues from a war correspondent character acting in a first-person narrative to a narrator with an omniscient point-of-view, aware of stories and information beyond the capabilities of a real reporter. Creation Ernie Pyle, American war reporter who inspired Oesterheld into the creation of the Ernie Pike character. The name of the protagonist was reminiscent of that of Ernie Pyle, a well known real life war correspondent of the era. Unlike Ernie Pyle, Ernie Pike survives the war and is referenced as a veteran in other stories by Pratt. The face of Ernie Pike resembles that of Oesterheld himself. This was caused by a misunderstanding during the period of designing of the character: when Oesterheld was describing to Pratt the positive traits of the new character, he ended saying "Make him like me!". However, Pratt did not realize that Oesterheld was joking, and used his face. By the time Oesterheld realized the mistake, Pratt's work was already advanced, so he let it stay that way. Oesterheld was influenced by anti-war authors, such as Erich Maria Remarque, Stephen Crane or Leo Tolstoy; as well as by the career of the mentioned Ernie Pyle. Pratt also revealed that he stole more than four hundred of war photos from the staff of Il Gazzettino di Venezia, which were used by the artist as inspiration for the comic strip. Oesterheld was also influenced by those photos, and many stories were inspired by specific photos that led the author to develop a story about them. Publishing history The comic was first published in Hora Cero magazine, of the "Frontera" publishing company. After several years, Hugo Pratt left for Europe, while Oesterheld stayed in Argentina. Hugo Pratt republished Ernie Pike in Italy and other European countries under his sole name. Oesterheld continued the comic with other Argentine artists, like Alberto Breccia and Francisco Solano López, among others. The character was moved to other Frontera magazines, such as "Hora Cero Extra", the weekly supplement of Hora Cero, or "Colección batallas inolvidables" (Spanish: Unforgettable battles collection). This last one was created after the success of Ernie Pike, and was focused on war comics. The Ernie Pike run in Frontera is considered part of the golden age of Argentine comics. By the decade of 1960 most pencilers of Frontera were being hired by the British Fleetway, but Oesterheld kept using new pencilers such as José Muñoz. Frontera would eventually go into bankruptcy. Oesterheld worked again with Ernie Pike in the 1970 decade, in the "Top Maxi Historietas" comic book published by Cielosur Editora. The approach was slightly changed in this new run: instead of World War II, the stories were about the ongoing Vietnam War. The stories kept the same style as before, but Pike was now involved with the events as they took place, thus becoming an active character of the stories instead of just the narrator. The stories were also more critical of the involvement of the US in the war, in line with the new politically radical views that Oesterheld was developing. Oesterheld would work later with many strips in the Skorpio comic book, but Ernie Pike would last only for a single story. This story, penciled by Solano López, worked again with World War II, but from a new angle: it was a story set in current times, about people having a dispute about things that took place during the war. There was a brief recreation of the character by other authors during the Falklands War. Ricardo Barreiro wrote "La batalla de las Malvinas" (Spanish: The battle of the Malvinas), penciled by Alberto Macagno, Carlos Pedrazzini, Marcelo Pérez and César Medrano. This story lasted for 7 issues of the magazine Fierro, ending inconclusively. Ernie Pike was included as a guest-star, placed in Patagonia as an aged war veteran, watching the events unfolding. Several volumes of Ernie Pike by Oesterheld-Pratt - along others of Sergeant Kirk - were reprinted in 2006 for the "Nueva Biblioteca Clarín de la Historieta" collection published by Clarín newspaper. Previously, Ancares Editora had reprinted the volumes by Oesterheld-Breccia in 2002. Bibliography Sasturain, Juan (1995). El domicilio de la aventura (in Spanish). Buenos Aires: Colihue. ISBN 978-950-581-261-5. Sasturain, Juan; Diego Accorsi (2006). Nueva Biblioteca Clarín de la Historieta 3: Sargento Kirk / Ernie Pike (in Spanish). Buenos Aires: Clarín. ISBN 978-950-782-887-4. Martignone, Hernán; Dr. Sax (August 2005). "Alberto Breccia + Héctor G. Oesterheld". Comiqueando (in Spanish). 2 (2): 4–11. ISSN 1669-3329. García, Fernando (2007). Ernie Pike: Cuatro Décadas (in Spanish). Buenos Aires: Doedytores. ISBN 978-987-9085-29-5. References ^ Sasturain, "El Domicilio..." p. 143 ^ Sasturain, "El Domicilio..." p. 124 ^ a b Martignone, p. 10 ^ a b Accorsi, p. 14 ^ García, p. 3 ^ García, p. 4 ^ García, p. 5 ^ Sasturain, "El domicilio...", p. 30 ^ a b c García, p. 24 ^ Sasturain, "El domicilio..." p. 43 vteComics by Hugo Pratt Asso di Picche Corto Maltese Ernie Pike Fort Wheeling Jesuit Joe Sergeant Kirk
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"comics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comics"},{"link_name":"Héctor Germán Oesterheld","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%A9ctor_Germ%C3%A1n_Oesterheld"},{"link_name":"Hugo Pratt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugo_Pratt"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"Korean War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_War"},{"link_name":"reporter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_correspondent"},{"link_name":"Hora Cero","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hora_Cero"},{"link_name":"Buenos Aires","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buenos_Aires"},{"link_name":"Argentina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentina"},{"link_name":"Ernie Pyle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernie_Pyle"},{"link_name":"narrator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narrator"},{"link_name":"Vietnam War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam_War"},{"link_name":"Ricardo Barreiro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ricardo_Barreiro"},{"link_name":"Falklands War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falklands_War"}],"text":"Ernie Pike is a comics series written by Héctor Germán Oesterheld and originally drawn by Hugo Pratt, starring a World War II and Korean War reporter. It was first published in the magazine \"Hora Cero\" in Buenos Aires, Argentina, in 1957. The reporter, loosely based on the real reporter Ernie Pyle, acts as a narrator of stories, without being directly involved in them. Such stories do not narrate real battles or exploits of noteworthy military people, being instead tragic stories of unknown soldiers, made up by the author. Oesterheld worked again with the character during the time of the Vietnam War, and Ricardo Barreiro used it for a brief story about the Falklands War.","title":"Ernie Pike"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"Allies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II"},{"link_name":"Nazis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi"},{"link_name":"conflict between good and evil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conflict_between_good_and_evil"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"friendly fire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friendly_fire"},{"link_name":"mercy-kill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coup_de_gr%C3%A2ce"},{"link_name":"war comics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_comics"},{"link_name":"war","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"European Theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Theatre_of_World_War_II"},{"link_name":"South Pacific ocean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_War"},{"link_name":"North African Campaign","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_African_Campaign"},{"link_name":"Eastern Front","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Front_(World_War_II)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Martignone,_p._10-3"},{"link_name":"war correspondent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_correspondent"},{"link_name":"first-person narrative","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First-person_narrative"},{"link_name":"omniscient point-of-view","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omniscient_point-of-view"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Martignone,_p._10-3"}],"text":"The comic is set during World War II, and the protagonist - Ernie Pike - is the narrator, without playing an active role in the stories. Unlike genre standards, the comic does not show any battles, and neither describes the war between Allies and Nazis as a conflict between good and evil.[1] Instead, it centers on tragic events involving soldiers of both sides. Generally, those tragedies are misunderstandings that end up badly: characters who go mad, kill their own friends by friendly fire or because they believe them to be traitors, attempt to get killed in a specific way to avoid a more gruesome death, or who must mercy-kill badly hurt comrades, to cite several examples. Oesterheld, thus, utilizes war comics to reflect his personal dislike of war itself.[2] The character never formulates positive or negative opinions about the Allies, the Nazis or specific events of the war, but about the morality of the soldiers in the anecdotes. The stories take place at various locations of World War II, such as the European Theatre, the South Pacific ocean, the North African Campaign and the Eastern Front.There are no recurring characters besides Ernie Pike, and in many cases even his presence is small: he appears in just two panels in \"Kumba\", only one in \"El amuleto\", and in some stories he is completely absent.[3] The character also evolves along the published issues from a war correspondent character acting in a first-person narrative to a narrator with an omniscient point-of-view, aware of stories and information beyond the capabilities of a real reporter.[3]","title":"Overview"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ernie_Pyle.jpg"},{"link_name":"Ernie Pyle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernie_Pyle"},{"link_name":"war reporter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_reporter"},{"link_name":"Ernie Pyle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernie_Pyle"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Accorsi,_p._14-4"},{"link_name":"anti-war","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-war"},{"link_name":"Erich Maria Remarque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erich_Maria_Remarque"},{"link_name":"Stephen Crane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Crane"},{"link_name":"Leo Tolstoy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leo_Tolstoy"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Il Gazzettino di Venezia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Il_Gazzettino_di_Venezia&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"Ernie Pyle, American war reporter who inspired Oesterheld into the creation of the Ernie Pike character.The name of the protagonist was reminiscent of that of Ernie Pyle, a well known real life war correspondent of the era. Unlike Ernie Pyle, Ernie Pike survives the war and is referenced as a veteran in other stories by Pratt. The face of Ernie Pike resembles that of Oesterheld himself. This was caused by a misunderstanding during the period of designing of the character: when Oesterheld was describing to Pratt the positive traits of the new character, he ended saying \"Make him like me!\". However, Pratt did not realize that Oesterheld was joking, and used his face. By the time Oesterheld realized the mistake, Pratt's work was already advanced, so he let it stay that way.[4]Oesterheld was influenced by anti-war authors, such as Erich Maria Remarque, Stephen Crane or Leo Tolstoy; as well as by the career of the mentioned Ernie Pyle.[5] Pratt also revealed that he stole more than four hundred of war photos from the staff of Il Gazzettino di Venezia, which were used by the artist as inspiration for the comic strip.[6] Oesterheld was also influenced by those photos, and many stories were inspired by specific photos that led the author to develop a story about them.[7]","title":"Creation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hora Cero","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hora_Cero"},{"link_name":"Frontera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Editorial_Frontera"},{"link_name":"Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy"},{"link_name":"Alberto Breccia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alberto_Breccia"},{"link_name":"Francisco Solano López","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_Solano_L%C3%B3pez_(comics)"},{"link_name":"Spanish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_language"},{"link_name":"war comics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_comics"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Accorsi,_p._14-4"},{"link_name":"Argentine comics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentine_comics"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Fleetway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fleetway"},{"link_name":"José Muñoz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Antonio_Mu%C3%B1oz"},{"link_name":"Vietnam War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam_War"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Vietnam-9"},{"link_name":"critical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opposition_to_the_U.S._involvement_in_the_Vietnam_War"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Vietnam-9"},{"link_name":"Skorpio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skorpio_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Vietnam-9"},{"link_name":"Falklands War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falklands_War"},{"link_name":"Ricardo Barreiro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ricardo_Barreiro"},{"link_name":"Spanish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_language"},{"link_name":"Patagonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patagonia"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Sergeant Kirk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergeant_Kirk"},{"link_name":"Clarín","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clar%C3%ADn_(Argentine_newspaper)"}],"text":"The comic was first published in Hora Cero magazine, of the \"Frontera\" publishing company. After several years, Hugo Pratt left for Europe, while Oesterheld stayed in Argentina. Hugo Pratt republished Ernie Pike in Italy and other European countries under his sole name. Oesterheld continued the comic with other Argentine artists, like Alberto Breccia and Francisco Solano López, among others. The character was moved to other Frontera magazines, such as \"Hora Cero Extra\", the weekly supplement of Hora Cero, or \"Colección batallas inolvidables\" (Spanish: Unforgettable battles collection). This last one was created after the success of Ernie Pike, and was focused on war comics.[4] The Ernie Pike run in Frontera is considered part of the golden age of Argentine comics.[8] By the decade of 1960 most pencilers of Frontera were being hired by the British Fleetway, but Oesterheld kept using new pencilers such as José Muñoz. Frontera would eventually go into bankruptcy.Oesterheld worked again with Ernie Pike in the 1970 decade, in the \"Top Maxi Historietas\" comic book published by Cielosur Editora. The approach was slightly changed in this new run: instead of World War II, the stories were about the ongoing Vietnam War. The stories kept the same style as before, but Pike was now involved with the events as they took place, thus becoming an active character of the stories instead of just the narrator.[9] The stories were also more critical of the involvement of the US in the war, in line with the new politically radical views that Oesterheld was developing.[9] Oesterheld would work later with many strips in the Skorpio comic book, but Ernie Pike would last only for a single story. This story, penciled by Solano López, worked again with World War II, but from a new angle: it was a story set in current times, about people having a dispute about things that took place during the war.[9]There was a brief recreation of the character by other authors during the Falklands War. Ricardo Barreiro wrote \"La batalla de las Malvinas\" (Spanish: The battle of the Malvinas), penciled by Alberto Macagno, Carlos Pedrazzini, Marcelo Pérez and César Medrano. This story lasted for 7 issues of the magazine Fierro, ending inconclusively. Ernie Pike was included as a guest-star, placed in Patagonia as an aged war veteran, watching the events unfolding.[10]Several volumes of Ernie Pike by Oesterheld-Pratt - along others of Sergeant Kirk - were reprinted in 2006 for the \"Nueva Biblioteca Clarín de la Historieta\" collection published by Clarín newspaper. Previously, Ancares Editora had reprinted the volumes by Oesterheld-Breccia in 2002.","title":"Publishing history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sasturain, Juan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Juan_Sasturain&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-950-581-261-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-950-581-261-5"},{"link_name":"Sasturain, Juan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Juan_Sasturain&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Diego Accorsi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Diego_Accorsi&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-950-782-887-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-950-782-887-4"},{"link_name":"Comiqueando","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Comiqueando&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"ISSN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1669-3329","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/issn/1669-3329"},{"link_name":"García, Fernando","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fernando_Ariel_Garc%C3%ADa&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-987-9085-29-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-987-9085-29-5"}],"text":"Sasturain, Juan (1995). El domicilio de la aventura (in Spanish). Buenos Aires: Colihue. ISBN 978-950-581-261-5.\nSasturain, Juan; Diego Accorsi (2006). Nueva Biblioteca Clarín de la Historieta 3: Sargento Kirk / Ernie Pike (in Spanish). Buenos Aires: Clarín. ISBN 978-950-782-887-4.\nMartignone, Hernán; Dr. Sax (August 2005). \"Alberto Breccia + Héctor G. Oesterheld\". Comiqueando (in Spanish). 2 (2): 4–11. ISSN 1669-3329.\nGarcía, Fernando (2007). Ernie Pike: Cuatro Décadas (in Spanish). Buenos Aires: Doedytores. ISBN 978-987-9085-29-5.","title":"Bibliography"}]
[{"image_text":"Ernie Pyle, American war reporter who inspired Oesterheld into the creation of the Ernie Pike character.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Ernie_Pyle.jpg/220px-Ernie_Pyle.jpg"}]
null
[{"reference":"Sasturain, Juan (1995). El domicilio de la aventura (in Spanish). Buenos Aires: Colihue. ISBN 978-950-581-261-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Juan_Sasturain&action=edit&redlink=1","url_text":"Sasturain, Juan"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-950-581-261-5","url_text":"978-950-581-261-5"}]},{"reference":"Sasturain, Juan; Diego Accorsi (2006). Nueva Biblioteca Clarín de la Historieta 3: Sargento Kirk / Ernie Pike (in Spanish). Buenos Aires: Clarín. ISBN 978-950-782-887-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Juan_Sasturain&action=edit&redlink=1","url_text":"Sasturain, Juan"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Diego_Accorsi&action=edit&redlink=1","url_text":"Diego Accorsi"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-950-782-887-4","url_text":"978-950-782-887-4"}]},{"reference":"Martignone, Hernán; Dr. Sax (August 2005). \"Alberto Breccia + Héctor G. Oesterheld\". Comiqueando (in Spanish). 2 (2): 4–11. ISSN 1669-3329.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Comiqueando&action=edit&redlink=1","url_text":"Comiqueando"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1669-3329","url_text":"1669-3329"}]},{"reference":"García, Fernando (2007). Ernie Pike: Cuatro Décadas (in Spanish). Buenos Aires: Doedytores. ISBN 978-987-9085-29-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fernando_Ariel_Garc%C3%ADa&action=edit&redlink=1","url_text":"García, Fernando"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-987-9085-29-5","url_text":"978-987-9085-29-5"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1928_Arkansas_gubernatorial_election
1928 Arkansas gubernatorial election
["1 Democratic primary","1.1 Results","2 General election","2.1 Results","3 References"]
1928 Arkansas gubernatorial election ← 1926 6 November 1928 1930 →   Nominee Harvey Parnell Drew Bowers Party Democratic Republican Popular vote 151,743 44,545 Percentage 77.31% 22.69% County results Parnell:      50–60%      60–70%      70–80%      80–90%      90–100%Bowers:      50–60% Governor before election Harvey Parnell (Acting) Democratic Elected Governor Harvey Parnell Democratic Elections in Arkansas Federal government Presidential elections 1836 1840 1844 1848 1852 1856 1860 1868 1872 1876 1880 1884 1888 1892 1896 1900 1904 1908 1912 1916 1920 1924 1928 1932 1936 1940 1944 1948 1952 1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 1996 2000 2004 2008 2012 2016 2020 2024 Presidential primaries Democratic 2000 2004 2008 2012 2016 2020 2024 Republican 2004 2008 2012 2016 2020 2024 U.S. Senate elections 1836 1837 1840 1843 1844 sp 1846 1848 1848 sp 1853 1855 1859 1868 1870 1876 1877 1878 1883 1885 1885 sp 1889 1891 1895 1897 1901 1903 1906 1907 1909 1913 1913 sp 1914 1916 sp 1918 1920 1924 1926 1930 1932 1932 sp 1936 1937 sp 1938 1942 1944 1948 1950 1954 1956 1960 1962 1966 1968 1972 1974 1978 1980 1984 1986 1990 1992 1996 1998 2002 2004 2008 2010 2014 2016 2020 2022 2026 2028 U.S. House of Representatives elections 1836 1837 1838 1840 1842 1844 1846 1847 AL sp 1848 1851 1852 1853 1854 1856 1858 1860 1868 1870 1872 1874 1876 1878 1880 1882 1884 1885 3rd sp 1886 1888 1890 1892 1894 2nd sp 1896 1898 1900 1902 1904 1906 1908 1910 1912 1913 6th sp 1914 1916 1918 1920 1921 6th sp 1922 1923 6th sp 1924 1926 1928 1930 4th sp 1932 1933 5th sp 1934 1936 1938 1939 4th sp 1940 1942 1944 1946 1948 1950 1952 1954 1956 1958 1960 1961 6th sp 1962 1964 1966 4th sp 1968 1970 1972 1974 1976 1978 1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2001 3rd sp 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020 2022 2024 State government State elections 2006 2010 2014 2018 2020 2022 2024 Gubernatorial elections 1836 1840 1844 1848 1849 sp 1852 1856 1860 1862 (C) 1864 (U) 1868 1872 1874 1876 1878 1880 1882 1884 1886 1888 1890 1892 1894 1896 1898 1900 1902 1904 1906 1908 1910 1912 1913 sp 1914 1916 1918 1920 1922 1924 1926 1928 1930 1932 1934 1936 1938 1940 1942 1944 1946 1948 1950 1952 1954 1956 1958 1960 1962 1964 1966 1968 1970 1972 1974 1976 1978 1980 1982 1984 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2010 2014 2018 2022 2026 Lieutenant gubernatorial elections 2022 Secretary of State elections 2022 Attorney General elections 2022 Treasurer elections 2022 2024 (special) Senate elections 2020 2022 2024 House of Representatives elections 2020 2022 2024 Ballot measures 1990 Amendment 3 2004 Amendment 3 2008 Act 1 2012 Issue 1 2018 Issue 5 Little Rock Mayoral elections 1994 1998 2002 2006 2010 2014 2018 2022 Fayetteville Mayoral elections 1996 2000 2004 2008 2012 2016 2020 2024 Fort Smith Mayoral elections 1994 1998 2002 2006 2010 2014 2018 2022 Springdale Mayoral elections 1996 2000 2004 2008 2012 2016 2020 2024 Jonesboro Mayoral elections 1996 2000 2004 2008 2012 2016 2020 2024 Rogers Mayoral elections 1996 2000 2004 2008 2012 2016 2020 2024 Conway Mayoral elections 1996 2000 2004 2008 2012 2016 2020 2024 vte The 1928 Arkansas gubernatorial election was held on 6 November 1928, in order to elect the Governor of Arkansas. Democratic nominee and incumbent (Acting) Governor Harvey Parnell defeated Republican nominee Drew Bowers. Democratic primary The Democratic primary election was held on 14 August 1928. Incumbent Acting Governor Harvey Parnell received a majority of the votes (41.65%), and was thus elected as the nominee for the general election on 6 November 1928. Results 1928 Democratic gubernatorial primary Party Candidate Votes % Democratic Harvey Parnell (incumbent) 94,207 41.65% Democratic Brooks Hays 57,497 25.42% Democratic Tom Terral 34,476 15.24% Democratic J. Carrol Cone 31,786 14.05% Democratic R. K. Mason 3,398 1.50% Democratic Ben L. Griffin 2,617 1.16% Democratic J. Rosser Venable 2,205 0.98% Total votes 226,186 100.00% General election On election day, 6 November 1928, Democratic nominee Harvey Parnell won the election by a margin of 107,198 votes against his opponent Republican nominee Drew Bowers, thereby retaining Democratic control over the office of Governor. Parnell was sworn in for his first full term as Governor of Arkansas on 15 January 1929. Results 1928 Arkansas gubernatorial election Party Candidate Votes % Democratic Harvey Parnell (incumbent) 151,743 77.31 Republican Drew Bowers 44,545 22.69 Total votes 196,288 100.00 Democratic hold References ^ "Harvey Parnell (1928-1933)". Old State House Museum. Archived from the original on 14 November 2012. Retrieved 29 November 2023. ^ "AR Governor - D Primary". ourcampaigns.com. 23 September 2023. Retrieved 29 November 2023. ^ "AR Governor". ourcampaigns.com. 17 September 2005. Retrieved 29 November 2023. vteElections in ArkansasGeneral 1844 1846 1847 1848 1849 1850 1851 1852 1853 1854 1855 1856 1857 1858 1859 1860 1861 1862 1863 1864 1865 1866 1867 1868 1869 1870 1871 1872 1873 1874 1875 1876 1877 1878 1879 1880 1881 1882 1883 1884 1885 1886 1887 1888 1889 1890 1891 1892 1893 1894 1895 1896 1897 1898 1900 1902 1903 1904 1906 1907 1908 1910 1912 1913 1914 1916 1917 1918 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1926 1927 1928 1930 1932 1933 1934 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1942 1943 1944 1946 1949 1950 1952 1953 1954 1956 1958 1959 1960 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1972 1973 1974 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020 2022 Governor 1836 1840 1844 1848 1849 S 1852 1856 1860 1862 1864 U 1868 1872 1874 1876 1878 1880 1882 1884 1886 1888 1890 1892 1894 1896 1898 1900 1902 1904 1906 1908 1910 1912 1913 S 1914 1916 1918 1920 1922 1924 1926 1928 1930 1932 1934 1936 1938 1940 1942 1944 1946 1948 1950 1952 1954 1956 1958 1960 1962 1964 1966 1968 1970 1972 1974 1976 1978 1980 1982 1984 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2010 2014 2018 2022 U.S. President 1836 1840 1844 1848 1852 1856 1860 1864 1868 1872 1876 1880 1884 1888 1892 1896 1900 1904 1908 1912 1916 1920 1924 1928 1932 1936 1940 1944 1948 1952 1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 1996 2000 2004 2008 2012 2016 2020 U.S. Senate Class 2: 1833 1839–40 1848 S 1853 1859 1868 S 1870 1876 1883 1885 S 1889 1895 1901 1907 1913 S 1913 1918 1924 1930 1936 1937 S 1942 1948 1954 1960 1966 1972 1978 1984 1990 1996 2002 2008 2014 2020Class 3: 1837 1843 1845 S 1849 1855 1861 1867 1873 1879 1881 S 1885 1891 1897 1903 1909 1914 1916 S 1920 1926 1932 S 1932 1938 1944 1950 1956 1962 1968 1974 1980 1986 1992 1998 2004 2010 2016 2022 U.S. House 1837 1838 1840 1842 1844 1846 1848 1851 1853 1854 1856 1858 1860 1868 1870 1872 1874 1876 1878 1880 1882 1884 1886 1888 1890 1892 1894 1896 1898 1900 1902 1904 1906 1908 1910 1912 1914 1916 1918 1920 1922 1924 1926 1928 1930 1932 1934 1936 1938 1940 (4th S) 1942 1944 1946 1948 1950 1952 1954 1956 1958 1960 (6th S) 1962 1964 1966 (4th S) 1968 1970 1972 1974 1976 1978 1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020 2022 'S,' denotes special election; 'U,' denotes election under Federal (Union) military occupation See also: Political party strength in Arkansas vte(1927 ←)   1928 United States elections   (→ 1929)U.S.President Alabama Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming U.S. Senate Arizona California Connecticut Delaware Florida Idaho (special) Illinois (special) Indiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Jersey New Mexico New York North Dakota Ohio Ohio (special) Pennsylvania Rhode Island Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming U.S. House ofRepresentatives Alabama 5th sp Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Territory Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa 9th sp Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts 12th sp 14th sp Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York 32nd sp North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon 2nd sp Pennsylvania 8th sp Puerto Rico Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Gubernatorial Arizona Arkansas Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Idaho Illinois Lt. Gov Indiana Iowa Kansas Louisiana Maine Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Lt. Gov Missouri Lt. Gov Montana Nebraska Lt. Gov New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Rhode Island South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Statelegislatures Iowa Senate General Alabama Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Puerto Rico Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Governor of Arkansas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_governors_of_Arkansas"},{"link_name":"Democratic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"incumbent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incumbent"},{"link_name":"Harvey Parnell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvey_Parnell"},{"link_name":"Republican","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"Drew Bowers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drew_Bowers"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"The 1928 Arkansas gubernatorial election was held on 6 November 1928, in order to elect the Governor of Arkansas. Democratic nominee and incumbent (Acting) Governor Harvey Parnell defeated Republican nominee Drew Bowers.[1]","title":"1928 Arkansas gubernatorial election"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"primary election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primary_election"},{"link_name":"Incumbent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incumbent"},{"link_name":"Acting Governor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_governors_of_Arkansas"},{"link_name":"Harvey Parnell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvey_Parnell"}],"text":"The Democratic primary election was held on 14 August 1928. Incumbent Acting Governor Harvey Parnell received a majority of the votes (41.65%), and was thus elected as the nominee for the general election on 6 November 1928.","title":"Democratic primary"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Results","title":"Democratic primary"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Democratic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"Harvey Parnell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvey_Parnell"},{"link_name":"Republican","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"Drew Bowers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drew_Bowers"},{"link_name":"Arkansas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arkansas"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GBN-3"}],"text":"On election day, 6 November 1928, Democratic nominee Harvey Parnell won the election by a margin of 107,198 votes against his opponent Republican nominee Drew Bowers, thereby retaining Democratic control over the office of Governor. Parnell was sworn in for his first full term as Governor of Arkansas on 15 January 1929.[3]","title":"General election"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Results","title":"General election"}]
[]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desperate_Teenage_Lovedolls
Desperate Teenage Lovedolls
["1 Plot","2 DVD release","3 See also","4 References","5 External links"]
This article is about the movie. For the soundtrack, see Desperate Teenage Lovedolls (soundtrack). 1984 filmDesperate Teenage LovedollsDirected byDavid MarkeyStarringJanet HousdenJennifer SchwartzSteven McDonaldJeff McDonaldHilary RubensCinematographyDavid MarkeyMusic byRedd KrossNip DriversBlack FlagGreg Graffin and Greg HetsonWhite FlagSIN 34BagsDarksideRelease date 1984 (1984) Running time60 min.LanguageEnglishBudget~US$250 plus bus fare (estimated) Desperate Teenage Lovedolls is a 1984 low budget underground film, shot on super-8 film by David Markey, about a rock band of teenage runaways. The film was released on DVD in 2003. A sequel, Lovedolls Superstar, was released in 1986. Plot Two girls rediscover their love for playing rock, find a drummer and begin practicing. When one of their mothers intervenes, they run away from home and are forced to fend for themselves on the streets against gangs and rival bands. Soon they are discovered and taken under the wing of rock manager Johnny Tremaine (played by Steven McDonald) who uses them for sex and his own aspirations of wealth. The Love Dolls set out to get revenge on those who have wronged them, and rise to the top of the rock world. DVD release In 2003, the film was released in extended DVD format as Desperate Teenage Lovedolls (20th anniversary edition). See also Desperate Teenage Lovedolls (soundtrack) Lovedolls Superstar (film) Lovedolls Superstar (soundtrack) References This article includes a list of references, related reading, or external links, but its sources remain unclear because it lacks inline citations. Please help improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (June 2008) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Review and synopsis at Monsters at Play Official site at We Got Power Films External links Wikiquote has quotations related to Desperate Teenage Lovedolls. Desperate Teenage Lovedolls at IMDb Desperate Teenage Lovedolls at Rotten Tomatoes Film details at HK Flix This article about a musical comedy film is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[]
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Mwakapila
Mary Mwakapila
["1 International goals","2 References"]
Zambian footballer Mary MwakapilaPersonal informationDate of birth (1995-06-05) 5 June 1995 (age 29)Position(s) MidfielderSenior career*Years Team Apps (Gls) Bauleni Sports Academy Hapoel Be'ersheba International career‡ Zambia *Club domestic league appearances and goals‡ National team caps and goals, correct as of 11 october 2014 (before the 2014 African Women's Championship) Mary Mwakapila (born 5 June 1995) is a Zambian footballer who plays as a midfielder for the Zambia women's national football team. She was part of the team at the 2014 African Women's Championship. On club level she played for Bauleni Sports Academy in Zambia. International goals Scores and results list Zambia's goal tally first No. Date Venue Opponent Score Result Competition 1 18 November 2018 Cape Coast Sports Stadium, Cape Coast, Ghana  Equatorial Guinea 4–0 5–0 2018 Africa Women Cup of Nations 2 2 October 2019 Nkoloma Stadium, Lusaka, Zambia  Botswana 1–0 1–0 2020 CAF Women's Olympic Qualifying Tournament – Third round 3 10 March 2020 Nkoloma Stadium, Lusaka, Zambia  Cameroon 1–0 – 2020 CAF Women's Olympic Qualifying Tournament – Fifth round References ^ "Zambia set up women's friendly". Council of Southern Africa Football Associations. 19 October 2016. Retrieved 24 April 2017. ^ "Zambia senior women's national football team departs for Malawi". Zambian Informer. 28 December 2016. Archived from the original on 25 April 2017. Retrieved 24 April 2017. ^ "Africa Women Football Championship 2014 -Shepolopolo select Women Championship team". Namibian. Retrieved 24 April 2017. ^ "Bwale names squad for African Women Championship". fazfootball.com. 5 October 2014. Archived from the original on 26 October 2016. Retrieved 25 October 2016. Zambia squads vteZambia squad – 2014 African Women's Championship 1 Katamanda 2 G. Zulu 3 Chama 4 S. Banda 5 Mwakapila 6 M. Banda 7 M. Zulu 8 Chisamu 9 Mubanga 10 Sosala 11 Mupopo 12 Mukwasa 13 J. Banda 14 Lungu 15 Kibanji 16 Nali 17 Howes 18 Saili 19 Mulenga 20 Musonda 21 Kunda Coach: Bwale vteZambia squad – 2018 Africa Women Cup of Nations 1 Musonda 2 G. Zulu 3 Mweemba 4 J. Zulu 5 Mulenga 6 Mubanga 7 Ochumba 8 Belemu 9 Kundananji 10 G. Chanda 11 Banda 12 Lungu 13 Tembo 14 H. Chanda 15 Musase 16 Nali 17 Mwakapila 18 Nkhoma 19 Phiri 20 Nkole 21 Chitundu Coach: Mwape This biographical article related to women's association football in Zambia is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koulikoro_(region)
Koulikoro Region
["1 Geography","2 History","3 Culture","4 Transport and economy","5 Administrative subdivisions","6 See also","7 References","8 External links"]
Coordinates: 13°56′41″N 7°37′28″W / 13.94472°N 7.62444°W / 13.94472; -7.62444Region of Mali Region in MaliKoulikoro RegionRegionLocation within MaliCoordinates: 13°56′41″N 7°37′28″W / 13.94472°N 7.62444°W / 13.94472; -7.62444Country MaliCapitalKoulikoroArea • Total90,120 km2 (34,800 sq mi)Population (2009 census) • Total2,418,305 • Density27/km2 (70/sq mi)Time zoneUTC±0 (UTC)HDI (2017)0.437low · 2nd Map of Koulikoro Region. Koulikoro Region (Bambara: ߞߎߟߌߞߏߙߏ ߘߌߣߋߖߊ tr. Kulikoro Dineja) is a region in western Mali. It is the second administrative area of Mali and covers an area of 90,120 km2. Its capital is the city of Koulikoro. Geography The region of Koulikoro is bordered by Mauritania on the north, the region of Kayes on the west, by Guinea and the region of Sikasso on the south, and by the region of Ségou to the east. In 2009 the Koulikoro Region had a population of 2,418,305. These were mainly Bambaras, Malinkés Sonikes and Somono  around the Niger River. The region is irrigated by several rivers, including the Niger, Baoulé, Sankarani, Baogé, Bani and Bafing. The climate of the region's south has the high rainfall typical of the Sudan, while north of the Kita-Bamako axis, it tends to a Sahelian aridity. The largest cities of the region are Kati, Koulikoro, Kolokani, Nara, Banamba and Dioïla; however the most populous commune is Kalabancoro. The Boucle du Baoulé National Park and the natural reserves of Fina, Kongossambougou and Badinko shelter a diversity of wildlife. History The region of Koulikoro is the seat of several great empires which followed one another in Mali: the Ghana Empire, the Sosso Empire and the Mali Empire. Culture The land of the Manding (or Mandé) is located in this area. It is the cradle of the Empire of Mali and known for preserving its traditional culture with its griots and its hunters. Like much of Mali, the area is strongly Islamized, but the practices of animists remain very present in the villages. Bambara serves as the area's most common language. Koulikoro is famous for its traditional puppet theater, showcased in many festivals such as in the village of Diarabougou. Several musicians are natives of the region, including Salif Keita and Rokia Traoré. Transport and economy Koulikoro is the terminus of the Dakar-Niger railway. It is also an important port on the Niger River which makes it possible to serve the towns of Ségou, Mopti, Tombouctou and Gao. The area is served by the airport of Bamako-sénou. Agriculture remains the dominant economic activity, although several industries are present in the district, such as the Hydroelectric dam of Sélingué, gold-bearing industries around Kangaba, and the cotton production site in Fana, Mali's second largest. Administrative subdivisions Cercles in the Koulikoro Region The Koulikoro Region is divided into seven cercles encompassing 106 communes: Cercle name Area (km2) PopulationCensus 1998 PopulationCensus 2009 Nara 30,000 166,783 242,990 Banamba 7,500 142,160 190,235 Kolokani 12,000 184,905 233,919 Koulikoro 7,260 153,485 211,103 Dioïla 12,794 332,972 491,210 Kati 16,897 513,798 948,128 Kangaba 5,500 76,404 100,720 Mali's capital (Bamako) is located in the heart of the region, but forms a separate administrative entity called the Bamako Capital District; it is entirely surrounded by Kati Cercle. See also Regions of Mali Cercles of Mali References ^ Resultats Provisoires RGPH 2009 (Région de Koulikoro) (PDF) (in French), République de Mali: Institut National de la Statistique, archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-07-22, retrieved 2011-01-29 ^ "Sub-national HDI - Area Database - Global Data Lab". hdi.globaldatalab.org. Retrieved 2018-09-13. ^ Communes de la Région de Koulokoro (PDF) (in French), Ministère de l’administration territoriale et des collectivités locales, République du Mali, archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-03-09. External links Synthèsis des 106 Plans Communaux de Securité Alimentaire de la Région de Koulikoro 2009-2013 (PDF) (in French), Commissariat à la Sécurité Alimentaire, République du Mali, USAID-Mali, 2009. vteRegions of Mali Bamako Capital District Gao Kayes Kidal Koulikoro Ménaka Mopti Ségou Sikasso Taoudénit Tombouctou vte Communes and towns of Koulikoro RegionCapital: KoulikoroBanamba Cercle Banamba (Banamba) Ben Kadi (Samakele) Boron (Boron) Duguwolowula (Touba) Kiban (Kiban) Madina Sacko (Madina Sacko) Sebete (Sebete) Toubakoro (Toubakoro) Dioila Cercle Banko (Banko) Benkadi (Kotoula) Binko (Tingole) Degnekoro (Degnekoro) Diebé (Diebé) Diédougou (Belekosoba) Diouman (Dioumanzana) Dolendougou (Dandougou) Guegneka (Fana) Jekafo (Jekafo) Kaladougou (Diolila) Kemekafo (Senou) Kerela (Kerela) Kilidougou (N'Tobougou) Massigui (Massigui) Nangola (Nangola) Niantjila (Niantjila) N'Dolondougou (Mena) N'Garadougou (N'Gara) N'Golobougou (N'Golobougou) Tenindougou (Falako) Wacoro (Wacoro) Zan Coulibaly (Marka Coungo) Kangaba Cercle Kangaba (Minidian Kangaba) Balan Bakama (Namakama) Benkadi Habaladougou (Kéniéba) Kaniogo (Kaniogo) Karan (Karan) Maramandougou (Figuira-Toma) Narena (Narena) Nouga (Keliegoue) Selefougou (Selefougou) Koulikoro Cercle Koulikoro (Koulikoro) Dinandougou (Kenekou) Doumba (Doumba) Koula (Koula) Meguetan (Gouni) Nyamina (Nyamina) Sirakorola (Sirakorola) Tienfala (Tienfala) Tougouni (Tougouni) Kolokani Cercle Kolokani (Kolokani) Didieni (Didieni) Guihoyo (Guihoyo) Massantola (Massantola) Nossombougou (Nossombougou) Nonkon (Nonkon) Ouolodo (Ouolodo) Sagabala (Sagabala) Sebecoro (Sebecoro) Tioribougou (Tioribougou) Kati Cercle Kati (Kati) Baguinéda-Camp (Baguinéda-Camp) Bankoumana (Bankoumana) Bossofala (Neguela) Bougoula (Bougoula) Daban (Daban) Diago (Diago) Dialakoroba (Dialakoroba) Dialakorodji (Dialakorodji) Diédougou (Torado) Dio-Gare (Dio-Gare) Dogodouman (Dogodouman) Dombila (Dombila) Doubabougou (Doubabougou) Faraba (Faraba) Kalabancoro (Kalabancoro) Kalifabougou (Kalifabougou) Kambila (Kambila) Kourouba (Kourouba) Mandé (Ouezzindougou) Moribabougou (Moribabougou) Mountougoula (Mountougoula) N'Gabacoro (N'Gabacoro-Droit) N'Gouraba (N'Gouraba) Niagadina (Niagadina) Nioumamakana (Nioumamakana) N'Tjiba (Faladié) Ouélessébougou (Ouélessébougou) Safo (Safo) Sanankoro Djitoumou (Sanankoro Djitoumou) Sanankoroba (Sanankoroba) Sangarébougou (Sangarébougou) Siby Sobra (Sandama) Tiakadougou-Dialakoro (Tiakadougou-Dialakoro) Tiélé (Tiélé) Yélékébougou (Yélékébougou) Nara Cercle Nara (Nara) Allahina (Allahina) Dabo (Boulal) Dilly (Dilly) Dogofry (Ballé) Fallou (Fallou) Guéniébé (Guéniébé) Guiré (Guiré) Koronga (Koronga) Niamana (Mourdiah) Ouagadou (Goumbou) Authority control databases International VIAF National Germany Israel United States Geographic MusicBrainz area
[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Un-koulikoro_region.png"},{"link_name":"Bambara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bambara_language"},{"link_name":"Mali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mali"},{"link_name":"Koulikoro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koulikoro"}],"text":"Region of MaliRegion in MaliMap of Koulikoro Region.Koulikoro Region (Bambara: ߞߎߟߌߞߏߙߏ ߘߌߣߋߖߊ tr. Kulikoro Dineja) is a region in western Mali. It is the second administrative area of Mali and covers an area of 90,120 km2. Its capital is the city of Koulikoro.","title":"Koulikoro Region"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mauritania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mauritania"},{"link_name":"Kayes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kayes_Region"},{"link_name":"Guinea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guinea"},{"link_name":"Sikasso","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sikasso_Region"},{"link_name":"Ségou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A9gou_Region"},{"link_name":"Bambaras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bambara_people"},{"link_name":"Malinkés","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandinka_people"},{"link_name":"Sonikes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People"},{"link_name":"Somono","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Somono&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"fr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somono"},{"link_name":"Niger River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niger_River"},{"link_name":"Sankarani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sankarani_River"},{"link_name":"Bani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bani_River"},{"link_name":"Bafing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bafing_River"},{"link_name":"Sudan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudan_(region)"},{"link_name":"Sahelian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sahel"},{"link_name":"Kati","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kati"},{"link_name":"Koulikoro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koulikoro"},{"link_name":"Kolokani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolokani"},{"link_name":"Nara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nara,_Mali"},{"link_name":"Banamba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banamba"},{"link_name":"Dioïla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dio%C3%AFla"},{"link_name":"Kalabancoro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalabancoro"},{"link_name":"Boucle du Baoulé National Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boucle_du_Baoul%C3%A9_National_Park"},{"link_name":"Kongossambougou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kongossambougou&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Badinko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Badinko&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"The region of Koulikoro is bordered by Mauritania on the north, the region of Kayes on the west, by Guinea and the region of Sikasso on the south, and by the region of Ségou to the east. In 2009 the Koulikoro Region had a population of 2,418,305. These were mainly Bambaras, Malinkés Sonikes and Somono [fr] around the Niger River.The region is irrigated by several rivers, including the Niger, Baoulé, Sankarani, Baogé, Bani and Bafing. The climate of the region's south has the high rainfall typical of the Sudan, while north of the Kita-Bamako axis, it tends to a Sahelian aridity.The largest cities of the region are Kati, Koulikoro, Kolokani, Nara, Banamba and Dioïla; however the most populous commune is Kalabancoro. The Boucle du Baoulé National Park and the natural reserves of Fina, Kongossambougou and Badinko shelter a diversity of wildlife.","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ghana Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghana_Empire"},{"link_name":"Sosso Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sosso_Empire"},{"link_name":"Mali Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mali_Empire"}],"text":"The region of Koulikoro is the seat of several great empires which followed one another in Mali: the Ghana Empire, the Sosso Empire and the Mali Empire.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"griots","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Griots"},{"link_name":"Islamized","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam"},{"link_name":"animists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animists"},{"link_name":"Bambara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bambara_language"},{"link_name":"puppet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puppet"},{"link_name":"Salif Keita","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salif_Keita"},{"link_name":"Rokia Traoré","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rokia_Traor%C3%A9"}],"text":"The land of the Manding (or Mandé) is located in this area. It is the cradle of the Empire of Mali and known for preserving its traditional culture with its griots and its hunters. Like much of Mali, the area is strongly Islamized, but the practices of animists remain very present in the villages. Bambara serves as the area's most common language.Koulikoro is famous for its traditional puppet theater, showcased in many festivals such as in the village of Diarabougou. \nSeveral musicians are natives of the region, including Salif Keita and Rokia Traoré.","title":"Culture"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Koulikoro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koulikoro"},{"link_name":"Dakar-Niger railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dakar-Niger_railway"},{"link_name":"Ségou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A9gou"},{"link_name":"Mopti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mopti"},{"link_name":"Tombouctou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timbuktu"},{"link_name":"Gao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gao"},{"link_name":"Hydroelectric dam of Sélingué","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selingue_Dam"},{"link_name":"Kangaba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kangaba"},{"link_name":"cotton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cotton"},{"link_name":"Fana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fana,_Mali"}],"text":"Koulikoro is the terminus of the Dakar-Niger railway. It is also an important port on the Niger River which makes it possible to serve the towns of Ségou, Mopti, Tombouctou and Gao. The area is served by the airport of Bamako-sénou.Agriculture remains the dominant economic activity, although several industries are present in the district, such as the Hydroelectric dam of Sélingué, gold-bearing industries around Kangaba, and the cotton production site in Fana, Mali's second largest.","title":"Transport and economy"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Koulikoro_cercles.png"},{"link_name":"Cercles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cercles_of_Mali"},{"link_name":"cercles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cercles_of_Mali"},{"link_name":"communes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communes_of_Mali"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Bamako","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bamako"}],"text":"Cercles in the Koulikoro RegionThe Koulikoro Region is divided into seven cercles encompassing 106 communes:[3]Mali's capital (Bamako) is located in the heart of the region, but forms a separate administrative entity called the Bamako Capital District; it is entirely surrounded by Kati Cercle.","title":"Administrative subdivisions"}]
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[{"title":"Regions of Mali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regions_of_Mali"},{"title":"Cercles of Mali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cercles_of_Mali"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Committee_elected_by_the_6th_Congress_of_the_Russian_Social_Democratic_Labour_Party_(Bolsheviks)
Central Committee of the 6th Congress of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party
["1 Plenary sessions","2 Composition","2.1 Members","2.2 Candidates","2.3 Prospectives","3 References","3.1 General","3.2 Bibliography","3.3 Sources","4 Notes"]
Central Committee of the 6th Congress← 7th Conf.7th Cong. →3 August 1917 – 8 March 1918Third SecretaryElena StasovaTechnical SecretaryElena StasovaSecretaryElena StasovaDeputy SecretaryElena StasovaCandidates The Central Committee (CC) composition was elected by the 6th Congress, and sat from 3 August 1917 until 8 March 1918. The CC 1st Plenary Session established the Narrow Composition (abolished October 1917), the Politburo (abolished November 1917) and the Bureau (established in November 1917), while sanctioning the establishment of the Secretariat on the orders of the Narrow Composition. Plenary sessions Plenary sessions of the Central Committee Plenum Date Length 1st Plenary Session 4–5 August 1917 2 days 2nd Plenary Session 10 October 1917 1 day 3rd Plenary Session 16 October 1917 1 day 4th Plenary Session 20 October 1917 1 day 5th Plenary Session 24 October 1917 1 day 6th Plenary Session 7 November 1917 1 day 7th Plenary Session 29 November 1917 1 day 8th Plenary Session 11 December 1917 1 day 9th Plenary Session 9 January 1918 1 day 10th Plenary Session 22 February 1918 1 day 11th Plenary Session 23 February 1918 1 day Composition Members Members of the Central Committee of the 6th Congress of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party (Bolsheviks) Name Cyrillic April CC 7th CC Birth Death PM Nationality Gender Portrait Jan Berzin Ян Берзин New Candidate 1881 1938 1902 Latvian Male Andrei Bubnov Андрей Бубнов Candidate Not 1884 1938 1903 Russian Male Nikolai Bukharin Никола́й Буха́рин New Reelected 1888 1938 1906 Russian Male Felix Dzerzhinsky Фе́ликс Дзержи́нский New Reelected 1877 1926 1906 Polish Male Lev Kamenev Лев Ка́менев Old Reelected 1883 1936 1901 Jewish-Russian Male Alexandra Kollontai Алекса́ндра Коллонта́й New Not 1872 1952 1915 Ukrainian-Finnish Female Nikolay Krestinsky Никола́й Крести́нский New Reelected 1883 1938 1901 Ukrainian Male Vladimir Lenin Владимир Ленин Old Reelected 1870 1924 1898 Russian Male Vladimir Milyutin Владимир Милютин Old Not 1884 1937 1910 Russian Male Matvei Muranov Матвей Муранов New Not 1873 1959 1904 Ukrainian Male Viktor Nogin Ви́ктор Ноги́н Old Not 1878 1924 1898 Russian Male Alexei Rykov Алексей Рыков New Not 1881 1938 1899 Russian Male Fyodor Sergeyev Фёдор Серге́ев New Reelected 1883 1921 1914 Russian Male Stepan Shahumyan Степан Шаумян New Not 1878 1918 1898 Armenian Male Ivar Smilga Ивар Смилга Old Reelected 1892 1938 1907 Latvian Male Grigori Sokolnikov Григорий Сокольников New Reelected 1888 1939 1905 Jewish Male Joseph Stalin Ио́сиф Ста́лин Old Reelected 1878 1953 1898 Georgian Male Yakov Sverdlov Я́ков Свердло́в Old Reelected 1885 1919 1901 Jewish Male Leon Trotsky Лев Тро́цкий New Reelected 1879 1940 1917 Jewish Male Moisei Uritsky Моисей Урицкий New Candidate 1873 1918 1917 Jewish Male Grigory Zinoviev Григо́рий Зино́вьев Old Reelected 1883 1936 1901 Jewish Male Candidates Candidate Members of the Central Committee of the 6th Congress of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party (Bolsheviks) Name Cyrillic April CC 7th CC Birth Death PM Nationality Gender Portrait Prokofy Dzhaparidze Прокофий Джапаридзе New Not 1880 1918 1898 Georgian Male Adolph Joffe Адо́льф Ио́ффе New Candidate 1883 1927 1910 Karaite Male Aleksei Kiselyov Алексей Киселёв New Candidate 1879 1937 1898 Russian Male Georgy Oppokov Гео́ргий Оппо́ков New Candidate 1888 1938 1903 Russian Male Yevgeni Preobrazhensky Евге́ний Преображе́нский New Not 1886 1937 1903 Russian Male Mykola Skrypnyk Микола Скрипник New Not 1872 1933 1898 Ukrainian Male Elena Stasova Еле́на Ста́сова New Member 1873 1966 1898 Russian Female Varvara Yakovleva Варвара Яковлева New Not 1884 1941 1904 Jewish Female Prospectives Prospective Members of the Central Committee of the 7th Congress of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party (Bolsheviks) Name Cyrillic April CC 7th CC Birth Death PM Ethnicity Gender Portrait Valerian Osinsky Валериан Оболенский New Not 1887 1938 1907 Russian Male Ivan Teodorovich Ива́н Теодо́рович Candidate Not 1875 1937 1898 Polish Male References General Plenary sessions, apparatus heads, ethnicity (by clicking on the individual names on "The Central Committee elected by the VIth Party Congress (b) 3 (16) .8.1917 members" reference), the Central Committee full- and candidate membership, Bureau membership, Secretariat membership and Orgburo membership were taken from these sources: Staff writer. "Съезды, конференции, пленумы и заседания РСДРП – РСДРП(б) – РКП(б) – ВКП(б) – КПСС" (in Russian). knowbysight.info. Retrieved 22 August 2015. Staff writer. "Персональный состав Центрального комитета РСДРП – РСДРП(б) – РКП(б) – ВКП(б) – КПСС" (in Russian). knowbysight.info. Retrieved 22 August 2015. Staff writer. "Центральный Комитет, избранный VI-м съездом РСДРП(б) 3(16).8.1917, члены" (in Russian). knowbysight.info. Retrieved 22 August 2015. Staff writer. "Узкий состав ЦК РСДРП(б) – Политическое бюро ЦК РСДРП(б)—Бюро ЦК РСДРП(б) – РКП(б)—Политическое бюро ЦК РКП(б) – ВКП(б)—Президиум – Политическое бюро ЦК КПСС" (in Russian). Retrieved 21 June 2015. Staff writer. "Секретариат ЦК РСДРП - РКП(б) - ВКП(б) - КПСС" (in Russian). Retrieved 21 June 2015. Staff writer. "Организационное бюро РКП(б) - ВКП(б)" (in Russian). Retrieved 21 June 2015. Bibliography Fainsod, Merle; Hough, Jerry F. (1979). How the Soviet Union is Governed. Harvard University Press. ISBN 9780674410305. Communist Party of the Soviet Union (1984). "Chapter 3: Statute of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union". In Simons, Williams; White, Stephens (eds.). The Party Statutes of the Communist World. Law in Eastern Europe. Brill Publishers. pp. 413–435. ISBN 9024729750. Sources ^ Service, Robert (2005). Stalin: A Biography. Harvard University Press. p. 103. ^ Lindemann, Albert S. (1997). Esau's Tears: Modern Anti-Semitism and the Rise of the Jews. Cambridge University Press. p. 430. ^ Riga, Liliana (2012). The Bolsheviks and the Russian Empire. Cambridge University Press. pp. 124 and 304. ^ Marie, Jean-Jacques (1974). Makers of the Russian Revolution: Biographies of Bolshevik Leaders. Cornell University Press. p. 152. ^ "Сокольников Григорий Яковлевич". www.hrono.ru. ^ Riga, Liliana (2012). The Bolsheviks and the Russian Empire. Cambridge University Press. pp. 60 and 305. ^ Riga, Liliana (2012). The Bolsheviks and the Russian Empire. Cambridge University Press. pp. 60 and 305. ^ Lindemann, Albert S. (1997). Esau's Tears: Modern Anti-Semitism and the Rise of the Jews. Cambridge University Press. p. 431. ^ Rubenstein, Joshua (2011). Leon Trotsky: A Revolutionary's Life. Yale University Press. p. 1. ^ a b c d Riga, Liliana (2012). The Bolsheviks and the Russian Empire. Cambridge University Press. pp. 60 and 304. ^ Lindemann, Albert S. (1997). Esau's Tears: Modern Anti-Semitism and the Rise of the Jews. Cambridge University Press. p. 431. ^ Service, Robert (2005). Stalin: A Biography. Harvard University Press. p. 103. ^ Lindemann, Albert S. (1997). Esau's Tears: Modern Anti-Semitism and the Rise of the Jews. Cambridge University Press. p. 430. ^ Lindemann, Albert (1997). Esau's Tears: Modern Anti-Semitism and the Rise of the Jews. Cambridge University Press. p. 430. ISBN 9780521593694. Notes ^ His father was Jewish and his mother Russian ^ Her father was Ukrainian and her mother Finnish vteCommunist Party of the Soviet UnionCentral CommitteeLeaders Vladimir Lenin (1912–24) Joseph Stalin (1929–53) Nikita Khrushchev (1953–64) Leonid Brezhnev (1964–82) Yuri Andropov (1982–84) Konstantin Chernenko (1984–85) Mikhail Gorbachev (1985–91) General Secretaries Elena Stasova (1917–18) Yakov Sverdlov (1918–19) Elena Stasova (Mar.–Dec. 1919) Nikolay Krestinsky (1919–21) Vyacheslav Molotov (1921–22) Joseph Stalin (1922–52) Nikita Khrushchev (1953–64) Leonid Brezhnev (1964–82) Yuri Andropov (1982–84) Konstantin Chernenko (1984–85) Mikhail Gorbachev (1985–91) Vladimir Ivashko (acting, Aug. 1991) Decision-making bodies Politburo / Presidium Secretariat Orgburo Control Commission Departments Administrative Organs Agriculture Chemical Industry Construction Culture Defence Industry Foreign Cadres General Heavy Industry Information International Light- and Food Industry Machine Industry Organisational-party Work Planning and Financial Organs Political Administration of the Armed Forces Propaganda Science and Education Trade and Consumers' Services Transportation-Communications Women Publications Pravda Bolshevik / Kommunist National meetingsCongress 1st (1898) 2nd (1903) 3rd (1905) 4th (1906) 5th (1907) 6th (1917) 7th (1918) 8th (1919) 9th (1920) 10th (1921) 11th (1922) 12th (1923) 13th (1924) 14th (1925) 15th (1927) 16th (1930) 17th (1934) 18th (1939) 19th (1952) 20th (1956) 21st (1959) 22nd (1961) 23rd (1966) 24th (1971) 25th (1976) 26th (1981) 27th (1986) 28th (1990) Conference 1st (1905) 2nd (1906) 3rd (Aug. 1907) 4th (Nov. 1907) 5th (1908) 6th (1912) 7th (1917) 8th (1919) 9th (1920) 10th (May 1921) 11th (Dec. 1921) 12th (1922) 13th (1924) 14th (1925) 15th (1926) 16th (1929) 17th (1932) 18th (1941) 19th (1988) Leadership sittingsElected by theCentral CommitteePolitburo Aug.–Oct. 1917 Oct.–Dec. 1917 6th (1917–18) 7th (1918–19) 8th (1919–20) 9th (1920–21) 10th (1921–22) 11th (1922–23) 12th (1923–24) 13th (1924–25) 14th (1925–27) 15th (1927–30) 16th (1930–34) 17th (1934–39) 18th (1939–52) 19th (1952–56) 20th (1956–61) 22nd (1961–66) 23rd (1966–71) 24th (1971–76) 25th (1976–81) 26th (1981–86) 27th (1986–90) 28th (1990–91) Secretariat 6th (1917–18) 7th (1918–19) 8th (1919–20) 9th (1920–21) 10th (1921–22) 11th (1922–23) 12th (1923–24) 13th (1924–25) 14th (1925–27) 15th (1927–30) 16th (1930–34) 17th (1934–39) 18th (1939–52) 19th (1952–56) 20th (1956–61) 22nd (1961–66) 23rd (1966–71) 24th (1971–76) 25th (1976–81) 26th (1981–86) 27th (1986–90) 28th (1990–91) Orgburo 7th (Jan.–Mar. 1919) 8th (1919–20) 9th (1920–21) 10th (1921–22) 11th (1922–23) 12th (1923–24) 13th (1924–25) 14th (1925–27) 15th (1927–30) 16th (1930–34) 17th (1934–39) 18th (1939–52) Control Committee 17th (1934–39) 18th (1939–52) 19th (1952–56) 20th (1956–61) 22nd (1961–66) 23rd (1966–71) 24th (1971–76) 25th (1976–81) 26th (1981–86) 27th (1986–90) Elected by the CentralControl CommissionPresidium 12th (1923–24) 13th (1924–25) 14th (1925–27) 15th (1927–30) 16th (1930–34) 28th (1990–91) Secretariat 12th (1923–24) 13th (1924–25) 14th (1925–27) Collegium 12th (1923–24) 13th (1924–25) 14th (1925–27) 15th (1927–30) 16th (1930–34) Elected byCongressCentral Committee 1st (1898–1903) 2nd (1903–05) 3rd (Apr.–Dec. 1905) CC of the 1st Conf. (1905–06) 4th (1906–07) 5th (1907–12) CC of the 6th Conf. (1912–17) CC of the 7th Conf. (Apr.–Aug. 1917) 6th (1917–18) 7th (1918–19) 8th (1919–20) 9th (1920–21) 10th (1921–22) 11th (1922–23) 12th (1923–24) 13th (1924–25) 14th (1925–27) 15th (1927–30) 16th (1930–34) 17th (1934–39) 18th (1939–52) 19th (1952–56) 20th (1956–61) 22nd (1961–66) 23rd (1966–71) 24th (1971–76) 25th (1976–81) 26th (1981–86) 27th (1986–90) 28th (1990–91) Auditing Commission 8th (1919–21) 10th (1921–24) 13th (1924–25) 14th (1925–27) 15th (1927–30) 16th (1930–34) 17th (1934–39) 18th (1939–52) 19th (1952–56) 20th (1956–61) 22nd (1961–66) 23rd (1966–71) 24th (1971–76) 25th (1976–81) 26th (1981–86) 27th (1986–90) Control Commission 9th (1920–21) 10th (1921–22) 11th (1922–23) 12th (1923–24) 13th (1924–25) 14th (1925–27) 15th (1927–30) 16th (1930–34) 28th (1990–91) Wider organisationRepublican-level Armenian Azerbaijani Byelorussian Bukharan Estonian Georgian Karelo-Finnish Kazakh Khorezmi Kirghiz Latvian Lithuanian Moldavian Russian SFSR Tajik Transcaucasian Turkestani Turkmen Ukrainian Uzbek Local-level Obkom Okrugkom Gorkom Raikom Partkom Other organs Statute All-Union Leninist Young Communist League (Komsomol) Vladimir Lenin All-Union Pioneer Organization Main Political Directorate of the Soviet Army and Soviet Navy Groupings Ban on factions Group of Democratic Centralism (1919–21) Workers' Opposition (1920–21) Workers' Truth (1921–23) Left Opposition (1923–27) Workers' Group (1923–30) Right Opposition (1924–33) United Opposition (1926–27) Left-Right Bloc (1930) Union of Marxist-Leninists (1932) Bloc of Soviet Oppositions (1932–33) Anti-Party Group (1957) Soyuz (1990–91) State Committee on the State of Emergency (1991) See also Bloc of Communists and Non-Partisans General Jewish Labour Bund in Lithuania, Poland and Russia League of Russian Revolutionary Social Democracy Abroad League of Struggle for the Emancipation of the Working Class Siberian Social-Democratic Union Social Democracy of the Kingdom of Poland and Lithuania Union of Russian Social Democrats Abroad
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(1930–34)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Auditing_Commission_of_the_16th_Congress_of_the_All-Union_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)"},{"link_name":"17th (1934–39)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Auditing_Commission_of_the_17th_Congress_of_the_All-Union_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)"},{"link_name":"18th (1939–52)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Auditing_Commission_of_the_18th_Congress_of_the_All-Union_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)"},{"link_name":"19th (1952–56)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Auditing_Commission_of_the_19th_Congress_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union"},{"link_name":"20th (1956–61)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Auditing_Commission_of_the_20th_Congress_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union"},{"link_name":"22nd (1961–66)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Auditing_Commission_of_the_22nd_Congress_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union"},{"link_name":"23rd (1966–71)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Auditing_Commission_of_the_23rd_Congress_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union"},{"link_name":"24th (1971–76)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Auditing_Commission_of_the_24th_Congress_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union"},{"link_name":"25th (1976–81)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Auditing_Commission_of_the_25th_Congress_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union"},{"link_name":"26th (1981–86)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Auditing_Commission_of_the_26th_Congress_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union"},{"link_name":"27th (1986–90)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Auditing_Commission_of_the_27th_Congress_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union"},{"link_name":"Control Commission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Control_Commission_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union"},{"link_name":"9th (1920–21)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Central_Control_Commission_of_the_9th_Congress_of_the_Russian_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"10th (1921–22)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Central_Control_Commission_of_the_10th_Congress_of_the_Russian_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"11th (1922–23)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Central_Control_Commission_of_the_11th_Congress_of_the_Russian_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"12th (1923–24)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Central_Control_Commission_of_the_12th_Congress_of_the_Russian_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"13th (1924–25)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Central_Control_Commission_of_the_13th_Congress_of_the_All-Union_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"14th (1925–27)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Central_Control_Commission_of_the_14th_Congress_of_the_All-Union_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"15th (1927–30)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Central_Control_Commission_of_the_15th_Congress_of_the_All-Union_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"16th (1930–34)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Central_Control_Commission_of_the_16th_Congress_of_the_All-Union_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"28th (1990–91)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Central_Control_Commission_of_the_28th_Congress_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Armenian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Armenia_(Soviet_Union)"},{"link_name":"Azerbaijani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azerbaijan_Communist_Party_(1920)"},{"link_name":"Byelorussian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Byelorussia"},{"link_name":"Bukharan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Bukhara"},{"link_name":"Estonian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Estonia"},{"link_name":"Georgian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Georgia_(Soviet_Union)"},{"link_name":"Karelo-Finnish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communist_Party_of_the_Karelo-Finnish_Soviet_Socialist_Republic"},{"link_name":"Kazakh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Kazakhstan_(Soviet_Union)"},{"link_name":"Khorezmi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Khorezm"},{"link_name":"Kirghiz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Kirghizia"},{"link_name":"Latvian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Latvia"},{"link_name":"Lithuanian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Lithuania"},{"link_name":"Moldavian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Moldavia"},{"link_name":"Russian SFSR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communist_Party_of_the_Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic"},{"link_name":"Tajik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Tajikistan"},{"link_name":"Transcaucasian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Communist_Party_of_Transcaucasia&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Turkestani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Turkestan"},{"link_name":"Turkmen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Turkmenistan"},{"link_name":"Ukrainian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Ukraine_(Soviet_Union)"},{"link_name":"Uzbek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Uzbekistan"},{"link_name":"Obkom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regional_Committee_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union"},{"link_name":"Okrugkom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Okrug_committee_of_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Gorkom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=City_committee_of_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Raikom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=District_committee_of_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Partkom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Party_committee_of_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Statute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Statute_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"All-Union Leninist Young Communist League (Komsomol)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komsomol"},{"link_name":"Vladimir Lenin All-Union Pioneer Organization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Young_Pioneers_(Soviet_Union)"},{"link_name":"Main Political Directorate of the Soviet Army and Soviet Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Political_Directorate_of_the_Soviet_Army_and_Soviet_Navy"},{"link_name":"Ban on factions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ban_on_factions_in_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union"},{"link_name":"Group of Democratic Centralism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Group_of_Democratic_Centralism"},{"link_name":"Workers' Opposition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Workers%27_Opposition"},{"link_name":"Workers' Truth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Workers%27_Truth"},{"link_name":"Left Opposition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Left_Opposition"},{"link_name":"Workers' Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Workers_Group_of_the_Russian_Communist_Party"},{"link_name":"Right Opposition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Right_Opposition"},{"link_name":"United Opposition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Opposition_(Soviet_Union)"},{"link_name":"Left-Right Bloc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syrtsov-Lominadze_Affair"},{"link_name":"Union of Marxist-Leninists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryutin_affair"},{"link_name":"Bloc of Soviet Oppositions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloc_of_Soviet_Oppositions"},{"link_name":"Anti-Party Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-Party_Group"},{"link_name":"Soyuz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soyuz_(faction)"},{"link_name":"State Committee on the State of Emergency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_Committee_on_the_State_of_Emergency"},{"link_name":"Bloc of Communists and Non-Partisans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloc_of_Communists_and_Non-Partisans"},{"link_name":"General Jewish Labour Bund in Lithuania, Poland and Russia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Jewish_Labour_Bund"},{"link_name":"League of Russian Revolutionary Social Democracy Abroad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/League_of_Russian_Revolutionary_Social_Democracy_Abroad"},{"link_name":"League of Struggle for the Emancipation of the Working Class","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/League_of_Struggle_for_the_Emancipation_of_the_Working_Class"},{"link_name":"Siberian Social-Democratic Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siberian_Social-Democratic_Union"},{"link_name":"Social Democracy of the Kingdom of Poland and Lithuania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_Democracy_of_the_Kingdom_of_Poland_and_Lithuania"},{"link_name":"Union of Russian Social Democrats Abroad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_of_Russian_Social_Democrats_Abroad"}],"text":"^ His father was Jewish and his mother Russian\n\n^ Her father was Ukrainian and her mother FinnishvteCommunist Party of the Soviet UnionCentral CommitteeLeaders\nVladimir Lenin (1912–24)\nJoseph Stalin (1929–53)\nNikita Khrushchev (1953–64)\nLeonid Brezhnev (1964–82)\nYuri Andropov (1982–84)\nKonstantin Chernenko (1984–85)\nMikhail Gorbachev (1985–91)\nGeneral Secretaries\nElena Stasova (1917–18)\nYakov Sverdlov (1918–19)\nElena Stasova (Mar.–Dec. 1919)\nNikolay Krestinsky (1919–21)\nVyacheslav Molotov (1921–22)\nJoseph Stalin (1922–52)\nNikita Khrushchev (1953–64)\nLeonid Brezhnev (1964–82)\nYuri Andropov (1982–84)\nKonstantin Chernenko (1984–85)\nMikhail Gorbachev (1985–91)\nVladimir Ivashko (acting, Aug. 1991)\nDecision-making bodies\nPolitburo / Presidium\nSecretariat\nOrgburo\nControl Commission\nDepartments\nAdministrative Organs\nAgriculture\nChemical Industry\nConstruction\nCulture\nDefence Industry\nForeign Cadres\nGeneral\nHeavy Industry\nInformation\nInternational\nLight- and Food Industry\nMachine Industry\nOrganisational-party Work\nPlanning and Financial Organs\nPolitical Administration of the Armed Forces\nPropaganda\nScience and Education\nTrade and Consumers' Services\nTransportation-Communications\nWomen\nPublications\nPravda\nBolshevik / Kommunist\nNational meetingsCongress\n1st (1898)\n2nd (1903)\n3rd (1905)\n4th (1906)\n5th (1907)\n6th (1917)\n7th (1918)\n8th (1919)\n9th (1920)\n10th (1921)\n11th (1922)\n12th (1923)\n13th (1924)\n14th (1925)\n15th (1927)\n16th (1930)\n17th (1934)\n18th (1939)\n19th (1952)\n20th (1956)\n21st (1959)\n22nd (1961)\n23rd (1966)\n24th (1971)\n25th (1976)\n26th (1981)\n27th (1986)\n28th (1990)\nConference\n1st (1905)\n2nd (1906)\n3rd (Aug. 1907)\n4th (Nov. 1907)\n5th (1908)\n6th (1912)\n7th (1917)\n8th (1919)\n9th (1920)\n10th (May 1921)\n11th (Dec. 1921)\n12th (1922)\n13th (1924)\n14th (1925)\n15th (1926)\n16th (1929)\n17th (1932)\n18th (1941)\n19th (1988)\nLeadership sittingsElected by theCentral CommitteePolitburo\nAug.–Oct. 1917\nOct.–Dec. 1917\n6th (1917–18)\n7th (1918–19)\n8th (1919–20)\n9th (1920–21)\n10th (1921–22)\n11th (1922–23)\n12th (1923–24)\n13th (1924–25)\n14th (1925–27)\n15th (1927–30)\n16th (1930–34)\n17th (1934–39)\n18th (1939–52)\n19th (1952–56)\n20th (1956–61)\n22nd (1961–66)\n23rd (1966–71)\n24th (1971–76)\n25th (1976–81)\n26th (1981–86)\n27th (1986–90)\n28th (1990–91)\nSecretariat\n6th (1917–18)\n7th (1918–19)\n8th (1919–20)\n9th (1920–21)\n10th (1921–22)\n11th (1922–23)\n12th (1923–24)\n13th (1924–25)\n14th (1925–27)\n15th (1927–30)\n16th (1930–34)\n17th (1934–39)\n18th (1939–52)\n19th (1952–56)\n20th (1956–61)\n22nd (1961–66)\n23rd (1966–71)\n24th (1971–76)\n25th (1976–81)\n26th (1981–86)\n27th (1986–90)\n28th (1990–91)\nOrgburo\n7th (Jan.–Mar. 1919)\n8th (1919–20)\n9th (1920–21)\n10th (1921–22)\n11th (1922–23)\n12th (1923–24)\n13th (1924–25)\n14th (1925–27)\n15th (1927–30)\n16th (1930–34)\n17th (1934–39)\n18th (1939–52)\nControl Committee\n17th (1934–39)\n18th (1939–52)\n19th (1952–56)\n20th (1956–61)\n22nd (1961–66)\n23rd (1966–71)\n24th (1971–76)\n25th (1976–81)\n26th (1981–86)\n27th (1986–90)\nElected by the CentralControl CommissionPresidium\n12th (1923–24)\n13th (1924–25)\n14th (1925–27)\n15th (1927–30)\n16th (1930–34)\n28th (1990–91)\nSecretariat\n12th (1923–24)\n13th (1924–25)\n14th (1925–27)\nCollegium\n12th (1923–24)\n13th (1924–25)\n14th (1925–27)\n15th (1927–30)\n16th (1930–34)\nElected byCongressCentral Committee\n1st (1898–1903)\n2nd (1903–05)\n3rd (Apr.–Dec. 1905)\nCC of the 1st Conf. (1905–06)\n4th (1906–07)\n5th (1907–12)\nCC of the 6th Conf. (1912–17)\nCC of the 7th Conf. (Apr.–Aug. 1917)\n6th (1917–18)\n7th (1918–19)\n8th (1919–20)\n9th (1920–21)\n10th (1921–22)\n11th (1922–23)\n12th (1923–24)\n13th (1924–25)\n14th (1925–27)\n15th (1927–30)\n16th (1930–34)\n17th (1934–39)\n18th (1939–52)\n19th (1952–56)\n20th (1956–61)\n22nd (1961–66)\n23rd (1966–71)\n24th (1971–76)\n25th (1976–81)\n26th (1981–86)\n27th (1986–90)\n28th (1990–91)\nAuditing Commission\n8th (1919–21)\n10th (1921–24)\n13th (1924–25)\n14th (1925–27)\n15th (1927–30)\n16th (1930–34)\n17th (1934–39)\n18th (1939–52)\n19th (1952–56)\n20th (1956–61)\n22nd (1961–66)\n23rd (1966–71)\n24th (1971–76)\n25th (1976–81)\n26th (1981–86)\n27th (1986–90)\nControl Commission\n9th (1920–21)\n10th (1921–22)\n11th (1922–23)\n12th (1923–24)\n13th (1924–25)\n14th (1925–27)\n15th (1927–30)\n16th (1930–34)\n28th (1990–91)\nWider organisationRepublican-level\nArmenian\nAzerbaijani\nByelorussian\nBukharan\nEstonian\nGeorgian\nKarelo-Finnish\nKazakh\nKhorezmi\nKirghiz\nLatvian\nLithuanian\nMoldavian\nRussian SFSR\nTajik\nTranscaucasian\nTurkestani\nTurkmen\nUkrainian\nUzbek\n\nLocal-level\nObkom\nOkrugkom\nGorkom\nRaikom\nPartkom\n\nOther organs\nStatute\nAll-Union Leninist Young Communist League (Komsomol)\nVladimir Lenin All-Union Pioneer Organization\nMain Political Directorate of the Soviet Army and Soviet Navy\nGroupings\nBan on factions\nGroup of Democratic Centralism (1919–21)\nWorkers' Opposition (1920–21)\nWorkers' Truth (1921–23)\nLeft Opposition (1923–27)\nWorkers' Group (1923–30)\nRight Opposition (1924–33)\nUnited Opposition (1926–27)\nLeft-Right Bloc (1930)\nUnion of Marxist-Leninists (1932)\nBloc of Soviet Oppositions (1932–33)\nAnti-Party Group (1957)\nSoyuz (1990–91)\nState Committee on the State of Emergency (1991)\nSee also\nBloc of Communists and Non-Partisans\nGeneral Jewish Labour Bund in Lithuania, Poland and Russia\nLeague of Russian Revolutionary Social Democracy Abroad\nLeague of Struggle for the Emancipation of the Working Class\nSiberian Social-Democratic Union\nSocial Democracy of the Kingdom of Poland and Lithuania\nUnion of Russian Social Democrats Abroad","title":"Notes"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"Staff writer. \"Съезды, конференции, пленумы и заседания РСДРП – РСДРП(б) – РКП(б) – ВКП(б) – КПСС\" [Congresses, conferences, plenary meetings and meetings of the RSDLP – RSDLP (b) – RCP (b) – AUCP (b) – CPSU] (in Russian). knowbysight.info. Retrieved 22 August 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staff_writer","url_text":"Staff writer"},{"url":"http://www.knowbysight.info/2_KPSS/07178.asp","url_text":"\"Съезды, конференции, пленумы и заседания РСДРП – РСДРП(б) – РКП(б) – ВКП(б) – КПСС\""}]},{"reference":"Staff writer. \"Персональный состав Центрального комитета РСДРП – РСДРП(б) – РКП(б) – ВКП(б) – КПСС\" [Membership of the Central Committee of the RSDLP – RSDLP (b) – RCP (b) – AUCP (b) – CPSU] (in Russian). knowbysight.info. Retrieved 22 August 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staff_writer","url_text":"Staff writer"},{"url":"http://www.knowbysight.info/2_KPSS/10029.asp","url_text":"\"Персональный состав Центрального комитета РСДРП – РСДРП(б) – РКП(б) – ВКП(б) – КПСС\""}]},{"reference":"Staff writer. \"Центральный Комитет, избранный VI-м съездом РСДРП(б) 3(16).8.1917, члены\" [The Central Committee elected by the VIth Party Congress (b) 3 (16) .8.1917 members] (in Russian). knowbysight.info. Retrieved 22 August 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staff_writer","url_text":"Staff writer"},{"url":"http://www.knowbysight.info/2_KPSS/07179.asp","url_text":"\"Центральный Комитет, избранный VI-м съездом РСДРП(б) 3(16).8.1917, члены\""}]},{"reference":"Staff writer. \"Узкий состав ЦК РСДРП(б) – Политическое бюро ЦК РСДРП(б)—Бюро ЦК РСДРП(б) – РКП(б)—Политическое бюро ЦК РКП(б) – ВКП(б)—Президиум – Политическое бюро ЦК КПСС\" [The narrow composition of the RSDLP (b)—Political Bureau of the Central Committee of the RSDLP (B)—The Bureau of the Central Committee of the RSDLP (b) – RCP (B)—Political Bureau of the Central Committee of the RCP (b) – AUCP (b)—the Presidium – Political Bureau of the Central Committee of the CPSU] (in Russian). Retrieved 21 June 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staff_writer","url_text":"Staff writer"},{"url":"http://www.knowbysight.info/2_KPSS/07177.asp","url_text":"\"Узкий состав ЦК РСДРП(б) – Политическое бюро ЦК РСДРП(б)—Бюро ЦК РСДРП(б) – РКП(б)—Политическое бюро ЦК РКП(б) – ВКП(б)—Президиум – Политическое бюро ЦК КПСС\""}]},{"reference":"Staff writer. \"Секретариат ЦК РСДРП - РКП(б) - ВКП(б) - КПСС\" [Secretariat of the Central Committee of the RSDLP (b) – RCP (b) – AUCP (b) – CPSU] (in Russian). Retrieved 21 June 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staff_writer","url_text":"Staff writer"},{"url":"http://www.knowbysight.info/2_KPSS/07175.asp","url_text":"\"Секретариат ЦК РСДРП - РКП(б) - ВКП(б) - КПСС\""}]},{"reference":"Staff writer. \"Организационное бюро РКП(б) - ВКП(б)\" [Organizational Bureau of the RCP (b) – AUCP (b)] (in Russian). Retrieved 21 June 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staff_writer","url_text":"Staff writer"},{"url":"http://www.knowbysight.info/2_KPSS/07176.asp","url_text":"\"Организационное бюро РКП(б) - ВКП(б)\""}]},{"reference":"Fainsod, Merle; Hough, Jerry F. (1979). How the Soviet Union is Governed. Harvard University Press. ISBN 9780674410305.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merle_Fainsod","url_text":"Fainsod, Merle"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerry_F._Hough","url_text":"Hough, Jerry F."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University_Press","url_text":"Harvard University Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780674410305","url_text":"9780674410305"}]},{"reference":"Communist Party of the Soviet Union (1984). \"Chapter 3: Statute of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union\". In Simons, Williams; White, Stephens (eds.). 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zwaagwesteinde_railway_station
De Westereen railway station
["1 Train services","2 Bus services","3 See also"]
Coordinates: 53°14′54″N 6°02′07″E / 53.24833°N 6.03528°E / 53.24833; 6.03528De WestereenGeneral informationLocationNetherlandsCoordinates53°14′54″N 6°02′07″E / 53.24833°N 6.03528°E / 53.24833; 6.03528Line(s)Harlingen–Nieuweschans railwayHistoryOpened1 October 1885Services Preceding station Arriva Following station Feanwâldentowards Leeuwarden Stoptrein 37400 Buitenposttowards Groningen LocationDe WestereenLocation within Netherlands De Westereen is a railway station located in De Westereen, Netherlands. The station was opened on 1 October 1885 and is located on the Harlingen–Nieuweschans railway between Leeuwarden and Groningen. Train services are operated by Arriva. The station was called Zwaagwesteinde (the former Dutch name for the village) until 12 December 2015 when it was renamed De Westereen. This was to reflect the official name of the town, which was changed in 2009. Train services Route Service type Operator Notes Leeuwarden - Groningen Local ("Stoptrein") Arriva 2x per hour - 1x per hour after 21:00 and on Sundays Bus services Line Route Operator Notes 770 Zwagerbosch - De Westereen Arriva This bus only operates if called 1,5 hours before its supposed departure ("belbus"). See also List of railway stations in Friesland vteRailway stations in Friesland Akkrum Buitenpost Deinum De Westereen Dronryp Feanwâlden Franeker Grou-Jirnsum Harlingen Haven Heerenveen IJsstadion Hindeloopen Hurdegaryp Koudum-Molkwerum Leeuwarden Achter de Hoven Camminghaburen Mantgum Sneek Noord Stavoren Wolvega Workum IJlst This article about a Dutch railway station is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[]
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunken_lane
Sunken lane
["1 Means of formation","1.1 Erosion","1.2 Embankments for cattle","1.3 Double boundary banks","2 In different countries","2.1 Belgium","2.2 France","2.3 Germany","2.4 Spain","2.5 Syria","2.6 United Kingdom","3 See also","4 References","5 Bibliography","6 External links"]
Road or track that is lower than the land on either side "Sunken road" redirects here. For other uses, see Sunken road (disambiguation). A hollow way (chemin creux) at La Meauffe, Manche, France A sunken lane (also hollow way or holloway) is a road or track that is significantly lower than the land on either side, not formed by the (recent) engineering of a road cutting but possibly of much greater age. Holloways may have been formed in various ways, including erosion by water or traffic; the digging of embankments to assist with the herding of livestock; and the digging of double banks to mark the boundaries of estates. Means of formation A variety of theories have been proposed for the origins of holloways. Different mechanisms may well apply in different cases. Erosion Some sunken lanes are created incrementally by erosion, by water and traffic. Some are ancient, with evidence of Roman or Iron Age origins, but others such as the Deep Hill Ruts in the old Oregon Trail at Guernsey, Wyoming, developed in the space of a decade or two. Where ancient trackways have lapsed from use, the overgrown and shallow marks of hollow ways through forest may be the sole evidence of their former existence. On disused ridgeways in central Germany, the hollow ways often mark inclines. The earth banks on either side, sometimes topped with hedges and trees, can give the impression of a tunnel enclosing the traveller. Because the roadway is restricted by the banks on either side, sunken lanes typically admit the passage of only one vehicle; that is, they are single track roads. Occasional passing places may be provided, but a meeting of vehicles in a sunken lane often requires one party to reverse to a suitable passing place. In Central Germany, "dual carriageways" have been observed with two trenches side by side where a trackway was in such heavy use that it had lanes dedicated for each direction. Embankments for cattle Up to the present day, some writers have assumed that low banks were deliberately created with shovels as a means to hem in cattle, but there is no evidence for this, and in any case, banking only appears intermittently in certain types of soil. When metalled, sunken lanes are unlikely to erode further. Double boundary banks In The Making of the English Landscape, W. G. Hoskins explains the origin of some English holloways as a pair of matched earth banks marking the boundaries of two landowners' estates, as evidenced by the "two-fold ditch", twifealda dich in a charter of c. 1174 describing the boundary between the abbot of Tavistock's land at Abbotsham, Devon and Richard Coffin's land at Alwington and Cockington. He gives another example, also from Devon, in a photograph of Armourwood Lane, Thorverton, which bounded the royal Silverton estate and the estate of Exeter abbey, most likely in the seventh century. Hoskins states that some such lanes are Celtic, some Saxon, some medieval. In different countries Belgium A sunken lane extending across the battlefield played an important role in the Battle of Waterloo in 1815, particularly in presenting an obstacle to the French cavalry. Victor Hugo dramatized this episode in Les Misérables. France Sunken lanes are common in the West of France, in the bocage landscape, especially around Lower Normandy, Brittany and Anjou. The bocage landscape is historically famous for having been a particular feature of some conflicts, including the Chouannerie, or more recently the Battle of Normandy. The German army used sunken lanes to implement strong points and defenses to stop the American troops on the Cotentin peninsula and around the town of Saint-Lô. One such lane, the Sunken Lane at Hawthorn Ridge west of Beaumont Hamel in northern France, is remembered as an assembly point for British troops, many of whom were filmed there on the first day on the Somme (1 July 1916) by Geoffrey Malins for the film The Battle of the Somme. Germany One of the largest networks of such routes in Germany is to be found in the municipalities of Alsheim and Mettenheim in Rhineland-Palatinate, where there they make up over 30 km of hiking trails. Some of these sunken lanes can be up to 5 metres deep. Spain Congostra da Carballa, Ribeira, Galicia, Spain In Galicia and western Asturias (both regions of northern Spain) the sunken lanes are usually called congostras or corredoiras, from Latin coangusta 'confined' and curro, currere 'run', being a common and characteristic feature of rural areas. Some lanes are now being recovered as hiking trails. Syria In Syria, faint traces of hollow ways attest to a dense network of tracks or paths connecting Bronze Age sites with each other and with their cultivation zones in the fourth and third millennia BC, and thousands of kilometres of such routes have been surveyed. United Kingdom Sunken lanes are a characteristic feature of the landscape of southern England, especially in the chalk areas of the North and South Downs, and greensand areas such as the Weald. The Surrey Hills AONB has many sunken lanes. Seal Hollow Road in Sevenoaks is a fine example of a sunken lane in southern England. They are a particular feature of the West Country, in counties such as Dorset, and west Wales – areas unaffected by the land enclosures of mediaeval England. The English name holloway (hollow-way) derives from the Old English "hola weg", a sunken road. While many sunken lanes are now metalled, some are still unsurfaced green lanes, typically now designated as either bridleways or byways. A sunken road is a cross country equestrian obstacle. Pictures of sunken lanes in the United Kingdom The aptly named Hollow Lane, Canterbury, UK, joins the city to the Roman road, Stone Street The old Roman road from Deva Victrix to Wilderspool, Newton Hollows, Cheshire A sunken way, Witley, Surrey Exposed roots on the bank of a holloway, Witley, Surrey See also Gully Tree tunnel Trench Via cava References ^ Kreutzer, Lee (2008). "National Historical Trails: Across Wyoming, US National Park System" (PDF). ^ a b Nicke, Herbert: Vergessene Wege, Nümbrecht: Martina Galunder Verlag, 2001 ^ Inglis, Harry RG: "The Roads Leading to Edinburgh", PSAS, vol. 50, (1915-16), pp. 18-49 ^ Hoskins, W. G. (1970). The Making of the English Landscape (1st pub. 1955). Penguin. pp. 31–32 and plate 13. ^ Barbero, Alessandro (2005), The Battle: A New History of Waterloo (p. 426, note 18) Atlantic Books, ISBN 1-84354-310-9 ^ Hugo, Victor (1862), "Part 2, Book 1, Chapter 7: Napoleon in a Good Humor", Les Misérables, The Literature Network, archived from the original on 12 October 2007, retrieved 14 September 2007 ^ Michel Moulin, Mémoires de Michelot Moulin sur la Chouannerie normande, A. Picard, 1893, pp.88–89 ^ George Bernage, Objectif Saint-Lô : 7 juin-18 juillet 1944, Edition Heimdal, 2012, p.97 ^ "Initiative Mettenheimer Hohlwege". Heimat und Kulturverein Mettenheim. Retrieved 27 May 2014. ^ Raccidi, Mattia (2013). "Wagons on the Move. The Study of Wagons through Landscape Archaeology". Quaternary International. 312: 12–26. Bibcode:2013QuInt.312...12R. doi:10.1016/j.quaint.2013.08.018. ^ a b Macfarlane, Robert (25 August 2007). "A Lost Wilderness". The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 27 May 2014. ^ Pryor, Francis. The Making of the British Landscape: How We Have Transformed the Land, from Prehistory to Today. Penguin, 2011. Bibliography Macfarlane, Robert; Richards, Dan; Donwood, Stanley (illustrator) (2013). Holloway. Faber and Faber.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) External links Media related to Narrow passes at Wikimedia Commons vteRoad hierarchyTypes of roadLimited-access Bike freeway Freeway / Motorway Dual carriageway / Divided highway / Expressway Elevated highway By country Australia Belgium Brazil Canada China Croatia Czech Republic Germany Greece Hong Kong India Ireland Italy Nepal Pakistan Poland Portugal Spain Taiwan United Kingdom United States Main roads Arterial road Collector road County highway Express-collector setup Farm-to-market road Highway Link road Two-lane expressway 2+1 road 2+2 road Parkway Ring road Super two Trunk road Highway systems by country Local roads Alley Avenue Backroad Bicycle boulevard Boulevard Country lane Dead end Driveway Frontage road Green lane Main street Primitive road Road Side road Single carriageway Single-track road Street Sunken lane Other terms Channelization Concurrency Detour Hierarchy of roads Private highway Route number special route business route Street hierarchy Stroad Toll road Winter road Road junctionsInterchanges(grade-separated) Cloverleaf Diamond Free-flow Directional T Diverging diamond Parclo Raindrop Roundabout Single-point urban (SPUI) Stack Three-level diamond Trumpet Intersections(at-grade) 3-way junction Bowtie Box junction Continuous flow Hook turn Jughandle Michigan left Offset T-intersection Protected intersection Quadrant roadway Right-in/right-out (RIRO) Roundabout Seagull intersection Split intersection Superstreet Texas U-turn Turnaround Surfaces Asphalt concrete Bioasphalt Brick Chipseal Cobblestone Concrete Reinforced concrete Corduroy Crocodile cracking Crushed stone Diamond grinding of pavement Dirt Full depth recycling Glassphalt Gravel Ice Macadam Pavement milling Permeable Plank Plastic Rubberized asphalt Sealcoat Sett Stamped asphalt Tarmac Texture Road safetyfactorsRoad andenvironment Aquaplaning Avalanche Black ice Bleeding Crosswind Dead Man's Curve Expansion joint Fog Ford Hairpin turn Level crossing Manhole cover Oil spill Oversize load Pothole Road debris Road slipperiness Road train Roadkill Rockfall Rut Speed bump Storm drain Traffic light Traffic sign Washboarding Washout Whiteout Snowsquall Human factors Driver's education Driving under the influence Drowsy driving Road rage Single-vehicle crash Vehicles Airbag Automotive safety Seat belts Risk compensation (road transport) Underride guard Space andtime allocation Barrier transfer machine Bicycle lane Climbing lane Complete streets Contraflow lane Contraflow lane reversal High-occupancy toll lane High-occupancy vehicle lane Lane Living street Managed lane Median / Central reservation Motorcycle lane Passing lane Pedestrian crossing Pedestrian zone Refuge island Reversible lane Road diet Road verge Runaway truck ramp Shared space Sidewalk / Pavement Shoulder Street running railway Traffic calming Traffic directionality Traffic island Traffic lanes Traffic signal preemption Truck bypass Unused highway Wide outside lane Woonerf Demarcation Bollard Botts' dots Cable barrier Cat's eye (road) Concrete step barrier Constant-slope barrier Curb F-Shape barrier Guard rail Jersey barrier Kassel kerb Noise barrier Raised pavement marker Road surface marking Rumble strip Traffic barrier Traffic cone Structures Bridge Causeway Overpass / Flyover Underpass / Tunnel Performanceindicators Pavement condition index International roughness index Present serviceability index Pavement performance modeling Granular base equivalency Glossary of road transport terms Road types by features
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For other uses, see Sunken road (disambiguation).A hollow way (chemin creux) at La Meauffe, Manche, FranceA sunken lane (also hollow way or holloway) is a road or track that is significantly lower than the land on either side, not formed by the (recent) engineering of a road cutting but possibly of much greater age.Holloways may have been formed in various ways, including erosion by water or traffic; the digging of embankments to assist with the herding of livestock; and the digging of double banks to mark the boundaries of estates.","title":"Sunken lane"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"A variety of theories have been proposed for the origins of holloways. Different mechanisms may well apply in different cases.","title":"Means of formation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"water","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erosion#Water"},{"link_name":"Roman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Rome"},{"link_name":"Iron Age","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron_Age"},{"link_name":"Deep Hill Ruts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oregon_Trail_Ruts_(Guernsey,_Wyoming)"},{"link_name":"Oregon Trail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oregon_Trail"},{"link_name":"Guernsey, Wyoming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guernsey,_Wyoming"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"ancient trackways","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_trackways"},{"link_name":"ridgeways","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ridgeway_(track)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Nicke-2"},{"link_name":"single track roads","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single_track_road"},{"link_name":"passing places","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passing_place"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Nicke-2"}],"sub_title":"Erosion","text":"Some sunken lanes are created incrementally by erosion, by water and traffic. Some are ancient, with evidence of Roman or Iron Age origins, but others such as the Deep Hill Ruts in the old Oregon Trail at Guernsey, Wyoming, developed in the space of a decade or two.[1]Where ancient trackways have lapsed from use, the overgrown and shallow marks of hollow ways through forest may be the sole evidence of their former existence. On disused ridgeways in central Germany, the hollow ways often mark inclines.[2]The earth banks on either side, sometimes topped with hedges and trees, can give the impression of a tunnel enclosing the traveller. Because the roadway is restricted by the banks on either side, sunken lanes typically admit the passage of only one vehicle; that is, they are single track roads. Occasional passing places may be provided, but a meeting of vehicles in a sunken lane often requires one party to reverse to a suitable passing place. In Central Germany, \"dual carriageways\" have been observed with two trenches side by side where a trackway was in such heavy use that it had lanes dedicated for each direction.[2]","title":"Means of formation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"metalled","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metalled"}],"sub_title":"Embankments for cattle","text":"Up to the present day, some writers have assumed that low banks were deliberately created with shovels as a means to hem in cattle,[3] but there is no evidence for this, and in any case, banking only appears intermittently in certain types of soil[citation needed]. When metalled, sunken lanes are unlikely to erode further.","title":"Means of formation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Making of the English Landscape","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Making_of_the_English_Landscape"},{"link_name":"W. G. Hoskins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W._G._Hoskins"},{"link_name":"Abbotsham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abbotsham"},{"link_name":"Devon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devon"},{"link_name":"Alwington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alwington"},{"link_name":"Cockington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cockington"},{"link_name":"Thorverton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thorverton"},{"link_name":"Silverton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silverton,_Devon"},{"link_name":"Exeter abbey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exeter_monastery"},{"link_name":"Celtic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celts"},{"link_name":"Saxon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saxon"},{"link_name":"medieval","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medieval"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"sub_title":"Double boundary banks","text":"In The Making of the English Landscape, W. G. Hoskins explains the origin of some English holloways as a pair of matched earth banks marking the boundaries of two landowners' estates, as evidenced by the \"two-fold ditch\", twifealda dich in a charter of c. 1174 describing the boundary between the abbot of Tavistock's land at Abbotsham, Devon and Richard Coffin's land at Alwington and Cockington. He gives another example, also from Devon, in a photograph of Armourwood Lane, Thorverton, which bounded the royal Silverton estate and the estate of Exeter abbey, most likely in the seventh century. Hoskins states that some such lanes are Celtic, some Saxon, some medieval.[4]","title":"Means of formation"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"In different countries"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Battle of Waterloo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Waterloo"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Victor Hugo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor_Hugo"},{"link_name":"Les Misérables","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Les_Mis%C3%A9rables"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"sub_title":"Belgium","text":"A sunken lane extending across the battlefield played an important role in the Battle of Waterloo in 1815, particularly in presenting an obstacle to the French cavalry.[5] Victor Hugo dramatized this episode in Les Misérables.[6]","title":"In different countries"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"bocage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bocage"},{"link_name":"Lower Normandy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lower_Normandy"},{"link_name":"Brittany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brittany"},{"link_name":"Anjou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duchy_of_Anjou"},{"link_name":"Chouannerie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chouannerie"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Battle of Normandy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Normandy"},{"link_name":"Saint-Lô","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint-L%C3%B4"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Hawthorn Ridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawthorn_Ridge_Redoubt"},{"link_name":"Beaumont Hamel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beaumont_Hamel"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"first day on the Somme","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_day_on_the_Somme"},{"link_name":"Geoffrey Malins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geoffrey_Malins"},{"link_name":"The Battle of the Somme","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Battle_of_the_Somme_(film)"}],"sub_title":"France","text":"Sunken lanes are common in the West of France, in the bocage landscape, especially around Lower Normandy, Brittany and Anjou. The bocage landscape is historically famous for having been a particular feature of some conflicts, including the Chouannerie,[7] or more recently the Battle of Normandy. The German army used sunken lanes to implement strong points and defenses to stop the American troops on the Cotentin peninsula and around the town of Saint-Lô.[8]One such lane, the Sunken Lane at Hawthorn Ridge west of Beaumont Hamel in northern France, is remembered as an assembly point for British troops, many of whom were filmed there on the first day on the Somme (1 July 1916) by Geoffrey Malins for the film The Battle of the Somme.","title":"In different countries"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Alsheim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alsheim"},{"link_name":"Mettenheim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mettenheim,_Rhineland-Palatinate"},{"link_name":"Rhineland-Palatinate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhineland-Palatinate"},{"link_name":"hiking trails","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trail"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"sub_title":"Germany","text":"One of the largest networks of such routes in Germany is to be found in the municipalities of Alsheim and Mettenheim in Rhineland-Palatinate, where there they make up over 30 km of hiking trails. Some of these sunken lanes can be up to 5 metres deep.[9]","title":"In different countries"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Profunda_congostra.jpg"},{"link_name":"Ribeira","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Ux%C3%ADa_de_Ribeira"},{"link_name":"Galicia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galicia_(Spain)"},{"link_name":"Asturias","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asturias"},{"link_name":"Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"Spain","text":"Congostra da Carballa, Ribeira, Galicia, SpainIn Galicia and western Asturias (both regions of northern Spain) the sunken lanes are usually called congostras or corredoiras, from Latin coangusta 'confined' and curro, currere 'run', being a common and characteristic feature of rural areas. Some lanes are now being recovered as hiking trails.[citation needed]","title":"In different countries"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Syria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syria"},{"link_name":"Bronze Age","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronze_Age"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"sub_title":"Syria","text":"In Syria, faint traces of hollow ways attest to a dense network of tracks or paths connecting Bronze Age sites with each other and with their cultivation zones in the fourth and third millennia BC, and thousands of kilometres of such routes have been surveyed.[10]","title":"In different countries"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"southern England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_England"},{"link_name":"chalk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chalk"},{"link_name":"North","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Downs"},{"link_name":"South Downs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Downs"},{"link_name":"greensand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greensand"},{"link_name":"the Weald","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Weald"},{"link_name":"Surrey Hills AONB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surrey_Hills_AONB"},{"link_name":"Sevenoaks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sevenoaks"},{"link_name":"southern England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_England"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Dorset","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorset"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MacfarlaneTelegraph-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MacfarlaneTelegraph-11"},{"link_name":"metalled","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metalled"},{"link_name":"green lanes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_lane_(road)"},{"link_name":"bridleways","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bridleway"},{"link_name":"byways","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byways_Open_to_All_Traffic"},{"link_name":"cross country equestrian obstacle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross_country_obstacles"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:CanterburyHollowLane4396.JPG"},{"link_name":"Roman road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_road"},{"link_name":"Stone Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watling_Street#Subsidiary_routes"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Newtonhollows.jpg"},{"link_name":"Deva Victrix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deva_Victrix"},{"link_name":"Wilderspool","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilderspool"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:A_sunken_way_Witley,_England..jpg"},{"link_name":"Witley, Surrey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Witley,_Surrey"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Exposed_roots_on_the_bank_of_a_sunken_lane.jpg"}],"sub_title":"United Kingdom","text":"Sunken lanes are a characteristic feature of the landscape of southern England, especially in the chalk areas of the North and South Downs, and greensand areas such as the Weald. The Surrey Hills AONB has many sunken lanes. Seal Hollow Road in Sevenoaks is a fine example of a sunken lane in southern England.[citation needed]They are a particular feature of the West Country, in counties such as Dorset,[11] and west Wales – areas unaffected by the land enclosures of mediaeval England.[12] The English name holloway (hollow-way) derives from the Old English \"hola weg\", a sunken road.[11]While many sunken lanes are now metalled, some are still unsurfaced green lanes, typically now designated as either bridleways or byways.A sunken road is a cross country equestrian obstacle.Pictures of sunken lanes in the United Kingdom\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tThe aptly named Hollow Lane, Canterbury, UK, joins the city to the Roman road, Stone Street\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tThe old Roman road from Deva Victrix to Wilderspool, Newton Hollows, Cheshire\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tA sunken way, Witley, Surrey\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tExposed roots on the bank of a holloway, Witley, Surrey","title":"In different countries"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"cite book","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_book"},{"link_name":"link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list"}],"text":"Macfarlane, Robert; Richards, Dan; Donwood, Stanley (illustrator) (2013). Holloway. Faber and Faber.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)","title":"Bibliography"}]
[{"image_text":"A hollow way (chemin creux) at La Meauffe, Manche, France","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/La_Meauffe_-_Chemin_creux_1.JPG/300px-La_Meauffe_-_Chemin_creux_1.JPG"},{"image_text":"Congostra da Carballa, Ribeira, Galicia, Spain","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Profunda_congostra.jpg/170px-Profunda_congostra.jpg"}]
[{"title":"Gully","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gully"},{"title":"Tree tunnel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tree_tunnel"},{"title":"Trench","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trench#Geology"},{"title":"Via cava","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Via_cava"}]
[{"reference":"Kreutzer, Lee (2008). \"National Historical Trails: Across Wyoming, US National Park System\" (PDF).","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nps.gov/oreg/planyourvisit/upload/WY_ATRIG_Web_OR.pdf","url_text":"\"National Historical Trails: Across Wyoming, US National Park System\""}]},{"reference":"Hoskins, W. G. (1970). The Making of the English Landscape (1st pub. 1955). Penguin. pp. 31–32 and plate 13.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Initiative Mettenheimer Hohlwege\". Heimat und Kulturverein Mettenheim. Retrieved 27 May 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.heimat-und-kulturverein-mettenheim.de/Hohlwege/","url_text":"\"Initiative Mettenheimer Hohlwege\""}]},{"reference":"Raccidi, Mattia (2013). \"Wagons on the Move. The Study of Wagons through Landscape Archaeology\". Quaternary International. 312: 12–26. Bibcode:2013QuInt.312...12R. doi:10.1016/j.quaint.2013.08.018.","urls":[{"url":"http://journal.topoi.org/index.php/etopoi/article/view/146/167","url_text":"\"Wagons on the Move. The Study of Wagons through Landscape Archaeology\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013QuInt.312...12R","url_text":"2013QuInt.312...12R"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.quaint.2013.08.018","url_text":"10.1016/j.quaint.2013.08.018"}]},{"reference":"Macfarlane, Robert (25 August 2007). \"A Lost Wilderness\". The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 27 May 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/3667487/A-lost-wilderness.html","url_text":"\"A Lost Wilderness\""}]},{"reference":"Macfarlane, Robert; Richards, Dan; Donwood, Stanley (illustrator) (2013). Holloway. Faber and Faber.","urls":[]}]
[{"Link":"http://www.nps.gov/oreg/planyourvisit/upload/WY_ATRIG_Web_OR.pdf","external_links_name":"\"National Historical Trails: Across Wyoming, US National Park System\""},{"Link":"http://www.online-literature.com/victor_hugo/les_miserables/77/","external_links_name":"Les Misérables"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071012165710/http://www.online-literature.com/victor_hugo/les_miserables/77/","external_links_name":"archived"},{"Link":"http://www.heimat-und-kulturverein-mettenheim.de/Hohlwege/","external_links_name":"\"Initiative Mettenheimer Hohlwege\""},{"Link":"http://journal.topoi.org/index.php/etopoi/article/view/146/167","external_links_name":"\"Wagons on the Move. The Study of Wagons through Landscape Archaeology\""},{"Link":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013QuInt.312...12R","external_links_name":"2013QuInt.312...12R"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.quaint.2013.08.018","external_links_name":"10.1016/j.quaint.2013.08.018"},{"Link":"https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/3667487/A-lost-wilderness.html","external_links_name":"\"A Lost Wilderness\""}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercatale_di_Vernio
Vernio
["1 History","2 Geography","2.1 Villages","3 Main sights","3.1 Churches","3.2 Nature","4 Feasts","5 Twin towns","6 References","7 External links"]
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Vernio" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (November 2012) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Comune in Tuscany, ItalyVernioComuneComune di VernioOratory of St.Nicholas, in the main village of San Quirico. Coat of armsLocation of Vernio VernioLocation of Vernio in ItalyShow map of ItalyVernioVernio (Tuscany)Show map of TuscanyCoordinates: 44°3′N 11°9′E / 44.050°N 11.150°E / 44.050; 11.150CountryItalyRegionTuscanyProvincePrato (PO)FrazioniCavarzano, Costozze, Le Confina, Mercatale Vernio, Montepiano, Risubbiani, San Quirico (communal capital), Sant'Ippolito, Sasseta, TerrigoliGovernment • MayorGiovanni Morganti (Partito Democratico)Area • Total63.3 km2 (24.4 sq mi)Elevation278 m (912 ft)Population (30 April 2015) • Total6,054 • Density96/km2 (250/sq mi)DemonymVerniattiTime zoneUTC+1 (CET) • Summer (DST)UTC+2 (CEST)Postal code59024Dialing code0574Patron saintSt. Leonard of NoblacSaint day6 November Abbey in Montepiano War memorial park of gothic line in La Torricella between Celle (Vernio) and Mangona (Barberino di Mugello) Vernio is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Prato in the Italian region Tuscany, located about 30 kilometres (19 mi) northwest of Florence and about 20 kilometres (12 mi) north of Prato. History Vernio's name derives from that of an ancient Roman winter camp (castra hiberna) located here. A Roman bridge existed in the area, but was destroyed during World War II. In the 12th century it went from the Carolingians to the counts Alberti from Prato, who lived here after 1107. In the 13th century it went to the Bardi family, as the seat of a county which remained independent until 1798, when it was abolished by Napoleon. After the Congress of Vienna it was annexed to the Grand Duchy of Tuscany. On June 7, 1944, an American B-25J mitchell bomber was shot down by German anti-aircraft fire over the hills of Vernio. With four 1,000 pound bombs on board, the plane erupted and crashed in the Carbonale woods, in Poggiole, Vernio. Six of the seven men on board perished. The sole survivor parachuted out of the plane and hid in the mountains before making it back to allied lines in Florence three months later. The fallen crew were buried in the cemetery in Montepiano shortly after the crash, their final resting place at Fort Sam Houston, Texas, USA. In the winter of 2013, the pilot's military tag was found in the woods, and brought to the local museum. The museum hosts an exhibit of the B-25J mitchell consisting of parts of the plane found through metal detecting and also donated by locals. A monument at the crash site was built by the museum and unveiled at the 70th anniversary memorial event on June 7, 2014. A book was written about the crew and events surrounding the incident, presented at the city hall in downtown Vernio also on the 70th anniversary. Geography Vernio borders the following municipalities: Barberino di Mugello, Camugnano, Cantagallo, Castiglione dei Pepoli. The municipality of Vernio is a union of three villages: San Quirico (with the town hall) Mercatale with the Vernio-Cantagallo-Montepiano train station Sant'Ippolito (with a nice parish church) Villages Cavarzano Celle di Vernio Ceraio Costozze Gavazzoli Gorandaccio La Rocca di Vernio La Storaia La Valle di Vernio Le Confina Luciana di Verrio Mercatale di Vernio Montepiano Poggiole San Quirico di Vernio Sant'Ippolito di Vernio Sasseta Segalari Terrigoli Main sights The main sight is the Abbey of Santa Maria (11th century), at Montepiano, housing 13th-century frescoes. Churches Sant'Agata chapel in La Rocca Former oratory of the Company of Jesus in Sant'Ippolito Madonna della Neve in Sasseta San Pietro in Cavarzano Sanctuary of Sant'Antonio Maria Pucci San Bartolomeo in Costozze San Martino in Luciana San Michele in Sasseta San Niccolò oratory in San Quirico San Quirico e Leonardo in San Quirico Sant'Antonio da Padova in Mercatale Sant'Ippolito e Cassiano in Sant'Ippolito Santa Maria in Montepiano Nature La Torricella Alpe di Cavarzano Feasts Carnevalino (Carnival) in Sant'Ippolito, the Saturday immediately after Ash Wednesday. A traditional plate (pasta with tuna sauce) is served to the participants, accompanied with herrings. Festa della polenta (polenta feast), also called Pulendina, at San Quirico, the first Sunday of Lent: it remembers an episode happened during the 16th century, when the county of Vernio was hit by a famine, after which the Bardi counts ordered an extraordinary distribution of sweet polenta (made by chestnut flour), herrings and cods to the people. Fiera di San Giuseppe (St. Joseph Fair) at San Quirico, on 19 March or the weekend immediately after this date. Montepiano Country, July Madonna delle Neve feast in Sasseta, 5 August. Rificolona feast in Montepiano, August Twin towns Senones, France Jettingen, Germany Marchin, Belgium References ^ "Superficie di Comuni Province e Regioni italiane al 9 ottobre 2011". Italian National Institute of Statistics. Retrieved 16 March 2019. ^ All demographics and other statistics: Italian statistical institute Istat. ^ "Carnevalino di Sant'Ippolito". Pratoturismo (in Italian). Retrieved 4 August 2022. ^ "Festa della Polenta". Pratoturismo (in Italian). Retrieved 4 August 2022. ^ "Turismo, Vernio si prepara alla Fiera di San Giuseppe". Toscana Notizie (in Italian). Retrieved 4 August 2022. External links Media related to Vernio at Wikimedia Commons Official website vteTuscany · Comuni of the Province of Prato Cantagallo Carmignano Montemurlo Poggio a Caiano Prato Vaiano Vernio Authority control databases International VIAF National Germany
[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Montepiano-la_badia_011.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Linea_Gotica_B.jpg"},{"link_name":"comune","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comune"},{"link_name":"Province of Prato","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Province_of_Prato"},{"link_name":"Italian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy"},{"link_name":"Tuscany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuscany"},{"link_name":"Florence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florence"},{"link_name":"Prato","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prato"}],"text":"Comune in Tuscany, ItalyAbbey in MontepianoWar memorial park of gothic line in La Torricella between Celle (Vernio) and Mangona (Barberino di Mugello)Vernio is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Prato in the Italian region Tuscany, located about 30 kilometres (19 mi) northwest of Florence and about 20 kilometres (12 mi) north of Prato.","title":"Vernio"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ancient Roman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Rome"},{"link_name":"castra hiberna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castra_hiberna"},{"link_name":"Carolingians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carolingi"},{"link_name":"Napoleon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napoleon"},{"link_name":"Congress of Vienna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congress_of_Vienna"},{"link_name":"Grand Duchy of Tuscany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Tuscany"}],"text":"Vernio's name derives from that of an ancient Roman winter camp (castra hiberna) located here. A Roman bridge existed in the area, but was destroyed during World War II.In the 12th century it went from the Carolingians to the counts Alberti from Prato, who lived here after 1107. In the 13th century it went to the Bardi family, as the seat of a county which remained independent until 1798, when it was abolished by Napoleon. After the Congress of Vienna it was annexed to the Grand Duchy of Tuscany.On June 7, 1944, an American B-25J mitchell bomber was shot down by German anti-aircraft fire over the hills of Vernio. With four 1,000 pound bombs on board, the plane erupted and crashed in the Carbonale woods, in Poggiole, Vernio. Six of the seven men on board perished. The sole survivor parachuted out of the plane and hid in the mountains before making it back to allied lines in Florence three months later. The fallen crew were buried in the cemetery in Montepiano shortly after the crash, their final resting place at Fort Sam Houston, Texas, USA.In the winter of 2013, the pilot's military tag was found in the woods, and brought to the local museum. The museum hosts an exhibit of the B-25J mitchell consisting of parts of the plane found through metal detecting and also donated by locals. A monument at the crash site was built by the museum and unveiled at the 70th anniversary memorial event on June 7, 2014. A book was written about the crew and events surrounding the incident, presented at the city hall in downtown Vernio also on the 70th anniversary.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Barberino di Mugello","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barberino_di_Mugello"},{"link_name":"Camugnano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camugnano"},{"link_name":"Cantagallo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cantagallo,_Tuscany"},{"link_name":"Castiglione dei Pepoli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castiglione_dei_Pepoli"}],"text":"Vernio borders the following municipalities: Barberino di Mugello, Camugnano, Cantagallo, Castiglione dei Pepoli.The municipality of Vernio is a union of three villages:San Quirico (with the town hall)\nMercatale with the Vernio-Cantagallo-Montepiano train station\nSant'Ippolito (with a nice parish church)","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cavarzano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cavarzano"},{"link_name":"Celle di Vernio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celle_di_Vernio"},{"link_name":"Ceraio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ceraio&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Costozze","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Costozze&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Gavazzoli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gavazzoli&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Gorandaccio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gorandaccio&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"La Rocca di Vernio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=La_Rocca_di_Vernio&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"La Storaia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=La_Storaia&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"La Valle di Vernio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=La_Valle_di_Vernio&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Le Confina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Le_Confina&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Luciana di Verrio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Luciana_di_Verrio&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Mercatale di Vernio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercatale_di_Vernio"},{"link_name":"Montepiano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montepiano"},{"link_name":"Poggiole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Poggiole&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"San Quirico di Vernio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=San_Quirico_di_Vernio&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Sant'Ippolito di Vernio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sant%27Ippolito_di_Vernio&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Sasseta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sasseta&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Segalari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Segalari&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Terrigoli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Terrigoli&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"sub_title":"Villages","text":"Cavarzano\nCelle di Vernio\nCeraio\nCostozze\nGavazzoli\nGorandaccio\nLa Rocca di Vernio\nLa Storaia\nLa Valle di Vernio\nLe Confina\nLuciana di Verrio\nMercatale di Vernio\nMontepiano\nPoggiole\nSan Quirico di Vernio\nSant'Ippolito di Vernio\nSasseta\nSegalari\nTerrigoli","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"The main sight is the Abbey of Santa Maria (11th century), at Montepiano, housing 13th-century frescoes.","title":"Main sights"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Company of Jesus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Company_of_Jesus"},{"link_name":"Sant'Ippolito e Cassiano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sant%27Ippolito_e_Cassiano_in_Sant%27Ippolito"}],"sub_title":"Churches","text":"Sant'Agata chapel in La Rocca\nFormer oratory of the Company of Jesus in Sant'Ippolito\nMadonna della Neve in Sasseta\nSan Pietro in Cavarzano\nSanctuary of Sant'Antonio Maria Pucci\nSan Bartolomeo in Costozze\nSan Martino in Luciana\nSan Michele in Sasseta\nSan Niccolò oratory in San Quirico\nSan Quirico e Leonardo in San Quirico\nSant'Antonio da Padova in Mercatale\nSant'Ippolito e Cassiano in Sant'Ippolito\nSanta Maria in Montepiano","title":"Main sights"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Nature","text":"La Torricella\nAlpe di Cavarzano","title":"Main sights"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ash Wednesday","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ash_Wednesday"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"16th century","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/16th_century"},{"link_name":"polenta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polenta"},{"link_name":"chestnut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chestnut"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"Carnevalino (Carnival) in Sant'Ippolito, the Saturday immediately after Ash Wednesday. A traditional plate (pasta with tuna sauce) is served to the participants, accompanied with herrings.[3]\nFesta della polenta (polenta feast), also called Pulendina, at San Quirico, the first Sunday of Lent: it remembers an episode happened during the 16th century, when the county of Vernio was hit by a famine, after which the Bardi counts ordered an extraordinary distribution of sweet polenta (made by chestnut flour), herrings and cods to the people.[4]\nFiera di San Giuseppe (St. Joseph Fair) at San Quirico, on 19 March or the weekend immediately after this date.[5]\nMontepiano Country, July\nMadonna delle Neve feast in Sasseta, 5 August.\nRificolona feast in Montepiano, August","title":"Feasts"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"Senones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senones,_Vosges"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany"},{"link_name":"Jettingen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jettingen_(Baden-W%C3%BCrttemberg)"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgium"},{"link_name":"Marchin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marchin"},{"link_name":"Belgium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgium"}],"text":"Senones, France\n Jettingen, Germany\n Marchin, Belgium","title":"Twin towns"}]
[{"image_text":"Abbey in Montepiano","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Montepiano-la_badia_011.jpg/250px-Montepiano-la_badia_011.jpg"},{"image_text":"War memorial park of gothic line in La Torricella between Celle (Vernio) and Mangona (Barberino di Mugello)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Linea_Gotica_B.jpg/250px-Linea_Gotica_B.jpg"}]
null
[{"reference":"\"Superficie di Comuni Province e Regioni italiane al 9 ottobre 2011\". Italian National Institute of Statistics. Retrieved 16 March 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.istat.it/it/archivio/156224","url_text":"\"Superficie di Comuni Province e Regioni italiane al 9 ottobre 2011\""}]},{"reference":"\"Carnevalino di Sant'Ippolito\". Pratoturismo (in Italian). Retrieved 4 August 2022.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.pratoturismo.it/it/quando/manifestazioni-storiche/carnevalino-di-santippolito/","url_text":"\"Carnevalino di Sant'Ippolito\""}]},{"reference":"\"Festa della Polenta\". Pratoturismo (in Italian). Retrieved 4 August 2022.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.pratoturismo.it/it/quando/manifestazioni-storiche/festa-della-polenta/","url_text":"\"Festa della Polenta\""}]},{"reference":"\"Turismo, Vernio si prepara alla Fiera di San Giuseppe\". Toscana Notizie (in Italian). Retrieved 4 August 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.toscana-notizie.it/-/turismo-vernio-si-prepara-alla-fiera-di-san-giuseppe","url_text":"\"Turismo, Vernio si prepara alla Fiera di San Giuseppe\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_China_Air
Grand China Air
["1 History","1.1 U.S. sanctions","2 Destinations","3 Fleet","3.1 Current fleet","3.2 Former fleet","4 References","5 External links"]
Chinese airline Not to be confused with Grand China Express Air, now known as Tianjin Airlines. Grand China Air IATA ICAO Callsign CN GDC GRAND CHINA Founded2007; 17 years ago (2007)Frequent-flyer programFortune Wings ClubSubsidiariesAir ChanganTianjin AirlinesFleet size3HeadquartersBeijing, ChinaWebsitewww.grandchinaair.com Grand China AirSimplified Chinese大新华航空Traditional Chinese大新華航空TranscriptionsStandard MandarinHanyu PinyinDà Xīn Huá Hángkōng Grand China Air Co., Ltd. (GCA) is a Chinese airline based at Haikou Meilan International Airport. History Grand China Air was formed on 29 November 2007 under the initiative of the HNA group's largest operational entity, Hainan Airlines, to merge its operations with HNA Group's subsidiaries Shanxi Airlines, Chang An Airlines, and China Xinhua Airlines. The airline is headquartered in Beijing and registered in Hainan Province. As of 14 April 2012 only one of its 737-800s have been fitted with winglets. Grand China Air was owned by 23 shareholders. The top 5 shareholders were Hainan Development Holdings (24.97%), HNA Group (23.11%), Starstep (9.57%), Haikou Meilan International Airport (8.30%) and Shenhua Group (5.56%). It was reported that George Soros was a minority shareholder It was reported that Starstep was still owned by Soros. Former associate of Soros, Bharat Bhisé, via Pan-American Aviation Holdings, owned 4.00% stake of Grand China Air as the 8th largest shareholder (in 2015 Pan-American was acquired by Jun Guan); Pan-American Aviation Holdings was a minority shareholder of HNA Group indirectly. U.S. sanctions Further information: United States sanctions against China In January 2021, the United States government named Grand China Air as a company "owned or controlled" by the People's Liberation Army and thereby prohibited any American company or individual from investing in it. Destinations Grand China Air will serve the same destinations as Hainan Airlines. Main article: List of Hainan Airlines destinations Fleet A Grand China Air Boeing 737-800 landing at Beijing Capital International Airport in 2020. Current fleet As of September 2019, Grand China Air operates an all-Boeing fleet consisting of the following aircraft: Grand China Air fleet Aircraft In Fleet Orders Passengers Notes F Y Total Boeing 737-800 3 – 8 156 164 Former fleet The airline previously operated the following aircraft (as of August 2018): Boeing 737-300 References ^ "Designators and Indicators Archived 2012-06-30 at archive.today", Eurocontrol, retrieved on 2008-11-13. ^ a b "简式权益变动报告书" (PDF). Hainan Airlines (in Chinese). Shanghai Stock Exchange. 7 September 2016. Retrieved 23 February 2017. ^ Leo Zhang, "It's plane and simple: China has Grand plan", Shanghai Daily, 2007-11-30. Retrieved on 2008-03-31. Archived 2008-09-19 at the Wayback Machine ^ Hainan Airlines Announces Grand China Airline's Opening Archived 2007-07-23 at archive.today, China Hospitality News, 2007-12-03. Retrieved on 2008-03-31. ^ "Pan American Holdings to Invest Up to $100 Million in Newly Established Grand China Airlines; Letter of Intent Signed in Haikou, China, on April 1, 2006". businesswire. 5 April 2006. Archived from the original on 23 February 2017. Retrieved 23 February 2017. ^ "2015 Annual Report" (PDF). AID Partners Capital Holdings. Hong Kong Stock Exchange. 30 March 2016. Archived (PDF) from the original on 23 February 2017. Retrieved 23 February 2017. ^ "Public Tender Offer by HNA Aviation (Hong Kong) Air Catering Holding Co., Ltd., Hong Kong for all publicly held registered shares with a nominal value of CHF 5.00 each of gategroup Holding Ltd, Kloten, Switzerland" (PDF). HNA Group. 19 May 2016. Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 February 2017. Retrieved 23 February 2017. ^ Stone, Mike; Alper, Alexandra; Brunnstrom, David (2021-01-14). "Trump administration takes final swipes at China and its companies". Reuters. Archived from the original on 2021-01-14. Retrieved 2021-01-14. ^ "Global Airline Guide 2019 (Part One)". Airliner World (October 2019): 11. ^ "Global Airline Guide 2018 (Part One)". Airliner World (October 2018): 11. External links Media related to Grand China Air at Wikimedia Commons Official website vteAirlines of China Authorities: Civil Aviation Administration of China Civil Aviation Department Civil Aviation Authority Major airlines Air China Air Macau2 Cathay Pacific1 China Eastern Airlines China Southern Airlines Hainan Airlines Juneyao Air Shanghai Airlines Shenzhen Airlines Sichuan Airlines XiamenAir Low-cost carriers 9 Air Beijing Capital Airlines Chengdu Airlines China United Airlines Colorful Guizhou Airlines Greater Bay Airlines1 HK Express1 Jiangxi Air Lucky Air Ruili Airlines Spring Airlines Urumqi Air West Air Minor airlines Air Changan Air China Inner Mongolia Air Guilin Air Travel China Eastern Yunnan Airlines Chongqing Airlines Dalian Airlines Donghai Airlines Fuzhou Airlines Grand China Air GX Airlines Hebei Airlines Hong Kong Airlines1 Kunming Airlines LJ Air Loong Air Okay Airways Qingdao Airlines Shandong Airlines Suparna Airlines Tianjin Airlines Tibet Airlines Regional airlines China Express Airlines China Flying Dragon Aviation Genghis Khan Airlines Joy Air OTT Airlines Cargo Air China Cargo Air Hong Kong1 Cathay Pacific Cargo1 Central Airlines China Cargo Airlines China Postal Airlines China Southern Cargo Hong Kong Air Cargo1 Longhao Airlines SF Airlines Sichuan Airlines Cargo Suparna Airlines Cargo Tianjin Air Cargo YTO Cargo Airlines Airlines with footnotes are headquartered in Hong Kong1 or Macau2 Special Administrative RegionsSee also List of defunct airlines of China
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tianjin Airlines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tianjin_Airlines"},{"link_name":"Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_China"},{"link_name":"Haikou Meilan International Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haikou_Meilan_International_Airport"}],"text":"Not to be confused with Grand China Express Air, now known as Tianjin Airlines.Grand China Air Co., Ltd. (GCA) is a Chinese airline based at Haikou Meilan International Airport.","title":"Grand China Air"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hainan Airlines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hainan_Airlines"},{"link_name":"Shanxi Airlines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shanxi_Airlines"},{"link_name":"Chang An Airlines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chang_An_Airlines"},{"link_name":"China Xinhua Airlines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China_Xinhua_Airlines"},{"link_name":"Hainan Development Holdings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hainan_Development_Holdings&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"HNA Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HNA_Group"},{"link_name":"Haikou Meilan International Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haikou_Meilan_International_Airport_(company)"},{"link_name":"Shenhua Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shenhua_Group"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-owner-2"},{"link_name":"George Soros","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Soros"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gategroup-7"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-owner-2"}],"text":"Grand China Air was formed on 29 November 2007 under the initiative of the HNA group's largest operational entity, Hainan Airlines, to merge its operations with HNA Group's subsidiaries Shanxi Airlines, Chang An Airlines, and China Xinhua Airlines. The airline is headquartered in Beijing and registered in Hainan Province. As of 14 April 2012 only one of its 737-800s have been fitted with winglets.Grand China Air was owned by 23 shareholders. The top 5 shareholders were Hainan Development Holdings (24.97%), HNA Group (23.11%), Starstep (9.57%), Haikou Meilan International Airport (8.30%) and Shenhua Group (5.56%).[2] It was reported that George Soros was a minority shareholder[3][4] It was reported that Starstep was still owned by Soros. Former associate of Soros, Bharat Bhisé, via Pan-American Aviation Holdings,[5] owned 4.00% stake of Grand China Air as the 8th largest shareholder (in 2015 Pan-American was acquired by Jun Guan);[6][7] Pan-American Aviation Holdings was a minority shareholder of HNA Group indirectly.[2]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"United States sanctions against China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_sanctions_against_China"},{"link_name":"People's Liberation Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s_Liberation_Army"},{"link_name":"prohibited","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Executive_Order_13959"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"sub_title":"U.S. sanctions","text":"Further information: United States sanctions against ChinaIn January 2021, the United States government named Grand China Air as a company \"owned or controlled\" by the People's Liberation Army and thereby prohibited any American company or individual from investing in it.[8]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hainan Airlines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hainan_Airlines"}],"text":"Grand China Air will serve the same destinations as Hainan Airlines.","title":"Destinations"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:B-5539@PEK_(20200825171808).jpg"},{"link_name":"Boeing 737-800","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_737-800"},{"link_name":"Beijing Capital International Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beijing_Capital_International_Airport"}],"text":"A Grand China Air Boeing 737-800 landing at Beijing Capital International Airport in 2020.","title":"Fleet"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Grand_China_Air&action=edit"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"sub_title":"Current fleet","text":"As of September 2019[update], Grand China Air operates an all-Boeing fleet consisting of the following aircraft:[9]","title":"Fleet"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Boeing 737-300","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_737-300"}],"sub_title":"Former fleet","text":"The airline previously operated the following aircraft (as of August 2018):[10]Boeing 737-300","title":"Fleet"}]
[{"image_text":"A Grand China Air Boeing 737-800 landing at Beijing Capital International Airport in 2020.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/B-5539%40PEK_%2820200825171808%29.jpg/220px-B-5539%40PEK_%2820200825171808%29.jpg"}]
null
[{"reference":"\"简式权益变动报告书\" (PDF). Hainan Airlines (in Chinese). Shanghai Stock Exchange. 7 September 2016. Retrieved 23 February 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://static.sse.com.cn/disclosure/listedinfo/announcement/c/2016-09-07/600221_20160907_8.pdf","url_text":"\"简式权益变动报告书\""}]},{"reference":"\"Pan American Holdings to Invest Up to $100 Million in Newly Established Grand China Airlines; Letter of Intent Signed in Haikou, China, on April 1, 2006\". businesswire. 5 April 2006. Archived from the original on 23 February 2017. Retrieved 23 February 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20060405006183/en/Pan-American-Holdings-Invest-100-Million-Newly","url_text":"\"Pan American Holdings to Invest Up to $100 Million in Newly Established Grand China Airlines; Letter of Intent Signed in Haikou, China, on April 1, 2006\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170223212402/http://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20060405006183/en/Pan-American-Holdings-Invest-100-Million-Newly","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"2015 Annual Report\" (PDF). AID Partners Capital Holdings. Hong Kong Stock Exchange. 30 March 2016. Archived (PDF) from the original on 23 February 2017. Retrieved 23 February 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.hkexnews.hk/listedco/listconews/GEM/2016/0330/GLN20160330275.pdf","url_text":"\"2015 Annual Report\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170223213059/http://www.hkexnews.hk/listedco/listconews/GEM/2016/0330/GLN20160330275.pdf","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Public Tender Offer by HNA Aviation (Hong Kong) Air Catering Holding Co., Ltd., Hong Kong for all publicly held registered shares with a nominal value of CHF 5.00 each of gategroup Holding Ltd, Kloten, Switzerland\" (PDF). HNA Group. 19 May 2016. Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 February 2017. Retrieved 23 February 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170224054829/http://www.hnagroup.com/en/discl/HNA_Website/Offer%20Prospectus.PDF","url_text":"\"Public Tender Offer by HNA Aviation (Hong Kong) Air Catering Holding Co., Ltd., Hong Kong for all publicly held registered shares with a nominal value of CHF 5.00 each of gategroup Holding Ltd, Kloten, Switzerland\""},{"url":"http://www.hnagroup.com/en/discl/HNA_Website/Offer%20Prospectus.PDF","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Stone, Mike; Alper, Alexandra; Brunnstrom, David (2021-01-14). \"Trump administration takes final swipes at China and its companies\". Reuters. Archived from the original on 2021-01-14. Retrieved 2021-01-14.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-china-companies-idUSKBN29J1X4","url_text":"\"Trump administration takes final swipes at China and its companies\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reuters","url_text":"Reuters"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210114194824/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-china-companies-idUSKBN29J1X4","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Global Airline Guide 2019 (Part One)\". Airliner World (October 2019): 11.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Global Airline Guide 2018 (Part One)\". Airliner World (October 2018): 11.","urls":[]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohit_Suri
Mohit Suri
["1 Early life","2 Career","3 Other works","4 Personal life","5 Filmography","5.1 Director","5.2 Assistant Director","6 References","7 External links"]
Indian film director Mohit SuriSuri in 2013Born (1981-04-11) 11 April 1981 (age 43)Mumbai, Maharashtra, IndiaOccupation(s)Film director, producerYears active2005–presentSpouse Udita Goswami ​(m. 2013)​Children2RelativesSee Bhatt family Mohit Suri is an Indian film director. Born into the Bhatt family, he is well known for directing the films Murder 2 (2011), the musical romance Aashiqui 2 (2013) and the romantic thrillers Awarapan (2007), Ek Villain (2014) and Malang (2020). He has been married to Udita Goswami since 2013. Early life Mohit Suri was born and brought up in Mumbai. His father Daksh Suri worked for Dunlop in Chennai and his mother, Heena, was an air hostess. He has one sister, former actress Smiley Suri. Mahesh Bhatt, Mukesh Bhatt & Robin Bhatt are his maternal uncles whereas Nanabhai Bhatt was his maternal grandfather. Pooja Bhatt, Rahul Bhatt, Vishesh Bhatt and Alia Bhatt are his first cousins and Emraan Hashmi is his second cousin. Career After working as an office assistant for T-Series as well as assistant director in Vikram Bhatt's films Kasoor (2001), Awara Paagal Deewana (2002) and Footpath (2003), Suri made his directorial debut with the moderately successful Zeher (2005) and then directed movies like Kalyug (2005), Woh Lamhe (2006), Awarapan (2007), Raaz: The Mystery Continues (2009) and Crook (2010). Suri's breakthrough period begun with the unexpected earning of his psychological thriller Murder 2 (2011). It is one of the highest grossing Hindi film of 2011. Followed by the highly successful musical love stories Aashiqui 2 (2013) and Ek Villain (2014), with the latter being a revenge drama too and entering 100 Crore Club in India. Post the debacle of his majorly anticipated dramas Hamari Adhuri Kahani (2015) and Half Girlfriend (2017), he garnered critical and commercial success via the romantic suspense thriller Malang (2020). Recently released Ek Villain Returns (2022) with John Abraham and Arjun Kapoor. Suri's upcoming and forthcoming directorials include, Untitled movie with Varun Dhawan and Malang 2. Other works Apart from his occupation as a director, Suri was the judge of Star Plus's dance reality series Nach Baliye 8 and formed EMI Records India, one of the best musical platforms in India, which produced singers like Yash Narvekar, Anushka Shahaney etc. Personal life In 2013, Suri married former Indian actress Udita Goswami. The couple have a son (b. 2015) and daughter (b. 2018). Filmography Director Year Title Director Writer Note. 2005 Zeher Yes Yes story credit Kalyug Yes Yes 2006 Woh Lamhe Yes No 2007 Awarapan Yes No 2009 Raaz: The Mystery Continues Yes Yes story credit 2010 Crook Yes Yes 2011 Murder 2 Yes No 2013 Aashiqui 2 Yes No 2014 Ek Villain Yes No 2015 Hamari Adhuri Kahani Yes No 2017 Half Girlfriend Yes No Producer 2020 Malang Yes No 2022 Ek Villain Returns Yes Yes TBA Murder 4 Yes No TBA Malang 2 Assistant Director Year Title 2001 Kasoor 2002 Awara Paagal Deewana 2003 Footpath References ^ "'Murder 2' - Bollywood movies which were mired in plagiarism row". The Times of India. Retrieved 6 May 2022. ^ "Mohit Suri denies fallout rumours with his 'Aashiqui 2' actor Aditya Roy Kapur - Times of India". The Times of India. Retrieved 6 May 2022. ^ "'Aashiqui 2' helmer Mohit Suri to bring forth action-musical film". Tellychakkar.com. Retrieved 6 May 2022. ^ Gupta, Priya (28 April 2013). "I have not yet lived my married life at all: Mohit Suri - Times of India". The Times of India. Retrieved 20 November 2022. ^ "Mohit Suri's sister Smiley Suri married off by two men closest to her - Times of India". The Times of India. Retrieved 2 February 2021. ^ "I have not yet lived my married life at all: Mohit Suri - Times of India". The Times of India. ^ Time: 04:33 한국 영화를 표절한 인도영화 19편, archived from the original on 15 December 2021, retrieved 23 October 2019 ^ Mohit Suri talks about his sequel to Raaz Radio Sargam. ^ "Nach Baliye: Mahesh Bhatt, Karan Johar are excited about Mohit Suri's TV debut". Hindustan Times. 24 March 2017. ^ "Nach Baliye: Mahesh Bhatt, Karan Johar are excited about Mohit Suri's TV debut". Hindustan Times. 24 March 2017. ^ TNN (21 November 2018). "Mohit Suri and Udita Goswami welcome a baby boy". The Times of India. Retrieved 21 November 2018. ^ "John Abraham, Arjun Kapoor, Disha Patani, Tara Sutaria starrer Ek Villain Returns gets a new release date; to hit theatres on July 29". Bollywood Hungama. 10 May 2022. Retrieved 10 May 2022. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Mohit Suri. Mohit Suri at Bollywood Hungama Mohit Suri at IMDb vteFilms directed by Mohit Suri Zeher (2005) Kalyug (2005) Woh Lamhe (2006) Awarapan (2007) Raaz: The Mystery Continues (2009) Crook (2010) Murder 2 (2011) Aashiqui 2 (2013) Ek Villain (2014) Hamari Adhuri Kahani (2015) Half Girlfriend (2017) Malang (2020) Ek Villain Returns (2022) Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF WorldCat National France BnF data Germany Israel United States Poland People Trove
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bhatt family","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhatt_family"},{"link_name":"Murder 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murder_2"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Aashiqui 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aashiqui_2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Awarapan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Awarapan"},{"link_name":"Ek Villain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ek_Villain"},{"link_name":"Malang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malang_(film)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Udita Goswami","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Udita_Goswami"}],"text":"Mohit Suri is an Indian film director. Born into the Bhatt family, he is well known for directing the films Murder 2 (2011),[1] the musical romance Aashiqui 2 (2013)[2] and the romantic thrillers Awarapan (2007), Ek Villain (2014) and Malang (2020).[3] He has been married to Udita Goswami since 2013.","title":"Mohit Suri"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mumbai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mumbai"},{"link_name":"Dunlop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dunlop_Rubber"},{"link_name":"Chennai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chennai"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Smiley Suri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smiley_Suri"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Mahesh Bhatt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahesh_Bhatt"},{"link_name":"Mukesh Bhatt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mukesh_Bhatt"},{"link_name":"Robin Bhatt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robin_Bhatt"},{"link_name":"Nanabhai Bhatt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanabhai_Bhatt"},{"link_name":"Pooja Bhatt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pooja_Bhatt"},{"link_name":"Rahul Bhatt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rahul_Bhatt"},{"link_name":"Vishesh Bhatt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vishesh_Bhatt"},{"link_name":"Alia Bhatt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alia_Bhatt"},{"link_name":"Emraan Hashmi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emraan_Hashmi"}],"text":"Mohit Suri was born and brought up in Mumbai. His father Daksh Suri worked for Dunlop in Chennai and his mother, Heena, was an air hostess.[4] He has one sister, former actress Smiley Suri.[5]Mahesh Bhatt, Mukesh Bhatt & Robin Bhatt are his maternal uncles whereas Nanabhai Bhatt was his maternal grandfather. Pooja Bhatt, Rahul Bhatt, Vishesh Bhatt and Alia Bhatt are his first cousins and Emraan Hashmi is his second cousin.","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"T-Series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T-Series_(company)"},{"link_name":"Vikram Bhatt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vikram_Bhatt"},{"link_name":"Kasoor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kasoor"},{"link_name":"Awara Paagal Deewana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Awara_Paagal_Deewana"},{"link_name":"Footpath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Footpath_(2003_film)"},{"link_name":"Zeher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zeher"},{"link_name":"Kalyug","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalyug_(2005_film)"},{"link_name":"Woh Lamhe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woh_Lamhe"},{"link_name":"Awarapan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Awarapan"},{"link_name":"Raaz: The Mystery Continues","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raaz:_The_Mystery_Continues"},{"link_name":"Crook","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crook_(film)"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Murder 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murder_2"},{"link_name":"Aashiqui 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aashiqui_2"},{"link_name":"Ek Villain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ek_Villain"},{"link_name":"100 Crore Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/100_Crore_Club"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Hamari Adhuri Kahani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamari_Adhuri_Kahani"},{"link_name":"Half Girlfriend","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Half_Girlfriend_(2017_film)"},{"link_name":"Malang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malang_(film)"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"After working as an office assistant for T-Series as well as assistant director in Vikram Bhatt's films Kasoor (2001), Awara Paagal Deewana (2002) and Footpath (2003), Suri made his directorial debut with the moderately successful Zeher (2005) and then directed movies like Kalyug (2005), Woh Lamhe (2006), Awarapan (2007), Raaz: The Mystery Continues (2009) and Crook (2010).[6]Suri's breakthrough period begun with the unexpected earning of his psychological thriller Murder 2 (2011). It is one of the highest grossing Hindi film of 2011. Followed by the highly successful musical love stories Aashiqui 2 (2013) and Ek Villain (2014), with the latter being a revenge drama too and entering 100 Crore Club in India.[7]\nPost the debacle of his majorly anticipated dramas Hamari Adhuri Kahani (2015) and Half Girlfriend (2017), he garnered critical and commercial success via the romantic suspense thriller Malang (2020).[8] Recently released Ek Villain Returns (2022) with John Abraham and Arjun Kapoor.Suri's upcoming and forthcoming directorials include, Untitled movie with Varun Dhawan and Malang 2.[9]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Star Plus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star_Plus"},{"link_name":"Nach Baliye 8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nach_Baliye"},{"link_name":"EMI Records India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EMI_Records_India"},{"link_name":"Yash Narvekar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yash_Narvekar"},{"link_name":"Anushka Shahaney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anushka_Shahaney"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"Apart from his occupation as a director, Suri was the judge of Star Plus's dance reality series Nach Baliye 8 and formed EMI Records India, one of the best musical platforms in India, which produced singers like Yash Narvekar, Anushka Shahaney etc.[10]","title":"Other works"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Udita Goswami","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Udita_Goswami"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"text":"In 2013, Suri married former Indian actress Udita Goswami. The couple have a son (b. 2015) and daughter (b. 2018).[11]","title":"Personal life"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Director","title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Assistant Director","title":"Filmography"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"\"'Murder 2' - Bollywood movies which were mired in plagiarism row\". The Times of India. Retrieved 6 May 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/photo-features/bollywood-movies-which-were-mired-in-plagiarism-row/murder-2/photostory/63937594.cms","url_text":"\"'Murder 2' - Bollywood movies which were mired in plagiarism row\""}]},{"reference":"\"Mohit Suri denies fallout rumours with his 'Aashiqui 2' actor Aditya Roy Kapur - Times of India\". The Times of India. Retrieved 6 May 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/mohit-suri-denies-fallout-rumours-with-his-aashiqui-2-actor-aditya-roy-kapur/articleshow/63856332.cms","url_text":"\"Mohit Suri denies fallout rumours with his 'Aashiqui 2' actor Aditya Roy Kapur - Times of India\""}]},{"reference":"\"'Aashiqui 2' helmer Mohit Suri to bring forth action-musical film\". Tellychakkar.com. Retrieved 6 May 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.tellychakkar.com/movie/movie-news/aashiqui-2-helmer-mohit-suri-bring-forth-action-musical-film-220413","url_text":"\"'Aashiqui 2' helmer Mohit Suri to bring forth action-musical film\""}]},{"reference":"Gupta, Priya (28 April 2013). \"I have not yet lived my married life at all: Mohit Suri - Times of India\". The Times of India. Retrieved 20 November 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/i-have-not-yet-lived-my-married-life-at-all-mohit-suri/articleshow/19754605.cms","url_text":"\"I have not yet lived my married life at all: Mohit Suri - Times of India\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Times_of_India","url_text":"The Times of India"}]},{"reference":"\"Mohit Suri's sister Smiley Suri married off by two men closest to her - Times of India\". The Times of India. Retrieved 2 February 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/mohit-suris-sister-smiley-suri-married-off-by-two-men-closest-to-her/articleshow/37707138.cms","url_text":"\"Mohit Suri's sister Smiley Suri married off by two men closest to her - Times of India\""}]},{"reference":"\"I have not yet lived my married life at all: Mohit Suri - Times of India\". The Times of India.","urls":[{"url":"https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/I-have-not-yet-lived-my-married-life-at-all-Mohit-Suri/articleshow/19754605.cms","url_text":"\"I have not yet lived my married life at all: Mohit Suri - Times of India\""}]},{"reference":"한국 영화를 표절한 인도영화 19편, archived from the original on 15 December 2021, retrieved 23 October 2019","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zXgrku5jLKQ","url_text":"한국 영화를 표절한 인도영화 19편"},{"url":"https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211215/zXgrku5jLKQ","url_text":"archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Nach Baliye: Mahesh Bhatt, Karan Johar are excited about Mohit Suri's TV debut\". Hindustan Times. 24 March 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hindustantimes.com/tv/nach-baliye-mahesh-bhatt-karan-johar-are-excited-about-mohit-suri-s-tv-debut/story-9WvPBtlIO9LEXNNCLW3pJL.html","url_text":"\"Nach Baliye: Mahesh Bhatt, Karan Johar are excited about Mohit Suri's TV debut\""}]},{"reference":"\"Nach Baliye: Mahesh Bhatt, Karan Johar are excited about Mohit Suri's TV debut\". Hindustan Times. 24 March 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hindustantimes.com/tv/nach-baliye-mahesh-bhatt-karan-johar-are-excited-about-mohit-suri-s-tv-debut/story-9WvPBtlIO9LEXNNCLW3pJL.html","url_text":"\"Nach Baliye: Mahesh Bhatt, Karan Johar are excited about Mohit Suri's TV debut\""}]},{"reference":"TNN (21 November 2018). \"Mohit Suri and Udita Goswami welcome a baby boy\". The Times of India. Retrieved 21 November 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/mohit-suri-and-udita-goswami-welcome-a-baby-boy/articleshow/66735804.cms","url_text":"\"Mohit Suri and Udita Goswami welcome a baby boy\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Times_of_India","url_text":"The Times of India"}]},{"reference":"\"John Abraham, Arjun Kapoor, Disha Patani, Tara Sutaria starrer Ek Villain Returns gets a new release date; to hit theatres on July 29\". Bollywood Hungama. 10 May 2022. Retrieved 10 May 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/john-abraham-arjun-kapoor-disha-patani-tara-sutaria-starrer-ek-villain-returns-gets-new-release-date-hit-theatres-july-29/","url_text":"\"John Abraham, Arjun Kapoor, Disha Patani, Tara Sutaria starrer Ek Villain Returns gets a new release date; to hit theatres on July 29\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bollywood_Hungama","url_text":"Bollywood Hungama"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White-browed_white-eye
Cream-browed white-eye
["1 References"]
Species of bird Cream-browed white-eye 1. Heleia superciliaris ; 2. Heleia crassirostris ; 3. Pachycephala nudigula Conservation status Least Concern  (IUCN 3.1) Scientific classification Domain: Eukaryota Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Aves Order: Passeriformes Family: Zosteropidae Genus: Heleia Species: H. superciliaris Binomial name Heleia superciliaris(Hartert, 1897) The cream-browed white-eye (Heleia superciliaris), also known as the cream-browed ibon or yellow-browed white-eye, is a species of bird in the family Zosteropidae. It is endemic to the Lesser Sunda Islands. Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist montane forest. References ^ BirdLife International (2018). "Heleia superciliaris". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2018: e.T22714307A131969951. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T22714307A131969951.en. Retrieved 17 November 2021. Taxon identifiersLophozosterops superciliaris Wikidata: Q1302592 ADW: Lophozosterops_superciliaris Avibase: 0DA656D26CC1A2CE BOW: whbwhe1 CoL: 6QMJ6 eBird: whbwhe1 GBIF: 2489330 iNaturalist: 17518 IRMNG: 11261774 ITIS: 560887 Observation.org: 77091 Open Tree of Life: 840026 Xeno-canto: Lophozosterops-superciliaris This Zosteropidae-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"bird","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bird"},{"link_name":"Zosteropidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zosteropidae"},{"link_name":"endemic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endemism"},{"link_name":"Lesser Sunda Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lesser_Sunda_Islands"},{"link_name":"habitat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Habitat"},{"link_name":"montane forest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montane_forest"}],"text":"The cream-browed white-eye (Heleia superciliaris), also known as the cream-browed ibon or yellow-browed white-eye, is a species of bird in the family Zosteropidae. It is endemic to the Lesser Sunda Islands. Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist montane forest.","title":"Cream-browed white-eye"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"BirdLife International (2018). \"Heleia superciliaris\". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2018: e.T22714307A131969951. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T22714307A131969951.en. Retrieved 17 November 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/22714307/131969951","url_text":"\"Heleia superciliaris\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IUCN_Red_List","url_text":"IUCN Red List of Threatened Species"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2305%2FIUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T22714307A131969951.en","url_text":"10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T22714307A131969951.en"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpha_Comae_Berenices
Alpha Comae Berenices
["1 Nomenclature","2 Properties","3 References","4 External links"]
Coordinates: 13h 09m 59.285s, +17° 31′ 46.04″Star in the constellation Coma Berenices α Comae Berenices α Comae Berenices (circled) in the constellation Coma Berenices Observation dataEpoch J2000.0      Equinox J2000.0 (ICRS) Constellation Coma Berenices Right ascension 13h 09m 59.285s Declination +17° 31′ 46.04″ Apparent magnitude (V) 4.29 to 4.35(combined)A: 4.85 / B: 5.53 Characteristics Spectral type A: F5V / B: F5V(binary star) U−B color index −0.06 B−V color index 0.45 V−R color index 0.2 R−I color index 0.2 AstrometryRadial velocity (Rv)−17.7±0.9 km/sProper motion (μ) RA: −433.13±0.70 mas/yr Dec.: 141.24±0.51 mas/yr Parallax (π)56.10 ± 0.89 masDistance58.1 ± 0.9 ly (17.8 ± 0.3 pc)Absolute magnitude (MV)3.82 OrbitPeriod (P)25.8696±0.008219 yrSemi-major axis (a)0.67144±0.00033″Eccentricity (e)0.51060±0.00061Inclination (i)90.0501±0.0062°Longitude of the node (Ω)12.2272±0.0098°Periastron epoch (T)57056.84±0.36Argument of periastron (ω)(secondary)100.563±0.026° DetailsAMass1.237 M☉Luminosity1.72 L☉Surface gravity (log g)4.19 cgsTemperature6,365 KMetallicity −0.23 dexBMass1.087 M☉Luminosity1.75 L☉Temperature6,378 K Other designations α Com, Alpha Comae Berenices, Alpha Com, 42 Comae Berenices, 42 Com, STF 1728, ADS 8804 , BD+18 2697, CCDM J13100+1732, GC 17833, Gliese 501, HIP 64241, IDS 13051+1803 AB, LTT 13802, NLTT 33105, PPM 129630, SAO 100443, WDS 13100+1732. A: HD 114378, HR 4968B: HD 114379, HR 4969 Database referencesSIMBADdata Alpha Comae Berenices (α Comae Berenices, abbreviated Alpha Com, α Com) is a binary star in the constellation of Coma Berenices (Berenice's Hair), 17.8 parsecs (58 ly) away. It consists of two main sequence stars, each a little hotter and more luminous than the Sun. Alpha Comae Berenices is said to represent the crown worn by Queen Berenice. The two components are designated Alpha Comae Berenices A (officially named Diadem /ˈdaɪədɛm/, the traditional name for the system) and B. Nomenclature α Comae Berenices (Latinised to Alpha Comae Berenices) is the system's Bayer designation. The designations of the two components as Alpha Comae Berenices A and B derive from the convention used by the Washington Multiplicity Catalog (WMC) for multiple star systems, and adopted by the International Astronomical Union (IAU). The system bore the traditional names Diadem and Al Dafirah, the latter derived from the Arabic الضفيرة ađ̧-đ̧afīrah "the braid". In 2016, the International Astronomical Union organized a Working Group on Star Names (WGSN) to catalogue and standardize proper names for stars. The WGSN decided to attribute proper names to individual stars rather than entire multiple systems. It approved the name Diadem for the component Alpha Comae Berenices A on 1 February 2017 and it is now so included in the List of IAU-approved Star Names. In Chinese, 太微左垣 (Tài Wēi Zuǒ Yuán), meaning Left Wall of Supreme Palace Enclosure, refers to an asterism consisting of Alpha Comae Berenices, Eta Virginis, Gamma Virginis, Delta Virginis and Epsilon Virginis. Consequently, the Chinese name for Alpha Comae Berenices itself is 太微左垣五 (Tài Wēi Zuǒ Yuán wǔ, English: the Fifth Star of Left Wall of Supreme Palace Enclosure.), representing 東上將 (Dōngshǎngjiāng), meaning The First Eastern General. 東上將 (Dōngshǎngjiāng), westernized into Shang Tseang, but that name was designated for "v Comae Berenices" by R.H. Allen and the meaning is "a Higher General". Properties Although Alpha Comae Berenices bears the title "alpha", at magnitude 4.32 it is actually fainter than Beta Comae Berenices. It is a binary star, with almost equal components of magnitudes 5.05 m and 5.08 m orbiting each other with a period of 25.87 years. The system, estimated to be 58 light-years distant, appears so nearly "edge-on" from the Earth that the two stars appear to move back-and-forth in a straight line with a maximum separation of only 0.7 arcsec. Eclipses are predicted to occur between the two components however they have not been successfully observed due to miscalculations of the time of eclipse. The mean separation between them is approximately 10 AU, about the distance between the Sun and Saturn. The binary star has a visual companion, CCDM J13100+1732C, of apparent magnitude 10.2, located 89 arcseconds away along a position angle of 345°. Alpha Comae Berenicis forms an isosceles triangle with globular star clusters Messier 53 and NGC 5053. The apparent diameter of this triangle is a little more than one degree. The location of Alpha Comae Berenicis is westward (preceding) of both globular star clusters. References ^ a b c d e van Leeuwen, F. (2007). "Validation of the new Hipparcos reduction". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 474 (2): 653–664. arXiv:0708.1752. Bibcode:2007A&A...474..653V. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20078357. S2CID 18759600. Vizier catalog entry ^ NSV 6116, database entry, New Catalogue of Suspected Variable Stars, the improved version, Sternberg Astronomical Institute, Moscow, Russia. Accessed on line September 3, 2008. ^ Entry 13100+1732, Sixth Catalog of Orbits of Visual Binary Stars Archived 2005-04-24 at the Wayback Machine, United States Naval Observatory. Accessed on line September 3, 2008. ^ Diadem Archived 2008-05-11 at the Wayback Machine, Jim Kaler, Stars. Accessed on line September 3, 2008. ^ a b HR 4968, database entry, The Bright Star Catalogue, 5th Revised Ed. (Preliminary Version), D. Hoffleit and W. H. Warren, Jr., CDS ID V/50. Accessed on line September 3, 2008. ^ a b c d NSV 6116 -- Variable Star, database entry, SIMBAD. Accessed on line September 3, 2008. ^ Reiners, Ansgar (January 2006), "Rotation- and temperature-dependence of stellar latitudinal differential rotation", Astronomy and Astrophysics, 446 (1): 267–277, arXiv:astro-ph/0509399, Bibcode:2006A&A...446..267R, doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20053911, S2CID 8642707 ^ a b Muterspaugh, Matthew W.; et al. (2015). "Predicting the α Comae Berenices Time of Eclipse: How 3 Ambiguous Measurements out of 609 Caused a 26 Year Binary's Eclipse to be Missed". The Astronomical Journal. 150 (5). 140. arXiv:1501.05639. Bibcode:2015AJ....150..140M. doi:10.1088/0004-6256/150/5/140. S2CID 119282868. ^ a b Pavlovic, R.; Todorovic, N. (2005). "Orbits of Seven Edge-On Visual Double Stars". Serbian Astronomical Journal. 170 (170): 73–78. Bibcode:2005SerAJ.170...73P. doi:10.2298/SAJ0570073P. ^ a b c Ten Brummelaar, Theo; Mason, Brian D.; McAlister, Harold A.; Roberts, Lewis C.; Turner, Nils H.; Hartkopf, William I.; Bagnuolo, William G. (2000). "Binary Star Differential Photometry Using the Adaptive Optics System at Mount Wilson Observatory". The Astronomical Journal. 119 (5): 2403. Bibcode:2000AJ....119.2403T. doi:10.1086/301338. ^ a b c Soubiran, Caroline; Le Campion, Jean-François; Brouillet, Nathalie; Chemin, Laurent (2016). "The PASTEL catalogue: 2016 version". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 591: A118. arXiv:1605.07384. Bibcode:2016A&A...591A.118S. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201628497. S2CID 119258214. ^ HD 114378 -- Star in double system, database entry, SIMBAD, accessed on line September 3, 2008. ^ HD 114379 -- Star in double system, database entry, SIMBAD, accessed on line September 3, 2008. ^ a b "Naming Stars". IAU.org. Retrieved 16 December 2017. ^ Hessman, F. V.; Dhillon, V. S.; Winget, D. E.; Schreiber, M. R.; Horne, K.; Marsh, T. R.; Guenther, E.; Schwope, A.; Heber, U. (2010). "On the naming convention used for multiple star systems and extrasolar planets". arXiv:1012.0707 . ^ "International Astronomical Union | IAU". www.iau.org. Retrieved 2017-03-31. ^ "WG Triennial Report (2015-2018) - Star Names" (PDF). p. 5. Retrieved 2018-07-14. ^ (in Chinese) 中國星座神話, written by 陳久金. Published by 台灣書房出版有限公司, 2005, ISBN 978-986-7332-25-7. ^ (in Chinese) 香港太空館 - 研究資源 - 亮星中英對照表 Archived 2009-09-29 at the Wayback Machine, Hong Kong Space Museum. Accessed on line November 23, 2010. ^ (in Chinese) English-Chinese Glossary of Chinese Star Regions, Asterisms and Star Name Archived 2008-09-24 at the Wayback Machine, Hong Kong Space Museum. Accessed on line November 23, 2010. ^ Richard Hinckley Allen: Star Names — Their Lore and Meaning: Coma Berenices ^ Entry 13100+1732, discoverer code STF1728, components AB-C, The Washington Double Star Catalog Archived 2008-04-13 at the Wayback Machine, United States Naval Observatory. Accessed on line September 3, 2008. External links vteConstellation of Coma Berenices List of stars in Coma Berenices Coma Berenices in Chinese astronomy StarsBayer α (Diadem) β γ Flamsteed 7 11 12 13 14 16 17 21 23 24 31 35 36 37 41 Variable FK GP LW HR 4668 HD 107146 108863 108874 110067 114762 b 115404 Other 2MASS J12195156+3128497 KELT-6 WASP-56 WISE 1217+1626 Exoplanets HD 108874 b c KELT-6b Star clusters Coma Star Cluster Messier 53 NGC 4147 NGC 5053 Nebulae IN GalaxiesMessier 64 (Black Eye Galaxy) 85 88 91 98 99 100 NGC 4015 4017 4053 4055 4056 4060 4061 4065 4066 4070 4072 4074 4076 4084 4086 4089 4090 4091 4092 4093 4095 4098 4150 4203 4208 4212 4222 4237 4262 4274 4278 4293 4298 4302 4308 4312 4314 4323 4340 4359 4383 4393 4394 4414 4448 4450 4455 4459 4468 4473 4474 4477 4479 4489 4494 4498 4506 4515 4516 4523 4540 4555 4559 4561 4565 4571 4595 4614 4633 4634 4651 4659 4670 4676 (Mice Galaxies) 4689 4710 4712 4725 4747 4860 4871 4872 4873 4874 4875 4876 4881 4882 4883 4886 4889 4892 4895 4896 4907 4911 4919 4921 5000 5004 Other Coma Berenices Dragonfly 44 IC 755 (NGC 4019) IC 831 IC 838 IC 848 IC 3031 IC 3053 IC 3222 IC 3278 IC 3389 IC 3402 IC 3403 IC 3441 IC 3482 IC 3505 IC 3528 IC 3622 IC 3683 IC 3789 IC 3971 IC 4017 IC 4026 IC 4040 IC 4160 IC 4163 IC 4141 IOK-1 LEDA 83677 Malin 1 PGC 44691 RIQ J1336+1725 Galaxy clusters Abell 1413 Coma I Coma Cluster M94 Group NGC 4631 Group Astronomical events GRB 050509B iPTF14atg SN 1940B SN 1979C SN 2005ap SN 2006X SN 2020oi VIRGOHI21 Category
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Coordinates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celestial_coordinate_system"},{"link_name":"13h 09m 59.285s, +17° 31′ 46.04″","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.wikisky.org/?ra=13.166468055556&de=17.529455555556&zoom=6&show_grid=1&show_constellation_lines=1&show_constellation_boundaries=1&show_const_names=1&show_galaxies=1&img_source=IMG_all"},{"link_name":"binary star","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binary_star"},{"link_name":"constellation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constellation"},{"link_name":"Coma Berenices","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coma_Berenices"},{"link_name":"Berenice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berenice_II_of_Egypt"},{"link_name":"main sequence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_sequence"},{"link_name":"/ˈdaɪədɛm/","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/English"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IAU-LSN-14"}],"text":"Coordinates: 13h 09m 59.285s, +17° 31′ 46.04″Star in the constellation Coma BerenicesAlpha Comae Berenices (α Comae Berenices, abbreviated Alpha Com, α Com) is a binary star in the constellation of Coma Berenices (Berenice's Hair), 17.8 parsecs (58 ly) away. It consists of two main sequence stars, each a little hotter and more luminous than the Sun.Alpha Comae Berenices is said to represent the crown worn by Queen Berenice. The two components are designated Alpha Comae Berenices A (officially named Diadem /ˈdaɪədɛm/, the traditional name for the system)[14] and B.","title":"Alpha Comae Berenices"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Latinised","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latinisation_of_names"},{"link_name":"Bayer designation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayer_designation"},{"link_name":"multiple star systems","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star_system"},{"link_name":"International Astronomical Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Astronomical_Union"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-planetnaming-15"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"International Astronomical Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Astronomical_Union"},{"link_name":"Working Group on Star Names","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IAU_Working_Group_on_Star_Names"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"multiple systems","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiple_star"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TriRpt18-17"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IAU-LSN-14"},{"link_name":"Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_astronomy"},{"link_name":"Left Wall of Supreme Palace Enclosure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_Palace_enclosure"},{"link_name":"asterism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asterism_(astronomy)"},{"link_name":"Eta Virginis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eta_Virginis"},{"link_name":"Gamma Virginis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamma_Virginis"},{"link_name":"Delta Virginis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delta_Virginis"},{"link_name":"Epsilon Virginis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epsilon_Virginis"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Chinese name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_star_names"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"}],"text":"α Comae Berenices (Latinised to Alpha Comae Berenices) is the system's Bayer designation. The designations of the two components as Alpha Comae Berenices A and B derive from the convention used by the Washington Multiplicity Catalog (WMC) for multiple star systems, and adopted by the International Astronomical Union (IAU).[15]The system bore the traditional names Diadem and Al Dafirah, the latter derived from the Arabic الضفيرة ađ̧-đ̧afīrah \"the braid\".[citation needed] In 2016, the International Astronomical Union organized a Working Group on Star Names (WGSN)[16] to catalogue and standardize proper names for stars. The WGSN decided to attribute proper names to individual stars rather than entire multiple systems.[17] It approved the name Diadem for the component Alpha Comae Berenices A on 1 February 2017 and it is now so included in the List of IAU-approved Star Names.[14]In Chinese, 太微左垣 (Tài Wēi Zuǒ Yuán), meaning Left Wall of Supreme Palace Enclosure, refers to an asterism consisting of Alpha Comae Berenices, Eta Virginis, Gamma Virginis, Delta Virginis and Epsilon Virginis.[18] Consequently, the Chinese name for Alpha Comae Berenices itself is 太微左垣五 (Tài Wēi Zuǒ Yuán wǔ, English: the Fifth Star of Left Wall of Supreme Palace Enclosure.),[19] representing 東上將 (Dōngshǎngjiāng), meaning The First Eastern General.[20] 東上將 (Dōngshǎngjiāng), westernized into Shang Tseang, but that name was designated for \"v Comae Berenices\" by R.H. Allen and the meaning is \"a Higher General\".[21]","title":"Nomenclature"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"alpha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpha"},{"link_name":"magnitude","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apparent_magnitude"},{"link_name":"Beta Comae Berenices","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beta_Comae_Berenices"},{"link_name":"binary star","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binary_star"},{"link_name":"orbiting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orbit"},{"link_name":"period","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orbital_period"},{"link_name":"light-years","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light-years"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Muterspaugh2015-8"},{"link_name":"AU","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomical_unit"},{"link_name":"Saturn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturn"},{"link_name":"visual companion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double_star"},{"link_name":"arcseconds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arcsecond"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wds-22"},{"link_name":"Messier 53","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Messier_53"},{"link_name":"NGC 5053","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NGC_5053"}],"text":"Although Alpha Comae Berenices bears the title \"alpha\", at magnitude 4.32 it is actually fainter than Beta Comae Berenices.It is a binary star, with almost equal components of magnitudes 5.05 m and 5.08 m orbiting each other with a period of 25.87 years. The system, estimated to be 58 light-years distant, appears so nearly \"edge-on\" from the Earth that the two stars appear to move back-and-forth in a straight line with a maximum separation of only 0.7 arcsec. Eclipses are predicted to occur between the two components however they have not been successfully observed due to miscalculations of the time of eclipse.[8]The mean separation between them is approximately 10 AU, about the distance between the Sun and Saturn.The binary star has a visual companion, CCDM J13100+1732C, of apparent magnitude 10.2, located 89 arcseconds away along a position angle of 345°.[22]Alpha Comae Berenicis forms an isosceles triangle with globular star clusters Messier 53 and NGC 5053. The apparent diameter of this triangle is a little more than one degree. The location of Alpha Comae Berenicis is westward (preceding) of both globular star clusters.","title":"Properties"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"van Leeuwen, F. (2007). \"Validation of the new Hipparcos reduction\". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 474 (2): 653–664. arXiv:0708.1752. Bibcode:2007A&A...474..653V. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20078357. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arleen_Joyce
Joyce Arleen
["1 Early life","2 Career","3 Personal life and death","4 Selected filmography","5 References","6 External links"]
American actress (1931–2023) Joyce Arleen (born Joyce Arleen Novotny; May 20, 1931 – February 17, 2023), also credited as Arleen Joyce and Mary Thomas, was an American actress. Early life Born in Hackensack, New Jersey on May 20, 1931, Arleen was a native of Garfield. Her parents were Joseph and Mary Novotny. Her sister was Dorothy Joyce, who would appear in The Blue Bird (1940) and Please Don't Eat the Daisies (1960). Career In 1939, Arleen signed with Charles R. Rogers for a seven-year option for the Paramount film The Star Maker. That same year, Arleen, going by the name Mary Thomas, appeared in Our Neighbors – The Carters. A Variety review commented that her performance was "excellent throughout, especially capable in scenes in which she decides to be adopted by the rich city friends", and The Hollywood Reporter wrote that she was "superb". Arleen appeared as Mary in the 1940 film The Great McGinty. In 1942, Arleen portrayed the young Cassandra Tower in the Warner Bros. film Kings Row. A Variety review noted she gave the best performance of the film's child actors. Arleen also appeared as the main character during childhood in The Gay Sisters to a positive review by The Hollywood Reporter, and in Mrs. Wiggs of the Cabbage Patch. Personal life and death Arleen married Alvin Baldock and they had one daughter. On February 17, 2023, Arleen died in Bakersfield, California. Selected filmography The Star Maker (1939) Our Neighbors – The Carters (1939) The Great McGinty (1940) Kings Row (1942) The Gay Sisters (1942) Wake Island (1942) Mrs. Wiggs of the Cabbage Patch (1942) References ^ "Drama scholarships offered by Garfield's movie starlet". The Record. 4 April 1940. p. 25. Retrieved 5 April 2023. ^ "Little Joyce plays the game "Who am I?' with press agent". The Record. 5 April 1940. p. 17. Retrieved 5 April 2023. ^ a b c "Joyce Baldock". Taft Midway Driller. 5 March 2023. Retrieved 21 April 2023. ^ a b "Garfield child star scores her second Hollywood hit". The Record. 24 November 1939. p. 8. Retrieved 30 March 2023. ^ "Joseph Novotny, 61, dies in California". The Herald-News. 15 February 1967. p. 11. Retrieved 30 March 2023. ^ "Child star". The Record. 18 February 1942. p. 4. Retrieved 7 April 2023. ^ "'The Blue Bird' enchanting: Direction, writing, acting exceptional". The Hollywood Reporter. Vol. 55, Iss. 47. Jan 20, 1940: p. 3. Via Proquest. ^ "Feature castings". The Hollywood Reporter. Vol. 156, Iss. 37. Sep 10, 1959. p. 5. Via Proquest. ^ a b "More Moppets". Variety. Jan 18, 1939. p. 12. Via Proquest. ^ "Pictures: Studio Contracts". Variety. Mar 15, 1939. p. 4. Via Proquest. ^ a b "Pictures: Film Reviews - Our Neighbors--The Carters". Variety. Nov 8, 1939. p. 18. Via Proquest. '^ "Our Neighbors The Carters' good homey entertainment: Cast, direction and production tops". The Hollywood Reporter. Vol. 54, Iss. 30. Oct 31, 1939: p. 3. Via Proquest. ^ "'McGinty' a socko; Sturges' writing, direction tops: Brian Donlevy and Angelus Excellent". The Hollywood Reporter. Vol. 58, Iss. 48. Jul 22, 1940). p. 3. Via Proquest. ^ a b "Down Went McGinty". Kinematograph Weekly. London. Vol. 281. Iss. 1736. Jul 25, 1940. p. 15. Via Proquest. ^ a b Hobe. "Film reviews: Kings Row". Variety. Dec 24, 1941. p. 8. Via Proquest. ^ a b 'Gay Sisters' powerfully acted and directed drama: well written script soundly produced. The Hollywood Reporter. Vol. 68, Iss. 24. Jun 2, 1942. p. 3. Via Proquest. ^ a b Walt. "Film Reviews: Mrs. Wiggs of The Cabbage Patch". Variety. Oct 7, 1942. p. 8. Via Proquest. ^ Brown, Erickson. "Obituary for Alvin "Al" Baldock | Erickson and Brown". Obituary for Alvin "Al" Baldock | Erickson and Brown. Retrieved 30 March 2023. ^ Collier, Lionel. "Shop For Your Films". Picturegoer. Jan 23, 1943. p. 12. Via Proquest. ^ "Mrs. Wiggs of the Cabbage Patch". Kinematograph Weekly. London  Vol. 307, Iss. 1848. Sep 24, 1942. p. 45. Via Proquest. External links Joyce Arleen at IMDb
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Joyce Arleen (born Joyce Arleen Novotny; May 20, 1931 – February 17, 2023), also credited as Arleen Joyce and Mary Thomas, was an American actress.[1][2]","title":"Joyce Arleen"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hackensack, New Jersey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hackensack,_New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-obit-3"},{"link_name":"Garfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garfield,_New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"The Blue Bird","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Blue_Bird_(1940_film)"},{"link_name":"Please Don't Eat the Daisies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Please_Don%27t_Eat_the_Daisies_(film)"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-4"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"Born in Hackensack, New Jersey on May 20, 1931,[3] Arleen was a native of Garfield. Her parents were Joseph and Mary Novotny.[4][5][6] Her sister was Dorothy Joyce, who would appear in The Blue Bird (1940) and Please Don't Eat the Daisies (1960).[7][4][8]","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Charles R. Rogers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_R._Rogers"},{"link_name":"Paramount","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paramount_Pictures"},{"link_name":"The Star Maker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Star_Maker_(1939_film)"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Our Neighbors – The Carters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Our_Neighbors_%E2%80%93_The_Carters"},{"link_name":"Variety","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variety_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-11"},{"link_name":"The Hollywood Reporter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hollywood_Reporter"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"The Great McGinty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Great_McGinty"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:5-14"},{"link_name":"Warner Bros.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warner_Bros."},{"link_name":"Kings Row","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kings_Row"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-15"},{"link_name":"The Gay Sisters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Gay_Sisters"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:6-16"},{"link_name":"Mrs. Wiggs of the Cabbage Patch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mrs._Wiggs_of_the_Cabbage_Patch_(1942_film)"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:7-17"}],"text":"In 1939, Arleen signed with Charles R. Rogers for a seven-year option for the Paramount film The Star Maker.[9][10] That same year, Arleen, going by the name Mary Thomas, appeared in Our Neighbors – The Carters. A Variety review commented that her performance was \"excellent throughout, especially capable in scenes in which she decides to be adopted by the rich city friends\",[11] and The Hollywood Reporter wrote that she was \"superb\".[12]Arleen appeared as Mary in the 1940 film The Great McGinty.[13][14]In 1942, Arleen portrayed the young Cassandra Tower in the Warner Bros. film Kings Row. A Variety review noted she gave the best performance of the film's child actors.[15] Arleen also appeared as the main character during childhood in The Gay Sisters to a positive review by The Hollywood Reporter,[16] and in Mrs. Wiggs of the Cabbage Patch.[17]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-obit-3"},{"link_name":"Bakersfield, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakersfield,_California"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-obit-3"}],"text":"Arleen married Alvin Baldock and they had one daughter.[18][3]On February 17, 2023, Arleen died in Bakersfield, California.[3]","title":"Personal life and death"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Star Maker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Star_Maker_(1939_film)"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-9"},{"link_name":"Our Neighbors – The Carters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Our_Neighbors_%E2%80%93_The_Carters"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-11"},{"link_name":"The Great McGinty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Great_McGinty"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:5-14"},{"link_name":"Kings Row","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kings_Row"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-15"},{"link_name":"The Gay Sisters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Gay_Sisters"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:6-16"},{"link_name":"Wake Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wake_Island_(film)"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Mrs. Wiggs of the Cabbage Patch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mrs._Wiggs_of_the_Cabbage_Patch_(1942_film)"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:7-17"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"}],"text":"The Star Maker (1939)[9]\nOur Neighbors – The Carters (1939)[11]\nThe Great McGinty (1940)[14]\nKings Row (1942)[15]\nThe Gay Sisters (1942)[16]\nWake Island (1942)[19]\nMrs. Wiggs of the Cabbage Patch (1942)[17][20]","title":"Selected filmography"}]
[]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_Chavez
Ronald Chavez
["1 Career","1.1 Results","2 Personal life","3 References"]
Filipino boxer Ronald ChavezBorn (1969-09-11) September 11, 1969 (age 54)Bantayan Island, CebuStatisticsWeight(s)Featherweight, Lightweight, Light WelterweightHeight1.73 m (5 ft 8 in) Medal record Men's Boxing Representing the  Philippines Asian Amateur Boxing Championships 1992 Bangkok Lightweight Southeast Asian Games 1991 Manila Lightweight 1989 Kuala Lumpur Featherweight 1993 Singapore Light Welterweight Ronald Chavez (born September 11, 1969) is a retired Filipino amateur boxer who competed at the 1992 Summer Olympics and is currently one of the coaches of the Philippine national boxing team. Career Chavez started out as a featherweight, winning a bronze medal at the 1989 Southeast Asian Games in Kuala Lumpur. He eventually moved up to lightweight and captured a gold medal in his division at the 1991 Southeast Asian Games in Manila. Chavez achieved the biggest win of his boxing career at the 1992 Asian Amateur Boxing Championships in Bangkok when he captured the gold medal in the lightweight division after defeating North Korean Yun Yong-chol in the final. The win proved to be special as he also booked a ticket to the 1992 Summer Olympics. Chavez was among six Filipino boxers who competed in Barcelona. He defeated Egypt’s Emil Rizk and Canada’s William Irwin to reach the quarterfinals of the lightweight division where he was knocked out by South Korean Hong Sung-sik. Chavez eventually moved up to light welterweight and won a bronze medal at the 1993 Southeast Asian Games in Singapore. He retired after failing to qualify for the 1996 Summer Olympics. Chavez eventually joined the Philippine national boxing team coaching staff after hanging up his gloves. Results 1992 Summer Olympics Event Round Result Opponent Score Lightweight First Win Emil Rizk 18-10 Second Win William Irwin 8-1 Quarterfinal Loss Hong Sung-sik KO 1 Personal life Ronald Chavez is married to former volleyball player Zenaida Ybanez, with whom he has at least three children. Chavez's brother, Arlo as well as his son Ronald Jr. were also boxers. References ^ Manlosa, Rommel (May 18, 2017). "Olympian laments state of Cebu boxing". Sun Star Cebu. Retrieved February 18, 2018. ^ a b "Ronald Chavez". SR/Olympic Sports. Archived from the original on April 18, 2020. Retrieved August 3, 2016. ^ a b c Henson, Joaquin (August 26, 2004). "RP's rise and fall in Olympic boxing". The Philippine Star. Retrieved August 3, 2016. ^ Angeles, Manny. “Chavez kayoes foe, gains finals.” Manila Standard. 27 August 1989. Retrieved 02 June 2020. ^ a b Henson, Joaquin. “Pinoy pugs to reverse trend?” The Philippine Star. 10 September 2001. Retrieved 01 June 2020. ^ a b Boxing Results ^ “3 RP pugs make it to Barcelona.” Manila Standard. 03 March 1992. Retrieved 03 June 2020. ^ Manicad, Julius (August 1, 2016). "Stronger, Better Dindin?". Volleyverse. Retrieved August 3, 2016. ^ Cordero, Abac (July 7, 2014). "Napoles bags gold for Team Pacman". The Philippine Star. Retrieved August 3, 2016.
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[]
null
[{"reference":"Manlosa, Rommel (May 18, 2017). \"Olympian laments state of Cebu boxing\". Sun Star Cebu. Retrieved February 18, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.sunstar.com.ph/cebu/sports/2017/05/19/olympian-laments-state-cebu-boxing-542694","url_text":"\"Olympian laments state of Cebu boxing\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ronald Chavez\". SR/Olympic Sports. Archived from the original on April 18, 2020. Retrieved August 3, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200418064533/https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/ch/ronald-chavez-1.html","url_text":"\"Ronald Chavez\""},{"url":"https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/ch/ronald-chavez-1.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Henson, Joaquin (August 26, 2004). \"RP's rise and fall in Olympic boxing\". The Philippine Star. Retrieved August 3, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.philstar.com:8080/sports/262658/rp%C2%92s-rise-and-fall-olympic-boxing","url_text":"\"RP's rise and fall in Olympic boxing\""}]},{"reference":"Manicad, Julius (August 1, 2016). \"Stronger, Better Dindin?\". Volleyverse. Retrieved August 3, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://volleyverse.com/volleyball/super-liga/stronger-better-dindin/","url_text":"\"Stronger, Better Dindin?\""}]},{"reference":"Cordero, Abac (July 7, 2014). \"Napoles bags gold for Team Pacman\". The Philippine Star. Retrieved August 3, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.philstar.com:8080/sports/2014/07/07/1343387/napoles-bags-gold-team-pacman","url_text":"\"Napoles bags gold for Team Pacman\""}]}]
[{"Link":"http://www.sunstar.com.ph/cebu/sports/2017/05/19/olympian-laments-state-cebu-boxing-542694","external_links_name":"\"Olympian laments state of Cebu boxing\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200418064533/https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/ch/ronald-chavez-1.html","external_links_name":"\"Ronald Chavez\""},{"Link":"https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/ch/ronald-chavez-1.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.philstar.com:8080/sports/262658/rp%C2%92s-rise-and-fall-olympic-boxing","external_links_name":"\"RP's rise and fall in Olympic boxing\""},{"Link":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=8cBNEdFwSQkC&dat=19890827&printsec=frontpage&hl=en","external_links_name":"“Chavez kayoes foe, gains finals.”"},{"Link":"https://www.philstar.com/sports/2001/09/10/133192/pinoy-pugs-reverse-trend","external_links_name":"“Pinoy pugs to reverse trend?”"},{"Link":"http://amateur-boxing.strefa.pl/","external_links_name":"Boxing Results"},{"Link":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=8cBNEdFwSQkC&dat=19920303&printsec=frontpage&hl=en","external_links_name":"3 RP pugs make it to Barcelona.”"},{"Link":"http://volleyverse.com/volleyball/super-liga/stronger-better-dindin/","external_links_name":"\"Stronger, Better Dindin?\""},{"Link":"http://www.philstar.com:8080/sports/2014/07/07/1343387/napoles-bags-gold-team-pacman","external_links_name":"\"Napoles bags gold for Team Pacman\""}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tait_Communications
Tait Communications
["1 History","2 Technologies and solutions","3 Corporate affairs","3.1 CEO","3.2 Structure","3.3 Corporate recognition","3.4 Offices by location","4 References","5 Further reading","6 External links"]
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Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Tait Communications" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (May 2011) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Tait CommunicationsCompany typeTrust StructureIndustryTechnologyFounded1969HeadquartersChristchurch, New ZealandArea servedWorldwideKey peopleYoram Benit ProductsTwo-way radios Network Systems Public Safety solutions Utility solutions Urban Transport solutionsNumber of employees869 (Worldwide 2011)WebsiteTait Communications Tait Communications is a multinational radio communications company with headquarters based in Christchurch, New Zealand. The company has offices in 17 countries and employs 869 staff (2011). Tait develops voice and data radio technologies, exporting about 95% of products from its Christchurch manufacturing base. Customers include London Buses, Country Fire Authority and Basin Electric Power Cooperative. Competitors include Motorola, Harris Corporation, E.F. Johnson Company, Raytheon, HYT, Selex and EMC spa. History Tait Limited (trading as Tait Communications and formerly known as Tait Electronics Ltd) was founded in 1969 by New Zealand electronics innovator and businessman Sir Angus Tait, KNZM, OBE. The company's founding staff of 12 radio technologists produced the first generation of all-transistor mobile radios in New Zealand. In 1973, Tait released the Mini-phone series of mobile radios, which were adopted as the industry standard in New Zealand. In 1979, Tait launched a range of portable radios and base stations, exporting over 25% of its production. The first wholly owned subsidiary was opened in Huntingdon, UK. In 1982, Tait opened facilities in Houston, United States. In 1988, Tait opened facilities in Brisbane, Australia. In the mid-1980s Tait moved into developing trunking technology. Substantial investment followed in a broad range of trunked products and TaitNet systems based on the open MPT 1327 standard. In 1990, the T800 series of modular base station and repeater equipment was on the market. The T700 series also appeared. In 1992, the T2000 series of mobile radios was released. In 1993, additional offshore subsidiaries were opened and the T3000 series of hand-portables and the Quasi-Sync base station/repeater systems were introduced. In 1994, the first in a series of mobile data despatch products for use with the T2000 radios was launched. In 1996, the T3000 Series II, an enhanced version of the portable series, went to market. In 1997, Tait's T2000 range was updated with the launch of the T2000 Series II. In 1998, Tait released the Orca series of portable radios. Additional base-station and system enhancements followed, including the T1810 single-site trunked channel controller, before the release of Tait's portable radio range, the Tait Orca 5000. In 2003, the release of the 8000 tier of base stations and mobiles replaced the T800 base station and T2000 mobile. In May 2005, Tait launched P25 (Project 25) products based on open standards and open interfaces. In 2008, the TP8100 replaced the Orca portable radio. In 2010, Tait opened facilities in Vienna, Austria. In 2011, Tait opened facilities in Melbourne, Australia and expanded in Beijing, China. (Office in Beijing has been shut down) In 2012, Tait Electronics Ltd changed its name to Tait Limited. In 2014 the regional office in Huntingdon UK was closed and opened office in Milton, Cambridge UK Technologies and solutions P25 (Project 25) DMR (Digital Mobile Radio) MPT 1327 MPT-IP Distribution Automation Network Management Corporate affairs CEO Alan Martyn Gall - General Manager Nov 1992 to Jan 1998 Warren Francis Rickard - Chief Executive - Jan 1998 to May 2001 David Michael Chick - Managing Director - Jun 2001 to Jun 2009 Frank Owen was the CEO of Tait Communications from March 2009 until April 2014. Previously he was the CEO at privately owned Australian company GPC Electronics. In April 2014, David Wade has been appointed as the acting CEO until a replacement for Frank Owen was found. Garry Diack was CEO from September 2014 until June 2021, after having been a director of the board since July 2014. Yoram Benit was made Interim CEO in June 2021, before being confirmed by the board as CEO in January 2022. Structure Sir Angus Tait (founder) established a trust structure for the company to be held in. The company is owned by two trusts: the Contel Charitable Trust and The Tait Foundation. Tait is financially independent and audited annually by PricewaterhouseCoopers. Corporate recognition Tait Communications has received the following awards: Canterbury Champion Supreme Award (2003) Tait partners with the following associations and groups in their industry: Funding and oversight of Wireless Research Centre, located at the NZi3 Innovation Institute, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand Founding member of the DMR Association Member of International Association of Public Transport Associate Member of the Utilities Telecom Council Offices by location Australia – Brisbane, Melbourne Austria – Vienna Brazil - Sao Paulo France - Paris New Zealand – Christchurch Singapore UK - Swavesey - USA – Houston Locations information via Tait website References ^ "New chief exec for Tait Communications". Archived from the original on 24 January 2022. Retrieved 24 January 2022. ^ a b "Sir Angus McMillan Tait, 1919-2007". Archived from the original on 25 May 2010. Retrieved 28 March 2011. ^ "NZ radios keep London buses moving. - Australasian Business Intelligence". Archived from the original on 5 November 2012. Retrieved 14 April 2011. ^ Heather, Ben (6 July 2010). "Tait wins firefighting deal". Stuff.co.nz. Archived from the original on 23 October 2012. Retrieved 16 November 2011. ^ "404 Page – Urgent Comms". Archived from the original on 10 August 2011. Retrieved 14 April 2011. {{cite web}}: Cite uses generic title (help) ^ a b "CANZ Tait Communications Ltd" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 May 2010. ^ "Tait opens new Vienna office | PressReleasePoint". Archived from the original on 9 November 2010. Retrieved 28 March 2011. ^ "Global technology company Tait Radio expands its operations in Victoria - News - Invest Victoria, Melbourne, Australia". Archived from the original on 26 March 2011. Retrieved 28 March 2011. ^ "Tait expands in China with new facility". Archived from the original on 6 September 2012. Retrieved 8 August 2011. ^ a b "Contact our Europe, Middle East and Africa Team- Tait Communications". 9 November 2011. Archived from the original on 25 June 2015. Retrieved 24 June 2015. ^ "Tait Communications Ltd". Archived from the original on 18 December 2022. Retrieved 18 December 2022. ^ http://nz.linkedin.com/pub/frank-owen/6/835/3b6 ^ "Our structure - Tait Communications". 9 November 2011. Archived from the original on 13 June 2015. Retrieved 12 June 2015. ^ https://www.linkedin.com/in/garrydiack ^ "New Chief Exec for Tait Communications". Archived from the original on 24 January 2022. Retrieved 24 January 2022. ^ "NZi3 Partnerships". Archived from the original on 26 January 2011. Retrieved 28 March 2011. ^ "Digital Mobile Radio Association | Supporting over 15 Million users worldwide". Archived from the original on 14 August 2011. Retrieved 28 March 2011. ^ "UITP - International Association of Public Transport". Archived from the original on 2 October 2011. Retrieved 28 March 2011. Further reading The Best is Yet to Come, Tait Radio Communications, by Dave Wilson, et al., 2004 Radio Fidelity – The Story of Angus Tait and an Industry Sparked by Loyalty, by Virginia Green. ISBN 978-0-476-01508-1 External links Tait Communications official site Tait Communications corporate video
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Christchurch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christchurch"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-christchurchcitylibraries.com-2"},{"link_name":"London Buses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Buses"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Country Fire Authority","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Country_Fire_Authority"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Stuff.co.nz_3886660-4"},{"link_name":"Basin Electric Power Cooperative","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basin_Electric_Power_Cooperative"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Motorola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motorola"},{"link_name":"Harris Corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harris_Corporation"},{"link_name":"E.F. Johnson Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E.F._Johnson_Company"},{"link_name":"Raytheon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raytheon"},{"link_name":"HYT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hytera_Communications"}],"text":"Tait Communications is a multinational radio communications company with headquarters based in Christchurch, New Zealand. The company has offices in 17 countries and employs 869 staff (2011). Tait develops voice and data radio technologies, exporting about 95% of products from its Christchurch manufacturing base.[2] Customers include London Buses,[3] Country Fire Authority[4] and Basin Electric Power Cooperative.[5] Competitors include Motorola, Harris Corporation, E.F. Johnson Company, Raytheon, HYT, Selex and EMC spa.","title":"Tait Communications"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Angus Tait","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angus_Tait"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-christchurchcitylibraries.com-2"},{"link_name":"transistor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transistor"},{"link_name":"mobile radios","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_radio"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-victoria.ac.nz-6"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-victoria.ac.nz-6"},{"link_name":"Huntingdon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntingdon"},{"link_name":"Houston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houston"},{"link_name":"Brisbane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brisbane"},{"link_name":"trunking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trunking"},{"link_name":"trunked","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trunked_radio_system"},{"link_name":"MPT 1327","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MPT_1327"},{"link_name":"base station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Base_station"},{"link_name":"trunked","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trunked_radio_system"},{"link_name":"P25","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_25"},{"link_name":"Vienna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vienna"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Melbourne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melbourne"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Beijing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beijing"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-taitradio.com-10"}],"text":"Tait Limited (trading as Tait Communications and formerly known as Tait Electronics Ltd) was founded in 1969 by New Zealand electronics innovator and businessman Sir Angus Tait, KNZM, OBE. The company's founding staff of 12 radio technologists[2] produced the first generation of all-transistor mobile radios in New Zealand.[6]In 1973, Tait released the Mini-phone series of mobile radios, which were adopted as the industry standard in New Zealand.[6]\nIn 1979, Tait launched a range of portable radios and base stations, exporting over 25% of its production. The first wholly owned subsidiary was opened in Huntingdon, UK.\nIn 1982, Tait opened facilities in Houston, United States.\nIn 1988, Tait opened facilities in Brisbane, Australia.\nIn the mid-1980s Tait moved into developing trunking technology. Substantial investment followed in a broad range of trunked products and TaitNet systems based on the open MPT 1327 standard.\nIn 1990, the T800 series of modular base station and repeater equipment was on the market. The T700 series also appeared.\nIn 1992, the T2000 series of mobile radios was released.\nIn 1993, additional offshore subsidiaries were opened and the T3000 series of hand-portables and the Quasi-Sync base station/repeater systems were introduced.\nIn 1994, the first in a series of mobile data despatch products for use with the T2000 radios was launched.\nIn 1996, the T3000 Series II, an enhanced version of the portable series, went to market.\nIn 1997, Tait's T2000 range was updated with the launch of the T2000 Series II.\nIn 1998, Tait released the Orca series of portable radios. Additional base-station and system enhancements followed, including the T1810 single-site trunked channel controller, before the release of Tait's portable radio range, the Tait Orca 5000.\nIn 2003, the release of the 8000 tier of base stations and mobiles replaced the T800 base station and T2000 mobile.\nIn May 2005, Tait launched P25 (Project 25) products based on open standards and open interfaces.\nIn 2008, the TP8100 replaced the Orca portable radio.\nIn 2010, Tait opened facilities in Vienna, Austria.[7]\nIn 2011, Tait opened facilities in Melbourne, Australia[8] and expanded in Beijing, China. (Office in Beijing has been shut down)[9]\nIn 2012, Tait Electronics Ltd changed its name to Tait Limited.\nIn 2014 the regional office in Huntingdon UK was closed and opened office in Milton, Cambridge UK [10]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"P25","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_25"},{"link_name":"Digital Mobile Radio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_Mobile_Radio"},{"link_name":"MPT 1327","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MPT_1327"},{"link_name":"Network Management","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network_Management"}],"text":"P25 (Project 25)\nDMR (Digital Mobile Radio)\nMPT 1327\nMPT-IP\nDistribution Automation\nNetwork Management","title":"Technologies and solutions"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Corporate affairs"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"sub_title":"CEO","text":"Alan Martyn Gall - General Manager Nov 1992 to Jan 1998\nWarren Francis Rickard - Chief Executive - Jan 1998 to May 2001\nDavid Michael Chick - Managing Director - Jun 2001 to Jun 2009 [11]\nFrank Owen was the CEO of Tait Communications from March 2009 until April 2014. Previously he was the CEO at privately owned Australian company GPC Electronics.[12] In April 2014, David Wade has been appointed as the acting CEO until a replacement for Frank Owen was found.\nGarry Diack was CEO from September 2014 until June 2021, after having been a director of the board since July 2014.[13][14]\nYoram Benit was made Interim CEO in June 2021, before being confirmed by the board as CEO in January 2022.[15]","title":"Corporate affairs"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Angus Tait","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angus_Tait"},{"link_name":"PricewaterhouseCoopers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PricewaterhouseCoopers"}],"sub_title":"Structure","text":"Sir Angus Tait (founder) established a trust structure for the company to be held in. The company is owned by two trusts: the Contel Charitable Trust and The Tait Foundation. Tait is financially independent and audited annually by PricewaterhouseCoopers.","title":"Corporate affairs"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"NZi3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NZi3"},{"link_name":"University of Canterbury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Canterbury"},{"link_name":"Christchurch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christchurch"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"DMR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_Mobile_Radio"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"International Association of Public Transport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Association_of_Public_Transport"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"}],"sub_title":"Corporate recognition","text":"Tait Communications has received the following awards:Canterbury Champion Supreme Award (2003)Tait partners with the following associations and groups in their industry:Funding and oversight of Wireless Research Centre, located at the NZi3 Innovation Institute, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand[16]\nFounding member of the DMR Association [17]\nMember of International Association of Public Transport[18]\nAssociate Member of the Utilities Telecom Council","title":"Corporate affairs"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Brisbane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brisbane"},{"link_name":"Melbourne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melbourne"},{"link_name":"Vienna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vienna"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-taitradio.com-10"},{"link_name":"Houston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houston"}],"sub_title":"Offices by location","text":"Australia – Brisbane, Melbourne\nAustria – Vienna\nBrazil - Sao Paulo\nFrance - Paris\nNew Zealand – Christchurch\nSingapore\nUK - Swavesey - [10]\nUSA – Houston\nLocations information via Tait website","title":"Corporate affairs"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-476-01508-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-476-01508-1"}],"text":"The Best is Yet to Come, Tait Radio Communications, by Dave Wilson, et al., 2004\nRadio Fidelity – The Story of Angus Tait and an Industry Sparked by Loyalty, by Virginia Green. ISBN 978-0-476-01508-1","title":"Further reading"}]
[]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soul_and_Body
Soul and Body
["1 The manuscripts","2 Place and time","3 Summary of the poem","4 Religious overtones and their significance","5 See also","6 References","6.1 Sources","7 External links"]
Two anonymous Old English poems This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these template messages) This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Soul and Body" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (December 2007) (Learn how and when to remove this message) This article contains weasel words: vague phrasing that often accompanies biased or unverifiable information. Such statements should be clarified or removed. (March 2009) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Soul and Body refers to two anonymous Old English poems: Soul and Body I, which is found in the Vercelli Book, and Soul and Body II, found in the Exeter Book. It is one of the oldest poems to have survived in two manuscripts of Old English, each version slightly different from the other. Despite their differences (in structure and length, for example), the Soul and Body poems address similar themes. Both versions ask the committed and penitent Christian reader to call to mind his bodily actions on earth in relation to his soul's afterlife. A sense of exigency is found in the poems, imploring the body to live according to the soul's fate and not the desires of the flesh. The manuscripts The two versions of Soul and Body are found in two separate poetry collections. The first is found in the Vercelli manuscript, and is entitled, by modern scholars, Soul and Body I. The other is found in the Exeter manuscript, and is entitled, also by modern scholars, Soul and Body II. Soul and Body I differs from the Exeter version, in that, following the damned soul's address is a parallel address from a blessed soul to its body. Soul and Body II ends after The Damned Soul's address, which consists of 126 lines of verse. Soul and Body I, however, continues with what remains of The Blessed Soul's address, another 40 lines of verse. The Vercelli manuscript seems to be missing several pages and, as a result, The Blessed Soul's address breaks off at line 166 with the word 'þisses'. While the Vercelli version is incomplete, it has been suggested that not much of the poem has been lost (Smetana 195). In Soul and Body I, The Damned Soul's address takes up 85 lines, while The Blessed Soul's address is a mere 31 lines. However, this is not unusual: other works comprising the body-and-soul theme tend to focus more on the damned soul than the blessed soul, with some homilies devoting more than twice the space to the damned soul (Frantzen 84). As is typical, the details of the body's decay are deemphasized in The Blessed Soul's address, which is what makes up the bulk of The Damned Soul's address. Based on these facts, scholars can reasonably assume that the poem is nearly complete. However, it is worth noting that several scholars argue that The Blessed Soul's address is an inferior, later addition by another poet. Peter R. Orton points to lapses in metrical structure and inconsistencies in spelling and punctuation to support this argument. In addition, Douglas Moffat notes that it seems strange that the poet brought the first half of a two-part poem to a fitting conclusion before moving on to the next part, instead of "saving summary comments for the conclusion of the whole" (44). Nevertheless, there is not enough evidence to prove whether The Blessed Soul is a later addition. As for Soul and Body II, S.A.J. Bradley argues that, " position in the Exeter Book is in a group of poems of wisdom, lore and intelligent conceits" (358). Moreover, Soul and Body II is comparable with other like-poems found in the Exeter manuscript such as Deor, and Wulf and Eadwacer. Place and time The author or poet of Soul and Body is unknown; however, as Michael Lapidge points out "several aspects of the poems' eschatology show signs of Irish influence," most significantly the overtly Christian reference to the soul's disapproval of its body's actions, as well as the ultimate destiny for mankind and his soul (425). Thomas D. Hill has come across two passages that support the theory of Irish influence, in reference to the soul's claim that the body will pay for its sins according to each of its 365 joints. The first is from "The Old Irish Table of Penitential Commutations," which states the requirements for rescuing a soul from hell: 365 Paters, 365 genuflections, 65 "blows of the scourge every day for a year, and a fast every month," which "is in proportion to the number of joints and sinews in the human body" (410). Although Hill admits the passage is problematic, it does seem to support the idea that the torment awaiting the damned body will be proportional to its 365 joints. The second is from the medieval Irish version of the Fifteen Tokens of Doomsday, which lists various torments of Hell. The ninth torment states that "locks and fiery bonds" will blaze on "every member and on every separate joint of the sinners" because "in life they did not control those members by penance and by the cross of repentance..." (264). This second passage, Hill states, "provides an Irish instance of 'punishment according to the joints' in an explicitly eschatological context as in the Old English poem" (246). Furthermore, the language of the poem is West Saxon in nature, and lends itself to an "Irish-influenced Mercian literary school" of thought, or the common thought found in the kingdom of Mercia, one of the ancient, Anglo-Saxon kingdoms found in what is now Great Britain (Lapidge 426). Based on language patterns and thematic elements, Soul and Body was most likely copied in the late 9th or early 10th century, "plausibly during the reign of Æthelstan." Summary of the poem Soul and Body is a poem in which the soul addresses its body. It is clear, as Moffat notes, that there is an identifiable first-person speaker throughout the entire poem; the speaker is the damned soul or the saved soul who is addressing his respective earthly body. In Soul and Body II, or The Damned Soul's address in Soul and Body I, the soul has a strong "contempt for the rotting corpse" from which it came (Frantzen 77). The body-and-soul theme, which dates back to the early Christian era, is meant to remind readers what will happen to their soul should they choose to neglect their obligations to God. The soul demands an answer from its body, because as the soul believes, the body is largely, if not completely, responsible for their shared, horrific fate (Ferguson 74). Despite the body being "dumb and deaf" (line 60), the soul reminds its body to plead its case before God at the Last Judgment. Ironically, the body's silence only emphasizes its harsh reality; the body will not be able to speak with God in the final days because of its sinful behavior while alive on earth. Not once, but twice does the soul chastise its body for its "firenlustas" (lines 31 and 41), or literally its "appetite for sin," specifically material wealth and earthly possessions (175). Furthermore, the efforts of the soul—and ultimately the reality of Christ's death and resurrection—have been in vain, since the body has perverted any chance of both the soul and the body enjoying eternal life in heaven. As one can see at the end of the poem, the Christian message of unity and judgment comes full circle, with the modern English translation stating "to every man among the wise this may serve as a reminder." Thus, Soul and Body II, or The Damned Soul's address in Soul and Body I, is the self-judgment of the soul and its condemnation of its body. Soul and Body I then continues with The Blessed Soul's address, in which the saved soul praises the body for its mortification and thanks the body for all that it gave him. Although the soul laments that the body cannot experience all the joys of heaven at the moment, he reminds him that they will be reunited at God's judgment, and then they will be able to enjoy whatever distinctions they receive in heaven. Religious overtones and their significance Critical assessors of Soul and Body agree that the religious theme of the poem is quite obvious; the soul addresses its body in relation to the Final Judgment of both the soul and its body on the last day. The gruesome details of the damned body's state are reminiscent of the medical metaphor, which compares sins to wounds or disease and penance and confession to a cure. For this very reason, the details of the body's decay are passed over in The Blessed Soul's address. While a body must decay, the body of the saved soul already did his penance. Penance in this poem is defined by the practice of fasting. Both the damned soul and the blessed soul imply that the body either did or did not fast. In the former, the soul accuses: Wære þu þe wiste wlanc ond wines sæd, þrymful þunedest ond ic ofþyrsted wæs godes lichoman gastes drynces. You, who were proud of dining and sated with wine, you boasted majestically, and I thirsted for the body of God, for the drink of the spirit. —lines 39–41 The body ignored the soul's need for the body and blood of God, i.e. the Eucharist, and indulged in earthly pleasures. Furthermore, because the damned soul reproaches its body for not repenting, the poem seems to suggest that the body is in control, which goes against traditional beliefs of the soul's superiority. Smetana and other scholars have questioned the unorthodoxy of the theology used in the poem, with some charging the poem with dualism (i.e., the inherent evil of the flesh). However, Frantzen reassesses this apparent inversion of the soul and body hierarchy, arguing that the poem does, in fact, follow normative Christian beliefs because its focus is not on theology, but penitential practice. He states that, while the soul may will repentance, "the body must bear the burden of mortification; if the body does penance it becomes the soul's 'lord' and 'protector' because it ensures the soul's bliss in eternity; and, conversely, if the body refuses to do penance it becomes a tyrant who destroys their union ... and ensures the soul's misery in hell" (Frantzen 81). Additionally, Frantzen points to the homilies of Aelfric and handbooks of penance to illustrate that Soul and Body has much in common with the pastoral teachings of the late Anglo-Saxon period (85). As such, early Christian audiences were very familiar with these themes; the imagery would have had strong implications for them (Ferguson 79). See also The Debate Between a Man and his Soul, Egyptian Middle Kingdom text References ^ Lapidge, p. 426. ^ Krapp, p. 176. ^ Bradley, p. 362. Sources Anderson, James A. “Deor, Wulf and Eadwacer, and The Soul's Address: How and Where the OE Exeter Book Riddles Begin.” The OE Elegies: New Essays in Criticism and Research. (1983): 204–230. Bradley, S.A.J. Anglo-Saxon Poetry. London, UK: Everyman Paperbacks, 1982. Ferguson, Mary Heyward. “The Structure of the Soul’s Address to the Body in OE.” Journal of English and Germanic Philology 69 (1970): 72–80. Foys, Martin et al. Old English Poetry in Facsimile Project, Madison, 2019. Frantzen, Allen J. “The Body in Soul and Body I.” Chaucer Review 17 (1982): 76–88. Hill, Thomas D. “Punishment According to the Joints of the Body in the OE Soul and Body.” Notes and Queries. 213 (1968): 409–410 and 214 (1969): 246. Krapp, George P, and Elliot V.K. Dobbie. The Exeter Book. New York, NY: Columbia University Press, 1936. Lapidge, Michael. The Blackwell Encyclopedia of Anglo-Saxon England. Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishers, 1991. Moffat, Douglas. The Old English Soul and Body. Wolfeboro, NH: Boydell & Brewer, 1990. Pulsiano, Phillip, and Elaine Treharne. A Companion to Anglo-Saxon Literature. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell, 2002. Orton, Peter R. “Disunity in the Vercelli Book ‘Soul and Body.’” Neophilologus 63.3 (1979): 450–460. Orton, Peter R. “The OE ‘Soul and Body’: A Further Examination.” Medium Ævum 48 (1979): 173–197. Smetana, Cyril. “Second Thoughts on Soul and Body I.” Mediaeval Studies. 29 (1967): 193–205. External links "Soul and Body I" is edited and annotated to digital images of its manuscript pages in the Old English Poetry in Facsimile Project: https://oepoetryfacsimile.org "Soul and Body I, Old English" Text "Soul and Body II, Old English" Text "Soul and Body I" Modern English Translation vteOld English poetryPoemsNowell Codex Beowulf Judith Junius MS Genesis A, B Exodus Daniel Christ and Satan Vercelli Book Andreas "The Fates of the Apostles" "Soul and Body I" Dream of the Rood Elene "Homiletic Fragment I" Exeter Book "Christ I" "Christ II" "Christ III" "Guthlac A, B" "Azarias" "The Phoenix" "Juliana" "The Wanderer" "The Gifts of Men" "Precepts" "The Seafarer" "Vainglory" "Widsith" "The Fortunes of Men" "Maxims I" "The Order of the World" "The Rhyming Poem" "The Panther" "The Whale" "The Partridge" "Soul and Body II" "Deor" "Wulf and Eadwacer" Riddles 1–59 "The Wife's Lament" "The Judgment Day I" "Resignation" "The Descent into Hell" "Alms-Giving" "Pharaoh" "The Lord's Prayer I" "Homiletic Fragment II" Riddle 30b Riddle 60 "The Husband's Message" "The Ruin" Riddles 61–95 Metrical charms "Æcerbot" "Against a dwarf" "Against a Wen" "A Journey Charm" "For a Swarm of Bees" "For Loss or Theft of Cattle" "For Delayed Birth" "For Water-Elf Disease" "Nine Herbs Charm" "Wið færstice" Chronicle poems "Battle of Brunanburh" "Capture of the Five Boroughs" "The Coronation of Edgar" "The Death of King Edgar" "The Death of Alfred" "The Death of Edward" "The Rime of King William" Other poems "Metres of Boethius" "Paris Psalter" (BNF MS 8824) "Finnsburh Fragment" "Waldere A, B" "The Battle of Maldon" "Durham" "Rune poem" Solomon and Saturn "The Menologium" "Maxims II" "Proverb from Winfrid's time" "Judgment Day II" "An Exhortation to Christian Living" "A Summons to Prayer" "The Lord's Prayer II" "The Gloria I" "The Lord's Prayer III" "The Creed" "Old English Psalms" (fragments) "The Kentish Hymn" "Psalm 50" "The Gloria II" "A Prayer" "Thureth" "Aldhelm" "The Seasons for Fasting" Cædmon's "Hymn" "Bede's Death Song" "Leiden Riddle" "Latin-English Proverbs" Metrical Preface and Epilogue to Alfred's Hierdeboc Metrical Preface to Wærferth's translation of the Dialogues Metrical Epilogue to CCCC MS 41 Brussels Cross Ruthwell Cross Poets Aldhelm Cædmon Cynewulf Other Alliterative verse Beasts of battle Kennings On Translating Beowulf Scop
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Old English","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_English"},{"link_name":"Vercelli Book","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vercelli_Book"},{"link_name":"Exeter Book","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exeter_Book"}],"text":"Soul and Body refers to two anonymous Old English poems: Soul and Body I, which is found in the Vercelli Book, and Soul and Body II, found in the Exeter Book. It is one of the oldest poems to have survived in two manuscripts of Old English, each version slightly different from the other. Despite their differences (in structure and length, for example), the Soul and Body poems address similar themes. Both versions ask the committed and penitent Christian reader to call to mind his bodily actions on earth in relation to his soul's afterlife. A sense of exigency is found in the poems, imploring the body to live according to the soul's fate and not the desires of the flesh.","title":"Soul and Body"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Deor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deor"},{"link_name":"Wulf and Eadwacer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wulf_and_Eadwacer"}],"text":"The two versions of Soul and Body are found in two separate poetry collections. The first is found in the Vercelli manuscript, and is entitled, by modern scholars, Soul and Body I. The other is found in the Exeter manuscript, and is entitled, also by modern scholars, Soul and Body II. Soul and Body I differs from the Exeter version, in that, following the damned soul's address is a parallel address from a blessed soul to its body. Soul and Body II ends after The Damned Soul's address, which consists of 126 lines of verse. Soul and Body I, however, continues with what remains of The Blessed Soul's address, another 40 lines of verse. The Vercelli manuscript seems to be missing several pages and, as a result, The Blessed Soul's address breaks off at line 166 with the word 'þisses'.While the Vercelli version is incomplete, it has been suggested that not much of the poem has been lost (Smetana 195). In Soul and Body I, The Damned Soul's address takes up 85 lines, while The Blessed Soul's address is a mere 31 lines. However, this is not unusual: other works comprising the body-and-soul theme tend to focus more on the damned soul than the blessed soul, with some homilies devoting more than twice the space to the damned soul (Frantzen 84). As is typical, the details of the body's decay are deemphasized in The Blessed Soul's address, which is what makes up the bulk of The Damned Soul's address. Based on these facts, scholars can reasonably assume that the poem is nearly complete.However, it is worth noting that several scholars argue that The Blessed Soul's address is an inferior, later addition by another poet. Peter R. Orton points to lapses in metrical structure and inconsistencies in spelling and punctuation to support this argument. In addition, Douglas Moffat notes that it seems strange that the poet brought the first half of a two-part poem to a fitting conclusion before moving on to the next part, instead of \"saving summary comments for the conclusion of the whole\" (44). Nevertheless, there is not enough evidence to prove whether The Blessed Soul is a later addition.As for Soul and Body II, S.A.J. Bradley argues that, \"[Soul and Body II's] position in the Exeter Book is in a group of poems of wisdom, lore and intelligent conceits\" (358). Moreover, Soul and Body II is comparable with other like-poems found in the Exeter manuscript such as Deor, and Wulf and Eadwacer.","title":"The manuscripts"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Michael Lapidge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Lapidge"},{"link_name":"Æthelstan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%86thelstan"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"The author or poet of Soul and Body is unknown; however, as Michael Lapidge points out \"several aspects of the poems' eschatology show signs of Irish influence,\" most significantly the overtly Christian reference to the soul's disapproval of its body's actions, as well as the ultimate destiny for mankind and his soul (425). Thomas D. Hill has come across two passages that support the theory of Irish influence, in reference to the soul's claim that the body will pay for its sins according to each of its 365 joints. The first is from \"The Old Irish Table of Penitential Commutations,\" which states the requirements for rescuing a soul from hell: 365 Paters, 365 genuflections, 65 \"blows of the scourge every day for a year, and a fast every month,\" which \"is in proportion to the number of joints and sinews in the human body\" (410). Although Hill admits the passage is problematic, it does seem to support the idea that the torment awaiting the damned body will be proportional to its 365 joints. The second is from the medieval Irish version of the Fifteen Tokens of Doomsday, which lists various torments of Hell. The ninth torment states that \"locks and fiery bonds\" will blaze on \"every member and on every separate joint of the sinners\" because \"in life they did not control those members by penance and by the cross of repentance...\" (264). This second passage, Hill states, \"provides an Irish instance of 'punishment according to the joints' in an explicitly eschatological context as in the Old English poem\" (246).Furthermore, the language of the poem is West Saxon in nature, and lends itself to an \"Irish-influenced Mercian literary school\" of thought, or the common thought found in the kingdom of Mercia, one of the ancient, Anglo-Saxon kingdoms found in what is now Great Britain (Lapidge 426). Based on language patterns and thematic elements, Soul and Body was most likely copied in the late 9th or early 10th century, \"plausibly during the reign of Æthelstan.\"[1]","title":"Place and time"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Soul and Body is a poem in which the soul addresses its body. It is clear, as Moffat notes, that there is an identifiable first-person speaker throughout the entire poem; the speaker is the damned soul or the saved soul who is addressing his respective earthly body. In Soul and Body II, or The Damned Soul's address in Soul and Body I, the soul has a strong \"contempt for the rotting corpse\" from which it came (Frantzen 77). The body-and-soul theme, which dates back to the early Christian era, is meant to remind readers what will happen to their soul should they choose to neglect their obligations to God. The soul demands an answer from its body, because as the soul believes, the body is largely, if not completely, responsible for their shared, horrific fate (Ferguson 74). Despite the body being \"dumb and deaf\" (line 60), the soul reminds its body to plead its case before God at the Last Judgment.[2]Ironically, the body's silence only emphasizes its harsh reality; the body will not be able to speak with God in the final days because of its sinful behavior while alive on earth. Not once, but twice does the soul chastise its body for its \"firenlustas\" (lines 31 and 41), or literally its \"appetite for sin,\" specifically material wealth and earthly possessions (175). Furthermore, the efforts of the soul—and ultimately the reality of Christ's death and resurrection—have been in vain, since the body has perverted any chance of both the soul and the body enjoying eternal life in heaven. As one can see at the end of the poem, the Christian message of unity and judgment comes full circle, with the modern English translation stating \"to every man among the wise this may serve as a reminder.\"[3] Thus, Soul and Body II, or The Damned Soul's address in Soul and Body I, is the self-judgment of the soul and its condemnation of its body.Soul and Body I then continues with The Blessed Soul's address, in which the saved soul praises the body for its mortification and thanks the body for all that it gave him. Although the soul laments that the body cannot experience all the joys of heaven at the moment, he reminds him that they will be reunited at God's judgment, and then they will be able to enjoy whatever distinctions they receive in heaven.","title":"Summary of the poem"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Critical assessors of Soul and Body agree that the religious theme of the poem is quite obvious; the soul addresses its body in relation to the Final Judgment of both the soul and its body on the last day. The gruesome details of the damned body's state are reminiscent of the medical metaphor, which compares sins to wounds or disease and penance and confession to a cure. For this very reason, the details of the body's decay are passed over in The Blessed Soul's address. While a body must decay, the body of the saved soul already did his penance.Penance in this poem is defined by the practice of fasting. Both the damned soul and the blessed soul imply that the body either did or did not fast. In the former, the soul accuses:The body ignored the soul's need for the body and blood of God, i.e. the Eucharist, and indulged in earthly pleasures.Furthermore, because the damned soul reproaches its body for not repenting, the poem seems to suggest that the body is in control, which goes against traditional beliefs of the soul's superiority. Smetana and other scholars have questioned the unorthodoxy of the theology used in the poem, with some charging the poem with dualism (i.e., the inherent evil of the flesh). However, Frantzen reassesses this apparent inversion of the soul and body hierarchy, arguing that the poem does, in fact, follow normative Christian beliefs because its focus is not on theology, but penitential practice. He states that, while the soul may will repentance, \"the body must bear the burden of mortification; if the body does penance it becomes the soul's 'lord' and 'protector' because it ensures the soul's bliss in eternity; and, conversely, if the body refuses to do penance it becomes a tyrant who destroys their union ... and ensures the soul's misery in hell\" (Frantzen 81).Additionally, Frantzen points to the homilies of Aelfric and handbooks of penance to illustrate that Soul and Body has much in common with the pastoral teachings of the late Anglo-Saxon period (85). As such, early Christian audiences were very familiar with these themes; the imagery would have had strong implications for them (Ferguson 79).","title":"Religious overtones and their significance"}]
[]
[{"title":"The Debate Between a Man and his Soul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dispute_between_a_man_and_his_Ba"}]
[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Districts_of_Libya
Districts of Libya
["1 Etymology","2 Districts (Shabiya)","2.1 22 districts (2007)","2.2 32 districts (2001)","2.3 26 districts (1998)","2.4 13 districts (1995)","3 Former baladiya","4 Evolution","5 See also","6 Notes","7 External links"]
"Shabiyah" redirects here. For the genre of Arabic popular epic, see Sīra shaʿbiyya. First-level administrative subdivisions of the State of Libya Politics of Libya Member State of the Arab League Constitution 2017 draft constitution 2011 Constitutional Declaration (Basic Law) 1977 People's Authority 1969 Constitution 1951 Constitution Executive Presidential Council (in Tripoli) Chairman: Mohamed al-Menfi Government of National Unity (in Tripoli) Prime Minister: Abdul Hamid Dbeibeh Government of National Stability (in Tobruk) Prime Minister: Osama Hammad (acting) Legislature High Council of State Chairman: Khalid al-Mishri House of Representatives Chairman: Aguila Saleh Issa Judiciary Supreme Judicial Council of Libya Supreme Court Courts of Appeal Courts of First Instance Administrative divisions Districts Elections Recent elections Presidential: next Parliamentary: 2014next Constitutional: 2014 Municipal: 20142019–21 Political parties Foreign relations Ministry of Foreign Affairs Minister: Najla Mangoush Diplomatic missions of / in Libya Passport Visa requirements Visa policy Libya portal Other countries vte In Libya there are currently 106 districts, second level administrative subdivisions known in Arabic as baladiyat (singular baladiyah). The number has varied since 2013 between 99 and 108. The first level administrative divisions in Libya are currently the governorates (muhafazat), which have yet to be formally deliniated, but which were originally tripartite as: Tripolitania in the northwest, Cyrenaica in the east, and Fezzan in the southwest; and later divided into ten governorates. Prior to 2013 there were twenty-two first level administrative subdivisions known by the term shabiyah (Arabic singular شعبية šaʿbiyya, plural šaʿbiyyāt) which constituted the districts of Libya. In the 1990s the shabiyat had replaced an older baladiyat system. Historically the area of Libya was considered three provinces (or states), Tripolitania in the northwest, Cyrenaica in the east, and Fezzan in the southwest. It was the conquest by Italy in the Italo-Turkish War that united them in a single political unit. Under the Italians Libya was eventually divided into four provinces and one territory: Tripoli, Misrata, Benghazi, Derna, (in the north) and the Territory of the Libyan Sahara (in the south). After the French and British occupied Libya in 1943, it was again split into three provinces: Tripolitania in the northwest, Cyrenaica in the east, and Fezzan-Ghadames in the southwest. Article 176 of the 1951 constitution of Libya stated "The Kingdom of Libya shall be divided into administrative units in conformity with the law to be promulgated in this connection. Local and regional councils may be formed in the Kingdom. The extent of these units shall be determined by law which shall likewise organize these Councils." in exact quote. After independence (1951), Libya was divided into three governorates (muhafazat), matching the three provinces of before, but in 1963 it was divided into ten governorates. In 1983 a new system was introduced dividing the country into forty-six districts (baladiyat). In 1987 this was reduced to twenty-five districts. On 2 August 1995, Libya reorganized into thirteen districts (shabiyat). In 1998 this was increased to 26 shabiyat districts. In 2001 it was increased to thirty-two districts plus three administrative regions. Finally in 2007 it was reduced to twenty-two districts. For historical evolution see also: Subdivisions of Libya. Libyan districts were further subdivided into Basic People's Congresses which act as townships or boroughs until 2011. Etymology The term شعبية in Arabic can mean both "popularity" or "That that is of the people" or more simply "pertaining to the people". The second meaning was used by the Libyan government to refer to the districts of Libya, in tandem with the general ideology of the state. Sha'biyat in Libya are the highest administrative level. A lower level, equivalent to a county, exists and divides each Shabiyah into smaller entities. The term was new and exclusive to Libya, in line with exclusive terms for republic (jamahiriya), ministry (amanah) and embassy (people's-bureau)—all of which are different from what is used throughout Arabic-speaking countries, including even Libya itself before its adoption of the neology. Districts (Shabiya) Shabiyah (Arabic: شعبية šaʿbiyyah, plural: شعبيات šaʿbiyyāt) is a neologism exclusive to Libya under Gaddafi, in line with exclusive terms for republic (jamahiriya), ministry (amanah) and embassy (people's-bureau). The term basically means a district, that is, a top level administrative division. Etymologically, it is an adjective meaning "of or pertaining to the people, popular". 22 districts (2007) In 2007 the twenty-two districts (shabiya) replaced the older thirty-two district system. The list is as following: The current twenty-two district system in Libya (since 2007) Map no. Name English transliteration Area (km2) Population (2006) Population (2020) Density (2020 in km2) Cyrenaica 1 البطنان Al Butnan 84,996 159,536 195,088 2.3 2 درنة Darnah 31,511 163,351 201,639 6.4 3 الجبل الاخضر Al Jabal al Akhdar 11,429 203,156 250,020 21.9 4 المرج Al Marj 13,515 185,848 286,045 21.2 5 بنغازي Banghazi 11,372 670,797 807,255 71.0 6 الواحات Al Wahat 103,143 177,047 213,728 20.3 7 الكفرة Al Kufrah 453,161 50,104 55,495 0.1 Tripolitania 8 سرت Surt 77,660 193,720 170,869 2.2 9 مصراتة Misrata 29,172 550,938 663,853 22.8 10 المرقب Marqab 6,796 432,202 532,227 78.3 11 طرابلس Tarabulus 2,666 1,065,405 1,293,016 485.0 12 الجفارة Al Jafarah 835 453,198 548,855 657.3 13 الزاوية Az Zawiyah 2,753 290,993 351,306 127.6 14 النقاط الخمس An Nuqat al Khams 6,089 287,662 349,755 57.4 15 الجبل الغربي Al Jabal al Gharbi 76,717 304,159 374,911 4.9 16 نالوت Nalut 67,191 93,224 113,886 1.7 Fezzan 17 الجفرة Al Jufrah 117,410 52,342 60,853 0.5 18 وادي الشاطئ Wadi ash Shati' 97,160 78,532 95,294 1.0 19 سبها Sabha 15,330 134,162 153,454 1.4 20 وادي الحياة Wadi al Hayat 31,485 76,858 91,749 2.9 21 غات Ghat 68,482 23,518 27,675 0.4 22 مرزق Murzuq 356,308 78,621 94,088 0.3 32 districts (2001) The 2001 reorganization of Libya into districts (shabiya) resulted in thirty-two districts and three administrative regions (المنطقة الإدارية): The old thirty-two shabiyat system in Libya (2001–2007) بلدية Sha'biyah Population Area(km2) Number(on map) إجدابيا Ajdabiya 165,839 91,620 1 البطنان Butnan 144,527 83,860 2 الحزام الاخضر Hizam al Akhdar 108,860 12,800 3 الجبل الاخضر Jabal al Akhdar 194,185 7,800 4 الجفارة Jafara 289,340 1,940 5 الجفرة Jufra 45,117 117,410 6 الكفرة Kufra 51,433 483,510 7 المرج Marj 116,318 10,000 8 المرقب Murqub 328,292 3,000 9 زوارة Nuqat al Khams 208,954 5,250 10 القبة Quba 93,895 14,722 11 الواحات Al Wahat 29,257 108,670 12 الزاوية Zawiya 197,177 1,520 13 بنغازي Benghazi 636,992 800 14 بنى وليد Bani Walid 77,424 19,710 15 درنة Derna 81,174 4,908 16 غات Ghat 22,770 72,700 17 غدامس Ghadames 19,000 51,750 18 غريان Gharyan 161,408 4,660 19 مرزق Murzuq 68,718 349,790 20 مزدة Mizda 41,476 72,180 21 مصراتة Misrata 360,521 2,770 22 نالوت Nalut 86,801 13,300 23 تاجوراء والنواحي الأربع Tajura wa Arba‘ 267,031 1,430 24 ترهونة و مسلاته Tarhuna wa Msalata 296,092 5,840 25 طرابلس Tripoli 882,926 400 26 سبها Sabha 126,610 15,330 27 سرت Sirte 156,389 77,660 28 صبراته و صرمان Sabratha wa Sorman 152,521 1,370 29 وادي الحياة Wadi al Hayaa 72,587 31,890 30 وادي الشاطئ Wadi al Shatii 77,203 97,160 31 يفرن Yafran 117,647 9,310 32 The three administrative regions are missing from the above map, Qatrun, Marada, and Jaghbub 26 districts (1998) In 1998 Libya was reorganized into twenty-six districts which were: Butnan, Jafara, Jufra, Kufra, Marj, Murqub, Quba, Al Wahat, Bani Walid, Benghazi, Derna, Gharyan, Jabal al Akhdar, Murzuq, Misrata, Nalut, Nuqat al Khams, Sabha, Sabrata/Sorman, Sirte, Tarhuna/Msalata, Tripoli, Wadi al Hayaa, Wadi al Shatii, Yafran, and Zawiya 13 districts (1995) On 2 August 1995 Libya dropped the baladiyat system and reorganized into thirteen districts (shabiyat). Among them were Butnan (formerly Tobruk), Jabal al Akhdar, Jabal al Gharbi, Zawiya, Benghazi, and Tripoli. However, there is not agreement about the other seven names. Former baladiya Baladiyah (singular) or baladiyat (plural), are Arabic words used in many Arab countries to denote administrative divisions of the country. In Libya, the baladiyat system of districts was introduced in 1983 to replace the governorate system. Originally there were forty-six baladiyat districts, but in 1988 that number was reduced to twenty-five baladiyat. The table hereunder lists the old twenty-five baladiyat in alphabetical order with a link to each one and numbered to be located on the map. Note that each district linked may be both a baladiyah and a shabiyah. The many changes may not always be reflected in the article. 1 Ajdabiya 2 ‘Aziziya 3 Butnan 4 Fati 5 Jabal al Akhdar 6 Jufra 7 Khoms 8 Kufra 9 Nuqat al Khams 10 Wadi al Shatii 11 Ubari 12 Zawiya 13 Benghazi 14 Derna 15 Ghadames 16 Gharyan 17 Misrata 18 Murzuq 19 Sabha 20 Sawfajjin 21 Sirte 22 Tripoli 23 Tarhuna 24 Yafran 25 Zlitan Map showing subdivision of former governorates into the 25 baladiya Evolution شعبية / بلدية Name 2007 (22) 2001 (32) Name in 1998 (26) 1995 (13) 1988 (25) Capital إجدابيا Ajdabiya District x x Ajdabiya البطنان Butnan District (Tobruk in 1995, from 1988 Tobruk District) x x Batan x Tobruk Tobruk الحزام الاخضر Hizam al Akhdar District x Aybar الجبل الاخضر Jabal al Akhdar x x Jabal al Akhdar x x Bayda الجبل الغربي Jabal al Gharbi District x x Gharyan الجغبوب Jaghbub Administrative Region AR Administrative Region الجفارة Jafara (from 1988 'Aziziya District) x x Jafara 'Aziziya 'Aziziya الجفرة Jufra District x x Jufra 4 x Hun الكفرة Kufra District x x Kufra 5 x Al Jawf المرج Marj District (1983–1988 Fati District) x x Marj Fati Marj, Barca in antiquity المرقب Murqub District (Morqib) (from 1995 & 1988 Khoms District) x x Murqub 5 Khoms Khoms القطرون Qatrun Administrative Region AR Administrative Region القبة Quba District x Quba Quba, or Giovanni Berta الواحات Al Wahat District (Waha in 1995) x x Wahad 4 Ajdabiya (cf. Ajdabiya District) الوسطى Wusta 4 النقاط الخمس Nuqat al Khams (Nikat al Khums in 1995) x x Nikat al Khams 5 x Zuwara أوباري Awbari District 5a x Ubari الزاوية Zawiya District x x Zawiya x x Zawiya بني وليد Bani Walid District (from 1988 Sawfajjin District) x Bani Walid Bani Walid بنغازي Benghazi x x Benghazi x x Benghazi درنة Derna District x x Derna x Derna فزان Fezzan (or Fazzan) 4 Sabha غدامس Ghadames District x x Ghadames غريان Gharyan District x Gharyan x Gharyan غات Ghat District (from 1988 Ubari) x x Ghat مرادة Marada Administrative Region AR Administrative Region مصراتة Misrata District (includes 1988 Bani Walid District and Zlitan District) x x Misrata 4 x Misrata مزدة Mizda District x Mizda مرزق Murzuq District (Marzug in 1995) x x Murzaq 5 x Murzuk النقازة Naggaza 4 نالوت Nalut District x x Nalout Nalut سبها Sabha District x x Sabha 5 x Sabha صبراته و صرمان Sabratha wa Sorman District x Sabratha & Sorman سوف الجين Sawfajjin District 4 x Bani Walid سرت Sirte District (Khalij Sirte in 1995) x x Sirte 5 x Sirte تاجوراء والنواحي الأربع Tajura wa Arba‘ District x Tajura طرابلس Tripoli District x x Tripoli x x Tripoli ترهونة و مسلاته Tarhuna wa Msalata District (from 1988 Tarhuna District) x Tarhuna & Msalata Tarhuna Tarhuna وادي الحياة Wadi al Hayaa District (1995 Wadi al Hait?, from 1988 Ubari) x x Wadi al Hait? 5b وادي الشاطئ Wadi al Shatii District (Shati' in 1988) x x Wadi al Shaati Shati' Adiri or Brak يفرن Yafran District (Yifren) x Yefrin x Yafran زليتن Zlitan District x Zliten For 1995 data, and are the two different sources mentioned in the bibliography: "The Europa World Year Book 2001" and "Ershiyi (21) Shiji Shijie Diming Lu", Beijing, 2001. For 1988, name is provided if different from nowadays. As said above, AR stands for the three "Administrative Region" of 2001. Fazzan wasn't strictly a district, but a historical muhafazah or wilayah along with Tripolitania (capital Tripoli) and Cyrenaica (capital Cyrene -near nowadays Shahhat- with Diocletian, moved to Ptolemais after the earthquake of 365, and to Barce -nowadays Barca- with Omer Bin Khattab in 643). See also FIPS region codes of Libya ISO 3166-2:LY List of cities in Libya Subdivisions of Libya Notes ^ "Baladiyat" (in Arabic). Central Committee for the election of baladiyah councils. Archived from the original on 28 December 2021. ^ "Baladiyat" (in Arabic). Archived from the original on 25 January 2021.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link) ^ "اسماء البلديات" (in Arabic). اللجنة المركزية لانتخاب المجالس البلدية . 26 March 2015. Archived from the original on 13 December 2015. ^ Vandewalle, Dirk (2015). "Libya's Uncertain Revolution". In Cole, Peter; McQuin, Brian (eds.). The Libyan Revolution and its Aftermath. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press. p. 35. ISBN 978-0-19-025733-0. ^ Ross, Simona; Wolff, Stefan; Marc, Alexandre (26 January 2021). "Building peace through subnational governance: The case of Libya". Brookings Institution. ^ Pan, Chia-Lin (1949) "The Population of Libya" Population Studies, 3(1): pp. 100–125, p. 104 ^ "Map of Libya 1943–1951" Zentrale für Unterrichtsmedien ^ شعبيات الجماهيرية العظمى – Sha'biyat of Great Jamahiriya Archived December 20, 2008, at the Wayback Machine, accessed 10 May 2009, in Arabic ^ :"Libya population statistics" (in English and Arabic). Geohive. Archived from the original on 15 October 2009. Retrieved 30 October 2009. ^ a b c d "Districts of Libya". Statoids.com. Retrieved 7 November 2010. ^ Libyan General Information Authority Archived 2011-02-24 at the Wayback Machine accessed 22 July 2009 ^ Bureau of Statistics and Census Libya (website). ^ "الشعبيات بالجماهيرية" ("Districts of Libya") Website of the General People's Committee of Libya, from WebArchive dated 30 August 2006 ^ "Districts of Libya:Alqtron Tjrhi" Website of the General People's Committee of Libya, in Arabic, from Web Archive dated 30 August 2006 ^ "Districts of Libya:Mradq" Website of the General People's Committee of Libya, in Arabic, from Web Archive dated 30 August 2006 ^ "Districts of Libya:Aljgbob" Website of the General People's Committee of Libya, in Arabic, from Web Archive dated 30 August 2006 ^ "Libya" 2006 Statesman's Yearbook ^ "Districts of Libya". statoids.com. Retrieved 27 October 2009. and German wikipedia ^ Spanish, Italian, Polish and Portuguese wikipedias External links Look up شعبية in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Historical population data by district from Universiteitsbibliotheek Utrecht (Library, University of Utrecht), retrieved by WebArchive. Administrative Map of Libya – Nations Online Project vteDistricts of Libya since 2007 Benghazi Butnan Derna Ghat Jabal al Akhdar Jabal al Gharbi Jafara Jufra Kufra Marj Misrata Murqub Murzuq Nalut Nuqat al Khams Sabha Sirte Tripoli Wadi al Hayaa Wadi al Shatii Al Wahat Zawiya vteDistricts of Libya 2001–2007 Ajdabiya Bani Walid Benghazi Butnan Derna Ghat Ghadames Gharyan Hizam al Akhdar Jabal al Akhdar Jafara Jufra Kufra Marj Misrata Mizda Murqub Murzuq Nalut Nuqat al Khams Quba Sabha Sabratha & Sorman Sirte Tajura & Arba‘ Tarhuna & Msalata Tripoli Wadi al Hayaa Wadi al Shatii Al Wahat Yafran Zawiya vteAdministrative seats of the districts of Libya Ajdabiya Al Jawf ‘Aziziya Beida Benghazi Brak Derna Gharian Ghat Hun Khoms Marj Misrata Murzuk Nalut Sebha Sirte Tripoli Tobruk Ubari Zawiya Zuwara vteLibya History Ancient Roman Islamic Tripolitania and Cyrenaica Spanish Tripoli Hospitaller Tripoli Ottoman Italian colonization Italian Tripolitania Italian Cyrenaica Italian Libya Libyan genocide The Holocaust Allied occupation Kingdom Libya under Gaddafi State of Libya Libyan Crisis 2011 2014–2020 Geography Borders Cities Climate Districts Ecoregions Libyan Desert Municipalities Subdivisions Wildlife Politics Constitution Elections Foreign relations Foreign relations under Gaddafi Government of National Accord Government of National Unity Presidential Council Head of state Head of government High Council of State House of Representatives Military Human rights LGBT Economy Agriculture Central Bank Communications Companies Dinar (currency) Energy Great Man-Made River National Oil Corporation Oil reserves Tourism Transport Culture Demographics Education Health Libyan Arabic Literature Media Music Public holidays Religion Sports Football Olympics Women OutlineIndex Category Portal vteHistorical regions of Libya Cyrenaica Fezzan Tripolitania Subdivisions Provinces Governorates Districts Baladiyat vteArticles on first-level administrative divisions of African countries Algeria Angola Benin Botswana Burkina Faso Burundi Cameroon Cape Verde Central African Republic Chad Comoros Democratic Republic of the Congo Republic of the Congo Côte d'Ivoire (Ivory Coast) Djibouti Egypt Equatorial Guinea Eritrea Eswatini Ethiopia Gabon The Gambia Ghana Guinea Guinea-Bissau Kenya Lesotho Liberia Libya Madagascar Malawi Mali Mauritania Mauritius Morocco Mozambique Namibia Niger Nigeria Rwanda São Tomé and Príncipe Senegal Seychelles Sierra Leone Somalia Somaliland South Africa South Sudan Sudan Tanzania Togo Tunisia Uganda Western Sahara Zambia Zimbabwe Table of administrative country subdivisions by country
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sīra shaʿbiyya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C4%ABra_sha%CA%BFbiyya"},{"link_name":"baladiyat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baladiyat_of_Libya"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Tripolitania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tripolitania"},{"link_name":"Cyrenaica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyrenaica"},{"link_name":"Fezzan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fezzan"},{"link_name":"ten governorates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governorates_of_Libya"},{"link_name":"Arabic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_language"},{"link_name":"Libya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libya"},{"link_name":"baladiyat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baladiyat"},{"link_name":"Tripolitania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tripolitania"},{"link_name":"Cyrenaica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyrenaica"},{"link_name":"Fezzan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fezzan"},{"link_name":"Italo-Turkish War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italo-Turkish_War"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Tripolitania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tripolitania"},{"link_name":"Cyrenaica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyrenaica"},{"link_name":"Fezzan-Ghadames","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fezzan-Ghadames"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"1951 constitution of Libya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Libya_(1951)"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"governorates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governorates_of_Libya"},{"link_name":"muhafazat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhafazah"},{"link_name":"baladiyat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baladiyat"},{"link_name":"shabiyat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shabiyah"},{"link_name":"Subdivisions of Libya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subdivisions_of_Libya"},{"link_name":"Basic People's Congresses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basic_People%27s_Congress_(administrative_division)"},{"link_name":"townships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Township"},{"link_name":"boroughs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borough"}],"text":"\"Shabiyah\" redirects here. For the genre of Arabic popular epic, see Sīra shaʿbiyya.First-level administrative subdivisions of the State of LibyaIn Libya there are currently 106 districts, second level administrative subdivisions known in Arabic as baladiyat (singular baladiyah).[1] The number has varied since 2013 between 99[2] and 108.[3] The first level administrative divisions in Libya are currently the governorates (muhafazat), which have yet to be formally deliniated,[4][5] but which were originally tripartite as: Tripolitania in the northwest, Cyrenaica in the east, and Fezzan in the southwest; and later divided into ten governorates.Prior to 2013 there were twenty-two first level administrative subdivisions known by the term shabiyah (Arabic singular شعبية šaʿbiyya, plural šaʿbiyyāt) which constituted the districts of Libya. In the 1990s the shabiyat had replaced an older baladiyat system.Historically the area of Libya was considered three provinces (or states), Tripolitania in the northwest, Cyrenaica in the east, and Fezzan in the southwest. It was the conquest by Italy in the Italo-Turkish War that united them in a single political unit. Under the Italians Libya was eventually divided into four provinces and one territory: Tripoli, Misrata, Benghazi, Derna, (in the north) and the Territory of the Libyan Sahara (in the south).[6] After the French and British occupied Libya in 1943, it was again split into three provinces: Tripolitania in the northwest, Cyrenaica in the east, and Fezzan-Ghadames in the southwest.[7]Article 176 of the 1951 constitution of Libya stated \"The Kingdom of Libya shall be divided into administrative units in conformity with the law to be promulgated in this connection. Local and regional councils may be formed in the Kingdom. The extent of these units shall be determined by law which shall likewise organize these Councils.\" in exact quote.[citation needed]After independence (1951), Libya was divided into three governorates (muhafazat), matching the three provinces of before, but in 1963 it was divided into ten governorates. In 1983 a new system was introduced dividing the country into forty-six districts (baladiyat). In 1987 this was reduced to twenty-five districts.On 2 August 1995, Libya reorganized into thirteen districts (shabiyat). In 1998 this was increased to 26 shabiyat districts. In 2001 it was increased to thirty-two districts plus three administrative regions. Finally in 2007 it was reduced to twenty-two districts.For historical evolution see also: Subdivisions of Libya.Libyan districts were further subdivided into Basic People's Congresses which act as townships or boroughs until 2011.","title":"Districts of Libya"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"jamahiriya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamahiriya"}],"text":"The term شعبية in Arabic can mean both \"popularity\" or \"That that is of the people\" or more simply \"pertaining to the people\". The second meaning was used by the Libyan government to refer to the districts of Libya, in tandem with the general ideology of the state. Sha'biyat in Libya are the highest administrative level. A lower level, equivalent to a county, exists and divides each Shabiyah into smaller entities.The term was new and exclusive to Libya, in line with exclusive terms for republic (jamahiriya), ministry (amanah) and embassy (people's-bureau)—all of which are different from what is used throughout Arabic-speaking countries, including even Libya itself before its adoption of the neology.","title":"Etymology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Arabic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_language"},{"link_name":"neologism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neologism"},{"link_name":"Libya under Gaddafi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libya_under_Gaddafi"},{"link_name":"jamahiriya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamahiriya"}],"text":"Shabiyah (Arabic: شعبية šaʿbiyyah, plural: شعبيات šaʿbiyyāt) is a neologism exclusive to Libya under Gaddafi, in line with exclusive terms for republic (jamahiriya), ministry (amanah) and embassy (people's-bureau).\nThe term basically means a district, that is, a top level administrative division. Etymologically, it is an adjective meaning \"of or pertaining to the people, popular\".","title":"Districts (Shabiya)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GPCO-shabiya-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-statoids-10"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Libyan_Shabiat_2007_with_numbers.svg"}],"sub_title":"22 districts (2007)","text":"In 2007 the twenty-two districts (shabiya) replaced the older thirty-two district system.[8][9][10]The list is as following:The current twenty-two district system in Libya (since 2007)","title":"Districts (Shabiya)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Libya_Municipalities_2001-2007.svg"},{"link_name":"Qatrun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qatrun"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Marada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marada,_Libya"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Jaghbub","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaghbub,_Libya"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"}],"sub_title":"32 districts (2001)","text":"The 2001 reorganization of Libya into districts (shabiya)[13] resulted in thirty-two districts and three administrative regions (المنطقة الإدارية):The old thirty-two shabiyat system in Libya (2001–2007)The three administrative regions are missing from the above map, Qatrun,[14] Marada,[15] and Jaghbub[16]","title":"Districts (Shabiya)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"}],"sub_title":"26 districts (1998)","text":"In 1998 Libya was reorganized into twenty-six districts which were: Butnan, Jafara, Jufra, Kufra, Marj, Murqub, Quba, Al Wahat, Bani Walid, Benghazi, Derna, Gharyan, Jabal al Akhdar, Murzuq, Misrata, Nalut, Nuqat al Khams, Sabha, Sabrata/Sorman, Sirte, Tarhuna/Msalata, Tripoli, Wadi al Hayaa, Wadi al Shatii, Yafran, and Zawiya[17]","title":"Districts (Shabiya)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-statoids-10"}],"sub_title":"13 districts (1995)","text":"On 2 August 1995 Libya dropped the baladiyat system and reorganized into thirteen districts (shabiyat). Among them were Butnan (formerly Tobruk), Jabal al Akhdar, Jabal al Gharbi, Zawiya, Benghazi, and Tripoli. However, there is not agreement about the other seven names.[10]","title":"Districts (Shabiya)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Baladiyah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baladiyah"},{"link_name":"Arabic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_language"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-statoids-10"},{"link_name":"Ajdabiya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ajdabiya_District"},{"link_name":"‘Aziziya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E2%80%98Aziziya_District"},{"link_name":"Butnan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Butnan_District"},{"link_name":"Fati","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fati_District"},{"link_name":"Jabal al Akhdar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jabal_al_Akhdar"},{"link_name":"Jufra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jufra_District"},{"link_name":"Khoms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khoms_District"},{"link_name":"Kufra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kufra_District"},{"link_name":"Nuqat al Khams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuqat_al_Khams"},{"link_name":"Wadi al Shatii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wadi_al_Shatii_District"},{"link_name":"Ubari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ubari"},{"link_name":"Zawiya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zawiya_District"},{"link_name":"Benghazi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benghazi"},{"link_name":"Derna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derna_District"},{"link_name":"Ghadames","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghadames_District"},{"link_name":"Gharyan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gharyan_District"},{"link_name":"Misrata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Misrata_District"},{"link_name":"Murzuq","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murzuq_District"},{"link_name":"Sabha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabha_District"},{"link_name":"Sawfajjin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sawfajjin_District"},{"link_name":"Sirte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sirte_District"},{"link_name":"Tripoli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tripoli_District,_Libya"},{"link_name":"Tarhuna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarhuna_District"},{"link_name":"Yafran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yafran_District"},{"link_name":"Zlitan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zlitan_District"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Libia_regions_with_numbers.svg"}],"text":"Baladiyah (singular) or baladiyat (plural), are Arabic words used in many Arab countries to denote administrative divisions of the country. In Libya, the baladiyat system of districts was introduced in 1983 to replace the governorate system. Originally there were forty-six baladiyat districts,[10] but in 1988 that number was reduced to twenty-five baladiyat. The table hereunder lists the old twenty-five baladiyat in alphabetical order with a link to each one and numbered to be located on the map. Note that each district linked may be both a baladiyah and a shabiyah. The many changes may not always be reflected in the article.1 Ajdabiya\n2 ‘Aziziya\n3 Butnan\n4 Fati\n5 Jabal al Akhdar\n6 Jufra\n7 Khoms\n8 Kufra\n9 Nuqat al Khams\n10 Wadi al Shatii\n11 Ubari\n12 Zawiya\n13 Benghazi\n\n\n14 Derna\n15 Ghadames\n16 Gharyan\n17 Misrata\n18 Murzuq\n19 Sabha\n20 Sawfajjin\n21 Sirte\n22 Tripoli\n23 Tarhuna\n24 Yafran\n25 Zlitan\n\n\nMap showing subdivision of former governorates into the 25 baladiya","title":"Former baladiya "},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-statoids-10"},{"link_name":"muhafazah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhafazah"},{"link_name":"wilayah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilayah"},{"link_name":"Tripolitania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tripolitania"},{"link_name":"Tripoli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tripoli,_Libya"},{"link_name":"Cyrenaica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyrenaica"},{"link_name":"Cyrene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyrene,_Libya"},{"link_name":"Shahhat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shahhat"},{"link_name":"Diocletian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diocletian"},{"link_name":"Ptolemais","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ptolemais_(Cyrenaica)"},{"link_name":"earthquake of 365","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/365_Crete_earthquake"},{"link_name":"Barce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barca_(ancient_city)"},{"link_name":"Barca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barca_(ancient_city)"},{"link_name":"Omer Bin Khattab","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omer_Bin_Khattab"}],"text":"For 1995 data, [4] and [5] are the two different sources mentioned in the bibliography:[10] \"The Europa World Year Book 2001\" and \"Ershiyi (21) Shiji Shijie Diming Lu\", Beijing, 2001.For 1988, name is provided if different from nowadays. As said above, AR stands for the three \"Administrative Region\" of 2001.Fazzan wasn't strictly a district, but a historical muhafazah or wilayah along with Tripolitania (capital Tripoli) and Cyrenaica (capital Cyrene -near nowadays Shahhat- with Diocletian, moved to Ptolemais after the earthquake of 365, and to Barce -nowadays Barca- with Omer Bin Khattab in 643).","title":"Evolution"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"\"Baladiyat\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ccmce.ly/index.php/ar/municipalities"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20211228224836/https://ccmce.ly/index.php/ar/municipalities"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"\"Baladiyat\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20210125051042/https://ccmce.ly/index.php/ar/municipalities"},{"link_name":"cite web","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_web"},{"link_name":"link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_unfit_URL"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"\"اسماء البلديات\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20151213154820/http://ccmce.ly/web/index.php/ar/cities"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//ccmce.ly/web/index.php/ar/cities"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"35","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=VRQoBgAAQBAJ&pg=PT35"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-19-025733-0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-025733-0"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"\"Building peace through subnational governance: The case of Libya\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.brookings.edu/blog/order-from-chaos/2021/01/26/building-peace-through-subnational-governance-the-case-of-libya/"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-7"},{"link_name":"\"Map of Libya 1943–1951\" Zentrale für Unterrichtsmedien","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.zum.de/whkmla/histatlas/northafrica/libya19431951.gif"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-GPCO-shabiya_8-0"},{"link_name":"شعبيات الجماهيرية العظمى – Sha'biyat of Great Jamahiriya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//gpco.gov.ly/online/shabyat.php"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20081220214410/http://gpco.gov.ly/online/shabyat.php"},{"link_name":"Wayback Machine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-9"},{"link_name":"\"Libya population statistics\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20091015051855/http://www.geohive.com/cntry/libya.aspx"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.geohive.com/cntry/libya.aspx"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-statoids_10-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-statoids_10-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-statoids_10-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-statoids_10-3"},{"link_name":"\"Districts of Libya\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//statoids.com/uly.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-11"},{"link_name":"Libyan General Information Authority","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.gai.gov.ly/shabiat"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20110224023241/http://www.gai.gov.ly/shabiat"},{"link_name":"Wayback Machine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-12"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-13"},{"link_name":"\"الشعبيات بالجماهيرية\" (\"Districts of Libya\")","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20060830011946/http://www.gpc.gov.ly/online_alshabyat/index.php"},{"link_name":"WebArchive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WebArchive"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-14"},{"link_name":"\"Districts of Libya:Alqtron Tjrhi\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20061015234451/http://www.gpc.gov.ly/online_alshabyat/index.php?sh=33"},{"link_name":"Web Archive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_Archive"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-15"},{"link_name":"\"Districts of Libya:Mradq\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20061015234503/http://www.gpc.gov.ly/online_alshabyat/index.php?sh=34"},{"link_name":"Web Archive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_Archive"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-16"},{"link_name":"\"Districts of Libya:Aljgbob\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20061015234451/http://www.gpc.gov.ly/online_alshabyat/index.php?sh=35"},{"link_name":"Web Archive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_Archive"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-17"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-18"},{"link_name":"\"Districts of Libya\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//statoids.com/uly.html"},{"link_name":"German","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libyen#Aktuelle_Gliederung"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-19"},{"link_name":"Spanish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wadi_Al_Shatii"},{"link_name":"Italian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Municipalit%C3%A0_di_Wadi_al_Shati"},{"link_name":"Polish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wadi_asz-Szati"},{"link_name":"Portuguese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ash_Shatii"}],"text":"^ \"Baladiyat\" (in Arabic). Central Committee for the election of baladiyah councils. Archived from the original on 28 December 2021.\n\n^ \"Baladiyat\" (in Arabic). Archived from the original on 25 January 2021.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)\n\n^ \"اسماء البلديات\" [The names of the baladiyat] (in Arabic). اللجنة المركزية لانتخاب المجالس البلدية [The Central Committee for the election of baladiyah councils]. 26 March 2015. Archived from the original on 13 December 2015.\n\n^ Vandewalle, Dirk (2015). \"Libya's Uncertain Revolution\". In Cole, Peter; McQuin, Brian (eds.). The Libyan Revolution and its Aftermath. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press. p. 35. ISBN 978-0-19-025733-0.\n\n^ Ross, Simona; Wolff, Stefan; Marc, Alexandre (26 January 2021). \"Building peace through subnational governance: The case of Libya\". Brookings Institution.\n\n^ Pan, Chia-Lin (1949) \"The Population of Libya\" Population Studies, 3(1): pp. 100–125, p. 104\n\n^ \"Map of Libya 1943–1951\" Zentrale für Unterrichtsmedien\n\n^ شعبيات الجماهيرية العظمى – Sha'biyat of Great Jamahiriya Archived December 20, 2008, at the Wayback Machine, accessed 10 May 2009, in Arabic\n\n^ :\"Libya population statistics\" (in English and Arabic). Geohive. Archived from the original on 15 October 2009. Retrieved 30 October 2009.\n\n^ a b c d \"Districts of Libya\". Statoids.com. Retrieved 7 November 2010.\n\n^ Libyan General Information Authority Archived 2011-02-24 at the Wayback Machine accessed 22 July 2009\n\n^ Bureau of Statistics and Census Libya (website).\n\n^ \"الشعبيات بالجماهيرية\" (\"Districts of Libya\") Website of the General People's Committee of Libya, from WebArchive dated 30 August 2006\n\n^ \"Districts of Libya:Alqtron Tjrhi\" Website of the General People's Committee of Libya, in Arabic, from Web Archive dated 30 August 2006\n\n^ \"Districts of Libya:Mradq\" Website of the General People's Committee of Libya, in Arabic, from Web Archive dated 30 August 2006\n\n^ \"Districts of Libya:Aljgbob\" Website of the General People's Committee of Libya, in Arabic, from Web Archive dated 30 August 2006\n\n^ \"Libya\" 2006 Statesman's Yearbook\n\n^ \"Districts of Libya\". statoids.com. Retrieved 27 October 2009. and German wikipedia\n\n^ Spanish, Italian, Polish and Portuguese wikipedias","title":"Notes"}]
[{"image_text":"The current twenty-two district system in Libya (since 2007)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Libyan_Shabiat_2007_with_numbers.svg/234px-Libyan_Shabiat_2007_with_numbers.svg.png"},{"image_text":"The old thirty-two shabiyat system in Libya (2001–2007)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Libya_Municipalities_2001-2007.svg/300px-Libya_Municipalities_2001-2007.svg.png"},{"image_text":"Map showing subdivision of former governorates into the 25 baladiya","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Libia_regions_with_numbers.svg/400px-Libia_regions_with_numbers.svg.png"}]
[{"title":"FIPS region codes of Libya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_FIPS_region_codes_(J%E2%80%93L)#LY:_Libya"},{"title":"ISO 3166-2:LY","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_3166-2:LY"},{"title":"List of cities in Libya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Libya"},{"title":"Subdivisions of Libya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subdivisions_of_Libya"}]
[{"reference":"\"Baladiyat\" (in Arabic). Central Committee for the election of baladiyah councils. Archived from the original on 28 December 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://ccmce.ly/index.php/ar/municipalities","url_text":"\"Baladiyat\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20211228224836/https://ccmce.ly/index.php/ar/municipalities","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Baladiyat\" (in Arabic). Archived from the original on 25 January 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210125051042/https://ccmce.ly/index.php/ar/municipalities","url_text":"\"Baladiyat\""}]},{"reference":"\"اسماء البلديات\" [The names of the baladiyat] (in Arabic). اللجنة المركزية لانتخاب المجالس البلدية [The Central Committee for the election of baladiyah councils]. 26 March 2015. Archived from the original on 13 December 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20151213154820/http://ccmce.ly/web/index.php/ar/cities","url_text":"\"اسماء البلديات\""},{"url":"http://ccmce.ly/web/index.php/ar/cities","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Vandewalle, Dirk (2015). \"Libya's Uncertain Revolution\". In Cole, Peter; McQuin, Brian (eds.). The Libyan Revolution and its Aftermath. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press. p. 35. ISBN 978-0-19-025733-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=VRQoBgAAQBAJ&pg=PT35","url_text":"35"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-025733-0","url_text":"978-0-19-025733-0"}]},{"reference":"Ross, Simona; Wolff, Stefan; Marc, Alexandre (26 January 2021). \"Building peace through subnational governance: The case of Libya\". Brookings Institution.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.brookings.edu/blog/order-from-chaos/2021/01/26/building-peace-through-subnational-governance-the-case-of-libya/","url_text":"\"Building peace through subnational governance: The case of Libya\""}]},{"reference":"\"Libya population statistics\" (in English and Arabic). Geohive. Archived from the original on 15 October 2009. Retrieved 30 October 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20091015051855/http://www.geohive.com/cntry/libya.aspx","url_text":"\"Libya population statistics\""},{"url":"http://www.geohive.com/cntry/libya.aspx","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Districts of Libya\". Statoids.com. Retrieved 7 November 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://statoids.com/uly.html","url_text":"\"Districts of Libya\""}]},{"reference":"\"Districts of Libya\". statoids.com. Retrieved 27 October 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://statoids.com/uly.html","url_text":"\"Districts of Libya\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robin_Smith_(comics)
Robin Smith (comics)
["1 Bibliography","2 References"]
British artist Robin SmithNationalityBritish Area(s)Penciller, InkerNotable worksThe Bogie Man Robin Smith is a British artist best known for his long association with 2000AD, including work on Judge Dredd and the Bad City Blue mini-series. For a period, he also served as 2000 AD's art editor. From 1989 onwards, he drew The Bogie Man for Fat Man Press. A 2-part interview with Smith appears in the Judge Dredd Megazine, issues 225-226, alongside a new Bogie Man adventure. Bibliography Comics work includes: Bad City Blue - with Alan Grant (credited as "Craig Lipp"), in 2000 AD #468-477 Judge Dredd - Troublemaker - with Gordon Rennie, in 2000 AD #2312, 2022 (a tribute to the late Alan Grant) Tharg the Mighty - The Final Secret (2000 AD Sci-Fi Special, 1980) Tharg's Future Shocks: "The Big Day" - with Alan Moore, in 2000 AD #270, 1982 "Doin' Time" - with Peter Milligan, in 2000 AD #441, 1985 "Scablands" - with Arthur Wyatt, in 2000 AD #1607, 2008 "Legacy System" - with Arthur Wyatt, in 2000 AD #1640, 2009 The Bogie Man (with John Wagner and Alan Grant): The Bogie Man - John Brown Publishing, 128 pages, 1991, ISBN 1-870870-21-2 Chinatoon - Toxic! #2-9, 1991, started by Cam Kennedy, redrawn and completed by Smith, Atomeka Press, 112 pages, 1993, ISBN 1-85809-006-7 The Manhattan Project - Toxic! #11-21, 1991, Tundra Publishing, 52 pages, 1992, ISBN 1-85809-001-6 The Bogie Man - collects the first volume and Chinatoon, Pocket Books, 224 pages, 1998, ISBN 0-671-00923-0 "Return to Casablanca" - Judge Dredd Megazine #227-233, 2005 L.E.G.I.O.N. #37, 39-43, 46-47, 49-50, 56-58 (inks, with writer Barry Kitson/Alan Grant and pencils by Barry Kitson, DC Comics, 1992–1993 Green Candles - with Tom De Haven, 3-issue mini-series, Paradox Press, 1995 References Robin Smith at 2000 AD online Robin Smith at the Grand Comics Database Robin Smith at the Comic Book DB (archived from the original) Robin Smith at Lambiek's Comiclopedia Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF National France BnF data Israel United States Sweden Czech Republic Netherlands Other IdRef This profile of a British comics creator, writer, or artist is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2000AD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2000_AD_(comics)"},{"link_name":"Judge Dredd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judge_Dredd"},{"link_name":"The Bogie Man","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Bogie_Man_(comic_book)"},{"link_name":"Fat Man Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fat_Man_Press"},{"link_name":"Judge Dredd Megazine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judge_Dredd_Megazine"}],"text":"Robin Smith is a British artist best known for his long association with 2000AD, including work on Judge Dredd and the Bad City Blue mini-series. For a period, he also served as 2000 AD's art editor.From 1989 onwards, he drew The Bogie Man for Fat Man Press.A 2-part interview with Smith appears in the Judge Dredd Megazine, issues 225-226, alongside a new Bogie Man adventure.","title":"Robin Smith (comics)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Judge Dredd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judge_Dredd"},{"link_name":"Alan Grant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Grant_(writer)"},{"link_name":"Tharg the Mighty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tharg_the_Mighty"},{"link_name":"2000 AD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2000_AD_(comics)"},{"link_name":"Tharg's Future Shocks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Future_Shocks"},{"link_name":"Alan Moore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Moore"},{"link_name":"Peter Milligan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Milligan"},{"link_name":"Arthur Wyatt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Wyatt_(writer)"},{"link_name":"The Bogie Man","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Bogie_Man_(comic_book)"},{"link_name":"John Wagner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Wagner"},{"link_name":"Alan Grant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Grant_(writer)"},{"link_name":"John Brown Publishing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Brown_Publishing"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1-870870-21-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-870870-21-2"},{"link_name":"Toxic!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toxic!"},{"link_name":"Cam Kennedy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cam_Kennedy"},{"link_name":"Atomeka Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomeka_Press"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1-85809-006-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85809-006-7"},{"link_name":"Toxic!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toxic!"},{"link_name":"Tundra Publishing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tundra_Publishing"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1-85809-001-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85809-001-6"},{"link_name":"Pocket Books","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pocket_Books"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-671-00923-0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-671-00923-0"},{"link_name":"Judge Dredd Megazine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judge_Dredd_Megazine"},{"link_name":"L.E.G.I.O.N.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L.E.G.I.O.N."},{"link_name":"Barry Kitson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barry_Kitson"},{"link_name":"Alan Grant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Grant_(writer)"},{"link_name":"Green Candles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Green_Candles&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Tom De Haven","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_De_Haven"},{"link_name":"Paradox Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paradox_Press"}],"text":"Comics work includes:Bad City Blue - with Alan Grant (credited as \"Craig Lipp\"), in 2000 AD #468-477\nJudge Dredd - Troublemaker - with Gordon Rennie, in 2000 AD #2312, 2022 (a tribute to the late Alan Grant)\nTharg the Mighty - The Final Secret (2000 AD Sci-Fi Special, 1980)\nTharg's Future Shocks:\n\"The Big Day\" - with Alan Moore, in 2000 AD #270, 1982\n\"Doin' Time\" - with Peter Milligan, in 2000 AD #441, 1985\n\"Scablands\" - with Arthur Wyatt, in 2000 AD #1607, 2008\n\"Legacy System\" - with Arthur Wyatt, in 2000 AD #1640, 2009\nThe Bogie Man (with John Wagner and Alan Grant):\nThe Bogie Man - John Brown Publishing, 128 pages, 1991, ISBN 1-870870-21-2\nChinatoon - Toxic! #2-9, 1991, started by Cam Kennedy, redrawn and completed by Smith, Atomeka Press, 112 pages, 1993, ISBN 1-85809-006-7\nThe Manhattan Project - Toxic! #11-21, 1991, Tundra Publishing, 52 pages, 1992, ISBN 1-85809-001-6\nThe Bogie Man - collects the first volume and Chinatoon, Pocket Books, 224 pages, 1998, ISBN 0-671-00923-0\n\"Return to Casablanca\" - Judge Dredd Megazine #227-233, 2005\nL.E.G.I.O.N. #37, 39-43, 46-47, 49-50, 56-58 (inks, with writer Barry Kitson/Alan Grant and pencils by Barry Kitson, DC Comics, 1992–1993\nGreen Candles - with Tom De Haven, 3-issue mini-series, Paradox Press, 1995","title":"Bibliography"}]
[]
null
[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yakub_Cemil
Yakub Cemil
["1 References","2 Sources"]
Ottoman revolutionary You can help expand this article with text translated from the corresponding article in Turkish. (November 2020) Click for important translation instructions. View a machine-translated version of the Turkish article. Machine translation, like DeepL or Google Translate, is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into the English Wikipedia. Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality. If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article. You must provide copyright attribution in the edit summary accompanying your translation by providing an interlanguage link to the source of your translation. A model attribution edit summary is Content in this edit is translated from the existing Turkish Wikipedia article at ]; see its history for attribution. You may also add the template {{Translated|tr|Yakub Cemil}} to the talk page. For more guidance, see Wikipedia:Translation. Yakub CemilPersonal detailsBorn1883Istanbul, Ottoman EmpireDied11 September 1916 (aged 32/33)Istanbul, Ottoman EmpireNationalityOttoman EmpirePolitical partyCommittee of Union and Progress Yakub Cemil (1883–1916) was an Ottoman revolutionary and soldier who assassinated Nazım Pasha during the 1913 Ottoman coup d'état. In 1916, he was arrested, sentenced to death, and executed. During the Caucasus campaign, troops under the command of Cemil carried out some of the first major massacres of Armenians. References ^ Tansu, Samih Nafiz. "İttihat ve Terakki, Ya Devlet Başa, Ya Kuzgun Leşe" (in Turkish). ^ "ExecutedToday.com » committee of union and progress". ^ Badem 2019, pp. 47, 59. Sources Badem, Candan (2019). "The War at The Caucasus Front: A Matrix for Genocide". The End of the Ottomans: The Genocide of 1915 and the Politics of Turkish Nationalism. Bloomsbury Academic. pp. 47–66. ISBN 978-1-78831-241-7.
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Nazım Pasha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naz%C4%B1m_Pasha"},{"link_name":"1913 Ottoman coup d'état","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1913_Ottoman_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Caucasus campaign","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caucasus_campaign"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBadem201947,_59-3"}],"text":"Yakub Cemil (1883–1916) was an Ottoman revolutionary and soldier who assassinated Nazım Pasha during the 1913 Ottoman coup d'état.[1] In 1916, he was arrested, sentenced to death, and executed.[2]During the Caucasus campaign, troops under the command of Cemil carried out some of the first major massacres of Armenians.[3]","title":"Yakub Cemil"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-78831-241-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78831-241-7"}],"text":"Badem, Candan (2019). \"The War at The Caucasus Front: A Matrix for Genocide\". The End of the Ottomans: The Genocide of 1915 and the Politics of Turkish Nationalism. Bloomsbury Academic. pp. 47–66. ISBN 978-1-78831-241-7.","title":"Sources"}]
[]
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[{"reference":"Tansu, Samih Nafiz. \"İttihat ve Terakki, Ya Devlet Başa, Ya Kuzgun Leşe\" (in Turkish).","urls":[{"url":"https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/article-file/222421","url_text":"\"İttihat ve Terakki, Ya Devlet Başa, Ya Kuzgun Leşe\""}]},{"reference":"\"ExecutedToday.com » committee of union and progress\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.executedtoday.com/tag/committee-of-union-and-progress/","url_text":"\"ExecutedToday.com » committee of union and progress\""}]},{"reference":"Badem, Candan (2019). \"The War at The Caucasus Front: A Matrix for Genocide\". The End of the Ottomans: The Genocide of 1915 and the Politics of Turkish Nationalism. Bloomsbury Academic. pp. 47–66. ISBN 978-1-78831-241-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78831-241-7","url_text":"978-1-78831-241-7"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctor_Syn_(film)
Doctor Syn (film)
["1 Plot","2 Cast","3 Production","4 Music","5 Home media","6 References","7 External links"]
1937 British filmDoctor SynDVD-R coverDirected byRoy William NeillMaude T. Howell (asst.)Written byRoger BurfordMichael HoganBased onnovel by Russell ThorndikeProduced byMichael BalconEdward BlackStarringGeorge ArlissMargaret LockwoodJohn LoderCinematographyJack E. CoxEdited byR. E. DearingMusic byLouis Levy Hugh BathJack BeaverProductioncompanyGainsborough PicturesRelease dates 25 August 1937 (1937-08-25) (U.K.) 14 November 1937 (1937-11-14) (U.S.) Running time80 minutesCountryUnited KingdomLanguageEnglish Doctor Syn (Dr. Syn in the United States) is a 1937 British black-and-white historical dramatic adventure film, directed by Roy William Neill for Gainsborough Pictures. It stars George Arliss (in his last feature film), Margaret Lockwood, Graham Moffatt, and Ronald Shiner. The film is based on the Doctor Syn novels of Russell Thorndike, set in 18th century Kent. The character of Syn and the events at the film's climax were both softened considerably in comparison to Thorndike's original storyline. Plot Led by Captain Collyer, a detachment of Royal Navy tax revenue collectors arrive in the village of Dymchurch on Romney Marsh. The area is known for liquor-smuggling, and they are on the trail of the culprits. They find a peaceful village of apparently honest, pious, and simple folk, looked after benevolently by their philanthropic vicar, Doctor Syn. Dr Syn is in fact The Scarecrow, the leader of the band of parish smugglers. He uses his cover as a man of the cloth to run a profitable smuggling ring, whose profits are used to improve the lives of the local citizenry by paying their heavy tax burden imposed by the Crown. Collyer gradually comes to suspect what is going on, after which a series of chases and confrontations takes place. The Scarecrow and his smugglers narrowly outwit their Royal Navy pursuers on the surrounding marshlands. Captain Collyer finally discovers that Syn is none other than the notorious pirate Captain Clegg, thought to have been hanged many years earlier and buried in the graveyard at Dymchurch. Still one step ahead of the Collyer and his men, Syn destroys all incriminating evidence, after which he and his smugglers disappear, making their escape from England by merchant ship. Cast George Arliss as Doctor Syn Margaret Lockwood as Imogene Clegg John Loder as Denis Cobtree Roy Emerton as Captain Howard Collyer Graham Moffatt as Jerry Jerk George Merritt as Mipps Athole Stewart as Squire Cobtree Frederick Burtwell as Rash Wilson Coleman as Dr. Pepper Wally Patch as Bo'sun Muriel George as Mrs. Waggetts Meinhart Maur as Mulatto Alan Whittaker (uncredited double for George Arliss in some scenes) Production This was the last film of George Arliss' contract with Gaumont British. According to Arliss: "He is a quite good parson and there is virtue even in his smuggling. I think we can make him quite an amusing character, and the subject is picturesque and dramatic". The film was announced in April, taking place at Gaumont British's studio at Islington. There was some location work in Dymchurch and the marshes around Rye and Winchelsea. Anna Lee was to play the female lead. She was replaced by Margaret Lockwood who impressed with her performance so much she was offered a three-year contract by Gainsborough Pictures. This was a key turning point in Lockwood's career. Music There are two songs used in the film: "Heavenly Home" (hymn sung by congregation in the opening church scene) "Come Landlord fill the Flowing Bowl" (traditional drinking song) Home media Dr. Syn was released in the U.S. on a public domain Region 1 DVD-R in 2014. References ^ BFI.org ^ "The Man Who Doubles for George Arliss". Lancashire Evening Post: 4. 1 December 1937. ^ "SPOTLIGHT ON TODAY'S TALKIES". The News. Vol. XXVIII, no. 4, 319. Adelaide. 27 May 1937. p. 12. Retrieved 7 May 2016 – via National Library of Australia. ^ "PICTURES & PERSONALITIES". The Mercury. Vol. CXLVII, no. 20, 843. Tasmania. 11 September 1937. p. 5. Retrieved 7 May 2016 – via National Library of Australia. ^ "Flashes". The Age. No. 25, 651. Victoria, Australia. 3 July 1937. p. 6 (THE AGE HOME SECTION). Retrieved 7 May 2016 – via National Library of Australia. ^ "STUDIO AND SCREEN: A Schools Film Institute Group for Manchester--Making a Star--Some New Films". The Manchester Guardian. Manchester (UK). 29 April 1937. p. 12. ^ "TALKIE NEWS". The Chronicle. Vol. LXXX, no. 4, 208. Adelaide. 8 July 1937. p. 51. Retrieved 7 May 2016 – via National Library of Australia. ^ "Dr Syn Unit to Film near Hastings". Hastings and St Leonards Observer: 9. 29 May 1937. ^ "NEWS OF THE SCREEN: 'Woman Chases Man' Opens Today at Music Hall'George and Margaret' on Warner's Program News From Hollywood". New York Times. 10 June 1937. p. 27. ^ "Heavenly Home". Hymnary.Org. Retrieved 7 May 2018. ^ "Come Landlord fill the Flowing Bowl". Classic English Folk Lyrics. Retrieved 7 May 2018. External links Doctor Syn at AllMovie Doctor Syn at the British Film Institute Doctor Syn at BritMovie (archived) Doctor Syn at IMDb Dr Syn at TCMDB vteFilms directed by Roy William Neill The Mother Instinct (1917) The Price Mark (1917) Vive la France! (1918) The Bandbox (1919) The Woman Gives (1920) Yes or No? (1920) Dangerous Business (1920) Something Different (1920) The Idol of the North (1921) The Conquest of Canaan (1921) The Iron Trail (1921) What's Wrong with the Women? (1922) The Man from M.A.R.S (1922) Toilers of the Sea (1923) By Divine Right (1924) Vanity's Price (1924) Broken Laws (1924) Percy (1925) Marriage in Transit (1925) The Kiss Barrier (1925) Greater Than a Crown (1925) The Cowboy and the Countess (1926) The Fighting Buckaroo (1926) A Man Four-Square (1926) Black Paradise (1926) The City (1926) Marriage (1927) The Arizona Wildcat (1927) The Olympic Hero (1928) Lady Raffles (1928) The Viking (1928) San Francisco Nights (1928) Wall Street (1929) Just Like Heaven (1930) The Melody Man (1930) Fifty Fathoms Deep (1931) The Menace (1932) That's My Boy (1932) Above the Clouds (1933) The Circus Queen Murder (1933) Fury of the Jungle (1933) The Ninth Guest (1934) Black Moon (1934) I'll Fix It (1934) Jealousy (1934) Eight Bells (1935) The Black Room (1935) Gypsy (1937) Doctor Syn (1937) The Viper (1938) Simply Terrific (1938) Thank Evans (1938) Many Tanks Mr. Atkins (1938) Everything Happens to Me (1938) A Gentleman's Gentleman (1939) Murder Will Out (1939) His Brother's Keeper (1940) Hoots Mon! (1940) The Good Old Days (1940) Eyes of the Underworld (1942) Madame Spy (1942) Sherlock Holmes and the Secret Weapon (1943) Sherlock Holmes in Washington (1943) Frankenstein Meets the Wolf Man (1943) Rhythm of the Islands (1943) Sherlock Holmes Faces Death (1943) The Spider Woman (1944) The Scarlet Claw (1944) The Pearl of Death (1944) Gypsy Wildcat (1944) Sherlock Holmes and the House of Fear (1945) The Woman in Green (1945) Pursuit to Algiers (1945) Terror by Night (1946) Dressed to Kill (1946) Black Angel (1946) vteFilms produced by Michael Balcon The Rat (1925) The Sea Urchin (1926) The Triumph of the Rat (1926) The Lodger: A Story of the London Fog (1926) The Mountain Eagle (1926) Blighty (1927) Downhill (1927) The Rolling Road (1927) Easy Virtue (1927) One of the Best (1927) The Vortex (1927) A South Sea Bubble (1928) A Light Woman (1928) The First Born (1928) The Wrecker (1929) The Return of the Rat (1929) City of Play (1929) Taxi for Two (1929) Woman to Woman (1929) Jack's the Boy (1932) I Was a Spy (1933) It's a Boy (1933) Friday the Thirteenth (1933) Princess Charming (1934) Evergreen (1934) Red Ensign (1934) Along Came Sally (1934) The Man Who Knew Too Much (1934) Car of Dreams (1935) First a Girl (1935) Me and Marlborough (1935) The 39 Steps (1935) Stormy Weather (1935) Things Are Looking Up (1935) The First Offence (1936) Tudor Rose (1936) The Man Who Changed His Mind (1936) Secret Agent (1936) Where There's a Will (1936) Windbag the Sailor (1936) Doctor Syn (1937) A Yank at Oxford (1938) The Gaunt Stranger (1938) The Four Just Men (1939) Cheer Boys Cheer (1939) Let George Do It! (1940) The Proud Valley (1940) The Ghost of St. Michael's (1941) Ships with Wings (1941) Turned Out Nice Again (1941) The Big Blockade (1942) Went the Day Well? (1942) The Black Sheep of Whitehall (1942) My Learned Friend (1943) The Foreman Went to France (1942) Undercover (1943) The Bells Go Down (1943) San Demetrio London (1943) Nine Men (1943) For Those in Peril (1944) Champagne Charlie (1944) The Halfway House (1944) Fiddlers Three (1944) Dead of Night (1945) Pink String and Sealing Wax (1945) They Came to a City (1945) Johnny Frenchman (1945) The Captive Heart (1946) The Overlanders (1946) Hue and Cry (1947) It Always Rains on Sunday (1947) The Loves of Joanna Godden (1947) The Life and Adventures of Nicholas Nickleby (1947) Frieda (1947) Against the Wind (1948) Saraband for Dead Lovers (1948) Another Shore (1948) Scott of the Antarctic (1948) Train of Events (1949) Passport to Pimlico (1949) Whisky Galore! (1949) A Run for Your Money (1949) Kind Hearts and Coronets (1949) Cage of Gold (1950) The Blue Lamp (1950) The Magnet (1950) The Lavender Hill Mob (1951) Pool of London (1951) The Man in the White Suit (1951) Mandy (1952) The Cruel Sea (1953) The Maggie (1954) The Night My Number Came Up (1955) Touch and Go (1955) The Ladykillers (1955) The Long Arm (1956) Barnacle Bill (1957) The Man in the Sky (1957) The Shiralee (1957) Dunkirk (1958) The Siege of Pinchgut (1959) The Scapegoat (1959) The Long and the Short and the Tall (1961) vteFilms produced by Gainsborough Pictures"Gainsborough melodramas" The Man in Grey (1943) Fanny by Gaslight (1944) Love Story (1944) Madonna of the Seven Moons (1944) The Wicked Lady (1945) They Were Sisters (1945) Caravan (1946) The Magic Bow (1946) The Root of All Evil (1947) Jassy (1947) When the Bough Breaks (1947) Other The Passionate Adventure (1924) The Rat (1925) The Sea Urchin (1926) The Triumph of the Rat (1926) Blighty (1927) The Constant Nymph (1928) The First Born (1928) The Return of the Rat (1929) Taxi for Two (1929) A Night in Montmartre (1931) Hindle Wakes (1931) Jack's the Boy (1932) It's a Boy (1933) Friday the Thirteenth (1933) Wild Boy (1934) My Old Dutch (1934) The Man Who Changed His Mind (1936) Oh, Mr Porter! (1937) Doctor Syn (1937) Strange Boarders (1938) The Ghost Train (1941) I Thank You (1941) Back-Room Boy (1942) Uncensored (1942) Dear Octopus (1943) Bees in Paradise (1944) Time Flies (1944) Give Us the Moon (1944) Two Thousand Women (1944) Waterloo Road (1945) A Place of One's Own (1945) I'll Be Your Sweetheart (1945) Dear Murderer (1947) Easy Money (1948) Miranda (1948) Broken Journey (1948) My Brother's Keeper (1948) Here Come the Huggetts (1948) Vote for Huggett (1949) It's Not Cricket (1949) The Huggetts Abroad (1949) Marry Me! (1949) The Bad Lord Byron (1949) Christopher Columbus (1949) So Long at the Fair (1950)
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"black-and-white","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black-and-white"},{"link_name":"historical dramatic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historical_drama"},{"link_name":"adventure film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adventure_film"},{"link_name":"Roy William Neill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roy_William_Neill"},{"link_name":"Gainsborough Pictures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gainsborough_Pictures"},{"link_name":"George Arliss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Arliss"},{"link_name":"Margaret Lockwood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaret_Lockwood"},{"link_name":"Graham Moffatt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graham_Moffatt"},{"link_name":"Ronald Shiner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_Shiner"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Doctor Syn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctor_Syn"},{"link_name":"Russell Thorndike","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russell_Thorndike"},{"link_name":"Kent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kent"}],"text":"1937 British filmDoctor Syn (Dr. Syn in the United States) is a 1937 British black-and-white historical dramatic adventure film, directed by Roy William Neill for Gainsborough Pictures. It stars George Arliss (in his last feature film), Margaret Lockwood, Graham Moffatt, and Ronald Shiner.[1] The film is based on the Doctor Syn novels of Russell Thorndike, set in 18th century Kent. The character of Syn and the events at the film's climax were both softened considerably in comparison to Thorndike's original storyline.","title":"Doctor Syn (film)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Royal Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Navy"},{"link_name":"Dymchurch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dymchurch"},{"link_name":"Romney Marsh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romney_Marsh"},{"link_name":"man of the cloth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Man_of_the_cloth"}],"text":"Led by Captain Collyer, a detachment of Royal Navy tax revenue collectors arrive in the village of Dymchurch on Romney Marsh. The area is known for liquor-smuggling, and they are on the trail of the culprits. They find a peaceful village of apparently honest, pious, and simple folk, looked after benevolently by their philanthropic vicar, Doctor Syn.Dr Syn is in fact The Scarecrow, the leader of the band of parish smugglers. He uses his cover as a man of the cloth to run a profitable smuggling ring, whose profits are used to improve the lives of the local citizenry by paying their heavy tax burden imposed by the Crown. Collyer gradually comes to suspect what is going on, after which a series of chases and confrontations takes place. The Scarecrow and his smugglers narrowly outwit their Royal Navy pursuers on the surrounding marshlands.Captain Collyer finally discovers that Syn is none other than the notorious pirate Captain Clegg, thought to have been hanged many years earlier and buried in the graveyard at Dymchurch. Still one step ahead of the Collyer and his men, Syn destroys all incriminating evidence, after which he and his smugglers disappear, making their escape from England by merchant ship.","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"George Arliss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Arliss"},{"link_name":"Doctor Syn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctor_Syn"},{"link_name":"Margaret Lockwood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaret_Lockwood"},{"link_name":"John Loder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Loder_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Roy Emerton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roy_Emerton"},{"link_name":"Graham Moffatt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graham_Moffatt"},{"link_name":"George Merritt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Merritt_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Athole Stewart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athole_Stewart"},{"link_name":"Frederick Burtwell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_Burtwell"},{"link_name":"Wilson Coleman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilson_Coleman"},{"link_name":"Wally Patch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wally_Patch"},{"link_name":"Muriel George","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muriel_George"},{"link_name":"Meinhart Maur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meinhart_Maur"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"George Arliss as Doctor Syn\nMargaret Lockwood as Imogene Clegg\nJohn Loder as Denis Cobtree\nRoy Emerton as Captain Howard Collyer\nGraham Moffatt as Jerry Jerk\nGeorge Merritt as Mipps\nAthole Stewart as Squire Cobtree\nFrederick Burtwell as Rash\nWilson Coleman as Dr. Pepper\nWally Patch as Bo'sun\nMuriel George as Mrs. Waggetts\nMeinhart Maur as Mulatto\nAlan Whittaker (uncredited double for George Arliss in some scenes)[2]","title":"Cast"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gaumont British","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaumont_British"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"studio at Islington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islington_Studios"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Dymchurch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dymchurch"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Anna Lee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anna_Lee"},{"link_name":"Margaret Lockwood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaret_Lockwood"},{"link_name":"Gainsborough Pictures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gainsborough_Pictures"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"This was the last film of George Arliss' contract with Gaumont British.[3] According to Arliss: \"He is a quite good parson and there is virtue even in his smuggling. I think we can make him quite an amusing character, and the subject is picturesque and dramatic\".[4]The film was announced in April,[5] taking place at Gaumont British's studio at Islington.[6] There was some location work in Dymchurch[7] and the marshes around Rye and Winchelsea.[8]Anna Lee was to play the female lead. She was replaced by Margaret Lockwood who impressed with her performance so much she was offered a three-year contract by Gainsborough Pictures.[9] This was a key turning point in Lockwood's career.","title":"Production"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"text":"There are two songs used in the film:\"Heavenly Home\" (hymn sung by congregation in the opening church scene)[10]\n\"Come Landlord fill the Flowing Bowl\" (traditional drinking song)[11]","title":"Music"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Dr. Syn was released in the U.S. on a public domain Region 1 DVD-R in 2014.","title":"Home media"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"\"The Man Who Doubles for George Arliss\". Lancashire Evening Post: 4. 1 December 1937.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"SPOTLIGHT ON TODAY'S TALKIES\". The News. Vol. XXVIII, no. 4, 319. Adelaide. 27 May 1937. p. 12. Retrieved 7 May 2016 – via National Library of Australia.","urls":[{"url":"http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article130934807","url_text":"\"SPOTLIGHT ON TODAY'S TALKIES\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_News_(Adelaide)","url_text":"The News"}]},{"reference":"\"PICTURES & PERSONALITIES\". The Mercury. Vol. CXLVII, no. 20, 843. Tasmania. 11 September 1937. p. 5. Retrieved 7 May 2016 – via National Library of Australia.","urls":[{"url":"http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article29196633","url_text":"\"PICTURES & PERSONALITIES\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Mercury_(Hobart)","url_text":"The Mercury"}]},{"reference":"\"Flashes\". The Age. No. 25, 651. Victoria, Australia. 3 July 1937. p. 6 (THE AGE HOME SECTION). Retrieved 7 May 2016 – via National Library of Australia.","urls":[{"url":"http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article205576404","url_text":"\"Flashes\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Age","url_text":"The Age"}]},{"reference":"\"STUDIO AND SCREEN: A Schools Film Institute Group for Manchester--Making a Star--Some New Films\". The Manchester Guardian. Manchester (UK). 29 April 1937. p. 12.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"TALKIE NEWS\". The Chronicle. Vol. LXXX, no. 4, 208. Adelaide. 8 July 1937. p. 51. Retrieved 7 May 2016 – via National Library of Australia.","urls":[{"url":"http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article92488813","url_text":"\"TALKIE NEWS\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Chronicle_(Adelaide)","url_text":"The Chronicle"}]},{"reference":"\"Dr Syn Unit to Film near Hastings\". Hastings and St Leonards Observer: 9. 29 May 1937.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"NEWS OF THE SCREEN: 'Woman Chases Man' Opens Today at Music Hall'George and Margaret' on Warner's Program News From Hollywood\". New York Times. 10 June 1937. p. 27.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Heavenly Home\". Hymnary.Org. Retrieved 7 May 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://hymnary.org/text/weve_no_abiding_city_here","url_text":"\"Heavenly Home\""}]},{"reference":"\"Come Landlord fill the Flowing Bowl\". Classic English Folk Lyrics. Retrieved 7 May 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://folk-lyrics.co.uk/Lyrics/ComeLandlordFillTheFlowingBowl","url_text":"\"Come Landlord fill the Flowing Bowl\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Peebles_(rugby_league)
Jim Peebles (rugby league)
["1 Playing career","2 Death","3 References"]
Australian rugby league footballer Jim PeeblesPersonal informationFull nameJames Ivan PeeblesBorn29 April 1931Died9 February 2013(2013-02-09) (aged 81)Playing informationPositionLock Club Years Team Pld T G FG P 1953–61 Manly-Warringah 45 9 0 0 27 Source: Whiticker/Hudson Jim Peebles (1931–2013) was an Australian rugby league footballer who played in the 1950s and 1960s. Playing career Peebles was a local Manly-Warringah player from Queenscliff, New South Wales. Graded at Manly in 1953, he played five seasons of first grade with Manly between 1953 and 1961. Peebles played lock in the 1959 Grand Final with great Manly players such as Rex Mossop, Roy Bull and Ron Willey. He retired in 1962. Death Peebles died on 9 February 2013, aged 81. References ^ Alan/Whiticker/Glen Hudson: Encyclopedia of Rugby League Players. 1995. (ISBN 1875169571) ^ Sydney Morning Herald: Death Notice 13/2/2013 This rugby league football biography relating to an Australian born in the 1930s is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"rugby league","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugby_league"}],"text":"Jim Peebles (1931–2013) was an Australian rugby league footballer who played in the 1950s and 1960s.","title":"Jim Peebles (rugby league)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Manly-Warringah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manly-Warringah_Sea_Eagles"},{"link_name":"Queenscliff, New South Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queenscliff,_New_South_Wales"},{"link_name":"1959 Grand Final","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1959_NSWRFL_season"},{"link_name":"Rex Mossop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rex_Mossop"},{"link_name":"Roy Bull","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roy_Bull"},{"link_name":"Ron Willey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ron_Willey"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Peebles was a local Manly-Warringah player from Queenscliff, New South Wales. Graded at Manly in 1953, he played five seasons of first grade with Manly between 1953 and 1961. Peebles played lock in the 1959 Grand Final with great Manly players such as Rex Mossop, Roy Bull and Ron Willey. He retired in 1962. [1]","title":"Playing career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Peebles died on 9 February 2013, aged 81. [2]","title":"Death"}]
[]
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gymnobela_abyssorum
Gymnobela abyssorum
["1 Description","2 Distribution","3 References","4 External links"]
Species of gastropod Gymnobela abyssorum Shell of Gymnobela abyssorum Scientific classification Domain: Eukaryota Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Mollusca Class: Gastropoda Subclass: Caenogastropoda Order: Neogastropoda Superfamily: Conoidea Family: Raphitomidae Genus: Gymnobela Species: G. abyssorum Binomial name Gymnobela abyssorum(Locard, 1897) Synonyms Bela abyssorum Locard, 1897 Mangelia abyssorum (Locard, 1897) Oenopota abyssorum (Locard, 1897) Pleurotoma (Pleurotomella) abyssorum (Locard, 1897) Pleurotomella abyssorum (Locard, 1897) Turris abyssorum (Locard, 1897) Gymnobela abyssorum is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Raphitomidae. Description A biconical shell up to 23mm high with 6–7 shouldered whorls. Its diameter is 10 mm. Buff in colour with brownish marks. Description. – Shell of medium size, of a slightly ovoid elongated curve, a little more developed above than below. The obtuse spire is of mediocre length. It is composed of 8 to 9 whorls growing slowly in diameter and in height. They show a slightly concave-oblique profile on almost half of the height (more than half in the upper whorls, and less than half on the penultimate whorl). Then they become almost upright or slightly convex, with a keel sensitive to the change of direction of the whorls. The body whorl measures almost two-thirds of the total length. It is a slightly concave at the top. In lateral profile, on the opposite side to the outer lip, it becomes convex, then suddenly attenuated at the base. It ends in an open wide, short and almost straight siphonal canal. The linear sutures are impressed. The small, mamillate apex is followed by 3 to 4 embryonic, well rounded and very finely decussate whorls. The aperture measures half the total length. It is subrectangular-oblique, a little more narrowed at the base, inscribed in an almost vertical plane. The peristome shows almost continuous edges. The thin and sharp outer edge is weakly projected forward, with a pleurotomoid notch at the top, perceptible though not very pronounced. Its lateral profile is as angular upwards, at the end of the keel, and then broadly convex-sloping towards the base. The columellar edge is a little arched at the top, upright towards the base where it ends pointedly. It shows in the upper part an accused callus. The solid shell is quite thick, subopaque, adorned with longitudinal ribs, decurrent cords and growth lines. It contains 18 to 19 longitudinal ribs on the penultimate whorl. These are large, rounded, spread out only on the base of whorls, mamillate at the keel, obsolete above, sometimes bifid below, slightly obliquely, very short on the body whorl, where they merge with growth lines. The decurrent striae are somewhat thin, regular, spaced, continuous, very attenuated at the top of the whorls, scarcely more marked at the base of the body whorl along the siphonal canal. The striations are strong, irregular, very wavy-flexuous. They form in the concave region of the whorls small corrugated folds, very close together. They blend in the body whorl, with the prolongation of the nodules of the keel. The color of the shell is a very light, non-glossy yellowish red, whiter on the inside. Distribution This bathyl species (200 m to 1500 m) occurs in the Eastern Atlantic Ocean; also off the Azores in the Mediterranean Sea. References ^ Locard A. (1897–1898). Expéditions scientifiques du Travailleur et du Talisman pendant les années 1880, 1881, 1882 et 1883. Mollusques testacés.. Paris, Masson vol. 1 , p. 517-1044 pl. 23-40:]. World Register of Marine Species, Retrieved 29 March 2010. ^ a b Gymnobela abyssorum (Locard, 1897). Retrieved through: World Register of Marine Species on 29 March 2010. ^ "Gymnobela abyssorum – NBN Atlas". species.nbnatlas.org. ^ Locard A. (1897–1898). Expéditions scientifiques du Travailleur et du Talisman pendant les années 1880, 1881, 1882 et 1883. Mollusques testacés. Paris, Masson. vol. 1 , p. 1–516 pl. 1-22; vol. 2 , p. 1–515, pl. 1-18 Gofas, S.; Le Renard, J.; Bouchet, P. (2001). Mollusca. in: Costello, M.J. et al. (eds), European Register of Marine Species: a check-list of the marine species in Europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification. Patrimoines Naturels. 50: 180–213 Bouchet & Warren, Revision of the North-East Atlantic bathyal and abyssal Turridae (Mollusca, Gastropoda); The Journal of Molluscan Studies, supplement 8, December 1980 Sysoev A.V. (2014). Deep-sea fauna of European seas: An annotated species check-list of benthic invertebrates living deeper than 2000 m in the seas bordering Europe. Gastropoda. Invertebrate Zoology. Vol.11. No.1: 134–155 Manousis, C. et al., 2018. The family Raphitomidae (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Conoidea) in the Greek Seas with the description of two new species. External links Serge GOFAS, Ángel A. LUQUE, Joan Daniel OLIVER,José TEMPLADO & Alberto SERRA (2021) - The Mollusca of Galicia Bank (NE Atlantic Ocean); European Journal of Taxonomy 785: 1–114 MNHN, Paris: Gymnobela abyssorum Tucker, J.K. 2004 Catalog of recent and fossil turrids (Mollusca: Gastropoda). Zootaxa 682:1–1295. Taxon identifiersGymnobela abyssorum Wikidata: Q3137780 CoL: 3HQG3 EUNIS: 59242 GBIF: 2303848 IRMNG: 11076185 ITIS: 205110 NBN: NHMSYS0021055770 Observation.org: 943148 OBIS: 139242 Open Tree of Life: 2905031 SeaLifeBase: 1152 WoRMS: 139242
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"sea snail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea_snail"},{"link_name":"gastropod","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gastropod"},{"link_name":"mollusk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mollusk"},{"link_name":"family","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family_(biology)"},{"link_name":"Raphitomidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raphitomidae"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WoRMS-2"}],"text":"Gymnobela abyssorum is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Raphitomidae.[2]","title":"Gymnobela abyssorum"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"spire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spire_(mollusc)"},{"link_name":"whorls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whorl_(mollusc)"},{"link_name":"lip","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lip_(gastropod)"},{"link_name":"siphonal canal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siphonal_canal"},{"link_name":"apex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apex_(mollusc)"},{"link_name":"peristome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peristome_(gastropod)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"A biconical shell up to 23mm high with 6–7 shouldered whorls. Its diameter is 10 mm. Buff in colour with brownish marks.[3]Description. – Shell of medium size, of a slightly ovoid elongated curve, a little more developed above than below. The obtuse spire is of mediocre length. It is composed of 8 to 9 whorls growing slowly in diameter and in height. They show a slightly concave-oblique profile on almost half of the height (more than half in the upper whorls, and less than half on the penultimate whorl). Then they become almost upright or slightly convex, with a keel sensitive to the change of direction of the whorls. The body whorl measures almost two-thirds of\nthe total length. It is a slightly concave at the top. In lateral profile, on the opposite side to the outer lip, it becomes convex, then suddenly attenuated at the base. It ends in an open wide, short and almost straight siphonal canal. The linear sutures are impressed. The small, mamillate apex is followed by 3 to 4 embryonic, well rounded and very finely decussate whorls. The aperture measures half the total length. It is subrectangular-oblique, a little more narrowed at the base, inscribed in an almost vertical plane. The peristome shows almost continuous edges. The thin and sharp outer edge is weakly projected forward, with a pleurotomoid notch at the top, perceptible though not very pronounced. Its lateral profile is as angular upwards, at the end of the keel, and then broadly convex-sloping towards the base. The columellar edge is a little arched at the top, upright towards the base where it ends pointedly. It shows in the upper part an accused callus. The solid shell is quite thick, subopaque, adorned with longitudinal ribs, decurrent cords and growth lines. It contains 18 to 19 longitudinal ribs on the penultimate whorl. These are large, rounded, spread out only on the base of whorls, mamillate at the keel, obsolete above, sometimes bifid below, slightly obliquely, very short on the body whorl, where they merge with growth lines. The decurrent striae are somewhat thin, regular, spaced, continuous, very attenuated at the top of the whorls, scarcely more marked at the base of the body whorl along the siphonal canal. The striations are strong, irregular, very wavy-flexuous. They form in the concave region of the whorls small corrugated folds, very close together. They blend in the body whorl, with the prolongation of the nodules of the keel. The color of the shell is a very light, non-glossy yellowish red, whiter on the inside.[4]","title":"Description"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Azores","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azores"},{"link_name":"Mediterranean Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea"}],"text":"This bathyl species (200 m to 1500 m) occurs in the Eastern Atlantic Ocean; also off the Azores in the Mediterranean Sea.","title":"Distribution"}]
[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aaron_Lee
Aaron Lee
["1 Career","1.1 Early beginnings","1.2 Publications","2 Works","3 Personal life","4 References","5 External links"]
Singaporean prize-winning poet (born 1972) Aaron Lee Soon YongBornAaron Lee Soon Yong (1972-06-07) 7 June 1972 (age 52)Johor Bahru, Johor, MalaysiaCitizenshipSingaporeEducationNational University of Singapore Faculty of LawAlma materNational University of SingaporeOccupation(s)Poet, LawyerYears active1990-presentNotable workA Visitation of SunlightSpouse Namiko Chan ​(m. 2003)​ Aaron Lee Soon Yong (born June 7, 1972) is a Singaporean prize-winning poet who writes in English. He was born in Malaysia but received his education in Singapore and became a Singaporean in 1996. Career Early beginnings Aaron began writing poetry during his days at Raffles Institution, a secondary school in Singapore where he befriended other students who would also eventually go on to become published Singaporean writers. By 1990, he had, along with other ex-school mates, Jonathan Kuan Wei Han, Tong Jo Tze, Alvin Pang and Jeffrey Lim, interested a Singapore publisher, VJ Times, in the publication of an anthology of poems contributed by the five writers. This collection, In Search of Words, was published in 1991. Publications Lee's first collection of poems, A Visitation of Sunlight, was named one of the best books of 1997 by The Straits Times. The collection was well received and played a part in a late 1990s resurgence of interest in Singapore poetry centred on a new generation of Singapore poets. In 1999, the title poem of his book was selected for the National Arts Council’s Poems on the Move programme, a national initiative to bring poetry to the masses on public transport. Lee’s work has been anthologised in such publications as Rhythms: a Millennial Anthology of Poetry (Singapore), the New Straits Times (Malaysia), Anglistik (Germany), and Fifty on 50 (Singapore). Lee is the co-editor of No Other City: the Ethos Anthology of Urban Poetry and Love Gathers All: the Philippines- Singapore Anthology of Love Poetry (for which the editors were given an award by the Singapore International Foundation). He has given talks and readings in Malaysia, Germany, the US, the Philippines and Australia. In 2007, Lee released his second poetry collection, Five Right Angles. The book went on to become a finalist in the Singapore Literature Prize awards of 2008. He is active in the literary scene in mentoring young poets and conducting school workshops and seminars on creative writing. He is married to an artist and educationist, Namiko Chan. He is a Christian, and his work displays a range of Christian themes and imagery. In 2014, Lee launched his third poetry collection, Coastlands, at the Singapore Writers Festival. Coastlands documents his life experience as a pilgrim still finding his place in the wider world. Works A Visitation of Sunlight: Poems 1990-96 (1997, Ethos Books) ISBN 9810095368 Five Right Angles: Poems (2007, Ethos Books) ISBN 9789810583682 Coastlands (2014, Ethos Books) ISBN 978-981-09-2478-2 Personal life Born in 1972, Aaron used to reside in Johor Bahru before becoming a Singaporean in 1996. He studied at Woodlands Primary School before attending Raffles Institution after taking his PSLE. After graduating from Raffles Institution, Aaron then studied law at the National University of Singapore Faculty of Law. He married Namiko Chan, a Singaporean painter on June 7, 2003. References ^ "Aaron Li Soon Yong: Biography and Brief Introduction". Post Colonial Web. Retrieved April 12, 2015. ^ "Aaron Lee Biography". The Core (National University of Singapore). Archived from the original on 10 July 2007. Retrieved 17 September 2007. ^ "Coastlands by Aaron Lee | After the Fall by Eric Tinsay Valles | Changes and Chances by Leonard Ng". Singapore Writers Festival. National Arts Council. Archived from the original on 9 December 2014. Retrieved 7 November 2014. ^ "Prized verses". Asia One (Originally The Straits Times). December 30, 2014. Archived from the original on January 4, 2015. Retrieved April 12, 2015. ^ Ang, Adeline (January 2004). "Law Link, Volume 3, Issue 01" (PDF). Lawlink: The Alumni Magazine of the National University of Singapore Law School. Singapore: National University of Singapore. ISSN 0219-6441. Retrieved April 12, 2015. External links The Laniakea Culture Collective Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Germany United States
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Singaporean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singaporean"},{"link_name":"Malaysia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysia"},{"link_name":"Singapore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singapore"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Aaron Lee Soon Yong (born June 7, 1972) is a Singaporean prize-winning poet who writes in English. He was born in Malaysia but received his education in Singapore and became a Singaporean in 1996.[1]","title":"Aaron Lee"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Raffles Institution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raffles_Institution"},{"link_name":"Alvin Pang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvin_Pang"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"sub_title":"Early beginnings","text":"Aaron began writing poetry during his days at Raffles Institution, a secondary school in Singapore where he befriended other students who would also eventually go on to become published Singaporean writers. By 1990, he had, along with other ex-school mates, Jonathan Kuan Wei Han, Tong Jo Tze, Alvin Pang and Jeffrey Lim, interested a Singapore publisher, VJ Times, in the publication of an anthology of poems contributed by the five writers. This collection, In Search of Words, was published in 1991.[2]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Straits Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Straits_Times"},{"link_name":"National Arts Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Arts_Council_Singapore"},{"link_name":"New Straits Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Straits_Times"},{"link_name":"Singapore International Foundation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singapore_International_Foundation"},{"link_name":"Singapore Literature Prize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singapore_Literature_Prize"},{"link_name":"Namiko Chan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Namiko_Chan"},{"link_name":"Singapore Writers Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singapore_Writers_Festival"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"sub_title":"Publications","text":"Lee's first collection of poems, A Visitation of Sunlight, was named one of the best books of 1997 by The Straits Times. The collection was well received and played a part in a late 1990s resurgence of interest in Singapore poetry centred on a new generation of Singapore poets.In 1999, the title poem of his book was selected for the National Arts Council’s Poems on the Move programme, a national initiative to bring poetry to the masses on public transport.Lee’s work has been anthologised in such publications as Rhythms: a Millennial Anthology of Poetry (Singapore), the New Straits Times (Malaysia), Anglistik (Germany), and Fifty on 50 (Singapore).Lee is the co-editor of No Other City: the Ethos Anthology of Urban Poetry and Love Gathers All: the Philippines- Singapore Anthology of Love Poetry (for which the editors were given an award by the Singapore International Foundation). He has given talks and readings in Malaysia, Germany, the US, the Philippines and Australia.In 2007, Lee released his second poetry collection, Five Right Angles. The book went on to become a finalist in the Singapore Literature Prize awards of 2008.He is active in the literary scene in mentoring young poets and conducting school workshops and seminars on creative writing. He is married to an artist and educationist, Namiko Chan. He is a Christian, and his work displays a range of Christian themes and imagery.In 2014, Lee launched his third poetry collection, Coastlands, at the Singapore Writers Festival. Coastlands documents his life experience as a pilgrim still finding his place in the wider world.[3]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ethos Books","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethos_Books"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9810095368","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9810095368"},{"link_name":"Ethos Books","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethos_Books"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9789810583682","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789810583682"},{"link_name":"Ethos Books","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethos_Books"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-981-09-2478-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-981-09-2478-2"}],"text":"A Visitation of Sunlight: Poems 1990-96 (1997, Ethos Books) ISBN 9810095368\nFive Right Angles: Poems (2007, Ethos Books) ISBN 9789810583682\nCoastlands (2014, Ethos Books) ISBN 978-981-09-2478-2","title":"Works"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Johor Bahru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor_Bahru"},{"link_name":"Woodlands Primary School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woodlands_Primary_School,_Singapore"},{"link_name":"Raffles Institution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raffles_Institution"},{"link_name":"PSLE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primary_School_Leaving_Examination"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"National University of Singapore Faculty of Law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_University_of_Singapore_Faculty_of_Law"},{"link_name":"Namiko Chan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Namiko_Chan_Takahashi"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"Born in 1972, Aaron used to reside in Johor Bahru before becoming a Singaporean in 1996. He studied at Woodlands Primary School before attending Raffles Institution after taking his PSLE.[4] After graduating from Raffles Institution, Aaron then studied law at the National University of Singapore Faculty of Law. He married Namiko Chan, a Singaporean painter on June 7, 2003.[5]","title":"Personal life"}]
[]
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[{"reference":"\"Aaron Li Soon Yong: Biography and Brief Introduction\". Post Colonial Web. Retrieved April 12, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.postcolonialweb.org/singapore/literature/poetry/soonyong/bio1.html","url_text":"\"Aaron Li Soon Yong: Biography and Brief Introduction\""}]},{"reference":"\"Aaron Lee Biography\". The Core (National University of Singapore). Archived from the original on 10 July 2007. Retrieved 17 September 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070710032905/http://www.thecore.nus.edu.sg/post/singapore/literature/poetry/soonyong/bio1.html","url_text":"\"Aaron Lee Biography\""},{"url":"http://www.thecore.nus.edu.sg/post/singapore/literature/poetry/soonyong/bio1.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Coastlands by Aaron Lee | After the Fall by Eric Tinsay Valles | Changes and Chances by Leonard Ng\". Singapore Writers Festival. National Arts Council. Archived from the original on 9 December 2014. Retrieved 7 November 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141209165706/https://www.singaporewritersfestival.com/nacswf/nacswf/program-listing/free-events/Coastlands-After-the-Fall-Changes-and-Chances.html","url_text":"\"Coastlands by Aaron Lee | After the Fall by Eric Tinsay Valles | Changes and Chances by Leonard Ng\""},{"url":"https://www.singaporewritersfestival.com/nacswf/nacswf/program-listing/free-events/Coastlands-After-the-Fall-Changes-and-Chances.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Prized verses\". Asia One (Originally The Straits Times). December 30, 2014. Archived from the original on January 4, 2015. Retrieved April 12, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150104192555/http://news.asiaone.com/news/singapore/prized-verses","url_text":"\"Prized verses\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Straits_Times","url_text":"The Straits Times"},{"url":"http://news.asiaone.com/news/singapore/prized-verses","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Ang, Adeline (January 2004). \"Law Link, Volume 3, Issue 01\" (PDF). Lawlink: The Alumni Magazine of the National University of Singapore Law School. Singapore: National University of Singapore. ISSN 0219-6441. Retrieved April 12, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://law.nus.edu.sg/alumni/pdfs/LAWLINK_v3n1.pdf","url_text":"\"Law Link, Volume 3, Issue 01\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singapore","url_text":"Singapore"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_University_of_Singapore","url_text":"National University of Singapore"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0219-6441","url_text":"0219-6441"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetsu_Inada
Tetsu Inada
["1 Biography","2 Filmography","2.1 Anime","2.2 Films","2.3 Video games","2.4 Tokusatsu","2.5 Dubbing","2.6 Drama CDs","3 References","4 External links"]
Japanese voice actor (born 1972) Tetsu Inada稲田 徹Born (1972-07-01) July 1, 1972 (age 51)Hachiōji, Tokyo, JapanOther names Tetuso Imada (今田鉄男) Bansai-banto (番菜判斗) Big Bang Heita (ビッグバン平太) Denemon Iguchi (居口伝衛門) Ichiyama Misheru (ミシェル市山) Hyodo Emeriyaenko (エメリヤーエンコ兵頭) OccupationVoice actorYears active1994–presentAgentAoni ProductionNotable work My Hero Academia as Enji Todoroki Dragon Ball Kai as Nappa Bleach as Sajin Komamura Tokusou Sentai Dekaranger as Doggie Kruger Kill la Kill as Ira Gamagoori SSSS.Gridman as Alexis Kerib Ultraman Nexus as Dark Faust Height184 cm (6 ft 0 in) Tetsu Inada (稲田 徹, Inada Tetsu, born July 1, 1972) is a Japanese voice actor affiliated with Aoni Production. Biography This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (July 2020) Filmography Anime List of voice performances in anime Year Title Role Notes Source 1992 Crayon Shin-chan Giant, Sumo wrestler, Shashin-yasa, Baked sweet potato shopowner 1996 Dragon Ball GT Luud, Bisu, Hammer, Android 19, others 1997 Doctor Slump Great caramelman FX 1998 Yu-Gi-Oh! Jonouchi's father, Teacher 1998 Android Ana Maico 2010 Pizaya 1998 DT Eightron Butler 1999 Getter Robo Armageddon Winter Clothed Man OVA Vol. 5 1999 Shin Hakkenden Sai 1999 Turn A Gundam Harry Ord 1999 One Piece Abi's Father, Bomba, Brogy, Dr. Potsun, Gorilla, Isshi 20, Jesus Burgess, Lake, Lapahn, Million, Mr. 1/Daz Bones, Patty, Purin Purin, Richie, Ripper (ep 68), Tilestone, additional voices 1999 Blue Gender Residents, Executive, Korean Man 1999 Shūkan Storyland Masato 2000 Shinzo Troll, Hito Furai 2000 Brigadoon: Marin & Melan Keiji Wakai 2000 Vandread Bridge crew 2000 Legendary Gambler Tetsuya Isochi 2000 Inuyasha Mukotsu, Manten 2001 Tales of Eternia the animation Irfit, Tenshu Berukamirazu 2001 Star Ocean EX Bisque 2001 Z.O.E. Dolores, I Driver, Yan 2001 ja:まみむめ★もがちょ Dottosu, Arashiman G 2001 s-CRY-ed Leader 2001 Crush Gear Turbo Godmama 2001 Rave Master Marco Berunju, Gemma 2002 Ultimate Muscle: The Kinnikuman Legacy Anaconda, Dead Signal, Ikemen Muscle, Maxman, Samu 2002 Kanon Ishibashi-sensei 2002 version 2002 Daigunder Brian, Daigaraion 2002 Lightning Attack Expressja:電光超特急ヒカリアン E4 power, Doctor, Minayo's father, Chijinju Sphinx, Fujin Beast Nazca 2002 Atashin'chi PE Teacher 2002 Monkey Typhoon Garutsu 2002 Bomberman Jetters Oyabon 2002 Kiddy Grade A-ou 2002 Weiβ Kreuz Gluhen Masato Kirishima 2003 Cromartie High School Akira Maeda 2003 Machine Robo Rescue Masayoshi Utada, Anao, Takezo Okano 2003 Crush Gear Nitro Tetsuo Shiroyanagi 2003 Air Master Gouda 2003 Firestorm Robert, Sid 2003 Croket! Café latte 2003 Rockman.EXE Axess SwordMan (Red) 2003 Bobobo-bo Bo-bobo Director 2004 Yumeria Ishikari-sensei 2004 Interlude Master 2004 ja:絢爛舞踏祭 ザ・マーズ・デイブレイク Rich de Bonuru 2004 The Mars Daybreak Rich 2004 Dan Doh!! Takuya Akano 2004 Sgt. Frog Robopyon 2004 Burst Angel Bailan Spy Ep. 9 2004 Ragnarok the Animation Priest, bandit leader 2004 Ultimate Muscle Ikemen Muscle 2004 Samurai Champloo Chinpara 2004 Samurai 7 Gorobei Katayama 2004 Agatha Christie's Great Detectives Poirot and Marple Elsa's brother Ep. 2 2004 Onmyō Taisenki Tsubaki no gorouza, Shusui no namazubou椿のゴロウザ／秋水のナマズボウ 2004 Rockman.EXE Stream SwordMan (Red) 2004 Gankutsuou: The Count of Monte Cristo Maximilien Morrel 2004 Yu-Gi-Oh! GX Mike 2004 Zipang Yosuke Kadomatsu 2005 Xenosaga: The Animation Helmer 2005 Air Soldier Ep. 9 2005–2007 Buzzer Beater series Ivan, Doctor 2005–2011 Bleach Sajin Komamura 2005–2006 Tsubasa: Reservoir Chronicle series Kurogane 2005 Trinity Blood Brother Petros 2005 ja:新釈 眞田十勇士 Hanawa Dan uemon Naoyuki塙団右衛門直之 2005 Kamichu! Dave 2005 Akahori Gedou Hour Rabuge Arimasu Kanenara, Chairman 2005 Guyver: The Bio-Boosted Armor Aptom 2005 Gunparade March Ryoma Taniguchi 2005 Blood+ McCoy 2005 Lamune Nobunaga 2005 Gaiking: Legend of Daiku-Maryu Boss 2006 Amaenaide yo!! Katsu!! Shodai-san 2006 Crash B-Daman Ichibee Sanada 2006 Nerima Daikon Brothers Donabenabe 2006 Ayakashi: Samurai Horror Tales Odajima 2006 Rec Ichi Aomori 2006 Futagohime Gyu!ja:ふしぎ星の☆ふたご姫 Gyu! Hyu cha 2006 School Rumble: Second Semester Gorou 2006 Glass Fleet Uruguzane 2006 Witchblade Sakuma 2006 Yume Tsukai Masafumi Nakaoka 2006 Binbō Shimai Monogatari Fukubiki-sho no ojisan福引所のおじさん 2006 Powerpuff Girls Z Manga artist 2006 Government Crime Investigation Agent Zaizen Jotaro ja:内閣権力犯罪強制取締官 財前丈太郎 Naoto Todo 2006 Le Chevalier D'Eon King Louis XV 2006 Shooting Star Rockman Juro Ogami 2006 Project GAja:ギャラクシーエンジェる〜ん Sansa Kanesaka 2006 D.Gray-man Richard Ep. 29 2006 Buso Renkin Saruwatari Ep. 1 2006 Super Robot Wars Original Generation: Divine Wars Elzam V. Branstein 2006 Kanon Ishibashi-sensei 2006 version 2006 Hell Girl: Two Mirrors Michirou Itou 2006 Shooting Star Rockman Juro Onoue 2006 Tokyo Tribe 2 Penny's store manager, Tsutchi 2007 Deltora Quest Khan troops captain 2007 Les Misérables: Shōjo Cosette Gurumeru 2007 GeGeGe no Kitaro Hashira Gyaku, Yamashita-sensei, Katasharin, Hashimoto 5th TV series 2007 El Cazador de la Bruja Carlos 2007 Bakugan Battle Brawlers Fafnir 2007 Moonlight Mile: Touch down Federico, Brenner 2007 Bamboo Blade Kenzaburo Ishibashi, Death Armor 2007 Neuro: Supernatural Detective Rijin Maguri 2007 Mobile Suit Gundam 00 Police informer, Kokuten General-Secretary 2007 Hatara Kizzu Maihamu Gumi Doburi 2008 Hakaba Kitaro墓場鬼太郎 Teacher 2008 Yu-Gi-Oh! 5D's Hideo Izayoi 2008 Allison & Lillia Village chief 2008 Macross Frontier Kiichiro Tokugawa, Chunen Ogotai 2008 To Love-Ru Pikari's father 2008 Monochrome Factor Taneda 2008 Uchi no Sanshimai A-san 2008 Golgo 13 Baby Luciano, Kimmel 2008 Sands of Destruction Ice cream seller 2008 Blade of the Immortal Kenei Sumino隅乃軒栄 2008 Battle Spirits: Shounen Toppa Bashin Physician 2008 Quiz Magic Academy : The Animation Saunders OVA 2008 Corpse Princess Hikaru's Father Ep. 2 2008 Legends of the Dark King Kio Goram 2008 Linebarrels of Iron Takuro Sawatari 2008 Ga-Rei: Zero Kouji Iwahata 2008 Inazuma Eleven Shinzo Hirai, Kito's father, Kakuma Osho, Koichi (備流田光一), Eiji Sumizu, Kantoku Director 2008 Mobile Suit Gundam 00 second season Barack Jinin 2008 Vampire Knight Guilty Senri's uncle 2008 Tytania Doorman 2008 Negi Bozu no Asataroja:ねぎぼうずのあさたろう Idaten no sahei, Seki Kuromame, Tomato no Figo, Wakai Rokyuuemon 2009 Examurai Sengokuja:エグザムライ戦国 Hiro 2009 Slayers Evolution-R Thief 2009 Sora o Miageru Shōjo no Hitomi ni Utsuru Sekai Gas 2009 Dungeon Fighter Online Kazefu 2009 Dragon Ball Kai Nappa 2009 Fullmetal Alchemist: Brotherhood Roa 2009 Sōten Kōro Xiahou Yuan 2009 Battle Spirits: Shounen Gekiha Danja:バトルスピリッツ 少年激覇ダン Gouda 2009 TO: Symbiotic Planet Pilot OVA（一般） 2009 Anyamaru Tantei Kiruminzuu Ken's father, Teizo Inomata 2009 Kobato. Ioryougi 2009 Tamagotchi! Hanabitchi 2009 Kiddy Girl-and A-ou 2010 Quiz Magic Academy : The Animation 2 Saunders OVA 2010 Bakugan: Gundalian Invaders Fafnir 2010 Beyblade: Metal Masters DJ Chuto 2010 Lilpri Aooni 2010 Super Robot Wars Original Generation: The Inspector Ratsel Feinschmecker 2010 Fairy Tail Brain/Zero, Ketsupuri Dango-bun, Lapointe 2010 Coicent Older brother 2011 Rio: Rainbow Gate Bull Hard 2011 Cardfight!! Vanguard Tetsu Shinjo 2011 Little Battlers Experience Tsunoba Osho 2011 Nichijou Manabu Takasaki 2011 Tiger & Bunny Paulie 2011 We Without Wings Karuma Itami 2011 Beyblade: Metal Fury DJ Chuto 2011 Hyouge Mono Ujinao Hojo 2011 Sket Dance Tetsu, Shitenno 2011 The World God Only Knows Wrestler Tagawa season 2 2011 Inazuma Eleven Go Osho Kakuma, Shinzo Hirai 2011 Marvel Bladeja:ブレイド (2011年のアニメ) Rome 2011 Nura: Rise of the Yokai Clan Haiware Keikain 2011 Battle Spirits: Heroes Haku Ragoshia 2011 Maji de Watashi ni Koi Shinasai! Ryuhei Itagaki 2011 Last Exile: Fam, the Silver Wing Atamora 2011 Future Diary Ryuji Kurosaki 2012 Brave 10 Kojuro Katakura 2012 The Knight in the Area Director, referee 2012 Aquarion Evol Principal, Commander 2012 Thermae Romae Design office director 2012 Zumomo to Nupepeja:ズモモとヌペペ Don Gurireone, Mezamachineドン・グリレオーネ／メザマッシーン 2012 Is This a Zombie? Of the Dead Ikamegaro 2012 Shirokuma Café Gorilla 2012 Transformers: Prime Vogel broadcast in US 2012 Inazuma Eleven GO: Chrono Stone Shinzo Hirai, Tsunoba Osho, Kanu 2012 Aesthetica of a Rogue Hero Kaito Kubota 2012 Tanken Driland Jungo 2012 The Ambition of Oda Nobuna Itetsu Inaba稲葉一鉄 2012 JoJo's Bizarre Adventure: Phantom Blood Tarkus 2012 Case Closed Paul Natsu no Kaitou Kid Matsuri 2013 Bakumatsu Gijinden Roman Akafun no senbee 2013 Boku wa osamaja:ぼくは王さま Tonari no kuni no ōsamaとなりの国の王さま 2013 Tanken Driland: Sennen no Mahō Doug 2013 Dog & Scissors Wanriki Munakata 2013 Blood Lad Franken Stein 2013 Battle Spirits Saikyou Ginga Ultimate Zero Akatsuki no Bajira 2013 Gaist Crusher Ryumon 2013 Infinite Stratos 2 Villain 2013 Kill la Kill Ira Gamagoori 2013 I Couldn't Become a Hero, So I Reluctantly Decided to Get a Job Eric Fritz 2013 Hajime no Ippo: Rising Larry Bernard 2013 Gundam Build Fighters Tatsuzo 2014 Robot Girls Z Ryoma 2014 D-Frag! Odawara 2014 Super Sonico the Animation Ika Kaijin 2014 Cardfight!! Vanguard: Legion Mate Daiysha, Tetsu Shinjo 2014 Marvel Disk Wars: The Avengers Crimson Dynamo 2014 Kutsudaruくつだる。 Narrator 2014 Notari Matsutarō Inokawa 2014 Dragon Collection Meatmania 2014 Hero Bank Tetsunosuke Kinnari 2014 Sengoku Basara: End of Judgement Muneshige Tachibana 2014 Jinsei Narrator 2014 Tokyo ESP Rindo Urushiba 2014 Gundam Reconguista in G Garanden captain 2014 Amagi Brilliant Park Wrench-kun 2014 Gonna be the Twin-Tail!! Draggildy 2015 High School DxD BorN Barakiel 2015 PriPara Sophie's father season 2 2015 Triage X Mido Hayabusa 2015 Pikaia!ja:ピカイア! Frazer Vice President 2015 Gangsta. Galahad Woeho 2016 Ojisan to Marshmallow Habahiro Hige (日下幅広) 2016 Kono Subarashii Sekai ni Shukufuku o! Ruffian (荒くれ者) 2016 Endride Ibelda 2016 The Heroic Legend of Arslan: Dust Storm Dance Ilterish 2017–present My Hero Academia Enji Todoroki/Endeavor 2017 Fate/Apocrypha Caster of Red/William Shakespeare 2017 Made in Abyss Haborugu Ep. 2, 4, 7, 9 2017 Mahōjin Guru Guru Kasegi Gold Ep. 2-3 2017 Katsugeki/Touken Ranbu Hijikata Toshizō 2018 Golden Kamuy Captain Wada 2018 Boruto: Naruto Next Generations Gekkou 2018 SSSS.Gridman Alexis Kerib 2018 Radiant Boss 2019 Isekai Quartet Ruffian Eps. 6, 8 2019 Demon Slayer: Kimetsu no Yaiba Spider Demon (father) 2019 Kengan Ashura Jun Sekibayashi 2019 The Demon Girl Next Door Narrator 2019 Kemono Michi: Rise Up MAO (Macadamian Ogre) 2019 Fate/Grand Order - Absolute Demonic Front: Babylonia Musashibō Benkei 2020 Yatogame-chan Kansatsu Nikki 2 Satsume Recchiri-sensei 2020 Dorohedoro Tanba 2020 Appare-Ranman! Chase the Bad 2020 The Misfit of Demon King Academy Gaios Anzem 2020 By the Grace of the Gods Wogan 2021 Back Arrow Bai Toatsu 2021 Redo of Healer Bullet 2021 Vivy: Fluorite Eye's Song Kuwana 2021 How a Realist Hero Rebuilt the Kingdom Gaius Amidonia 2021–2023 The Fruit of Evolution Gassle Kroot, Saria (before evolution) 2021 Super Crooks Roddy Diesel ONA 2022 Miss Kuroitsu from the Monster Development Department Megistus 2022 I'm Quitting Heroing Edwald 2022 Don't Hurt Me, My Healer! Golem 2022 Tomodachi Game Jūzō Kadokura 2022 Spriggan Bo Brantz 2022 Lucifer and the Biscuit Hammer Sōichirō Nagumo 2022 Reincarnated as a Sword Donadrond 2022–present Bleach: Thousand-Year Blood War Sajin Komamura 2023 Hell's Paradise: Jigokuraku Gantetsusai Tamiya 2023 Magical Destroyers Anime Otaku 2023 Yakitori: Soldiers of Misfortune John Do ONA 2023 Classroom for Heroes Asmodeus 2023 Record of Ragnarok II Hajun ONA 2023 Rurouni Kenshin Shikijō 2023 My Daughter Left the Nest and Returned an S-Rank Adventurer Cheborg 2023 Firefighter Daigo: Rescuer in Orange Kyōsuke Yamagami 2023 Tokyo Revengers: Tenjiku Arc Kanji Mochizuki 2024 Sengoku Youko Dōren 2024 Brave Bang Bravern! Cupiridas 2024 The Unwanted Undead Adventurer Wolff 2024 An Archdemon's Dilemma: How to Love Your Elf Bride Raphael Hyurandell 2024 Rising Impact Daichi Arai 2024 Kinnikuman: Perfect Origin Arc Sunshine Films List of voice performances in feature films Year Title Role Notes Source 1981 Mobile Suit Gundam I Wakkein 1982 Mobile Suit Gundam III: Encounters in Space Wakkein 1999 Funny candy of Okashinana!? Kogerobo 2001 One Piece: Clockwork Island Adventure Danny 2001 One Piece: Jango's Dance Carnival Captain short, shown with Clockwork 2002 6 Angels Sam Canyon 2003 One Piece The Movie: Dead End no Bōken Pogo 2004 One Piece: The Cursed Holy Sword Boss 2004 Appleseed Layton 2004 film 2004 Steamboy Jason 2005 The Princess in the Birdcage Kingdom Kurogane 2007 One Piece Movie: The Desert Princess and the Pirates: Adventures in Alabasta Mr.1 2007 Bleach: The DiamondDust Rebellion Sajin Komamura 2008 Fist of the North Star: The Legends of the True Savior: Zero: Legend of Kenshiro Gades 2008 Bleach: Fade to Black Sajin Komamura 2009 Tenjōbito to Akutobito Saigo no Tatakai Gas 2009 Kamen Rider Decade: All Riders vs. Dai-Shocker Kamen Rider 1 2013 Aura: Maryūinkōga Saigo no Tatakai White Coat Man 2015 Dragon Ball Z: Resurrection 'F' Shisami Chain Chronicle Greg/Dodogaru short film 2017 Kuroko's Basketball The Movie: Last Game Jason Silver 2017 Fate/stay night: Heaven's Feel True Assassin/Hassan-i Sabbah 2019 Promare Varys Truss 2019 My Hero Academia: Heroes Rising Endeavor 2020 Fate/Grand Order: Camelot - Wandering; Agaterám Hassan of the Cursed Arm 2021 My Hero Academia: World Heroes' Mission Endeavor Video games List of voice performances in video games Year Title Role Notes Source 1996 Der Langrisser FX Osuto 1997–2018 Dynasty Warriors series Lu Bu, Huang Gai Until Dynasty Warriors 9 1997 Sparkling Feather Turtoise PC FX 1997 Langrisser IV Shogun Arudan Sega Saturn 1999 Getter Robo Daikessen!ja:ゲッターロボ大決戦! Gai Daido PS1/PS2 1999 Zoku Mikagura Shōjo Tanteidan ~Kanketsuhen~続・御神楽少女探偵団 ～完結編～ Kozo Iba PS1/PS2 1999 Growlanser I Berger Also 2009 remake 2000 Sentimental Graffiti 2ja:センチメンタルグラフティ2 Ken Iwamoto Dreamcast 2000 Hokuto no Ken: Seikimatsu Kyūseishu Densetsuja:北斗の拳 世紀末救世主伝説 Raiga, Hirukaライガ／ヒルカ PS1/PS2 2000 Tales of Eternia Ifrit PS1/PS2 2001 Segagaga Research director A, Research director B, Announcer Dreamcast 2001 Love Songs: Idol ga Classmateja:Love Songs アイドルがクラスメ〜ト Tetsu Gomi PS1/PS2 2001 Shadow Hearts Jack PS1/PS2 2001 Everybody's Golf 3 Morgan, Rock PS1/PS2 2001 Summon Night 2ja:サモンナイト2 Jakini, Karausu PS1/PS2 2001 Inuyasha Manten PS1 2002 Simple 2000 Ultimate Vol. 1: Love*Smash! Super Tennis Players Left Hook Smith PS1/PS2 2002 Grandia Xtreme Jade PS1/PS2 2002 Tales of Fandom Vol.1 Ifrit, Bob PS1/PS2 2002 Kanon Ishibashi-sensei PS1/PS2 2002 Xenosaga Episode I: Der Wille zur Macht Togashi PS1/PS2 2002 Mega Man Zero Phantom Game Boy Advance 2002 Yakitori Musume: Sugo Ude Hanjoukija:やきとり娘〜スゴ腕繁盛記〜 Joji PS1/PS2 2002 Cherry Petals Fall Like Teardrops Yataro Asama, Hiroki Tanigawa Adult PCAs Tetsuo Imada 2002 GioGio's Bizarre Adventure Leone Abbacchio PS2 2002 Groove Adventure Rave: Mikan no Hiseki Henchman PS1/PS2 2003 Venus & Braves Oruga, King Also 2011 PSP version 2003 Muv-Luv Tamase Genjo Itsuki珠瀬玄丞斎 Adult PC 2003 Interlude Dreamcast, PS2, Windows 2003 Green Green Bontenmaru PS1/PS2 2003 Yumeria Teacher PS1/PS2 2003 Summon Night 3 Jakini PS1/PS2 2003 Tales of Symphonia Irfit 2003 Mobile Suit Gundam: Encounters in Space Wakkein PS1/PS2 2003 Growlanser IV Munzer PS1/PS2 2004 Airforce Delta Strike Rick Campbell, Sergei Kinski, Jake Emerson PS2 2004 Your Heart Will be Stolen at the 24th Hour ~ Phantom Thief Jade ~24時、君のハートは盗まれる～怪盗ジェイド～ Reo Saotome Adult PC 2004 Galactic Wrestling Shogun Akuma PS1/PS2 2004 Mega Man Zero 3 Phantom Game Boy Advance 2004 Atelier Iris: Eternal Mana Muru PS1/PS2 2004 Aoi Namidaja:青い涙 (ゲーム) Kyotaro Kashiwagi Xbox 2004 Metal Gear Solid 3: Snake Eater Colonel Volgin PS1/PS2 2005 Mobile Suit Gundam: The One Year Warja:機動戦士ガンダム 一年戦争 Wakkein PS2 2005 Tengai Makyō III: Namidaja:天外魔境III NAMIDA Rekka no myo烈火の明王 PS1/PS2 2005 Namco × Capcom Beraboman PS2 2005 Steamboy Jason Stapps PS1/PS2 2005 The Sword of Etheria Vitis PS1/PS2 2005 3rd Super Robot Wars Alpha: To the End of the Galaxy Rätsel Feinschmecker, Emperor Muge-Zorubadosuムゲ・ゾルバドス帝王 2005 Yo-Jin-Bo Monyama Kadokura PC, also PS2 version in 2006 2005 Castlevania: Dawn of Sorrow Hummer Nintendo DS 2005 Tales of Legendia Curtis PS1/PS2 2005 Critical Velocity Gordon PS2 2005 Sakigake!! Otokojuku Rasetsu PS1/PS2 2005–2015 Quiz Magic Academy series Saunders starting with 3 2005 Front Mission 5: Scars of the War Randy O'Neill PS1/PS2 2006 Gunparade Orchestra: Shiro no Shou Ryoma Taniguchi PS1/PS2 2006 Samurai Champloo: Sidetracked Murasaki hi oni PS1/PS2 2006 Muv-Luv Alternative Tamase Genjo Itsuki珠瀬玄丞斎 Adult PC 2006 Gunparade Orchestra: Midori no Shou Ryoma Taniguchi PS1/PS2 2006 Samurai 7 Gorobei Katayama PS1/PS2 2006 Xenosaga Episode III Togashi PS1/PS2 2006 Adventures of Brave Story Wataruブレイブ ストーリー ワタルの冒険 Father Dragon PS1/PS2 2006 Mega Man ZX Model P, Thon Nintendo DS 2006 Gunparade Orchestra: Ao no Shou Ryoma Taniguchi PS1/PS2 2006 ja:Scarlett Bettō Izumi Kurō sukāretto別当・和泉九郎・スカーレット Adult PC, also remake in 2008 2006 Tales of Phantasia Brambert Milene PSP version 2006 The Legend of Heroes: Trails in the Sky Zin Vathek PSP 2006 Really? Really! Mikio Fuyo Adult PC, also DS version in 2009 2006 Metal Gear Solid: Portable Ops Colonel Sukuronoskiスコウロンスキー大佐 PSP 2007 Appleseed EX Layton PS1/PS2 2007 Warriors Orochi Huang Gai, Lu Bu PS1/PS2 2007 Fate/stay night Réalta Nua Hasan PS1/PS2 2007 Shining Wind Rowen PS1/PS2 2007 Tales of Fandom Vol.2 Ifrit PS1/PS2 2007 Rockman ZX Advent Model P Nintendo DS 2007–2008 Fate/tiger colosseum Shin Assassin PSP, also Upper 2007 Generation of Chaos Ryuhain PS1/PS2 2007 The Legend of Heroes: Trails in the Sky SC Zin Vathek PSP 2007 Wonderland Online: Ankoku no kinjutsu Cliff Windows 2008 Rune Factory 2: A Fantasy Harvest Moon Brurai, Gordon Nintendo DS 2008 Yggdra Union: We'll Never Fight Alone Gunshin barudo~usu/ doruto軍神バルドゥス／ドルト PSP version 2008 Eternal Poison Rogue PlayStation 2 2008 Phantasy Star 0 Ogi Nintendo DS 2008 Warriors Orochi 2 Huang Gai, Lu Bu PS1/PS2 2008 G Senjō no Maō Gonzou Azai Adult PCAs Denemon Iguchi 2008 Super Robot Taisen OG Saga: Endless Frontier Shuten, Eizer Guranata Nintendo DS 2008 The Legend of Heroes: Trails in the Sky the 3rd Zin Vathek PSP 2008 Sigma Harmonics Dixon Nintendo DS 2008 Macross Ace Frontier Pilot B PSP 2008 Suikoden Tierkreis Daiafuruダイアルフ Nintendo DS 2009 We Without Wings Itami togi-rō Ra伊丹伽楼羅 Adult PCAs Big Bang Heita 2009 Mikunisohanashi三国想話 San Koson 2009 Bamboo Blade: Sorekara no Chousenバンブーブレード ～“それから”の挑戦～ Kenzaburo Ishibashi PSP 2009 Trample on Schatten!!ja:Trample on “Schatten!!” 〜かげふみのうた〜 Gen Sakahara坂原弦凱 Adult PC 2009 Hottarake no Shima: Kanata to Nijiiro no Kagami Nazu no junin謎の住人 Nintendo DS 2009 Maji de Watashi ni Koi Shinasai! Ryuhei Itagaki Adult PCAs Ichiyama Misheru 2009 Bleach: The 3rd Phantom Nintendo DS 2009 Tales of Vesperia Irfit, Omagh, Fero PS3 2009 Macross Ultimate Frontier Gary Murdoch PSP 2009 Full Metal Daemon: Muramasa Yusa Doshin遊佐童心 Adult PCAs Denemon Iguchi 2009 Dragon Ball: Raging Blast Nappa 2009 R-Type Tactics II: Operation Bitter Chocolate Male protagonist PSP 2010 Zangeki no Reginleiv Hagen Wii 2010 Super Robot Taisen OG Saga: Endless Frontier EXCEED Shuten, Ezel Granada Nintendo DS 2010 Angelic Crest Dahl PC 2010 Sengoku Basara: Samurai Heroes Muneshige Tachibana 2010 Oretachi ni Tsubasa wa Nai AfterStory Itami togi-rō Ra伊丹伽楼羅 Adult PCAs Big Bang Heita 2010 Tales of Phantasia: Narikiri Dungeon X Brambert Milene, Irfit PSP 2010 Dragon Ball: Raging Blast 2 Nappa PS3 2010 Shining Hearts Isaac PSP 2010 Ore no Kanojo: Tsure wa Hito Denashija:俺の彼女はヒトでなし Jiyuro Eiakira英瑛重朗 Adult PCAs Big Bang Heita 2010 World Wide Loveja:世界征服彼女 Torasame Yasojima八十島虎鮫 Adult PCAs Hyodo Emeriyaenko 2011 Macross Triangle Frontier Gary Murdoch PSP 2011 Dead or Alive: Dimensions Raidou Nintendo 3DS 2011 Doctor Lautrec and the Forgotten Knights Gustav Brachensteinギュスタフ・ブロッケンシュタイン Nintendo 3DS 2011 Nichijo (Uchobito)日常（宇宙人） Takasaki-sensei PSP 2011 Sengoku Basara 3: Party Tachibana Muneshige 2011 Dragon Ball Z: Ultimate Tenkaichi Nappa 2012 Maji de Watashi ni Koi Shinasai! S真剣で私に恋しなさい！S Ryuhei Itagaki Adult PCAs Ichiyama Misheru 2012 Genso Suikoden: Tsumugareshi Hyakunen no Toki Badamuhatan, Satiyaka PSP 2012 Shining Blade Fenrir PSP 2012 Kid Icarus: Uprising Taiyoshin Razu Nintendo 3DS 2012 Code of Princess Master T. Drakkhen Nintendo 3DS 2012 Atelier Ayesha: The Alchemist of Dusk Fred Rodfork PS3 2012 Tokyo Babelja:東京バベル Beriaru PC 2012 Project X Zone Arthur Nintendo 3DS 2012 Witch's Gardenja:ウィッチズガーデン Jouji Kurauchi Adult PCAs Big Bang Heita 2012 Fist of the North Star: Ken's Rage 2 Devil Rebirth, Akashachi 2013 Shining Ark Jinga PSP 2013 Tsuki ni Yori Sou Otome no Sahou: After Story月に寄りそう乙女の作法 アフターストーリー Ichiyo Yasujima Adult PCAs Big Bang Heita 2013 Super Robot Wars OG Infinite Battleja:スーパーロボット大戦OG INFINITE BATTLE Rätsel Feinschmecke PS3 2014 Guilty Gear Xrd -SIGN- Leo Whitefang Arcade, PC, PS3, PS4, also -REVELATOR 2014 Granblue Fantasy Ladiva iOS, Android 2014 Blade Arcus from Shining Fenrir, Isaac Arcade 2014 The Legend of Heroes: Trails to Azure Sigmund Orlando 2014 Tsuki ni Yori Sou Otome no Sahou 2ja:月に寄りそう乙女の作法2 Ichiyo Yasujima Adult PCAs Big Bang Heita 2015 Lost Heroes Bonus Editionja:ロストヒーローズ Kamen Rider 1 PSP 2015 Dead or Alive 5 Last Round Raido 2015 Digimon Story: Cyber Sleuth Gankoomon 2015 Bravely Second: End Layer Kuu Fuurin N3DS 2015 Sengoku Basara 4 Tachibana Muneshige 2015 Fate/Grand Order Musashibo Benkei, William Shakespeare, Hassan of Cursed Arm, Nikola Tesla, Charles Babbage 2015 Blade Arcus from Shining EX Fenrir, Isaac 2015 Mighty No. 9 Mighty No. 4 Seismic 2017 Musou Stars Lu Bu 2017 Sdorica Pang, Pang SP 2017 Xenoblade Chronicles 2 Dromarch 2019 Dead or Alive 6 Raidou 2021 Guilty Gear -STRIVE- Leo Whitefang PC, PS4, PS5 2021 Cookie Run: Kingdom Muscle Cookie 2022 Valkyrie Elysium Eygon PC, PS4, PS5 2022 The Legend of Heroes: Trails Through Daybreak II Zin Vathek PS4, PS5 Tokusatsu List of voice performances in tokusatsu Year Title Role Notes Source 1996 B-Fighter Kabuto Deadly Poison Armored Descorpion Ep. 28 - 35, 38 - 45, 47 - 50 1999 Kyuukyuu Sentai GoGoFive: Sudden Shock! A New Warrior Juuma King Golmois OV 2000 Kamen Rider Kuuga Super Secret Video: Kamen Rider Kuuga vs. the Strong Monster Go-Jiino-Da Go-Jiino-Da Original Video 2000 Mirai Sentai Timeranger Hijacker Nabokov (ep. 8), Poacher Master Hunter (ep. 30) Ep. 8, 30 2001 Hyakujuu Sentai Gaoranger Highness Duke Org Shuten Eps. 1 - 14, 47 - 49 2002 Ultraman Cosmos Alien Nowar Ep. 43, 53 Ultraman Cosmos 2: The Blue Planet Ultraman Cosmos Movie Ultraman Cosmos vs. Ultraman Justice: The Final Battle Ultraman Cosmos, Ultraman Legend 2003 Bakuryu Sentai Abaranger Trinoid #4: Bakudandelion Ep. 3, 13 2004 Tokusou Sentai Dekaranger Anubian Doggie Kruger/Dekamaster Ultraman Nexus Dark Faust Eps. 7 - 12 2005 Mahou Sentai Magiranger Hades Warrior God Ifrit Eps. 35 - 36 2006 Ultraman Mebius Alien Magma Brothers Ep. 16 Mahou Sentai Magiranger vs. Dekaranger Anubian Doggie Kruger/Deka Master OV 2007 Kamen Rider Den-O Kraken Imagin Ep. 35 - 36 Juken Sentai Gekiranger Mythical Beast Capricorn-Fist Dorou Ep. 41 - 42 2008 Engine Sentai Go-onger Savage Sky Barbaric Machine Beast Engine Banki Ep. 37 2009 Kamen Rider Decade Strange Demon Robot Schwarian Ep. 26 - 27 Kamen Rider Decade: All Riders vs. Dai-Shocker Kamen Rider 1 Movie Samurai Sentai Shinkenger Ayakashi Happouzu Ep. 32 - 33 2010 Tensou Sentai Goseiger Thailago Alien Targate of the Satellite Ep. 14 2011 Kamen Rider × Kamen Rider Fourze & OOO: Movie War Mega Max Kamen Rider 1 Movie Kaizoku Sentai Gokaiger Anubian Doggie Kruger Ep. 5 Gokaiger Goseiger Super Sentai 199 Hero Great Battle Anubian Doggie Krugger/Deka Master Movie 2012 Kamen Rider × Super Sentai: Super Hero Taisen Kamen Rider 1, Deka Red 2013 Kamen Rider × Super Sentai × Space Sheriff: Super Hero Taisen Z Kamen Rider 1, Deka Red, Strange Demon Robot Schwarian Zyuden Sentai Kyoryuger Debo Kibishidesu Ep. 14, 37 2014 Ressha Sentai ToQger vs. Kamen Rider Gaim: Spring Break Combined Special Kamen Rider 1 TV special Heisei Riders vs. Shōwa Riders: Kamen Rider Taisen feat. Super Sentai Kamen Rider J, Tigerroid, Orphnoch Movie 2015 Kamen Rider Ghost Seiryutou Gamma (ep. 9 - 10), Kamen Rider 1 (ep. 24) Ep. 9 - 10, 24 Shuriken Sentai Ninninger Yokai Kamaitachi Ep. 1 Super Hero Taisen GP: Kamen Rider 3 Kamen Rider 1 other Movie Tokusou Sentai Dekaranger 10 Years After Anubian Doggie Kruger/Deka Master OV 2016 Kamen Rider Ex-Aid Revol Bugster Ep. 3, 15 - 16, 27 2017 Power Rangers Dino Force Brave Fire Deemon Lord Homuras Eps. 1 - 11 Doubutsu Sentai Zyuohger Returns Announcer OV Uchuu Sentai Kyuranger Anubian Doggie Kruger Ep. 18 Space Squad: Gavan vs. Dekaranger OV 2018 Kaitou Sentai Lupinranger VS Keisatsu Sentai Patranger Kerbero Gangan Ep. 34 2019 Super Sentai Strongest Battle Anubian Doggie Kruger/Deka Master Television special Kishiryu Sentai Ryusoulger Gachireus Eps. 14 - 16, 27 - 29, 31 - Kishiryu Sentai Ryusoulger the Movie: Time Slip! Dinosaur Panic Movie 2020 Mashin Sentai Kiramager Mashin Hakobu Eps. 28 - 40, 42, 44, 45 2021 Saber + Zenkaiger: Superhero Senki Anubian Doggie Kruger/Deka Master Movie Dubbing List of voice performances in overseas dubbing Title Role Dub for Notes Source Dynasty Warriors Lü Bu Louis Koo Eternals Gilgamesh Don Lee Forbidden Games Joseph Dollé Lucien Hubert New Era Movies edition Power Rangers Mystic Force Daggeron/Solaris Knight John Tui Wolfe Professor Wolfe Kinteh Babou Ceesay Animation Title Role Notes Source Spider-Man: Into the Spider-Verse Aaron Davis / Prowler Thomas and Friends Lorry 1 Season 5 only Transformers: Cyberverse Grimlock, Shockwave, Prowl, Bludgeon, Dirge Main roles Transformers Adventure Groundpounder Drama CDs List of voice performances in audio dramas Title Role Notes Source Cinematic Sound Drama GetBackers -Bug's Karma- (MKC-0009), 2006.01.31 Ryuho Akimoku Drama CD Cinematic Sound Drama GetBackers -The Origin- (MKC-0010), 2006.08.31 Ryuho Akimoku Drama CD Edelweiss: Eidenjima Pollen War Drama CD Hana no Keijija:花の慶次 Hideyasu Yuki Radio drama Is This a Zombie? Gorilla Drama CD ONE～輝く季節へ～ 里村茜ストーリー「たいせつなばしょ」 Shigeo Watanabe Drama CD Supa Supa Drama Talk CD Tales of Destiny Chijou-hen Talk CD Ten Nights of Dreams: The Fifth Night General CD Tindharia no Tane Talk CD References ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be bf bg bh bi bj bk bl bm bn bo bp bq br bs bt bu bv bw bx by bz ca cb cc cd ce cf cg ch ci cj ck cl cm cn co cp cq cr cs ct cu cv cw cx cy cz da db dc dd de df dg dh di dj dk dl dm dn do dp dq dr ds dt du dv dw dx dy dz ea eb ec ed ee ef eg eh ei ej ek el em en eo ep eq er es et eu ev ew ex ey ez fa fb fc fd fe ff fg fh fi fj fk fl fm fn fo fp fq fr fs ft fu fv fw fx fy fz ga gb gc gd ge gf gg gh gi gj gk gl gm gn go gp gq gr gs gt gu gv gw gx gy gz ha hb hc hd he hf hg hh hi hj hk hl hm hn ho hp hq hr hs ht hu hv hw hx hy hz ia ib ic id ie if ig ih ii ij ik il im in io ip iq ir is it iu iv iw ix iy iz ja jb jc jd je jf jg jh ji jj jk jl jm jn jo jp jq jr js jt ju jv jw jx jy jz ka kb kc kd ke kf kg kh ki kj kk kl km kn ko kp kq kr ks kt ku kv kw kx ky kz la lb lc ld le lf lg lh li lj lk ll lm ln lo lp lq lr ls lt lu lv lw lx ly lz ma mb mc md me mf mg mh mi mj mk ml mm mn mo mp mq mr ms mt mu mv mw "声優さん出演リスト 個別表示：稲田徹(Tetsu Ineda)＝今田鉄男＝番菜判斗＝ビッグバン平太＝居口伝衛門＝ミシェル市山＝エメリヤーエンコ兵頭" . Voice Artist Database (in Japanese). GamePlaza-HARUKA-. August 17, 2015. Archived from the original on September 23, 2015. Retrieved September 22, 2015. ^ a b c d e f g h 青二プロダクション – 稲田徹 . Aoni Production (in Japanese). Retrieved September 22, 2015. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay Doi, Hitoshi (September 23, 2015). "Search results for "Inada Tetsu" in ALL database". Hitoshi Doi's Seiyuu Database. Retrieved September 23, 2015. ^ Finnegan, Erin (February 21, 2011). "Shelf Life: Spring Awakening". Anime News Network. Retrieved September 22, 2015. ^ "Exile Song & Dance Unit's New Anime to Air This Week (Update 3)". Anime News Network. January 5, 2009. Retrieved September 22, 2015. ^ "Tiger & Bunny's Satou to Helm CLAMP Festival Video". Anime News Network. August 19, 2011. Retrieved September 22, 2015. ^ "Kill la Kill Anime's Full Main cast Revealed". Anime News Network. September 7, 2013. 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Retrieved June 24, 2019. ^ "Kemonomichi Anime Reveals Cast, Staff, Title, October TV Debut". Anime News Network. June 26, 2019. Retrieved June 26, 2019. ^ "Fate/Grand Order Absolute Demonic Front: Babylonia TV Anime Reveals October 5 Debut, 3 More Cast Members". Anime News Network. August 4, 2019. Retrieved August 4, 2019. ^ "Yatogame-chan Kansatsu Nikki Anime's 2nd Season Reveals New Cast, Visual, January 5 Premiere". Anime News Network. November 15, 2019. Retrieved November 15, 2019. ^ "Dorohedoro TV Anime Adds 6 More Cast Members". Anime News Network. November 12, 2019. Retrieved November 12, 2019. ^ "P.A. Works' Appare-Ranman! Anime's Video Previews Opening Song, More Cast". Anime News Network. March 21, 2020. Retrieved March 21, 2020. ^ TVアニメ「魔王学院の不適合者　～史上最強の魔王の始祖、転生して子孫たちの学校へ通う～」 (August 2, 2020). "【キャスト紹介！】第５話に登場したキャラクターのキャスト情報をお届け！シン・レグリア CV：羽多野渉 ガイオス・アンゼム：稲田徹 イドル・アンゼオ：鳥海浩輔 dアニメストアでは先行配信を実施中！" (Tweet) (in Japanese). Retrieved September 6, 2020 – via Twitter. ^ "By the Grace of the Gods Anime Unveils More Cast, Theme Song Artists". Anime News Network. August 7, 2020. Retrieved August 7, 2020. ^ "Back Arrow Anime's New Promo Video Highlights Rekka Empire, Reveals More Cast". Anime News Network. December 18, 2020. Retrieved December 18, 2020. ^ "Redo of Healer TV Anime's 1st Promo Video Reveals Theme Song Artists, January 2021 Premiere". Anime News Network. October 30, 2020. Retrieved October 30, 2020. ^ "How a Realist Hero Rebuilt the Kingdom Anime's Video Reveals More Cast, July 3 Premiere". Anime News Network. June 3, 2021. Retrieved June 3, 2021. ^ "Shinka no Mi Anime Reveals 1st Promo Video, More Cast, Theme Song Artists". Anime News Network. August 11, 2021. Retrieved August 11, 2021. ^ "Shinka no Mi TV Anime Reveals New Promo Video, October 4 Debut". Anime News Network. September 15, 2021. Retrieved September 15, 2021. ^ 「真・進化の実」は来年1月放送！特報PV公開、デストラ役に沢城みゆき. Natalie (in Japanese). Natasha, Inc. August 8, 2022. Retrieved August 8, 2022. ^ "Netflix Unveils Trailer, More Cast for Super Crooks Anime". Anime News Network. October 22, 2021. Retrieved October 22, 2021. ^ "Miss Kuroitsu From the Monster Development Department Anime Adds 3 Cast Members". Anime News Network. December 2, 2021. Retrieved December 2, 2021. ^ "'Yūsha, Yamemasu' Fantasy Novels About Hero Joining Enemy Demon Army Get Anime in April 2022". Anime News Network. October 20, 2021. Retrieved October 20, 2021. ^ 「このヒーラー」ゲストキャラ役に佐倉綾音ら20人. Natalie (in Japanese). Natasha, Inc. April 11, 2022. Retrieved April 13, 2022. ^ "Nana Mizuki, Kensho Ono, More Join Cast of Tomodachi Game Anime". Anime News Network. May 13, 2022. Retrieved May 13, 2022. ^ "Spriggan Anime Casts Tetsu Inada as Bo Brantz". Anime News Network. May 6, 2022. Retrieved May 6, 2022. ^ "Lucifer and the Biscuit Hammer Anime Reveals 24 More Cast Members, July Premiere". Anime News Network. April 16, 2022. Retrieved April 16, 2022. ^ "Reincarnated as a Sword Anime's 2nd Promo Video Reveals Cast, Theme Songs, October 5 Premiere". Anime News Network. August 10, 2022. Retrieved August 10, 2022. ^ "Hell's Paradise: Jigokuraku Anime's New Promo Video Reveals 7 Main cast Members, April 2023 Debut". Anime News Network. December 18, 2022. Retrieved December 18, 2022. ^ "Majō Shōjo Magical Destroyers Anime Reveals 8 More Cast Members". Anime News Network. February 24, 2023. Retrieved February 28, 2023. ^ "Saga of Tanya the Evil Author's Yakitori: Soldiers of Misfortune Sci-fi Novels Get Anime in May 2023". Anime News Network. March 24, 2023. Retrieved March 28, 2023. ^ "Classroom for Heroes Anime's New Video Reveals More Cast". Anime News Network. May 21, 2023. Retrieved May 21, 2023. ^ "Record of Ragnarok II Anime's 2nd Part Debuts on July 12". Anime News Network. May 24, 2023. Retrieved May 24, 2023. ^ "New Rurouni Kenshin Anime's Promo Video Reveals Cast for Oniwabanshū Members". Anime News Network. August 23, 2023. Retrieved August 23, 2023. ^ "My Daughter Left the Nest and Returned an S-Rank Adventurer Anime Reveals 2nd Promo Video, Additional Cast, September 28 Debut". Anime News Network. September 15, 2023. Retrieved September 15, 2023. ^ "Firefighter Daigo: Rescuer in Orange Anime Reveals 4 More Cast Members". Anime News Network. June 29, 2023. Retrieved June 29, 2023. ^ "Tokyo Revengers Anime to Adapt Tenjiku Arc". Anime News Network. April 1, 2023. Retrieved April 1, 2023. ^ "Sengoku Youko TV Anime Reveals 4 Character Videos, 8 More Cast Members". Anime News Network. September 17, 2023. Retrieved September 17, 2023. ^ "Brave Bang Bravern! Original TV Anime Casts Tetsu Inada". Anime News Network. February 8, 2024. Retrieved February 8, 2024. ^ ウルフ. nozomanufushi-anime.jp (in Japanese). Retrieved March 10, 2024. ^ "An Archdemon's Dilemma - How to Love Your Elf Bride Anime's Main Trailer Reveals More Cast & Staff, Opening Song, April Debut". Anime News Network. January 31, 2024. Retrieved January 31, 2024. ^ "Rising Impact Golf Anime Reveals More Cast". Anime News Network. March 23, 2024. Archived from the original on March 24, 2024. Retrieved March 23, 2024. ^ "Toshiyuki Morikawa, Tetsu Inada, Yuichi Nakamura Join Cast of Kinnikuman Perfect Origin Arc Anime". Anime News Network. 2024-06-07. Retrieved 2024-06-07. ^ "Chain Chronicle Smartphone RPG Also Gets TV Anime". Anime News Network. December 13, 2014. Retrieved September 22, 2015. ^ "Trigger, XFlag's Promare Anime Film Reveals Main cast, May Debut, New Trailer (Update)". Anime News Network. January 22, 2019. Retrieved January 22, 2019. ^ My Hero Academia: Heroes Rising (2019) - IMDb, retrieved 2023-06-30 ^ Nagasaki, Kenji (2021-10-29), Boku no Hero Academia: World Heroes Mission (Animation, Action, Adventure), Daiki Yamashita, Nobuhiko Okamoto, Yûki Kaji, retrieved 2023-06-30 ^ "『PROJECT X ZONE（プロジェクト クロスゾーン）』登場キャラクター続々＆オリジナルキャラクターも判明!!". s.famitsu.com (in Japanese). June 28, 2012. Retrieved March 20, 2022. ^ "Tetsu Inada (visual voices guide) - BTVA - Behind The Voice Actors". behindthevoiceactors.com. Retrieved January 30, 2021. Check mark indicates role has been confirmed using screenshots of closing credits and other reliable sources.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: postscript (link) ^ "Mighty No. 9 Casts Miyuki Sawashiro, Showtaro Morikubo, M.A.O, Junichi Suwabe, Takehito Koyasu". Anime News Network. May 11, 2015. Retrieved September 22, 2015. ^ "Pang | Rayark Inc. | Sdorica | Official Website | Anecdotal Online Serial Novel". ^ "DEAD OR ALIVE 6 公式サイト | CHARACTERS 雷道 - コーエー". gamecity.ne.jp. Retrieved January 26, 2019. ^ "レオ | CHARACTER | GUILTY GEAR -STRIVE- | ARC SYSTEM WORKS". guiltygear.com (in Japanese). Retrieved January 30, 2021. ^ Romano, Sal (July 5, 2022). "Valkyrie Elysium launches September 29 for PS5 and PS4, November 11 for PC". Gematsu. Retrieved July 6, 2022. ^ Romano, Sal (August 4, 2022). "The Legend of Heroes: Kuro no Kiseki II -CRIMSON SiN- details Kincaid, Zin, Harwood, Walter, Lucrezia, more". Gematsu. Retrieved August 4, 2022. ^ a b c "Tokusou Sentai Dekaranger 10 Years After: Returning & Additional Cast". July 5, 2015. ^ "Tetsu Inada's Twitter". December 8, 2015. ^ 『フィギュア王』No.181、ワールドフォトプレス、2013年2月23日 ^ "集結！15の眼魂！". December 6, 2015. ^ "Tetsu Inada's Twitter". February 22, 2015. ^ "Tetsu Inada's Twitter". February 13, 2015. ^ "Vシネマ『特捜戦隊デカレンジャー 10 YEARS AFTER』". May 15, 2015. ^ 帰ってきた動物戦隊ジュウオウジャー お命頂戴！地球王者決定戦 (in Japanese). Toei Company. Retrieved 2017-03-05. ^ "New Casting and Story Information for Zyuohger V-Cinema Revealed". Tokusatsu Network. 2017-03-01. Retrieved 2017-03-05. ^ "映画 真・三國無双 DVD". TC Entertainment. Retrieved November 25, 2021. ^ "エターナルズ －日本語吹き替え版". Fukikaeru. Retrieved November 6, 2021. ^ "名画新吹き替えシリーズ NEW ERA MOVIES①". Cinema 1900 Novecento. Retrieved October 24, 2020. ^ "パワーレンジャー日本語吹替版プロジェクト★第２弾始動！". ^ "ウルフ教授の科学捜査ファイル". Star Channel. May 20, 2022. ^ "スパイダーマン：スパイダーバース". Fukikaeru. Retrieved January 22, 2019. External links Official agency profile (in Japanese) Tetsu Inada Archived 2009-05-10 at the Wayback Machine at Ryu's Seiyuu Infos Tetsu Inada at Anime News Network's encyclopedia Tetsu Inada at IMDb Authority control databases International ISNI Artists MusicBrainz
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[]
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[{"reference":"\"声優さん出演リスト 個別表示：稲田徹(Tetsu Ineda)＝今田鉄男＝番菜判斗＝ビッグバン平太＝居口伝衛門＝ミシェル市山＝エメリヤーエンコ兵頭\" [Voice actor's appearance list individual display: Tetsu Ineda]. Voice Artist Database (in Japanese). GamePlaza-HARUKA-. August 17, 2015. Archived from the original on September 23, 2015. Retrieved September 22, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150923085501/http://gph.sakura.ne.jp/va_memo/system/vadb.cgi?action=view_ind&value=00101&namecode=0","url_text":"\"声優さん出演リスト 個別表示：稲田徹(Tetsu Ineda)＝今田鉄男＝番菜判斗＝ビッグバン平太＝居口伝衛門＝ミシェル市山＝エメリヤーエンコ兵頭\""},{"url":"http://gph.sakura.ne.jp/va_memo/system/vadb.cgi?action=view_ind&value=00101&namecode=0","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"青二プロダクション – 稲田徹 [Aoni Production – Tetsu Inada]. Aoni Production (in Japanese). Retrieved September 22, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.aoni.co.jp/actor/a/inada-tetsu.html","url_text":"青二プロダクション – 稲田徹"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aoni_Production","url_text":"Aoni Production"}]},{"reference":"Doi, Hitoshi (September 23, 2015). \"Search results for \"Inada Tetsu\" in ALL database\". Hitoshi Doi's Seiyuu Database. Retrieved September 23, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitoshi_Doi","url_text":"Doi, Hitoshi"},{"url":"http://www.usagi.org/doi-bin/seiyuu-lookup.pl?DB=ALL&value=Inada+Tetsu","url_text":"\"Search results for \"Inada Tetsu\" in ALL database\""}]},{"reference":"Finnegan, Erin (February 21, 2011). \"Shelf Life: Spring Awakening\". Anime News Network. Retrieved September 22, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/shelf-life/2011-02-21","url_text":"\"Shelf Life: Spring Awakening\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anime_News_Network","url_text":"Anime News Network"}]},{"reference":"\"Exile Song & Dance Unit's New Anime to Air This Week (Update 3)\". Anime News Network. January 5, 2009. Retrieved September 22, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2009-01-05/exile-song-and-dance-unit-new-anime-to-air-this-week","url_text":"\"Exile Song & Dance Unit's New Anime to Air This Week (Update 3)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Tiger & Bunny's Satou to Helm CLAMP Festival Video\". Anime News Network. August 19, 2011. Retrieved September 22, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2011-08-19/tiger-and-bunny-satou-to-helm-clamp-festival-video","url_text":"\"Tiger & Bunny's Satou to Helm CLAMP Festival Video\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anime_News_Network","url_text":"Anime News Network"}]},{"reference":"\"Kill la Kill Anime's Full Main cast Revealed\". Anime News Network. September 7, 2013. Retrieved September 22, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2013-09-07/kill-la-kill-anime-full-main-cast-revealed","url_text":"\"Kill la Kill Anime's Full Main cast Revealed\""}]},{"reference":"\"Hiromi Konno, Kazuhiko Inoue Join Tokyo ESP Anime's Cast\". Anime News Network. June 2, 2014. Retrieved September 22, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2014-06-02/hiromi-konno-kazuhiko-inoue-join-tokyo-esp-anime-cast/.75123","url_text":"\"Hiromi Konno, Kazuhiko Inoue Join Tokyo ESP Anime's Cast\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ore, Twintail ni Narimasu. Anime's 2nd Main Promo Features Maaya Uchida's Opening Theme\". Anime News Network. September 29, 2014. Retrieved September 22, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2014-09-29/ore-twintail-ni-narimasu-anime-2nd-main-promo-features-maaya-uchida-opening-theme/.79325","url_text":"\"Ore, Twintail ni Narimasu. Anime's 2nd Main Promo Features Maaya Uchida's Opening Theme\""}]},{"reference":"\"Takahiro Sakurai, Kana Ueda, Ami Koshimizu Join Gangsta. Anime's Cast\". Anime News Network. November 22, 2014. Retrieved September 22, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2014-11-22/takahiro-sakurai-kana-ueda-ami-koshimizu-join-gangsta-anime-cast/.81322","url_text":"\"Takahiro Sakurai, Kana Ueda, Ami Koshimizu Join Gangsta. Anime's Cast\""}]},{"reference":"\"Kono Subarashii Sekai ni Shukufuku o! TV Anime's 1st Promo Video Reveals Cast\". AnimeNewsNetwork. October 26, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2015-10-26/kono-subarashii-sekai-ni-shukufuku-o-tv-anime-1st-promo-video-reveals-cast/.94642","url_text":"\"Kono Subarashii Sekai ni Shukufuku o! TV Anime's 1st Promo Video Reveals Cast\""}]},{"reference":"\"Endride TV Anime Reveals More Cast, Ending Theme Artist\". Anime News Network. Retrieved April 1, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2016-04-01/endride-tv-anime-reveals-more-cast-ending-theme-artist/.100355","url_text":"\"Endride TV Anime Reveals More Cast, Ending Theme Artist\""}]},{"reference":"\"Heroic Legend of Arslan 2nd Season Reveals New Cast, Characters\". 24 May 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2016-05-12/heroic-legend-of-arslan-2nd-season-reveals-new-cast-characters/.102032","url_text":"\"Heroic Legend of Arslan 2nd Season Reveals New Cast, Characters\""}]},{"reference":"\"CAST\". Fate/Apocrypha. Retrieved 2017-03-26.","urls":[{"url":"http://fate-apocrypha.com/","url_text":"\"CAST\""}]},{"reference":"\"アニメ『SSSS.GRIDMAN』、2018年10月に「TOKYO MX」「MBS」「BS11」で放送決定！トレーラー映像第2弾も公開！\" (in Japanese). m-78.jp. 2018-07-09. Retrieved 2018-07-13.","urls":[{"url":"https://m-78.jp/news/post-4852/","url_text":"\"アニメ『SSSS.GRIDMAN』、2018年10月に「TOKYO MX」「MBS」「BS11」で放送決定！トレーラー映像第2弾も公開！\""}]},{"reference":"\"異世界かるてっと\". mau2. Retrieved June 24, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.mau2.com/anime/isekaiquartet","url_text":"\"異世界かるてっと\""}]},{"reference":"\"Kemonomichi Anime Reveals Cast, Staff, Title, October TV Debut\". Anime News Network. June 26, 2019. Retrieved June 26, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2019-06-26/kemonomichi-anime-reveals-cast-staff-title-october-tv-debut/.148249","url_text":"\"Kemonomichi Anime Reveals Cast, Staff, Title, October TV Debut\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anime_News_Network","url_text":"Anime News Network"}]},{"reference":"\"Fate/Grand Order Absolute Demonic Front: Babylonia TV Anime Reveals October 5 Debut, 3 More Cast Members\". Anime News Network. August 4, 2019. Retrieved August 4, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2019-08-04/fate-grand-order-absolute-demonic-front-babylonia-tv-anime-reveals-october-5-debut-3-more-cast-members/.149683","url_text":"\"Fate/Grand Order Absolute Demonic Front: Babylonia TV Anime Reveals October 5 Debut, 3 More Cast Members\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anime_News_Network","url_text":"Anime News Network"}]},{"reference":"\"Yatogame-chan Kansatsu Nikki Anime's 2nd Season Reveals New Cast, Visual, January 5 Premiere\". Anime News Network. November 15, 2019. Retrieved November 15, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2019-11-15/yatogame-chan-kansatsu-nikki-anime-2nd-season-reveals-new-cast-visual-january-5-premiere/.153302","url_text":"\"Yatogame-chan Kansatsu Nikki Anime's 2nd Season Reveals New Cast, Visual, January 5 Premiere\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anime_News_Network","url_text":"Anime News Network"}]},{"reference":"\"Dorohedoro TV Anime Adds 6 More Cast Members\". Anime News Network. November 12, 2019. Retrieved November 12, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2019-11-12/dorohedoro-tv-anime-adds-6-more-cast-members/.153177","url_text":"\"Dorohedoro TV Anime Adds 6 More Cast Members\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anime_News_Network","url_text":"Anime News Network"}]},{"reference":"\"P.A. Works' Appare-Ranman! Anime's Video Previews Opening Song, More Cast\". Anime News Network. March 21, 2020. Retrieved March 21, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2020-03-21/p.a-works-appare-ranman-anime-video-previews-opening-song-more-cast/.157767","url_text":"\"P.A. Works' Appare-Ranman! Anime's Video Previews Opening Song, More Cast\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anime_News_Network","url_text":"Anime News Network"}]},{"reference":"TVアニメ「魔王学院の不適合者　～史上最強の魔王の始祖、転生して子孫たちの学校へ通う～」 [@maohgakuin] (August 2, 2020). \"【キャスト紹介！】第５話に登場したキャラクターのキャスト情報をお届け！シン・レグリア CV：羽多野渉 ガイオス・アンゼム：稲田徹 イドル・アンゼオ：鳥海浩輔 dアニメストアでは先行配信を実施中！\" (Tweet) (in Japanese). Retrieved September 6, 2020 – via Twitter.","urls":[{"url":"https://x.com/maohgakuin/status/1289855962270928897","url_text":"\"【キャスト紹介！】第５話に登場したキャラクターのキャスト情報をお届け！シン・レグリア CV：羽多野渉 ガイオス・アンゼム：稲田徹 イドル・アンゼオ：鳥海浩輔 dアニメストアでは先行配信を実施中！\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tweet_(social_media)","url_text":"Tweet"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter","url_text":"Twitter"}]},{"reference":"\"By the Grace of the Gods Anime Unveils More Cast, Theme Song Artists\". Anime News Network. August 7, 2020. Retrieved August 7, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2020-08-07/by-the-grace-of-the-gods-anime-unveils-more-cast-theme-song-artists/.162716","url_text":"\"By the Grace of the Gods Anime Unveils More Cast, Theme Song Artists\""}]},{"reference":"\"Back Arrow Anime's New Promo Video Highlights Rekka Empire, Reveals More Cast\". Anime News Network. December 18, 2020. Retrieved December 18, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2020-12-18/back-arrow-anime-new-promo-video-highlights-rekka-empire-reveals-more-cast/.167598","url_text":"\"Back Arrow Anime's New Promo Video Highlights Rekka Empire, Reveals More Cast\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anime_News_Network","url_text":"Anime News Network"}]},{"reference":"\"Redo of Healer TV Anime's 1st Promo Video Reveals Theme Song Artists, January 2021 Premiere\". Anime News Network. October 30, 2020. Retrieved October 30, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2020-10-30/redo-of-healer-tv-anime-1st-promo-video-reveals-theme-song-artists-january-2021-premiere/.165766","url_text":"\"Redo of Healer TV Anime's 1st Promo Video Reveals Theme Song Artists, January 2021 Premiere\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anime_News_Network","url_text":"Anime News Network"}]},{"reference":"\"How a Realist Hero Rebuilt the Kingdom Anime's Video Reveals More Cast, July 3 Premiere\". Anime News Network. June 3, 2021. Retrieved June 3, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2021-06-03/how-a-realist-hero-rebuilt-the-kingdom-anime-video-reveals-more-cast-july-3-premiere/.173550","url_text":"\"How a Realist Hero Rebuilt the Kingdom Anime's Video Reveals More Cast, July 3 Premiere\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anime_News_Network","url_text":"Anime News Network"}]},{"reference":"\"Shinka no Mi Anime Reveals 1st Promo Video, More Cast, Theme Song Artists\". Anime News Network. August 11, 2021. Retrieved August 11, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2021-08-11/shinka-no-mi-anime-reveals-1st-promo-video-more-cast-theme-song-artists/.176154","url_text":"\"Shinka no Mi Anime Reveals 1st Promo Video, More Cast, Theme Song Artists\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anime_News_Network","url_text":"Anime News Network"}]},{"reference":"\"Shinka no Mi TV Anime Reveals New Promo Video, October 4 Debut\". Anime News Network. September 15, 2021. Retrieved September 15, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2021-09-15/shinka-no-mi-tv-anime-reveals-new-promo-video-october-4-debut/.177401","url_text":"\"Shinka no Mi TV Anime Reveals New Promo Video, October 4 Debut\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anime_News_Network","url_text":"Anime News Network"}]},{"reference":"「真・進化の実」は来年1月放送！特報PV公開、デストラ役に沢城みゆき. Natalie (in Japanese). Natasha, Inc. August 8, 2022. Retrieved August 8, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://natalie.mu/comic/news/488695","url_text":"「真・進化の実」は来年1月放送！特報PV公開、デストラ役に沢城みゆき"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natalie_(website)","url_text":"Natalie"}]},{"reference":"\"Netflix Unveils Trailer, More Cast for Super Crooks Anime\". Anime News Network. October 22, 2021. Retrieved October 22, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2021-10-21/netflix-unveils-trailer-more-cast-for-super-crooks-anime/.178713","url_text":"\"Netflix Unveils Trailer, More Cast for Super Crooks Anime\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anime_News_Network","url_text":"Anime News Network"}]},{"reference":"\"Miss Kuroitsu From the Monster Development Department Anime Adds 3 Cast Members\". Anime News Network. December 2, 2021. Retrieved December 2, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2021-12-01/miss-kuroitsu-from-the-monster-development-department-anime-adds-3-cast-members/.180188","url_text":"\"Miss Kuroitsu From the Monster Development Department Anime Adds 3 Cast Members\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anime_News_Network","url_text":"Anime News Network"}]},{"reference":"\"'Yūsha, Yamemasu' Fantasy Novels About Hero Joining Enemy Demon Army Get Anime in April 2022\". Anime News Network. October 20, 2021. Retrieved October 20, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2021-10-19/yusha-yamemasu-fantasy-novels-about-hero-joining-enemy-demon-army-get-anime-in-april-2022/.178639","url_text":"\"'Yūsha, Yamemasu' Fantasy Novels About Hero Joining Enemy Demon Army Get Anime in April 2022\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anime_News_Network","url_text":"Anime News Network"}]},{"reference":"「このヒーラー」ゲストキャラ役に佐倉綾音ら20人. Natalie (in Japanese). Natasha, Inc. April 11, 2022. Retrieved April 13, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://natalie.mu/comic/news/473439","url_text":"「このヒーラー」ゲストキャラ役に佐倉綾音ら20人"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natalie_(website)","url_text":"Natalie"}]},{"reference":"\"Nana Mizuki, Kensho Ono, More Join Cast of Tomodachi Game Anime\". Anime News Network. May 13, 2022. Retrieved May 13, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2022-05-13/nana-mizuki-kensho-ono-more-join-cast-of-tomodachi-game-anime/.185640","url_text":"\"Nana Mizuki, Kensho Ono, More Join Cast of Tomodachi Game Anime\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anime_News_Network","url_text":"Anime News Network"}]},{"reference":"\"Spriggan Anime Casts Tetsu Inada as Bo Brantz\". Anime News Network. May 6, 2022. Retrieved May 6, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2022-05-06/spriggan-anime-casts-tetsu-inada-as-bo-brantz/.185387","url_text":"\"Spriggan Anime Casts Tetsu Inada as Bo Brantz\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anime_News_Network","url_text":"Anime News Network"}]},{"reference":"\"Lucifer and the Biscuit Hammer Anime Reveals 24 More Cast Members, July Premiere\". Anime News Network. April 16, 2022. Retrieved April 16, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2022-04-16/lucifer-and-the-biscuit-hammer-anime-reveals-24-more-cast-members-july-premiere/.184717","url_text":"\"Lucifer and the Biscuit Hammer Anime Reveals 24 More Cast Members, July Premiere\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anime_News_Network","url_text":"Anime News Network"}]},{"reference":"\"Reincarnated as a Sword Anime's 2nd Promo Video Reveals Cast, Theme Songs, October 5 Premiere\". Anime News Network. August 10, 2022. Retrieved August 10, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2022-08-10/reincarnated-as-a-sword-anime-2nd-promo-video-reveals-cast-theme-songs-october-5-premiere/.188554","url_text":"\"Reincarnated as a Sword Anime's 2nd Promo Video Reveals Cast, Theme Songs, October 5 Premiere\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anime_News_Network","url_text":"Anime News Network"}]},{"reference":"\"Hell's Paradise: Jigokuraku Anime's New Promo Video Reveals 7 Main cast Members, April 2023 Debut\". Anime News Network. December 18, 2022. Retrieved December 18, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2022-12-18/hell-paradise-jigokuraku-anime-new-promo-video-reveals-7-main-cast-members-april-2023-debut/.193082","url_text":"\"Hell's Paradise: Jigokuraku Anime's New Promo Video Reveals 7 Main cast Members, April 2023 Debut\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anime_News_Network","url_text":"Anime News Network"}]},{"reference":"\"Majō Shōjo Magical Destroyers Anime Reveals 8 More Cast Members\". Anime News Network. February 24, 2023. Retrieved February 28, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2023-02-24/majo-shojo-magical-destroyers-anime-reveals-8-more-cast-members/.195273","url_text":"\"Majō Shōjo Magical Destroyers Anime Reveals 8 More Cast Members\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anime_News_Network","url_text":"Anime News Network"}]},{"reference":"\"Saga of Tanya the Evil Author's Yakitori: Soldiers of Misfortune Sci-fi Novels Get Anime in May 2023\". Anime News Network. March 24, 2023. Retrieved March 28, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2023-03-24/saga-of-tanya-the-evil-author-yakitori-soldiers-of-misfortune-sci-fi-novels-get-anime-in-may-2023/.196382","url_text":"\"Saga of Tanya the Evil Author's Yakitori: Soldiers of Misfortune Sci-fi Novels Get Anime in May 2023\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anime_News_Network","url_text":"Anime News Network"}]},{"reference":"\"Classroom for Heroes Anime's New Video Reveals More Cast\". Anime News Network. May 21, 2023. Retrieved May 21, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2023-05-21/classroom-for-heroes-anime-new-video-reveals-more-cast/.198298","url_text":"\"Classroom for Heroes Anime's New Video Reveals More Cast\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anime_News_Network","url_text":"Anime News Network"}]},{"reference":"\"Record of Ragnarok II Anime's 2nd Part Debuts on July 12\". Anime News Network. May 24, 2023. Retrieved May 24, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2023-05-24/record-of-ragnarok-ii-anime-2nd-part-debuts-on-july-12/.198397","url_text":"\"Record of Ragnarok II Anime's 2nd Part Debuts on July 12\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anime_News_Network","url_text":"Anime News Network"}]},{"reference":"\"New Rurouni Kenshin Anime's Promo Video Reveals Cast for Oniwabanshū Members\". Anime News Network. August 23, 2023. Retrieved August 23, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2023-08-23/new-rurouni-kenshin-anime-promo-video-reveals-cast-for-oniwabanshu-members/.201533","url_text":"\"New Rurouni Kenshin Anime's Promo Video Reveals Cast for Oniwabanshū Members\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anime_News_Network","url_text":"Anime News Network"}]},{"reference":"\"My Daughter Left the Nest and Returned an S-Rank Adventurer Anime Reveals 2nd Promo Video, Additional Cast, September 28 Debut\". Anime News Network. September 15, 2023. Retrieved September 15, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2023-09-15/my-daughter-left-the-nest-and-returned-an-s-rank-adventurer-anime-reveals-2nd-promo-video-/.202426","url_text":"\"My Daughter Left the Nest and Returned an S-Rank Adventurer Anime Reveals 2nd Promo Video, Additional Cast, September 28 Debut\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anime_News_Network","url_text":"Anime News Network"}]},{"reference":"\"Firefighter Daigo: Rescuer in Orange Anime Reveals 4 More Cast Members\". Anime News Network. June 29, 2023. Retrieved June 29, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2023-06-29/firefighter-daigo-rescuer-in-orange-anime-reveals-4-more-cast-members/.199794","url_text":"\"Firefighter Daigo: Rescuer in Orange Anime Reveals 4 More Cast Members\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anime_News_Network","url_text":"Anime News Network"}]},{"reference":"\"Tokyo Revengers Anime to Adapt Tenjiku Arc\". Anime News Network. April 1, 2023. Retrieved April 1, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2023-04-01/tokyo-revengers-anime-to-adapt-tenjiku-arc-with-2-new-cast-members/.196692","url_text":"\"Tokyo Revengers Anime to Adapt Tenjiku Arc\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anime_News_Network","url_text":"Anime News Network"}]},{"reference":"\"Sengoku Youko TV Anime Reveals 4 Character Videos, 8 More Cast Members\". Anime News Network. September 17, 2023. Retrieved September 17, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2023-09-17/sengoku-youko-tv-anime-reveals-4-character-videos-8-more-cast-members/.202469","url_text":"\"Sengoku Youko TV Anime Reveals 4 Character Videos, 8 More Cast Members\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anime_News_Network","url_text":"Anime News Network"}]},{"reference":"\"Brave Bang Bravern! Original TV Anime Casts Tetsu Inada\". Anime News Network. February 8, 2024. Retrieved February 8, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2024-02-08/brave-bang-bravern-original-tv-anime-casts-tetsu-inada/.207370","url_text":"\"Brave Bang Bravern! Original TV Anime Casts Tetsu Inada\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anime_News_Network","url_text":"Anime News Network"}]},{"reference":"ウルフ. nozomanufushi-anime.jp (in Japanese). Retrieved March 10, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://nozomanufushi-anime.jp/character/guildmaster.html","url_text":"ウルフ"}]},{"reference":"\"An Archdemon's Dilemma - How to Love Your Elf Bride Anime's Main Trailer Reveals More Cast & Staff, Opening Song, April Debut\". Anime News Network. January 31, 2024. 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[{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tetsu_Inada&action=edit&section=","external_links_name":"adding to it"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150923085501/http://gph.sakura.ne.jp/va_memo/system/vadb.cgi?action=view_ind&value=00101&namecode=0","external_links_name":"\"声優さん出演リスト 個別表示：稲田徹(Tetsu Ineda)＝今田鉄男＝番菜判斗＝ビッグバン平太＝居口伝衛門＝ミシェル市山＝エメリヤーエンコ兵頭\""},{"Link":"http://gph.sakura.ne.jp/va_memo/system/vadb.cgi?action=view_ind&value=00101&namecode=0","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.aoni.co.jp/actor/a/inada-tetsu.html","external_links_name":"青二プロダクション – 稲田徹"},{"Link":"http://www.usagi.org/doi-bin/seiyuu-lookup.pl?DB=ALL&value=Inada+Tetsu","external_links_name":"\"Search results for \"Inada Tetsu\" in ALL database\""},{"Link":"http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/shelf-life/2011-02-21","external_links_name":"\"Shelf Life: Spring Awakening\""},{"Link":"http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2009-01-05/exile-song-and-dance-unit-new-anime-to-air-this-week","external_links_name":"\"Exile Song & Dance Unit's New Anime to Air This Week (Update 3)\""},{"Link":"http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2011-08-19/tiger-and-bunny-satou-to-helm-clamp-festival-video","external_links_name":"\"Tiger & Bunny's Satou to Helm CLAMP Festival Video\""},{"Link":"http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2013-09-07/kill-la-kill-anime-full-main-cast-revealed","external_links_name":"\"Kill la Kill Anime's Full Main cast Revealed\""},{"Link":"http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2014-06-02/hiromi-konno-kazuhiko-inoue-join-tokyo-esp-anime-cast/.75123","external_links_name":"\"Hiromi Konno, Kazuhiko Inoue Join Tokyo ESP Anime's Cast\""},{"Link":"http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2014-09-29/ore-twintail-ni-narimasu-anime-2nd-main-promo-features-maaya-uchida-opening-theme/.79325","external_links_name":"\"Ore, Twintail ni Narimasu. 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Premiere\""},{"Link":"https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2021-06-03/how-a-realist-hero-rebuilt-the-kingdom-anime-video-reveals-more-cast-july-3-premiere/.173550","external_links_name":"\"How a Realist Hero Rebuilt the Kingdom Anime's Video Reveals More Cast, July 3 Premiere\""},{"Link":"https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2021-08-11/shinka-no-mi-anime-reveals-1st-promo-video-more-cast-theme-song-artists/.176154","external_links_name":"\"Shinka no Mi Anime Reveals 1st Promo Video, More Cast, Theme Song Artists\""},{"Link":"https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2021-09-15/shinka-no-mi-tv-anime-reveals-new-promo-video-october-4-debut/.177401","external_links_name":"\"Shinka no Mi TV Anime Reveals New Promo Video, October 4 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2022\""},{"Link":"https://natalie.mu/comic/news/473439","external_links_name":"「このヒーラー」ゲストキャラ役に佐倉綾音ら20人"},{"Link":"https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2022-05-13/nana-mizuki-kensho-ono-more-join-cast-of-tomodachi-game-anime/.185640","external_links_name":"\"Nana Mizuki, Kensho Ono, More Join Cast of Tomodachi Game Anime\""},{"Link":"https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2022-05-06/spriggan-anime-casts-tetsu-inada-as-bo-brantz/.185387","external_links_name":"\"Spriggan Anime Casts Tetsu Inada as Bo Brantz\""},{"Link":"https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2022-04-16/lucifer-and-the-biscuit-hammer-anime-reveals-24-more-cast-members-july-premiere/.184717","external_links_name":"\"Lucifer and the Biscuit Hammer Anime Reveals 24 More Cast Members, July Premiere\""},{"Link":"https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2022-08-10/reincarnated-as-a-sword-anime-2nd-promo-video-reveals-cast-theme-songs-october-5-premiere/.188554","external_links_name":"\"Reincarnated as a Sword Anime's 2nd Promo Video Reveals Cast, Theme Songs, October 5 Premiere\""},{"Link":"https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2022-12-18/hell-paradise-jigokuraku-anime-new-promo-video-reveals-7-main-cast-members-april-2023-debut/.193082","external_links_name":"\"Hell's Paradise: Jigokuraku Anime's New Promo Video Reveals 7 Main cast Members, April 2023 Debut\""},{"Link":"https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2023-02-24/majo-shojo-magical-destroyers-anime-reveals-8-more-cast-members/.195273","external_links_name":"\"Majō Shōjo Magical Destroyers Anime Reveals 8 More Cast Members\""},{"Link":"https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2023-03-24/saga-of-tanya-the-evil-author-yakitori-soldiers-of-misfortune-sci-fi-novels-get-anime-in-may-2023/.196382","external_links_name":"\"Saga of Tanya the Evil Author's Yakitori: Soldiers of Misfortune Sci-fi Novels Get Anime in May 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonneries_de_la_Rose%2BCroix
Sonneries de la Rose+Croix
["1 References"]
Composition by Erik Satie This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Sonneries de la Rose+Croix" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (February 2024) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Original edition of Satie's score for the Sonneries de la Rose + Croix (1892) Trois sonneries de la Rose+Croix ("Three Sonneries of the Rose+Cross") is a piano composition by Erik Satie, first published in 1892, while he was composer and chapel-master of the Rosicrucian "Ordre de la Rose-Croix Catholique, du Temple et du Graal", led by Sâr Joséphin Péladan. Other ways of transcribing the title of this work include Sonneries de la Rose + Croix, Trois sonneries de la Rose-Croix and Sonneries de la Rose†Croix. The composition has three movements, totalling about 11 minutes execution time: Air de l'Ordre ("Air of the Order") Air du Grand Maître ("Air of the Grand-Master", i.e. Sâr Péladan) Air du Grand Prieur ("Air of the Grand-Prior", i.e. Count Antoine de La Rochefoucauld) A composition dated 20 January 1891, having only Modéré (Moderato) marked on the score, is generally known as Première pensée Rose+Croix, after its first publication in 1968. The three sections are written with no bar lines, implying a free metric structure. Each piece is written in an elegant melody/accompaniment chorale style, exhibiting an interplay of two themes in austere but cleverly designed juxtaposition, with repetition and occasional departure from the initial exposition. In 1988, Alan Gillmor of Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, published his Erik Satie. Here was revealed his finding that, in all three movements, the ratios of beat counts of these complementary sections within all three pieces fell close enough to the Golden ratio as to evade mistaking for anything but design intent by the composer. Dr. Gillmor was led to explore this by research which suggested that, around the time of the composition of the Sonneries, Satie and Debussy had discussed the possibilities for using the Golden ratio in their work. References ^ Erik Satie: Music, Art and Literature. United Kingdom, Taylor & Francis, 2016. vteErik SatieList of compositionsBallets Jack in the Box Mercure Parade Relâche Orchestral works Danse Le Bœuf Angora La belle excentrique Trois petites pièces montées Vocal music Bonjour Biqui, Bonjour! Ludions Messe des pauvres Quatre petites mélodies Socrate Trois mélodies Trois poèmes d'amour Piano music Allegro Aperçus désagréables Avant-dernières pensées Chapitres tournés en tous sens Croquis et agaceries d'un gros bonhomme en bois Danses gothiques Descriptions automatiques Embryons desséchés Enfantines Fête donnée par des Chevaliers Normands en l'honneur d'une jeune demoiselle (XIe siecle) Gnossiennes Gymnopédies Heures séculaires et instantanées Le Piccadilly Le poisson rêveur Les trois valses distinguées du précieux dégoûté Nocturnes Ogives Petite ouverture à danser Pièces froides Poudre d'or Prélude d'Eginhard Prélude de la porte héroïque du ciel Préludes flasques (pour un chien) Premier Menuet Sarabandes Sonatine bureaucratique Sonneries de la Rose+Croix Sports et divertissements Trois morceaux en forme de poire Veritables Preludes flasques (pour un chien) Verset laïque et somptueux Vexations Vieux sequins et vieilles cuirasses Other compositions Choses vues à droite et à gauche (sans lunettes) Cinq grimaces pour Le songe d'une nuit d'été En habit de cheval Geneviève de Brabant Je te veux La Diva de l'Empire La statue retrouvée Le Fils des étoiles Le piège de Méduse Les Pantins dansent Petit prélude de 'La Mort de Monsieur Mouche' Salut drapeau! Sonnerie pour réveiller le bon gros Roi des Singes Related articles A Romance Entr'acte (1924 film) Furniture music Metropolitan Church of Art of Jesus the Conductor The Minimalism of Erik Satie Monotones (ballet) Musée-Placard d'Erik Satie Surrealist music The Gift (1921 sculpture) Ornella Volta Category Audio Authority control databases International VIAF National France BnF data Other MusicBrainz work This article about a classical composition is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_de_Lenoncourt
Robert de Lenoncourt
["1 Biography","1.1 Chalons","1.2 Cardinal","1.3 Metz","1.4 Embrun, Auxerre","1.5 Death","2 Notes","3 Bibliography"]
Not to be confused with Robert de Lenoncourt (archbishop of Reims). His EminenceRobert de LenoncourtCardinal, Archbishop of ArlesChurchRoman Catholic ChurchArchdioceseArlesAppointed7 February 1560Term ended4 February 1561PredecessorJacques du BroullatSuccessorAntoine de AlbonOther post(s)Cardinal-Bishop of Sabina(1560-1561)OrdersCreated cardinal20 December 1538by Pope Paul IIIRankCardinal-BishopPersonal detailsBorn1485 ?Died4 February 1561 (aged 75-76)La Charité-sur-LoireBuriedPrieure de La Charité-sur-LoireNationalityFrenchParentsThierry de Lenoncourt Jeanne de VillePrevious post(s)Archbishop of Embrun(1556-1560)Cardinal-Priest of Santa Cecilia in Trastevere(1555-1560)Cardinal-Priest of Sant'Apollinare (1547-1555)Cardinal-Priest of Sant'Anastasia (1540-1547)Bishop of Chalons-sur-Saone(1535-1550)EducationLicenciate in Canon and Civil Law Robert de Lenoncourt (1485? – 4 February 1561) was a French bishop, Cardinal, and diplomat. He was the son of Thierry de Lenoncourt, Seigneur de Vignory, Councillor and Chamberlain of the King, and Jeanne de Ville. He had a brother, Henry, Sire de Lenoncourt and Baron of Vignory, a sister named Jacquette, who married Jean d'Aguerre, son of the Governor of Mouzon (January 1509), and a sister named Nicole, who married Érard du Châtelet. Robert's paternal uncle, also called Robert de Lenoncourt, was Archbishop of Reims. Biography From 1515 to 1536 Robert de Lenoncourt was Prior of the monastery of S. Portianus (Pourçain) in the diocese of Clermont. In 1523 he was named Abbot of the Abbey of S. Rémi in Reims. In 1537 he restored the tomb of Saint Rémi. In 1530 he was named Abbot of the royal abbey of Tournus, making his formal entry on 4 June 1531. He was also a Protonotary Apostolic and Almoner to the King and Queen of Navarre, Henry II and Marguerite of Angoulême, the sister of King Francis I of France. Lenoncourt was Treasurer of the Church of Reims, and held a license in utroque iure (both Civil Law and Canon Law). Lenoncourt was apparently Vicar-General of the diocese of Reims, during the episcopacy of Cardinal Jean de Guise-Lorraine (1532-1538). Chalons Lenoncourt was appointed Bishop of Châlons by Francis I of France in 1535, an appointment confirmed by Pope Paul III (Farnese) on 10 May 1535. He resigned the diocese in 1550, in favor of his nephew Philippe, though he continued to be Administrator of the Diocese of Châlons until Philippe's consecration; as part of the arrangement he retained the use of the house of the Bishops of Châlons in Paris. As Bishop of Châlons he was present among the Peers of France in the Lit de Justice of 15 January 1536 , against the Emperor Charles V. Bishop de Lenoncourt was sent as Ambassador to the Emperor by Francis I, in the matter of the Duchy of Guelders which was a fief of the Holy Roman Empire, but which was in alliance with the French, thanks to a secret treaty of October 1534. The Duke of Guelders (1538-1543), William, Duke of Jülich-Cleves-Berg, married King Francis' niece, Jeanne d'Albret, in 1541. Cardinal Lenoncourt was created a Cardinal Priest in the Consistory of 20 December 1538 by Pope Paul III. He was admitted to Consistory and given his red hat on 19 March 1540, and on 7 October 1540 he was assigned the titulus of Santa Anastasia. On 10 October 1547 he was translated to the titulus of Sant'Apollinare, and on 11 December 1555 to Santa Cecilia in Trastevere. In 1538, Robert de Lenoncourt was named Prior of the Prieuré de la Charité-sur-Loire, which he held until his death. The priory was burned during the Third War of Religion, and the inhabitants scattered. After some disorder, Cardinal Robert was succeeded by his nephew Philippe in 1564. Cardinal de Lenoncourt was granted the Abbey of Saint-Martin de Laon in 1545 and held it until 1548, when he was succeeded by Cardinal Charles de Lorraine. Metz Cardinal de Lenoncourt was granted the diocese of Metz on 22 April 1551 by Pope Julius III, in succession to Cardinal Charles de Guise-Lorraine, which he held until December 1555. He was the first bishop of Metz in sixty-seven years to personally take up his charge. With the Treaty of Chambord in 1552, Metz became a part of France and remained so until 1871. King Henri II himself spent three days in Metz, receiving the fealty of his subjects, and then left the Duke de Guise, François de Guise-Lorraine, as his Lieutenant-General. In January 1552 Cardinal de Lenoncourt convoked a meeting of the Estates-General of Metz, but his actions appeared to the citizens to be an effort to concentrate all the power in the city in his own hands. Their strong reaction compelled the Cardinal to withdraw the Estates to the town of Vic, just east of Nancy. On 10 April he helped to introduce a French army into Metz. He was instrumental in overthrowing the republic which had existed under Charles V in favor of the French, manipulating the elections for the Council by naming candidates and choosing the Maître-Échevin (President) himself. Cardinal de Lenoncourt resumed the coinage of money in Metz, in his own name, in 1553. He then sent a memorandum to the King, in which he requested military assistance. The King sent Marshal de Vieilleville to garrison Metz and Vic, and the Marshal quickly took the entire territory under his control. Cardinal Robert lost everything for which he had been working, and went so far as to seek the aid of the Emperor in trying to eject the French garrison from Metz. In 1556 the citizens of Metz petitioned the King of France for relief from their bishop, but Lenoncourt, who had been in Rome for the second Conclave of 1555, had already been transferred to Embrun. It was perhaps the easiest way to solve the political and military problems created by an overzealous supporter of French interests and his own advantage. Embrun, Auxerre Lenoncourt was named Archbishop of Embrun by King Henri II of France, the appointment being approved by Pope Paul IV (Carafa) in Consistory on 23 March 1556. He held the post until the King appointed him to the diocese of Auxerre. Cardinal de Lenoncourt was approved by Pope Paul IV as bishop of Auxerre on 4 October 1556. Possession of the See was carried out by a procurator on 30 October 1556, and he never visited his diocese personally. One of his vicars was his nephew Philippe de Lenoncourt. His spiritual functions were carried out by Fr. Philippe Munier, Titular Bishop of Philadelphia In 1557 the Cardinal appointed his nephew, Jean de Lenoncourt, Abbot of Essômes, to represent him at a meeting of the Estates of Burgundy. He was succeeded by his nephew Philippe, who made his solemn entry into Auxerre on 8 December 1560, the splendid details of which were recorded and witnessed by a notary. Philippe was accompanied by his brother Jean, Baron de Vignory. On the nomination of the King, Cardinal de Lenoncourt became Prince and Archbishop of Arles in 1560. His spiritual functions as archbishop were carried out by his suffragan and perpetual vicar, Pierre de Bisqueriis, titular bishop of Nicopolis. He was succeeded by Antoine d'Albon (1561-1562), and then by Cardinal Ippolito d'Este in 1564. On 3 July 1560, the archbishop, bishop, provost, canons and other clergy of the diocese of Arles were accused by the citizens of Arles in the Parliament of Provence of failing, despite more than sufficient revenues assigned for the purpose, to provide preachers for the churches in the diocese on Sundays, Feast Days, Advent and Lent and other major occasions. While the new archbishop had only received his bulls in February, he and his clergy were put on notice that the people were unhappy with the quality of service being provided. Cardinal Robert de Lenoncourt participated in the Conclave of 5 September–25 December 1559 which resulted in the election of Cardinal Giovanni Angelo de' Medici, who took the throne name of Pope Pius IV. The French candidates, chosen by King Henri and Queen Catherine, were Cardinal Ippolito d'Este, Cardinal François de Tournon, and Cardinal Ercole Gonzaga of Mantua, none of whom was actually papabile. On 13 March 1560 he was also created suburbicarian Bishop of Sabina. Death Cardinal Robert de Lenoncourt died in France at his Priory of La Charité-sur-Loire on 4 February 1561. His body was desecrated by the Huguenots, burned and the ashes scattered in the Loire. Notes ^ G-Catholic.org, Cardinal Robert de Lenoncourt Retrieved: 2016-05-04. ^ J.-B.-E. de Jaurgain, "Profils Basques: Jean et Claude d'Aguerre," Revue de Bearn, Navarre et Lannes. Vol. 3. Paris. 1885. pp. 331–372, 433–462, at p. 333, and n. 1.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) ^ Sainte-Marthe Gallia christiana 2, p. 374. His homonymous uncle had been Prior Commendatory from 1503-1509. ^ Auguste Lacatte-Joltrois (1868). Abbé Cerf (ed.). Histoire et description de l'église de Saint-Rémi de Reims ... (in French). Reims: P. Dubois. p. 78. ^ Sainte-Marthe, Gallia christiana 9, p. 896. ^ Pierre François Chiflet (1664). Histoire de l'Abbaye et de la Ville de Tournus. pp. 233 (ccxxxiij). ^ Gulik and Eubel, p. 158 and note 3. ^ H. Outram Evennett (2011). The Cardinal of Lorraine and the Council of Trent: A Study in the Counter-Reformation. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 15. ISBN 978-1-107-60141-3. Evenett may not be trustworthy, however. He makes Robert de Lenoncourt to be Bishop of Chalons-sur-Saône, when he was actually Bishop of Chalons-sur-Marne, and he gives the date of Robert's accession as 1542, when it was actually 1535. He makes Philippe de Lenoncourt Canon and Treasurer of Reims at this time, while papal documents make it clear that it was Robert de Lenoncourt who was Treasurer of Reims at the time of his elevation to the episcopacy in 1535. ^ Sainte-Marthe, Gallia christiana 9, pp. 896-897. ^ Gulik and Eubel, p. 158-159, with n. 4. ^ Ribier, I, p. 3. Sainte-Marthe, Gallia christiana 9, pp. 896. ^ Petrus Johannes Blok (1899). History of the People of the Netherlands: From the beginning of the fifteenth century to 1559. New York: G. P. Putnam's sons. pp. 229–234. ^ Gulik and Eubel, p. 59. ^ René de Lespinasse (1887). Cartulaire du prieuré de La Charité-sur-Loire (Nièvre), ordre de Cluni (in French and Latin). Nevers: Morin-Boutillier. pp. xxxvii and 428. ^ Gomert, Ch. (1870). "Notice sur l' abbaye de Saint-Martin de Laon". Bulletin de la Société Académique de Laon. 18: 121–166, at.pp. 155-156. ^ Martin Meurisse (1634). Histoire des évêques de l'Eglise de Metz (in French). Metz: Par Jean Anthoine. pp. 617–626. ^ Gulik and Eubel, p. 242. ^ Pierre Brasme (2011). Quand Metz reçoit la France: souverains et chefs d'État français dans la cité messine (in French). Metz: Paraiges. pp. 17–34. ISBN 979-10-90185-03-6. ^ Meurisse, p. 622. ^ Fisquet, p. 668. ^ Meurisse, pp. 624-625. Felicien de Saulcy (1833). Recherches sur les monnaies des évêques de Metz (in French). Metz: S. Lamort. p. 70. ^ He arrived in Rome in the evening of 22 May 1555, too late for the Conclave of April, which had elected Marcello Cervino as Pope Marcellus II. Marcellus II died during the night of April 30/May 1. Lenoncourt did cast his vote in the election of Gian Pietro Carafa, who became Pope Paul IV. See J. P. Adams, Sede Vacante of May 1-May 23 1555. Retrieved: 2016-05-05. ^ Gaston Zeller (1926). La réunion de Metz à la France (1552-1648) (in French). Vol. Tome premier: L'occupation. Société d'édition: Les Belles lettres. ^ Gulik and Eubel, p. 190 and 125. ^ Gallia christiana 12 (Paris 1770), p. 336. ^ Jean Lebeuf (1723). Histoire de la prise d'Auxerre par les Huguenots et de la delivrance de la même ville les années 1567 & 1568 (in French). Auxerre: Troche. p. 86. ^ Gallia christiana 9, p. 463. Fisquet, p. 669. ^ Gallia christiana 12, Instrumenta, p. 223-225. ^ Gulik and Eubel, p. 116. ^ Albanès and Chevalier, p. 915. ^ Gallia christiana novissima: Arles, pp. 913-915. ^ J. P. Adams, Sede Vacante 1559. Retrieved: 2016-05-05. ^ Gulik and Eubel, p. 58. The Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church - Biographical Dictionary - Consistory of December 20, 1538 ^ The date of 2 February is given by Albanès and Chevalier, p. 915. ^ Gallia christiana 12 (Paris 1770), p. 336. Bibliography Ribier, Guillaume (1666). Lettres et memoires d'estat, des Roys, Princes, Ambassadeurs et autres ministres sous les Regnes de François I., Henry II. et François II (in French). Vol. Tome premier. Paris: François Clouzier. Sainte-Marthe, Denis (1751). Gallia christiana in provincia ecclesiasticas distributa (in Latin). Vol. Tomus nonus (IX). Paris: Typographia Regia. Fisquet, Honoré Jean Pierre (1867). La France pontificale (Gallia christiana). Metropole d'Aix (in French). Vol. 20: Aix, Arles, Embrun (deuxième ed.). Paris: E. Repos. pp. 666–670. Joseph Hyacinthe; Ulysse Chevalier; Louis Fillet (1901). Gallia christiana novissima: Arles (in French and Latin). Valence: Soc. anonyme d'imprimerie montbéliardasie. pp. 911–915. Gulik, Guilelmus van; Konrad Eubel (1923). L. Schmitz-Kallenberg (ed.). Hierarchia catholica medii aevi (in Latin). Vol. III (editio altera ed.). Münster: sumptibus et typis librariae Regensbergianae. Michon, Cédric, "Cardinals at the Court of Francis I," Martin Heale, ed. (2014). The Prelate in England and Europe, 1300-1560. Woodbridge, Suffolk UK: Boydell & Brewer Ltd. pp. 76–98. ISBN 978-1-903153-58-1. Portals: Biography Catholicism France Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF WorldCat National France BnF data Germany Belgium United States People Deutsche Biographie Other IdRef
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Robert de Lenoncourt (archbishop of Reims)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_de_Lenoncourt_(archbishop_of_Reims)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Cardinal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardinal_(Catholicism)"},{"link_name":"Vignory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vignory"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Robert de Lenoncourt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_de_Lenoncourt_(archbishop_of_Reims)"},{"link_name":"Archbishop of Reims","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archbishop_of_Reims"}],"text":"Not to be confused with Robert de Lenoncourt (archbishop of Reims).Robert de Lenoncourt (1485?[1] – 4 February 1561) was a French bishop, Cardinal, and diplomat. He was the son of Thierry de Lenoncourt, Seigneur de Vignory, Councillor and Chamberlain of the King, and Jeanne de Ville. He had a brother, Henry, Sire de Lenoncourt and Baron of Vignory, a sister named Jacquette, who married Jean d'Aguerre, son of the Governor of Mouzon (January 1509), and a sister named Nicole, who married Érard du Châtelet.[2] Robert's paternal uncle, also called Robert de Lenoncourt, was Archbishop of Reims.","title":"Robert de Lenoncourt"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Tournus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tournus"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Henry II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_II_of_Navarre"},{"link_name":"Marguerite of Angoulême","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marguerite_de_Navarre"},{"link_name":"Francis I of France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_I_of_France"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"From 1515 to 1536 Robert de Lenoncourt was Prior of the monastery of S. Portianus (Pourçain) in the diocese of Clermont.[3] In 1523 he was named Abbot of the Abbey of S. Rémi in Reims. In 1537 he restored the tomb of Saint Rémi.[4] In 1530 he was named Abbot of the royal abbey of Tournus, making his formal entry on 4 June 1531.[5] He was also a Protonotary Apostolic and Almoner to the King and Queen of Navarre, Henry II and Marguerite of Angoulême, the sister of King Francis I of France.[6] Lenoncourt was Treasurer of the Church of Reims, and held a license in utroque iure (both Civil Law and Canon Law).[7]Lenoncourt was apparently Vicar-General of the diocese of Reims, during the episcopacy of Cardinal Jean de Guise-Lorraine (1532-1538).[8]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bishop of Châlons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishop_of_Ch%C3%A2lons-sur-Marne"},{"link_name":"Pope Paul III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Paul_III"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Lit de Justice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lit_de_justice"},{"link_name":"Emperor Charles V","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_V,_Holy_Roman_Emperor"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Guelders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guelders"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"William, Duke of Jülich-Cleves-Berg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William,_Duke_of_J%C3%BClich-Cleves-Berg"},{"link_name":"Jeanne d'Albret","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeanne_d%27Albret"}],"sub_title":"Chalons","text":"Lenoncourt was appointed Bishop of Châlons by Francis I of France in 1535, an appointment confirmed by Pope Paul III (Farnese) on 10 May 1535.[9] He resigned the diocese in 1550, in favor of his nephew Philippe, though he continued to be Administrator of the Diocese of Châlons until Philippe's consecration; as part of the arrangement he retained the use of the house of the Bishops of Châlons in Paris.[10] As Bishop of Châlons he was present among the Peers of France in the Lit de Justice of 15 January 1536 [1537], against the Emperor Charles V.[11] Bishop de Lenoncourt was sent as Ambassador to the Emperor by Francis I, in the matter of the Duchy of Guelders which was a fief of the Holy Roman Empire, but which was in alliance with the French, thanks to a secret treaty of October 1534.[12] The Duke of Guelders (1538-1543), William, Duke of Jülich-Cleves-Berg, married King Francis' niece, Jeanne d'Albret, in 1541.","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"titulus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titular_church"},{"link_name":"Santa Anastasia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basilica_di_Sant%27Anastasia_al_Palatino"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"titulus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titular_church"},{"link_name":"Santa Cecilia in Trastevere","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Cecilia_in_Trastevere"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"sub_title":"Cardinal","text":"Lenoncourt was created a Cardinal Priest in the Consistory of 20 December 1538 by Pope Paul III. He was admitted to Consistory and given his red hat on 19 March 1540, and on 7 October 1540 he was assigned the titulus of Santa Anastasia.[13] On 10 October 1547 he was translated to the titulus of Sant'Apollinare, and on 11 December 1555 to Santa Cecilia in Trastevere.In 1538, Robert de Lenoncourt was named Prior of the Prieuré de la Charité-sur-Loire, which he held until his death.[14] The priory was burned during the Third War of Religion, and the inhabitants scattered. After some disorder, Cardinal Robert was succeeded by his nephew Philippe in 1564.Cardinal de Lenoncourt was granted the Abbey of Saint-Martin de Laon in 1545 and held it until 1548, when he was succeeded by Cardinal Charles de Lorraine.[15]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"diocese of Metz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishop_of_Metz"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Pope Julius III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Julius_III"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Treaty of Chambord","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Chambord"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"}],"sub_title":"Metz","text":"Cardinal de Lenoncourt was granted the diocese of Metz[16] on 22 April 1551 by Pope Julius III, in succession to Cardinal Charles de Guise-Lorraine, which he held until December 1555.[17] He was the first bishop of Metz in sixty-seven years to personally take up his charge. With the Treaty of Chambord in 1552, Metz became a part of France and remained so until 1871.[18] King Henri II himself spent three days in Metz, receiving the fealty of his subjects, and then left the Duke de Guise, François de Guise-Lorraine, as his Lieutenant-General.[19] In January 1552 Cardinal de Lenoncourt convoked a meeting of the Estates-General of Metz, but his actions appeared to the citizens to be an effort to concentrate all the power in the city in his own hands. Their strong reaction compelled the Cardinal to withdraw the Estates to the town of Vic, just east of Nancy. On 10 April he helped to introduce a French army into Metz.[20] He was instrumental in overthrowing the republic which had existed under Charles V in favor of the French, manipulating the elections for the Council by naming candidates and choosing the Maître-Échevin (President) himself. Cardinal de Lenoncourt resumed the coinage of money in Metz, in his own name, in 1553.[21] He then sent a memorandum to the King, in which he requested military assistance. The King sent Marshal de Vieilleville to garrison Metz and Vic, and the Marshal quickly took the entire territory under his control. Cardinal Robert lost everything for which he had been working, and went so far as to seek the aid of the Emperor in trying to eject the French garrison from Metz. In 1556 the citizens of Metz petitioned the King of France for relief from their bishop, but Lenoncourt, who had been in Rome for the second Conclave of 1555,[22] had already been transferred to Embrun.[23] It was perhaps the easiest way to solve the political and military problems created by an overzealous supporter of French interests and his own advantage.","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Archbishop of Embrun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishop_of_Embrun"},{"link_name":"Henri II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_II_of_France"},{"link_name":"Pope Paul IV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Paul_IV"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"bishop of Auxerre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishop_of_Auxerre"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"Archbishop of Arles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archbishop_of_Arles"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"Pope Pius IV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Pius_IV"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"Bishop of Sabina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishop_of_Sabina"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"}],"sub_title":"Embrun, Auxerre","text":"Lenoncourt was named Archbishop of Embrun by King Henri II of France, the appointment being approved by Pope Paul IV (Carafa) in Consistory on 23 March 1556. He held the post until the King appointed him to the diocese of Auxerre.[24] Cardinal de Lenoncourt was approved by Pope Paul IV as bishop of Auxerre on 4 October 1556. Possession of the See was carried out by a procurator on 30 October 1556, and he never visited his diocese personally. One of his vicars was his nephew Philippe de Lenoncourt.[25] His spiritual functions were carried out by Fr. Philippe Munier, Titular Bishop of Philadelphia[26] In 1557 the Cardinal appointed his nephew, Jean de Lenoncourt, Abbot of Essômes, to represent him at a meeting of the Estates of Burgundy.[27] He was succeeded by his nephew Philippe, who made his solemn entry into Auxerre on 8 December 1560, the splendid details of which were recorded and witnessed by a notary.[28] Philippe was accompanied by his brother Jean, Baron de Vignory.On the nomination of the King, Cardinal de Lenoncourt became Prince and Archbishop of Arles in 1560.[29] His spiritual functions as archbishop were carried out by his suffragan and perpetual vicar, Pierre de Bisqueriis, titular bishop of Nicopolis. He was succeeded by Antoine d'Albon (1561-1562), and then by Cardinal Ippolito d'Este in 1564.[30] On 3 July 1560, the archbishop, bishop, provost, canons and other clergy of the diocese of Arles were accused by the citizens of Arles in the Parliament of Provence of failing, despite more than sufficient revenues assigned for the purpose, to provide preachers for the churches in the diocese on Sundays, Feast Days, Advent and Lent and other major occasions.[31] While the new archbishop had only received his bulls in February, he and his clergy were put on notice that the people were unhappy with the quality of service being provided.Cardinal Robert de Lenoncourt participated in the Conclave of 5 September–25 December 1559 which resulted in the election of Cardinal Giovanni Angelo de' Medici, who took the throne name of Pope Pius IV. The French candidates, chosen by King Henri and Queen Catherine, were Cardinal Ippolito d'Este, Cardinal François de Tournon, and Cardinal Ercole Gonzaga of Mantua, none of whom was actually papabile.[32]On 13 March 1560 he was also created suburbicarian Bishop of Sabina.[33]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"La Charité-sur-Loire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Charit%C3%A9-sur-Loire"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"}],"sub_title":"Death","text":"Cardinal Robert de Lenoncourt died in France at his Priory of La Charité-sur-Loire on 4 February 1561.[34] His body was desecrated by the Huguenots, burned and the ashes scattered in the Loire.[35]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"Cardinal Robert de 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1568","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=oPVAAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA85"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-27"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-28"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-29"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-30"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-31"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-32"},{"link_name":"Sede Vacante 1559.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.csun.edu/~hcfll004/SV1559.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-33"},{"link_name":"The Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church - Biographical Dictionary - Consistory of December 20, 1538","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.fiu.edu/~mirandas/bios1538-ii.htm#Lenoncourt"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-34"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-35"}],"text":"^ G-Catholic.org, Cardinal Robert de Lenoncourt Retrieved: 2016-05-04.\n\n^ J.-B.-E. de Jaurgain, \"Profils Basques: Jean et Claude d'Aguerre,\" Revue de Bearn, Navarre et Lannes. Vol. 3. Paris. 1885. pp. 331–372, 433–462, at p. 333, and n. 1.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)\n\n^ Sainte-Marthe Gallia christiana 2, p. 374. His homonymous uncle had been Prior Commendatory from 1503-1509.\n\n^ Auguste Lacatte-Joltrois (1868). Abbé Cerf (ed.). Histoire et description de l'église de Saint-Rémi de Reims ... (in French). Reims: P. Dubois. p. 78.\n\n^ Sainte-Marthe, Gallia christiana 9, p. 896.\n\n^ Pierre François Chiflet (1664). Histoire de l'Abbaye et de la Ville de Tournus. pp. 233 (ccxxxiij).\n\n^ Gulik and Eubel, p. 158 and note 3.\n\n^ H. Outram Evennett (2011). The Cardinal of Lorraine and the Council of Trent: A Study in the Counter-Reformation. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 15. ISBN 978-1-107-60141-3. Evenett may not be trustworthy, however. He makes Robert de Lenoncourt to be Bishop of Chalons-sur-Saône, when he was actually Bishop of Chalons-sur-Marne, and he gives the date of Robert's accession as 1542, when it was actually 1535. He makes Philippe de Lenoncourt Canon and Treasurer of Reims at this time, while papal documents make it clear that it was Robert de Lenoncourt who was Treasurer of Reims at the time of his elevation to the episcopacy in 1535.\n\n^ Sainte-Marthe, Gallia christiana 9, pp. 896-897.\n\n^ Gulik and Eubel, p. 158-159, with n. 4.\n\n^ Ribier, I, p. 3. Sainte-Marthe, Gallia christiana 9, pp. 896.\n\n^ Petrus Johannes Blok (1899). History of the People of the Netherlands: From the beginning of the fifteenth century to 1559. New York: G. P. Putnam's sons. pp. 229–234.\n\n^ Gulik and Eubel, p. 59.\n\n^ René de Lespinasse (1887). Cartulaire du prieuré de La Charité-sur-Loire (Nièvre), ordre de Cluni (in French and Latin). Nevers: Morin-Boutillier. pp. xxxvii and 428.\n\n^ Gomert, Ch. (1870). \"Notice sur l' abbaye de Saint-Martin de Laon\". Bulletin de la Société Académique de Laon. 18: 121–166, at.pp. 155-156.\n\n^ Martin Meurisse (1634). Histoire des évêques de l'Eglise de Metz (in French). Metz: Par Jean Anthoine. pp. 617–626.\n\n^ Gulik and Eubel, p. 242.\n\n^ Pierre Brasme (2011). Quand Metz reçoit la France: souverains et chefs d'État français dans la cité messine (in French). Metz: Paraiges. pp. 17–34. ISBN 979-10-90185-03-6.\n\n^ Meurisse, p. 622.\n\n^ Fisquet, p. 668.\n\n^ Meurisse, pp. 624-625. Felicien de Saulcy (1833). Recherches sur les monnaies des évêques de Metz (in French). Metz: S. Lamort. p. 70.\n\n^ He arrived in Rome in the evening of 22 May 1555, too late for the Conclave of April, which had elected Marcello Cervino as Pope Marcellus II. Marcellus II died during the night of April 30/May 1. Lenoncourt did cast his vote in the election of Gian Pietro Carafa, who became Pope Paul IV. See J. P. Adams, Sede Vacante of May 1-May 23 1555. Retrieved: 2016-05-05.\n\n^ Gaston Zeller (1926). La réunion de Metz à la France (1552-1648) (in French). Vol. Tome premier: L'occupation. Société d'édition: Les Belles lettres.\n\n^ Gulik and Eubel, p. 190 and 125.\n\n^ Gallia christiana 12 (Paris 1770), p. 336.\n\n^ Jean Lebeuf (1723). Histoire de la prise d'Auxerre par les Huguenots et de la delivrance de la même ville les années 1567 & 1568 (in French). Auxerre: Troche. p. 86.\n\n^ Gallia christiana 9, p. 463. Fisquet, p. 669.\n\n^ Gallia christiana 12, Instrumenta, p. 223-225.\n\n^ Gulik and Eubel, p. 116.\n\n^ Albanès and Chevalier, p. 915.\n\n^ Gallia christiana novissima: Arles, pp. 913-915.\n\n^ J. P. Adams, Sede Vacante 1559. Retrieved: 2016-05-05.\n\n^ Gulik and Eubel, p. 58. The Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church - Biographical Dictionary - Consistory of December 20, 1538\n\n^ The date of 2 February is given by Albanès and Chevalier, p. 915.\n\n^ Gallia christiana 12 (Paris 1770), p. 336.","title":"Notes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lettres et memoires d'estat, des Roys, Princes, Ambassadeurs et autres ministres sous les Regnes de François I., Henry II. et François II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=Y-tGAAAAcAAJ"},{"link_name":"Gallia christiana in provincia ecclesiasticas distributa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=435h6n5DdZkC"},{"link_name":"La France pontificale (Gallia christiana). Metropole d'Aix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=2jrH-24ti5IC&pg=PA669"},{"link_name":"Gallia christiana novissima: Arles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=B4JPAAAAYAAJ"},{"link_name":"Hierarchia catholica medii aevi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=R1iB4_0XlXoC"},{"link_name":"The Prelate in England and Europe, 1300-1560","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=vBEABQAAQBAJ&pg=PA87"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-903153-58-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-903153-58-1"},{"link_name":"Portals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals"},{"link_name":"Biography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Biography"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:046CupolaSPietro.jpg"},{"link_name":"Catholicism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Catholicism"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:France"},{"link_name":"Authority control databases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Authority_control"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1475239#identifiers"},{"link_name":"ISNI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//isni.org/isni/0000000000489804"},{"link_name":"VIAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//viaf.org/viaf/64107191"},{"link_name":"WorldCat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PCjvkBGcTyYfx3kggWdYQdP"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb124845004"},{"link_name":"BnF data","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb124845004"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//d-nb.info/gnd/132311623"},{"link_name":"Belgium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/14481559"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//id.loc.gov/authorities/n2018053421"},{"link_name":"Deutsche Biographie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd132311623.html?language=en"},{"link_name":"IdRef","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.idref.fr/121781496"}],"text":"Ribier, Guillaume (1666). Lettres et memoires d'estat, des Roys, Princes, Ambassadeurs et autres ministres sous les Regnes de François I., Henry II. et François II (in French). Vol. Tome premier. Paris: François Clouzier.\nSainte-Marthe, Denis (1751). Gallia christiana in provincia ecclesiasticas distributa (in Latin). Vol. Tomus nonus (IX). Paris: Typographia Regia.\nFisquet, Honoré Jean Pierre (1867). La France pontificale (Gallia christiana). Metropole d'Aix (in French). Vol. 20: Aix, Arles, Embrun (deuxième ed.). Paris: E. Repos. pp. 666–670.\nJoseph Hyacinthe; Ulysse Chevalier; Louis Fillet (1901). Gallia christiana novissima: Arles (in French and Latin). Valence: Soc. anonyme d'imprimerie montbéliardasie. pp. 911–915.\nGulik, Guilelmus van; Konrad Eubel (1923). L. Schmitz-Kallenberg (ed.). Hierarchia catholica medii aevi (in Latin). Vol. III (editio altera ed.). Münster: sumptibus et typis librariae Regensbergianae.\nMichon, Cédric, \"Cardinals at the Court of Francis I,\" Martin Heale, ed. (2014). The Prelate in England and Europe, 1300-1560. Woodbridge, Suffolk UK: Boydell & Brewer Ltd. pp. 76–98. ISBN 978-1-903153-58-1.Portals: Biography Catholicism FranceAuthority control databases International\nISNI\nVIAF\nWorldCat\nNational\nFrance\nBnF data\nGermany\nBelgium\nUnited States\nPeople\nDeutsche Biographie\nOther\nIdRef","title":"Bibliography"}]
[]
null
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ISBN 978-1-107-60141-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=NNAv7KFLaJkC&pg=PA15","url_text":"The Cardinal of Lorraine and the Council of Trent: A Study in the Counter-Reformation"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-107-60141-3","url_text":"978-1-107-60141-3"}]},{"reference":"Petrus Johannes Blok (1899). History of the People of the Netherlands: From the beginning of the fifteenth century to 1559. New York: G. P. Putnam's sons. pp. 229–234.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/historypeoplene02blokgoog","url_text":"History of the People of the Netherlands: From the beginning of the fifteenth century to 1559"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/historypeoplene02blokgoog/page/n250","url_text":"229"}]},{"reference":"René de Lespinasse (1887). Cartulaire du prieuré de La Charité-sur-Loire (Nièvre), ordre de Cluni (in French and Latin). Nevers: Morin-Boutillier. pp. xxxvii and 428.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=J2c-AAAAYAAJ&pg=PA427","url_text":"Cartulaire du prieuré de La Charité-sur-Loire (Nièvre), ordre de Cluni"}]},{"reference":"Gomert, Ch. (1870). \"Notice sur l' abbaye de Saint-Martin de Laon\". Bulletin de la Société Académique de Laon. 18: 121–166, at.pp. 155-156.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Martin Meurisse (1634). Histoire des évêques de l'Eglise de Metz (in French). Metz: Par Jean Anthoine. pp. 617–626.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_NAg-DLdlGbUC","url_text":"Histoire des évêques de l'Eglise de Metz"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_NAg-DLdlGbUC/page/n694","url_text":"617"}]},{"reference":"Pierre Brasme (2011). Quand Metz reçoit la France: souverains et chefs d'État français dans la cité messine (in French). Metz: Paraiges. pp. 17–34. 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Histoire de la prise d'Auxerre par les Huguenots et de la delivrance de la même ville les années 1567 & 1568 (in French). Auxerre: Troche. p. 86.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=oPVAAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA85","url_text":"Histoire de la prise d'Auxerre par les Huguenots et de la delivrance de la même ville les années 1567 & 1568"}]},{"reference":"Ribier, Guillaume (1666). Lettres et memoires d'estat, des Roys, Princes, Ambassadeurs et autres ministres sous les Regnes de François I., Henry II. et François II (in French). Vol. Tome premier. Paris: François Clouzier.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Y-tGAAAAcAAJ","url_text":"Lettres et memoires d'estat, des Roys, Princes, Ambassadeurs et autres ministres sous les Regnes de François I., Henry II. et François II"}]},{"reference":"Sainte-Marthe, Denis (1751). Gallia christiana in provincia ecclesiasticas distributa (in Latin). Vol. Tomus nonus (IX). 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Münster: sumptibus et typis librariae Regensbergianae.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=R1iB4_0XlXoC","url_text":"Hierarchia catholica medii aevi"}]},{"reference":"Martin Heale, ed. (2014). The Prelate in England and Europe, 1300-1560. Woodbridge, Suffolk UK: Boydell & Brewer Ltd. pp. 76–98. ISBN 978-1-903153-58-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=vBEABQAAQBAJ&pg=PA87","url_text":"The Prelate in England and Europe, 1300-1560"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-903153-58-1","url_text":"978-1-903153-58-1"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ezra_1:2
Ezra 1
["1 Cyrus Cylinder","2 Text","2.1 Textual witnesses","3 Biblical narrative","3.1 Verse 1","3.2 Verse 2","3.3 Verse 3","3.4 Verse 4","3.5 Verse 7","4 See also","5 Notes","6 References","7 Sources","8 External links"]
First chapter of the Book of Ezra Ezra 1← 2 Chronicles 36chapter 2 →Cyrus Restores the Vessels of the Temple (Ezra 1:1–11)BookBook of EzraCategoryKetuvimChristian Bible partOld TestamentOrder in the Christian part15 Ezra 1 is the first chapter of the Book of Ezra in the Old Testament of the Christian Bible, or the book of Ezra–Nehemiah in the Hebrew Bible, which treats the book of Ezra and book of Nehemiah as one book. Jewish tradition states that Ezra is the author of Ezra–Nehemiah as well as the Book of Chronicles, but modern scholars generally believe that a compiler from the 5th century BCE (the so-called "Chronicler") is the final author of these books. Ezra 1 contains a narrative of the Edict of Cyrus and the initial return of exiles to Judah led by Sheshbazzar as well as the restoration of the sacred temple vessels. It also introduces the section comprising chapters 1 to 6 describing the history before the arrival of Ezra in the land of Judah in 468 BCE. The opening sentence of this chapter (and this book) is identical to the final sentence of 2 Chronicles. Cyrus Cylinder The Cyrus Cylinder contains a statement related to the Cyrus's edict which gives the historical background to the Book of Ezra: I returned the images of the gods, who had resided there , to their places and I let them dwell in eternal abodes. I gathered all their inhabitants and returned to them their dwellings. Cyrus's edict is significant to the return of the Jews, because it shows that they did not slip away from Babylon but were given official permission by the Persian king in the first year of his rule, and it is a specific fulfillment of the seventy years prophecy of Jeremiah (Jeremiah 25:11–14, Jeremiah 29:10–14). Text Right column of p. 575 of the Greek Uncial manuscript Codex Vaticanus (4th century AD), from the Vatican Library, containing 1 Esdras 1:55–2:5. The text is written in Biblical Hebrew and divided into 11 verses. Textual witnesses There is a translation into Koine Greek known as the Septuagint, made in the last few centuries BCE. Extant ancient manuscripts of the Septuagint version include Codex Vaticanus (B; G {\displaystyle {\mathfrak {G}}} B; 4th century), and Codex Alexandrinus (A; G {\displaystyle {\mathfrak {G}}} A; 5th century). An ancient Greek book called 1 Esdras (Greek: Ἔσδρας Αʹ) containing some parts of 2 Chronicles, Ezra and Nehemiah is included in most editions of the Septuagint and is placed before the single book of Ezra–Nehemiah (which is titled in Greek: Ἔσδρας Βʹ). 1 Esdras 2:1–14 is an equivalent of Ezra 1:1–11 (Cyrus's edict). An early manuscript containing the text of this chapter in Biblical Hebrew is the Codex Leningradensis (1008 CE). Since the anti-Jewish riots in Aleppo in 1947, the whole book of Ezra–Nehemiah has been missing from the text of the Aleppo Codex. Biblical narrative The Nabonidus Chronicle, which contains the title of Cyrus as the "king of Persia". Front of the Cyrus Cylinder, containing inscription similar to the Cyrus's edict. Ezra 1 starts by providing historical context of a real event: "the first year of Cyrus king of Persia", but immediately follows with the statement about Yahweh, who has the real control and even already speaks about this event before the birth of Cyrus (Isaiah 44:28; 45:13) and the fulfillment of his word through Jeremiah. Verse 1 Now in the first year of Cyrus king of Persia, that the word of the Lord by the mouth of Jeremiah might be fulfilled, the Lord stirred up the spirit of Cyrus king of Persia, that he made a proclamation throughout all his kingdom, and put it also in writing, saying, Verse 2 Thus says Cyrus king of Persia: The Lord God of heaven has given me all the kingdoms of the earth, and He has charged me to build Him a house at Jerusalem, which is in Judah. Verse 3 Who is there among you of all his people? his God be with him, and let him go up to Jerusalem, which is in Judah, and build the house of the Lord God of Israel, (he is the God,) which is in Jerusalem. Verse 4 And whoever is left in any place where he dwells, let the men of his place help him with silver and gold, with goods and livestock, besides the freewill offerings for the house of God which is in Jerusalem. Verse 7 Also Cyrus the king brought forth the vessels of the house of the Lord, which Nebuchadnezzar had brought forth out of Jerusalem, and had put them in the house of his gods; The Temple treasures that Nebuchadnezzar took away (2 Chronicles 36:18) are now to be returned to Jerusalem. See also Cyrus the Great in the Bible Jerusalem Mithredath Zerubbabel Related Bible parts: 2 Chronicles 36, Isaiah 44, Isaiah 45, Jeremiah 25, Jeremiah 29, Jeremiah 51 Notes ^ The extant Codex Sinaiticus only contains Ezra 9:9–10:44. References ^ Halley 1965, p. 232. ^ Grabbe 2003, p. 313. ^ Babylonian Talmud Baba Bathra 15a, apud Fensham 1982, p. 2 ^ Fensham 1982, pp. 2–4. ^ a b c Grabbe 2003, p. 314. ^ Fensham 1982, p. 4. ^ Davies, G. I., Introduction to the Pentateuch in Barton, J. and Muddiman, J. (2001), The Oxford Bible Commentary Archived 2017-11-22 at the Wayback Machine, p. 19 ^ Levering 2007, p. 39. ^ McConville 1985, p. 8. ^ Line 32 in Lendering, Jona (5 February 2010). "Cyrus Cylinder (2)". Livius.org. Archived from the original on 11 March 2018. Retrieved 10 January 2007. Text adapted from Schaudig (2001).English translation adapted from Cogan's translation in Hallo & Younger (2003). ^ Würthwein 1995, pp. 73–74. ^ Würthwein, Ernst (1988). Der Text des Alten Testaments (2nd ed.). Stuttgart: Deutsche Bibelgesellschaft. p. 85. ISBN 3-438-06006-X. ^ Swete, Henry Barclay (1902). An Introduction to the Old Testament in Greek. Cambridge: Macmillan and Co. pp. 129–130. ^  This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). "Codex Sinaiticus". Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company. ^ Catholic Encyclopedia: Esdras: THE BOOKS OF ESDRAS: III Esdras ^ Jewish Encyclopedia: Esdras, Books of: I Esdras ^ Würthwein 1995, pp. 36–37. ^ P. W. Skehan (2003), "BIBLE (TEXTS)", New Catholic Encyclopedia, vol. 2 (2nd ed.), Gale, pp. 355–362 ^ Larson, Dahlen & Anders 2005, p. 6. ^ Ezra 1:1 ^ Ezra 1:2 ^ Ezra 1:3 ^ Ezra 1:4 ^ Ezra 1:7 ^ McConville 1985, p. 11. Sources Dandamaev, M. A. (1989). A Political History of the Achaemenid Empire. Leiden: Brill. ISBN 90-04-09172-6. Fensham, F. Charles (1982). The Books of Ezra and Nehemiah. New international commentary on the Old Testament (illustrated ed.). Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. ISBN 978-0802825278. Retrieved October 28, 2019. Grabbe, Lester L. (2003). "Ezra". In Dunn, James D. G.; Rogerson, John William (eds.). Eerdmans Commentary on the Bible (illustrated ed.). Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. pp. 313–319. ISBN 978-0802837110. Retrieved October 28, 2019. Halley, Henry H. (1965). Halley's Bible Handbook: an abbreviated Bible commentary (24th (revised) ed.). Zondervan Publishing House. ISBN 0-310-25720-4. Hallo, W.H.; Younger, K.L., eds. (2003). The Context of Scripture: Monumental Inscriptions from the Biblical World. Translated by Cogan, Mordechai. Leiden: Brill. ISBN 978-90-04-10619-2. Brosius, Maria (ed.): The Persian Empire from Cyrus II to Artaxerxes I (2000, London Association of Classical Teachers (LACT) 16, London. Larson, Knute; Dahlen, Kathy; Anders, Max E. (2005). Anders, Max E. (ed.). Holman Old Testament Commentary - Ezra, Nehemiah, Esther. Vol. 9 (illustrated ed.). B&H Publishing Group. ISBN 978-0805494693. Retrieved October 28, 2019. Levering, Matthew (2007). Ezra & Nehemiah. Brazos Theological Commentary on the Bible. Brazos Press. ISBN 978-1587431616. Retrieved October 28, 2019. McConville, J. G. (1985). Ezra, Nehemiah, and Esther. The daily study Bible : Old Testament. Westminster John Knox Press. ISBN 978-0664245832. Retrieved October 28, 2019. Schaudig, Hanspeter (2001). Die Inschriften Nabonids von Babylon und Kyros' des Großen, samt den in ihrem Umfeld entstandenen Tendenzschriften. Textausgabe und Grammatik (in German). Münster: Ugarit-Verlag. Smith-Christopher, Daniel L. (2007). "15. Ezra-Nehemiah". In Barton, John; Muddiman, John (eds.). The Oxford Bible Commentary (first (paperback) ed.). Oxford University Press. pp. 308–324. ISBN 978-0199277186. Retrieved February 6, 2019. Würthwein, Ernst (1995). The Text of the Old Testament. Translated by Rhodes, Erroll F. Grand Rapids, MI: Wm. B. Eerdmans. ISBN 0-8028-0788-7. Retrieved January 26, 2019. External links Jewish translations: Ezra - Chapter 1 (Judaica Press) translation at Chabad.org Christian translations: Online Bible at GospelHall.org (ESV, KJV, Darby, American Standard Version, Bible in Basic English) Book of Ezra Chapter 1. Bible Gateway vteBook of EzraBible chapters Ezra 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Places Ahava Babylon Ecbatana Jerusalem Sidon Tyre People Ahasuerus Asaph Artaxerxes Cyrus Darius David Ezra Haggai Iddo Jeshua/Joshua Judah Levites Shealtiel Tattenai Xerxes YHWH Zechariah Zerubbabel Phrases Nethinim Qos (deity) Composition The Chronicler Ezra–Nehemiah Sources Hebrew Bible Septuagint Wycliffe Version King James Version American Standard Version World English Version ← 2 Chronicles (chapter 36) in Christian Bibles    Book of Daniel (chapter 12) in the Hebrew Bible Bible portal Christianity portal Judaism portal Book of Nehemiah (chapter 1) →
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Book of Ezra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_of_Ezra"},{"link_name":"Old Testament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Testament"},{"link_name":"Christian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianity"},{"link_name":"Bible","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bible"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHalley1965232-1"},{"link_name":"Ezra–Nehemiah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ezra%E2%80%93Nehemiah"},{"link_name":"Hebrew Bible","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebrew_Bible"},{"link_name":"book of Nehemiah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_of_Nehemiah"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrabbe2003313-2"},{"link_name":"Ezra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ezra"},{"link_name":"Book of Chronicles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_of_Chronicles"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Chronicler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Chronicler"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFensham19822%E2%80%934-4"},{"link_name":"Edict of Cyrus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edict_of_Cyrus"},{"link_name":"Sheshbazzar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheshbazzar"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrabbe2003314-5"},{"link_name":"6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ezra_6"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrabbe2003314-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFensham19824-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"2 Chronicles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2_Chronicles"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevering200739-8"}],"text":"Ezra 1 is the first chapter of the Book of Ezra in the Old Testament of the Christian Bible,[1] or the book of Ezra–Nehemiah in the Hebrew Bible, which treats the book of Ezra and book of Nehemiah as one book.[2] Jewish tradition states that Ezra is the author of Ezra–Nehemiah as well as the Book of Chronicles,[3] but modern scholars generally believe that a compiler from the 5th century BCE (the so-called \"Chronicler\") is the final author of these books.[4]Ezra 1 contains a narrative of the Edict of Cyrus and the initial return of exiles to Judah led by Sheshbazzar as well as the restoration of the sacred temple vessels.[5] It also introduces the section comprising chapters 1 to 6 describing the history before the arrival of Ezra in the land of Judah [5][6] in 468 BCE.[7] The opening sentence of this chapter (and this book) is identical to the final sentence of 2 Chronicles.[8]","title":"Ezra 1"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cyrus Cylinder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyrus_Cylinder"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcConville19858-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Jeremiah 25:11–14","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt1125.htm#11"},{"link_name":"Jeremiah 29:10–14","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt1129.htm#10"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrabbe2003314-5"}],"text":"The Cyrus Cylinder contains a statement related to the Cyrus's edict which gives the historical background to the Book of Ezra:[9]I returned the images of the gods, who had resided there [i.e., in Babylon], to their places and I let them dwell in eternal abodes. I gathered all their inhabitants and returned to them their dwellings.[10]Cyrus's edict is significant to the return of the Jews, because it shows that they did not slip away from Babylon but were given official permission by the Persian king in the first year of his rule, and it is a specific fulfillment of the seventy years prophecy of Jeremiah (Jeremiah 25:11–14, Jeremiah 29:10–14).[5]","title":"Cyrus Cylinder"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Codex_Vaticanus_(1_Esdras_1-55_to_2-5)_(The_S.S._Teacher%27s_Edition-The_Holy_Bible).jpg"},{"link_name":"Codex Vaticanus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Codex_Vaticanus"},{"link_name":"Vatican Library","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vatican_Library"},{"link_name":"1 Esdras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1_Esdras"},{"link_name":"Biblical Hebrew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biblical_Hebrew"},{"link_name":"divided into","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chapters_and_verses_of_the_Bible"}],"text":"Right column of p. 575 of the Greek Uncial manuscript Codex Vaticanus (4th century AD), from the Vatican Library, containing 1 Esdras 1:55–2:5.The text is written in Biblical Hebrew and divided into 11 verses.","title":"Text"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Koine Greek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koine_Greek"},{"link_name":"Septuagint","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Septuagint"},{"link_name":"Codex Vaticanus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Codex_Vaticanus"},{"link_name":"Codex Alexandrinus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Codex_Alexandrinus"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEW%C3%BCrthwein199573%E2%80%9374-11"},{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"1 Esdras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1_Esdras"},{"link_name":"2 Chronicles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Books_of_Chronicles"},{"link_name":"Ezra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_of_Ezra"},{"link_name":"Nehemiah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_of_Nehemiah"},{"link_name":"Ezra–Nehemiah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ezra%E2%80%93Nehemiah"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Codex Leningradensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leningrad_Codex"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEW%C3%BCrthwein199536%E2%80%9337-18"},{"link_name":"anti-Jewish riots in Aleppo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1947_anti-Jewish_riots_in_Aleppo"},{"link_name":"Aleppo Codex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleppo_Codex"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"}],"sub_title":"Textual witnesses","text":"There is a translation into Koine Greek known as the Septuagint, made in the last few centuries BCE. Extant ancient manuscripts of the Septuagint version include Codex Vaticanus (B; \n \n \n \n \n \n G\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\mathfrak {G}}}\n \nB; 4th century), and Codex Alexandrinus (A; \n \n \n \n \n \n G\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\mathfrak {G}}}\n \nA; 5th century).[11][a]An ancient Greek book called 1 Esdras (Greek: Ἔσδρας Αʹ) containing some parts of 2 Chronicles, Ezra and Nehemiah is included in most editions of the Septuagint and is placed before the single book of Ezra–Nehemiah (which is titled in Greek: Ἔσδρας Βʹ). 1 Esdras 2:1–14 is an equivalent of Ezra 1:1–11 (Cyrus's edict).[15][16]An early manuscript containing the text of this chapter in Biblical Hebrew is the Codex Leningradensis (1008 CE).[17] Since the anti-Jewish riots in Aleppo in 1947, the whole book of Ezra–Nehemiah has been missing from the text of the Aleppo Codex.[18]","title":"Text"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nabonidus_chronicle.jpg"},{"link_name":"Nabonidus Chronicle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nabonidus_Chronicle"},{"link_name":"Cyrus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyrus_the_Great"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cyrus_Cylinder_front.jpg"},{"link_name":"Cyrus Cylinder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyrus_Cylinder"},{"link_name":"Cyrus's edict","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyrus%27s_edict"},{"link_name":"Yahweh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yahweh"},{"link_name":"Isaiah 44:28","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaiah_44:28"},{"link_name":"45:13","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaiah_45:13"},{"link_name":"Jeremiah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeremiah"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELarsonDahlenAnders20056-20"}],"text":"The Nabonidus Chronicle, which contains the title of Cyrus as the \"king of Persia\".Front of the Cyrus Cylinder, containing inscription similar to the Cyrus's edict.Ezra 1 starts by providing historical context of a real event: \"the first year of Cyrus king of Persia\", but immediately follows with the statement about Yahweh, who has the real control and even already speaks about this event before the birth of Cyrus (Isaiah 44:28; 45:13) and the fulfillment of his word through Jeremiah.[19]","title":"Biblical narrative"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"}],"sub_title":"Verse 1","text":"Now in the first year of Cyrus king of Persia, that the word of the Lord by the mouth of Jeremiah might be fulfilled, the Lord stirred up the spirit of Cyrus king of Persia, that he made a proclamation throughout all his kingdom, and put it also in writing, saying,[20]","title":"Biblical narrative"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"}],"sub_title":"Verse 2","text":"Thus says Cyrus king of Persia: The Lord God of heaven has given me all the kingdoms of the earth, and He has charged me to build Him a house at Jerusalem, which is in Judah.[21]","title":"Biblical narrative"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"}],"sub_title":"Verse 3","text":"Who is there among you of all his people? his God be with him, and let him go up to Jerusalem, which is in Judah, and build the house of the Lord God of Israel, (he is the God,) which is in Jerusalem.[22]","title":"Biblical narrative"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"}],"sub_title":"Verse 4","text":"And whoever is left in any place where he dwells, let the men of his place help him with silver and gold, with goods and livestock, besides the freewill offerings for the house of God which is in Jerusalem.[23]","title":"Biblical narrative"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"Nebuchadnezzar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nebuchadnezzar_II"},{"link_name":"2 Chronicles 36:18","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/2_Chronicles#36:18"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcConville198511-26"}],"sub_title":"Verse 7","text":"Also Cyrus the king brought forth the vessels of the house of the Lord, which Nebuchadnezzar had brought forth out of Jerusalem, and had put them in the house of his gods;[24]The Temple treasures that Nebuchadnezzar took away (2 Chronicles 36:18) are now to be returned to Jerusalem.[25]","title":"Biblical narrative"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-15"},{"link_name":"Codex Sinaiticus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Codex_Sinaiticus"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"text":"^ The extant Codex Sinaiticus only contains Ezra 9:9–10:44.[12][13][14]","title":"Notes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"90-04-09172-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-04-09172-6"},{"link_name":"The Books of Ezra and Nehemiah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=IfxMeDl6BZgC"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0802825278","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0802825278"},{"link_name":"Grabbe, Lester L.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lester_L._Grabbe"},{"link_name":"Dunn, James D. G.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Dunn_(theologian)"},{"link_name":"Rogerson, John William","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_W._Rogerson"},{"link_name":"Eerdmans Commentary on the Bible","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=2Vo-11umIZQC"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0802837110","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0802837110"},{"link_name":"Halley, Henry H.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Hampton_Halley"},{"link_name":"Halley's Bible Handbook: an abbreviated Bible commentary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/halleysbiblehand00henr"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-310-25720-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-310-25720-4"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-90-04-10619-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-10619-2"},{"link_name":"Holman Old Testament Commentary - Ezra, Nehemiah, Esther","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=4MmHIVtd6r0C"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0805494693","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0805494693"},{"link_name":"Ezra & Nehemiah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=TYhGQVLlL4IC"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1587431616","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1587431616"},{"link_name":"Ezra, Nehemiah, and Esther","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=AhyPOmOzZhoC"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0664245832","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0664245832"},{"link_name":"Smith-Christopher, Daniel L.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_L._Smith-Christopher"},{"link_name":"Barton, John","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Barton_(theologian)"},{"link_name":"Muddiman, John","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Muddiman"},{"link_name":"The Oxford Bible Commentary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=ZJdVkgEACAAJ"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0199277186","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0199277186"},{"link_name":"Würthwein, Ernst","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_W%C3%BCrthwein"},{"link_name":"The Text of the Old Testament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=FSNKSBObCYwC"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-8028-0788-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8028-0788-7"}],"text":"Dandamaev, M. A. (1989). A Political History of the Achaemenid Empire. Leiden: Brill. ISBN 90-04-09172-6.\nFensham, F. Charles (1982). The Books of Ezra and Nehemiah. New international commentary on the Old Testament (illustrated ed.). Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. ISBN 978-0802825278. Retrieved October 28, 2019.\nGrabbe, Lester L. (2003). \"Ezra\". In Dunn, James D. G.; Rogerson, John William (eds.). Eerdmans Commentary on the Bible (illustrated ed.). Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. pp. 313–319. ISBN 978-0802837110. Retrieved October 28, 2019.\nHalley, Henry H. (1965). Halley's Bible Handbook: an abbreviated Bible commentary (24th (revised) ed.). Zondervan Publishing House. ISBN 0-310-25720-4.\nHallo, W.H.; Younger, K.L., eds. (2003). The Context of Scripture: Monumental Inscriptions from the Biblical World. Translated by Cogan, Mordechai. Leiden: Brill. ISBN 978-90-04-10619-2.\nBrosius, Maria (ed.): The Persian Empire from Cyrus II to Artaxerxes I (2000, London Association of Classical Teachers (LACT) 16, London.\nLarson, Knute; Dahlen, Kathy; Anders, Max E. (2005). Anders, Max E. (ed.). Holman Old Testament Commentary - Ezra, Nehemiah, Esther. Vol. 9 (illustrated ed.). B&H Publishing Group. ISBN 978-0805494693. Retrieved October 28, 2019.\nLevering, Matthew (2007). Ezra & Nehemiah. Brazos Theological Commentary on the Bible. Brazos Press. ISBN 978-1587431616. Retrieved October 28, 2019.\nMcConville, J. G. (1985). Ezra, Nehemiah, and Esther. The daily study Bible : Old Testament. Westminster John Knox Press. ISBN 978-0664245832. Retrieved October 28, 2019.\nSchaudig, Hanspeter (2001). Die Inschriften Nabonids von Babylon und Kyros' des Großen, samt den in ihrem Umfeld entstandenen Tendenzschriften. Textausgabe und Grammatik (in German). Münster: Ugarit-Verlag.\nSmith-Christopher, Daniel L. (2007). \"15. Ezra-Nehemiah\". In Barton, John; Muddiman, John (eds.). The Oxford Bible Commentary (first (paperback) ed.). Oxford University Press. pp. 308–324. ISBN 978-0199277186. Retrieved February 6, 2019.\nWürthwein, Ernst (1995). The Text of the Old Testament. Translated by Rhodes, Erroll F. Grand Rapids, MI: Wm. B. Eerdmans. ISBN 0-8028-0788-7. Retrieved January 26, 2019.","title":"Sources"}]
[{"image_text":"Right column of p. 575 of the Greek Uncial manuscript Codex Vaticanus (4th century AD), from the Vatican Library, containing 1 Esdras 1:55–2:5.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Codex_Vaticanus_%281_Esdras_1-55_to_2-5%29_%28The_S.S._Teacher%27s_Edition-The_Holy_Bible%29.jpg/200px-Codex_Vaticanus_%281_Esdras_1-55_to_2-5%29_%28The_S.S._Teacher%27s_Edition-The_Holy_Bible%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"The Nabonidus Chronicle, which contains the title of Cyrus as the \"king of Persia\".","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Nabonidus_chronicle.jpg/200px-Nabonidus_chronicle.jpg"},{"image_text":"Front of the Cyrus Cylinder, containing inscription similar to the Cyrus's edict.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Cyrus_Cylinder_front.jpg/200px-Cyrus_Cylinder_front.jpg"}]
[{"title":"Cyrus the Great in the Bible","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyrus_the_Great_in_the_Bible"},{"title":"Jerusalem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerusalem"},{"title":"Mithredath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mithredath"},{"title":"Zerubbabel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zerubbabel"},{"title":"Bible","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bible"},{"title":"2 Chronicles 36","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2_Chronicles_36"},{"title":"Isaiah 44","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaiah_44"},{"title":"Isaiah 45","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaiah_45"},{"title":"Jeremiah 25","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeremiah_25"},{"title":"Jeremiah 29","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeremiah_29"},{"title":"Jeremiah 51","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeremiah_51"}]
[{"reference":"Lendering, Jona (5 February 2010). \"Cyrus Cylinder (2)\". Livius.org. Archived from the original on 11 March 2018. Retrieved 10 January 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180311235804/http://www.livius.org/ct-cz/cyrus_I/cyrus_cylinder2.html","url_text":"\"Cyrus Cylinder (2)\""},{"url":"http://www.livius.org/ct-cz/cyrus_I/cyrus_cylinder2.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Würthwein, Ernst (1988). Der Text des Alten Testaments (2nd ed.). Stuttgart: Deutsche Bibelgesellschaft. p. 85. ISBN 3-438-06006-X.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deutsche_Bibelgesellschaft","url_text":"Deutsche Bibelgesellschaft"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-438-06006-X","url_text":"3-438-06006-X"}]},{"reference":"Swete, Henry Barclay (1902). An Introduction to the Old Testament in Greek. Cambridge: Macmillan and Co. pp. 129–130.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Barclay_Swete","url_text":"Swete, Henry Barclay"},{"url":"https://archive.org/stream/anintrotooldtes00swetuoft#page/128/mode/2up","url_text":"An Introduction to the Old Testament in Greek"}]},{"reference":"Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). \"Codex Sinaiticus\". Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia_(1913)/Codex_Sinaiticus","url_text":"Codex Sinaiticus"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia","url_text":"Catholic Encyclopedia"}]},{"reference":"P. W. Skehan (2003), \"BIBLE (TEXTS)\", New Catholic Encyclopedia, vol. 2 (2nd ed.), Gale, pp. 355–362","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Catholic_Encyclopedia","url_text":"New Catholic Encyclopedia"}]},{"reference":"Dandamaev, M. A. (1989). A Political History of the Achaemenid Empire. Leiden: Brill. ISBN 90-04-09172-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-04-09172-6","url_text":"90-04-09172-6"}]},{"reference":"Fensham, F. Charles (1982). The Books of Ezra and Nehemiah. New international commentary on the Old Testament (illustrated ed.). Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. ISBN 978-0802825278. Retrieved October 28, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=IfxMeDl6BZgC","url_text":"The Books of Ezra and Nehemiah"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0802825278","url_text":"978-0802825278"}]},{"reference":"Grabbe, Lester L. (2003). \"Ezra\". In Dunn, James D. G.; Rogerson, John William (eds.). Eerdmans Commentary on the Bible (illustrated ed.). Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. pp. 313–319. ISBN 978-0802837110. Retrieved October 28, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lester_L._Grabbe","url_text":"Grabbe, Lester L."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Dunn_(theologian)","url_text":"Dunn, James D. G."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_W._Rogerson","url_text":"Rogerson, John William"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=2Vo-11umIZQC","url_text":"Eerdmans Commentary on the Bible"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0802837110","url_text":"978-0802837110"}]},{"reference":"Halley, Henry H. (1965). Halley's Bible Handbook: an abbreviated Bible commentary (24th (revised) ed.). Zondervan Publishing House. ISBN 0-310-25720-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Hampton_Halley","url_text":"Halley, Henry H."},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/halleysbiblehand00henr","url_text":"Halley's Bible Handbook: an abbreviated Bible commentary"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-310-25720-4","url_text":"0-310-25720-4"}]},{"reference":"Hallo, W.H.; Younger, K.L., eds. (2003). The Context of Scripture: Monumental Inscriptions from the Biblical World. Translated by Cogan, Mordechai. Leiden: Brill. ISBN 978-90-04-10619-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-10619-2","url_text":"978-90-04-10619-2"}]},{"reference":"Larson, Knute; Dahlen, Kathy; Anders, Max E. (2005). Anders, Max E. (ed.). Holman Old Testament Commentary - Ezra, Nehemiah, Esther. Vol. 9 (illustrated ed.). B&H Publishing Group. ISBN 978-0805494693. Retrieved October 28, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=4MmHIVtd6r0C","url_text":"Holman Old Testament Commentary - Ezra, Nehemiah, Esther"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0805494693","url_text":"978-0805494693"}]},{"reference":"Levering, Matthew (2007). Ezra & Nehemiah. Brazos Theological Commentary on the Bible. Brazos Press. ISBN 978-1587431616. Retrieved October 28, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=TYhGQVLlL4IC","url_text":"Ezra & Nehemiah"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1587431616","url_text":"978-1587431616"}]},{"reference":"McConville, J. G. (1985). Ezra, Nehemiah, and Esther. The daily study Bible : Old Testament. Westminster John Knox Press. ISBN 978-0664245832. Retrieved October 28, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=AhyPOmOzZhoC","url_text":"Ezra, Nehemiah, and Esther"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0664245832","url_text":"978-0664245832"}]},{"reference":"Schaudig, Hanspeter (2001). Die Inschriften Nabonids von Babylon und Kyros' des Großen, samt den in ihrem Umfeld entstandenen Tendenzschriften. Textausgabe und Grammatik (in German). Münster: Ugarit-Verlag.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Smith-Christopher, Daniel L. (2007). \"15. Ezra-Nehemiah\". In Barton, John; Muddiman, John (eds.). The Oxford Bible Commentary (first (paperback) ed.). Oxford University Press. pp. 308–324. ISBN 978-0199277186. Retrieved February 6, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_L._Smith-Christopher","url_text":"Smith-Christopher, Daniel L."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Barton_(theologian)","url_text":"Barton, John"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Muddiman","url_text":"Muddiman, John"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=ZJdVkgEACAAJ","url_text":"The Oxford Bible Commentary"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0199277186","url_text":"978-0199277186"}]},{"reference":"Würthwein, Ernst (1995). The Text of the Old Testament. Translated by Rhodes, Erroll F. Grand Rapids, MI: Wm. B. Eerdmans. ISBN 0-8028-0788-7. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Spencer_(British_politician)
Mark Spencer (British politician)
["1 Early life","2 Parliamentary career","3 Personal life","4 Notes","5 References","6 External links"]
British politician (born 1970) This article's subject is standing for re-election to the UK's House of Commons on 4 July, and has not been an MP since Parliament's dissolution on 30 May. The article may be out of date during this period. Please improve it (updates without reliable references will be removed) or discuss changes on the talk page. The Right HonourableSir Mark SpencerOfficial portrait, 2021Minister of State for Food, Farming and FisheriesIncumbentAssumed office 7 September 2022Prime MinisterLiz TrussRishi SunakPreceded byVictoria PrentisLeader of the House of CommonsLord President of the CouncilIn office8 February 2022 – 6 September 2022Prime MinisterBoris JohnsonPreceded byJacob Rees-MoggSucceeded byPenny MordauntChief Whip of the House of CommonsParliamentary Secretary to the TreasuryIn office24 July 2019 – 8 February 2022Prime MinisterBoris JohnsonPreceded byJulian SmithSucceeded byChris Heaton-HarrisComptroller of the HouseholdIn office15 July 2018 – 24 July 2019Prime MinisterTheresa MayPreceded byChris Heaton-HarrisSucceeded byJeremy QuinDeputy Leader of the House of CommonsIn office15 July 2018 – 24 July 2019Prime MinisterTheresa MayPreceded byChris Heaton-HarrisSucceeded byPeter Bone (2022)Vice-Chamberlain of the HouseholdIn office10 January 2018 – 15 July 2018Prime MinisterTheresa MayPreceded byChris Heaton-HarrisSucceeded byAndrew StephensonLord Commissioner of the TreasuryIn office15 June 2017 – 9 January 2018Prime MinisterTheresa MayPreceded byRobert SymsSucceeded byCraig WhittakerMember of Parliament for SherwoodIncumbentAssumed office 6 May 2010Preceded byPaddy TippingMajority16,186 (30.7%) Personal detailsBorn (1970-01-20) 20 January 1970 (age 54)Nottinghamshire, EnglandPolitical partyConservativeResidence(s)Mapperley Plains, Nottinghamshire, EnglandWebsitemarkspencer.org.uk Sir Mark Steven Spencer (born 20 January 1970) is a British politician serving as Minister of State for Food, Farming and Fisheries since 2022. He previously served as Leader of the House of Commons and Lord President of the Council from February to September 2022 and as Chief Whip from 2019 to 2022. A member of the Conservative Party, he has been Member of Parliament (MP) for Sherwood since 2010. Early life Spencer was born on 20 January 1970. He attended Lambley Primary School and the Colonel Frank Seely School in Calverton, Nottinghamshire. He then qualified at Shuttleworth Agricultural College in Bedfordshire, before joining the family farm business. A former dairy farm, the business diversified into growing potatoes and vegetables and producing free-range eggs, beef and lamb, and employing around 50 local people. Spencer was chairman of the National Federation of Young Farmers' Clubs from 1999 to 2000. Spencer was a trustee of The Royal Agricultural Society of England and for three years, the honorary show director of the Royal Show. Additionally, he is a fellow of the Royal Agricultural Society. Spencer is a past vice-chairman of school governors of Woodborough Woods Foundation School, where he was chairman of the Disciplinary Committee. As chairman of the Lambley Playground Fund, he helped raise over £100,000 to provide new play equipment in the village and he is also trustee of the Core Centre Calverton, an adult education centre. Spencer is the President of Bilsthorpe Heritage Museum. In May 2001, Spencer unsuccessfully stood as a Conservative Party candidate for the Nottinghamshire County Council seat of Hucknall. However, in 2003 he gained the third seat in the safe Conservative ward of Ravenshead on Gedling District Council; he retained this seat at the local elections in 2007. In 2005, Spencer contested a different ward for the Nottinghamshire County Council elections and won the seat of Calverton for the Conservatives; he retained this seat at the local elections in 2009 with an increased majority. In 2006, Spencer was appointed Shadow Spokesman for Community Safety and Partnership for Nottinghamshire County Council. Parliamentary career Spencer gained the Sherwood seat from Labour at the 2010 general election with a majority of 214, after the sitting Labour MP Paddy Tipping stood down. Spencer was re-elected in 2015 and 2017. Following his election as an MP he stood down as a borough councillor and county councillor before the next local elections in 2011 and 2013 respectively. In Parliament, Spencer has served on the Environmental Audit Committee, the Environment, Food and Rural Affairs Committee, the Backbench Business Committee, and on the Selection Committee. He formerly served as Parliamentary Private Secretary to Secretary of State for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs Liz Truss, and was appointed Assistant Government Whip on 17 July 2016, before becoming a full government whip in June 2017. He worked on environmental issues and energy security through his roles on the Environmental Audit Committee and the Environment, Food and Rural Affairs Committee. With his farming background, Spencer has also focused in Parliament on agriculture and rural communities, with an interest in ensuring that British food production is recognised and promoted as "world class". He joined the Coalfield Communities All Party Parliamentary Group (APPG), whose aim is to restore the economies of former coalfield areas. Spencer was named the Brake Road Safety Parliamentarian of the Year 2011 for campaigning for improved road safety on the A614. Spencer attracted criticism in February 2015 after appearing to defend a benefits system which, according to Labour MP Lisa Nandy, left a job seeker with learning disabilities unable to afford food or electricity because he was four minutes late for a job centre appointment. In response to Nandy, Spencer said: "It is important that those seeking employment learn the discipline of timekeeping, which is an important part of securing and keeping a job". Writing in The Spectator magazine, Isabel Hardman criticised his response, suggesting his rush to defend government policy without showing concern for the constituent was an example of "political tribalism at its worst". Spencer said that critics had "twisted what he said", and stood by his comments that "normal people doing normal jobs, if they turn up late they would get their wages docked". The Telegraph reported in August 2015 that Spencer, in a letter to a constituent, had suggested that Extremism Disruption Orders (EDOs) could be used against Christian teachers who tell schoolchildren that same-sex marriage is wrong. He wrote that whilst Christians with traditionalist views are "perfectly entitled to express their views", "The EDOs, in this case, would apply to a situation where a teacher was specifically teaching that gay marriage is wrong". Simon Calvert, deputy director of the Christian Institute, an evangelical pressure group, responded: "I am genuinely shocked that we have an MP supporting the idea of teachers being branded extremists for teaching that marriage is between a man and a woman". In May 2016, it emerged that Spencer was one of a number of Conservative MPs being investigated by police in the 2015 general election party spending investigation, for allegedly spending more than the legal limit on constituency election campaign expenses. In May 2017, the Crown Prosecution Service said that while there was evidence of inaccurate spending returns, it did not "meet the test" for further action. As a backbench MP, Spencer chose to support the official position of the Government and campaigned for the United Kingdom to remain in the European Union before the EU membership referendum on 23 June 2016. After the result was announced, Spencer continued to support the party leadership and advocated leaving the European Union. Spencer was criticised in 2017 by the Parliamentary Commissioner for Standards for misusing taxpayers' resources, such as the MPs' newsletter, to link to "overtly party political content". Spencer apologised and a member of his staff, Ben Bradley, was sent on a training course on how to appropriately use parliamentary resources. Spencer was made Chief Whip on 24 July 2019 under Prime Minister Boris Johnson. He was appointed to the Privy Council the next day. On 1 August 2020, a Conservative MP was arrested on charges of sexual assault. The Sunday Times reported that Spencer, as Chief Whip, was told of the alleged incident a month before the arrest, and did not take action. Spencer said that when the victim came forward to him, there was mention of abuse and other threatful behaviour, but no mention of sexual assault. Spencer was appointed Knight Bachelor in March 2024 for parliamentary and public service. Personal life Spencer lives with his wife and children in Mapperley Plains in Nottinghamshire. Notes ^ Minister of State for Food (September to October 2022) References ^ "Ministerial Appointments: September 2022". GOV.UK. Retrieved 7 September 2022. ^ "Minister of State (Minister for Food, Farming and Fisheries) - GOV.UK". www.gov.uk. Retrieved 19 November 2022. ^ a b "About Mark Spencer". Mark Spencer. Retrieved 19 June 2022. ^ "CORE Centre, Calverton - about our Community Resource Centre". Core Centre Calverton. ^ "List of Ministers' Interests – May 2021" (PDF). gov.uk. Retrieved 15 August 2021. ^ "Election 2010 – Sherwood". BBC News. Retrieved 23 August 2015. ^ "Mark Spencer". UK Parliament. Retrieved 9 February 2022. ^ "Mark Spencer MP". gov.uk. Retrieved 6 April 2017. ^ a b "Biography". Mark Spencer MP. Retrieved 7 April 2015. ^ "Coalfield Communities All-Party Parliamentary Group". Parliament.uk. Retrieved 6 April 2015. ^ "Brake the road safety charity". brake.org.uk. Archived from the original on 26 May 2013. Retrieved 16 April 2015. ^ a b "Nottinghamshire MP Mark Spencer criticised after saying jobseekers should learn 'discipline of timekeeping'". Nottingham Post. 9 February 2015. Archived from the original on 10 February 2015. Retrieved 13 September 2020. ^ Hardman, Isabel (5 February 2015). "Political tribalism at its worst". The Spectator. Retrieved 7 April 2015. ^ Bingham, John (3 August 2015). "MP: use anti-terror powers on Christian teachers who say gay marriage is 'wrong'". The Telegraph. Archived from the original on 6 August 2015. Retrieved 12 August 2015. ^ "Election Expenses Exposed". Channel 4 News. 23 June 2016. Retrieved 10 June 2018. ^ "No charges over 2015 Conservative battle bus cases". BBC News. 10 May 2017. Retrieved 10 June 2018. ^ Goodenough, Tom (16 February 2016). "Which Tory MPs back Brexit, who doesn't and who is still on the fence?". The Spectator. Retrieved 11 October 2016. ^ "COLUMN: Brexit starts now, by Mark Spencer MP". Mansfield and Ashfield Chad. 30 January 2017. Retrieved 10 June 2018. ^ "Sherwood MP slammed by watchdog for gaining "undue advantage" with tax-payer resources". Hucknall Dispatch. 25 April 2017. Archived from the original on 13 May 2017. ^ "Rectification" (PDF). parliament.uk. p. 2. Archived (PDF) from the original on 20 January 2018. Retrieved 20 January 2018. ^ "ORDERS APPROVED AND BUSINESS TRANSACTED AT THE PRIVY COUNCIL HELD BY THE QUEEN AT BUCKINGHAM PALACE ON 25TH JULY 2019" (PDF). Privy Council Office. 2019. ^ Pogrund, Gabriel; Wheeler, Caroline (2 August 2020). "Tory ex-minister arrested over rape". The Sunday Times. Retrieved 2 August 2020. ^ "No. 64374". The London Gazette. 22 April 2024. p. 7898. ^ "Mohamed Mansour: Tory donor and four Tory MPs given honours". BBC News. 28 March 2024. Retrieved 28 March 2024. ^ Locker, Joseph (1 August 2019). "Sherwood MP Mark Spencer on his toughest role yet as Boris Johnson's chief whip". Nottingham Post. ^ "Mark Spencer MP". TheyWorkForYou. Retrieved 11 June 2018. ^ "IPSA record". IPSA. Retrieved 11 June 2018. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Mark Spencer (British politician). Mark Spencer: Member of Parliament for Sherwood on the Conservative Party website Profile at Parliament of the United Kingdom Contributions in Parliament at Hansard Voting record at Public Whip Record in Parliament at TheyWorkForYou Sherwood Conservatives Interview after winning his seat in 2010 at Catch21 Parliament of the United Kingdom Preceded byPaddy Tipping Member of Parliamentfor Sherwood 2010–present Incumbent Political offices Preceded byRobert Syms Lord Commissioner of the Treasury 2017–2018 Succeeded byCraig Whittaker Preceded byChris Heaton-Harris Vice-Chamberlain of the Household 2018 Succeeded byAndrew Stephenson Deputy Leader of the House of Commons 2018–2019 Vacant Comptroller of the Household 2018–2019 Succeeded byJeremy Quin Preceded byJulian Smith Chief Whip of the House of Commons 2019–2022 Succeeded byChris Heaton-Harris Parliamentary Secretary to the Treasury 2019–2022 Preceded byJacob Rees-Mogg Leader of the House of Commons 2022 Succeeded byPenny Mordaunt Lord President of the Council 2022 Party political offices Preceded byJulian Smith Conservative Chief Whip of the House of Commons 2019–2022 Succeeded byChris Heaton-Harris vteJohnson CabinetsFirst Johnson Cabinet (July–December 2019)Cabinet membersBoris Johnson Steve Barclay Robert Buckland Alun Cairns James Cleverly Thérèse Coffey The Baroness Evans of Bowes Park Michael Gove Matt Hancock Alister Jack Sajid Javid Robert Jenrick Andrea Leadsom Nicky Morgan Priti Patel Dominic Raab Grant Shapps Alok Sharma Julian Smith Liz Truss Theresa Villiers Ben Wallace Gavin WilliamsonAlso attended meetings Jake Berry Geoffrey Cox Oliver Dowden Zac Goldsmith Kwasi Kwarteng Brandon Lewis Esther McVey Jacob Rees-Mogg Mark Spencer Rishi Sunak Departures Alun Cairns Jo Johnson Amber Rudd Second Johnson Cabinet (December 2019–September 2022)Cabinet membersBoris Johnson Steve Barclay Robert Buckland Greg Clark James Cleverly Thérèse Coffey Nadine Dorries George Eustice The Baroness Evans of Bowes Park Alister Jack Kwasi Kwarteng Kit Malthouse Priti Patel Dominic Raab Jacob Rees-Mogg Grant Shapps Alok Sharma Anne-Marie Trevelyan Liz Truss Shailesh Vara Ben Wallace Nadhim ZahawiAlso attend meetings Nigel Adams Suella Braverman Simon Clarke Michael Ellis Chris Heaton-Harris Johnny Mercer Mark Spencer Andrew Stephenson Departures Jake Berry Geoffrey Cox Michelle Donelan Oliver Dowden The Lord Frost Michael Gove Matt Hancock Simon Hart Sajid Javid Robert Jenrick Andrea Leadsom Brandon Lewis Amanda Milling Esther McVey The Baroness Morgan of Cotes Julian Smith Rishi Sunak Theresa Villiers Gavin Williamson vteConservative Chief Whips (House of Commons) Holmes Vacant Clerk Fremantle J. Young Beresford Mackenzie Jolliffe Taylor Noel Taylor Hart Dyke Winn Akers-Douglas Walrond Fuller-Arcland-Hood Balcarres Talbot Wilson Eyres-Monsell Margesson Stuart Buchan-Hepburn Heath Redmayne Whitelaw Pym Atkins Jopling Wakeham Waddington Renton Ryder Goodlad Arbuthnot Maclean McLoughlin Mitchell G. Young Gove Harper Williamson Smith Spencer Heaton-Harris Morton vte Leaders of the House of Commons Walpole Sandys Pelham Robinson H. Fox Pitt the Elder Vacant (caretaker ministry) Pitt the Elder Grenville H. Fox Grenville Conway North C. Fox Townshend (C. Fox/North) Pitt the Younger Addington Pitt the Younger C. Fox Howick Perceval Castlereagh Canning Huskisson Peel Althorp Peel Russell Disraeli Russell Palmerston Disraeli Palmerston Gladstone Disraeli Gladstone Northcote Gladstone Hicks-Beach Gladstone R. Churchill Smith Balfour Gladstone Harcourt Balfour Campbell-Bannerman Asquith Law A. Chamberlain Law Baldwin MacDonald Baldwin MacDonald Baldwin N. Chamberlain W. Churchill Cripps Eden Morrison Chuter Ede Crookshank Butler Macleod Lloyd Bowden Crossman Peart Whitelaw Carr Prior Short Foot St John-Stevas Pym Biffen Wakeham Howe MacGregor Newton Taylor Beckett Cook Reid Hain Hoon Straw Harman Young Lansley Hague Grayling Lidington Leadsom Stride Rees-Mogg Spencer Mordaunt vteConservative Party MPs in the East Midlands Edward Argar Victoria Atkins Ben Bradley Andrew Bridgen Brendan Clarke-Smith Alberto Costa Gareth Davies Sarah Dines Ruth Edwards Michael Ellis Luke Evans Mark Fletcher John Hayes Chris Heaton-Harris Darren Henry Philip Hollobone Jane Hunt Robert Jenrick Caroline Johnson Alicia Kearns Robert Largan Pauline Latham Andrea Leadsom Edward Leigh Andrew Lewer Karl McCartney Nigel Mills Neil O'Brien Tom Pursglove Tom Randall Lee Rowley Mark Spencer Amanda Solloway Maggie Throup Matt Warman Heather Wheeler Authority control databases: People UK Parliament
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Minister of State for Food, Farming and Fisheries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minister_of_State_for_Food,_Farming_and_Fisheries"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Leader of the House of Commons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leader_of_the_House_of_Commons"},{"link_name":"Lord President of the Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_President_of_the_Council"},{"link_name":"Chief Whip","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_Whip"},{"link_name":"Conservative Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservative_Party_(UK)"},{"link_name":"Member of Parliament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Member_of_Parliament_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"Sherwood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sherwood_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"}],"text":"Sir Mark Steven Spencer (born 20 January 1970) is a British politician serving as Minister of State for Food, Farming and Fisheries since 2022.[1][2] He previously served as Leader of the House of Commons and Lord President of the Council from February to September 2022 and as Chief Whip from 2019 to 2022. A member of the Conservative Party, he has been Member of Parliament (MP) for Sherwood since 2010.","title":"Mark Spencer (British politician)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Colonel Frank Seely School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonel_Frank_Seely_School"},{"link_name":"Calverton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calverton,_Nottinghamshire"},{"link_name":"Nottinghamshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nottinghamshire"},{"link_name":"Shuttleworth Agricultural College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shuttleworth_College_(Bedfordshire)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-about-4"},{"link_name":"National Federation of Young Farmers' Clubs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Federation_of_Young_Farmers%27_Clubs"},{"link_name":"Royal Agricultural Society of England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Agricultural_Society_of_England"},{"link_name":"Royal Show","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Show"},{"link_name":"Royal Agricultural Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Agricultural_Society_of_England"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-about-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Nottinghamshire County Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nottinghamshire_County_Council"},{"link_name":"Gedling District Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gedling_District_Council"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Spencer was born on 20 January 1970. He attended Lambley Primary School and the Colonel Frank Seely School in Calverton, Nottinghamshire. He then qualified at Shuttleworth Agricultural College in Bedfordshire,[3] before joining the family farm business. A former dairy farm, the business diversified into growing potatoes and vegetables and producing free-range eggs, beef and lamb, and employing around 50 local people. Spencer was chairman of the National Federation of Young Farmers' Clubs from 1999 to 2000. Spencer was a trustee of The Royal Agricultural Society of England and for three years, the honorary show director of the Royal Show. Additionally, he is a fellow of the Royal Agricultural Society.[3]Spencer is a past vice-chairman of school governors of Woodborough Woods Foundation School, where he was chairman of the Disciplinary Committee. As chairman of the Lambley Playground Fund, he helped raise over £100,000 to provide new play equipment in the village and he is also trustee of the Core Centre Calverton, an adult education centre.[4] Spencer is the President of Bilsthorpe Heritage Museum.[5]In May 2001, Spencer unsuccessfully stood as a Conservative Party candidate for the Nottinghamshire County Council seat of Hucknall. However, in 2003 he gained the third seat in the safe Conservative ward of Ravenshead on Gedling District Council; he retained this seat at the local elections in 2007. In 2005, Spencer contested a different ward for the Nottinghamshire County Council elections and won the seat of Calverton for the Conservatives; he retained this seat at the local elections in 2009 with an increased majority. In 2006, Spencer was appointed Shadow Spokesman for Community Safety and Partnership for Nottinghamshire County Council.[citation needed]","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sherwood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sherwood_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Labour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labour_Party_(UK)"},{"link_name":"2010 general election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_United_Kingdom_general_election"},{"link_name":"Paddy Tipping","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paddy_Tipping"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Environmental Audit Committee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_Audit_Committee"},{"link_name":"Environment, Food and Rural Affairs Committee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environment,_Food_and_Rural_Affairs_Committee"},{"link_name":"Backbench Business Committee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backbench_Business_Committee"},{"link_name":"Selection Committee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Committee_of_Selection_(House_of_Commons)"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Parliamentary Private Secretary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliamentary_Private_Secretary"},{"link_name":"Secretary of State for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_Environment,_Food_and_Rural_Affairs"},{"link_name":"Liz Truss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liz_Truss"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-personal_bio-10"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-personal_bio-10"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Brake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brake_(charity)"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Lisa Nandy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisa_Nandy"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-disc-13"},{"link_name":"The Spectator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Spectator"},{"link_name":"Isabel Hardman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isabel_Hardman"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-disc-13"},{"link_name":"The Telegraph","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph"},{"link_name":"same-sex marriage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Same-sex_marriage"},{"link_name":"Christian Institute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_Institute"},{"link_name":"evangelical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evangelical"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"2015 general election party spending investigation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015_United_Kingdom_general_election_party_spending_investigation"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BBC-17"},{"link_name":"European Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union"},{"link_name":"EU membership referendum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-thespectatorwhichtorympsbackbrexit-18"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Parliamentary Commissioner for Standards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliamentary_Commissioner_for_Standards"},{"link_name":"Ben Bradley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben_Bradley_(politician)"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"Chief Whip","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_Whip"},{"link_name":"Boris Johnson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boris_Johnson"},{"link_name":"Privy Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Privy_Council_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"The Sunday Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Sunday_Times"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"needs update","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items"},{"link_name":"Knight Bachelor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knight_Bachelor"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"}],"text":"Spencer gained the Sherwood seat from Labour at the 2010 general election with a majority of 214, after the sitting Labour MP Paddy Tipping stood down.[6] Spencer was re-elected in 2015 and 2017. Following his election as an MP he stood down as a borough councillor and county councillor before the next local elections in 2011 and 2013 respectively.In Parliament, Spencer has served on the Environmental Audit Committee, the Environment, Food and Rural Affairs Committee, the Backbench Business Committee, and on the Selection Committee.[7] He formerly served as Parliamentary Private Secretary to Secretary of State for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs Liz Truss, and was appointed Assistant Government Whip on 17 July 2016, before becoming a full government whip in June 2017.[8]He worked on environmental issues and energy security through his roles on the Environmental Audit Committee and the Environment, Food and Rural Affairs Committee.[9] With his farming background, Spencer has also focused in Parliament on agriculture and rural communities, with an interest in ensuring that British food production is recognised and promoted as \"world class\".[9] He joined the Coalfield Communities All Party Parliamentary Group (APPG), whose aim is to restore the economies of former coalfield areas.[10] Spencer was named the Brake Road Safety Parliamentarian of the Year 2011 for campaigning for improved road safety on the A614.[11]Spencer attracted criticism in February 2015 after appearing to defend a benefits system which, according to Labour MP Lisa Nandy, left a job seeker with learning disabilities unable to afford food or electricity because he was four minutes late for a job centre appointment. In response to Nandy, Spencer said: \"It is important that those seeking employment learn the discipline of timekeeping, which is an important part of securing and keeping a job\".[12] Writing in The Spectator magazine, Isabel Hardman criticised his response, suggesting his rush to defend government policy without showing concern for the constituent was an example of \"political tribalism at its worst\".[13] Spencer said that critics had \"twisted what he said\", and stood by his comments that \"normal people doing normal jobs, if they turn up late they would get their wages docked\".[12]The Telegraph reported in August 2015 that Spencer, in a letter to a constituent, had suggested that Extremism Disruption Orders (EDOs) could be used against Christian teachers who tell schoolchildren that same-sex marriage is wrong. He wrote that whilst Christians with traditionalist views are \"perfectly entitled to express their views\", \"The EDOs, in this case, would apply to a situation where a teacher was specifically teaching that gay marriage is wrong\". Simon Calvert, deputy director of the Christian Institute, an evangelical pressure group, responded: \"I am genuinely shocked that we have an MP supporting the idea of teachers being branded extremists for teaching that marriage is between a man and a woman\".[14]In May 2016, it emerged that Spencer was one of a number of Conservative MPs being investigated by police in the 2015 general election party spending investigation, for allegedly spending more than the legal limit on constituency election campaign expenses.[15] In May 2017, the Crown Prosecution Service said that while there was evidence of inaccurate spending returns, it did not \"meet the test\" for further action.[16]As a backbench MP, Spencer chose to support the official position of the Government and campaigned for the United Kingdom to remain in the European Union before the EU membership referendum on 23 June 2016.[17] After the result was announced, Spencer continued to support the party leadership and advocated leaving the European Union.[18]Spencer was criticised in 2017 by the Parliamentary Commissioner for Standards for misusing taxpayers' resources, such as the MPs' newsletter, to link to \"overtly party political content\". Spencer apologised and a member of his staff, Ben Bradley, was sent on a training course on how to appropriately use parliamentary resources.[19][20]Spencer was made Chief Whip on 24 July 2019 under Prime Minister Boris Johnson. He was appointed to the Privy Council the next day.[21]On 1 August 2020, a Conservative MP was arrested on charges of sexual assault. The Sunday Times reported that Spencer, as Chief Whip, was told of the alleged incident a month before the arrest, and did not take action. Spencer said that when the victim came forward to him, there was mention of abuse and other threatful behaviour, but no mention of sexual assault.[22][needs update]Spencer was appointed Knight Bachelor in March 2024 for parliamentary and public service.[23][24]","title":"Parliamentary career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"Mapperley Plains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mapperley_Plains"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"}],"text":"Spencer lives with his wife and children[25] in Mapperley Plains in Nottinghamshire.[26][27]","title":"Personal life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"}],"text":"^ Minister of State for Food (September to October 2022)","title":"Notes"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"\"Ministerial Appointments: September 2022\". GOV.UK. Retrieved 7 September 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gov.uk/government/news/ministerial-appointments-september-2022","url_text":"\"Ministerial Appointments: September 2022\""}]},{"reference":"\"Minister of State (Minister for Food, Farming and Fisheries) - GOV.UK\". www.gov.uk. Retrieved 19 November 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gov.uk/government/ministers/minister-of-state--124","url_text":"\"Minister of State (Minister for Food, Farming and Fisheries) - GOV.UK\""}]},{"reference":"\"About Mark Spencer\". Mark Spencer. Retrieved 19 June 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.markspencer.org.uk/about-mark-spencer","url_text":"\"About Mark Spencer\""}]},{"reference":"\"CORE Centre, Calverton - about our Community Resource Centre\". Core Centre Calverton.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.calvertoncore.org.uk/about-core.html","url_text":"\"CORE Centre, Calverton - about our Community Resource Centre\""}]},{"reference":"\"List of Ministers' Interests – May 2021\" (PDF). gov.uk. Retrieved 15 August 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/990395/List_of_ministers__interests_May_2021__1_.pdf","url_text":"\"List of Ministers' Interests – May 2021\""}]},{"reference":"\"Election 2010 – Sherwood\". BBC News. Retrieved 23 August 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/shared/election2010/results/constituency/d98.stm","url_text":"\"Election 2010 – Sherwood\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_News","url_text":"BBC News"}]},{"reference":"\"Mark Spencer\". UK Parliament. Retrieved 9 February 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://members.parliament.uk/member/4055/career","url_text":"\"Mark Spencer\""}]},{"reference":"\"Mark Spencer MP\". gov.uk. Retrieved 6 April 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gov.uk/government/people/mark-spencer","url_text":"\"Mark Spencer MP\""}]},{"reference":"\"Biography\". Mark Spencer MP. Retrieved 7 April 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.markspencermp.co.uk/#!page3/cee5","url_text":"\"Biography\""}]},{"reference":"\"Coalfield Communities All-Party Parliamentary Group\". Parliament.uk. Retrieved 6 April 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm/cmallparty/register/coalfield-communities.htm","url_text":"\"Coalfield Communities All-Party Parliamentary Group\""}]},{"reference":"\"Brake the road safety charity\". brake.org.uk. Archived from the original on 26 May 2013. Retrieved 16 April 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130526102355/http://www.brake.org.uk/latest-news/130112.htm","url_text":"\"Brake the road safety charity\""},{"url":"http://www.brake.org.uk/latest-news/130112.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Nottinghamshire MP Mark Spencer criticised after saying jobseekers should learn 'discipline of timekeeping'\". Nottingham Post. 9 February 2015. Archived from the original on 10 February 2015. Retrieved 13 September 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150210123335/http://www.nottinghampost.com/Nottinghamshire-MP-Mark-Spencer-criticised/story-25996413-detail/story.html","url_text":"\"Nottinghamshire MP Mark Spencer criticised after saying jobseekers should learn 'discipline of timekeeping'\""},{"url":"http://www.nottinghampost.com/Nottinghamshire-MP-Mark-Spencer-criticised/story-25996413-detail/story.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Hardman, Isabel (5 February 2015). \"Political tribalism at its worst\". The Spectator. Retrieved 7 April 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://blogs.spectator.co.uk/coffeehouse/2015/02/political-tribalism-at-its-worst/","url_text":"\"Political tribalism at its worst\""}]},{"reference":"Bingham, John (3 August 2015). \"MP: use anti-terror powers on Christian teachers who say gay marriage is 'wrong'\". The Telegraph. Archived from the original on 6 August 2015. Retrieved 12 August 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150806003043/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/politics/11780517/MP-use-anti-terror-powers-on-Christian-teachers-who-say-gay-marriage-is-wrong.html","url_text":"\"MP: use anti-terror powers on Christian teachers who say gay marriage is 'wrong'\""},{"url":"https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/politics/11780517/MP-use-anti-terror-powers-on-Christian-teachers-who-say-gay-marriage-is-wrong.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Election Expenses Exposed\". Channel 4 News. 23 June 2016. Retrieved 10 June 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.channel4.com/livepages/2016/election-expenses/","url_text":"\"Election Expenses Exposed\""}]},{"reference":"\"No charges over 2015 Conservative battle bus cases\". BBC News. 10 May 2017. 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Retrieved 2 August 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/tory-ex-minister-arrested-over-rape-qdm897rv2","url_text":"\"Tory ex-minister arrested over rape\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 64374\". The London Gazette. 22 April 2024. p. 7898.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/64374/page/7898","url_text":"\"No. 64374\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette","url_text":"The London Gazette"}]},{"reference":"\"Mohamed Mansour: Tory donor and four Tory MPs given honours\". BBC News. 28 March 2024. Retrieved 28 March 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-politics-68686662","url_text":"\"Mohamed Mansour: Tory donor and four Tory MPs given honours\""}]},{"reference":"Locker, Joseph (1 August 2019). \"Sherwood MP Mark Spencer on his toughest role yet as Boris Johnson's chief whip\". Nottingham Post.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nottinghampost.com/news/local-news/its-going-bumpy-sherwood-mp-3157240","url_text":"\"Sherwood MP Mark Spencer on his toughest role yet as Boris Johnson's chief whip\""}]},{"reference":"\"Mark Spencer MP\". TheyWorkForYou. Retrieved 11 June 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theyworkforyou.com/mp/24909/mark_spencer/sherwood","url_text":"\"Mark Spencer MP\""}]},{"reference":"\"IPSA record\". IPSA. Retrieved 11 June 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.theipsa.org.uk/mp-costs/your-mp/mark-spencer/","url_text":"\"IPSA record\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeffrey_Barnard
Jeffrey Bernard
["1 Life","1.1 Soho","1.2 Love life","2 Writing","3 Decline and death","4 References","5 Bibliography","6 External links"]
English journalist (1932–1997) Jeffrey BernardBernard in the mid-1980sBorn(1932-05-27)27 May 1932Hampstead, London, EnglandDied4 September 1997(1997-09-04) (aged 65)Soho, London, EnglandOccupationJournalist Jeffrey Joseph Bernard (/bərˈnɑːrd/; 27 May 1932 – 4 September 1997) was an English journalist, best known for his weekly column "Low Life" in The Spectator magazine, and also notorious for a feckless and chaotic career and life of alcohol abuse. He became associated with the louche and bohemian atmosphere that existed in London's Soho district and was later immortalised in the comical play Jeffrey Bernard Is Unwell by Keith Waterhouse. He was played by his friend Peter O'Toole when the play first opened. The title refers to a notice The Spectator would put in the place of Bernard's column on occasions in which he was unable to write. Life Bernard was born in Hampstead, London, and was the youngest of the three sons of the English architect Oliver Percy Bernard (1881–1939) and his opera singer wife Edith Dora Hodges (1896–1950). His siblings were the poet Oliver Bernard, and the photographer Bruce Bernard. He was a paternal cousin to the actor Stanley Holloway. Bernard attended Pangbourne College for two years before his parents responded to the college's protest that he was "psychologically unsuitable for public school life". He later briefly served in the British army but went AWOL. Soho Even while at school, Bernard had begun to explore Soho and Fitzrovia at age 14 with his brother Bruce. Seduced by the area's lurid glamour, he moved there at 16, supporting himself in a variety of jobs that were at odds with his middle-class background, including boxing booth attendant, building labourer, dishwasher, stagehand, kitchen assistant and coal miner. His fellow miners mocked him for bringing his lunch wrapped up in pages from The Times. As a stagehand, Bernard worked at The Old Vic, where he met actress Jackie Ellis, until he was fired for drunkenness. He soon got a job at the Folies Bergere show, sticking stars on the dancers' nipples. He later took up photography with the encouragement of his second wife Jackie Ellis and often collaborated with his best friend Frank Norman. In 1962, Norman and Bernard worked together on a collection of writing and photography based on Soho called Soho Night and Day. "I think we were drunk for a year," Bernard later reflected. The duo obtained an advance of £100 for the collection, but Bernard lost his payment playing roulette. By this time, Bernard became a regular at The Coach and Horses, as well as The Colony Room and The French House. However, he came to favour The Coach and Horses above the other venues in later life, particularly after Muriel Belcher (the proprietor of The Colony Room and a friend of Bernard's) died. Bernard did not get along well with Ian Board, who took over The Colony Room from Belcher. Bernard took racing bets for his friends and infamous pub landlord Norman Balon. This eventually landed Bernard in trouble. He was arrested for illegal betting practices and pleaded guilty to taking illegal bets in 1986. The arresting officers invited Bernard to their Christmas party. Over the years, Bernard built a circle of friends and associates that included Tom Baker, John Hurt, Daniel Farson and John Deakin. He also knew Dylan Thomas, Francis Bacon, Lucian Freud, John Minton, Nina Hamnett, Graham Greene and Ian Fleming. Love life In his youth Bernard was considered extremely good-looking and supplemented his earnings with gifts and loans from wealthy older women. Some acquaintances suggested he did the same with older men but Bernard always vehemently denied this. Many of his oldest friends were convinced he went through a "homosexual phase" in his late teens and early twenties. Though married four times (Anna Grace in 1952, Jackie Ellis in 1959, Jill Wilsworth in 1966 and Susan Ashley Gluck in 1978), he often remarked, only half in jest, that alcohol was the other woman. He was a womaniser and had numerous affairs. His drinking, gambling, violence and infidelities ensured each marriage failed. In the case of his third wife, Wilsworth divorced Bernard in 1973 after he punched a woman in The Coach and Horses. He sought treatment for alcoholism and was sober for two years before returning to the bottle. The couple had a daughter Isabel Bernard, though he later learned he was not the biological father. Bernard and Gluck divorced in 1980. He later described her as "my fourth, last and most angry wife". He did not remarry for the rest of his life. Writing Elizabeth Smart suggested that Bernard try journalism and he started to write about his interest in horseracing in Queen magazine in 1964. During this time, Bernard was sent to interview Prince Monolulu while he was in hospital. He took Monolulu some chocolates and gave him a strawberry cream chocolate. Monolulu choked to death. He later became racing correspondent for satirical magazine Private Eye, and became a columnist for Sporting Life in October 1970. In 1971, Bernard was at Royal Ascot when he vomited on the Queen Mother's shoes. Bernard was given a column in The Spectator in 1975. His column became "Low Life" in 1978, set up to contrast with the "High Life" column by wealthy socialite Taki Theodoracopulos, writing as "Taki". While Taki's column described a life of yachts, casinos, and grand hotels, Bernard's was described by Jonathan Meades as a "suicide note in weekly instalments" and principally chronicled his daily round of intoxication and dissipation in The Coach and Horses pub and its fateful consequences. This was mixed with anecdotes, many of which were repeated in the play Jeffrey Bernard Is Unwell, and ponderings on life. His lifestyle had an inevitable effect on his health and reliability, and the magazine often had to post the notice "Jeffrey Bernard is unwell" in place of his column. Decline and death Bernard was an unrepentant alcoholic for most of his adult life apart from two years of sobriety in the 1970s. But over time his drinking affected Bernard's health more seriously. He was hospitalised for detoxification, he suffered from pancreatitis for many years and later developed diabetes. He often forgot to take insulin regularly and his right leg was amputated due to the resulting complications. Instead of the regular notice, The Spectator announced, "Jeffrey Bernard has had his leg off". Bernard died at his home in Soho at age 65 on 4 September 1997 of renal failure after turning down further treatment by dialysis. References ^ Wordsworth, Dot (6 September 2008). "Mind Your Language". The Spectator. ^ Searle, Adrian (30 March 2000). "Obituary: Bruce Bernard". The Guardian. ^ "He was the nice one: farewell to Oliver Bernard". London Evening Standard. 4 June 2013. ^ Holloway and Richards, pp. 74–75. ^ a b c d Waterhouse (2004) ^ a b c Howse, Christopher (5 September 1997). "Obituary: Jeffrey Bernard". The Independent. Archived from the original on 18 January 2024. ^ a b c d e f Ashforth, David (22 January 2010). "David Ashforth on the life of racing's most infamous journalist Jeffrey Bernard". Racing Post. Archived from the original on 24 May 2021. ^ a b c Lord, Graham (1992). Just the One: The Wives and Times of Jeffrey Bernard. London: Sinclair-Stevenson Ltd. ISBN 1-85619-174-5 ^ "Last orders for Jeffrey Bernard". The Daily Telegraph. 13 September 1997. Archived from the original on 24 November 2011. ^ Bernard (1996) is a collection of his Low Life pieces from the Spectator. ^ "JEFFREY BERNARD DIES AT 65". The Free Library. ^ "Jeffrey Bernard has had his leg off". The Spectator Archive. 12 February 1994. Bibliography Wikiquote has quotations related to Jeffrey Bernard. Obituaries: The Scotsman, 6 September 1997 The Independent, 6 September 1997 The Times, 8 September 1997 The Daily Telegraph, 8 September 1997 Bernard, J., Low Life 1987, Pan Books Bernard, J., More Low Life 1989, Pan Books ISBN 0-330-31295-2 Bernard, J. (1996). Reach for the Ground: The Downhill Struggle of Jeffrey Bernard. London: Duckworth. ISBN 0-7156-3150-0. Bernard, Oliver (1992). Getting Over It: Recollections. London: Peter Owen. ISBN 0-7206-0865-1. Lord, Graham (1993). Just the One: The Wives and Times of Jeffrey Bernard 1932-1997 (New ed.). London: Headline. ISBN 0-7472-6004-4. Holloway, Stanley; Richards, Dick (1967). Wiv a little bit o' luck: The life story of Stanley Holloway. London: Frewin. OCLC 3647363. Waterhouse, Keith (2004). "Bernard, Jeffrey Joseph (1932–1997)". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/68104. Retrieved 22 August 2007. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.) External links Portraits of Jeffrey Bernard at the National Portrait Gallery, London Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Israel United States
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His siblings were the poet Oliver Bernard, and the photographer Bruce Bernard.[2] He was a paternal cousin to the actor Stanley Holloway.[3][4]Bernard attended Pangbourne College for two years before his parents responded to the college's protest that he was \"psychologically unsuitable for public school life\".[5] He later briefly served in the British army but went AWOL.[6]","title":"Life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Soho","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soho"},{"link_name":"Fitzrovia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fitzrovia"},{"link_name":"The Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Times"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Howse-6"},{"link_name":"The Old Vic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Old_Vic"},{"link_name":"Folies Bergere","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folies_Bergere"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-racingpost.com-7"},{"link_name":"Frank Norman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Norman"},{"link_name":"roulette","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roulette"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-racingpost.com-7"},{"link_name":"The Coach and Horses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coach_and_Horses,_Soho"},{"link_name":"The Colony Room","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Colony_Room"},{"link_name":"The French House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_French_House,_Soho"},{"link_name":"The Coach and Horses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coach_and_Horses,_Soho"},{"link_name":"Muriel Belcher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muriel_Belcher"},{"link_name":"Ian Board","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ian_Board"},{"link_name":"Norman Balon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norman_Balon"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-racingpost.com-7"},{"link_name":"Tom Baker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Baker"},{"link_name":"John Hurt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Hurt"},{"link_name":"Daniel Farson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Farson"},{"link_name":"John Deakin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Deakin"},{"link_name":"Dylan Thomas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dylan_Thomas"},{"link_name":"Francis Bacon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Bacon_(painter)"},{"link_name":"Lucian Freud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucian_Freud"},{"link_name":"John Minton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Minton_(artist)"},{"link_name":"Nina Hamnett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nina_Hamnett"},{"link_name":"Graham Greene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graham_Greene"},{"link_name":"Ian Fleming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ian_Fleming"}],"sub_title":"Soho","text":"Even while at school, Bernard had begun to explore Soho and Fitzrovia at age 14 with his brother Bruce. Seduced by the area's lurid glamour, he moved there at 16, supporting himself in a variety of jobs that were at odds with his middle-class background, including boxing booth attendant, building labourer, dishwasher, stagehand, kitchen assistant and coal miner. His fellow miners mocked him for bringing his lunch wrapped up in pages from The Times.[6]As a stagehand, Bernard worked at The Old Vic, where he met actress Jackie Ellis, until he was fired for drunkenness. He soon got a job at the Folies Bergere show, sticking stars on the dancers' nipples.[7] He later took up photography with the encouragement of his second wife Jackie Ellis and often collaborated with his best friend Frank Norman.In 1962, Norman and Bernard worked together on a collection of writing and photography based on Soho called Soho Night and Day. \"I think we were drunk for a year,\" Bernard later reflected. The duo obtained an advance of £100 for the collection, but Bernard lost his payment playing roulette.[7]By this time, Bernard became a regular at The Coach and Horses, as well as The Colony Room and The French House. However, he came to favour The Coach and Horses above the other venues in later life, particularly after Muriel Belcher (the proprietor of The Colony Room and a friend of Bernard's) died. Bernard did not get along well with Ian Board, who took over The Colony Room from Belcher.Bernard took racing bets for his friends and infamous pub landlord Norman Balon. This eventually landed Bernard in trouble. He was arrested for illegal betting practices and pleaded guilty to taking illegal bets in 1986. The arresting officers invited Bernard to their Christmas party.[7]Over the years, Bernard built a circle of friends and associates that included Tom Baker, John Hurt, Daniel Farson and John Deakin. He also knew Dylan Thomas, Francis Bacon, Lucian Freud, John Minton, Nina Hamnett, Graham Greene and Ian Fleming.","title":"Life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lord_1992-8"},{"link_name":"The Coach and Horses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coach_and_Horses,_Soho"},{"link_name":"alcoholism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcoholism"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-racingpost.com-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lord_1992-8"}],"sub_title":"Love life","text":"In his youth Bernard was considered extremely good-looking and supplemented his earnings with gifts and loans from wealthy older women. Some acquaintances suggested he did the same with older men but Bernard always vehemently denied this. Many of his oldest friends were convinced he went through a \"homosexual phase\" in his late teens and early twenties.[8]Though married four times (Anna Grace in 1952, Jackie Ellis in 1959, Jill Wilsworth in 1966 and Susan Ashley Gluck in 1978), he often remarked, only half in jest, that alcohol was the other woman. He was a womaniser and had numerous affairs. His drinking, gambling, violence and infidelities ensured each marriage failed.In the case of his third wife, Wilsworth divorced Bernard in 1973 after he punched a woman in The Coach and Horses. He sought treatment for alcoholism and was sober for two years before returning to the bottle.[7] The couple had a daughter Isabel Bernard, though he later learned he was not the biological father.[8]Bernard and Gluck divorced in 1980. He later described her as \"my fourth, last and most angry wife\". He did not remarry for the rest of his life.","title":"Life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Elizabeth Smart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_Smart_(author)"},{"link_name":"journalism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journalism"},{"link_name":"horseracing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horseracing"},{"link_name":"Queen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ODNB-5"},{"link_name":"Prince Monolulu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_Monolulu"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lord_1992-8"},{"link_name":"Private Eye","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Private_Eye"},{"link_name":"Sporting Life","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sporting_Life_(British_newspaper)"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-racingpost.com-7"},{"link_name":"Royal Ascot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Ascot"},{"link_name":"the Queen Mother","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Queen_Mother"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-racingpost.com-7"},{"link_name":"The Spectator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Spectator"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Howse-6"},{"link_name":"Taki Theodoracopulos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taki_Theodoracopulos"},{"link_name":"Jonathan Meades","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonathan_Meades"},{"link_name":"suicide note","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suicide_note"},{"link_name":"The Coach and Horses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coach_and_Horses,_Soho"},{"link_name":"pub","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_house"},{"link_name":"Jeffrey Bernard Is Unwell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeffrey_Bernard_Is_Unwell"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ODNB-5"}],"text":"Elizabeth Smart suggested that Bernard try journalism and he started to write about his interest in horseracing in Queen magazine in 1964.[5] During this time, Bernard was sent to interview Prince Monolulu while he was in hospital. He took Monolulu some chocolates and gave him a strawberry cream chocolate. Monolulu choked to death.[8]He later became racing correspondent for satirical magazine Private Eye, and became a columnist for Sporting Life in October 1970.[9][7] In 1971, Bernard was at Royal Ascot when he vomited on the Queen Mother's shoes.[7]Bernard was given a column in The Spectator in 1975.[6] His column became \"Low Life\" in 1978, set up to contrast with the \"High Life\" column by wealthy socialite Taki Theodoracopulos, writing as \"Taki\". While Taki's column described a life of yachts, casinos, and grand hotels, Bernard's was described by Jonathan Meades as a \"suicide note in weekly instalments\" and principally chronicled his daily round of intoxication and dissipation in The Coach and Horses pub and its fateful consequences.This was mixed with anecdotes, many of which were repeated in the play Jeffrey Bernard Is Unwell, and ponderings on life.[10] His lifestyle had an inevitable effect on his health and reliability, and the magazine often had to post the notice \"Jeffrey Bernard is unwell\" in place of his column.[5]","title":"Writing"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"alcoholic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcoholic"},{"link_name":"detoxification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcohol_detoxification"},{"link_name":"pancreatitis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pancreatitis"},{"link_name":"diabetes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diabetes"},{"link_name":"insulin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insulin"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"renal failure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renal_failure"},{"link_name":"dialysis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kidney_dialysis"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ODNB-5"}],"text":"Bernard was an unrepentant alcoholic for most of his adult life apart from two years of sobriety in the 1970s. But over time his drinking affected Bernard's health more seriously. He was hospitalised for detoxification, he suffered from pancreatitis for many years and later developed diabetes.He often forgot to take insulin regularly and his right leg was amputated due to the resulting complications.[11] Instead of the regular notice, The Spectator announced, \"Jeffrey Bernard has had his leg off\".[12]Bernard died at his home in Soho at age 65 on 4 September 1997 of renal failure after turning down further treatment by dialysis.[5]","title":"Decline and death"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jeffrey Bernard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Jeffrey_Bernard"},{"link_name":"The Scotsman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Scotsman"},{"link_name":"The Independent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Independent"},{"link_name":"The Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Times"},{"link_name":"The Daily Telegraph","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-330-31295-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-330-31295-2"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-7156-3150-0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7156-3150-0"},{"link_name":"Bernard, Oliver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oliver_Bernard"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-7206-0865-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7206-0865-1"},{"link_name":"Lord, Graham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graham_Lord"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-7472-6004-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7472-6004-4"},{"link_name":"Holloway, Stanley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanley_Holloway"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"3647363","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/3647363"},{"link_name":"Waterhouse, Keith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keith_Waterhouse"},{"link_name":"\"Bernard, Jeffrey Joseph (1932–1997)\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/68104"},{"link_name":"Oxford Dictionary of National Biography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography#Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1093/ref:odnb/68104","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F68104"},{"link_name":"UK public library membership","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.oxforddnb.com/help/subscribe#public"}],"text":"Wikiquote has quotations related to Jeffrey Bernard.Obituaries:\nThe Scotsman, 6 September 1997\nThe Independent, 6 September 1997\nThe Times, 8 September 1997\nThe Daily Telegraph, 8 September 1997Bernard, J., Low Life 1987, Pan Books\nBernard, J., More Low Life 1989, Pan Books ISBN 0-330-31295-2\nBernard, J. (1996). Reach for the Ground: The Downhill Struggle of Jeffrey Bernard. London: Duckworth. ISBN 0-7156-3150-0.\nBernard, Oliver (1992). Getting Over It: Recollections. London: Peter Owen. ISBN 0-7206-0865-1.\nLord, Graham (1993). Just the One: The Wives and Times of Jeffrey Bernard 1932-1997 (New ed.). London: Headline. ISBN 0-7472-6004-4.\nHolloway, Stanley; Richards, Dick (1967). Wiv a little bit o' luck: The life story of Stanley Holloway. London: Frewin. OCLC 3647363.\nWaterhouse, Keith (2004). \"Bernard, Jeffrey Joseph (1932–1997)\". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/68104. Retrieved 22 August 2007. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)","title":"Bibliography"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"Wordsworth, Dot (6 September 2008). \"Mind Your Language\". The Spectator.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.spectator.co.uk/article/mind-your-language-6-september-2008","url_text":"\"Mind Your Language\""}]},{"reference":"Searle, Adrian (30 March 2000). \"Obituary: Bruce Bernard\". The Guardian.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/news/2000/mar/31/guardianobituaries.adriansearle","url_text":"\"Obituary: Bruce Bernard\""}]},{"reference":"\"He was the nice one: farewell to Oliver Bernard\". London Evening Standard. 4 June 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.standard.co.uk/news/londoners-diary/he-was-the-nice-one-farewell-to-oliver-bernard-8643861.html","url_text":"\"He was the nice one: farewell to Oliver Bernard\""}]},{"reference":"Howse, Christopher (5 September 1997). \"Obituary: Jeffrey Bernard\". The Independent. Archived from the original on 18 January 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/obituary-jeffrey-bernard-1237687.html","url_text":"\"Obituary: Jeffrey Bernard\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240118064608/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/obituary-jeffrey-bernard-1237687.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Ashforth, David (22 January 2010). \"David Ashforth on the life of racing's most infamous journalist Jeffrey Bernard\". Racing Post. Archived from the original on 24 May 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210524201415/https://www.racingpost.com/news/david-ashforth-on-the-life-of-racings-most-infamous-journalist-jeffrey-bernard/116051","url_text":"\"David Ashforth on the life of racing's most infamous journalist Jeffrey Bernard\""},{"url":"https://www.racingpost.com/news/david-ashforth-on-the-life-of-racings-most-infamous-journalist-jeffrey-bernard/116051","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Last orders for Jeffrey Bernard\". The Daily Telegraph. 13 September 1997. Archived from the original on 24 November 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20111124012039/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/4710550/Last-orders-for-Jeffrey-Bernard.html","url_text":"\"Last orders for Jeffrey Bernard\""},{"url":"https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/4710550/Last-orders-for-Jeffrey-Bernard.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"JEFFREY BERNARD DIES AT 65\". The Free Library.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thefreelibrary.com/JEFFREY+BERNARD+DIES+AT+65.-a061068191","url_text":"\"JEFFREY BERNARD DIES AT 65\""}]},{"reference":"\"Jeffrey Bernard has had his leg off\". The Spectator Archive. 12 February 1994.","urls":[{"url":"http://archive.spectator.co.uk/article/12th-february-1994/40/jeffrey-bernard-has-had-his-leg-off","url_text":"\"Jeffrey Bernard has had his leg off\""}]},{"reference":"Bernard, J. (1996). Reach for the Ground: The Downhill Struggle of Jeffrey Bernard. London: Duckworth. ISBN 0-7156-3150-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7156-3150-0","url_text":"0-7156-3150-0"}]},{"reference":"Bernard, Oliver (1992). Getting Over It: Recollections. London: Peter Owen. ISBN 0-7206-0865-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oliver_Bernard","url_text":"Bernard, Oliver"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7206-0865-1","url_text":"0-7206-0865-1"}]},{"reference":"Lord, Graham (1993). Just the One: The Wives and Times of Jeffrey Bernard 1932-1997 (New ed.). London: Headline. ISBN 0-7472-6004-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graham_Lord","url_text":"Lord, Graham"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7472-6004-4","url_text":"0-7472-6004-4"}]},{"reference":"Holloway, Stanley; Richards, Dick (1967). Wiv a little bit o' luck: The life story of Stanley Holloway. London: Frewin. OCLC 3647363.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanley_Holloway","url_text":"Holloway, Stanley"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/3647363","url_text":"3647363"}]},{"reference":"Waterhouse, Keith (2004). \"Bernard, Jeffrey Joseph (1932–1997)\". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/68104. Retrieved 22 August 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keith_Waterhouse","url_text":"Waterhouse, Keith"},{"url":"http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/68104","url_text":"\"Bernard, Jeffrey Joseph (1932–1997)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography#Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography","url_text":"Oxford Dictionary of National Biography"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F68104","url_text":"10.1093/ref:odnb/68104"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coefficient_of_Variation
Coefficient of variation
["1 Definition","2 Examples","3 Estimation","3.1 Log-normal data","4 Comparison to standard deviation","4.1 Advantages","4.2 Disadvantages","5 Applications","5.1 Laboratory measures of intra-assay and inter-assay CVs","5.2 As a measure of economic inequality","5.3 As a measure of standardisation of archaeological artefacts","6 Examples of misuse","7 Distribution","7.1 Alternative","8 Similar ratios","9 See also","10 References","11 External links"]
Statistical parameter Not to be confused with Coefficient of determination. In probability theory and statistics, the coefficient of variation (CV), also known as normalized root-mean-square deviation (NRMSD), percent RMS, and relative standard deviation (RSD), is a standardized measure of dispersion of a probability distribution or frequency distribution. It is defined as the ratio of the standard deviation σ {\displaystyle \sigma } to the mean μ {\displaystyle \mu } (or its absolute value, | μ | {\displaystyle |\mu |} ), and often expressed as a percentage ("%RSD"). The CV or RSD is widely used in analytical chemistry to express the precision and repeatability of an assay. It is also commonly used in fields such as engineering or physics when doing quality assurance studies and ANOVA gauge R&R, by economists and investors in economic models, and in psychology/neuroscience. Definition The coefficient of variation (CV) is defined as the ratio of the standard deviation σ {\displaystyle \sigma } to the mean μ {\displaystyle \mu } , C V = σ μ . {\displaystyle CV={\frac {\sigma }{\mu }}.} It shows the extent of variability in relation to the mean of the population. The coefficient of variation should be computed only for data measured on scales that have a meaningful zero (ratio scale) and hence allow relative comparison of two measurements (i.e., division of one measurement by the other). The coefficient of variation may not have any meaning for data on an interval scale. For example, most temperature scales (e.g., Celsius, Fahrenheit etc.) are interval scales with arbitrary zeros, so the computed coefficient of variation would be different depending on the scale used. On the other hand, Kelvin temperature has a meaningful zero, the complete absence of thermal energy, and thus is a ratio scale. In plain language, it is meaningful to say that 20 Kelvin is twice as hot as 10 Kelvin, but only in this scale with a true absolute zero. While a standard deviation (SD) can be measured in Kelvin, Celsius, or Fahrenheit, the value computed is only applicable to that scale. Only the Kelvin scale can be used to compute a valid coefficient of variability. Measurements that are log-normally distributed exhibit stationary CV; in contrast, SD varies depending upon the expected value of measurements. A more robust possibility is the quartile coefficient of dispersion, half the interquartile range ( Q 3 − Q 1 ) / 2 {\displaystyle {(Q_{3}-Q_{1})/2}} divided by the average of the quartiles (the midhinge), ( Q 1 + Q 3 ) / 2 {\displaystyle {(Q_{1}+Q_{3})/2}} . In most cases, a CV is computed for a single independent variable (e.g., a single factory product) with numerous, repeated measures of a dependent variable (e.g., error in the production process). However, data that are linear or even logarithmically non-linear and include a continuous range for the independent variable with sparse measurements across each value (e.g., scatter-plot) may be amenable to single CV calculation using a maximum-likelihood estimation approach. Examples In the examples below, we will take the values given as randomly chosen from a larger population of values. The data set has constant values. Its standard deviation is 0 and average is 100, giving the coefficient of variation as 0 / 100 = 0 The data set has more variability. Its standard deviation is 10 and its average is 100, giving the coefficient of variation as 10 / 100 = 0.1 The data set has still more variability. Its standard deviation is 32.9 and its average is 27.9, giving a coefficient of variation of 32.9 / 27.9 = 1.18 In these examples, we will take the values given as the entire population of values. The data set has a population standard deviation of 0 and a coefficient of variation of 0 / 100 = 0 The data set has a population standard deviation of 8.16 and a coefficient of variation of 8.16 / 100 = 0.0816 The data set has a population standard deviation of 30.8 and a coefficient of variation of 30.8 / 27.9 = 1.10 Estimation When only a sample of data from a population is available, the population CV can be estimated using the ratio of the sample standard deviation s {\displaystyle s\,} to the sample mean x ¯ {\displaystyle {\bar {x}}} : c v ^ = s x ¯ {\displaystyle {\widehat {c_{\rm {v}}}}={\frac {s}{\bar {x}}}} But this estimator, when applied to a small or moderately sized sample, tends to be too low: it is a biased estimator. For normally distributed data, an unbiased estimator for a sample of size n is: c v ^ ∗ = ( 1 + 1 4 n ) c v ^ {\displaystyle {\widehat {c_{\rm {v}}}}^{*}={\bigg (}1+{\frac {1}{4n}}{\bigg )}{\widehat {c_{\rm {v}}}}} Log-normal data Many datasets follow an approximately log-normal distribution. In such cases, a more accurate estimate, derived from the properties of the log-normal distribution, is defined as: c v ^ r a w = e s ln 2 − 1 {\displaystyle {\widehat {cv}}_{\rm {raw}}={\sqrt {\mathrm {e} ^{s_{\ln }^{2}}-1}}} where s ln {\displaystyle {s_{\ln }}\,} is the sample standard deviation of the data after a natural log transformation. (In the event that measurements are recorded using any other logarithmic base, b, their standard deviation s b {\displaystyle s_{b}\,} is converted to base e using s ln = s b ln ⁡ ( b ) {\displaystyle s_{\ln }=s_{b}\ln(b)\,} , and the formula for c v ^ r a w {\displaystyle {\widehat {cv}}_{\rm {raw}}\,} remains the same.) This estimate is sometimes referred to as the "geometric CV" (GCV) in order to distinguish it from the simple estimate above. However, "geometric coefficient of variation" has also been defined by Kirkwood as: G C V K = e s ln − 1 {\displaystyle \mathrm {GCV_{K}} ={\mathrm {e} ^{s_{\ln }}\!\!-1}} This term was intended to be analogous to the coefficient of variation, for describing multiplicative variation in log-normal data, but this definition of GCV has no theoretical basis as an estimate of c v {\displaystyle c_{\rm {v}}\,} itself. For many practical purposes (such as sample size determination and calculation of confidence intervals) it is s l n {\displaystyle s_{ln}\,} which is of most use in the context of log-normally distributed data. If necessary, this can be derived from an estimate of c v {\displaystyle c_{\rm {v}}\,} or GCV by inverting the corresponding formula. Comparison to standard deviation Advantages The coefficient of variation is useful because the standard deviation of data must always be understood in the context of the mean of the data. In contrast, the actual value of the CV is independent of the unit in which the measurement has been taken, so it is a dimensionless number. For comparison between data sets with different units or widely different means, one should use the coefficient of variation instead of the standard deviation. Disadvantages When the mean value is close to zero, the coefficient of variation will approach infinity and is therefore sensitive to small changes in the mean. This is often the case if the values do not originate from a ratio scale. Unlike the standard deviation, it cannot be used directly to construct confidence intervals for the mean. Applications The coefficient of variation is also common in applied probability fields such as renewal theory, queueing theory, and reliability theory. In these fields, the exponential distribution is often more important than the normal distribution. The standard deviation of an exponential distribution is equal to its mean, so its coefficient of variation is equal to 1. Distributions with CV < 1 (such as an Erlang distribution) are considered low-variance, while those with CV > 1 (such as a hyper-exponential distribution) are considered high-variance. Some formulas in these fields are expressed using the squared coefficient of variation, often abbreviated SCV. In modeling, a variation of the CV is the CV(RMSD). Essentially the CV(RMSD) replaces the standard deviation term with the Root Mean Square Deviation (RMSD). While many natural processes indeed show a correlation between the average value and the amount of variation around it, accurate sensor devices need to be designed in such a way that the coefficient of variation is close to zero, i.e., yielding a constant absolute error over their working range. In actuarial science, the CV is known as unitized risk. In industrial solids processing, CV is particularly important to measure the degree of homogeneity of a powder mixture. Comparing the calculated CV to a specification will allow to define if a sufficient degree of mixing has been reached. In fluid dynamics, the CV, also referred to as Percent RMS, %RMS, %RMS Uniformity, or Velocity RMS, is a useful determination of flow uniformity for industrial processes. The term is used widely in the design of pollution control equipment, such as electrostatic precipitators (ESPs), selective catalytic reduction (SCR), scrubbers, and similar devices. The Institute of Clean Air Companies (ICAC) references RMS deviation of velocity in the design of fabric filters (ICAC document F-7). The guiding principal is that many of these pollution control devices require "uniform flow" entering and through the control zone. This can be related to uniformity of velocity profile, temperature distribution, gas species (such as ammonia for an SCR, or activated carbon injection for mercury absorption), and other flow-related parameters. The Percent RMS also is used to assess flow uniformity in combustion systems, HVAC systems, ductwork, inlets to fans and filters, air handling units, etc. where performance of the equipment is influenced by the incoming flow distribution. Laboratory measures of intra-assay and inter-assay CVs CV measures are often used as quality controls for quantitative laboratory assays. While intra-assay and inter-assay CVs might be assumed to be calculated by simply averaging CV values across CV values for multiple samples within one assay or by averaging multiple inter-assay CV estimates, it has been suggested that these practices are incorrect and that a more complex computational process is required. It has also been noted that CV values are not an ideal index of the certainty of a measurement when the number of replicates varies across samples − in this case standard error in percent is suggested to be superior. If measurements do not have a natural zero point then the CV is not a valid measurement and alternative measures such as the intraclass correlation coefficient are recommended. As a measure of economic inequality The coefficient of variation fulfills the requirements for a measure of economic inequality. If x (with entries xi) is a list of the values of an economic indicator (e.g. wealth), with xi being the wealth of agent i, then the following requirements are met: Anonymity – cv is independent of the ordering of the list x. This follows from the fact that the variance and mean are independent of the ordering of x. Scale invariance: cv(x) = cv(αx) where α is a real number. Population independence – If {x,x} is the list x appended to itself, then cv({x,x}) = cv(x). This follows from the fact that the variance and mean both obey this principle. Pigou–Dalton transfer principle: when wealth is transferred from a wealthier agent i to a poorer agent j (i.e. xi > xj) without altering their rank, then cv decreases and vice versa. cv assumes its minimum value of zero for complete equality (all xi are equal). Its most notable drawback is that it is not bounded from above, so it cannot be normalized to be within a fixed range (e.g. like the Gini coefficient which is constrained to be between 0 and 1). It is, however, more mathematically tractable than the Gini coefficient. As a measure of standardisation of archaeological artefacts Archaeologists often use CV values to compare the degree of standardisation of ancient artefacts. Variation in CVs has been interpreted to indicate different cultural transmission contexts for the adoption of new technologies. Coefficients of variation have also been used to investigate pottery standardisation relating to changes in social organisation. Archaeologists also use several methods for comparing CV values, for example the modified signed-likelihood ratio (MSLR) test for equality of CVs. Examples of misuse Comparing coefficients of variation between parameters using relative units can result in differences that may not be real. If we compare the same set of temperatures in Celsius and Fahrenheit (both relative units, where kelvin and Rankine scale are their associated absolute values): Celsius: Fahrenheit: The sample standard deviations are 15.81 and 28.46, respectively. The CV of the first set is 15.81/20 = 79%. For the second set (which are the same temperatures) it is 28.46/68 = 42%. If, for example, the data sets are temperature readings from two different sensors (a Celsius sensor and a Fahrenheit sensor) and you want to know which sensor is better by picking the one with the least variance, then you will be misled if you use CV. The problem here is that you have divided by a relative value rather than an absolute. Comparing the same data set, now in absolute units: Kelvin: Rankine: The sample standard deviations are still 15.81 and 28.46, respectively, because the standard deviation is not affected by a constant offset. The coefficients of variation, however, are now both equal to 5.39%. Mathematically speaking, the coefficient of variation is not entirely linear. That is, for a random variable X {\displaystyle X} , the coefficient of variation of a X + b {\displaystyle aX+b} is equal to the coefficient of variation of X {\displaystyle X} only when b = 0 {\displaystyle b=0} . In the above example, Celsius can only be converted to Fahrenheit through a linear transformation of the form a x + b {\displaystyle ax+b} with b ≠ 0 {\displaystyle b\neq 0} , whereas Kelvins can be converted to Rankines through a transformation of the form a x {\displaystyle ax} . Distribution Provided that negative and small positive values of the sample mean occur with negligible frequency, the probability distribution of the coefficient of variation for a sample of size n {\displaystyle n} of i.i.d. normal random variables has been shown by Hendricks and Robey to be d F c v = 2 π 1 / 2 Γ ( n − 1 2 ) exp ⁡ ( − n 2 ( σ μ ) 2 ⋅ c v 2 1 + c v 2 ) c v n − 2 ( 1 + c v 2 ) n / 2 ∑ ∑ ′ i = 0 n − 1 ⁡ ( n − 1 ) ! Γ ( n − i 2 ) ( n − 1 − i ) ! i ! ⋅ n i / 2 2 i / 2 ⋅ ( σ μ ) i ⋅ 1 ( 1 + c v 2 ) i / 2 d c v , {\displaystyle \mathrm {d} F_{c_{\rm {v}}}={\frac {2}{\pi ^{1/2}\Gamma {\left({\frac {n-1}{2}}\right)}}}\exp \left(-{\frac {n}{2\left({\frac {\sigma }{\mu }}\right)^{2}}}\cdot {\frac {{c_{\rm {v}}}^{2}}{1+{c_{\rm {v}}}^{2}}}\right){\frac {{c_{\rm {v}}}^{n-2}}{(1+{c_{\rm {v}}}^{2})^{n/2}}}\sideset {}{^{\prime }}\sum _{i=0}^{n-1}{\frac {(n-1)!\,\Gamma \left({\frac {n-i}{2}}\right)}{(n-1-i)!\,i!\,}}\cdot {\frac {n^{i/2}}{2^{i/2}\cdot \left({\frac {\sigma }{\mu }}\right)^{i}}}\cdot {\frac {1}{(1+{c_{\rm {v}}}^{2})^{i/2}}}\,\mathrm {d} c_{\rm {v}},} where the symbol ∑ ∑ ′ {\textstyle \sideset {}{^{\prime }}\sum } indicates that the summation is over only even values of n − 1 − i {\displaystyle n-1-i} , i.e., if n {\displaystyle n} is odd, sum over even values of i {\displaystyle i} and if n {\displaystyle n} is even, sum only over odd values of i {\displaystyle i} . This is useful, for instance, in the construction of hypothesis tests or confidence intervals. Statistical inference for the coefficient of variation in normally distributed data is often based on McKay's chi-square approximation for the coefficient of variation. Methods for Alternative Liu (2012) reviews methods for the construction of a confidence interval for the coefficient of variation. Notably, Lehmann (1986) derived the sampling distribution for the coefficient of variation using a non-central t-distribution to give an exact method for the construction of the CI. Similar ratios Standardized moments are similar ratios, μ k / σ k {\displaystyle {\mu _{k}}/{\sigma ^{k}}} where μ k {\displaystyle \mu _{k}} is the kth moment about the mean, which are also dimensionless and scale invariant. The variance-to-mean ratio, σ 2 / μ {\displaystyle \sigma ^{2}/\mu } , is another similar ratio, but is not dimensionless, and hence not scale invariant. See Normalization (statistics) for further ratios. In signal processing, particularly image processing, the reciprocal ratio μ / σ {\displaystyle \mu /\sigma } (or its square) is referred to as the signal-to-noise ratio in general and signal-to-noise ratio (imaging) in particular. Other related ratios include: Efficiency, σ 2 / μ 2 {\displaystyle \sigma ^{2}/\mu ^{2}} Standardized moment, μ k / σ k {\displaystyle \mu _{k}/\sigma ^{k}} Variance-to-mean ratio (or relative variance), σ 2 / μ {\displaystyle \sigma ^{2}/\mu } Fano factor, σ W 2 / μ W {\displaystyle \sigma _{W}^{2}/\mu _{W}} (windowed VMR) See also Information ratio Omega ratio Sampling (statistics) Variance function References ^ Everitt, Brian (1998). The Cambridge Dictionary of Statistics. Cambridge, UK New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0521593465. ^ "What is the difference between ordinal, interval and ratio variables? Why should I care?". GraphPad Software Inc. 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"Improved Methodology for Accurate CFD and Physical Modeling of ESPs" (PDF). International Society of Electrostatic Precipitation (ISESP) Conference 2018. ^ "F7 - Fabric Filter Gas Flow Model Studies" (PDF). Institute of Clean Air Companies (ICAC). 1996. ^ Rodbard, D (October 1974). "Statistical quality control and routine data processing for radioimmunoassays and immunoradiometric assays". Clinical Chemistry. 20 (10): 1255–70. doi:10.1093/clinchem/20.10.1255. PMID 4370388. ^ Eisenberg, Dan (2015). "Improving qPCR telomere length assays: Controlling for well position effects increases statistical power". American Journal of Human Biology. 27 (4): 570–5. doi:10.1002/ajhb.22690. PMC 4478151. PMID 25757675. ^ Eisenberg, Dan T. A. (30 August 2016). "Telomere length measurement validity: the coefficient of variation is invalid and cannot be used to compare quantitative polymerase chain reaction and Southern blot telomere length measurement technique". International Journal of Epidemiology. 45 (4): 1295–1298. doi:10.1093/ije/dyw191. ISSN 0300-5771. PMID 27581804. ^ Champernowne, D. G.; Cowell, F. A. (1999). Economic Inequality and Income Distribution. Cambridge University Press. ^ Campano, F.; Salvatore, D. (2006). Income distribution. Oxford University Press. ^ a b c d e Bellu, Lorenzo Giovanni; Liberati, Paolo (2006). "Policy Impacts on Inequality – Simple Inequality Measures" (PDF). EASYPol, Analytical tools. Policy Support Service, Policy Assistance Division, FAO. Archived (PDF) from the original on 5 August 2016. Retrieved 13 June 2016. ^ Eerkens, Jelmer W.; Bettinger, Robert L. (July 2001). "Techniques for Assessing Standardization in Artifact Assemblages: Can We Scale Material Variability?". American Antiquity. 66 (3): 493–504. doi:10.2307/2694247. JSTOR 2694247. S2CID 163507589. ^ Roux, Valentine (2003). "Ceramic Standardization and Intensity of Production: Quantifying Degrees of Specialization". American Antiquity. 68 (4): 768–782. doi:10.2307/3557072. ISSN 0002-7316. JSTOR 3557072. S2CID 147444325. ^ Bettinger, Robert L.; Eerkens, Jelmer (April 1999). "Point Typologies, Cultural Transmission, and the Spread of Bow-and-Arrow Technology in the Prehistoric Great Basin". American Antiquity. 64 (2): 231–242. doi:10.2307/2694276. JSTOR 2694276. S2CID 163198451. ^ Wang, Li-Ying; Marwick, Ben (October 2020). "Standardization of ceramic shape: A case study of Iron Age pottery from northeastern Taiwan". Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports. 33: 102554. Bibcode:2020JArSR..33j2554W. doi:10.1016/j.jasrep.2020.102554. S2CID 224904703. ^ Krishnamoorthy, K.; Lee, Meesook (February 2014). "Improved tests for the equality of normal coefficients of variation". Computational Statistics. 29 (1–2): 215–232. doi:10.1007/s00180-013-0445-2. S2CID 120898013. ^ Marwick, Ben; Krishnamoorthy, K (2019). cvequality: Tests for the equality of coefficients of variation from multiple groups. R package version 0.2.0. ^ Hendricks, Walter A.; Robey, Kate W. (1936). "The Sampling Distribution of the Coefficient of Variation". The Annals of Mathematical Statistics. 7 (3): 129–32. doi:10.1214/aoms/1177732503. JSTOR 2957564. ^ Iglevicz, Boris; Myers, Raymond (1970). "Comparisons of approximations to the percentage points of the sample coefficient of variation". Technometrics. 12 (1): 166–169. doi:10.2307/1267363. JSTOR 1267363. ^ Bennett, B. M. (1976). "On an Approximate Test for Homogeneity of Coefficients of Variation". Contribution to Applied Statistics. Experientia Supplementum. Vol. 22. pp. 169–171. doi:10.1007/978-3-0348-5513-6_16. ISBN 978-3-0348-5515-0. ^ Vangel, Mark G. (1996). "Confidence intervals for a normal coefficient of variation". The American Statistician. 50 (1): 21–26. doi:10.1080/00031305.1996.10473537. JSTOR 2685039.. ^ Feltz, Carol J; Miller, G. Edward (1996). "An asymptotic test for the equality of coefficients of variation from k populations". Statistics in Medicine. 15 (6): 647. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1097-0258(19960330)15:6<647::AID-SIM184>3.0.CO;2-P. PMID 8731006. ^ Forkman, Johannes (2009). "Estimator and tests for common coefficients of variation in normal distributions" (PDF). Communications in Statistics – Theory and Methods. 38 (2): 21–26. doi:10.1080/03610920802187448. S2CID 29168286. Archived (PDF) from the original on 6 December 2013. Retrieved 23 September 2013. ^ Krishnamoorthy, K; Lee, Meesook (2013). "Improved tests for the equality of normal coefficients of variation". Computational Statistics. 29 (1–2): 215–232. doi:10.1007/s00180-013-0445-2. S2CID 120898013. ^ Liu, Shuang (2012). Confidence Interval Estimation for Coefficient of Variation (Thesis). Georgia State University. p.3. Archived from the original on 1 March 2014. Retrieved 25 February 2014. ^ Lehmann, E. L. (1986). Testing Statistical Hypothesis. 2nd ed. New York: Wiley. 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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Coefficient of determination","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coefficient_of_determination"},{"link_name":"probability theory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Probability_theory"},{"link_name":"statistics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistics"},{"link_name":"normalized root-mean-square deviation (NRMSD)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Root-mean-square_deviation"},{"link_name":"standardized","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standardized_(statistics)"},{"link_name":"dispersion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistical_dispersion"},{"link_name":"probability distribution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Probability_distribution"},{"link_name":"frequency distribution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frequency_distribution"},{"link_name":"standard deviation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_deviation"},{"link_name":"mean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mean"},{"link_name":"absolute value","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Absolute_value"},{"link_name":"analytical chemistry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analytical_chemistry"},{"link_name":"assay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assay"},{"link_name":"engineering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engineering"},{"link_name":"physics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physics"},{"link_name":"ANOVA gauge R&R","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ANOVA_gauge_R%26R"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"economic models","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_model"},{"link_name":"psychology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychology"},{"link_name":"neuroscience","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuroscience"}],"text":"Not to be confused with Coefficient of determination.In probability theory and statistics, the coefficient of variation (CV), also known as normalized root-mean-square deviation (NRMSD), percent RMS, and relative standard deviation (RSD), is a standardized measure of dispersion of a probability distribution or frequency distribution. It is defined as the ratio of the standard deviation \n \n \n \n σ\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\sigma }\n \n to the mean \n \n \n \n μ\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\mu }\n \n (or its absolute value, \n \n \n \n \n |\n \n μ\n \n |\n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle |\\mu |}\n \n), and often expressed as a percentage (\"%RSD\"). The CV or RSD is widely used in analytical chemistry to express the precision and repeatability of an assay. It is also commonly used in fields such as engineering or physics when doing quality assurance studies and ANOVA gauge R&R,[citation needed] by economists and investors in economic models, and in psychology/neuroscience.","title":"Coefficient of variation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"ratio scale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ratio_scale"},{"link_name":"interval scale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interval_scale"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Kelvin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelvin"},{"link_name":"log-normally","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Log-normal"},{"link_name":"quartile coefficient of dispersion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quartile_coefficient_of_dispersion"},{"link_name":"interquartile range","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interquartile_range"},{"link_name":"midhinge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midhinge"},{"link_name":"maximum-likelihood estimation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maximum_likelihood_estimation"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"The coefficient of variation (CV) is defined as the ratio of the standard deviation \n \n \n \n σ\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\sigma }\n \n to the mean \n \n \n \n μ\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\mu }\n \n, \n \n \n \n C\n V\n =\n \n \n σ\n μ\n \n \n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle CV={\\frac {\\sigma }{\\mu }}.}\n \n[1]It shows the extent of variability in relation to the mean of the population.\nThe coefficient of variation should be computed only for data measured on scales that have a meaningful zero (ratio scale) and hence allow relative comparison of two measurements (i.e., division of one measurement by the other). The coefficient of variation may not have any meaning for data on an interval scale.[2] For example, most temperature scales (e.g., Celsius, Fahrenheit etc.) are interval scales with arbitrary zeros, so the computed coefficient of variation would be different depending on the scale used. On the other hand, Kelvin temperature has a meaningful zero, the complete absence of thermal energy, and thus is a ratio scale. In plain language, it is meaningful to say that 20 Kelvin is twice as hot as 10 Kelvin, but only in this scale with a true absolute zero. While a standard deviation (SD) can be measured in Kelvin, Celsius, or Fahrenheit, the value computed is only applicable to that scale. Only the Kelvin scale can be used to compute a valid coefficient of variability.Measurements that are log-normally distributed exhibit stationary CV; in contrast, SD varies depending upon the expected value of measurements.A more robust possibility is the quartile coefficient of dispersion, half the interquartile range \n \n \n \n \n (\n \n Q\n \n 3\n \n \n −\n \n Q\n \n 1\n \n \n )\n \n /\n \n 2\n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {(Q_{3}-Q_{1})/2}}\n \n divided by the average of the quartiles (the midhinge), \n \n \n \n \n (\n \n Q\n \n 1\n \n \n +\n \n Q\n \n 3\n \n \n )\n \n /\n \n 2\n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {(Q_{1}+Q_{3})/2}}\n \n.In most cases, a CV is computed for a single independent variable (e.g., a single factory product) with numerous, repeated measures of a dependent variable (e.g., error in the production process). However, data that are linear or even logarithmically non-linear and include a continuous range for the independent variable with sparse measurements across each value (e.g., scatter-plot) may be amenable to single CV calculation using a maximum-likelihood estimation approach.[3]","title":"Definition"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"standard deviation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_deviation"},{"link_name":"population standard deviation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Population_standard_deviation"}],"text":"In the examples below, we will take the values given as randomly chosen from a larger population of values.The data set [100, 100, 100] has constant values. Its standard deviation is 0 and average is 100, giving the coefficient of variation as 0 / 100 = 0\nThe data set [90, 100, 110] has more variability. Its standard deviation is 10 and its average is 100, giving the coefficient of variation as 10 / 100 = 0.1\nThe data set [1, 5, 6, 8, 10, 40, 65, 88] has still more variability. Its standard deviation is 32.9 and its average is 27.9, giving a coefficient of variation of 32.9 / 27.9 = 1.18In these examples, we will take the values given as the entire population of values.The data set [100, 100, 100] has a population standard deviation of 0 and a coefficient of variation of 0 / 100 = 0\nThe data set [90, 100, 110] has a population standard deviation of 8.16 and a coefficient of variation of 8.16 / 100 = 0.0816\nThe data set [1, 5, 6, 8, 10, 40, 65, 88] has a population standard deviation of 30.8 and a coefficient of variation of 30.8 / 27.9 = 1.10","title":"Examples"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"sample standard deviation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_deviation#Estimation"},{"link_name":"biased estimator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biased_estimator"},{"link_name":"normally distributed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Normally_distributed"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"When only a sample of data from a population is available, the population CV can be estimated using the ratio of the sample standard deviation \n \n \n \n s\n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle s\\,}\n \n to the sample mean \n \n \n \n \n \n \n x\n ¯\n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\bar {x}}}\n \n:c\n \n \n v\n \n \n \n ^\n \n \n \n =\n \n \n s\n \n \n x\n ¯\n \n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\widehat {c_{\\rm {v}}}}={\\frac {s}{\\bar {x}}}}But this estimator, when applied to a small or moderately sized sample, tends to be too low: it is a biased estimator. For normally distributed data, an unbiased estimator[4] for a sample of size n is:c\n \n \n v\n \n \n \n ^\n \n \n \n \n ∗\n \n \n =\n \n \n (\n \n \n 1\n +\n \n \n 1\n \n 4\n n\n \n \n \n \n \n )\n \n \n \n \n \n \n c\n \n \n v\n \n \n \n ^\n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\widehat {c_{\\rm {v}}}}^{*}={\\bigg (}1+{\\frac {1}{4n}}{\\bigg )}{\\widehat {c_{\\rm {v}}}}}","title":"Estimation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"log-normal distribution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Log-normal_distribution"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"natural log","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_log"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"sample size determination","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sample_size_determination"},{"link_name":"confidence intervals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confidence_intervals"}],"sub_title":"Log-normal data","text":"Many datasets follow an approximately log-normal distribution.[5] In such cases, a more accurate estimate, derived from the properties of the log-normal distribution,[6][7][8] is defined as:c\n v\n \n ^\n \n \n \n \n \n r\n a\n w\n \n \n \n =\n \n \n \n \n e\n \n \n \n s\n \n ln\n \n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n −\n 1\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\widehat {cv}}_{\\rm {raw}}={\\sqrt {\\mathrm {e} ^{s_{\\ln }^{2}}-1}}}where \n \n \n \n \n \n s\n \n ln\n \n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {s_{\\ln }}\\,}\n \n is the sample standard deviation of the data after a natural log transformation. (In the event that measurements are recorded using any other logarithmic base, b, their standard deviation \n \n \n \n \n s\n \n b\n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle s_{b}\\,}\n \n is converted to base e using \n \n \n \n \n s\n \n ln\n \n \n =\n \n s\n \n b\n \n \n ln\n ⁡\n (\n b\n )\n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle s_{\\ln }=s_{b}\\ln(b)\\,}\n \n, and the formula for \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n c\n v\n \n ^\n \n \n \n \n \n r\n a\n w\n \n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\widehat {cv}}_{\\rm {raw}}\\,}\n \n remains the same.[9]) This estimate is sometimes referred to as the \"geometric CV\" (GCV)[10][11] in order to distinguish it from the simple estimate above. However, \"geometric coefficient of variation\" has also been defined by Kirkwood[12] as:G\n C\n \n V\n \n K\n \n \n \n =\n \n \n \n e\n \n \n \n s\n \n ln\n \n \n \n \n \n \n −\n 1\n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\mathrm {GCV_{K}} ={\\mathrm {e} ^{s_{\\ln }}\\!\\!-1}}This term was intended to be analogous to the coefficient of variation, for describing multiplicative variation in log-normal data, but this definition of GCV has no theoretical basis as an estimate of \n \n \n \n \n c\n \n \n v\n \n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle c_{\\rm {v}}\\,}\n \n itself.For many practical purposes (such as sample size determination and calculation of confidence intervals) it is \n \n \n \n \n s\n \n l\n n\n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle s_{ln}\\,}\n \n which is of most use in the context of log-normally distributed data. If necessary, this can be derived from an estimate of \n \n \n \n \n c\n \n \n v\n \n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle c_{\\rm {v}}\\,}\n \n or GCV by inverting the corresponding formula.","title":"Estimation"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Comparison to standard deviation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"dimensionless number","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dimensionless_number"}],"sub_title":"Advantages","text":"The coefficient of variation is useful because the standard deviation of data must always be understood in the context of the mean of the data. \nIn contrast, the actual value of the CV is independent of the unit in which the measurement has been taken, so it is a dimensionless number. \nFor comparison between data sets with different units or widely different means, one should use the coefficient of variation instead of the standard deviation.","title":"Comparison to standard deviation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"confidence intervals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confidence_interval"}],"sub_title":"Disadvantages","text":"When the mean value is close to zero, the coefficient of variation will approach infinity and is therefore sensitive to small changes in the mean. This is often the case if the values do not originate from a ratio scale.\nUnlike the standard deviation, it cannot be used directly to construct confidence intervals for the mean.","title":"Comparison to standard deviation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"renewal theory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renewal_theory"},{"link_name":"queueing theory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queueing_theory"},{"link_name":"reliability theory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reliability_theory"},{"link_name":"exponential distribution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exponential_distribution"},{"link_name":"normal distribution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Normal_distribution"},{"link_name":"exponential distribution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exponential_distribution"},{"link_name":"Erlang distribution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erlang_distribution"},{"link_name":"hyper-exponential distribution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyper-exponential_distribution"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Root Mean Square Deviation (RMSD)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RMSD"},{"link_name":"absolute error","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Absolute_error"},{"link_name":"actuarial science","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Actuarial_science"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"fluid dynamics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluid_dynamics"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"}],"text":"The coefficient of variation is also common in applied probability fields such as renewal theory, queueing theory, and reliability theory. In these fields, the exponential distribution is often more important than the normal distribution.\nThe standard deviation of an exponential distribution is equal to its mean, so its coefficient of variation is equal to 1. Distributions with CV < 1 (such as an Erlang distribution) are considered low-variance, while those with CV > 1 (such as a hyper-exponential distribution) are considered high-variance[citation needed]. Some formulas in these fields are expressed using the squared coefficient of variation, often abbreviated SCV. In modeling, a variation of the CV is the CV(RMSD). Essentially the CV(RMSD) replaces the standard deviation term with the Root Mean Square Deviation (RMSD). While many natural processes indeed show a correlation between the average value and the amount of variation around it, accurate sensor devices need to be designed in such a way that the coefficient of variation is close to zero, i.e., yielding a constant absolute error over their working range.In actuarial science, the CV is known as unitized risk.[13]In industrial solids processing, CV is particularly important to measure the degree of homogeneity of a powder mixture. Comparing the calculated CV to a specification will allow to define if a sufficient degree of mixing has been reached.[14]In fluid dynamics, the CV, also referred to as Percent RMS, %RMS, %RMS Uniformity, or Velocity RMS, is a useful determination of flow uniformity for industrial processes. The term is used widely in the design of pollution control equipment, such as electrostatic precipitators (ESPs),[15] selective catalytic reduction (SCR), scrubbers, and similar devices. The Institute of Clean Air Companies (ICAC) references RMS deviation of velocity in the design of fabric filters (ICAC document F-7).[16] The guiding principal is that many of these pollution control devices require \"uniform flow\" entering and through the control zone. This can be related to uniformity of velocity profile, temperature distribution, gas species (such as ammonia for an SCR, or activated carbon injection for mercury absorption), and other flow-related parameters. The Percent RMS also is used to assess flow uniformity in combustion systems, HVAC systems, ductwork, inlets to fans and filters, air handling units, etc. where performance of the equipment is influenced by the incoming flow distribution.","title":"Applications"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"assays","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assay"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ReferenceA-18"},{"link_name":"intraclass correlation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intraclass_correlation"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Eisenberg-CV-ICC-19"}],"sub_title":"Laboratory measures of intra-assay and inter-assay CVs","text":"CV measures are often used as quality controls for quantitative laboratory assays. While intra-assay and inter-assay CVs might be assumed to be calculated by simply averaging CV values across CV values for multiple samples within one assay or by averaging multiple inter-assay CV estimates, it has been suggested that these practices are incorrect and that a more complex computational process is required.[17] It has also been noted that CV values are not an ideal index of the certainty of a measurement when the number of replicates varies across samples − in this case standard error in percent is suggested to be superior.[18] If measurements do not have a natural zero point then the CV is not a valid measurement and alternative measures such as the intraclass correlation coefficient are recommended.[19]","title":"Applications"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"requirements for a measure of economic inequality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Income_inequality_metrics"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Champ1999-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Campano2006-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bellu2006-22"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bellu2006-22"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bellu2006-22"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bellu2006-22"},{"link_name":"Gini coefficient","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gini_coefficient"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bellu2006-22"}],"sub_title":"As a measure of economic inequality","text":"The coefficient of variation fulfills the requirements for a measure of economic inequality.[20][21][22] If x (with entries xi) is a list of the values of an economic indicator (e.g. wealth), with xi being the wealth of agent i, then the following requirements are met:Anonymity – cv is independent of the ordering of the list x. This follows from the fact that the variance and mean are independent of the ordering of x.\nScale invariance: cv(x) = cv(αx) where α is a real number.[22]\nPopulation independence – If {x,x} is the list x appended to itself, then cv({x,x}) = cv(x). This follows from the fact that the variance and mean both obey this principle.\nPigou–Dalton transfer principle: when wealth is transferred from a wealthier agent i to a poorer agent j (i.e. xi > xj) without altering their rank, then cv decreases and vice versa.[22]cv assumes its minimum value of zero for complete equality (all xi are equal).[22] Its most notable drawback is that it is not bounded from above, so it cannot be normalized to be within a fixed range (e.g. like the Gini coefficient which is constrained to be between 0 and 1).[22] It is, however, more mathematically tractable than the Gini coefficient.","title":"Applications"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"}],"sub_title":"As a measure of standardisation of archaeological artefacts","text":"Archaeologists often use CV values to compare the degree of standardisation of ancient artefacts.[23][24] Variation in CVs has been interpreted to indicate different cultural transmission contexts for the adoption of new technologies.[25] Coefficients of variation have also been used to investigate pottery standardisation relating to changes in social organisation.[26] Archaeologists also use several methods for comparing CV values, for example the modified signed-likelihood ratio (MSLR) test for equality of CVs.[27][28]","title":"Applications"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Celsius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celsius"},{"link_name":"Fahrenheit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fahrenheit"},{"link_name":"kelvin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelvin"},{"link_name":"Rankine scale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rankine_scale"},{"link_name":"sample standard deviations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_deviation#Sample_standard_deviation"},{"link_name":"sample standard deviations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_deviation#Sample_standard_deviation"}],"text":"Comparing coefficients of variation between parameters using relative units can result in differences that may not be real. If we compare the same set of temperatures in Celsius and Fahrenheit (both relative units, where kelvin and Rankine scale are their associated absolute values):Celsius: [0, 10, 20, 30, 40]Fahrenheit: [32, 50, 68, 86, 104]The sample standard deviations are 15.81 and 28.46, respectively. The CV of the first set is 15.81/20 = 79%. For the second set (which are the same temperatures) it is 28.46/68 = 42%.If, for example, the data sets are temperature readings from two different sensors (a Celsius sensor and a Fahrenheit sensor) and you want to know which sensor is better by picking the one with the least variance, then you will be misled if you use CV. The problem here is that you have divided by a relative value rather than an absolute.Comparing the same data set, now in absolute units:Kelvin: [273.15, 283.15, 293.15, 303.15, 313.15]Rankine: [491.67, 509.67, 527.67, 545.67, 563.67]The sample standard deviations are still 15.81 and 28.46, respectively, because the standard deviation is not affected by a constant offset. The coefficients of variation, however, are now both equal to 5.39%.Mathematically speaking, the coefficient of variation is not entirely linear. That is, for a random variable \n \n \n \n X\n \n \n {\\displaystyle X}\n \n, the coefficient of variation of \n \n \n \n a\n X\n +\n b\n \n \n {\\displaystyle aX+b}\n \n is equal to the coefficient of variation of \n \n \n \n X\n \n \n {\\displaystyle X}\n \n only when \n \n \n \n b\n =\n 0\n \n \n {\\displaystyle b=0}\n \n. In the above example, Celsius can only be converted to Fahrenheit through a linear transformation of the form \n \n \n \n a\n x\n +\n b\n \n \n {\\displaystyle ax+b}\n \n with \n \n \n \n b\n ≠\n 0\n \n \n {\\displaystyle b\\neq 0}\n \n, whereas Kelvins can be converted to Rankines through a transformation of the form \n \n \n \n a\n x\n \n \n {\\displaystyle ax}\n \n.","title":"Examples of misuse"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"probability distribution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Probability_distribution"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"hypothesis tests","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypothesis_test"},{"link_name":"confidence intervals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confidence_interval"},{"link_name":"McKay's chi-square approximation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McKay%27s_approximation_for_the_coefficient_of_variation"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"}],"text":"Provided that negative and small positive values of the sample mean occur with negligible frequency, the probability distribution of the coefficient of variation for a sample of size \n \n \n \n n\n \n \n {\\displaystyle n}\n \n of i.i.d. normal random variables has been shown by Hendricks and Robey to be[29]d\n \n \n F\n \n \n c\n \n \n v\n \n \n \n \n \n =\n \n \n 2\n \n \n π\n \n 1\n \n /\n \n 2\n \n \n Γ\n \n \n (\n \n \n \n n\n −\n 1\n \n 2\n \n \n )\n \n \n \n \n \n exp\n ⁡\n \n (\n \n −\n \n \n n\n \n 2\n \n \n (\n \n \n σ\n μ\n \n \n )\n \n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n \n ⋅\n \n \n \n \n \n c\n \n \n v\n \n \n \n \n \n 2\n \n \n \n 1\n +\n \n \n \n c\n \n \n v\n \n \n \n \n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n \n \n )\n \n \n \n \n \n \n c\n \n \n v\n \n \n \n \n \n n\n −\n 2\n \n \n \n (\n 1\n +\n \n \n \n c\n \n \n v\n \n \n \n \n \n 2\n \n \n \n )\n \n n\n \n /\n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n ∑\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n ∑\n \n \n ′\n \n \n \n \n i\n =\n 0\n \n \n n\n −\n 1\n \n \n ⁡\n \n \n \n (\n n\n −\n 1\n )\n !\n \n Γ\n \n (\n \n \n \n n\n −\n i\n \n 2\n \n \n )\n \n \n \n (\n n\n −\n 1\n −\n i\n )\n !\n \n i\n !\n \n \n \n \n ⋅\n \n \n \n n\n \n i\n \n /\n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n 2\n \n i\n \n /\n \n 2\n \n \n ⋅\n \n \n (\n \n \n σ\n μ\n \n \n )\n \n \n i\n \n \n \n \n \n ⋅\n \n \n 1\n \n (\n 1\n +\n \n \n \n c\n \n \n v\n \n \n \n \n \n 2\n \n \n \n )\n \n i\n \n /\n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n d\n \n \n c\n \n \n v\n \n \n \n ,\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\mathrm {d} F_{c_{\\rm {v}}}={\\frac {2}{\\pi ^{1/2}\\Gamma {\\left({\\frac {n-1}{2}}\\right)}}}\\exp \\left(-{\\frac {n}{2\\left({\\frac {\\sigma }{\\mu }}\\right)^{2}}}\\cdot {\\frac {{c_{\\rm {v}}}^{2}}{1+{c_{\\rm {v}}}^{2}}}\\right){\\frac {{c_{\\rm {v}}}^{n-2}}{(1+{c_{\\rm {v}}}^{2})^{n/2}}}\\sideset {}{^{\\prime }}\\sum _{i=0}^{n-1}{\\frac {(n-1)!\\,\\Gamma \\left({\\frac {n-i}{2}}\\right)}{(n-1-i)!\\,i!\\,}}\\cdot {\\frac {n^{i/2}}{2^{i/2}\\cdot \\left({\\frac {\\sigma }{\\mu }}\\right)^{i}}}\\cdot {\\frac {1}{(1+{c_{\\rm {v}}}^{2})^{i/2}}}\\,\\mathrm {d} c_{\\rm {v}},}where the symbol \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n ∑\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n ∑\n \n \n ′\n \n \n \n \n \n {\\textstyle \\sideset {}{^{\\prime }}\\sum }\n \n indicates that the summation is over only even values of \n \n \n \n n\n −\n 1\n −\n i\n \n \n {\\displaystyle n-1-i}\n \n, i.e., if \n \n \n \n n\n \n \n {\\displaystyle n}\n \n is odd, sum over even values of \n \n \n \n i\n \n \n {\\displaystyle i}\n \n and if \n \n \n \n n\n \n \n {\\displaystyle n}\n \n is even, sum only over odd values of \n \n \n \n i\n \n \n {\\displaystyle i}\n \n.This is useful, for instance, in the construction of hypothesis tests or confidence intervals. \nStatistical inference for the coefficient of variation in normally distributed data is often based on McKay's chi-square approximation for the coefficient of variation.[30][31][32][33][34][35] Methods for","title":"Distribution"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"non-central t-distribution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-central_t-distribution"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"}],"sub_title":"Alternative","text":"Liu (2012) reviews methods for the construction of a confidence interval for the coefficient of variation.[36] Notably, Lehmann (1986) derived the sampling distribution for the coefficient of variation using a non-central t-distribution to give an exact method for the construction of the CI.[37]","title":"Distribution"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Standardized moments","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standardized_moment"},{"link_name":"variance-to-mean ratio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variance-to-mean_ratio"},{"link_name":"Normalization (statistics)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Normalization_(statistics)"},{"link_name":"signal processing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Signal_processing"},{"link_name":"image processing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image_processing"},{"link_name":"reciprocal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiplicative_inverse"},{"link_name":"signal-to-noise ratio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Signal-to-noise_ratio"},{"link_name":"signal-to-noise ratio (imaging)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Signal-to-noise_ratio_(imaging)"},{"link_name":"Efficiency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Efficiency_(statistics)#Estimators_of_u.i.d._Variables"},{"link_name":"Standardized moment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standardized_moment"},{"link_name":"Variance-to-mean ratio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variance-to-mean_ratio"},{"link_name":"Fano factor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fano_factor"}],"text":"Standardized moments are similar ratios, \n \n \n \n \n \n μ\n \n k\n \n \n \n \n /\n \n \n \n σ\n \n k\n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\mu _{k}}/{\\sigma ^{k}}}\n \n where \n \n \n \n \n μ\n \n k\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\mu _{k}}\n \n is the kth moment about the mean, which are also dimensionless and scale invariant. The variance-to-mean ratio, \n \n \n \n \n σ\n \n 2\n \n \n \n /\n \n μ\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\sigma ^{2}/\\mu }\n \n, is another similar ratio, but is not dimensionless, and hence not scale invariant. See Normalization (statistics) for further ratios.In signal processing, particularly image processing, the reciprocal ratio \n \n \n \n μ\n \n /\n \n σ\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\mu /\\sigma }\n \n (or its square) is referred to as the signal-to-noise ratio in general and signal-to-noise ratio (imaging) in particular.Other related ratios include:Efficiency, \n \n \n \n \n σ\n \n 2\n \n \n \n /\n \n \n μ\n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\sigma ^{2}/\\mu ^{2}}\n \n\nStandardized moment, \n \n \n \n \n μ\n \n k\n \n \n \n /\n \n \n σ\n \n k\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\mu _{k}/\\sigma ^{k}}\n \n\nVariance-to-mean ratio (or relative variance), \n \n \n \n \n σ\n \n 2\n \n \n \n /\n \n μ\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\sigma ^{2}/\\mu }\n \n\nFano factor, \n \n \n \n \n σ\n \n W\n \n \n 2\n \n \n \n /\n \n \n μ\n \n W\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\sigma _{W}^{2}/\\mu _{W}}\n \n (windowed VMR)","title":"Similar ratios"}]
[]
[{"title":"Information ratio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_ratio"},{"title":"Omega ratio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega_ratio"},{"title":"Sampling (statistics)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sampling_(statistics)"},{"title":"Variance function","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variance_function"}]
[{"reference":"Everitt, Brian (1998). The Cambridge Dictionary of Statistics. Cambridge, UK New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0521593465.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/cambridgediction00ever_0","url_text":"The Cambridge Dictionary of Statistics"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0521593465","url_text":"978-0521593465"}]},{"reference":"\"What is the difference between ordinal, interval and ratio variables? Why should I care?\". GraphPad Software Inc. Archived from the original on 15 December 2008. Retrieved 22 February 2008.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.graphpad.com/faq/viewfaq.cfm?faq=1089","url_text":"\"What is the difference between ordinal, interval and ratio variables? 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helge_Bj%C3%B8rnsen
Helge Bjørnsen
["1 References"]
Norwegian politician (born 1954) Helge Bjørnsen (born 17 September 1954) is a Norwegian politician for the Socialist Left Party. He was born in Oslo as a son of presiding judge Sverre Bjørnsen and translator Hilde Braun. He took his primary and secondary education in Oslo, Bærum and Ullensaker, and attended Skjeberg Folk High School from 1970 to 1971. From 1979 to 1982 he attended Diakonhjemmet University College. Before 1982 he led a local chapter of the Socialist Left Party in Frogner. He led the chapter in Stange from 1982, and served as a member of Stange municipal council from 1987 to 2003. He served as a deputy representative to the Parliament of Norway from Hedmark during the terms 1997–2001 and 2001–2005, and met during 143 days of parliamentary session. References ^ a b "Helge Bjørnsen" (in Norwegian). Storting. This article about a Norwegian politician born in the 1950s is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foster_McGowan_Voorhees
Foster McGowan Voorhees
["1 Biography","2 Legacy","3 See also","4 References","5 External links"]
American politician Foster McGowan Voorhees30th Governor of New JerseyIn officeActingFebruary 1, 1898 – October 18, 1898Preceded byJohn W. GriggsSucceeded byDavid Ogden Watkins(acting)In officeJanuary 17, 1899 – January 21, 1902Preceded byDavid Ogden Watkins(acting)Succeeded byFranklin MurphyMember of the New Jersey Senatefrom Union CountyIn office1894–1899Preceded byFrederick C. MarshSucceeded byJoseph Cross Personal detailsBorn(1856-11-05)November 5, 1856Clinton, New Jersey, United StatesDiedJune 14, 1927(1927-06-14) (aged 70)High Bridge, New Jersey, United StatesPolitical partyRepublicanEducationRutgers University Foster McGowan Voorhees (November 5, 1856 – June 14, 1927) was an American Republican Party politician, who served as the 30th governor of New Jersey from 1899 to 1902. Biography Voorhees represented Union County in the New Jersey Senate from 1895 to 1898. As President of the Senate, he became acting governor briefly in 1898 when John W. Griggs resigned to become the Attorney General of the United States and again as an elected governor from 1899 to 1902. He was a New Jersey delegate to the 1900 Republican National Convention in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. He died of chronic myocarditis on his farm in High Bridge, New Jersey and was interred at Riverside Cemetery in Clinton, New Jersey. Voorhees was of Dutch descent. Legacy New Jersey's Voorhees Township, Voorhees High School, Voorhees dorm at Rutgers and Voorhees State Park, his former farm, are named in his honor. See also List of governors of New Jersey References ^ "New Jersey Governor Foster McGowan Voorhees". National Governors Association. Retrieved Aug 27, 2013. ^ "Foster Voorhees, Ex-governor, Dead. Was Chief Executive Of New Jersey During Spanish American War. Factor In Political Upset Largety Responsible For Grlggs's Election As First Republican Governor in 20 Years". The New York Times. June 15, 1927. Retrieved 2010-03-23. ^ New Netherland Institute ^ History of Voorhees Archived 2011-07-17 at the Wayback Machine, Voorhees Township, New Jersey. Accessed August 1, 2007. "Voorhees Township was named in honor of Foster McGowan Voorhees, the governor of New Jersey who granted the petition for Voorhees to become a separate township on March 3, 1899." ^ Effross, Harris I. (1982). "Foster McGowan Vorhees" (PDF). In Stellhorn, Paul A.; Birkner, Michael J. (eds.). The Governors of New Jersey 1664-1974: Biographical Essays. New Jersey Historical Commission. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-08-13. External links Biography of Foster MacGowan Voorhees (PDF), New Jersey State Library Political Graveyard biography Dead Governors of New Jersey bio for Foster M. Voorhees Political offices Preceded byRobert Williams President of the New Jersey Senate 1898 Succeeded byWilliam H. Skirm Preceded byJohn W. Griggs Governor Acting Governor of New Jersey February 1, 1898 – October 18, 1898 Succeeded byDavid Ogden Watkins Acting Governor Preceded byDavid Ogden Watkins Acting Governor Governor of New Jersey January 17, 1899 – January 21, 1902 Succeeded byFranklin Murphy Party political offices Preceded byJohn W. Griggs Republican Nominee for Governor of New Jersey 1898 Succeeded byFranklin Murphy vtePresidents of the New Jersey Senate Smallwood March Canfield Manners Alexander Speer Herring Gifford Perry Crowell Reckless Robbins Scudder Scovel Buckley Little Robbins Bettle Taylor Sewell Abbett Ludlow Sewell Hobart Gardner Vail Schenck Griggs Fish Large Werts Nevius Adrain Rogers Stokes Thompson Williams Voorhees Skirm Reed Johnson Pitney Francis Hutchinson Wakelee Cross Bradley Minch Hillery Robbins Frelinghuysen Ackerman Prince Fielder Johnson Slocum Edge Read Gaunt McCran Runyon Case Allen Mackay Wallworth Reeves Bright Larson Davis Stevens Mathis Pierson Wolber A. Reeves Richards Powell Prall Barbour Durand Loizeaux Hendrickson Foran Scott Stanger Farley Proctor Barton Summerill Van Alstyne Bodine Littell Hannold Young Mathis Wallace Dumont McCay Stout Lance Harper Hillery Crane Farley Ozzard Sandman Lynch Sr. Ridolfi Forsythe McDermott Bateman Beadleston Dodd Feldman Merlino Orechio Russo Lynch Jr. DiFrancesco Bennett Codey Kenny Codey Sweeney Scutari vteGovernors of New JerseyProprietary Province Carteret East New Jersey Carteret Barclay Hamilton Basse Hamilton West New Jersey Byllynge Coxe Hamilton Basse Hamilton Dominion of New England (1688–89) Andros Royal governors Viscount Cornbury Baron Lovelace Ingoldesby (Lt. Gov.) Hunter Burnet Montgomerie Morris (acting) Cosby Anderson (acting) Hamilton (acting) Lord De La Warr Morris Hamilton (acting) Reading (acting) Belcher Reading (acting) Pownall (Lt. Gov.) Reading (acting) Bernard Boone Hardy Franklin State (since 1776) Livingston Paterson Howell Bloomfield Ogden W. S. Pennington M. Dickerson Williamson Vroom Southard Seeley Vroom P. Dickerson W. Pennington Haines Stratton Haines G. F. Fort Price Newell Olden Parker Ward Randolph Parker Bedle McClellan Ludlow Abbett Green Abbett Werts Griggs Voorhees F. Murphy Stokes J. F. Fort Wilson Fielder Edge Runyon* Edwards Silzer Moore Larson Moore Hoffman Moore Edison Edge Driscoll Meyner Hughes Cahill Byrne Kean Florio Whitman DiFrancesco* McGreevey Codey* Corzine Christie P. Murphy * Under N.J.S.A. 52:15-5 (as amended in 2005), an acting governor serving for 180 continuous days or more is conferred the title of Governor. Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Germany United States Other SNAC
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[]
[{"title":"List of governors of New Jersey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_governors_of_New_Jersey"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coney%27s_Castle
Coney's Castle
["1 See also","2 References"]
Coordinates: 50°46′25″N 2°53′31″W / 50.77367°N 2.89200°W / 50.77367; -2.89200Iron Age hillfort in Dorset, England Coney's Castle class=notpageimage| Coney's Castle shown within Dorset(grid reference SY372975) Coney's Castle is an Iron Age hillfort in Dorset, England. The name Coney is from the Old English for rabbit (Latin cuniculus), suggesting medieval use as a domestic warren, as at nearby Pilsdon Pen. The fort is on a narrow north–south ridge reaching a height of 210 m, with linear ramparts across the ridge, steep natural slopes to the west and a high artificial rampart with ditch to the east. 3D view of the digital terrain model A small lane runs along the ridge, bisecting the hillfort. The lane is also part of the Wessex Ridgeway long-distance trail. There is a convenient car park next to the north rampart. The remains of the hillfort are designated as a scheduled monument and was on the Heritage at Risk Register but was removed in 2022 as a result of the Hillforts and Habitats Project. The site is looked after by the National Trust as is Lambert's Castle about 1.5 km to the north. See also Wikimedia Commons has media related to Coney's Castle. Lambert's Castle Pilsdon Pen 50°46′25″N 2°53′31″W / 50.77367°N 2.89200°W / 50.77367; -2.89200 vteIron Age hillforts in EnglandBedfordshire Mowsbury Hill Maiden Bower Berkshire Bussock Camp Caesar's Camp Grimsbury Castle Membury Camp Perborough Castle Walbury Camp Bristol Clifton Camp Kings Weston Hill Buckinghamshire Boddington Camp Cholesbury Camp Desborough Castle Cambridgeshire Stonea Camp Wandlebury Ring Cheshire Bradley Eddisbury Helsby Hill Kelsborrow Castle Maiden Castle Oakmere Woodhouse Hill Cornwall Black Head Cadson Bury Caer Bran Castallack Round Castle an Dinas Castle Dore Castle Goff Chûn Castle Dodman Point Giant's Castle Kelly Rounds Kelsey Head Lescudjack Lesingey Round Maen Castle Padderbury Top Prideaux Castle Rame Head The Rumps Trencrom Hill Trereen Dinas Treryn Dinas Trevelgue Head Warbstow Bury Cumbria Carrock Fell Castle Crag Derbyshire Fin Cop Mam Tor Dorset Abbotsbury Castle Badbury Rings Banbury Hill Buzbury Rings Chalbury Hillfort Coney's Castle Dudsbury Camp Dungeon Hill Eggardon Hill Flower's Barrow Hambledon Hill Hod Hill Lambert's Castle Lewesdon Hill Maiden Castle Pilsdon Pen Poundbury Hill Woodbury Hill Woolsbarrow East Sussex Hollingbury Castle Mount Caburn Essex Ambresbury Banks Danish Camp Loughton Camp Gloucestershire Cleeve Hill Kimsbury Camp Uley Bury Greater Manchester Mellor hill fort Hampshire Ashleys Copse Buckland Rings Bury Hill Caesar's Camp Castle Hill Chilworth Ring Danebury Dunwood Camp Frankenbury Camp The Frith Gorley Hill Hamble Common Camp King John's Hill Knoll Camp Ladle Hill Lockerley Camp Norsebury Ring Old Winchester Hill Oram's Arbour Quarley Hill St. Catherine's Hill Tidbury Ring Toothill Fort Whitsbury Castle Woolbury Herefordshire Aconbury Camp Brandon Camp British Camp Capler Camp Croft Ambrey Dinedor Camp Garmsley Camp Ivington Camp Poston Camp Sutton Walls Wapley Hill Hertfordshire Arbury Banks Wilbury Hill Camp Kent Bigbury Camp Oldbury Camp Lancashire Castercliff Portfield Warton Crag Leicestershire Burrough Hill Norfolk Bloodgate Hill Holkham Camp Warham Camp North Yorkshire Eston Nab Maiden Castle Stanwick Camp Northamptonshire Borough Hill Hunsbury Hill Rainsborough Camp Northumberland Castle Knowe Humbleton Hill Yeavering Bell Oxfordshire Blewburton Hill Cherbury Camp Hardwell Castle Uffington Castle Shropshire Bayston Hill Bury Ditches Bury Walls Caer Caradoc, Church Stretton Caer Caradog, Chapel Lawn Caus Castle Coxall Knoll Nordy Bank Old Oswestry The Wrekin South Yorkshire Carl Wark Wincobank Staffordshire Berry Ring Berth Hill Bury Bank Castle Ring Kinver Edge Hillfort Surrey Caesar's Camp Hascombe Hill Holmbury Hill West Sussex Chanctonbury Ring Cissbury Ring Goosehill Camp Harting Beacon Highdown Hill Thundersbarrow Hill The Trundle Torberry Hill West Yorkshire Castle Hill Wiltshire Ashleys Copse Barbury Castle Battlesbury Camp Bratton Castle Bury Camp Castle Ditches Casterley Camp Castle Rings Chisbury Chiselbury Chisenbury Camp Clearbury Ring Cley Hill Fosbury Camp Grovely Castle Knook Castle Liddington Castle Membury Camp Old Sarum Ringsbury Camp Roundway Down Scratchbury Camp Sidbury Hill Vespasian's Camp Winkelbury Camp Yarnbury Castle Worcestershire Berrow Hill Camp Berry Mound Bredon Hill British Camp Conderton Camp Drakelow Gadbury Bank Hanbury Hill Headless Cross Midsummer Hill Woodbury Hill Wychbury Ring References ^ "LDWA Wessex Ridgewa". Long Distance Walkers Association. Archived from the original on 3 August 2011. Retrieved 1 December 2021. ^ Historic England. "Small multivallate hillfort with outworks called Coney's Castle, Whitchurch Canonicorum (1003208)". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 1 December 2021. ^ "'Fine condition': Hillforts no longer 'at risk' after protection work". Bridport and Lyme Regis News. Retrieved 4 April 2022. ^ "Lambert's and Coney's Castle". National Trust. Retrieved 1 December 2021. This Dorset location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burrough_Hill"},{"title":"Bloodgate Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloodgate_Hill_Iron_Age_Fort"},{"title":"Holkham Camp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holkham_Camp"},{"title":"Warham Camp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warham_Camp"},{"title":"Eston Nab","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eston_Nab"},{"title":"Maiden Castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maiden_Castle,_North_Yorkshire"},{"title":"Stanwick Camp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanwick_Iron_Age_Fortifications"},{"title":"Borough Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borough_Hill"},{"title":"Hunsbury Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunsbury_Hill"},{"title":"Rainsborough Camp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rainsborough_Camp"},{"title":"Castle Knowe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castle_Knowe,_Northumberland"},{"title":"Humbleton Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humbleton_Hill"},{"title":"Yeavering Bell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yeavering_Bell"},{"title":"Blewburton Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blewburton_Hill"},{"title":"Cherbury Camp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cherbury_Camp"},{"title":"Hardwell Castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hardwell_Castle"},{"title":"Uffington Castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uffington_Castle"},{"title":"Bayston Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayston_Hill#History"},{"title":"Bury Ditches","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bury_Ditches"},{"title":"Bury Walls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bury_Walls"},{"title":"Caer Caradoc, Church Stretton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caer_Caradoc"},{"title":"Caer Caradog, Chapel Lawn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caer_Caradoc_(Chapel_Lawn)"},{"title":"Caus Castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caus_Castle"},{"title":"Coxall Knoll","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coxall_Knoll"},{"title":"Nordy Bank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nordy_Bank"},{"title":"Old Oswestry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Oswestry"},{"title":"The Wrekin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Wrekin"},{"title":"Carl Wark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Wark"},{"title":"Wincobank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wincobank_(hill_fort)"},{"title":"Berry Ring","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berry_Ring"},{"title":"Berth Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berth_Hill"},{"title":"Bury Bank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bury_Bank"},{"title":"Castle Ring","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castle_Ring"},{"title":"Kinver Edge Hillfort","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinver_Edge_Hillfort"},{"title":"Caesar's Camp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caesar%27s_Camp,_Rushmoor_and_Waverley"},{"title":"Hascombe Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hascombe_Hill"},{"title":"Holmbury Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holmbury_Hill"},{"title":"Chanctonbury Ring","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chanctonbury_Ring"},{"title":"Cissbury Ring","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cissbury_Ring"},{"title":"Goosehill Camp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goosehill_Camp"},{"title":"Harting Beacon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beacon_Hill,_West_Sussex"},{"title":"Highdown Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Highdown_Hill"},{"title":"Thundersbarrow Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thundersbarrow_Hill"},{"title":"The Trundle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trundle_(hill_fort)"},{"title":"Torberry Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torberry_Hill"},{"title":"Castle Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castle_Hill,_Huddersfield"},{"title":"Ashleys Copse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashleys_Copse"},{"title":"Barbury Castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbury_Castle"},{"title":"Battlesbury Camp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battlesbury_Camp"},{"title":"Bratton Castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bratton_Castle"},{"title":"Bury Camp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bury_Camp"},{"title":"Castle Ditches","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castle_Ditches"},{"title":"Casterley Camp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casterley_Camp"},{"title":"Castle Rings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castle_Rings,_Wiltshire"},{"title":"Chisbury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chisbury"},{"title":"Chiselbury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiselbury"},{"title":"Chisenbury Camp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chisenbury_Camp"},{"title":"Clearbury Ring","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clearbury_Ring"},{"title":"Cley Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cley_Hill"},{"title":"Fosbury Camp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fosbury_Camp"},{"title":"Grovely Castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grovely_Castle"},{"title":"Knook Castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knook_Castle"},{"title":"Liddington Castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liddington_Castle"},{"title":"Membury Camp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Membury_Camp"},{"title":"Old Sarum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Sarum"},{"title":"Ringsbury Camp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ringsbury_Camp"},{"title":"Roundway Down","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roundway_Down_and_Covert"},{"title":"Scratchbury Camp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scratchbury_Camp"},{"title":"Sidbury Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidbury_Hill"},{"title":"Vespasian's Camp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vespasian%27s_Camp"},{"title":"Winkelbury Camp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winkelbury_Camp"},{"title":"Yarnbury Castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yarnbury_Castle"},{"title":"Berrow Hill Camp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berrow_Green#Berrow_Hill_Camp"},{"title":"Berry Mound","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berry_Mound"},{"title":"Bredon Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bredon_Hill"},{"title":"British Camp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Camp"},{"title":"Conderton Camp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overbury#Conderton_Camp"},{"title":"Drakelow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drakelow_Hillfort"},{"title":"Gadbury Bank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eldersfield#Gadbury_Bank"},{"title":"Hanbury Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanbury,_Worcestershire#Pre-history"},{"title":"Headless Cross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Districts_of_Redditch#Headless_Cross"},{"title":"Midsummer Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midsummer_Hill"},{"title":"Woodbury Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woodbury_Hill"},{"title":"Wychbury Ring","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wychbury_Ring"}]
[{"reference":"\"LDWA Wessex Ridgewa\". Long Distance Walkers Association. Archived from the original on 3 August 2011. Retrieved 1 December 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ldwa.org.uk/ldp/members/show_path.php?path_name=Wessex+Ridgeway","url_text":"\"LDWA Wessex Ridgewa\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110803090803/http://www.ldwa.org.uk:80/ldp/members/show_path.php?path_name=Wessex+Ridgeway","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Historic England. \"Small multivallate hillfort with outworks called Coney's Castle, Whitchurch Canonicorum (1003208)\". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 1 December 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historic_England","url_text":"Historic England"},{"url":"https://historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1003208","url_text":"\"Small multivallate hillfort with outworks called Coney's Castle, Whitchurch Canonicorum (1003208)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Heritage_List_for_England","url_text":"National Heritage List for England"}]},{"reference":"\"'Fine condition': Hillforts no longer 'at risk' after protection work\". Bridport and Lyme Regis News. Retrieved 4 April 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bridportnews.co.uk/news/20039393.at-risk-dorset-hillforts-now-in-fine-condition/","url_text":"\"'Fine condition': Hillforts no longer 'at risk' after protection work\""}]},{"reference":"\"Lambert's and Coney's Castle\". National Trust. Retrieved 1 December 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nationaltrust.org.uk/lamberts-and-coneys-castle","url_text":"\"Lambert's and Coney's Castle\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billy_Howard
Billy Howard
["1 Discography","2 References"]
English comedian For the gridiron football player, see Billy Howard (gridiron football). Billy Howard is an English comedian and impressionist, who appeared on the ITV series Who Do You Do? in the early 1970s, alongside other impressionists such as Faith Brown. Howard was born in Edgware, London, England. He commenced his musical career as a jazz trumpeter and guitarist, playing in jazz combos in the early 1960s. In 1976, his single "King of the Cops", a comic version of the hit "King of the Road", reached No. 6 in the UK Singles Chart; it featured his impressions of TV cops including Kojak, Columbo, Steve McGarrett in Hawaii Five-O, McCloud, Ironside and Cannon. Several months later, a follow-up, "The Disco Cops", was also released, but did not chart. Another comic record by Howard, "Frantic Frog (Parts 1 and 2)", was released in 1977 and also failed to chart. Discography Chart (1976) Peakposition UK Singles (OCC) No. 6 Australian (Kent Music Report) No. 24 References ^ "Bio". Billyhoward.tv. Archived from the original on 10 September 2011. Retrieved 1 February 2021. ^ "Billyhoward.tv/images". Archived from the original on 10 September 2011. Retrieved 1 February 2021. ^ a b "Bio". Billyhoward.tv. Retrieved 1 February 2021. ^ "Official Singles Chart Top 100". Official Charts Company. ^ Kent, David (1993). Australian Chart Book 1970–1992 (illustrated ed.). St Ives, N.S.W.: Australian Chart Book. p. 143. ISBN 0-646-11917-6. Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National United States Japan This article about a British comedian or humourist is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Billy Howard (gridiron football)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billy_Howard_(gridiron_football)"},{"link_name":"comedian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comedian"},{"link_name":"impressionist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impressionist"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"ITV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ITV_(TV_network)"},{"link_name":"Who Do You Do?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Who_Do_You_Do%3F"},{"link_name":"Faith Brown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faith_Brown"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Edgware","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgware"},{"link_name":"London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Billy-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Billy-3"},{"link_name":"single","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single_(music)"},{"link_name":"King of the Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_of_the_Road_(song)"},{"link_name":"UK Singles Chart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UK_Singles_Chart"},{"link_name":"cops","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Police"},{"link_name":"Kojak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kojak"},{"link_name":"Columbo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbo_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Steve McGarrett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_McGarrett"},{"link_name":"Hawaii Five-O","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaii_Five-O_(1968_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"McCloud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McCloud_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Ironside","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ironside_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Cannon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannon_(TV_series)"}],"text":"For the gridiron football player, see Billy Howard (gridiron football).Billy Howard is an English comedian and impressionist,[1] who appeared on the ITV series Who Do You Do? in the early 1970s, alongside other impressionists such as Faith Brown.[2]Howard was born in Edgware, London, England.[3] He commenced his musical career as a jazz trumpeter and guitarist, playing in jazz combos in the early 1960s.[3] In 1976, his single \"King of the Cops\", a comic version of the hit \"King of the Road\", reached No. 6 in the UK Singles Chart; it featured his impressions of TV cops including Kojak, Columbo, Steve McGarrett in Hawaii Five-O, McCloud, Ironside and Cannon. Several months later, a follow-up, \"The Disco Cops\", was also released, but did not chart. Another comic record by Howard, \"Frantic Frog (Parts 1 and 2)\", was released in 1977 and also failed to chart.","title":"Billy Howard"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Discography"}]
[]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004_Greek_legislative_election
2004 Greek legislative election
["1 Leaders","2 Campaign","3 Opinion polls","4 Results","5 References","6 Sources"]
2004 Greek legislative election ← 2000 7 March 2004 2007 → All 300 seats in the Hellenic Parliament151 seats needed for a majority   First party Second party   Leader Kostas Karamanlis George Papandreou Party ND PASOK Last election 42.73%, 125 seats 43.80%, 158 seats Seats won 165 117 Seat change 40 41 Popular vote 3,359,682 3,003,275 Percentage 45.36% 40.55% Swing 2.63pp 3.25pp   Third party Fourth party   Leader Aleka Papariga Nikos Konstantopoulos Party KKE Syriza Last election 5.52%, 11 seats 3.20%, 6 seats Seats won 12 6 Seat change 1 Popular vote 436,573 241,539 Percentage 5.90% 3.26% Swing 0.38pp 0.06pp Map of electoral districts, showing the largest party by share of votes. Darker shades indicate stronger vote share. Prime Minister before election Costas Simitis PASOK Prime Minister after election Kostas Karamanlis ND Parliamentary elections were held in Greece on 7 March 2004. The New Democracy Party of Kostas Karamanlis won the elections, ending eleven years of rule by PASOK. PASOK was led into the elections by George Papandreou, who succeeded retiring Prime Minister Costas Simitis as party leader in February. Leaders Greek politics is strongly dynastic. Kostas Karamanlis is the nephew of Konstantinos Karamanlis, who was six times (1955, 1956, 1958, 1961, 1974, 1977) Prime Minister and twice President of Greece (1980–1985, 1990–1995), and the founder of New Democracy after the restoration of democracy in 1974. George Papandreou is the son of Andreas Papandreou, three times (1981, 1985, 1993) Prime Minister and the founder of PASOK, and the grandson of Georgios Papandreou, a liberal centrist who entered national politics in the 1920s and was twice Prime Minister (1944, 1963). Athens daily Kathimerini quoted a voter during the campaign as saying: "We Greeks like to know where our leaders come from. We feel we know these families as well as we know our own." Campaign In January New Democracy was leading PASOK in opinion polls by 7%. But Papandreou's election to the party leadership allowed PASOK to regain ground. During February Papandreou campaigned on "the need for change" in Greece, hoping to neutralise the strong sentiment for a change of government. By late February New Democracy's lead in the opinion polls had been cut to 3%. The Athens daily Kathemerini commented: "Now, two weeks before the elections, all opinion polls show PASOK 3 to 4.5 percentage points behind ND. This raises the question of whether PASOK can snatch victory away from ND. The fact is that much is unclear. For example, although PASOK has little support, its leader has a good image in public opinion polls." The electoral campaign concluded on in the traditional manner, with huge televised mass rallies in the centre of Athens by each of the major parties. On the evening of 4 March Karamanlis addressed an estimated 200,000 at the ND's concluding rally. PASOK claimed that twice that number attended their rally on 6 March, but these numbers cannot be independently verified. At the ND rally, Karamanlis said that PASOK had been in power too long and had grown lazy and corrupt. At the PASOK rally, Papandreou evoked the memory of his father but said that he would lead a government dedicated to reform and change, as well as action against corruption. Since publication of opinion polls is banned in the last two weeks of Greek election campaigns, it was not possible to predict the outcome of the election, except to say that ND appeared to have been leading when the last polls were published, and that most commentators expected the result in terms of votes to be close. Greek electoral law ensures, through a complex algorithm of parliamentary seat redistribution, that a party polling a plurality of the vote (that is, more than any other party but also more than 40%) is practically guaranteed a majority in Parliament. A "threshold" of 3% of the total popular vote is also required by law for a party to be eligible for representation in Parliament. This provision kept all but the four top-polling parties from securing parliamentary seats. Opinion polls Main article: Opinion polling for the 2004 Greek legislative election Results Results, showing the winning party in each municipal unit.   ND (711)   PASOK (311)   KKE (2) The result of the election was not as close as observers expected. It appears that ND regained its earlier lead over PASOK in the two weeks after the last opinion polls, and that the election of George Papandreou as PASOK leader was not sufficient to overcome the desire of the electorate for a change after a long period of PASOK rule. PartyVotes%Seats+/–New Democracy3,360,42445.36165+40PASOK3,003,98840.55117–41Communist Party of Greece436,8185.9012+1Syriza241,7143.2660Popular Orthodox Rally162,4922.190NewDemocratic Social Movement132,9331.7900Union of Centrists19,5100.2600Radical Left Front11,2850.1500Communist Party of Greece (Marxist–Leninist)10,8640.1500Anti-Capitalist Coalition8,3200.110NewHellenic Front6,7620.090NewMarxist–Leninist Communist Party of Greece4,7650.060NewFighting Socialist Party of Greece3,1750.0400Liberal Party2,6190.0400Organization for the Reconstruction of the Communist Party of Greece2,0970.0300Christianity30.0000Independents6050.0100Total7,408,374100.003000Valid votes7,408,37497.80Invalid/blank votes166,8162.20Total votes7,575,190100.00Registered voters/turnout9,886,80776.62Source: Nohlen & Stöver References ^ Dieter Nohlen & Philip Stöver (2010) Elections in Europe: A data handbook, p830 ISBN 978-3-8329-5609-7 Sources https://web.archive.org/web/20120722093442/http://www.ypes.gr/el/Elections/NationalElections/Results/nationallectures2004/ vte Elections and referendums in GreeceParliamentary elections 1823 1826 1829 1843 1844 1847 1850 1853 1856 1859 1861 1862 1865 1868 1869 1872 1873 1874 1875 1879 1881 1885 1887 1890 1892 1895 1899 1902 1905 1906 1910 (Aug) 1910 (Nov) 1912 1915 (May) 1915 (Dec) 1920 1923 1926 1928 1929 1932 1933 1935 1936 1946 1950 1951 1952 1956 1958 1961 1963 1964 1974 1977 1981 1985 1989 (Jun) 1989 (Nov) 1990 1993 1996 2000 2004 2007 2009 2012 (May) 2012 (Jun) 2015 (Jan) 2015 (Sep) 2019 2023 (May) 2023 (Jun) Head of state elections 1862 (King) 1926 (President) Local elections 1834 1835 1837 1841 1847 1850 1866 1870 1874 1879 1883 1887 1891 1895 1899 1903 1907 1914 1925 1929 1934 1951 1954 1959 1964 1975 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2010 2014 2019 2023 European elections 1981 1984 1989 1994 1999 2004 2009 2014 2019 2024 Referendums 1920 1924 1935 1946 1968 1973 1974 2015 See also: Template:Greek presidential elections
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Greece","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greece"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NS-1"},{"link_name":"New Democracy Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Democracy_(Greece)"},{"link_name":"Kostas Karamanlis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kostas_Karamanlis"},{"link_name":"PASOK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PASOK"},{"link_name":"George Papandreou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Papandreou"},{"link_name":"Costas Simitis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Costas_Simitis"}],"text":"Parliamentary elections were held in Greece on 7 March 2004.[1] The New Democracy Party of Kostas Karamanlis won the elections, ending eleven years of rule by PASOK. PASOK was led into the elections by George Papandreou, who succeeded retiring Prime Minister Costas Simitis as party leader in February.","title":"2004 Greek legislative election"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Konstantinos Karamanlis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konstantinos_Karamanlis"},{"link_name":"Prime Minister","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Greece"},{"link_name":"President of Greece","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_Greece"},{"link_name":"New Democracy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Democracy_(Greece)"},{"link_name":"restoration of democracy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metapolitefsi"},{"link_name":"Andreas Papandreou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andreas_Papandreou"},{"link_name":"PASOK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PASOK"},{"link_name":"Georgios Papandreou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgios_Papandreou"},{"link_name":"Kathimerini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kathimerini"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Greek politics is strongly dynastic. Kostas Karamanlis is the nephew of Konstantinos Karamanlis, who was six times (1955, 1956, 1958, 1961, 1974, 1977) Prime Minister and twice President of Greece (1980–1985, 1990–1995), and the founder of New Democracy after the restoration of democracy in 1974. George Papandreou is the son of Andreas Papandreou, three times (1981, 1985, 1993) Prime Minister and the founder of PASOK, and the grandson of Georgios Papandreou, a liberal centrist who entered national politics in the 1920s and was twice Prime Minister (1944, 1963). Athens daily Kathimerini quoted a voter during the campaign as saying: \"We Greeks like to know where our leaders come from. We feel we know these families as well as we know our own.\"[citation needed]","title":"Leaders"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Athens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athens"},{"link_name":"Athens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athens"}],"text":"In January New Democracy was leading PASOK in opinion polls by 7%. But Papandreou's election to the party leadership allowed PASOK to regain ground. During February Papandreou campaigned on \"the need for change\" in Greece, hoping to neutralise the strong sentiment for a change of government. By late February New Democracy's lead in the opinion polls had been cut to 3%.The Athens daily Kathemerini commented: \"Now, two weeks before the elections, all opinion polls show PASOK 3 to 4.5 percentage points behind ND. This raises the question of whether PASOK can snatch victory away from ND. The fact is that much is unclear. For example, although PASOK has little support, its leader has a good image in public opinion polls.\"The electoral campaign concluded on in the traditional manner, with huge televised mass rallies in the centre of Athens by each of the major parties. On the evening of 4 March Karamanlis addressed an estimated 200,000 at the ND's concluding rally. PASOK claimed that twice that number attended their rally on 6 March, but these numbers cannot be independently verified. At the ND rally, Karamanlis said that PASOK had been in power too long and had grown lazy and corrupt. At the PASOK rally, Papandreou evoked the memory of his father but said that he would lead a government dedicated to reform and change, as well as action against corruption.Since publication of opinion polls is banned in the last two weeks of Greek election campaigns, it was not possible to predict the outcome of the election, except to say that ND appeared to have been leading when the last polls were published, and that most commentators expected the result in terms of votes to be close. Greek electoral law ensures, through a complex algorithm of parliamentary seat redistribution, that a party polling a plurality of the vote (that is, more than any other party but also more than 40%) is practically guaranteed a majority in Parliament.A \"threshold\" of 3% of the total popular vote is also required by law for a party to be eligible for representation in Parliament. This provision kept all but the four top-polling parties from securing parliamentary seats.","title":"Campaign"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Opinion polls"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2004_Greek_legislative_election_-_Municipal_Units_Results.png"},{"link_name":"ND","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Democracy_(Greece)"},{"link_name":"PASOK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PASOK"},{"link_name":"KKE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Greece"}],"text":"Results, showing the winning party in each municipal unit.   ND (711)   PASOK (311)   KKE (2)The result of the election was not as close as observers expected. It appears that ND regained its earlier lead over PASOK in the two weeks after the last opinion polls, and that the election of George Papandreou as PASOK leader was not sufficient to overcome the desire of the electorate for a change after a long period of PASOK rule.","title":"Results"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120722093442/http://www.ypes.gr/el/Elections/NationalElections/Results/nationallectures2004/","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20120722093442/http://www.ypes.gr/el/Elections/NationalElections/Results/nationallectures2004/"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Greek_elections"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Greek_elections"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Greek_elections"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greece"},{"link_name":"Elections and referendums in Greece","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elections_in_Greece"},{"link_name":"Parliamentary elections","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hellenic_Parliament"},{"link_name":"1823","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_National_Assembly_at_Astros"},{"link_name":"1826","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third_National_Assembly_at_Troezen"},{"link_name":"1829","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fourth_National_Assembly_at_Argos"},{"link_name":"1843","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1843_Greek_legislative_election"},{"link_name":"1844","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1844_Greek_legislative_election"},{"link_name":"1847","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1847_Greek_legislative_election"},{"link_name":"1850","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1850_Greek_legislative_election"},{"link_name":"1853","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1853_Greek_legislative_election"},{"link_name":"1856","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1856_Greek_legislative_election"},{"link_name":"1859","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1859_Greek_legislative_election"},{"link_name":"1861","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1861_Greek_legislative_election"},{"link_name":"1862","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1862_Greek_legislative_election"},{"link_name":"1865","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1865_Greek_legislative_election"},{"link_name":"1868","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1868_Greek_legislative_election"},{"link_name":"1869","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1869_Greek_legislative_election"},{"link_name":"1872","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1872_Greek_legislative_election"},{"link_name":"1873","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1873_Greek_legislative_election"},{"link_name":"1874","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1874_Greek_legislative_election"},{"link_name":"1875","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1875_Greek_legislative_election"},{"link_name":"1879","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1879_Greek_legislative_election"},{"link_name":"1881","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1881_Greek_legislative_election"},{"link_name":"1885","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1885_Greek_legislative_election"},{"link_name":"1887","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1887_Greek_legislative_election"},{"link_name":"1890","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1890_Greek_legislative_election"},{"link_name":"1892","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1892_Greek_legislative_election"},{"link_name":"1895","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1895_Greek_legislative_election"},{"link_name":"1899","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1899_Greek_legislative_election"},{"link_name":"1902","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1902_Greek_legislative_election"},{"link_name":"1905","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1905_Greek_legislative_election"},{"link_name":"1906","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1906_Greek_legislative_election"},{"link_name":"1910 (Aug)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/August_1910_Greek_legislative_election"},{"link_name":"1910 (Nov)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/November_1910_Greek_legislative_election"},{"link_name":"1912","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1912_Greek_legislative_election"},{"link_name":"1915 (May)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/May_1915_Greek_legislative_election"},{"link_name":"1915 (Dec)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/December_1915_Greek_legislative_election"},{"link_name":"1920","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1920_Greek_legislative_election"},{"link_name":"1923","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1923_Greek_legislative_election"},{"link_name":"1926","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1926_Greek_legislative_election"},{"link_name":"1928","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1928_Greek_legislative_election"},{"link_name":"1929","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1929_Greek_Senate_election"},{"link_name":"1932","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1932_Greek_legislative_election"},{"link_name":"1933","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1933_Greek_legislative_election"},{"link_name":"1935","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1935_Greek_legislative_election"},{"link_name":"1936","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1936_Greek_legislative_election"},{"link_name":"1946","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1946_Greek_legislative_election"},{"link_name":"1950","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1950_Greek_legislative_election"},{"link_name":"1951","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1951_Greek_legislative_election"},{"link_name":"1952","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1952_Greek_legislative_election"},{"link_name":"1956","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1956_Greek_legislative_election"},{"link_name":"1958","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1958_Greek_legislative_election"},{"link_name":"1961","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1961_Greek_legislative_election"},{"link_name":"1963","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1963_Greek_legislative_election"},{"link_name":"1964","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1964_Greek_legislative_election"},{"link_name":"1974","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1974_Greek_legislative_election"},{"link_name":"1977","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1977_Greek_legislative_election"},{"link_name":"1981","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1981_Greek_legislative_election"},{"link_name":"1985","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1985_Greek_legislative_election"},{"link_name":"1989 (Jun)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/June_1989_Greek_legislative_election"},{"link_name":"1989 (Nov)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/November_1989_Greek_legislative_election"},{"link_name":"1990","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1990_Greek_legislative_election"},{"link_name":"1993","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1993_Greek_legislative_election"},{"link_name":"1996","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1996_Greek_legislative_election"},{"link_name":"2000","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2000_Greek_legislative_election"},{"link_name":"2004","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"2007","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007_Greek_legislative_election"},{"link_name":"2009","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_Greek_legislative_election"},{"link_name":"2012 (May)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/May_2012_Greek_legislative_election"},{"link_name":"2012 (Jun)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/June_2012_Greek_legislative_election"},{"link_name":"2015 (Jan)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/January_2015_Greek_legislative_election"},{"link_name":"2015 (Sep)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/September_2015_Greek_legislative_election"},{"link_name":"2019","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Greek_legislative_election"},{"link_name":"2023 (May)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/May_2023_Greek_legislative_election"},{"link_name":"2023 (Jun)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/June_2023_Greek_legislative_election"},{"link_name":"1862 (King)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1862_Greek_head_of_state_referendum"},{"link_name":"1926 (President)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1926_Greek_presidential_election"},{"link_name":"Local elections","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Municipalities_and_communities_of_Greece"},{"link_name":"1834","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1834_Greek_local_elections&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"1835","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1835_Greek_local_elections&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"1837","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1837_Greek_local_elections&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"1841","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1841_Greek_local_elections&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"1847","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1847_Greek_local_elections&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"1850","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1850_Greek_local_elections&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"1866","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1866_Greek_local_elections&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"1870","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1870_Greek_local_elections&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"1874","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1874_Greek_local_elections&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"1879","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1879_Greek_local_elections&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"1883","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1883_Greek_local_elections&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"1887","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1887_Greek_local_elections&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"1891","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1891_Greek_local_elections&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"1895","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1895_Greek_local_elections&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"1899","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1899_Greek_local_elections&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"1903","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1903_Greek_local_elections&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"1907","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1907_Greek_local_elections&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"1914","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1914_Greek_local_elections&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"1925","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1925_Greek_local_elections&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"1929","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1929_Greek_local_elections&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"1934","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1934_Greek_local_elections&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"1951","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1951_Greek_local_elections&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"1954","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1954_Greek_local_elections&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"1959","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1959_Greek_local_elections&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"1964","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1964_Greek_local_elections&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"1975","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1975_Greek_local_elections&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"1978","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1978_Greek_local_elections&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"1982","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1982_Greek_local_elections&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"1986","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1986_Greek_local_elections&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"1990","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1990_Greek_local_elections&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"1994","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1994_Greek_local_elections&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"1998","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1998_Greek_local_elections&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"2002","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2002_Greek_local_elections"},{"link_name":"2006","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006_Greek_local_elections"},{"link_name":"2010","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_Greek_local_elections"},{"link_name":"2014","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_Greek_local_elections"},{"link_name":"2019","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Greek_local_elections"},{"link_name":"2023","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_Greek_local_elections"},{"link_name":"European elections","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Parliament_elections_in_Greece"},{"link_name":"1981","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1981_European_Parliament_election_in_Greece"},{"link_name":"1984","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1984_European_Parliament_election_in_Greece"},{"link_name":"1989","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1989_European_Parliament_election_in_Greece"},{"link_name":"1994","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1994_European_Parliament_election_in_Greece"},{"link_name":"1999","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1999_European_Parliament_election_in_Greece"},{"link_name":"2004","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004_European_Parliament_election_in_Greece"},{"link_name":"2009","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_European_Parliament_election_in_Greece"},{"link_name":"2014","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_European_Parliament_election_in_Greece"},{"link_name":"2019","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_European_Parliament_election_in_Greece"},{"link_name":"2024","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024_European_Parliament_election_in_Greece"},{"link_name":"1920","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1920_Greek_referendum"},{"link_name":"1924","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1924_Greek_republic_referendum"},{"link_name":"1935","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1935_Greek_monarchy_referendum"},{"link_name":"1946","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1946_Greek_referendum"},{"link_name":"1968","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1968_Greek_constitutional_referendum"},{"link_name":"1973","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1973_Greek_republic_referendum"},{"link_name":"1974","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1974_Greek_republic_referendum"},{"link_name":"2015","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015_Greek_bailout_referendum"},{"link_name":"Template:Greek presidential elections","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Greek_presidential_elections"}],"text":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120722093442/http://www.ypes.gr/el/Elections/NationalElections/Results/nationallectures2004/vte Elections and referendums in GreeceParliamentary elections\n1823\n1826\n1829\n1843\n1844\n1847\n1850\n1853\n1856\n1859\n1861\n1862\n1865\n1868\n1869\n1872\n1873\n1874\n1875\n1879\n1881\n1885\n1887\n1890\n1892\n1895\n1899\n1902\n1905\n1906\n1910 (Aug)\n1910 (Nov)\n1912\n 1915 (May)\n 1915 (Dec)\n1920\n1923\n1926\n1928\n1929\n1932\n1933\n1935\n1936\n1946\n1950\n1951\n1952\n1956\n1958\n1961\n1963\n1964\n1974\n1977\n1981\n1985\n 1989 (Jun)\n1989 (Nov)\n1990\n1993\n1996\n2000\n2004\n2007\n2009\n2012 (May)\n2012 (Jun)\n2015 (Jan)\n2015 (Sep)\n2019\n2023 (May)\n2023 (Jun)\nHead of state elections\n1862 (King)\n1926 (President)\nLocal elections\n1834\n1835\n1837\n1841\n1847\n1850\n1866\n1870\n1874\n1879\n1883\n1887\n1891\n1895\n1899\n1903\n1907\n1914\n1925\n1929\n1934\n1951\n1954\n1959\n1964\n1975\n1978\n1982\n1986\n1990\n1994\n1998\n2002\n2006\n2010\n2014\n2019\n2023\nEuropean elections\n1981\n1984\n1989\n1994\n1999\n2004\n2009\n2014\n2019\n2024\nReferendums\n1920\n1924\n1935\n1946\n1968\n1973\n1974\n2015\n\nSee also: Template:Greek presidential elections","title":"Sources"}]
[{"image_text":"Results, showing the winning party in each municipal unit.   ND (711)   PASOK (311)   KKE (2)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/df/2004_Greek_legislative_election_-_Municipal_Units_Results.png/220px-2004_Greek_legislative_election_-_Municipal_Units_Results.png"}]
null
[]
[{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120722093442/http://www.ypes.gr/el/Elections/NationalElections/Results/nationallectures2004/","external_links_name":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120722093442/http://www.ypes.gr/el/Elections/NationalElections/Results/nationallectures2004/"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burgon_Group
Burgon Group
["1 Bibliography"]
This article includes a list of references, related reading, or external links, but its sources remain unclear because it lacks inline citations. Please help improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (November 2011) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Panathenaic amphora, British Museum (London) circa 565/560 BC. Burgon Group is the conventional name given to a group of Attic black-figure vase painters active in the middle third of the sixth century BC. Pinax by the Burgon Group: Prothesis scene, The Louvre CA 255. The group’s name is derived from Thomas Burgon (1787–1858), who supervised the 1813 excavations in Athens, during which the Panathenaic prize amphora London B 160, now on display in the British Museum, was discovered. The group, recognized by modern scholarship on the basis of stylistic similarities to numerous vases, is particularly important for having produced the earliest known Panathenaic amphora, the Burgon vase (the group’s name vase). As usual for such amphorae, the front image depicts the goddess Athena and the back shows a two-horse chariot during a race. Another famous piece is a Siana cup with a sowing scene, perhaps of mythological relevance. The Painter of London B 76 is stylistically closely related to the Burgon Group. Bibliography Wikimedia Commons has media related to Burgon Group. John Beazley: Attic Black-figure Vase-painters. Oxford 1956 John Boardman: Schwarzfigurige Vasen aus Athen. Ein Handbuch, von Zabern, Mainz 1977 (Kulturgeschichte der Antiken Welt, Vol 1) ISBN 3-8053-0233-9, p. 40 vteAncient Greek vase paintersGeometric Dipylon Master Orientalizing Analatos Painter Honolulu Painter Mesogeia Painter Polyphemos Painter Black-figure Painter of Acropolis 606 Affecter Amasis Painter Anagyrus Painter Anakles Arkesilas Painter Athena Painter Antimenes Painter Beldam Painter Bellerophon Painter Painter of Berlin A 34 Painter of Berlin 1686 BMN Painter Burgon Group C Painter Castellani Painter Cerameicus Painter Chimera Painter Class of Cabinet des Médailles 218 Columbus Painter Daybreak Painter Diosphos Painter Dodwell Painter Duel Painter Edinburgh Painter Elbows Out Euphiletos Painter Gela Painter Goltyr Painter Gorgon Painter Haimon Painter Heidelberg Painter Horse-bird Painter Hypobibazon Class Kabiria Group Kassandra Painter Kleitias Lion Painter Lydos Lysippides Painter Madrid Painter Mastos Painter Painter of Munich 1410 N Painter Naucratis Painter Nearchos Nessos Painter Painter of Nicosia Olpe Nikoxenos Painter Northampton Group Oxford Palmette Class Painter of Palermo 489 Panther Painter Perizoma Group Pholoe Painter Phrynos Painter Piraeus Painter Polos Painter Pontic Group Priam Painter Princeton Painter Psiax Ptoon Painter Rider Painter Rycroft Painter Sappho Painter Sophilos Swing Painter Taleides Painter Theseus Painter Three Line Group Tityos Painter Tydeus Painter Xenokles Painter Comast Group KX Painter KY Painter Group E Exekias Gorgoneion Group Cavalcade Painter Leagros Group Acheloos Painter Chiusi Painter Little Masters Group of Rhodes 12264 Red-figure Achilles Painter Aison Altamura Painter Amykos Painter Andokides painter Antiphon Painter Apollodoros Aristophanes Asteas Baltimore Painter Berlin Painter Painter of the Berlin Dancing Girl Brygos Painter Bryn Mawr Painter Chrysis Painter Codrus Painter Darius Painter Dinos Painter Dokimasia Painter Douris Eretria Painter Eucharides Painter Foundry Painter Harrow Painter Hasselmann Painter Hermonax Ilioupersis Painter Jena Painter Kerch style Kleophon Painter Kleophrades Painter Makron Marsyas Painter Meidias Painter Meleager Painter Niobid Painter Onesimos Oreithyia Painter Pamphaios Penthesilea Painter Persephone Painter Phiale Painter Pisticci Painter Pistoxenos Painter Polygnotos Providence Painter Reed Painter Shuvalov Painter Siren Painter Sisyphus Painter Skythes Snub-nose Painter Tarporley Painter Tarquinia Painter Tithonos Painter Triptolemos Painter Underworld Painter Varrese Painter Painter of the Vatican Mourner Villa Giulia Painter Wedding Painter YZ Group Pioneer Group Epiktetos Euphronios Euthymides Oltos Phintias Smikros Mannerists Pan Painter Authority control databases International VIAF Artists ULAN
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As usual for such amphorae, the front image depicts the goddess Athena and the back shows a two-horse chariot during a race. Another famous piece is a Siana cup with a sowing scene, perhaps of mythological relevance. The Painter of London B 76 is stylistically closely related to the Burgon Group.","title":"Burgon Group"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Burgon Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Burgon_Group"},{"link_name":"John Beazley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Beazley"},{"link_name":"John Boardman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Boardman_(art_historian)"},{"link_name":"Kulturgeschichte der Antiken 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Oxford 1956\nJohn Boardman: Schwarzfigurige Vasen aus Athen. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chick-fil-A_and_LGBT_people
Chick-fil-A and LGBT people
["1 History","1.1 Group contributions from opponents of LGBT causes","1.2 Statements by Dan Cathy","1.3 Policy changes","2 Controversy","2.1 United States government","2.2 Local government","2.3 Backlash","2.4 Corporate partners","2.5 Chick-fil-A Appreciation Day","2.6 Public polling","2.7 Others","2.8 Financial effect","2.9 October 2019 closure of UK location","3 References"]
History of Chick-fil-A's relationship with the LGBTQ community "Chick-fil-A Appreciation Day" held on August 1, 2012, in Port Charlotte, Florida Issues arose between Chick-fil-A and the LGBT community in June 2012, after Dan T. Cathy, the fast food restaurant's chief executive officer, made a series of public comments opposing same-sex marriage. This followed reports that Chick-fil-A's charitable endeavor, the S. Truett Cathy-operated WinShape Foundation, had donated millions of dollars to organizations seen by LGBT activists as hostile to LGBT rights. Activists called for protests and boycotts, while supporters of the restaurant chain and opponents of same-sex marriage ate there in support of the restaurant. National political figures both for and against the actions spoke out and some business partners severed ties with the chain. The outcome of the initial controversy was mixed, as Chick-fil-A's sales rose twelve percent to $4.6 billion in the period immediately following the controversy; this was largely attributed to former Governor of Arkansas Mike Huckabee's counter-boycott launched in support of the restaurant. However, the company's public image and standing with the LGBT community was damaged, with the chain facing criticism and condemnation from politicians and gay rights activists, as well as efforts by activists and political officials to ban the restaurant from college campuses, airports, and elsewhere. Chick-fil-A released a statement in July 2012 stating, "Going forward, our intent is to leave the policy debate over same-sex marriage to the government and political arena." In March 2014, tax filings for 2012 showed the group stopped funding all but one organization which had been previously criticized, the Fellowship of Christian Athletes. In 2017, tax filings showed that the groups supported by Chick-fil-A expanded to include The Salvation Army, which has been seen as counter to LGBTQ rights. In November 2019, Chick-fil-A announced that it would not make contributions in 2020 to the Fellowship of Christian Athletes and The Salvation Army. They did not establish any criteria for corporate donations that would rule out future contributions to groups criticized as anti-LGBTQ. The owner, Dan Cathy, is still actively involved with groups such as the National Christian Foundation, an organization "spearheading the derailment of the Equality Act". History Group contributions from opponents of LGBT causes The WinShape Foundation, a charitable endeavor of Chick-fil-A founder S. Truett Cathy and his family, stated that it would not allow same-sex couples to participate in its marriage retreats. Chick-fil-A gave over $8 million to the WinShape Foundation in 2010. Equality Matters, an LGBT watchdog group, published reports of donations by WinShape to organizations that Equality Matters considers anti-gay, including $2 million in 2009, $1.9 million in 2010 and a total of $5 million since 2003, including grants to the Family Research Council and Georgia Family Council. WinShape contributed grants to the Fellowship of Christian Athletes, and Exodus International, an organization noted for supporting ex-gay conversion therapy.Protestors at a Memphis, Tennessee Chick-fil-A store on Same Sex Kiss DayThe Marriage and Family Foundation received $994,199 in 2009 and $1,188,380 in 2010. The Family Research Council, an organization listed as an anti-gay hate group by the Southern Poverty Law Center in winter 2010, received $1000. In January 2011, the media reported that the American fast food restaurant chain Chick-fil-A was co-sponsoring a marriage conference along with the Pennsylvania Family Institute (PFI), an organization that had filed an amicus brief against striking down Proposition 8 in California (see Perry v. Brown). The PFI lobbied against a state effort to ban discrimination in Pennsylvania on the basis of sexual orientation or gender identity. Responding on its official company Facebook page, Chick-fil-A said that support of the PFI retreat had come from a local franchisee, stating "We have determined that one of our independent restaurant operators in Pennsylvania was asked to provide sandwiches to two Art of Marriage video seminars." Tax filings for 2012 showed that Chick-fil-A created a new foundation, the Chick-fil-A Foundation, to provide grants to outside groups. It funded only one previously funded group, the Fellowship of Christian Athletes. Other filings for WinShape Foundation showed no funding for groups opposed to LGBT causes. Statements by Dan Cathy On June 16, 2012, while on the syndicated radio talk show, The Ken Coleman Show, Chick-fil-A president and chief operating officer (COO) Dan Cathy stated: I think we are inviting God's judgment on our nation when we shake our fist at Him and say, "We know better than you as to what constitutes a marriage". I pray God's mercy on our generation that has such a prideful, arrogant attitude to think that we have the audacity to define what marriage is about. The following month, on July 2, Biblical Recorder published an interview with Dan Cathy, who was asked about opposition to his company's "support of the traditional family." He replied: "Well, guilty as charged." Cathy continued: "We are very much supportive of the family—the biblical definition of the family unit. We are a family-owned business, a family-led business, and we are married to our first wives. We give God thanks for that. ...We want to do anything we possibly can to strengthen families. We are very much committed to that," Cathy emphasized. "We intend to stay the course," he said. "We know that it might not be popular with everyone, but thank the Lord, we live in a country where we can share our values and operate on biblical principles." The day after the Supreme Court of the United States struck down Section 3 of the Defense of Marriage Act, Cathy tweeted, "Sad day for our nation; founding fathers would be ashamed of our gen. to abandon wisdom of the ages re: cornerstone of strong societies." The tweet was subsequently deleted, but was archived by Topsy. In March 2014, Cathy said he regretted drawing his company into the controversy. He told the Atlanta Journal-Constitution he has been working with Shane Windmeyer of Campus Pride since 2012. The article noted that WinShape and the Chick-fil-A Foundation had "dramatically" cut donations to groups opposed by same-sex marriage supporters. Policy changes In September 2012, The Civil Rights Agenda (TCRA) announced that Chick-fil-A had "ceased donating to organizations that promote discrimination, specifically against LGBT civil rights". This change in policy was not confirmed by Chick-fil-A officials. Chick-fil-A officials did state in an internal document that they "will treat every person equally, regardless of sexual orientation". In a letter from Chick-fil-A's Senior Director of Real Estate, the company states, "The WinShape Foundation is now taking a much closer look at the organizations it considers helping, and in that process will remain true to its stated philosophy of not supporting organizations with political agendas." According to Focus on the Family website, CitizenLink.com: "Contrary to reports first made by the gay-activist group The Civil Rights Agenda (TCRA) on Tuesday and later picked up by mainstream media outlets, Chick-fil-A and its charitable-giving arm, the WinShape Foundation, did not agree to stop making donations to groups that support the biblical definition of marriage in exchange for being allowed to open a franchise in Chicago." Former Arkansas Governor and FOX News commentator Mike Huckabee claimed on September 21, 2012, that he had "talked earlier today personally with Dan Cathy, CEO of Chick-fil-A about the new reports that Chick-fil-A had capitulated to demands of the supporters of same sex marriage. This is not true. The company continues to focus on the fair treatment of all of its customers and employees, but to end confusion gave me this statement." The statement provided by Chick-fil-A was posted on Huckabee's website but the company did not respond to requests for comment. In March 2014, new tax filings from 2012 showed that the company had stopped funding all but one organization which had been previously criticized by LGBT activists and supporters, and that group received just $25,390. The company created a new foundation, the Chick-fil-A Foundation, to fund outside groups. WinShape Foundation's 2012 tax filings showed funding only for its own programs, a Berry College scholarship fund, and Lars WinShape, a home for needy children in Brazil. In 2017, Chick-fil-A said it was warning all its franchisees against speaking out publicly or getting involved in anything that could blur the line between their private beliefs and their public roles as extensions of the Chick-fil-A brand. In 2017, that message extended to politics, in part to keep the brand from being exploited by candidates. The company turned down several candidates who tried to use Chick-fil-A to bolster their campaigns, according to David Farmer, Chick-fil-A's vice president of menu strategy and development. "There are several candidates who would like to use us as a platform," Farmer told Business Insider. "We are not engaging. Chick-fil-A is about food, and that's it. "The company still encourages its franchisees to get 'entrenched' in their communities..." Traditionally, that has meant getting involved in local churches. Chick-fil-A says its focus now—both for local and corporate involvement and philanthropy—is on youth and education causes. In an interview with Bisnow in 2019, Chick-fil-A President Tim Tassopoulos said the company will stop donating to charities with anti-LGBT views. The company will instead donate to charities focused on education, homelessness and hunger. These new organizations could include both faith-based and non-faith-based charities, but the company said none of the organizations have anti-LGBT positions. Controversy United States government On May 29, 2019, the Federal Aviation Administration's Office of Civil Rights opened investigations into two airports (Buffalo Niagara International Airport and San Antonio International Airport) for excluding Chick-fil-A from opening restaurants due to the company's long history of supporting and funding anti-LGBTQ organizations. Federal requirements prohibit airport operators from excluding persons, on the basis of religious creed, from participating in airport activities that receive or benefit from FAA grant funding." Local government After the publication of Cathy's interviews, Democrat Thomas Menino, the Mayor of Boston, stated that he would not allow the company to open franchises in the city "unless they open up their policies." Menino subsequently wrote a letter to Dan Cathy, citing Cathy's earlier statement on The Ken Coleman Show, and responded: "We are indeed full of pride for our support of same sex marriage and our work to expand freedom for all people." In Chicago, Democratic alderman Proco Joe Moreno announced his determination to block Chick-fil-A's bid to build a second store in the city: "They'd have to do a complete 180", Moreno said in outlining conditions under which he would retract the block. "They'd have to work with LGBT groups in terms of hiring, and there would have to be a public apology from ." Moreno received backing from Chicago's Mayor, Rahm Emanuel: "Chick-fil-A values are not Chicago values", Emanuel said in a statement. "They disrespect our fellow neighbors and residents. This would be a bad investment, since it would be empty." Also according to Moreno, Chick-fil-A included a statement of respect for all people regardless of sexual orientation in an internal document called Chick-fil-A: Who We Are. A document released by Chick-fil-A on September 20, 2012, did not mention any organizations opposed to same-sex marriage as being part of Chick-fil-A's donation base. WinShape Marriage will continue to be supported financially, with a stated focus on couple retreats to strengthen marriages. San Francisco soon followed suit on July 26, 2012, when mayor Democrat Edwin M. Lee, the city's first Asian American mayor, tweeted, "Very disappointed #ChickFilA doesn't share San Francisco's values & strong commitment to equality for everyone." Lee followed that tweet with "Closest #ChickFilA to San Francisco is 40 miles away & I strongly recommend that they not try to come any closer." Later the same month, Washington D.C. mayor Democrat Vincent C. Gray continued the trend by announcing Chick-fil-A is not welcome in his city, and proceeded to call it "hate chicken". The proposed bans in Boston and Chicago drew criticism from some liberal pundits, legal experts, and the American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU). Kevin Drum of Mother Jones magazine said "here's really no excuse for Emanuel's and Menino's actions... you don't hand out business licenses based on whether you agree with the political views of the executives. Not in America, anyway ... what makes this whole situation so weird is that Chick-fil-A President Dan Cathy has always opposed gay marriage. He's a devout Southern Baptist, just like his father, who founded the company. The place is closed on Sundays, for crying out loud. There's just nothing new here." UCLA law professor and blogger Eugene Volokh observed, "enying a private business permits because of such speech by its owner is a blatant First Amendment violation." Echoing those views were Glenn Greenwald of Salon, professor John Turley of The George Washington University Law School, Adam Schwartz, a senior attorney with the ACLU, and Michael C. Dorf, the Robert S. Stevens Professor of Law at Cornell University Law School. In March 2019, Texas attorney general, Ken Paxton, opened an investigation after the city of San Antonio decided to reject the application for Chick-fil-A to open a store at San Antonio International Airport because of the company's stand on LGBT issues. This stand was publicly taken by 2 out of the 10 city council members. The city's mayor, Ron Nirenberg, stated his concern was that Chick-fil-A wasn't open on Sunday. It was not until mid-August 2019 that city officials agreed to release documents about its decision to exclude the company from the airport "based on the restaurant chain's donations to religious ministries". On June 10, 2019, Texas governor Greg Abbott signed into law Senate Bill 1978, colloquially known as the "Save Chick-fil-A Bill", which forbids local governments from taking adverse steps against companies or individuals based on their religious beliefs. On September 5, a group of five individuals filed suit against the City of San Antonio citing this new law. Backlash Students at several colleges and universities launched efforts to ban or remove the company's restaurants from their campuses. On November 3, 2011, New York University's Student Senators Council voted 19 to 4 to retain the Chick-fil-A franchise on campus. This vote came before a petition with over 11,000 signatures opposing its presence on campus was sent to the student council. Christine Quinn, a lesbian politician and then-Speaker of the City Council who was seeking the nomination as Democratic candidate for the mayoralty in the next election, was outspoken in her opposition to keeping the Chick-fil-A franchise or allowing others, and wrote a letter to this effect to NYU President John Sexton on official letterhead, opening with the words, "I write as the Speaker of the NYC Council", urging NYU to evict a Chick-fil-A due to Cathy's opposition to same-sex marriage. On February 28, 2012, Northeastern University's Student Senate passed a resolution to cancel plans for a Chick-fil-A franchise on its campus, stating "the student body does not support bringing CFA to campus", and "Student concerns reflected CFA's history of donating to anti-gay organizations." The vote was 31 to 5, with 8 abstaining. The restaurant chain was finalizing a contract to bring it to NU when students protested. Davidson College in North Carolina announced on August 13, 2012, that, in response to a petition which received 500 signatures, the school would stop serving Chick-fil-A on campus at the monthly "After Midnight" events. Other forms of protest occurred. Gay rights activists organized a "Kiss Off" to occur on August 3, an event where LGBT individuals would show affection in public. On August 15, 2012, Floyd Lee Corkins II of Virginia entered the Washington, D.C., headquarters of the Family Research Council carrying 15 Chick-fil-A sandwiches, a 9 mm handgun, and a box of ammunition. After being asked for identification, he shot a security guard in the left arm and was wrestled to the ground by that same guard. Prosecutors said he told FBI agents that he wanted to use the sandwiches to "make a statement against the people who work in that building ... and with their stance against gay rights and Chick-fil-A", and that he planned "to kill as many people as I could ... then smear a Chicken-fil-A sandwich on their face". In 2018, Chick-fil-A announced their expansion to Canada in the city of Toronto. This caused a number of boycotts and backlash from Canadians due to widespread support for LGBT rights in Canada. In August 2019, the Toronto Star ran an opinion piece, written by its National Columnist (staff), with the headline "Chick-fil-A is about to open in Toronto. I hope it fails". She said that comment was made because the company was operated by "someone who dislikes 'my lifestyle' as Chick-fil-A CEO Dan Cathy would probably refer to my lesbianism". The store opened on September 6, 2019, on Yonge St. at Bloor St. in Toronto, with LGBTQ2S protesters in attendance, complaining about the company's "history of supporting anti-LGBTQ causes", according to the Toronto Star. At that time, the company confirmed its plan to open 14 others in the Greater Toronto Area over the subsequent five years. On November 18, 2019, it was reported that Chick-fil-A would stop donating to the Salvation Army and Fellowship of Christian Athletes, two Christian organizations that oppose same-sex marriage. Corporate partners In response to the July 2, 2012, interview, the Jim Henson Company, which had entered its Pajanimals in a kids' meal toy licensing arrangement in 2011, said that it would cease its business relationship with Chick-fil-A, and donate payment for the brand to Gay & Lesbian Alliance Against Defamation (GLAAD). Citing safety concerns, Chick-fil-A stopped distributing the toys. A spokeswoman stated the decision had been made on July 19 and was unrelated to the controversy. In August 2012, petitions with over 80,000 signatures were delivered to publisher HarperCollins demanding the publisher cut plans to include Berenstain Bears titles as part of a kids' meal promotion. Upon being presented with petitions demanding that Berenstain Bears be pulled from a Chick-fil-A promotion, HarperCollins issued a statement saying "We have a long history of diversity and inclusiveness and work tirelessly to protect the freedom of expression. It is not our practice to cancel a contract with an author, or any other party, for exercising their first amendment rights." Chick-fil-A Appreciation Day In response to the controversy, former Arkansas Governor Mike Huckabee initiated a Chick-fil-A Appreciation Day movement to counter a boycott of Chick-fil-A launched by same-sex marriage activists. More than 600,000 people RSVPed on Facebook for Huckabee's appreciation event. On August 1, 2012, Chick-fil-A restaurants experienced a large show of public support across the nation with the company reporting record-breaking sales. A consulting firm projected that the average Chick-fil-A restaurant increased sales by 29.9 percent and had 367 more customers than a typical Wednesday. Public polling In August 2012, conservative-leaning polling group Rasmussen Reports published the results of a telephone survey indicating that 61 percent of likely voters held a favorable view of Chick-fil-A, while 13 percent indicated they would participate in a boycott. Others Other notable public figures came to Chick-fil-A's defense, including former Alaska Governor Sarah Palin, former US Senator Rick Santorum, and Ann Coulter; while New York Mayor Michael Bloomberg publicly disagreed with Cathy's positions but defended his right to express them under the First Amendment. Financial effect Sales increased after the controversy. According to news coverage: Chick-fil-A's sales soared 12 percent, to $4.6 billion, in 2012. The good fortune follows several years of impressive expansion and strong sales, which have pushed the privately held company's valuation north of $4.5 billion, making billionaires out of its founders ... These latest sales data are just further proof that all that negative coverage didn't hurt demand for chicken sandwiches among Chick-fil-A's core consumers.— Joe Satran, The Huffington Post In addition Chick-fil-A was able to expand throughout the rest of the 2010s and into the 2020s despite the controversy and growing acceptance of LGBT people in the United States. October 2019 closure of UK location On October 18, 2019, it was announced that Chick-fil-A's location at the Oracle, Reading, in Reading, Berkshire, the first location in the United Kingdom, would close due to the Oracle not renewing their lease. The announcement was made only eight days after the location first opened, and had been preceded by severe criticism from LGBT rights activists in Reading and elsewhere in the UK. References ^ "Chick-fil-A Response to Recent Controversy" (PDF). Chick-fil-A. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 12, 2012. ^ a b c Comer, Matt (March 3, 2014). "New Chick-fil-A filings show decrease in anti same sex marriage funding". QNotes. Archived from the original on March 9, 2014. Retrieved March 4, 2014. Those groups are no longer supported by the new Chick-fil-A Foundation or WinShape, holding true to a statement released by Chick-fil-A last January. ^ Garfield, Leanna (July 27, 2018). "Pro-LGBTQ-rights consumers vow to boycott Chick-fil-A after it announces it's opening in Toronto — here's why the fast-food chain is so controversial". Business Insider. Archived from the original on August 20, 2018. Retrieved August 20, 2018. he company's foundation ended nearly all of its donations to anti-LGBT organizations in 2012. (The foundation's 2015 SEC filings show that it still donated nearly $1 million to the Fellowship of Christian Athletes.) ^ Allen, Samantha (August 28, 2015). "It's Time For Gays To Forgive Chick-fil-A". The Daily Beast. Archived from the original on May 11, 2021. Retrieved July 3, 2019. The company's new foundation also ended nearly all of its donations to anti-LGBT organizations in 2012, with $25,390 to the Fellowship of Christian Athletes as the only potential sore point. ^ Israel, Josh (March 20, 2019). "Chick-fil-A donated to anti-LGBTQ group that bars employees from 'homosexual acts'". Think Progress. Archived from the original on July 3, 2019. Retrieved July 3, 2019. $1,653,416 to the Fellowship of Christian Athletes, $6,000 to the Paul Anderson Youth Home, and $150,000 to the Salvation Army ^ Valle, Gaby Del (December 16, 2019). "The backlash against the Salvation Army, explained". Vox. Archived from the original on December 17, 2019. Retrieved December 17, 2019. ^ Taylor, Kate (May 15, 2019). "For Chick-fil-A, impact trumps 'any political or cultural war' when it comes to controversial donations". Business Insider. Archived from the original on November 26, 2019. Retrieved December 17, 2019. ^ a b "Chick-fil-A drops donations to Christian charities after LGBT protests". CNBC. November 18, 2019. Archived from the original on November 18, 2019. Retrieved November 18, 2019. Chick-Fil-A said on Monday that it has stopped funding two Christian charities after coming under fire in recent weeks from LGBTQ activists. The fast-food chain's foundation has donated millions of dollars to The Salvation Army and the Fellowship of Christian Athletes. Both organizations have a history of opposing same-sex marriage. ^ Cain, Áine (November 19, 2019). "The Salvation Army urges the public to stop spreading 'misinformation' after Chick-fil-A cuts funding". Business Insider. Archived from the original on November 20, 2019. Retrieved December 16, 2019. When misinformation is perpetuated without fact, our ability to serve those in need, regardless of sexual orientation, gender identity, religion or any other factor, is at risk, ^ MacGuill, Dan (November 19, 2019). "Did Chick-fil-A Stop Donations to Groups Criticized as Anti-LGBT?". Snopes. Archived from the original on November 20, 2019. Retrieved March 12, 2021. ^ Kirkland, Justin (June 3, 2021). "Chick-fil-a's Owner Dan Cathy Is Connected to Anti-LGBTQ Equality Act Donations". Esquire. Retrieved January 8, 2024. ^ McWhirter, Cameron (July 27, 2012). "Chick-fil-A's Long Christian Heritage". The Wall Street Journal. Archived from the original on August 5, 2018. Retrieved October 13, 2018. ^ "Form 990-PF: Return of Private Foundation" (PDF). WinShape Foundation, Inc. Guidestar. 2010. Archived (PDF) from the original on October 19, 2015. Retrieved August 2, 2012. ^ O'Connor, Clare (August 3, 2012). "Meet The Cathys: Your Guide To The Billionaires Behind Chick-fil-A". Forbes. Archived from the original on August 7, 2012. Retrieved August 7, 2012. WinShape is the vehicle through which Chick-fil-A, and by extension the Cathys, have made about $5 million of donations to anti-gay marriage groups since 2003, with $1.9 million of that donated in 2010 to outfits including the Family Research Council and Marriage & Family Foundation. They've written checks to Exodus International, famous for "ex-gay" conversion therapy, and the Fellowship of Christian Athletes, whose website includes a testimonial from a coach "delivered" from homosexuality. ^ Michelson, Noah (November 1, 2011). "Chick-Fil-A Fast Food Chain Donated Nearly $2 Million To Anti-Gay Groups In 2009". HuffPost. Archived from the original on July 28, 2018. Retrieved August 5, 2012. ^ Sources: Thompson, Krissah (November 24, 2010). "'Hate group' designation angers same-sex marriage opponents". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on December 3, 2010. Retrieved August 17, 2012. "Chick-fil-A Anti-Gay Controversy: Gay Employees Speak Out". HuffPost. August 1, 2012. Archived from the original on December 27, 2013. Retrieved December 26, 2013. "Chick-Fil-A Donated Nearly $2 Million To Anti-Gay Groups In 2010". Equality Matters. July 2, 2012. Archived from the original on December 10, 2018. Retrieved August 2, 2012. Boucly, Chris (July 24, 2012). "Gay youths plan protest against Chick-fil-A". The Orange County Register. Archived from the original on July 27, 2012. Retrieved July 26, 2012. ^ Sources: Devaney, Tim; Stein, Tom (November 8, 2011). "Chick-fil-A Increases Donations to Anti-Gay Groups". All Business. Archived from the original on October 20, 2014. Retrieved August 2, 2012. Winters, Rosemary (November 10, 2011). "Sugar House protesters say Chick-fil-A is anti-gay". The Salt Lake Tribune. Archived from the original on March 4, 2016. Retrieved August 7, 2012. Michelson, Noah (November 1, 2011). "Chick-Fil-A Fast Food Chain Donated Nearly $2 Million To Anti-Gay Groups In 2009". HuffPost. Archived from the original on July 28, 2018. Retrieved August 2, 2012. ^ Sources: Severson, Kim (January 29, 2011). "A Chicken Chain's Corporate Ethos Is Questioned by Gay Rights Advocates". The New York Times. Archived from the original on October 10, 2018. Retrieved February 24, 2017. "Chick-fil-A defends its values". Atlanta Business Chronicle. January 31, 2011. Archived from the original on August 2, 2012. Retrieved July 29, 2012. Hooper, Jeremy (January 2011). "If you're currently eating a Chick-fil-A..." Good As You. Archived from the original on July 16, 2011. Retrieved June 27, 2011. "Is Chick-fil-A restaurant against gay rights? Anti-gay site claims affiliation with fast-food eatery". Metro Weekly. 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Archived from the original on July 20, 2012. Retrieved July 26, 2012. ^ "What Dan Cathy said". The Atlanta Journal-Constitution. July 26, 2012. Archived from the original on July 29, 2012. Retrieved July 28, 2012. ^ a b Blume, K. Allan (July 2, 2012). "'Guilty as charged,' Dan Cathy says of Chick-fil-A's stand on faith". Biblical Recorder. Cary, NC. North Carolina Baptist State Convention. Archived from the original on July 25, 2012. Retrieved July 22, 2012. as an organization we can operate on biblical principles. ^ Hsu, Tiffany (July 18, 2012). "Is Chick-fil-A anti-gay marriage? 'Guilty as charged', leader says". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on July 19, 2012. Retrieved July 19, 2012. ^ "Deleted Tweet From Chick-fil-A Head Calls Gay Ruling 'Sad Day'". The Wall Street Journal. June 26, 2013. Archived from the original on December 24, 2017. Retrieved August 4, 2017. ^ "The Blurry Line Between Chick-fil-A and Chatty Cathy". Bloomberg Businessweek. June 28, 2013. 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Retrieved January 1, 2018. ^ a b c Sperance, Cameron (November 18, 2019). "EXCLUSIVE: Chick-fil-A To Stop Donations To Charities With Anti-LGBT Views". Bisnow. Archived from the original on November 18, 2019. Retrieved November 18, 2019. ^ Lucas, Amelia (November 18, 2019). "Chick-fil-A no longer donates to controversial Christian charities after LGBTQ protests". CNBC. Archived from the original on November 18, 2019. Retrieved November 18, 2019. ^ Gailey, Alex (May 29, 2019). "FAA launches religious discrimination investigation into Chick-fil-A's exclusion at U.S. airports". Atlanta Business Chronicle. Archived from the original on October 23, 2020. Retrieved May 31, 2019. ^ Turner, Greg (July 20, 2012). "Mayor Menino on Chick-fil-A: Stuff it". Boston Herald. Archived from the original on July 23, 2012. Retrieved July 21, 2012. Chick-fil-A doesn't belong in Boston. You can't have a business in the city of Boston that discriminates against a population. We're an open city, we're a city that's at the forefront of inclusion... That's the Freedom Trail. That's where it all started right here. And we're not going to have a company, Chick-fil-A or whatever the hell the name is, on our Freedom Trail. ^ "Mayor's letter to Chick-fil-A". Boston Herald. July 20, 2012. Archived from the original on July 24, 2012. Retrieved July 26, 2012. ^ a b Dardick, Hal (July 25, 2012). "Alderman to Chick-fil-A: No deal". Chicago Tribune. Archived from the original on July 26, 2012. Retrieved July 26, 2012. ^ Hannah, Amanda (September 20, 2012). "Chick-fil-A: Who We Are" (PDF). Chick-fil-A. Archived from the original (PDF) on September 23, 2015. Retrieved October 23, 2015. ^ Lopez, Ricardo (July 26, 2012). "San Francisco is the third city to tell Chick-fil-A: Keep out". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on July 27, 2012. Retrieved July 26, 2012. ^ Craig, Tim (July 28, 2012). "Gray opposes Chick-fil-A expansion; calls it 'hate chicken'". Retrieved October 17, 2022. ^ Drum, Kevin (July 26, 2012). "Rahm Emanuel Needs to Back Off on Chick-fil-A". Mother Jones. Archived from the original on July 27, 2012. Retrieved July 26, 2012. ^ McClelland, Edward (July 26, 2012). "Conservatives and Liberals Defend Chick-fil-A". Ward Room. Archived from the original on July 29, 2012. Retrieved July 26, 2012. ^ Miller, Joshua Rhett (July 26, 2012). "Legal eagles cry fowl over politicians' plans to block Chick-fil-A". Fox News. Archived from the original on July 26, 2012. Retrieved July 26, 2012. ^ Dorf, Michael C. (August 1, 2012). "Why the Chick-fil-A Controversy Raises Tough Questions About Government Power to Regulate Business Based on Owners' Political Spending". Verdict. Archived from the original on August 3, 2012. Retrieved August 4, 2012. ^ Garcia, Gilbert (May 6, 2023). "Garcia: In his final city race, Nirenberg lets his centrist flag fly". San Antonio Express-News. ^ "Texas AG investigating Chick-fil-A's exclusion at airport". Toronto Star. March 28, 2019. Archived from the original on August 24, 2019. Retrieved August 24, 2019. ^ Ramirez, Quixem (August 16, 2019). "San Antonio officials to deliver records about decision to ban Chick-fil-A from airport". WOAI. Archived from the original on August 24, 2019. Retrieved August 24, 2019. ^ "86(R) SB 1978 - Introduced version" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on October 18, 2019. Retrieved September 11, 2019. ^ Denham, Hannah (July 19, 2019). "Texas governor signs 'Save Chick-fil-A' bill into law". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on October 1, 2019. Retrieved September 11, 2019. ^ Coronado, Acacia (September 9, 2019). "San Antonio sued for excluding Chick-fil-A from airport". Texas Tribune. Archived from the original on September 11, 2019. Retrieved September 11, 2019. ^ "NYU Decided To Keep "Homophobic" Chick-fil-A Long Before Petition Launched". March 5, 2012. Archived from the original on September 8, 2016. Retrieved July 24, 2015. ^ Christine Quinn letter to NYU Archived July 24, 2015, at the Wayback Machine, nydailynews.com. Retrieved July 24, 2015. ^ "Christine Quinn wants Chick-Fil-A to quit New York" Archived July 24, 2015, at the Wayback Machine, nydailynews.com. Retrieved July 24, 2015. ^ Rocheleau, Matt (February 28, 2012). "Northeastern cancels Chick-fil-A plans after student group denounces chain". The Boston Globe. Archived from the original on July 28, 2012. Retrieved July 19, 2012. ^ Broverman, Neal (August 13, 2012). "N.C. University Suspends Relationship With Chick-fil-A". Advocate. Archived from the original on August 14, 2012. Retrieved August 13, 2012. ^ Lauren Williams; Ruben Vives; Rosanna Xia (August 4, 2012). "Chick-fil-A 'Kiss in' protest small compared to appreciation day". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on August 6, 2012. Retrieved August 4, 2012. ^ Matthew T. Hall (August 3, 2012). "Hall: Gay-rights supporters kiss in, kiss off Chick-fil-A". The San Diego Union-Tribune. Archived from the original on August 10, 2012. Retrieved August 4, 2012. ^ "Floyd Lee Corkins pleads guilty in Family Research Council shooting". CBS News. February 16, 2013. Archived from the original on September 28, 2013. Retrieved September 24, 2013. ^ "Man gets 25 years for attack on Family Research Council headquarters". NBC News. September 19, 2013. Archived from the original on September 22, 2013. Retrieved September 24, 2013. ^ a b Deschamps, Tara (July 25, 2018). "Controversial Chick-fil-A coming to Canada as Toronto proves magnet for foreign fast food". Financial Post. Archived from the original on July 31, 2018. Retrieved October 13, 2018. ^ Puhak, Janine (July 28, 2018). "Chick-fil-A's Canadian expansion sparks pro-LGBTQ protests". Fox News. Archived from the original on October 13, 2018. Retrieved October 13, 2018. ^ "Chick-fil-A is about to open in Toronto. I hope it fails". Toronto Star. August 22, 2019. Archived from the original on August 23, 2019. Retrieved August 23, 2019. ^ "LGBTQ2, animal rights protesters overshadow grand opening of Chick-Fil-A in Toronto". Global News. Archived from the original on September 9, 2019. Retrieved September 8, 2019. ^ "Protesters rally at Chick-fil-A opening in Toronto over owner's record on LGBTQ issues | The Star". Toronto Star. September 6, 2019. Archived from the original on September 12, 2019. Retrieved September 8, 2019. ^ Warren, May (September 6, 2019). "Protesters rally at Chick-fil-A opening in Toronto over owner's record on LGBTQ issues". The Hamilton Spectator. Archived from the original on September 9, 2019. Retrieved September 8, 2019 – via thespec.com. ^ Tobin, Ben. "Chick-fil-A starts its international expansion in Toronto next year". USA Today. Archived from the original on November 11, 2019. Retrieved September 8, 2019. ^ Pesce, Nicole Lyn. "Chick-fil-A will stop donating to the Salvation Army and Fellowship of Christian Athletes — and people are furious". MarketWatch. Archived from the original on November 19, 2019. Retrieved November 19, 2019. ^ Rose, Annie (July 25, 2012). "Chick-fil-A Backlash: Politicians, Muppets Respond". ABC News Video. Archived from the original on July 28, 2012. Retrieved July 28, 2012. ^ Lendon, UK, Brad (July 24, 2012). "Henson, Huckabee take sides in Chick-fil-A same-sex marriage controversy". CNN. Archived from the original on July 27, 2012. Retrieved July 28, 2012. ^ "Chick-fil-A Contact Us". Archived from the original on September 2, 2012. Retrieved July 30, 2012. ^ Curtis Wong. "Chick-Fil-A Recalling Jim Henson Kids' Meal Toys As Partnership Severed Over Anti-Gay Donations" Archived August 4, 2012, at the Wayback Machine, The Huffington Post, July 24, 2012. ^ Fabrikant, Mel (August 8, 2012). "Progressive Groups Petition Harpercollins To Let The Berenstain Bears Break Up With Anti-Gay Chick-Fil-A". The Paramus Post. Archived from the original on May 15, 2013. Retrieved August 13, 2012. ^ Goddard, Jacqui. "Gay rights come to Toy Town as Chick-fil-A battle continues" Archived February 22, 2017, at the Wayback Machine, telegraph.co.uk. Retrieved August 13, 2012. ^ a b "Chick-Fil-A Supporters Gather for Appreciation Day". ABC News. August 1, 2012. Archived from the original on August 15, 2012. Retrieved August 17, 2012. ^ a b c Hsu, Tiffany (August 1, 2012). "Chick-fil-A fans and critics take to the streets". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on August 6, 2012. Retrieved August 17, 2012. ^ a b Amanda Holpuch (August 1, 2012). "Chick-fil-A appreciation day brings huge crowds to fast-food chain". The Guardian. London, UK. Archived from the original on December 14, 2013. Retrieved August 17, 2012. ^ Norman, Jan (August 11, 2012). "Franchises weather Chick-fil-A's controversy". The Orange County Register. p. Business 2. Archived from the original on March 9, 2017. Retrieved August 15, 2012. ^ Walsh, Bryan (December 7, 2009). "Has 'Climategate' Been Overblown?". Time. ISSN 0040-781X. Retrieved July 31, 2022. ^ "61% Hold Favorable Opinion of Chick-fil-A". Rasmussen Reports. August 8, 2012. Archived from the original on August 8, 2012. Retrieved August 9, 2012. ^ Wing, Nick (August 1, 2012). "Getting 'Crucified,' Boycott Has 'Chilling Effect' On First Amendment". HuffPost. Archived from the original on August 5, 2012. Retrieved August 5, 2012. ^ Wing, Nick (July 25, 2012). "Rick Santorum, Chick-Fil-A Champion, Joins Mike Huckabee In Supporting Fast Food Chain". HuffPost. Archived from the original on August 6, 2012. Retrieved August 5, 2012. ^ Horowitz, Alana (August 5, 2012). "Ann Coulter: Chick-Fil-A Anti-Gay Stance 'Not An Anti-Gay Thing'". HuffPost. Archived from the original on March 2, 2013. 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[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:PC_Chick-Fil-A_2012-08-01.jpg"},{"link_name":"Port Charlotte, Florida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_Charlotte,_Florida"},{"link_name":"Chick-fil-A","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chick-fil-A"},{"link_name":"LGBT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LGBT"},{"link_name":"Dan T. Cathy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dan_T._Cathy"},{"link_name":"fast food restaurant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fast_food_restaurant"},{"link_name":"chief executive officer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_executive_officer"},{"link_name":"same-sex marriage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Same-sex_marriage"},{"link_name":"S. Truett Cathy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S._Truett_Cathy"},{"link_name":"WinShape Foundation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WinShape_Foundation"},{"link_name":"LGBT activists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"LGBT rights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LGBT_rights_opposition"},{"link_name":"boycotts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boycott"},{"link_name":"Governor of Arkansas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_governors_of_Arkansas"},{"link_name":"Mike Huckabee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Huckabee"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-robinson2012-1"},{"link_name":"Fellowship of Christian Athletes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fellowship_of_Christian_Athletes"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-QNotes_March_2014-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"The Salvation Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Salvation_Army"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-funding-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"anti-LGBTQ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-LGBTQ%2B"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"National Christian Foundation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Christian_Foundation"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kirkland_6/3/2021-11"}],"text":"\"Chick-fil-A Appreciation Day\" held on August 1, 2012, in Port Charlotte, FloridaIssues arose between Chick-fil-A and the LGBT community in June 2012, after Dan T. Cathy, the fast food restaurant's chief executive officer, made a series of public comments opposing same-sex marriage. This followed reports that Chick-fil-A's charitable endeavor, the S. Truett Cathy-operated WinShape Foundation, had donated millions of dollars to organizations seen by LGBT activists as hostile to LGBT rights. Activists called for protests and boycotts, while supporters of the restaurant chain and opponents of same-sex marriage ate there in support of the restaurant. National political figures both for and against the actions spoke out and some business partners severed ties with the chain.The outcome of the initial controversy was mixed, as Chick-fil-A's sales rose twelve percent to $4.6 billion in the period immediately following the controversy; this was largely attributed to former Governor of Arkansas Mike Huckabee's counter-boycott launched in support of the restaurant. However, the company's public image and standing with the LGBT community was damaged, with the chain facing criticism and condemnation from politicians and gay rights activists, as well as efforts by activists and political officials to ban the restaurant from college campuses, airports, and elsewhere. Chick-fil-A released a statement in July 2012 stating, \"Going forward, our intent is to leave the policy debate over same-sex marriage to the government and political arena.\"[1] In March 2014, tax filings for 2012 showed the group stopped funding all but one organization which had been previously criticized, the Fellowship of Christian Athletes.[2][3][4]In 2017, tax filings showed that the groups supported by Chick-fil-A expanded to include The Salvation Army, which has been seen as counter to LGBTQ rights.[5][6][7] In November 2019, Chick-fil-A announced that it would not make contributions in 2020 to the Fellowship of Christian Athletes and The Salvation Army.[8][9] They did not establish any criteria for corporate donations that would rule out future contributions to groups criticized as anti-LGBTQ.[10]The owner, Dan Cathy, is still actively involved with groups such as the National Christian Foundation, an organization \"spearheading the derailment of the Equality Act\".[11]","title":"Chick-fil-A and LGBT people"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"WinShape Foundation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WinShape_Foundation"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wsj-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-990PF-2010-13"},{"link_name":"Equality Matters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equality_Matters"},{"link_name":"watchdog group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watchdog_journalism"},{"link_name":"Family Research Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family_Research_Council"},{"link_name":"Fellowship of Christian Athletes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fellowship_of_Christian_Athletes"},{"link_name":"Exodus International","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exodus_International"},{"link_name":"ex-gay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ex-gay"},{"link_name":"conversion therapy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conversion_therapy"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-O'Connor-14"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Chick-fil-A_Protestors_(Memphis).JPG"},{"link_name":"Memphis, Tennessee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memphis,_Tennessee"},{"link_name":"Same Sex Kiss Day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Same-sex_relationship"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"hate group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hate_group"},{"link_name":"Southern Poverty Law Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Poverty_Law_Center"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Chick-fil-A","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chick-fil-A"},{"link_name":"amicus brief","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amicus_curiae"},{"link_name":"Proposition 8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proposition_8"},{"link_name":"Perry v. Brown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perry_v._Brown"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"sexual orientation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexual_orientation"},{"link_name":"gender identity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gender_identity"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Facebook","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-QNotes_March_2014-2"}],"sub_title":"Group contributions from opponents of LGBT causes","text":"The WinShape Foundation, a charitable endeavor of Chick-fil-A founder S. Truett Cathy and his family, stated that it would not allow same-sex couples to participate in its marriage retreats.[12] Chick-fil-A gave over $8 million to the WinShape Foundation in 2010.[13] Equality Matters, an LGBT watchdog group, published reports of donations by WinShape to organizations that Equality Matters considers anti-gay, including $2 million in 2009, $1.9 million in 2010 and a total of $5 million since 2003, including grants to the Family Research Council and Georgia Family Council. WinShape contributed grants to the Fellowship of Christian Athletes, and Exodus International, an organization noted for supporting ex-gay conversion therapy.[14]Protestors at a Memphis, Tennessee Chick-fil-A store on Same Sex Kiss DayThe Marriage and Family Foundation received $994,199 in 2009[15] and $1,188,380 in 2010. The Family Research Council, an organization listed as an anti-gay hate group by the Southern Poverty Law Center in winter 2010,[16] received $1000.[17]In January 2011, the media reported that the American fast food restaurant chain Chick-fil-A was co-sponsoring a marriage conference along with the Pennsylvania Family Institute (PFI), an organization that had filed an amicus brief against striking down Proposition 8 in California (see Perry v. Brown).[18] The PFI lobbied against a state effort to ban discrimination in Pennsylvania on the basis of sexual orientation or gender identity.[19] Responding on its official company Facebook page, Chick-fil-A said that support of the PFI retreat had come from a local franchisee, stating \"We have determined that one of our independent restaurant operators in Pennsylvania was asked to provide sandwiches to two Art of Marriage video seminars.\"[20]Tax filings for 2012 showed that Chick-fil-A created a new foundation, the Chick-fil-A Foundation, to provide grants to outside groups. It funded only one previously funded group, the Fellowship of Christian Athletes. Other filings for WinShape Foundation showed no funding for groups opposed to LGBT causes.[2]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ken Coleman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ken_Coleman"},{"link_name":"chief operating officer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_operating_officer"},{"link_name":"Dan Cathy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dan_T._Cathy"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"Biblical Recorder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biblical_Recorder"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Biblical_Recorder-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Biblical_Recorder-24"},{"link_name":"Supreme Court of the United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Defense of Marriage Act","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defense_of_Marriage_Act"},{"link_name":"Topsy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topsy_(analytics)"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"Atlanta Journal-Constitution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlanta_Journal-Constitution"},{"link_name":"Campus Pride","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campus_Pride"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"}],"sub_title":"Statements by Dan Cathy","text":"On June 16, 2012, while on the syndicated radio talk show, The Ken Coleman Show, Chick-fil-A president and chief operating officer (COO) Dan Cathy stated:I think we are inviting God's judgment on our nation when we shake our fist at Him and say, \"We know better than you as to what constitutes a marriage\". I pray God's mercy on our generation that has such a prideful, arrogant attitude to think that we have the audacity to define what marriage is about.[21][22][23]The following month, on July 2, Biblical Recorder published an interview with Dan Cathy, who was asked about opposition to his company's \"support of the traditional family.\" He replied: \"Well, guilty as charged.\"[24][25] Cathy continued:\"We are very much supportive of the family—the biblical definition of the family unit. We are a family-owned business, a family-led business, and we are married to our first wives. We give God thanks for that. ...We want to do anything we possibly can to strengthen families. We are very much committed to that,\" Cathy emphasized. \"We intend to stay the course,\" he said. \"We know that it might not be popular with everyone, but thank the Lord, we live in a country where we can share our values and operate on biblical principles.\"[24]The day after the Supreme Court of the United States struck down Section 3 of the Defense of Marriage Act, Cathy tweeted, \"Sad day for our nation; founding fathers would be ashamed of our gen. to abandon wisdom of the ages re: cornerstone of strong societies.\" The tweet was subsequently deleted, but was archived by Topsy.[26][27]In March 2014, Cathy said he regretted drawing his company into the controversy.[28] He told the Atlanta Journal-Constitution he has been working with Shane Windmeyer of Campus Pride since 2012. The article noted that WinShape and the Chick-fil-A Foundation had \"dramatically\" cut donations to groups opposed by same-sex marriage supporters.[29]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Civil Rights Agenda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Civil_Rights_Agenda"},{"link_name":"LGBT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LGBT"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Huff120919-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Voorhees-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dardick-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dial-33"},{"link_name":"FOX News","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FOX_News"},{"link_name":"Mike Huckabee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Huckabee"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-QNotes_March_2014-2"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-36"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"Bisnow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bisnow_Media"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bisnow2019-38"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bisnow2019-38"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bisnow2019-38"}],"sub_title":"Policy changes","text":"In September 2012, The Civil Rights Agenda (TCRA) announced that Chick-fil-A had \"ceased donating to organizations that promote discrimination, specifically against LGBT civil rights\". This change in policy was not confirmed by Chick-fil-A officials. Chick-fil-A officials did state in an internal document that they \"will treat every person equally, regardless of sexual orientation\".[30] In a letter from Chick-fil-A's Senior Director of Real Estate, the company states, \"The WinShape Foundation is now taking a much closer look at the organizations it considers helping, and in that process will remain true to its stated philosophy of not supporting organizations with political agendas.\"[31][32]According to Focus on the Family website, CitizenLink.com: \"Contrary to reports first made by the gay-activist group The Civil Rights Agenda (TCRA) on Tuesday and later picked up by mainstream media outlets, Chick-fil-A and its charitable-giving arm, the WinShape Foundation, did not agree to stop making donations to groups that support the biblical definition of marriage in exchange for being allowed to open a franchise in Chicago.\"[33]Former Arkansas Governor and FOX News commentator Mike Huckabee claimed on September 21, 2012, that he had \"talked earlier today personally with Dan Cathy, CEO of Chick-fil-A about the new reports that Chick-fil-A had capitulated to demands of the supporters of same sex marriage. This is not true. The company continues to focus on the fair treatment of all of its customers and employees, but to end confusion gave me this statement.\" The statement provided by Chick-fil-A was posted on Huckabee's website but the company did not respond to requests for comment.[34] In March 2014, new tax filings from 2012 showed that the company had stopped funding all but one organization which had been previously criticized by LGBT activists and supporters, and that group received just $25,390.[35] The company created a new foundation, the Chick-fil-A Foundation, to fund outside groups. WinShape Foundation's 2012 tax filings showed funding only for its own programs, a Berry College scholarship fund, and Lars WinShape, a home for needy children in Brazil.[2]In 2017, Chick-fil-A said it was warning all its franchisees against speaking out publicly or getting involved in anything that could blur the line between their private beliefs and their public roles as extensions of the Chick-fil-A brand. In 2017, that message extended to politics, in part to keep the brand from being exploited by candidates. The company turned down several candidates who tried to use Chick-fil-A to bolster their campaigns, according to David Farmer, Chick-fil-A's vice president of menu strategy and development. \"There are several candidates who would like to use us as a platform,\" Farmer told Business Insider. \"We are not engaging. Chick-fil-A is about food, and that's it. \"The company still encourages its franchisees to get 'entrenched' in their communities...\"[36] Traditionally, that has meant getting involved in local churches. Chick-fil-A says its focus now—both for local and corporate involvement and philanthropy—is on youth and education causes.[37]In an interview with Bisnow in 2019, Chick-fil-A President Tim Tassopoulos said the company will stop donating to charities with anti-LGBT views.[38] The company will instead donate to charities focused on education, homelessness and hunger.[38][39] These new organizations could include both faith-based and non-faith-based charities, but the company said none of the organizations have anti-LGBT positions.[38]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Controversy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Federal Aviation Administration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Aviation_Administration"},{"link_name":"Buffalo Niagara International Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buffalo_Niagara_International_Airport"},{"link_name":"San Antonio International Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Antonio_International_Airport"},{"link_name":"Chick-fil-A","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chick-fil-A"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"}],"sub_title":"United States government","text":"On May 29, 2019, the Federal Aviation Administration's Office of Civil Rights opened investigations into two airports (Buffalo Niagara International Airport and San Antonio International Airport) for excluding Chick-fil-A from opening restaurants due to the company's long history of supporting and funding anti-LGBTQ organizations. Federal requirements prohibit airport operators from excluding persons, on the basis of religious creed, from participating in airport activities that receive or benefit from FAA grant funding.\"[40]","title":"Controversy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Thomas Menino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Menino"},{"link_name":"Mayor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayor#United_States"},{"link_name":"Boston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"Proco Joe Moreno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proco_Joe_Moreno"},{"link_name":"LGBT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LGBT"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Chicagoalderman-43"},{"link_name":"Rahm Emanuel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rahm_Emanuel"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Chicagoalderman-43"},{"link_name":"sexual orientation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexual_orientation"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-chick-fil-a-44"},{"link_name":"San Francisco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco"},{"link_name":"Edwin M. Lee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edwin_M._Lee"},{"link_name":"Asian American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asian_American"},{"link_name":"tweeted","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"Washington D.C.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_D.C."},{"link_name":"Vincent C. Gray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vincent_C._Gray"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"American Civil Liberties Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Civil_Liberties_Union"},{"link_name":"Kevin Drum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kevin_Drum"},{"link_name":"Mother Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mother_Jones_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-motherjones-47"},{"link_name":"UCLA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UCLA"},{"link_name":"Eugene Volokh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eugene_Volokh"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nbcchicagopundits-48"},{"link_name":"Glenn Greenwald","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glenn_Greenwald"},{"link_name":"Salon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salon_(website)"},{"link_name":"The George Washington University Law School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_George_Washington_University_Law_School"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-foxnewsturley-49"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-verdictdorf-50"},{"link_name":"Ken Paxton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ken_Paxton"},{"link_name":"San Antonio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Antonio"},{"link_name":"San Antonio International Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Antonio_International_Airport"},{"link_name":"Ron Nirenberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ron_Nirenberg"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"},{"link_name":"Greg Abbott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greg_Abbott"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"}],"sub_title":"Local government","text":"After the publication of Cathy's interviews, Democrat Thomas Menino, the Mayor of Boston, stated that he would not allow the company to open franchises in the city \"unless they open up their policies.\"[41] Menino subsequently wrote a letter to Dan Cathy, citing Cathy's earlier statement on The Ken Coleman Show, and responded: \"We are indeed full of pride for our support of same sex marriage and our work to expand freedom for all people.\"[42]In Chicago, Democratic alderman Proco Joe Moreno announced his determination to block Chick-fil-A's bid to build a second store in the city: \"They'd have to do a complete 180\", Moreno said in outlining conditions under which he would retract the block. \"They'd have to work with LGBT groups in terms of hiring, and there would have to be a public apology from [Cathy].\"[43] Moreno received backing from Chicago's Mayor, Rahm Emanuel: \"Chick-fil-A values are not Chicago values\", Emanuel said in a statement. \"They disrespect our fellow neighbors and residents. This would be a bad investment, since it would be empty.\"[43] Also according to Moreno, Chick-fil-A included a statement of respect for all people regardless of sexual orientation in an internal document called Chick-fil-A: Who We Are. A document released by Chick-fil-A on September 20, 2012, did not mention any organizations opposed to same-sex marriage as being part of Chick-fil-A's donation base. WinShape Marriage will continue to be supported financially, with a stated focus on couple retreats to strengthen marriages.[44]San Francisco soon followed suit on July 26, 2012, when mayor Democrat Edwin M. Lee, the city's first Asian American mayor, tweeted, \"Very disappointed #ChickFilA doesn't share San Francisco's values & strong commitment to equality for everyone.\" Lee followed that tweet with \"Closest #ChickFilA to San Francisco is 40 miles away & I strongly recommend that they not try to come any closer.\"[45]Later the same month, Washington D.C. mayor Democrat Vincent C. Gray continued the trend by announcing Chick-fil-A is not welcome in his city, and proceeded to call it \"hate chicken\".[46]The proposed bans in Boston and Chicago drew criticism from some liberal pundits, legal experts, and the American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU). Kevin Drum of Mother Jones magazine said \"[T]here's really no excuse for Emanuel's and Menino's actions... you don't hand out business licenses based on whether you agree with the political views of the executives. Not in America, anyway ... what makes this whole situation so weird is that Chick-fil-A President Dan Cathy has always opposed gay marriage. He's a devout Southern Baptist, just like his father, who founded the company. The place is closed on Sundays, for crying out loud. There's just nothing new here.\"[47] UCLA law professor and blogger Eugene Volokh observed, \"[D]enying a private business permits because of such speech by its owner is a blatant First Amendment violation.\"[48]Echoing those views were Glenn Greenwald of Salon, professor John Turley of The George Washington University Law School, Adam Schwartz, a senior attorney with the ACLU, and Michael C. Dorf, the Robert S. Stevens Professor of Law at Cornell University Law School.[49][50]In March 2019, Texas attorney general, Ken Paxton, opened an investigation after the city of San Antonio decided to reject the application for Chick-fil-A to open a store at San Antonio International Airport because of the company's stand on LGBT issues. This stand was publicly taken by 2 out of the 10 city council members. The city's mayor, Ron Nirenberg, stated his concern was that Chick-fil-A wasn't open on Sunday.[51][52] It was not until mid-August 2019 that city officials agreed to release documents about its decision to exclude the company from the airport \"based on the restaurant chain's donations to religious ministries\".[53] On June 10, 2019, Texas governor Greg Abbott signed into law Senate Bill 1978,[54] colloquially known as the \"Save Chick-fil-A Bill\", which forbids local governments from taking adverse steps against companies or individuals based on their religious beliefs.[55] On September 5, a group of five individuals filed suit against the City of San Antonio citing this new law.[56]","title":"Controversy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"New York University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_University"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"},{"link_name":"Christine Quinn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christine_Quinn"},{"link_name":"City Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City_Council"},{"link_name":"John Sexton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Sexton"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-58"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-59"},{"link_name":"Northeastern University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northeastern_University"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-60"},{"link_name":"Davidson College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Davidson_College"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-61"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-62"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-63"},{"link_name":"Family Research Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family_Research_Council"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-64"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25yrs-65"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-finanpost-66"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-finanpost-66"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-67"},{"link_name":"Toronto Star","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toronto_Star"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-68"},{"link_name":"LGBTQ2S","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LGBT"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-69"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-70"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-71"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-72"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-funding-8"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-73"}],"sub_title":"Backlash","text":"Students at several colleges and universities launched efforts to ban or remove the company's restaurants from their campuses. On November 3, 2011, New York University's Student Senators Council voted 19 to 4 to retain the Chick-fil-A franchise on campus. This vote came before a petition with over 11,000 signatures opposing its presence on campus was sent to the student council.[57] Christine Quinn, a lesbian politician and then-Speaker of the City Council who was seeking the nomination as Democratic candidate for the mayoralty in the next election, was outspoken in her opposition to keeping the Chick-fil-A franchise or allowing others, and wrote a letter to this effect to NYU President John Sexton on official letterhead, opening with the words, \"I write as the Speaker of the NYC Council\", urging NYU to evict a Chick-fil-A due to Cathy's opposition to same-sex marriage.[58][59]On February 28, 2012, Northeastern University's Student Senate passed a resolution to cancel plans for a Chick-fil-A franchise on its campus, stating \"the student body does not support bringing CFA [Chick-fil-A] to campus\", and \"Student concerns reflected CFA's history of donating to anti-gay organizations.\" The vote was 31 to 5, with 8 abstaining. The restaurant chain was finalizing a contract to bring it to NU when students protested.[60] Davidson College in North Carolina announced on August 13, 2012, that, in response to a petition which received 500 signatures, the school would stop serving Chick-fil-A on campus at the monthly \"After Midnight\" events.[61]Other forms of protest occurred. Gay rights activists organized a \"Kiss Off\" to occur on August 3,[62] an event where LGBT individuals would show affection in public.[63]On August 15, 2012, Floyd Lee Corkins II of Virginia entered the Washington, D.C., headquarters of the Family Research Council carrying 15 Chick-fil-A sandwiches, a 9 mm handgun, and a box of ammunition. After being asked for identification, he shot a security guard in the left arm and was wrestled to the ground by that same guard. Prosecutors said he told FBI agents that he wanted to use the sandwiches to \"make a statement against the people who work in that building ... and with their stance against gay rights and Chick-fil-A\",[64] and that he planned \"to kill as many people as I could ... then smear a Chicken-fil-A [sic] sandwich on their face\".[65]In 2018, Chick-fil-A announced their expansion to Canada in the city of Toronto.[66] This caused a number of boycotts and backlash from Canadians due to widespread support for LGBT rights in Canada.[66][67]In August 2019, the Toronto Star ran an opinion piece, written by its National Columnist (staff), with the headline \"Chick-fil-A is about to open in Toronto. I hope it fails\". She said that comment was made because the company was operated by \"someone who dislikes 'my lifestyle' as Chick-fil-A CEO Dan Cathy would probably refer to my lesbianism\".[68] The store opened on September 6, 2019, on Yonge St. at Bloor St. in Toronto, with LGBTQ2S protesters in attendance,[69] complaining about the company's \"history of supporting anti-LGBTQ causes\", according to the Toronto Star.[70] At that time, the company confirmed its plan to open 14 others in the Greater Toronto Area over the subsequent five years.[71][72]On November 18, 2019, it was reported that Chick-fil-A would stop donating to the Salvation Army and Fellowship of Christian Athletes,[8] two Christian organizations that oppose same-sex marriage.[73]","title":"Controversy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jim Henson Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Henson_Company"},{"link_name":"Pajanimals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pajanimals"},{"link_name":"kids' meal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kids%27_meal"},{"link_name":"Gay & Lesbian Alliance Against Defamation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gay_%26_Lesbian_Alliance_Against_Defamation"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-74"},{"link_name":"[75]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-75"},{"link_name":"[76]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-76"},{"link_name":"[77]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wong-77"},{"link_name":"HarperCollins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HarperCollins"},{"link_name":"[78]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-78"},{"link_name":"Berenstain Bears","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berenstain_Bears"},{"link_name":"[79]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-berenstain-79"}],"sub_title":"Corporate partners","text":"In response to the July 2, 2012, interview, the Jim Henson Company, which had entered its Pajanimals in a kids' meal toy licensing arrangement in 2011, said that it would cease its business relationship with Chick-fil-A, and donate payment for the brand to Gay & Lesbian Alliance Against Defamation (GLAAD).[74][75] Citing safety concerns, Chick-fil-A stopped distributing the toys.[76] A spokeswoman stated the decision had been made on July 19 and was unrelated to the controversy.[77]In August 2012, petitions with over 80,000 signatures were delivered to publisher HarperCollins[78] demanding the publisher cut plans to include Berenstain Bears titles as part of a kids' meal promotion. Upon being presented with petitions demanding that Berenstain Bears be pulled from a Chick-fil-A promotion, HarperCollins issued a statement saying \"We have a long history of diversity and inclusiveness and work tirelessly to protect the freedom of expression. It is not our practice to cancel a contract with an author, or any other party, for exercising their first amendment rights.\"[79]","title":"Controversy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mike Huckabee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Huckabee"},{"link_name":"[80]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-abcnews.go.com-80"},{"link_name":"[81]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-latimes.com-81"},{"link_name":"[82]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-guardian.co.uk-82"},{"link_name":"[81]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-latimes.com-81"},{"link_name":"[80]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-abcnews.go.com-80"},{"link_name":"[81]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-latimes.com-81"},{"link_name":"[82]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-guardian.co.uk-82"},{"link_name":"[83]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ocr20120811-83"}],"sub_title":"Chick-fil-A Appreciation Day","text":"In response to the controversy, former Arkansas Governor Mike Huckabee initiated a Chick-fil-A Appreciation Day movement to counter a boycott of Chick-fil-A launched by same-sex marriage activists.[80][81][82] More than 600,000 people RSVPed on Facebook for Huckabee's appreciation event.[81]On August 1, 2012, Chick-fil-A restaurants experienced a large show of public support across the nation with the company reporting record-breaking sales.[80][81][82] A consulting firm projected that the average Chick-fil-A restaurant increased sales by 29.9 percent and had 367 more customers than a typical Wednesday.[83]","title":"Controversy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[84]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-84"},{"link_name":"Rasmussen Reports","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rasmussen_Reports"},{"link_name":"[85]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rasmussen-85"}],"sub_title":"Public polling","text":"In August 2012, conservative-leaning polling group[84] Rasmussen Reports published the results of a telephone survey indicating that 61 percent of likely voters held a favorable view of Chick-fil-A, while 13 percent indicated they would participate in a boycott.[85]","title":"Controversy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sarah Palin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarah_Palin"},{"link_name":"[86]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wing-86"},{"link_name":"Rick Santorum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rick_Santorum"},{"link_name":"[87]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wing_07252012-87"},{"link_name":"Ann Coulter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ann_Coulter"},{"link_name":"[88]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Horowitz-88"},{"link_name":"Michael Bloomberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Bloomberg"},{"link_name":"[89]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-89"}],"sub_title":"Others","text":"Other notable public figures came to Chick-fil-A's defense, including former Alaska Governor Sarah Palin,[86] former US Senator Rick Santorum,[87] and Ann Coulter;[88] while New York Mayor Michael Bloomberg[89] publicly disagreed with Cathy's positions but defended his right to express them under the First Amendment.","title":"Controversy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[90]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-90"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"Financial effect","text":"Sales increased after the controversy. According to news coverage:Chick-fil-A's sales soared 12 percent, to $4.6 billion, in 2012. The good fortune follows several years of impressive expansion and strong sales, which have pushed the privately held company's valuation north of $4.5 billion, making billionaires out of its founders ... These latest sales data are just further proof that all that negative coverage didn't hurt demand for chicken sandwiches among Chick-fil-A's core consumers.— Joe Satran, The Huffington Post[90]In addition Chick-fil-A was able to expand throughout the rest of the 2010s and into the 2020s despite the controversy and growing acceptance of LGBT people in the United States.[citation needed]","title":"Controversy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"the Oracle, Reading","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Oracle,_Reading"},{"link_name":"Reading, Berkshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reading,_Berkshire"},{"link_name":"United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"[91]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-91"},{"link_name":"[92]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-92"}],"sub_title":"October 2019 closure of UK location","text":"On October 18, 2019, it was announced that Chick-fil-A's location at the Oracle, Reading, in Reading, Berkshire, the first location in the United Kingdom, would close due to the Oracle not renewing their lease.[91] The announcement was made only eight days after the location first opened, and had been preceded by severe criticism from LGBT rights activists in Reading and elsewhere in the UK.[92]","title":"Controversy"}]
[{"image_text":"\"Chick-fil-A Appreciation Day\" held on August 1, 2012, in Port Charlotte, Florida","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/PC_Chick-Fil-A_2012-08-01.jpg/220px-PC_Chick-Fil-A_2012-08-01.jpg"},{"image_text":"Protestors at a Memphis, Tennessee Chick-fil-A store on Same Sex Kiss Day","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Chick-fil-A_Protestors_%28Memphis%29.JPG/220px-Chick-fil-A_Protestors_%28Memphis%29.JPG"}]
null
[{"reference":"\"Chick-fil-A Response to Recent Controversy\" (PDF). Chick-fil-A. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 12, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121012171028/http://www.chick-fil-a.com/Media/PDF/LGBT-statement.pdf","url_text":"\"Chick-fil-A Response to Recent Controversy\""},{"url":"http://www.chick-fil-a.com/Media/PDF/LGBT-statement.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Comer, Matt (March 3, 2014). \"New Chick-fil-A filings show decrease in anti same sex marriage funding\". QNotes. Archived from the original on March 9, 2014. Retrieved March 4, 2014. Those groups are no longer supported by the new Chick-fil-A Foundation or WinShape, holding true to a statement released by Chick-fil-A last January.","urls":[{"url":"http://goqnotes.com/27860/new-chick-fil-a-filings-show-decrease-in-anti-lgbt-funding","url_text":"\"New Chick-fil-A filings show decrease in anti same sex marriage funding\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140309070101/http://goqnotes.com/27860/new-chick-fil-a-filings-show-decrease-in-anti-lgbt-funding/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Garfield, Leanna (July 27, 2018). \"Pro-LGBTQ-rights consumers vow to boycott Chick-fil-A after it announces it's [sic] opening in Toronto — here's why the fast-food chain is so controversial\". Business Insider. Archived from the original on August 20, 2018. Retrieved August 20, 2018. [T]he company's foundation ended nearly all of its donations to anti-LGBT organizations in 2012. (The foundation's 2015 SEC filings show that it still donated nearly $1 million to the Fellowship of Christian Athletes.)","urls":[{"url":"https://www.businessinsider.com/chick-fil-a-lgbt-twitter-jack-dorsey-apology-marriage-equality-2018-6","url_text":"\"Pro-LGBTQ-rights consumers vow to boycott Chick-fil-A after it announces it's [sic] opening in Toronto — here's why the fast-food chain is so controversial\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180820234807/https://www.businessinsider.com/chick-fil-a-lgbt-twitter-jack-dorsey-apology-marriage-equality-2018-6","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Allen, Samantha (August 28, 2015). \"It's Time For Gays To Forgive Chick-fil-A\". The Daily Beast. Archived from the original on May 11, 2021. Retrieved July 3, 2019. The company's new foundation also ended nearly all of its donations to anti-LGBT organizations in 2012, with $25,390 to the Fellowship of Christian Athletes as the only potential sore point.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2015/08/28/it-s-time-for-gays-to-forgive-chick-fil-a","url_text":"\"It's Time For Gays To Forgive Chick-fil-A\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210511165933/https://www.thedailybeast.com/its-time-for-gays-to-forgive-chick-fil-a","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Israel, Josh (March 20, 2019). \"Chick-fil-A donated to anti-LGBTQ group that bars employees from 'homosexual acts'\". Think Progress. Archived from the original on July 3, 2019. Retrieved July 3, 2019. $1,653,416 to the Fellowship of Christian Athletes, $6,000 to the Paul Anderson Youth Home, and $150,000 to the Salvation Army","urls":[{"url":"https://thinkprogress.org/chick-fil-a-anti-lgbtq-donations-tax-filings-62ca15281f17/","url_text":"\"Chick-fil-A donated to anti-LGBTQ group that bars employees from 'homosexual acts'\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190703031427/https://thinkprogress.org/chick-fil-a-anti-lgbtq-donations-tax-filings-62ca15281f17/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Valle, Gaby Del (December 16, 2019). \"The backlash against the Salvation Army, explained\". Vox. Archived from the original on December 17, 2019. Retrieved December 17, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.vox.com/the-goods/2019/12/16/21003560/salvation-army-anti-lgbtq-controversies-donations","url_text":"\"The backlash against the Salvation Army, explained\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20191217023749/https://www.vox.com/the-goods/2019/12/16/21003560/salvation-army-anti-lgbtq-controversies-donations","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Taylor, Kate (May 15, 2019). \"For Chick-fil-A, impact trumps 'any political or cultural war' when it comes to controversial donations\". Business Insider. Archived from the original on November 26, 2019. Retrieved December 17, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.businessinsider.com/chick-fil-a-explains-donations-groups-considered-anti-gay-2019-5","url_text":"\"For Chick-fil-A, impact trumps 'any political or cultural war' when it comes to controversial donations\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20191126112240/https://www.businessinsider.com/chick-fil-a-explains-donations-groups-considered-anti-gay-2019-5","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Chick-fil-A drops donations to Christian charities after LGBT protests\". CNBC. November 18, 2019. Archived from the original on November 18, 2019. Retrieved November 18, 2019. Chick-Fil-A said on Monday that it has stopped funding two Christian charities after coming under fire in recent weeks from LGBTQ activists. The fast-food chain's foundation has donated millions of dollars to The Salvation Army and the Fellowship of Christian Athletes. Both organizations have a history of opposing same-sex marriage.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cnbc.com/2019/11/18/chick-fil-a-drops-donations-to-christian-charities-after-lgbt-protests.html","url_text":"\"Chick-fil-A drops donations to Christian charities after LGBT protests\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20191118173139/https://www.cnbc.com/2019/11/18/chick-fil-a-drops-donations-to-christian-charities-after-lgbt-protests.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Cain, Áine (November 19, 2019). \"The Salvation Army urges the public to stop spreading 'misinformation' after Chick-fil-A cuts funding\". Business Insider. Archived from the original on November 20, 2019. Retrieved December 16, 2019. When misinformation is perpetuated without fact, our ability to serve those in need, regardless of sexual orientation, gender identity, religion or any other factor, is at risk,","urls":[{"url":"https://www.businessinsider.com/salvation-army-responds-chick-fil-a-donation-controversy-lgbtq-2019-11","url_text":"\"The Salvation Army urges the public to stop spreading 'misinformation' after Chick-fil-A cuts funding\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20191120101330/https://www.businessinsider.com/salvation-army-responds-chick-fil-a-donation-controversy-lgbtq-2019-11","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"MacGuill, Dan (November 19, 2019). \"Did Chick-fil-A Stop Donations to Groups Criticized as Anti-LGBT?\". Snopes. Archived from the original on November 20, 2019. Retrieved March 12, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.snopes.com/fact-check/chick-fil-a-anti-lgbt-donations/","url_text":"\"Did Chick-fil-A Stop Donations to Groups Criticized as Anti-LGBT?\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snopes","url_text":"Snopes"},{"url":"https://archive.today/20191120013936/https://www.snopes.com/fact-check/chick-fil-a-anti-lgbt-donations/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Kirkland, Justin (June 3, 2021). \"Chick-fil-a's Owner Dan Cathy Is Connected to Anti-LGBTQ Equality Act Donations\". Esquire. Retrieved January 8, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.esquire.com/food-drink/restaurants/a36622217/chick-fil-a-owner-donations-against-equality-act/","url_text":"\"Chick-fil-a's Owner Dan Cathy Is Connected to Anti-LGBTQ Equality Act Donations\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esquire_(magazine)","url_text":"Esquire"}]},{"reference":"McWhirter, Cameron (July 27, 2012). \"Chick-fil-A's Long Christian Heritage\". The Wall Street Journal. Archived from the original on August 5, 2018. Retrieved October 13, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10000872396390444840104577553341868014390","url_text":"\"Chick-fil-A's Long Christian Heritage\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal","url_text":"The Wall Street Journal"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180805233901/https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10000872396390444840104577553341868014390","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Form 990-PF: Return of Private Foundation\" (PDF). WinShape Foundation, Inc. Guidestar. 2010. Archived (PDF) from the original on October 19, 2015. Retrieved August 2, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.guidestar.org/FinDocuments/2010/581/595/2010-581595471-07c2a7b1-F.pdf","url_text":"\"Form 990-PF: Return of Private Foundation\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20151019081930/http://www.guidestar.org/FinDocuments/2010/581/595/2010-581595471-07c2a7b1-F.pdf","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"O'Connor, Clare (August 3, 2012). \"Meet The Cathys: Your Guide To The Billionaires Behind Chick-fil-A\". Forbes. Archived from the original on August 7, 2012. Retrieved August 7, 2012. WinShape is the vehicle through which Chick-fil-A, and by extension the Cathys, have made about $5 million of donations to anti-gay marriage groups since 2003, with $1.9 million of that donated in 2010 to outfits including the Family Research Council and Marriage & Family Foundation. They've written checks to Exodus International, famous for \"ex-gay\" conversion therapy, and the Fellowship of Christian Athletes, whose website includes a testimonial from a coach \"delivered\" from homosexuality.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.forbes.com/sites/clareoconnor/2012/08/03/meet-the-cathys-your-guide-to-the-billionaires-behind-chick-fil-a","url_text":"\"Meet The Cathys: Your Guide To The Billionaires Behind Chick-fil-A\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forbes","url_text":"Forbes"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120807035149/http://www.forbes.com/sites/clareoconnor/2012/08/03/meet-the-cathys-your-guide-to-the-billionaires-behind-chick-fil-a/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Michelson, Noah (November 1, 2011). \"Chick-Fil-A Fast Food Chain Donated Nearly $2 Million To Anti-Gay Groups In 2009\". HuffPost. Archived from the original on July 28, 2018. Retrieved August 5, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/11/01/chick-fil-a-donated-anti-gay-groups-2009_n_1069429.html","url_text":"\"Chick-Fil-A Fast Food Chain Donated Nearly $2 Million To Anti-Gay Groups In 2009\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180728133157/https://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/11/01/chick-fil-a-donated-anti-gay-groups-2009_n_1069429.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Thompson, Krissah (November 24, 2010). \"'Hate group' designation angers same-sex marriage opponents\". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on December 3, 2010. Retrieved August 17, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/11/24/AR2010112405573.html","url_text":"\"'Hate group' designation angers same-sex marriage opponents\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20101203030618/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/11/24/AR2010112405573.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Chick-fil-A Anti-Gay Controversy: Gay Employees Speak Out\". HuffPost. August 1, 2012. Archived from the original on December 27, 2013. Retrieved December 26, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/08/01/chick-fil-a-anti-gay-controversy-employees-speak-out_n_1729968.html","url_text":"\"Chick-fil-A Anti-Gay Controversy: Gay Employees Speak Out\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131227111413/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/08/01/chick-fil-a-anti-gay-controversy-employees-speak-out_n_1729968.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Chick-Fil-A Donated Nearly $2 Million To Anti-Gay Groups In 2010\". Equality Matters. July 2, 2012. Archived from the original on December 10, 2018. Retrieved August 2, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://equalitymatters.org/factcheck/201207020001","url_text":"\"Chick-Fil-A Donated Nearly $2 Million To Anti-Gay Groups In 2010\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20181210231204/http://equalitymatters.org/factcheck/201207020001","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Boucly, Chris (July 24, 2012). \"Gay youths plan protest against Chick-fil-A\". The Orange County Register. Archived from the original on July 27, 2012. Retrieved July 26, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ocregister.com/news/family-365324-chick-fil.html","url_text":"\"Gay youths plan protest against Chick-fil-A\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120727070937/http://www.ocregister.com/news/family-365324-chick-fil.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Devaney, Tim; Stein, Tom (November 8, 2011). \"Chick-fil-A Increases Donations to Anti-Gay Groups\". All Business. Archived from the original on October 20, 2014. Retrieved August 2, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.allbusiness.com/franchising/16713835-1.html","url_text":"\"Chick-fil-A Increases Donations to Anti-Gay Groups\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141020195556/http://www.allbusiness.com/franchising/16713835-1.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Winters, Rosemary (November 10, 2011). \"Sugar House protesters say Chick-fil-A is anti-gay\". The Salt Lake Tribune. Archived from the original on March 4, 2016. Retrieved August 7, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.sltrib.com/sltrib/sports/52888536-78/gay-chick-family-fil.html.csp","url_text":"\"Sugar House protesters say Chick-fil-A is anti-gay\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Salt_Lake_Tribune","url_text":"The Salt Lake Tribune"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160304002157/http://www.sltrib.com/sltrib/sports/52888536-78/gay-chick-family-fil.html.csp","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Michelson, Noah (November 1, 2011). \"Chick-Fil-A Fast Food Chain Donated Nearly $2 Million To Anti-Gay Groups In 2009\". HuffPost. Archived from the original on July 28, 2018. Retrieved August 2, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/11/01/chick-fil-a-donated-anti-gay-groups-2009_n_1069429.html","url_text":"\"Chick-Fil-A Fast Food Chain Donated Nearly $2 Million To Anti-Gay Groups In 2009\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HuffPost","url_text":"HuffPost"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180728133157/https://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/11/01/chick-fil-a-donated-anti-gay-groups-2009_n_1069429.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Severson, Kim (January 29, 2011). \"A Chicken Chain's Corporate Ethos Is Questioned by Gay Rights Advocates\". The New York Times. Archived from the original on October 10, 2018. Retrieved February 24, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2011/01/30/us/30chick.html","url_text":"\"A Chicken Chain's Corporate Ethos Is Questioned by Gay Rights Advocates\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20181010164624/https://www.nytimes.com/2011/01/30/us/30chick.html?_r=2&src=twrhp&","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Chick-fil-A defends its values\". Atlanta Business Chronicle. January 31, 2011. Archived from the original on August 2, 2012. Retrieved July 29, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.bizjournals.com/atlanta/news/2011/01/31/chick-fil-a-defends-its-values.html","url_text":"\"Chick-fil-A defends its values\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlanta_Business_Chronicle","url_text":"Atlanta Business Chronicle"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120802193246/http://www.bizjournals.com/atlanta/news/2011/01/31/chick-fil-a-defends-its-values.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Hooper, Jeremy (January 2011). \"If you're currently eating a Chick-fil-A...\" Good As You. Archived from the original on July 16, 2011. 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Anti-gay site claims affiliation with fast-food eatery\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metro_Weekly","url_text":"Metro Weekly"},{"url":"http://www.metroweekly.com/news/last_word/2011/01/is-chick-fil-a-restaurant-chai.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Ocamb, Karen (September 26, 2010). \"Evaluating the amicus brief avalanche of anti-gay marriage opposition to the Prop 8 trial decision\". Equality On Trial. Archived from the original on January 20, 2013. 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Retrieved March 23, 2012 – via Facebook.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.facebook.com/ChickfilA/posts/188388574507039","url_text":"\"Chick-fil-A Facebook Page\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20151019081931/https://www.facebook.com/ChickfilA/posts/188388574507039","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Starnes, Todd (July 25, 2012). \"Rahm: \"Chick-fil-A Values Are Not Chicago Values\"\". Fox News Radio. Archived from the original on July 26, 2012. 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Allan (July 2, 2012). \"'Guilty as charged,' Dan Cathy says of Chick-fil-A's stand on faith\". Biblical Recorder. Cary, NC. North Carolina Baptist State Convention. Archived from the original on July 25, 2012. Retrieved July 22, 2012. as an organization we can operate on biblical principles.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.brnow.org/News/July-2012/%E2%80%98Guilty-as-charged,%E2%80%99-Dan-Cathy-says-of-Chick-fil-A","url_text":"\"'Guilty as charged,' Dan Cathy says of Chick-fil-A's stand on faith\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120725040941/http://www.brnow.org/News/July-2012/%E2%80%98Guilty-as-charged,%E2%80%99-Dan-Cathy-says-of-Chick-fil-A","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Hsu, Tiffany (July 18, 2012). \"Is Chick-fil-A anti-gay marriage? 'Guilty as charged', leader says\". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on July 19, 2012. 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Kind Of, Maybe\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slate_(magazine)","url_text":"Slate"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120920040914/http://www.slate.com/blogs/the_slatest/2012/09/19/chick_fil_a_gay_marriage_chicken_chain_appears_to_quietly_change_winshape_foundation_strategy_.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Dardick, Hal (September 19, 2012). \"Moreno relents, will allow Chick-fil-A\". Chicago Tribune. Chicago, IL. Archived from the original on September 19, 2012. 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Only 8 Days After Launching First U.K. Location, British Mall Decides Not To Renew Chick-fil-A's Lease\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20191020145619/https://time.com/5705230/chick-fil-a-uk-mall-lease-renewal/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Glass, Jess (October 18, 2019). \"UK's first Chick-fil-A restaurant announces closure eight days after opening following LGBT+ rights backlash\". The Independent. Archived from the original on October 20, 2019. Retrieved October 20, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.independent.co.uk/news/business/chick-fil-a-close-first-uk-restaurant-reading-lgtb-backlash-a9162491.html","url_text":"\"UK's first Chick-fil-A restaurant announces closure eight days after opening following LGBT+ rights backlash\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20191020231458/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/business/chick-fil-a-close-first-uk-restaurant-reading-lgtb-backlash-a9162491.html","url_text":"Archived"}]}]
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Star\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190912231527/https://www.thestar.com/news/gta/2019/09/06/protesters-rally-at-chick-fil-a-opening-in-toronto-over-owners-record-on-lgbtq-issues.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.thespec.com/news-story/9584695-protesters-rally-at-chick-fil-a-opening-in-toronto-over-owner-s-record-on-lgbtq-issues/","external_links_name":"\"Protesters rally at Chick-fil-A opening in Toronto over owner's record on LGBTQ issues\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190909052523/https://www.thespec.com/news-story/9584695-protesters-rally-at-chick-fil-a-opening-in-toronto-over-owner-s-record-on-lgbtq-issues/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.usatoday.com/story/money/2018/07/25/chick-fil-open-first-franchised-international-store-toronto/834157002/","external_links_name":"\"Chick-fil-A starts its international expansion in Toronto next year\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20191111040049/https://www.usatoday.com/story/money/2018/07/25/chick-fil-open-first-franchised-international-store-toronto/834157002/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.marketwatch.com/story/chick-fil-a-will-stop-donating-to-the-salvation-army-and-fellowship-of-christian-athletes-and-people-are-furious-2019-11-18","external_links_name":"\"Chick-fil-A will stop donating to the Salvation Army and Fellowship of Christian Athletes — and people are furious\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20191119205503/https://www.marketwatch.com/story/chick-fil-a-will-stop-donating-to-the-salvation-army-and-fellowship-of-christian-athletes-and-people-are-furious-2019-11-18","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://abcnews.go.com/WNT/video/chick-fil-backlash-politicians-muppets-respond-16857916","external_links_name":"\"Chick-fil-A Backlash: Politicians, Muppets Respond\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120728014204/http://abcnews.go.com/WNT/video/chick-fil-backlash-politicians-muppets-respond-16857916","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://news.blogs.cnn.com/2012/07/24/muppets-huckabee-take-sides-in-chick-fil-a-same-sex-marriage-controversy/?hpt=hp_c3","external_links_name":"\"Henson, Huckabee take sides in Chick-fil-A same-sex marriage controversy\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120727044233/http://news.blogs.cnn.com/2012/07/24/muppets-huckabee-take-sides-in-chick-fil-a-same-sex-marriage-controversy/?hpt=hp_c3","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.chick-fil-a.com/Connect/Contact-Us","external_links_name":"\"Chick-fil-A Contact Us\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120902115344/http://www.chick-fil-a.com/Connect/Contact-Us","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/07/24/chick-fil-a-jim-henson-toy-recall-gay_n_1699597.html","external_links_name":"\"Chick-Fil-A Recalling Jim Henson Kids' Meal Toys As Partnership Severed Over Anti-Gay Donations\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120804023204/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/07/24/chick-fil-a-jim-henson-toy-recall-gay_n_1699597.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.paramuspost.com/article.php/20120808201016578","external_links_name":"\"Progressive Groups Petition Harpercollins To Let The Berenstain Bears Break Up With Anti-Gay Chick-Fil-A\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130515182628/http://www.paramuspost.com/article.php/20120808201016578","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/northamerica/usa/9469231/Gay-rights-come-to-Toy-Town-as-Chick-fil-A-battle-continues.html","external_links_name":"\"Gay rights come to Toy Town as Chick-fil-A battle continues\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170222185054/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/northamerica/usa/9469231/Gay-rights-come-to-Toy-Town-as-Chick-fil-A-battle-continues.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/OTUS/chick-fil-supporters-gather-appreciation-day/story?id=16904664","external_links_name":"\"Chick-Fil-A Supporters Gather for Appreciation Day\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120815215652/http://abcnews.go.com/Politics/OTUS/chick-fil-supporters-gather-appreciation-day/story?id=16904664#.UBnyts3Nmw8","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.latimes.com/business/la-fi-chick-fil-a-day-20120802,0,1647505.story","external_links_name":"\"Chick-fil-A fans and critics take to the streets\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120806051331/http://www.latimes.com/business/la-fi-chick-fil-a-day-20120802,0,1647505.story","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/us-news-blog/2012/aug/01/chick-fil-a-appreciation-day","external_links_name":"\"Chick-fil-A appreciation day brings huge crowds to fast-food chain\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131214113545/http://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/us-news-blog/2012/aug/01/chick-fil-a-appreciation-day","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.ocregister.com/articles/fil-367629-chick-company.html","external_links_name":"\"Franchises weather Chick-fil-A's controversy\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170309143813/http://www.ocregister.com/articles/fil-367629-chick-company.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1946935,00.html","external_links_name":"\"Has 'Climategate' Been Overblown?\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0040-781X","external_links_name":"0040-781X"},{"Link":"http://www.rasmussenreports.com/public_content/politics/general_politics/august_2012/61_hold_favorable_opinion_of_chick_fil_a","external_links_name":"\"61% Hold Favorable Opinion of Chick-fil-A\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120808173557/http://www.rasmussenreports.com/public_content/politics/general_politics/august_2012/61_hold_favorable_opinion_of_chick_fil_a","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/08/01/sarah-palin-chick-fil-a-boycott_n_1727965.html","external_links_name":"\"Getting 'Crucified,' Boycott Has 'Chilling Effect' On First Amendment\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120805072540/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/08/01/sarah-palin-chick-fil-a-boycott_n_1727965.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/07/25/rick-santorum-chick-fil-a-_n_1703044.html","external_links_name":"\"Rick Santorum, Chick-Fil-A Champion, Joins Mike Huckabee In Supporting Fast Food Chain\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120806100947/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/07/25/rick-santorum-chick-fil-a-_n_1703044.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/08/05/ann-coulter-chick-fil-a-gay-marriage_n_1744092.html","external_links_name":"\"Ann Coulter: Chick-Fil-A Anti-Gay Stance 'Not An Anti-Gay Thing'\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130302014017/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/08/05/ann-coulter-chick-fil-a-gay-marriage_n_1744092.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/08/03/bloomberg-chick-fil-a-rights-views-same-sex-marriage-catholic-church_n_1736964.html","external_links_name":"\"Bloomberg: Chick-Fil-A Has Rights To Its Own Views On Same-Sex Marriage, Like The Catholic Church\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120805235811/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/08/03/bloomberg-chick-fil-a-rights-views-same-sex-marriage-catholic-church_n_1736964.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/01/31/chick-fil-a-sales-2012_n_2590612.html","external_links_name":"\"Chick-Fil-A Sales Soar In 2012 Despite Bad PR\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131221211052/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/01/31/chick-fil-a-sales-2012_n_2590612.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://time.com/5705230/chick-fil-a-uk-mall-lease-renewal/","external_links_name":"\"'We Offer an Inclusive Space.' Only 8 Days After Launching First U.K. Location, British Mall Decides Not To Renew Chick-fil-A's Lease\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20191020145619/https://time.com/5705230/chick-fil-a-uk-mall-lease-renewal/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.independent.co.uk/news/business/chick-fil-a-close-first-uk-restaurant-reading-lgtb-backlash-a9162491.html","external_links_name":"\"UK's first Chick-fil-A restaurant announces closure eight days after opening following LGBT+ rights backlash\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20191020231458/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/business/chick-fil-a-close-first-uk-restaurant-reading-lgtb-backlash-a9162491.html","external_links_name":"Archived"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Hannibal_Bridge
Second Hannibal Bridge
["1 See also","2 References"]
Coordinates: 39°06′46″N 94°35′19″W / 39.112672°N 94.58864°W / 39.112672; -94.58864Bridge in Missouri to North Kansas City, MissouriSecond Hannibal BridgeHannibal Bridge (with Buck O'Neil Bridge behind it) from Westport Landing downtown Kansas CityCoordinates39°06′46″N 94°35′19″W / 39.112672°N 94.58864°W / 39.112672; -94.58864CarriesBNSF RailwayCrossesMissouri RiverLocaleKansas City, Missouri to North Kansas City, MissouriCharacteristicsDesigntruss bridge with swing spanHistoryOpened1917Location The Second Hannibal Bridge is a rail bridge over the Missouri River in Kansas City, Missouri, connecting Jackson County, Missouri, with Clay County, Missouri. Opened in 1917, the bridge replaced the original Hannibal Bridge which crossed the river about 200 feet (61 m) downstream on the northern bank, but at virtually the same location on the southern bank. There are two decks on the bridge: the lower deck carried the railroad and the upper was for vehicular traffic. After the Buck O'Neil Bridge opened in 1956, vehicular traffic was switched over to the new span and the auto deck was removed later that year. The bridge is owned and maintained by the BNSF Railway and carries two tracks. A bridge tender at the bridge can open and close the drawspan as well as operate the nearby ASB Bridge, which is also owned by BNSF. The Hannibal Bridge survived the 1951 Kansas City flood after being hit by four river boats that tore loose from the mouth of the Kansas River, forcing the swinging span open. See also List of crossings of the Missouri River Crossings of the Missouri River UpstreamBuck O'Neil Bridge Second Hannibal Bridge DownstreamHannibal Bridge(demolished) References ^ "Search results | KC History". ^ "Search results | KC History". Authority control databases: Geographic Structurae This article about a bridge in Missouri is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[]
[{"title":"List of crossings of the Missouri River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_crossings_of_the_Missouri_River"},{"title":"Missouri River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missouri_River"},{"title":"Buck O'Neil Bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buck_O%27Neil_Bridge"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:US_169.svg"},{"title":"Hannibal Bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hannibal_Bridge"}]
[{"reference":"\"Search results | KC History\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.kchistory.org/cdm4/item_viewer.php?CISOROOT=/Maps&CISOPTR=1526&CISOBOX=1&REC=1","url_text":"\"Search results | KC History\""}]},{"reference":"\"Search results | KC History\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.kchistory.org/cdm4/item_viewer.php?CISOROOT=/Maps&CISOPTR=1525&CISOBOX=1&REC=1","url_text":"\"Search results | KC History\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/233_(number)
233 (number)
["1 References"]
Natural number ← 232 233 234 → ← 230 231 232 233 234 235 236 237 238 239 → List of numbersIntegers← 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 →Cardinaltwo hundred thirty-threeOrdinal233rd(two hundred thirty-third)FactorizationprimePrimeyesGreek numeralΣΛΓ´Roman numeralCCXXXIIIBinary111010012Ternary221223Senary10256Octal3518Duodecimal17512HexadecimalE916 233 (two hundred thirty-three) is the natural number following 232 and preceding 234. Additionally: 233 is a prime number 233 is a Sophie Germain prime, a Pillai prime, and a Ramanujan prime It is a Fibonacci number, one of the Fibonacci primes There are exactly 233 maximal planar graphs with ten vertices, and 233 connected topological spaces with four points References ^ Sloane, N. J. A. (ed.). "Sequence A000040 (The prime numbers)". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation. ^ Sloane, N. J. A. (ed.). "Sequence A005384 (Sophie Germain primes p: 2p+1 is also prime)". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation. ^ Sloane, N. J. A. (ed.). "Sequence A063980 (Pillai primes)". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation. ^ Sloane, N. J. A. (ed.). "Sequence A104272 (Ramanujan primes)". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation. ^ Sloane, N. J. A. (ed.). "Sequence A000045 (Fibonacci numbers)". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation. ^ Sloane, N. J. A. (ed.). "Sequence A005478 (Prime Fibonacci numbers)". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation. ^ Sloane, N. J. A. (ed.). "Sequence A000109 (Number of simplicial polyhedra with n nodes)". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation. ^ Sloane, N. J. A. (ed.). "Sequence A001929 (Number of connected topologies on n labeled points)". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation. vteIntegers0s  0   1   2   3   4   5   6   7   8   9  10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100s 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 142 143 144 145 146 147 148 149 150 151 152 153 154 155 156 157 158 159 160 161 162 163 164 165 166 167 168 169 170 171 172 173 174 175 176 177 178 179 180 181 182 183 184 185 186 187 188 189 190 191 192 193 194 195 196 197 198 199 200s 200 201 202 203 204 205 206 207 208 209 210 211 212 213 214 215 216 217 218 219 220 221 222 223 224 225 226 227 228 229 230 231 232 233 234 235 236 237 238 239 240 241 242 243 244 245 246 247 248 249 250 251 252 253 254 255 256 257 258 259 260 261 262 263 264 265 266 267 268 269 270 271 272 273 274 275 276 277 278 279 280 281 282 283 284 285 286 287 288 289 290 291 292 293 294 295 296 297 298 299 300s 300 301 302 303 304 305 306 307 308 309 310 311 312 313 314 315 316 317 318 319 320 321 322 323 324 325 326 327 328 329 330 331 332 333 334 335 336 337 338 339 340 341 342 343 344 345 346 347 348 349 350 351 352 353 354 355 356 357 358 359 360 361 362 363 364 365 366 367 368 369 370 371 372 373 374 375 376 377 378 379 380 381 382 383 384 385 386 387 388 389 390 391 392 393 394 395 396 397 398 399 400s 400 401 402 403 404 405 406 407 408 409 410 411 412 413 414 415 416 417 418 419 420 421 422 423 424 425 426 427 428 429 430 431 432 433 434 435 436 437 438 439 440 441 442 443 444 445 446 447 448 449 450 451 452 453 454 455 456 457 458 459 460 461 462 463 464 465 466 467 468 469 470 471 472 473 474 475 476 477 478 479 480 481 482 483 484 485 486 487 488 489 490 491 492 493 494 495 496 497 498 499 500s 500 501 502 503 504 505 506 507 508 509 510 511 512 513 514 515 516 517 518 519 520 521 522 523 524 525 526 527 528 529 530 531 532 533 534 535 536 537 538 539 540 541 542 543 544 545 546 547 548 549 550 551 552 553 554 555 556 557 558 559 560 561 562 563 564 565 566 567 568 569 570 571 572 573 574 575 576 577 578 579 580 581 582 583 584 585 586 587 588 589 590 591 592 593 594 595 596 597 598 599 600s 600 601 602 603 604 605 606 607 608 609 610 611 612 613 614 615 616 617 618 619 620 621 622 623 624 625 626 627 628 629 630 631 632 633 634 635 636 637 638 639 640 641 642 643 644 645 646 647 648 649 650 651 652 653 654 655 656 657 658 659 660 661 662 663 664 665 666 667 668 669 670 671 672 673 674 675 676 677 678 679 680 681 682 683 684 685 686 687 688 689 690 691 692 693 694 695 696 697 698 699 700s 700 701 702 703 704 705 706 707 708 709 710 711 712 713 714 715 716 717 718 719 720 721 722 723 724 725 726 727 728 729 730 731 732 733 734 735 736 737 738 739 740 741 742 743 744 745 746 747 748 749 750 751 752 753 754 755 756 757 758 759 760 761 762 763 764 765 766 767 768 769 770 771 772 773 774 775 776 777 778 779 780 781 782 783 784 785 786 787 788 789 790 791 792 793 794 795 796 797 798 799 800s 800 801 802 803 804 805 806 807 808 809 810 811 812 813 814 815 816 817 818 819 820 821 822 823 824 825 826 827 828 829 830 831 832 833 834 835 836 837 838 839 840 841 842 843 844 845 846 847 848 849 850 851 852 853 854 855 856 857 858 859 860 861 862 863 864 865 866 867 868 869 870 871 872 873 874 875 876 877 878 879 880 881 882 883 884 885 886 887 888 889 890 891 892 893 894 895 896 897 898 899 900s 900 901 902 903 904 905 906 907 908 909 910 911 912 913 914 915 916 917 918 919 920 921 922 923 924 925 926 927 928 929 930 931 932 933 934 935 936 937 938 939 940 941 942 943 944 945 946 947 948 949 950 951 952 953 954 955 956 957 958 959 960 961 962 963 964 965 966 967 968 969 970 971 972 973 974 975 976 977 978 979 980 981 982 983 984 985 986 987 988 989 990 991 992 993 994 995 996 997 998 999 ≥1000 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000 9000 10,000 20,000 30,000 40,000 50,000 60,000 70,000 80,000 90,000 100,000 1,000,000 10,000,000 100,000,000 1,000,000,000 This article about a number is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"natural number","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_number"},{"link_name":"232","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/232_(number)"},{"link_name":"234","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/234_(number)"},{"link_name":"prime number","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_number"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Sophie Germain prime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sophie_Germain_prime"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Pillai prime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pillai_prime"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Ramanujan prime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramanujan_prime"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Fibonacci number","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fibonacci_number"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Fibonacci primes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fibonacci_prime"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"maximal planar graphs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maximal_planar_graph"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"topological spaces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topological_space"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"233 (two hundred [and] thirty-three) is the natural number following 232 and preceding 234.Additionally:233 is a prime number[1]\n233 is a Sophie Germain prime,[2] a Pillai prime,[3] and a Ramanujan prime[4]\nIt is a Fibonacci number,[5] one of the Fibonacci primes[6]\nThere are exactly 233 maximal planar graphs with ten vertices,[7] and 233 connected topological spaces with four points[8]","title":"233 (number)"}]
[]
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[{"reference":"Sloane, N. J. A. (ed.). \"Sequence A000040 (The prime numbers)\". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Sloane","url_text":"Sloane, N. J. A."},{"url":"https://oeis.org/A000040","url_text":"\"Sequence A000040 (The prime numbers)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On-Line_Encyclopedia_of_Integer_Sequences","url_text":"On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences"}]},{"reference":"Sloane, N. J. A. (ed.). \"Sequence A005384 (Sophie Germain primes p: 2p+1 is also prime)\". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Sloane","url_text":"Sloane, N. J. A."},{"url":"https://oeis.org/A005384","url_text":"\"Sequence A005384 (Sophie Germain primes p: 2p+1 is also prime)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On-Line_Encyclopedia_of_Integer_Sequences","url_text":"On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences"}]},{"reference":"Sloane, N. J. A. (ed.). \"Sequence A063980 (Pillai primes)\". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Sloane","url_text":"Sloane, N. J. A."},{"url":"https://oeis.org/A063980","url_text":"\"Sequence A063980 (Pillai primes)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On-Line_Encyclopedia_of_Integer_Sequences","url_text":"On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences"}]},{"reference":"Sloane, N. J. A. (ed.). \"Sequence A104272 (Ramanujan primes)\". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Sloane","url_text":"Sloane, N. J. A."},{"url":"https://oeis.org/A104272","url_text":"\"Sequence A104272 (Ramanujan primes)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On-Line_Encyclopedia_of_Integer_Sequences","url_text":"On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences"}]},{"reference":"Sloane, N. J. A. (ed.). \"Sequence A000045 (Fibonacci numbers)\". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Sloane","url_text":"Sloane, N. J. A."},{"url":"https://oeis.org/A000045","url_text":"\"Sequence A000045 (Fibonacci numbers)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On-Line_Encyclopedia_of_Integer_Sequences","url_text":"On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences"}]},{"reference":"Sloane, N. J. A. (ed.). \"Sequence A005478 (Prime Fibonacci numbers)\". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Sloane","url_text":"Sloane, N. J. A."},{"url":"https://oeis.org/A005478","url_text":"\"Sequence A005478 (Prime Fibonacci numbers)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On-Line_Encyclopedia_of_Integer_Sequences","url_text":"On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences"}]},{"reference":"Sloane, N. J. A. (ed.). \"Sequence A000109 (Number of simplicial polyhedra with n nodes)\". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Sloane","url_text":"Sloane, N. J. A."},{"url":"https://oeis.org/A000109","url_text":"\"Sequence A000109 (Number of simplicial polyhedra with n nodes)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On-Line_Encyclopedia_of_Integer_Sequences","url_text":"On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences"}]},{"reference":"Sloane, N. J. A. (ed.). \"Sequence A001929 (Number of connected topologies on n labeled points)\". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Sloane","url_text":"Sloane, N. J. A."},{"url":"https://oeis.org/A001929","url_text":"\"Sequence A001929 (Number of connected topologies on n labeled points)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On-Line_Encyclopedia_of_Integer_Sequences","url_text":"On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8Ele_de_la_Harpe
Île de la Harpe
["1 References","2 External links"]
Coordinates: 46°27′20″N 6°20′22″E / 46.45556°N 6.33944°E / 46.45556; 6.33944Île de la HarpeView from the shoreÎle de la HarpeLocation in SwitzerlandGeographyLocationLake GenevaLength130 m (430 ft)Width40 m (130 ft)Administration  SwitzerlandCantonVaudDistrictNyon The Île de la Harpe is an island in Lake Geneva, located on the territory of the municipality of Rolle, in the canton of Vaud. It is an artificial island built in 1837. The island was named after the political leader Frédéric-César de La Harpe, after his death in 1838. An obelisk was built on the island in honour of de la Harpe. Since 1875, the island is property of the commune of Rolle. It was classified as a historical monument in 1968. The island has a length of 130 metres and a width of about 40 metres. The distance from the shore is 70 metres. References ^ "Monuments historiques du canton de Vaud". recensementarchitectural.vd.ch. 2016-03-03. Retrieved 2022-09-28 – via Archive.wikiwix.com. Swisstopo topographic maps External links Media related to Île de la Harpe at Wikimedia Commons Île de la Harpe on tourisme-rolle.ch (French) 46°27′20″N 6°20′22″E / 46.45556°N 6.33944°E / 46.45556; 6.33944 This Vaud location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte This article about an island is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Island"},{"link_name":"Lake Geneva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Geneva"},{"link_name":"Rolle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rolle"},{"link_name":"Vaud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaud"},{"link_name":"Frédéric-César de La Harpe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric-C%C3%A9sar_de_La_Harpe"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"The Île de la Harpe is an island in Lake Geneva, located on the territory of the municipality of Rolle, in the canton of Vaud. It is an artificial island built in 1837. The island was named after the political leader Frédéric-César de La Harpe, after his death in 1838. An obelisk was built on the island in honour of de la Harpe. Since 1875, the island is property of the commune of Rolle. It was classified as a historical monument in 1968.[1]The island has a length of 130 metres and a width of about 40 metres. The distance from the shore is 70 metres.","title":"Île de la Harpe"}]
[]
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[{"reference":"\"Monuments historiques du canton de Vaud\". recensementarchitectural.vd.ch. 2016-03-03. Retrieved 2022-09-28 – via Archive.wikiwix.com.","urls":[{"url":"http://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2.php?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.recensementarchitectural.vd.ch%2Fterritoire%2Frecensementarchitectural%2Fdefault.htm%3Fx%3D515549%26y%3D145499%26s%3D1000","url_text":"\"Monuments historiques du canton de Vaud\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carla_van_de_Puttelaar
Carla van de Puttelaar
["1 Biography","2 Work","3 Recognition","4 Bibliography","5 External links"]
Carla van de Puttelaar (born 1 November 1967) is a Dutch fine art photographer and art historian. She holds a PhD in art history from Utrecht University. Biography Van de Puttelaar was born in Zaandam, The Netherlands. She attended the Rietveld Academie in Amsterdam from 1991 to 1996. She specializes in portrait photography, also portraying nudes. In 2017 she gained her PhD in art history from Utrecht University. She specializes in Dutch and Scottish seventeenth and early eighteenth century portraiture and her seminal book, Scottish Portraiture 1644-1714, was published with Brepols in December 2021. From 2011 to 2014 she taught at the Royal Academy of Art, The Hague. In 2017, van de Puttelaar started the portrait project Artfully Dressed: Women in the Art World, that consists of over 550 portraits of women in art worldwide, working in different areas of art, representing various ages and cultural backgrounds. Van de Puttelaar's work has been shown in museums and other venues around the world, and in 2020 she had a retrospective show entitled: Brushed by Light at the National Museum of History and Art in Luxembourg, consisting of 78 works and spanning 22 years. The exhibition was accompanied by a catalog with an introduction by the eminent art historian Rudi Ekkart. In 2021 she collaborated with Iris van Herpen which resulted in the project and exhibition entitled: Synergia. Van de Puttelaar currently lives and works in Amsterdam, the Netherlands. Work Like the works of other contemporary Dutch photographers, such as Rineke Dijkstra, Hellen van Meene and Desiree Dolron, van de Puttelaar's works show influences of Dutch Golden Age painting in their composition, use of light and color, and rendering of textures and surfaces. To achieve her photographic effects, van de Puttelaar utilizes film, but in more recent years also uses digital photography. Several of her works are untitled, enhancing the effect of alienation, while retaining an element of eroticism. Recognition Van de Puttelaar has won several prizes and awards, including the Dutch Prix de Rome Basic Prize. She gained international recognition following exhibitions in for example New York, Paris and Brussels. Her works have been published as book covers and in magazines like The New Yorker and The New York Times Magazine. In 2009, she ranked 51st in the top 100 of Dutch artists as published by Elseviers Magazine and in 2018, 2019 and 2023, she was a semi-finalist in the Artist of the Year contest of Dutch artists organized by Stichting Kunstweek. Bibliography Carla van de Puttelaar. Tekst/text Rudy Kousbroek (2004) ISBN 90-75574-23-1 Galateas. With an introduction by Kristien Hemmerechts (2008) ISBN 978-2-930537-01-6 The Beholder's Eye. Text by Bob Frommé (2008) ISBN 978-90-78909-07-1 Adornments. Text by Marianne Berardi (2017) ISBN 978-2-87985-641-4 Artfully Dressed: Women in the Art World. Texts by Marta Weiss, Rachel Kaminsky and Carla van de Puttelaar (2019) ISBN 978-19-126903-98 Brushed by Light. Text by Rudi Ekkart (2020) ISBN 978-94-90119-56-0 Synergia / Iris van Herpen, Carla van de Puttelaar. Text by Lisa Small (2021) ISBN 978-90-817026-6-9 Scottish Portraiture 1644-1714, David and John Scougall and Their Contemporaries. Text by Carla van de Puttelaar (2021) ISBN 978-2-503-59727-0 External links Carla van de Puttelaar's official website. Website portrait project: Artfully Dressed: Women in the Art World.. Scottish Portraiture 1644-1714. Interview with Carla van de Puttelaar (in French) Video Report Carla Van de Puttelaar 'Galateas' 2008 on OC-TV.net Authority control databases International VIAF National France BnF data Germany United States Artists Photographers' Identities RKD Artists ULAN
[{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Carla van de Puttelaar"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Zaandam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zaandam"},{"link_name":"The Netherlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlands"},{"link_name":"Rietveld Academie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rietveld_Academie"},{"link_name":"Amsterdam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amsterdam"},{"link_name":"portrait photography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portrait_photography"},{"link_name":"nudes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nudity"},{"link_name":"Brepols","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brepols"},{"link_name":"Royal Academy of Art, The Hague","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Academy_of_Art,_The_Hague"},{"link_name":"National Museum of History and Art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Museum_of_History_and_Art"},{"link_name":"Rudi Ekkart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rudi_Ekkart&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Iris van Herpen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iris_van_Herpen"}],"text":"Van de Puttelaar was born in Zaandam, The Netherlands. She attended the Rietveld Academie in Amsterdam from 1991 to 1996. She specializes in portrait photography, also portraying nudes. In 2017 she gained her PhD in art history from Utrecht University. She specializes in Dutch and Scottish seventeenth and early eighteenth century portraiture and her seminal book, Scottish Portraiture 1644-1714, was published with Brepols in December 2021. From 2011 to 2014 she taught at the Royal Academy of Art, The Hague.In 2017, van de Puttelaar started the portrait project Artfully Dressed: Women in the Art World, that consists of over 550 portraits of women in art worldwide, working in different areas of art, representing various ages and cultural backgrounds.Van de Puttelaar's work has been shown in museums and other venues around the world, and in 2020 she had a retrospective show entitled: Brushed by Light at the National Museum of History and Art in Luxembourg, consisting of 78 works and spanning 22 years. The exhibition was accompanied by a catalog with an introduction by the eminent art historian Rudi Ekkart. In 2021 she collaborated with Iris van Herpen which resulted in the project and exhibition entitled: Synergia.Van de Puttelaar currently lives and works in Amsterdam, the Netherlands.","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rineke Dijkstra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rineke_Dijkstra"},{"link_name":"Hellen van Meene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hellen_van_Meene"},{"link_name":"Desiree Dolron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desiree_Dolron"},{"link_name":"Dutch Golden Age painting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_Golden_Age_painting"},{"link_name":"composition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Composition_(visual_arts)"},{"link_name":"light","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light"},{"link_name":"color","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Color"},{"link_name":"textures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Texture_(painting)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Film"},{"link_name":"digital photography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_photography"},{"link_name":"untitled","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Title"},{"link_name":"alienation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alienation_effect"},{"link_name":"eroticism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eroticism"}],"text":"Like the works of other contemporary Dutch photographers, such as Rineke Dijkstra, Hellen van Meene and Desiree Dolron, van de Puttelaar's works show influences of Dutch Golden Age painting in their composition, use of light and color, and rendering of textures and surfaces.To achieve her photographic effects, van de Puttelaar utilizes film, but in more recent years also uses digital photography. Several of her works are untitled, enhancing the effect of alienation, while retaining an element of eroticism.","title":"Work"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Prix de Rome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prix_de_Rome_(Netherlands)"},{"link_name":"New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City"},{"link_name":"Paris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris"},{"link_name":"Brussels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brussels"},{"link_name":"book covers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_cover"},{"link_name":"The New Yorker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_Yorker"},{"link_name":"The New York Times Magazine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times_Magazine"},{"link_name":"Elseviers Magazine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elsevier"},{"link_name":"Stichting Kunstweek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stichting_Kunstweek&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"Van de Puttelaar has won several prizes and awards, including the Dutch Prix de Rome Basic Prize. She gained international recognition following exhibitions in for example New York, Paris and Brussels. Her works have been published as book covers and in magazines like The New Yorker and The New York Times Magazine. In 2009, she ranked 51st in the top 100 of Dutch artists as published by Elseviers Magazine and in 2018, 2019 and 2023, she was a semi-finalist in the Artist of the Year contest of Dutch artists organized by Stichting Kunstweek.","title":"Recognition"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rudy Kousbroek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudy_Kousbroek"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"90-75574-23-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-75574-23-1"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-2-930537-01-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-930537-01-6"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-90-78909-07-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-78909-07-1"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-2-87985-641-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-87985-641-4"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-19-126903-98","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-19-126903-98"},{"link_name":"Rudi Ekkart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rudi_Ekkart&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-94-90119-56-0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-94-90119-56-0"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-90-817026-6-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-817026-6-9"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-2-503-59727-0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-503-59727-0"}],"text":"Carla van de Puttelaar. Tekst/text Rudy Kousbroek (2004) ISBN 90-75574-23-1\nGalateas. With an introduction by Kristien Hemmerechts (2008) ISBN 978-2-930537-01-6\nThe Beholder's Eye. Text by Bob Frommé (2008) ISBN 978-90-78909-07-1\nAdornments. Text by Marianne Berardi (2017) ISBN 978-2-87985-641-4\nArtfully Dressed: Women in the Art World. Texts by Marta Weiss, Rachel Kaminsky and Carla van de Puttelaar (2019) ISBN 978-19-126903-98\nBrushed by Light. Text by Rudi Ekkart (2020) ISBN 978-94-90119-56-0\nSynergia / Iris van Herpen, Carla van de Puttelaar. Text by Lisa Small (2021) ISBN 978-90-817026-6-9\nScottish Portraiture 1644-1714, David and John Scougall and Their Contemporaries. Text by Carla van de Puttelaar (2021) ISBN 978-2-503-59727-0","title":"Bibliography"}]
[]
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[]
[{"Link":"http://www.carlavandeputtelaar.com/","external_links_name":"Carla van de Puttelaar's official website"},{"Link":"https://www.womenintheartworld.com/","external_links_name":"Website portrait project: Artfully Dressed: Women in the Art World."},{"Link":"https://www.brepols.net/products/IS-9782503597270-1/","external_links_name":"Scottish Portraiture 1644-1714"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070524220531/http://www.amadelio.com/vlog/2006/11/28/vlog-videoblog-carla-van-de-puttelaar-%C2%B0photography%C2%B0-the-beauty-of-women/","external_links_name":"Interview with Carla van de Puttelaar"},{"Link":"http://www.oc-tv.net/en/carla-van-de-puttelaar--galateas.htm","external_links_name":"Video Report"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/30643478","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb15743015n","external_links_name":"France"},{"Link":"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb15743015n","external_links_name":"BnF data"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/130363847","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/no2016167466","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://pic.nypl.org/constituents/318676","external_links_name":"Photographers' Identities"},{"Link":"https://rkd.nl/en/explore/artists/211093","external_links_name":"RKD Artists"},{"Link":"https://www.getty.edu/vow/ULANFullDisplay?find=&role=&nation=&subjectid=500330470","external_links_name":"ULAN"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calopiidae
Calopiidae
["1 References"]
Family of gastropods Calopiidae Scientific classification Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Mollusca Class: Gastropoda (unranked): clade Caenogastropodaclade Hypsogastropodaclade Littorinimorpha Superfamily: Truncatelloidea Family: CalopiidaePonder, 1999 Calopiidae is a family of sea snails, marine gastropod molluscs in the superfamily Truncatelloidea. References ^ Bouchet, P.; Rocroi, J.-P. (2005). "Classification and Nomenclator of Gastropod Families". Malacologia. 47 (1–2). The Taxonomicon Taxon identifiersCalopiidae Wikidata: Q5023249 Wikispecies: Calopiidae AFD: Calopiidae BOLD: 718913 CoL: 7NHPV EoL: 4939556 GBIF: 4597374 iNaturalist: 370716 IRMNG: 108896 NCBI: 1273262 Open Tree of Life: 828042 Paleobiology Database: 120978 WoRMS: 411705 This Caenogastropoda-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"family","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family_(biology)"},{"link_name":"sea snails","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea_snail"},{"link_name":"marine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine_(ocean)"},{"link_name":"gastropod","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gastropod"},{"link_name":"molluscs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mollusc"},{"link_name":"superfamily","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taxonomic_rank"},{"link_name":"Truncatelloidea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Truncatelloidea"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Calopiidae is a family of sea snails, marine gastropod molluscs in the superfamily Truncatelloidea.[1]","title":"Calopiidae"}]
[]
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[{"reference":"Bouchet, P.; Rocroi, J.-P. (2005). \"Classification and Nomenclator of Gastropod Families\". Malacologia. 47 (1–2).","urls":[]}]
[{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090824160507/http://taxonomicon.taxonomy.nl/","external_links_name":"The Taxonomicon"},{"Link":"https://biodiversity.org.au/afd/taxa/Calopiidae","external_links_name":"Calopiidae"},{"Link":"http://www.boldsystems.org/index.php/TaxBrowser_TaxonPage?taxid=718913","external_links_name":"718913"},{"Link":"https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/7NHPV","external_links_name":"7NHPV"},{"Link":"https://eol.org/pages/4939556","external_links_name":"4939556"},{"Link":"https://www.gbif.org/species/4597374","external_links_name":"4597374"},{"Link":"https://inaturalist.org/taxa/370716","external_links_name":"370716"},{"Link":"https://www.irmng.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=108896","external_links_name":"108896"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=1273262","external_links_name":"1273262"},{"Link":"https://tree.opentreeoflife.org/taxonomy/browse?id=828042","external_links_name":"828042"},{"Link":"https://paleobiodb.org/classic/basicTaxonInfo?taxon_no=120978","external_links_name":"120978"},{"Link":"https://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=411705","external_links_name":"411705"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Calopiidae&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monica_Hitchcock
Monica Hitchcock
["1 References","2 External links"]
Canadian volleyball player Monica HitchcockPersonal informationNationalityCanadianBorn (1958-02-26) 26 February 1958 (age 66)Plaster Rock, New Brunswick, CanadaSportSportVolleyball Monica Hitchcock (born 26 February 1958) is a Canadian volleyball player. She competed in the women's tournament at the 1984 Summer Olympics. References ^ Evans, Hilary; Gjerde, Arild; Heijmans, Jeroen; Mallon, Bill; et al. "Monica Hitchcock Olympic Results". Olympics at Sports-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. Archived from the original on 18 April 2020. Retrieved 7 February 2019. External links Monica Hitchcock at Olympedia This biographical article relating to volleyball in Canada is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"volleyball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volleyball"},{"link_name":"women's tournament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volleyball_at_the_1984_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Women%27s_tournament"},{"link_name":"1984 Summer Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1984_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SportsRef-1"}],"text":"Monica Hitchcock (born 26 February 1958) is a Canadian volleyball player. She competed in the women's tournament at the 1984 Summer Olympics.[1]","title":"Monica Hitchcock"}]
[]
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[{"reference":"Evans, Hilary; Gjerde, Arild; Heijmans, Jeroen; Mallon, Bill; et al. \"Monica Hitchcock Olympic Results\". Olympics at Sports-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. Archived from the original on 18 April 2020. Retrieved 7 February 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Mallon","url_text":"Mallon, Bill"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200418044512/https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/hi/monica-hitchcock-1.html","url_text":"\"Monica Hitchcock Olympic Results\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sports_Reference","url_text":"Sports Reference LLC"},{"url":"https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/hi/monica-hitchcock-1.html","url_text":"the original"}]}]
[{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200418044512/https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/hi/monica-hitchcock-1.html","external_links_name":"\"Monica Hitchcock Olympic Results\""},{"Link":"https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/hi/monica-hitchcock-1.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.olympedia.org/athletes/51854","external_links_name":"Monica Hitchcock"},{"Link":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q61623536#P8286"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Monica_Hitchcock&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyrosyl
Tyrosine
["1 Functions","2 Dietary requirements and sources","3 Biosynthesis","4 Metabolism","4.1 Phosphorylation and sulfation","4.2 Precursor to neurotransmitters and hormones","4.3 Precursor to other compounds","4.4 Degradation","5 Ortho- and meta-tyrosine","6 Medical use","7 Industrial synthesis","8 See also","9 References","10 External links"]
Amino acid Tyrosine Skeletal formula of L-tyrosine L-Tyrosine at physiological pH ball-and-stick model space-filling model Names IUPAC name (S)-Tyrosine Other names L-2-Amino-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propanoic acid Identifiers CAS Number 60-18-4 (L) Y 3D model (JSmol) Interactive imageZwitterion: Interactive image ChEBI CHEBI:17895 Y ChEMBL ChEMBL925 Y ChemSpider 5833 Y DrugBank DB00135 Y ECHA InfoCard 100.000.419 IUPHAR/BPS 4791 KEGG C00082 PubChem CID 6057 UNII 42HK56048U Y CompTox Dashboard (EPA) DTXSID1023730 InChI InChI=1S/C9H11NO3/c10-8(9(12)13)5-6-1-3-7(11)4-2-6/h1-4,8,11H,5,10H2,(H,12,13)/t8-/m0/s1 YKey: OUYCCCASQSFEME-QMMMGPOBSA-N YKey: OUYCCCASQSFEME-UHFFFAOYSA-NKey: OUYCCCASQSFEME-MRVPVSSYSA-N SMILES N(Cc1ccc(O)cc1)C(O)=OZwitterion: (Cc1ccc(O)cc1)C()=O Properties Chemical formula C9H11NO3 Molar mass 181.191 g·mol−1 Appearance white solid Solubility in water .0453 g/100 mL Magnetic susceptibility (χ) -105.3·10−6 cm3/mol Hazards NFPA 704 (fire diamond) 1 1 0 Supplementary data page Tyrosine (data page) Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C , 100 kPa). Infobox references Chemical compound L-Tyrosine or tyrosine (symbol Tyr or Y) or 4-hydroxyphenylalanine is one of the 20 standard amino acids that are used by cells to synthesize proteins. It is a non-essential amino acid with a polar side group. The word "tyrosine" is from the Greek tyrós, meaning cheese, as it was first discovered in 1846 by German chemist Justus von Liebig in the protein casein from cheese. It is called tyrosyl when referred to as a functional group or side chain. While tyrosine is generally classified as a hydrophobic amino acid, it is more hydrophilic than phenylalanine. It is encoded by the codons UAC and UAU in messenger RNA. The one-letter symbol Y was assigned to tyrosine for being alphabetically nearest of those letters available. Note that T was assigned to the structurally simpler threonine, U was avoided for its similarity with V for valine, W was assigned to tryptophan, while X was reserved for undetermined or atypical amino acids. The mnemonic tYrosine was also proposed. Functions Aside from being a proteinogenic amino acid, tyrosine has a special role by virtue of the phenol functionality. Its hydroxy group is able to form the ester linkage, with phosphate in particular. Phosphate groups are transferred to tyrosine residues by way of protein kinases. This is one of the post-translational modifications. Phosphorylated tyrosine occurs in proteins that are part of signal transduction processes. Similar functionality is also presented in serine and threonine, whose side chains have a hydroxy group, but are alcohols. Phosphorylation of these three amino acids' moieties (including tyrosine) creates a negative charge on their ends, that is greater than the negative charge of the only negatively charged aspartic and glutamic acids. Phosphorylated proteins keep these same properties—which are useful for more reliable protein-protein interactions—by means of phosphotyrosine, phosphoserine and phosphothreonine. Binding sites for a signalling phosphoprotein may be diverse in their chemical structure. Phosphorylation of the hydroxyl group can change the activity of the target protein, or may form part of a signaling cascade via SH2 domain binding. A tyrosine residue also plays an important role in photosynthesis. In chloroplasts (photosystem II), it acts as an electron donor in the reduction of oxidized chlorophyll. In this process, it loses the hydrogen atom of its phenolic OH-group. This radical is subsequently reduced in the photosystem II by the four core manganese clusters. Dietary requirements and sources The Dietary Reference Intake for tyrosine is usually estimated together with phenylalanine. It varies depending on an estimate method, however the ideal proportion of these two amino acids is considered to be 60:40 (phenylalanine:tyrosine) as a human body has such composition. Tyrosine, which can also be synthesized in the body from phenylalanine, is found in many high-protein food products such as meat, fish, cheese, cottage cheese, milk, yogurt, peanuts, almonds, pumpkin seeds, sesame seeds, soy protein and lima beans. For example, the white of an egg has about 250 mg per egg, while beef, lamb, pork, tuna, salmon, chicken, and turkey contain about 500–1000 mg per 3 ounces (85 g) portion. Biosynthesis Plant biosynthesis of tyrosine from prephenate. In plants and most microorganisms, tyrosine is produced via prephenate, an intermediate on the shikimate pathway. Prephenate is oxidatively decarboxylated with retention of the hydroxyl group to give p-hydroxyphenylpyruvate, which is transaminated using glutamate as the nitrogen source to give tyrosine and α-ketoglutarate. Mammals synthesize tyrosine from the essential amino acid phenylalanine (Phe), which is derived from food. The conversion of Phe to Tyr is catalyzed by the enzyme phenylalanine hydroxylase, a monooxygenase. This enzyme catalyzes the reaction causing the addition of a hydroxyl group to the end of the 6-carbon aromatic ring of phenylalanine, such that it becomes tyrosine. Metabolism Conversion of phenylalanine and tyrosine to its biologically important derivatives. Phosphorylation and sulfation Some of the tyrosine residues can be tagged (at the hydroxyl group) with a phosphate group (phosphorylated) by protein kinases. In its phosphorylated form, tyrosine is called phosphotyrosine. Tyrosine phosphorylation is considered to be one of the key steps in signal transduction and regulation of enzymatic activity. Phosphotyrosine can be detected through specific antibodies. Tyrosine residues may also be modified by the addition of a sulfate group, a process known as tyrosine sulfation. Tyrosine sulfation is catalyzed by tyrosylprotein sulfotransferase (TPST). Like the phosphotyrosine antibodies mentioned above, antibodies have recently been described that specifically detect sulfotyrosine. Precursor to neurotransmitters and hormones In dopaminergic cells in the brain, tyrosine is converted to L-DOPA by the enzyme tyrosine hydroxylase (TH). TH is the rate-limiting enzyme involved in the synthesis of the neurotransmitter dopamine. Dopamine can then be converted into other catecholamines, such as norepinephrine (noradrenaline) and epinephrine (adrenaline). The thyroid hormones triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) in the colloid of the thyroid are also derived from tyrosine. Biosynthetic pathways for catecholamines and trace amines in the human brain L-Phenylalanine L-Tyrosine L-DOPA Epinephrine Phenethylamine p-Tyramine Dopamine Norepinephrine N-Methylphenethylamine N-Methyltyramine p-Octopamine Synephrine 3-Methoxytyramine AADC AADC AADC primarypathway PNMT PNMT PNMT PNMT AAAH AAAH brainCYP2D6 minorpathway COMT DBH DBH Tyrosine is a precursor to trace amine compounds and the catecholamines. Precursor to other compounds The latex of Papaver somniferum, the opium poppy, has been shown to convert tyrosine into the alkaloid morphine and the bio-synthetic pathway has been established from tyrosine to morphine by using Carbon-14 radio-labelled tyrosine to trace the in-vivo synthetic route.Tyrosine ammonia lyase (TAL) is an enzyme in the natural phenols biosynthesis pathway. It transforms L-tyrosine into p-coumaric acid.Tyrosine is also the precursor to the pigment melanin. Tyrosine (or its precursor phenylalanine) is needed to synthesize the benzoquinone structure which forms part of coenzyme Q10. Degradation The decomposition of tyrosine to acetoacetate and fumarate. Two dioxygenases are necessary for the decomposition path. The end products can then enter into the citric acid cycle. The decomposition of L-tyrosine (syn. para-hydroxyphenylalanine) begins with an α-ketoglutarate dependent transamination through the tyrosine transaminase to para-hydroxyphenylpyruvate. The positional description para, abbreviated p, mean that the hydroxyl group and side chain on the phenyl ring are across from each other (see the illustration below). The next oxidation step catalyzes by p-hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase and splitting off CO2 homogentisate (2,5-dihydroxyphenyl-1-acetate). In order to split the aromatic ring of homogentisate, a further dioxygenase, homogentisate 1,2-dioxygenase is required. Thereby, through the incorporation of a further O2 molecule, maleylacetoacetate is created. Fumarylacetoacetate is created by maleylacetoacetate cis-trans-isomerase through rotation of the carboxyl group created from the hydroxyl group via oxidation. This cis-trans-isomerase contains glutathione as a coenzyme. Fumarylacetoacetate is finally split by the enzyme fumarylacetoacetate hydrolase through the addition of a water molecule. Thereby fumarate (also a metabolite of the citric acid cycle) and acetoacetate (3-ketobutyroate) are liberated. Acetoacetate is a ketone body, which is activated with succinyl-CoA, and thereafter it can be converted into acetyl-CoA, which in turn can be oxidized by the citric acid cycle or be used for fatty acid synthesis. Phloretic acid is also a urinary metabolite of tyrosine in rats. Ortho- and meta-tyrosine Enzymatic oxidation of tyrosine by phenylalanine hydroxylase (top) and non-enyzmatic oxidation by hydroxyl free radicals (middle and bottom). Three structural isomers of L-tyrosine are known. In addition to the common amino acid L-tyrosine, which is the para isomer (para-tyr, p-tyr or 4-hydroxyphenylalanine), there are two additional regioisomers, namely meta-tyrosine (also known as 3-hydroxyphenylalanine, L-m-tyrosine, and m-tyr) and ortho-tyrosine (o-tyr or 2-hydroxyphenylalanine), that occur in nature. The m-tyr and o-tyr isomers, which are rare, arise through non-enzymatic free-radical hydroxylation of phenylalanine under conditions of oxidative stress. Medical use Tyrosine is a precursor to neurotransmitters and increases plasma neurotransmitter levels (particularly dopamine and norepinephrine), but has little if any effect on mood in normal subjects. A 2015 systematic review found that "tyrosine loading acutely counteracts decrements in working memory and information processing that are induced by demanding situational conditions such as extreme weather or cognitive load" and therefore "tyrosine may benefit healthy individuals exposed to demanding situational conditions". Industrial synthesis L-tyrosine is used in pharmaceuticals, dietary supplements, and food additives. Two methods were formerly used to manufacture L-tyrosine. The first involves the extraction of the desired amino acid from protein hydrolysates using a chemical approach. The second utilizes enzymatic synthesis from phenolics, pyruvate, and ammonia through the use of tyrosine phenol-lyase. Advances in genetic engineering and the advent of industrial fermentation have shifted the synthesis of L-tyrosine to the use of engineered strains of E. coli. See also Albinism Alkaptonuria Betalain Iodinated tyrosine derivatives Pauly reaction Tyramine Tyrosine sulfation Tyrosinemia References ^ a b Frey MN, Koetzle TF, Lehmann MS, Hamilton WC (1973). "Precision neutron diffraction structure determination of protein and nucleic acid components. X. A comparison between the crystal and molecular structures of L-tyrosine and L-tyrosine hydrochloride". J. Chem. Phys. 58 (6): 2547–2556. Bibcode:1973JChPh..58.2547F. doi:10.1063/1.1679537. ^ "Nomenclature and Symbolism for Amino Acids and Peptides". IUPAC-IUB Joint Commission on Biochemical Nomenclature. 1983. Archived from the original on 9 October 2008. Retrieved 5 March 2018. ^ "Tyrosine". The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, 6th ed. Infoplease.com — Columbia University Press. 2007. Retrieved 2008-04-20. ^ Harper D (2001). "Tyrosine". Online Etymology Dictionary. Retrieved 2008-04-20. ^ "Amino Acids - Tyrosine". www.biology.arizona.edu. Retrieved 2018-01-31. ^ "IUPAC-IUB Commission on Biochemical Nomenclature A One-Letter Notation for Amino Acid Sequences". Journal of Biological Chemistry. 243 (13): 3557–3559. 10 July 1968. doi:10.1016/S0021-9258(19)34176-6. ^ Saffran M (April 1998). "Amino acid names and parlor games: from trivial names to a one-letter code, amino acid names have strained students' memories. Is a more rational nomenclature possible?". Biochemical Education. 26 (2): 116–118. doi:10.1016/S0307-4412(97)00167-2. ^ Hunter T (2012-09-19). "Why nature chose phosphate to modify proteins". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 367 (1602): 2513–2516. doi:10.1098/rstb.2012.0013. ISSN 0962-8436. PMC 3415839. PMID 22889903. ^ Lu ZC, Jiang F, Wu YD (2021-12-11). "Phosphate binding sites prediction in phosphorylation-dependent protein-protein interactions". Bioinformatics. 37 (24): 4712–4718. doi:10.1093/bioinformatics/btab525. ISSN 1367-4811. PMID 34270697. ^ Liu BA, Nash PD (2012-09-19). "Evolution of SH2 domains and phosphotyrosine signalling networks". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 367 (1602): 2556–2573. doi:10.1098/rstb.2012.0107. ISSN 0962-8436. PMC 3415846. PMID 22889907. ^ Barry BA (January 2015). "Reaction dynamics and proton coupled electron transfer: studies of tyrosine-based charge transfer in natural and biomimetic systems". Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Bioenergetics. 1847 (1): 46–54. doi:10.1016/j.bbabio.2014.09.003. ISSN 0006-3002. PMID 25260243. ^ Pencharz PB, Hsu JW, Ball RO (June 2007). "Aromatic amino acid requirements in healthy human subjects". The Journal of Nutrition. 137 (6 Suppl 1): 1576S–1578S, discussion 1597S-1598S. doi:10.1093/jn/137.6.1576S. PMID 17513429. ^ Nutient Ranking Tool. MyFoodData.com. https://tools.myfooddata.com/nutrient-ranking-tool/tyrosine/all/highest ^ "Tyrosine". University of Maryland Medical Center. 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External links Tyrosine MS Spectrum Tyrosine metabolism Archived 2019-07-26 at the Wayback Machine Phenylalanine and tyrosine biosynthesis Phenylalanine, Tyrosine, and tryptophan biosynthesis Archived 2021-05-06 at the Wayback Machine vteEncoded (proteinogenic) amino acidsGeneral topics Protein Peptide Genetic code By propertiesAliphatic Branched-chain amino acids (Valine Isoleucine Leucine) Methionine Alanine Proline Glycine Aromatic Histidine Tyrosine Tryptophan Phenylalanine Polar, uncharged Asparagine Glutamine Serine Threonine Positive charge (pKa) Lysine (≈10.8) Arginine (≈12.5) Histidine (≈6.1) Pyrrolysine Negative charge (pKa) Aspartic acid (≈3.9) Glutamic acid (≈4.1) Selenocysteine (≈5.4) Cysteine (≈8.3) Tyrosine (≈10.1) Amino acids types: Encoded (proteins) Essential Non-proteinogenic Ketogenic Glucogenic Secondary amino Imino acids D-amino acids Dehydroamino acids vteAmino acid metabolism metabolic intermediatesK→acetyl-CoAlysine→ Saccharopine Allysine α-Aminoadipic acid 2-Oxoadipic acid Glutaryl-CoA Glutaconyl-CoA Crotonyl-CoA β-Hydroxybutyryl-CoA leucine→ β-Hydroxy β-methylbutyric acid β-Hydroxy β-methylbutyryl-CoA Isovaleryl-CoA α-Ketoisocaproic acid β-Ketoisocaproic acid β-Ketoisocaproyl-CoA β-Leucine β-Methylcrotonyl-CoA β-Methylglutaconyl-CoA β-Hydroxy β-methylglutaryl-CoA tryptophan→alanine→ N′-Formylkynurenine Kynurenine Anthranilic acid 3-Hydroxykynurenine 3-Hydroxyanthranilic acid 2-Amino-3-carboxymuconic semialdehyde 2-Aminomuconic semialdehyde 2-Aminomuconic acid Glutaryl-CoA GG→pyruvate→ citrateglycine→serine→ 3-Phosphoglyceric acid glycine→creatine: Glycocyamine Phosphocreatine Creatinine G→glutamate→α-ketoglutaratehistidine→ Urocanic acid Imidazol-4-one-5-propionic acid Formiminoglutamic acid Glutamate-1-semialdehyde proline→ 1-Pyrroline-5-carboxylic acid arginine→ Agmatine Ornithine Citrulline Cadaverine Putrescine other cysteine+glutamate→glutathione: γ-Glutamylcysteine G→propionyl-CoA→succinyl-CoAvaline→ α-Ketoisovaleric acid Isobutyryl-CoA Methacrylyl-CoA 3-Hydroxyisobutyryl-CoA 3-Hydroxyisobutyric acid 2-Methyl-3-oxopropanoic acid isoleucine→ 2,3-Dihydroxy-3-methylpentanoic acid 2-Methylbutyryl-CoA Tiglyl-CoA 2-Methylacetoacetyl-CoA methionine→ generation of homocysteine: S-Adenosyl methionine S-Adenosyl-L-homocysteine Homocysteine conversion to cysteine: Cystathionine α-Ketobutyric acid + Cysteine threonine→ α-Ketobutyric acid propionyl-CoA→ Methylmalonyl-CoA G→fumaratephenylalanine→tyrosine→ 4-Hydroxyphenylpyruvic acid Homogentisic acid 4-Maleylacetoacetic acid G→oxaloacetate see urea cycle OtherCysteine metabolism Cysteine sulfinic acid vteNeurotransmitter metabolic intermediatescatecholaminesAnabolism(tyrosine→epinephrine) Tyrosine → Levodopa → Dopamine → Norepinephrine → Epinephrine Catabolism/metabolitesdopamine: DOPAL DOPAC MOPET Hydroxytyrosol 3-Methoxytyramine Homovanillic acid norepinephrine: 3,4-Dihydroxymandelic acid Normetanephrine Vanillylmandelic acid 3-Methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylglycol Dihydroxyphenylethylene glycol epinephrine: Metanephrine tryptophan→serotoninanabolism: 5-Hydroxytryptophan catabolism: 5-Hydroxyindoleacetic acid serotonin→melatonin Normelatonin vteAdrenergic receptor modulatorsα1Agonists 6-FNE Amidephrine Buspirone Cirazoline Corbadrine Deoxyepinephrine (epinine, N-methyldopamine) Desglymidodrine Dexisometheptene Dipivefrine Dopamine Droxidopa (L-DOPS) Epinephrine Etilefrine Etilevodopa Ethylnorepinephrine Ibopamine Indanidine Isometheptene L-DOPA (levodopa) L-Phenylalanine L-Tyrosine Melevodopa Metaraminol Methoxamine Methyldopa Midodrine Naphazoline Norepinephrine Octopamine Oxymetazoline Phenylephrine Phenylpropanolamine Synephrine Tetryzoline Tiamenidine XP21279 Xylometazoline Antagonists Abanoquil Ajmalicine Alfuzosin Anisodamine Anisodine Atiprosin Atypical antipsychotics (e.g., brexpiprazole, clozapine, olanzapine, quetiapine, risperidone) Benoxathian Beta blockers (e.g., adimolol, amosulalol, arotinolol, carvedilol, eugenodilol, labetalol) Buflomedil Bunazosin Corynanthine Dapiprazole Domesticine Doxazosin Ergolines (e.g., acetergamine, ergotamine, dihydroergotamine, lisuride, nicergoline, terguride) Etoperidone Fenspiride Hydroxyzine Indoramin Ketanserin L-765,314 mCPP Mepiprazole Metazosin Monatepil Moxisylyte Naftopidil Nantenine Neldazosin Niaprazine Niguldipine Pardoprunox Pelanserin Perlapine Phendioxan Phenoxybenzamine Phentolamine Phenylpiperazine antidepressants (e.g., hydroxynefazodone, nefazodone, trazodone, triazoledione) Piperoxan Prazosin Quinazosin Quinidine Silodosin Spegatrine Spiperone Talipexole Tamsulosin Terazosin Tiodazosin Tolazoline Tetracyclic antidepressants (e.g., amoxapine, maprotiline, mianserin) Tricyclic antidepressants (e.g., amitriptyline, clomipramine, doxepin, imipramine, trimipramine) Trimazosin Typical antipsychotics (e.g., chlorpromazine, fluphenazine, loxapine, thioridazine) Urapidil WB-4101 Zolertine α2Agonists (R)-3-Nitrobiphenyline 4-NEMD 6-FNE Amitraz Apraclonidine Brimonidine Clonidine Corbadrine Deoxyepinephrine (epinine, N-methyldopamine) Detomidine Dexmedetomidine Dihydroergotamine Dipivefrine Dopamine Droxidopa (L-DOPS) Etilevodopa Ergotamine Epinephrine Etilefrine Ethylnorepinephrine Guanabenz Guanfacine Guanoxabenz L-DOPA (levodopa) L-Phenylalanine L-Tyrosine Ibopamine Lofexidine Medetomidine Melevodopa Methyldopa Mivazerol Moxonidine Naphazoline Norepinephrine Oxymetazoline Phenylpropanolamine Piperoxan PS75 Rezatomidine Rilmenidine Romifidine Talipexole Tasipimidine Tetryzoline Tiamenidine Tizanidine Tolonidine Urapidil Vatinoxan XP21279 Xylazine Xylometazoline Antagonists 1-PP Adimolol Amesergide Aptazapine Atipamezole Atypical antipsychotics (e.g., asenapine, brexpiprazole, clozapine, lurasidone, olanzapine, paliperidone, quetiapine, risperidone, zotepine) Azapirones (e.g., buspirone, gepirone, ipsapirone, tandospirone) BRL-44408 Buflomedil Cirazoline Efaroxan Esmirtazapine Fenmetozole Fluparoxan Idazoxan Ketanserin Lisuride mCPP Mianserin Mirtazapine NAN-190 Pardoprunox Phentolamine Phenoxybenzamine Piperoxan Piribedil Rauwolscine Rotigotine Setiptiline Spegatrine Spiroxatrine Sunepitron Terguride Tolazoline Typical antipsychotics (e.g., chlorpromazine, fluphenazine, loxapine, thioridazine) Yohimbine βAgonists Abediterol Alifedrine Amibegron Arbutamine Arformoterol Arotinolol BAAM Bambuterol Befunolol Bitolterol Broxaterol Buphenine Carbuterol Carmoterol Cimaterol Clenbuterol Colterol Corbadrine Denopamine Deoxyepinephrine (epinine, N-methyldopamine) Dipivefrine Dobutamine Dopamine Dopexamine Droxidopa (L-DOPS) Epinephrine Etafedrine Etilefrine Etilevodopa Ethylnorepinephrine Eugenodilol Fenoterol Formoterol Hexoprenaline Higenamine Ibopamine Indacaterol Isoetarine Isoprenaline Isoxsuprine L-DOPA (levodopa) L-Phenylalanine L-Tyrosine Levosalbutamol Lubabegron Mabuterol Melevodopa Methoxyphenamine Methyldopa Mirabegron Norepinephrine Orciprenaline Oxyfedrine PF-610355 Phenylpropanolamine Pirbuterol Prenalterol Ractopamine Procaterol Reproterol Rimiterol Ritodrine Salbutamol Salmeterol Solabegron Terbutaline Tretoquinol Tulobuterol Vibegron Vilanterol Xamoterol XP21279 Zilpaterol Zinterol Antagonists Acebutolol Adaprolol Adimolol Afurolol Alprenolol Alprenoxime Amosulalol Ancarolol Arnolol Arotinolol Atenolol Befunolol Betaxolol Bevantolol Bisoprolol Bopindolol Bornaprolol Brefonalol Bucindolol Bucumolol Bufetolol Bufuralol Bunitrolol Bunolol Bupranolol Butaxamine Butidrine Butofilolol Capsinolol Carazolol Carpindolol Carteolol Carvedilol Celiprolol Cetamolol Cicloprolol Cinamolol Cloranolol Cyanopindolol Dalbraminol Dexpropranolol Diacetolol Dichloroisoprenaline Dihydroalprenolol Dilevalol Diprafenone Draquinolol Ecastolol Epanolol Ericolol Ersentilide Esatenolol Esprolol Eugenodilol Exaprolol Falintolol Flestolol Flusoxolol Hydroxycarteolol Hydroxytertatolol ICI-118,551 Idropranolol Indenolol Indopanolol Iodocyanopindolol Iprocrolol Isoxaprolol Isamoltane Labetalol Landiolol Levobetaxolol Levobunolol Levomoprolol Medroxalol Mepindolol Metipranolol Metoprolol Moprolol Nadolol Nadoxolol Nebivolol Nifenalol Nipradilol Oxprenolol Pacrinolol Pafenolol Pamatolol Pargolol Penbutolol Pindolol Practolol Primidolol Procinolol Pronethalol Propafenone Propranolol Ridazolol Ronactolol Soquinolol Sotalol Spirendolol SR 59230A Sulfinalol Talinolol Tazolol Tertatolol Tienoxolol Tilisolol Timolol Tiprenolol Tolamolol Toliprolol Xibenolol Xipranolol See also: Receptor/signaling modulators Dopaminergics Serotonergics Monoamine reuptake inhibitors Monoamine releasing agents Monoamine metabolism modulators Monoamine neurotoxins vteDopamine receptor modulatorsD1-likeAgonists Benzazepines: 6-Br-APB Fenoldopam SKF-38,393 SKF-77,434 SKF-81,297 SKF-82,958 SKF-83,959 Trepipam Zelandopam Ergolines: Cabergoline CY-208,243 Dihydroergocryptine LEK-8829 Lisuride Pergolide Terguride Dihydrexidine derivatives: A-77636 A-86929 Adrogolide (ABT-431, DAS-431) Dihydrexidine Dinapsoline Dinoxyline Doxanthrine Phenethylamines: BCO-001 Deoxyepinephrine (N-methyldopamine, epinine) Dopexamine Etilevodopa Ibopamine L-DOPA (levodopa) Melevodopa L-Phenylalanine L-Tyrosine XP21279 Others: A-68930 Apomorphine Isocorypalmine Nuciferine PF-6649751 PF 6669571 Propylnorapomorphine Rotigotine SKF-89,145 SKF-89,626 Stepholidine Tavapadon Tetrahydropalmatine PAMs Tetrahydroisoquinolines: DETQ DPTQ Mevidalen Antagonists Typical antipsychotics: Butaclamol Chlorpromazine Chlorprothixene Flupentixol (flupenthixol) (+melitracen) Fluphenazine Loxapine Perphenazine (+amitriptyline) Pifluthixol Thioridazine Thiothixene Trifluoperazine (+tranylcypromine) Zuclopenthixol Atypical antipsychotics: Asenapine Clorotepine Clotiapine Clozapine DHA-clozapine Fluperlapine Iloperidone Norclozapine Norquetiapine Olanzapine (+fluoxetine) Paliperidone Quetiapine Risperidone Tefludazine Zicronapine Ziprasidone Zotepine Others: Berupipam Ecopipam EEDQ Metitepine (methiothepin) Odapipam Perlapine SCH-23390 D2-likeAgonists Adamantanes: Amantadine Memantine Rimantadine Aminotetralins: 5-OH-DPAT 7-OH-DPAT 8-OH-PBZI Rotigotine UH-232 Ergolines: Bromocriptine Cabergoline Chanoclavine Dihydroergocryptine Epicriptine Ergocornine Lergotrile Lisuride LSD Pergolide Terguride Dihydrexidine derivatives: 2-OH-NPA Ciladopa Dihydrexidine Dinoxyline N,N-Propyldihydrexidine Phenethylamines: Deoxyepinephrine (N-methyldopamine, epinine) Dopexamine Etilevodopa Ibopamine L-DOPA (levodopa) L-Phenylalanine L-Tyrosine Melevodopa XP21279 Atypical antipsychotics: Alentemol (U-66444B) Aripiprazole (+sertraline) Aripiprazole lauroxil Bifeprunox Brexpiprazole Brilaroxazine Cariprazine F-15063 Lumateperone Norclozapine Others: 3-PPP A-412997 ABT-670 ABT-724 Adrafinil Aplindore Apomorphine Arketamine Armodafinil BP-897 Captodiame CP-226,269 Dizocilpine Esketamine Flibanserin Ketamine Mesulergine Modafinil OSU-6162 Pardoprunox PD-128,907 PD-168,077 PF-219,061 PF-592,379 Phencyclidine Piribedil Pramipexole Preclamol Propylnorapomorphine Pukateine Quinagolide Quinelorane Quinpirole RDS-127 Ro10-5824 Ropinirole Roxindole Salvinorin A SKF-83,959 Sumanirole Talipexole Umespirone WAY-100,635 Antagonists Typical antipsychotics: Acepromazine Acetophenazine Azaperone Benperidol Bromperidol Butaclamol Butaperazine Chloracizine Chlorproethazine Chlorpromazine Chlorprothixene Ciclindole Clopenthixol Clothixamide Clopimozide Droperidol Fluacizine Fluanisone Flucindole Fluotracen Flupentixol (flupenthixol) (+melitracen) Fluphenazine Fluprothixene Fluspirilene Haloperidol Homopipramol Lenperone Levomepromazine (methotrimeprazine) Levosulpiride Loxapine Mesoridazine Moperone Naranol Nemonapride Penfluridol Perathiepin Perazine Pericyazine (periciazine) Perphenazine (+amitriptyline) Piflutixol (pifluthixol) Pimozide Pipamperone Preclamol Prochlorperazine Promazine Prothipendyl Spiperone (spiroperidol) Sulforidazine Sulpiride Sultopride Teflutixol Thiopropazate Thioproperazine Thioridazine Thiothixene Timiperone Trifluoperazine (+tranylcypromine) Triflupromazine Trifluperidol Zetidoline Zuclopenthixol Atypical antipsychotics: Amisulpride Asenapine BL-1020 Blonanserin Carpipramine Cinuperone Clocapramine Clorotepine Clotiapine (clothiapine) Clozapine Cyamemazine DHA-clozapine Dixyrazine Elopiprazole Flumezapine Fluperlapine Gevotroline Iloperidone Lurasidone Mazapertine Melperone Molindone Mosapramine Ocaperidone Olanzapine (+fluoxetine) Paliperidone Perospirone Piperacetazine Pipotiazine Piquindone Quetiapine Remoxipride Risperidone Sertindole Tefludazine Tenilapine Tiospirone Veralipride Zicronapine Ziprasidone Zotepine Antiemetics/gastroprokinetics/sedatives: Aceprometazine AS-8112 Alimemazine Alizapride Benzquinamide Bromopride Clebopride Deudomperidone Domperidone Eticlopride Hydroxyzine Itopride Metoclopramide Metopimazine Promethazine Thiethylperazine Trazpiroben Trimethobenzamide Antidepressants: Amoxapine Nefazodone Opipramol Propiomazine Trimipramine Others: 3-PPP Alpiropride Azapride Bromerguride Bromocriptine Buspirone Desmethoxyfallypride EEDQ F-15063 Fallypride Fananserin Fenfluramine Iodobenzamide Isocorypalmine L-741,626 L-745,870 Levofenfluramine LEK-8829 Metergoline Metitepine (methiothepin) N-Methylspiperone Nafadotride Nuciferine PNU-99,194 Pridopidine Raclopride Sarizotan SB-277,011-A Seridopidine Sonepiprazole Spiroxatrine Stepholidine SV-293 Terguride Tetrahydropalmatine Tiapride UH-232 Yohimbine See also: Receptor/signaling modulators Adrenergics Serotonergics Monoamine reuptake inhibitors Monoamine releasing agents Monoamine metabolism modulators Monoamine neurotoxins vteThyroid hormone receptor modulatorsReceptor(ligands)THRTooltip Thyroid hormone receptorAgonists Dextrothyroxine DIMIT DITPA Levothyroxine Liothyronine Liotrix Thyroxine Tiratricol (TRIAC) Triiodothyronine Thyroid extract Thyromimetics(selective agonists) Eprotirome (KB-2115) KB-141 KB-2611 KB-130015 MB-07344 MB-07811 Resmetirom Sobetirome (GC-1, GRX-431) VK-0214 VK-2809 ZYT1 Antagonists 1-850 NH3 Tetraiodothyroacetic acid (Tetrac) Transporter(blockers)NISTooltip Sodium-iodide symporter  Inhibitors: Cyanogenic glycosides Perchlorates (e.g., potassium perchlorate) Pertechnetates (e.g., sodium pertechnetate) Thiocyanates Enzyme(inhibitors)TPOTooltip Thyroid peroxidase Inhibitors: Benzylthiouracil Carbimazole Genistein Methimazole Methylthiouracil Propylthiouracil 2-Thiouracil Thiourea DIOTooltip Iodothyronine deiodinase Inhibitors: Dexpropranolol Iopanoic acid Ipodate sodium (sodium iopodate) Propranolol Propylthiouracil Others Iodine Iodine-131 Selenium Thyroglobulin Tyrosine See also: Receptor/signaling modulators vteChocolateHistory of chocolate in Spain Theobroma species T. angustifolium T. bicolor (Mocambo) T. cacao (Cacao) T. canumanense T. grandiflorum (Cupuaçu) T. mammosum T. microcarpum T. obovatum T. simiarum T. speciosum (Cacauí) T. stipulatum T. subincanum T. sylvestre Components Anandamide Caffeine Chocolate liquor Cocoa bean Cocoa butter Cocoa solids Enkephalin Flavan-3-ol Phenethylamine Phenylalanine Salsolinol Tetramethylpyrazine Theobromine Theophylline Tryptamine Tryptophan Tyramine Tyrosine Valeric acid Types Baking Belgian Compound Couverture Dark Gianduja Milk Modeling Raw chocolate Ruby Swiss White Products Caffè mocha Chocolate bar brands Chocolate biscuit Chocolate brownie Chocolate cake Chocolate chip cookie Chocolate chip Chocolate coins Chocolate crackles Chocolate gravy Chocolate ice cream Chocolate liqueur Chocolate milk Chocolate pudding Chocolate spread Chocolate syrup Chocolate truffle Cioccolato di Modica Fudge Ganache Hot chocolate beverages Chocolate-covered foods Mint chocolate Mole Processes Aerated chocolate Broma process Chocolate bloom Chocolate temper meter Conching Dutch process Enrober Sugar crust Industry Organic chocolate Fair trade cocoa Child labour in cocoa production Big Chocolate Chocolaterie Chocolatier The Dark Side of Chocolate Environmental impact European Cocoa and Chocolate Directive Ghana Cocoa Board Ghana production Harkin–Engel Protocol International Cocoa Organization International Cocoa Quarantine Centre Ivory Coast production Manufacturers (vertical) Nigeria production Philippine chocolate industry World Cocoa Foundation Other topics Chocoholic Chocolataire Chocolate fountain Chocolate museums Chocolatiers Health effects Military chocolate Switzerland United States Category Outline Authority control databases: National Germany Israel United States
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"amino acids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proteinogenic_amino_acid"},{"link_name":"cells","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_(biology)"},{"link_name":"synthesize proteins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein_biosynthesis"},{"link_name":"non-essential amino acid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-essential_amino_acid"},{"link_name":"polar side group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proteinogenic_amino_acid#Side-chain_properties"},{"link_name":"Greek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_language"},{"link_name":"cheese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheese"},{"link_name":"Justus von Liebig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justus_von_Liebig"},{"link_name":"casein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casein"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-urltyrosine_%E2%80%94_Infoplease.com-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-urlOnline_Etymology_Dictionary-4"},{"link_name":"functional group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Functional_group"},{"link_name":"hydrophobic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrophobe"},{"link_name":"phenylalanine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phenylalanine"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"encoded","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetic_code"},{"link_name":"codons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetic_code#Codons"},{"link_name":"messenger RNA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Messenger_RNA"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-7"}],"text":"Chemical compoundL-Tyrosine or tyrosine (symbol Tyr or Y)[2] or 4-hydroxyphenylalanine is one of the 20 standard amino acids that are used by cells to synthesize proteins. It is a non-essential amino acid with a polar side group. The word \"tyrosine\" is from the Greek tyrós, meaning cheese, as it was first discovered in 1846 by German chemist Justus von Liebig in the protein casein from cheese.[3][4] It is called tyrosyl when referred to as a functional group or side chain. While tyrosine is generally classified as a hydrophobic amino acid, it is more hydrophilic than phenylalanine.[5] It is encoded by the codons UAC and UAU in messenger RNA.The one-letter symbol Y was assigned to tyrosine for being alphabetically nearest of those letters available. Note that T was assigned to the structurally simpler threonine, U was avoided for its similarity with V for valine, W was assigned to tryptophan, while X was reserved for undetermined or atypical amino acids.[6] The mnemonic tYrosine was also proposed.[7]","title":"Tyrosine"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"proteinogenic amino acid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proteinogenic_amino_acid"},{"link_name":"phenol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phenol"},{"link_name":"ester linkage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ester_linkage"},{"link_name":"protein kinases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein_kinase"},{"link_name":"post-translational modifications","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-translational_modification"},{"link_name":"signal transduction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Signal_transduction"},{"link_name":"serine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serine"},{"link_name":"threonine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Threonine"},{"link_name":"alcohols","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcohol_(chemistry)"},{"link_name":"aspartic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aspartic_acid"},{"link_name":"glutamic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glutamic_acid"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"SH2 domain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SH2_domain"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"photosynthesis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photosynthesis"},{"link_name":"chloroplasts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chloroplast"},{"link_name":"photosystem II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photosystem_II"},{"link_name":"reduction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Redox"},{"link_name":"chlorophyll","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlorophyll"},{"link_name":"manganese clusters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxygen-evolving_complex"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"text":"Aside from being a proteinogenic amino acid, tyrosine has a special role by virtue of the phenol functionality. Its hydroxy group is able to form the ester linkage, with phosphate in particular. Phosphate groups are transferred to tyrosine residues by way of protein kinases. This is one of the post-translational modifications. Phosphorylated tyrosine occurs in proteins that are part of signal transduction processes.Similar functionality is also presented in serine and threonine, whose side chains have a hydroxy group, but are alcohols. Phosphorylation of these three amino acids' moieties (including tyrosine) creates a negative charge on their ends, that is greater than the negative charge of the only negatively charged aspartic and glutamic acids. Phosphorylated proteins keep these same properties—which are useful for more reliable protein-protein interactions—by means of phosphotyrosine, phosphoserine and phosphothreonine.[8]Binding sites for a signalling phosphoprotein may be diverse in their chemical structure.[9]Phosphorylation of the hydroxyl group can change the activity of the target protein, or may form part of a signaling cascade via SH2 domain binding.[10]A tyrosine residue also plays an important role in photosynthesis. In chloroplasts (photosystem II), it acts as an electron donor in the reduction of oxidized chlorophyll. In this process, it loses the hydrogen atom of its phenolic OH-group. This radical is subsequently reduced in the photosystem II by the four core manganese clusters.[11]","title":"Functions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dietary Reference Intake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dietary_Reference_Intake"},{"link_name":"phenylalanine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phenylalanine"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"protein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein"},{"link_name":"meat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meat"},{"link_name":"fish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fish_(food)"},{"link_name":"cheese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheese"},{"link_name":"cottage cheese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cottage_cheese"},{"link_name":"milk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milk"},{"link_name":"yogurt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yogurt"},{"link_name":"peanuts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peanut"},{"link_name":"almonds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almond"},{"link_name":"pumpkin seeds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pumpkin_seed"},{"link_name":"sesame seeds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sesame_seed"},{"link_name":"soy protein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soy_products"},{"link_name":"lima beans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lima_bean"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HF-15"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HF-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"}],"text":"The Dietary Reference Intake for tyrosine is usually estimated together with phenylalanine. It varies depending on an estimate method, however the ideal proportion of these two amino acids is considered to be 60:40 (phenylalanine:tyrosine) as a human body has such composition.[12]\nTyrosine, which can also be synthesized in the body from phenylalanine, is found in many high-protein food products such as meat, fish, cheese, cottage cheese, milk, yogurt, peanuts, almonds, pumpkin seeds, sesame seeds, soy protein and lima beans.[13][14] For example, the white of an egg has about 250 mg per egg,[15] while beef, lamb, pork, tuna, salmon, chicken, and turkey contain about 500–1000 mg per 3 ounces (85 g) portion.[15][16]","title":"Dietary requirements and sources"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tyrosine_biosynthesis.svg"},{"link_name":"prephenate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prephenate"},{"link_name":"prephenate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prephenic_acid"},{"link_name":"shikimate pathway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shikimate_pathway"},{"link_name":"oxidatively decarboxylated","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxidative_decarboxylation"},{"link_name":"hydroxyl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydroxyl"},{"link_name":"transaminated","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transamination"},{"link_name":"glutamate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glutamic_acid"},{"link_name":"α-ketoglutarate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpha-Ketoglutaric_acid"},{"link_name":"Mammals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mammal"},{"link_name":"phenylalanine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phenylalanine"},{"link_name":"enzyme","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enzyme"},{"link_name":"phenylalanine hydroxylase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phenylalanine_hydroxylase"},{"link_name":"phenylalanine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phenylalanine"}],"text":"Plant biosynthesis of tyrosine from prephenate.In plants and most microorganisms, tyrosine is produced via prephenate, an intermediate on the shikimate pathway. Prephenate is oxidatively decarboxylated with retention of the hydroxyl group to give p-hydroxyphenylpyruvate, which is transaminated using glutamate as the nitrogen source to give tyrosine and α-ketoglutarate.Mammals synthesize tyrosine from the essential amino acid phenylalanine (Phe), which is derived from food. The conversion of Phe to Tyr is catalyzed by the enzyme phenylalanine hydroxylase, a monooxygenase. This enzyme catalyzes the reaction causing the addition of a hydroxyl group to the end of the 6-carbon aromatic ring of phenylalanine, such that it becomes tyrosine.","title":"Biosynthesis"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Conversion_of_phenylalanine_and_tyrosine_to_its_biologically_important_derivatives.png"}],"text":"Conversion of phenylalanine and tyrosine to its biologically important derivatives.","title":"Metabolism"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"phosphorylated","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phosphorylation"},{"link_name":"protein kinases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein_kinase"},{"link_name":"antibodies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antibody"},{"link_name":"tyrosine sulfation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyrosine_sulfation"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid17046811-17"},{"link_name":"Tyrosine sulfation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyrosine_sulfation"},{"link_name":"tyrosylprotein sulfotransferase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyrosylprotein_sulfotransferase"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"}],"sub_title":"Phosphorylation and sulfation","text":"Some of the tyrosine residues can be tagged (at the hydroxyl group) with a phosphate group (phosphorylated) by protein kinases. In its phosphorylated form, tyrosine is called phosphotyrosine. Tyrosine phosphorylation is considered to be one of the key steps in signal transduction and regulation of enzymatic activity. Phosphotyrosine can be detected through specific antibodies. Tyrosine residues may also be modified by the addition of a sulfate group, a process known as tyrosine sulfation.[17] Tyrosine sulfation is catalyzed by tyrosylprotein sulfotransferase (TPST). Like the phosphotyrosine antibodies mentioned above, antibodies have recently been described that specifically detect sulfotyrosine.[18]","title":"Metabolism"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"brain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brain"},{"link_name":"L-DOPA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L-DOPA"},{"link_name":"enzyme","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enzyme"},{"link_name":"tyrosine hydroxylase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyrosine_hydroxylase"},{"link_name":"rate-limiting enzyme","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rate-limiting_enzyme"},{"link_name":"neurotransmitter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurotransmitter"},{"link_name":"dopamine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dopamine"},{"link_name":"catecholamines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catecholamine"},{"link_name":"norepinephrine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norepinephrine"},{"link_name":"epinephrine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epinephrine"},{"link_name":"thyroid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thyroid"},{"link_name":"triiodothyronine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triiodothyronine"},{"link_name":"thyroxine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thyroxine"},{"link_name":"colloid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colloid"},{"link_name":"thyroid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thyroid"}],"sub_title":"Precursor to neurotransmitters and hormones","text":"In dopaminergic cells in the brain, tyrosine is converted to L-DOPA by the enzyme tyrosine hydroxylase (TH). TH is the rate-limiting enzyme involved in the synthesis of the neurotransmitter dopamine. Dopamine can then be converted into other catecholamines, such as norepinephrine (noradrenaline) and epinephrine (adrenaline).The thyroid hormones triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) in the colloid of the thyroid are also derived from tyrosine.","title":"Metabolism"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Papaver somniferum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papaver_somniferum"},{"link_name":"alkaloid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkaloid"},{"link_name":"morphine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morphine"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"Tyrosine ammonia lyase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyrosine_ammonia_lyase"},{"link_name":"p-coumaric acid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P-coumaric_acid"},{"link_name":"melanin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melanin"},{"link_name":"coenzyme Q10","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coenzyme_Q10"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"}],"sub_title":"Precursor to other compounds","text":"The latex of Papaver somniferum, the opium poppy, has been shown to convert tyrosine into the alkaloid morphine and the bio-synthetic pathway has been established from tyrosine to morphine by using Carbon-14 radio-labelled tyrosine to trace the in-vivo synthetic route.[22]Tyrosine ammonia lyase (TAL) is an enzyme in the natural phenols biosynthesis pathway. It transforms L-tyrosine into p-coumaric acid.Tyrosine is also the precursor to the pigment melanin. Tyrosine (or its precursor phenylalanine) is needed to synthesize the benzoquinone structure which forms part of coenzyme Q10.[23][24]","title":"Metabolism"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tyrosinedegradation2.png"},{"link_name":"acetoacetate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acetoacetic_acid"},{"link_name":"fumarate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fumarate"},{"link_name":"citric acid cycle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citric_acid_cycle"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"transamination","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transamination"},{"link_name":"tyrosine transaminase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyrosine_transaminase"},{"link_name":"para-hydroxyphenylpyruvate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Para-Hydroxyphenylpyruvate"},{"link_name":"p-hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P-Hydroxyphenylpyruvate_dioxygenase"},{"link_name":"homogentisate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homogentisic_acid"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"homogentisate 1,2-dioxygenase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homogentisate_1,2-dioxygenase"},{"link_name":"maleylacetoacetate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maleylacetoacetate"},{"link_name":"Fumarylacetoacetate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fumarylacetoacetate"},{"link_name":"maleylacetoacetate cis-trans-isomerase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4-maleylacetoacetate_cis-trans-isomerase"},{"link_name":"glutathione","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glutathione"},{"link_name":"coenzyme","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coenzyme"},{"link_name":"fumarylacetoacetate hydrolase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fumarylacetoacetate_hydrolase"},{"link_name":"fumarate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fumarate"},{"link_name":"acetoacetate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acetoacetic_acid"},{"link_name":"ketone body","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketone_body"},{"link_name":"acetyl-CoA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acetyl-CoA"},{"link_name":"citric acid cycle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citric_acid_cycle"},{"link_name":"fatty acid synthesis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatty_acid_synthesis"},{"link_name":"Phloretic acid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phloretic_acid"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"}],"sub_title":"Degradation","text":"The decomposition of tyrosine to acetoacetate and fumarate. Two dioxygenases are necessary for the decomposition path. The end products can then enter into the citric acid cycle.[citation needed]The decomposition of L-tyrosine (syn. para-hydroxyphenylalanine) begins with an α-ketoglutarate dependent transamination through the tyrosine transaminase to para-hydroxyphenylpyruvate. The positional description para, abbreviated p, mean that the hydroxyl group and side chain on the phenyl ring are across from each other (see the illustration below).The next oxidation step catalyzes by p-hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase and splitting off CO2 homogentisate (2,5-dihydroxyphenyl-1-acetate).[25] In order to split the aromatic ring of homogentisate, a further dioxygenase, homogentisate 1,2-dioxygenase is required. Thereby, through the incorporation of a further O2 molecule, maleylacetoacetate is created.Fumarylacetoacetate is created by maleylacetoacetate cis-trans-isomerase through rotation of the carboxyl group created from the hydroxyl group via oxidation. This cis-trans-isomerase contains glutathione as a coenzyme. Fumarylacetoacetate is finally split by the enzyme fumarylacetoacetate hydrolase through the addition of a water molecule.Thereby fumarate (also a metabolite of the citric acid cycle) and acetoacetate (3-ketobutyroate) are liberated. Acetoacetate is a ketone body, which is activated with succinyl-CoA, and thereafter it can be converted into acetyl-CoA, which in turn can be oxidized by the citric acid cycle or be used for fatty acid synthesis.Phloretic acid is also a urinary metabolite of tyrosine in rats.[26]","title":"Metabolism"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Phe_Tyr.png"},{"link_name":"oxidation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxidation"},{"link_name":"phenylalanine hydroxylase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phenylalanine_hydroxylase"},{"link_name":"free radicals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_radical"},{"link_name":"structural isomers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structural_isomers"},{"link_name":"para isomer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Para_isomer"},{"link_name":"free-radical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free-radical"},{"link_name":"oxidative stress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxidative_stress"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid16221230-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid16298866-28"}],"text":"Enzymatic oxidation of tyrosine by phenylalanine hydroxylase (top) and non-enyzmatic oxidation by hydroxyl free radicals (middle and bottom).Three structural isomers of L-tyrosine are known. In addition to the common amino acid L-tyrosine, which is the para isomer (para-tyr, p-tyr or 4-hydroxyphenylalanine), there are two additional regioisomers, namely meta-tyrosine (also known as 3-hydroxyphenylalanine, L-m-tyrosine, and m-tyr) and ortho-tyrosine (o-tyr or 2-hydroxyphenylalanine), that occur in nature. The m-tyr and o-tyr isomers, which are rare, arise through non-enzymatic free-radical hydroxylation of phenylalanine under conditions of oxidative stress.[27][28]","title":"Ortho- and meta-tyrosine"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"neurotransmitters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurotransmitter"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid6885965-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DietMood-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CognBPStress-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DietNeur-32"},{"link_name":"systematic review","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Systematic_review"},{"link_name":"cognitive load","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognitive_load"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"}],"text":"Tyrosine is a precursor to neurotransmitters and increases plasma neurotransmitter levels (particularly dopamine and norepinephrine),[29] but has little if any effect on mood in normal subjects.[30][31][32]A 2015 systematic review found that \"tyrosine loading acutely counteracts decrements in working memory and information processing that are induced by demanding situational conditions such as extreme weather or cognitive load\" and therefore \"tyrosine may benefit healthy individuals exposed to demanding situational conditions\".[33]","title":"Medical use"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"pharmaceuticals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pharmaceuticals"},{"link_name":"dietary supplements","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dietary_supplements"},{"link_name":"food additives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_additives"},{"link_name":"tyrosine phenol-lyase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyrosine_phenol-lyase"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Perspectives_of_biotechnological_pr-34"},{"link_name":"genetic engineering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetic_engineering"},{"link_name":"industrial fermentation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_fermentation"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Perspectives_of_biotechnological_pr-34"}],"text":"L-tyrosine is used in pharmaceuticals, dietary supplements, and food additives. Two methods were formerly used to manufacture L-tyrosine. The first involves the extraction of the desired amino acid from protein hydrolysates using a chemical approach. The second utilizes enzymatic synthesis from phenolics, pyruvate, and ammonia through the use of tyrosine phenol-lyase.[34] Advances in genetic engineering and the advent of industrial fermentation have shifted the synthesis of L-tyrosine to the use of engineered strains of E. coli.[35][34]","title":"Industrial synthesis"}]
[{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Tyrosine-from-xtal-3D-bs-17.png/110px-Tyrosine-from-xtal-3D-bs-17.png"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Tyrosine-from-xtal-3D-sf.png/110px-Tyrosine-from-xtal-3D-sf.png"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/NFPA_704.svg/80px-NFPA_704.svg.png"},{"image_text":"Plant biosynthesis of tyrosine from prephenate.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Tyrosine_biosynthesis.svg/400px-Tyrosine_biosynthesis.svg.png"},{"image_text":"Conversion of phenylalanine and tyrosine to its biologically important derivatives.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Conversion_of_phenylalanine_and_tyrosine_to_its_biologically_important_derivatives.png/800px-Conversion_of_phenylalanine_and_tyrosine_to_its_biologically_important_derivatives.png"},{"image_text":"The decomposition of tyrosine to acetoacetate and fumarate. Two dioxygenases are necessary for the decomposition path. The end products can then enter into the citric acid cycle.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Tyrosinedegradation2.png/750px-Tyrosinedegradation2.png"},{"image_text":"Enzymatic oxidation of tyrosine by phenylalanine hydroxylase (top) and non-enyzmatic oxidation by hydroxyl free radicals (middle and bottom).","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Phe_Tyr.png/500px-Phe_Tyr.png"}]
[{"title":"Albinism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albinism"},{"title":"Alkaptonuria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkaptonuria"},{"title":"Betalain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betalain"},{"title":"Iodinated tyrosine derivatives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Iodinated_tyrosine_derivatives"},{"title":"Pauly reaction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pauly_reaction"},{"title":"Tyramine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyramine"},{"title":"Tyrosine sulfation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyrosine_sulfation"},{"title":"Tyrosinemia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyrosinemia"}]
[{"reference":"Frey MN, Koetzle TF, Lehmann MS, Hamilton WC (1973). \"Precision neutron diffraction structure determination of protein and nucleic acid components. X. A comparison between the crystal and molecular structures of L-tyrosine and L-tyrosine hydrochloride\". J. Chem. Phys. 58 (6): 2547–2556. Bibcode:1973JChPh..58.2547F. doi:10.1063/1.1679537.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Journal_of_Chemical_Physics","url_text":"J. Chem. Phys."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1973JChPh..58.2547F","url_text":"1973JChPh..58.2547F"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1063%2F1.1679537","url_text":"10.1063/1.1679537"}]},{"reference":"\"Nomenclature and Symbolism for Amino Acids and Peptides\". IUPAC-IUB Joint Commission on Biochemical Nomenclature. 1983. Archived from the original on 9 October 2008. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanako-san
Hanako-san
["1 The legend and its variations","2 History","3 In popular culture","4 See also","5 References","5.1 Bibliography"]
Japanese urban legend "Toire no Hanako-san" and "Hanako-kun" redirect here. For the 1995 film, see Toire no Hanako-san (film). For the manga series, see Toilet-Bound Hanako-kun. For other uses, see Hanako. Hanako-san, or Toire no Hanako-san (トイレの花子 (はなこ)さん, "Hanako of the Toilet"), is a Japanese urban legend about the spirit of a young girl named Hanako who haunts school toilets. Like many urban legends, the details of the origins of the legend vary depending on the account; different versions of the story include that Hanako-san is the ghost of a World War II–era girl who was killed while playing hide-and-seek during an air raid, that she was murdered by a parent or stranger, or that she committed suicide in a school toilet due to bullying. Legends about Hanako-san have achieved some popularity in Japanese schools, where children may challenge classmates to try to summon Hanako-san. The character has been depicted in a variety of media, including films, manga, anime, and video games, and not just as the notorious Hanako-san but in some as Hanako-kun, the male version. The legend and its variations According to legend, Hanako-san is the spirit of a young girl who haunts school toilets, and can be described as a yōkai or a yūrei. The details of her physical appearance vary across different sources, but she is commonly described as having a bobbed haircut and as wearing a red skirt or dress. The details of Hanako-san's origins also vary depending on the account; in some versions, Hanako-san was a child who was murdered by a stranger or an abusive parent in a school toilet; in other versions, she was a girl who committed suicide in a school toilet; in still other versions, she was a child who lived during World War II and was killed in an air raid while hiding in a school toilet during a game of hide-and-seek. To summon Hanako-san, it is often said that individuals must enter a girls' toilet (usually on the third floor of a school), knock three times on the third stall, and ask if Hanako-san is present. If Hanako-san is there, she will reply with some variation of "Yes, I am." Depending on the story, the individual may then witness the appearance of a bloody or ghostly hand; the hand, or Hanako-san herself, may pull the individual into the toilet, which may lead to Hell; or the individual may be eaten by a three-headed lizard who claims that the individual was invading Hanako's privacy. History Author and folklorist Matthew Meyer has described the legend of Hanako-san as dating back to the 1950s. Michael Dylan Foster, author of The Book of Yōkai: Mysterious Creatures of Japanese Folklore, has stated that Hanako-san "is well known because it is essentially an 'urban legend' associated with schools all over Japan. Since the 1990s, it has also been used in films, so it became part of popular culture ... not just orally transmitted or local folklore". In 2014, an article published by NPR described Hanako-san as having "become a fixture of Japanese urban folklore over the last 70 years". In popular culture The Hanako-san character has appeared in film, literature, manga, anime, and video games. She made her first cinematic appearance in the 1995 film Toire no Hanako-san, directed by Joji Matsuoka, in which she is depicted as the benevolent spirit of a girl who committed suicide, and who haunts the toilet of a school. She was later depicted in the 1998 film Shinsei Toire no Hanako-san, directed by Yukihiko Tsutsumi, in which she is portrayed as a vengeful ghost who haunts the middle school that she attended before she died. She is also depicted in the 2013 film Toire no Hanako-san: Shin Gekijōban, directed by Masafumi Yamada. Hanako-san appears in the manga series Hanako and the Terror of Allegory, written and illustrated by Sakae Esuno, as the roommate and friend of Daisuke Aso, a private detective who investigates urban legends. Hanako-san has also been depicted in the manga series Toilet-Bound Hanako-kun by AidaIro—which debuted in 2014—in which the character is portrayed as a young boy. An anime television series adaptation of Toilet-Bound Hanako-kun produced by Lerche premiered in early 2020. Other anime series which feature the Hanako-san character include Kyōkai no Rinne, GeGeGe no Kitarō, and Ghost Stories. Hanako-san also appears in the anime and video game franchise Yo-kai Watch but is renamed Toiletta in the English versions. The Hanako-san legend was also incorporated into the 2020 young adult short story "Who's at the Door?". 14th Generation Toilet Hanako-san (十四代目トイレの花子さん) is a Japanese idol whose persona is based on Hanako-san. Her music encompasses many of the themes of the Hanako-san legend, including violence, death, revenge, and psychosexual issues. See also Aka Manto ("Red Cape"), a Japanese urban legend about a spirit which appears in toilets Akaname, a Japanese yōkai said to lick the filth in bathrooms and bathtubs Bloody Mary, an urban legend about an apparition who appears in mirrors Madam Koi Koi, an African urban legend of a ghost who haunts schools Moaning Myrtle, a toilet-dwelling ghost in the Harry Potter book series Teke Teke, a Japanese urban legend about the spirit of a girl with no legs References ^ a b c d e f g h Meyer, Matthew (27 October 2010). "A-Yokai-A-Day: Hanako-san (or "Hanako of the Toilet")". MatthewMeyer.net. Retrieved 7 August 2019. ^ a b c Yoda & Alt 2013, p. 237. ^ a b Bathroom Readers' Institute 2013, p. 178. ^ a b c d e f g h Grundhauser, Eric (2 October 2017). "Get to Know Your Japanese Bathroom Ghosts". Atlas Obscura. Retrieved 12 July 2019. ^ a b c d Meza-Martinez, Cecily; Demby, Gene (31 October 2014). "The Creepiest Ghost And Monster Stories From Around The World". NPR. National Public Radio, Inc. Retrieved 6 August 2019. ^ From Travel + Leisure. "World's most haunted forests". BBCc.com. Retrieved 19 September 2020. ^ a b c Dylan Foster 2015, p. 272. ^ Harper 2009, pp. 19–20. ^ Yoda & Alt 2013, p. 268. ^ Harper 2009, pp. 19–21. ^ Eisenbeis, Richard (14 September 2015). "A Manga About Urban Horror Stories Become Real". Kotaku. G/O Media. Retrieved 7 August 2019. ^ a b Pineda, Rafael Antonio (4 July 2019). "Lerche Animates Toilet-Bound Hanako-kun Anime for 2020 Premiere". Anime News Network. Retrieved 7 August 2019. ^ Hodgkins, Crystalyn (13 July 2019). "Toilet-Bound Hanako-kun Anime Reveals Visual, More Staff". Anime News Network. Retrieved 7 August 2019. ^ Orsini, Lauren (6 May 2015). "Episode 5 - Kyōkai no Rinne". Anime News Network. Retrieved 7 August 2019. ^ Silverman, Rebecca (3 June 2018). "Episode 10 - GeGeGe no Kitarō". Anime News Network. Retrieved 7 August 2019. ^ Sato (16 May 2014). "Yo-Kai Watch 2 Introduces New Monsters Including A Super Hero Cat". Siliconera. Curse LLC. Retrieved 7 August 2019. ^ "An Interview with JC Bratton: Author of Who's At the Door?". Self-Publishing Review. 3 February 2020. Retrieved 5 October 2020. ^ "14th Generation Toilet Hanako-san Official Web Site" (in Japanese). 2024-04-04. Retrieved 2024-04-04. Bibliography Bathroom Readers' Institute (2013). Uncle John's the Haunted Outhouse Bathroom Reader for Kids Only!: Science, History, Horror, Mystery, and... Eerily Twisted Tales. Portable Press. ISBN 978-1607107842. Dylan Foster, Michael (2015). The Book of Yokai: Mysterious Creatures of Japanese Folklore. University of California Press. ISBN 978-0520271029. Harper, Jim (2009). Flowers from Hell: The Modern Japanese Horror Film. Noir Publishing. ISBN 978-0953656479. Yoda, Hiroko; Alt, Matt (2013). Yokai Attack!: The Japanese Monster Survival Guide. Tuttle Publishing. 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Tenome Tesso Tōfu-kozō Tsuchigumo Tsuchinoko Tsukumogami Abumi-guchi Bakezōri Biwa-bokuboku Boroboroton Chōchin'obake Ittan-momen Kasa-obake Koto-furunushi Menreiki Ungaikyō Tsurara-onna Tsurubebi Tsurube-otoshi Ubagabi Ubume Umibōzu Umi zatō Uwan Waira Wanyūdō Yamabiko Yamajijii Yanari Yobuko Yōsei Yosuzume Yuki-onna Yume no seirei Yūrei/Mononoke Funayūrei Hanako-san Ikiryō Onryō Goryō Kuchisake-onna Shiryō Zashiki-warashi Folklorists Kunio Yanagita Keigo Seki Lafcadio Hearn Shigeru Mizuki Inoue Enryō vteUrban legends List By regionNorth America 27 Club White lighter curse 2016 clown sightings The Baby-Roast The babysitter and the man upstairs The Backrooms Bermuda Triangle Bloody Mary Candle Cove Coghlan's coffin Cow tipping The Dark Side of the Rainbow John Fare Gasoline pill The Hook Killer in the backseat The Licked Hand Lighthouse and naval vessel Litter boxes in schools hoax Men in black Momo Challenge Snuff films The Spooklight Tayopa Frank Tower Vanishing hitchhiker Canada Angikuni's disappeared Inuit village Oak Island money pit Screaming Tunnel St. Louis light Thetis Lake Monster UnitedStates Aurora Baby Train Ben Drowned Black children as alligator bait Black Dog of the Hanging Hills Black-eyed children Blue star tattoo Boy Scout Lane Brown Mountain lights Bunny Man Charlie No-Face Chase Vault Chimera House Choking Doberman Rodney Cox Rudolph Fentz Goatmen Goatman's Bridge Maryland's Goatman Pope Lick Monster Lake Worth Monster The Hands Resist Him Haunchyville JATO Rocket Car Kay's Cross Kennedy curse Lincoln–Kennedy coincidences Lost Dutchman's Mine Melon heads Mel's Hole Midgetville Night Doctors Phantom social workers Philadelphia Experiment Poisoned candy Polybius Sightings of Elvis Presley Richmond Vampire Ronald Opus Seven Gates of Hell Sewer alligators Slender Man 2014 stabbing Tourist guy Continental andmainland Asia Colonel Tomb Nale Ba SS Ourang Medan Orang Minyak India Indian rope trick Monkey-man of Delhi Japan Curse of the Colonel Aka Manto ("Red Cape") Hanako-san of the Toilet Headless Rider Inunaki Village John Zegrus Kisaragi Station Kokkuri Kuchisake-onna ("Slit-Mouthed Woman") Kunekune ("Wriggling Body") Lavender Town Red Room Curse 'Sony timer' Teke Teke Philippines Biringan City Yamashita's gold ContinentalEurope And yet it moves Black Volga Ghost of Kyiv Konstantinos Koukidis Le Loyon Pérák Red mercury Silverpilen This Man France Angels of Mons Vanishing Hotel Room Germany German Corpse Factory Lampshades made from human skin Soap made from human corpses Lone gunner of Flesquières Nazi UFOs Poland Kraina Grzybów TV Nazi gold train Zegrze Reservoir Monster Soviet Union/Russia Legends of Catherine the Great Lenin was a mushroom Hitler's pet alligator Well to Hell White Tights Spain Castilian lisp Sacamantecas Santa Compaña United Kingdom 999 phone charging myth Baby Train Black dog The Crying Boy The Dark Side of the Rainbow HMS Friday Phantom social workers The Spider Bite Strategic steam reserve RMS Titanic England British big cats University of Cambridge legends Croydon Cat Killer Isaac Newton's dog Manchester Pusher Man Proposes, God Disposes Mistletoe bough Paul is dead Ratman of Southend Spring-heeled Jack Sweeney Todd Africa Elephants' graveyard Guegue Madam Koi Koi Oceania Bass Strait Triangle Australia Baby Train Flora and Fauna Act Mahogany Ship Poinciana Woman South America James Bartley Treasure of Lima Topic articles Creepypastas Legends and myths regarding the Titanic McDonald's urban legends Time travel claims and urban legends Urban legends about drugs Theoristsand analysis Jan Harold Brunvand Hoax Slayer Linda Dégh Gary Alan Fine Patricia Turner Snopes TV series Beyond Belief: Fact or Fiction MythBusters Urban Legends Channel Zero In fiction _9MOTHER9HORSE9EYES9 Candyman franchise No Through Road Petscop SCP Foundation Urban Legend (film series) Related List of creepypastas List of cryptids Lists of fictional species Lists of legendary creatures Category
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Toire no Hanako-san (film)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toire_no_Hanako-san_(film)"},{"link_name":"Toilet-Bound Hanako-kun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toilet-Bound_Hanako-kun"},{"link_name":"Hanako","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanako_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"Japanese urban legend","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_urban_legend"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"hide-and-seek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hide-and-seek"},{"link_name":"air raid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airstrike"},{"link_name":"bullying","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bullying"},{"link_name":"manga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manga"},{"link_name":"anime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anime"},{"link_name":"video games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_game"}],"text":"\"Toire no Hanako-san\" and \"Hanako-kun\" redirect here. For the 1995 film, see Toire no Hanako-san (film). For the manga series, see Toilet-Bound Hanako-kun. For other uses, see Hanako.Hanako-san, or Toire no Hanako-san (トイレの花子 (はなこ)さん, \"Hanako of the Toilet\"), is a Japanese urban legend about the spirit of a young girl named Hanako who haunts school toilets. Like many urban legends, the details of the origins of the legend vary depending on the account; different versions of the story include that Hanako-san is the ghost of a World War II–era girl who was killed while playing hide-and-seek during an air raid, that she was murdered by a parent or stranger, or that she committed suicide in a school toilet due to bullying.Legends about Hanako-san have achieved some popularity in Japanese schools, where children may challenge classmates to try to summon Hanako-san. The character has been depicted in a variety of media, including films, manga, anime, and video games, and not just as the notorious Hanako-san but in some as Hanako-kun, the male version.","title":"Hanako-san"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"yōkai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Y%C5%8Dkai"},{"link_name":"yūrei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Y%C5%ABrei"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Meyer_2010-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYodaAlt2013237-2"},{"link_name":"bobbed haircut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_cut"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBathroom_Readers'_Institute2013178-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Grundhauser_2017-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Meza-Martinez_&_Demby_2014-5"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Grundhauser_2017-4"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Meyer_2010-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYodaAlt2013237-2"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Meyer_2010-1"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Grundhauser_2017-4"},{"link_name":"air raid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airstrike"},{"link_name":"hide-and-seek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hide-and-seek"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Meyer_2010-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYodaAlt2013237-2"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Meyer_2010-1"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Grundhauser_2017-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Meza-Martinez_&_Demby_2014-5"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Meyer_2010-1"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Grundhauser_2017-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Grundhauser_2017-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Meza-Martinez_&_Demby_2014-5"},{"link_name":"Hell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hell"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Meyer_2010-1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBathroom_Readers'_Institute2013178-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Grundhauser_2017-4"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"According to legend, Hanako-san is the spirit of a young girl who haunts school toilets, and can be described as a yōkai or a yūrei.[1][2] The details of her physical appearance vary across different sources, but she is commonly described as having a bobbed haircut and as wearing a red skirt or dress.[3][4][5] The details of Hanako-san's origins also vary depending on the account;[4] in some versions, Hanako-san was a child who was murdered by a stranger or an abusive parent in a school toilet;[1][2] in other versions, she was a girl who committed suicide in a school toilet;[1] in still other versions, she was a child who lived during World War II[4] and was killed in an air raid while hiding in a school toilet during a game of hide-and-seek.[1][2]To summon Hanako-san, it is often said that individuals must enter a girls' toilet (usually on the third floor of a school), knock three times on the third stall, and ask if Hanako-san is present.[1][4][5] If Hanako-san is there, she will reply with some variation of \"Yes, I am.\"[1][4] Depending on the story, the individual may then witness the appearance of a bloody or ghostly hand;[4][5] the hand, or Hanako-san herself, may pull the individual into the toilet, which may lead to Hell;[1][3] or the individual may be eaten by a three-headed lizard who claims that the individual was invading Hanako's privacy.[4][6]","title":"The legend and its variations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"folklorist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folklorist"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Meyer_2010-1"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Grundhauser_2017-4"},{"link_name":"NPR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NPR"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Meza-Martinez_&_Demby_2014-5"}],"text":"Author and folklorist Matthew Meyer has described the legend of Hanako-san as dating back to the 1950s.[1] Michael Dylan Foster, author of The Book of Yōkai: Mysterious Creatures of Japanese Folklore, has stated that Hanako-san \"is well known because it is essentially an 'urban legend' associated with schools all over Japan. Since the 1990s, it has also been used in films, so it became part of popular culture ... not just orally transmitted or local folklore\".[4] In 2014, an article published by NPR described Hanako-san as having \"become a fixture of Japanese urban folklore over the last 70 years\".[5]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Film"},{"link_name":"literature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literature"},{"link_name":"manga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manga"},{"link_name":"anime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anime"},{"link_name":"video games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_game"},{"link_name":"Toire no Hanako-san","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toire_no_Hanako-san_(film)"},{"link_name":"Joji Matsuoka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joji_Matsuoka"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDylan_Foster2015272-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarper200919%E2%80%9320-8"},{"link_name":"Yukihiko Tsutsumi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yukihiko_Tsutsumi"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDylan_Foster2015272-7"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYodaAlt2013268-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarper200919%E2%80%9321-10"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDylan_Foster2015272-7"},{"link_name":"Hanako and the Terror of Allegory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanako_and_the_Terror_of_Allegory"},{"link_name":"Sakae Esuno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sakae_Esuno"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Toilet-Bound Hanako-kun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toilet-Bound_Hanako-kun"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Antonio_Pineda_2019-12"},{"link_name":"Lerche","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lerche_(studio)"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Antonio_Pineda_2019-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Kyōkai no Rinne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ky%C5%8Dkai_no_Rinne"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"GeGeGe no Kitarō","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GeGeGe_no_Kitar%C5%8D"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Ghost Stories","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghost_Stories_(Japanese_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Yo-kai Watch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yo-kai_Watch"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"young adult","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Young_adult_fiction"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Japanese idol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_idol"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"}],"text":"The Hanako-san character has appeared in film, literature, manga, anime, and video games. She made her first cinematic appearance in the 1995 film Toire no Hanako-san, directed by Joji Matsuoka,[7] in which she is depicted as the benevolent spirit of a girl who committed suicide, and who haunts the toilet of a school.[8] She was later depicted in the 1998 film Shinsei Toire no Hanako-san, directed by Yukihiko Tsutsumi,[7] in which she is portrayed as a vengeful ghost who haunts the middle school that she attended before she died.[9][10] She is also depicted in the 2013 film Toire no Hanako-san: Shin Gekijōban, directed by Masafumi Yamada.[7]Hanako-san appears in the manga series Hanako and the Terror of Allegory, written and illustrated by Sakae Esuno, as the roommate and friend of Daisuke Aso, a private detective who investigates urban legends.[11] Hanako-san has also been depicted in the manga series Toilet-Bound Hanako-kun by AidaIro—which debuted in 2014—in which the character is portrayed as a young boy.[12] An anime television series adaptation of Toilet-Bound Hanako-kun produced by Lerche premiered in early 2020.[12][13] Other anime series which feature the Hanako-san character include Kyōkai no Rinne,[14] GeGeGe no Kitarō,[15] and Ghost Stories. Hanako-san also appears in the anime and video game franchise Yo-kai Watch but is renamed Toiletta in the English versions.[16]The Hanako-san legend was also incorporated into the 2020 young adult short story \"Who's at the Door?\".[17]14th Generation Toilet Hanako-san (十四代目トイレの花子さん) is a Japanese idol whose persona is based on Hanako-san.[18] Her music encompasses many of the themes of the Hanako-san legend, including violence, death, revenge, and psychosexual issues.","title":"In popular culture"}]
[]
[{"title":"Aka Manto (\"Red Cape\")","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aka_Manto"},{"title":"Akaname","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akaname"},{"title":"Bloody Mary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloody_Mary_(folklore)"},{"title":"Madam Koi Koi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madam_Koi_Koi"},{"title":"Moaning Myrtle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_supporting_Harry_Potter_characters#Moaning_Myrtle"},{"title":"Teke Teke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teke_Teke"}]
[{"reference":"Meyer, Matthew (27 October 2010). \"A-Yokai-A-Day: Hanako-san (or \"Hanako of the Toilet\")\". MatthewMeyer.net. Retrieved 7 August 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://matthewmeyer.net/blog/2010/10/27/a-yokai-a-day-hanako-san-or-hanako-of-the-toilet/","url_text":"\"A-Yokai-A-Day: Hanako-san (or \"Hanako of the Toilet\")\""}]},{"reference":"Grundhauser, Eric (2 October 2017). \"Get to Know Your Japanese Bathroom Ghosts\". Atlas Obscura. Retrieved 12 July 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.atlasobscura.com/articles/japans-bathroom-ghosts","url_text":"\"Get to Know Your Japanese Bathroom Ghosts\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlas_Obscura","url_text":"Atlas Obscura"}]},{"reference":"Meza-Martinez, Cecily; Demby, Gene (31 October 2014). \"The Creepiest Ghost And Monster Stories From Around The World\". NPR. National Public Radio, Inc. Retrieved 6 August 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.npr.org/sections/codeswitch/2014/10/24/358555307/the-creepiest-ghost-and-monster-stories-from-around-the-world","url_text":"\"The Creepiest Ghost And Monster Stories From Around The World\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NPR","url_text":"NPR"}]},{"reference":"From Travel + Leisure. \"World's most haunted forests\". BBCc.com. Retrieved 19 September 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.com/travel/story/20121203-worlds-most-haunted-forests","url_text":"\"World's most haunted forests\""}]},{"reference":"Eisenbeis, Richard (14 September 2015). \"A Manga About Urban Horror Stories Become Real\". Kotaku. G/O Media. Retrieved 7 August 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://kotaku.com/a-manga-about-urban-horror-stories-become-real-1729265297","url_text":"\"A Manga About Urban Horror Stories Become Real\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kotaku","url_text":"Kotaku"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G/O_Media","url_text":"G/O Media"}]},{"reference":"Pineda, Rafael Antonio (4 July 2019). \"Lerche Animates Toilet-Bound Hanako-kun Anime for 2020 Premiere\". Anime News Network. Retrieved 7 August 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2019-07-04/lerche-animates-toilet-bound-hanako-kun-anime-for-2020-premiere/.148645","url_text":"\"Lerche Animates Toilet-Bound Hanako-kun Anime for 2020 Premiere\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anime_News_Network","url_text":"Anime News Network"}]},{"reference":"Hodgkins, Crystalyn (13 July 2019). \"Toilet-Bound Hanako-kun Anime Reveals Visual, More Staff\". Anime News Network. Retrieved 7 August 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2019-07-13/toilet-bound-hanako-kun-anime-reveals-visual-more-staff/.148972","url_text":"\"Toilet-Bound Hanako-kun Anime Reveals Visual, More Staff\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anime_News_Network","url_text":"Anime News Network"}]},{"reference":"Orsini, Lauren (6 May 2015). \"Episode 5 - Kyōkai no Rinne\". Anime News Network. Retrieved 7 August 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/review/kyokai-no-rinne/episode-5/.87889","url_text":"\"Episode 5 - Kyōkai no Rinne\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anime_News_Network","url_text":"Anime News Network"}]},{"reference":"Silverman, Rebecca (3 June 2018). \"Episode 10 - GeGeGe no Kitarō\". Anime News Network. Retrieved 7 August 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/review/gegege-no-kitaro/episode-10/.132402","url_text":"\"Episode 10 - GeGeGe no Kitarō\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anime_News_Network","url_text":"Anime News Network"}]},{"reference":"Sato (16 May 2014). \"Yo-Kai Watch 2 Introduces New Monsters Including A Super Hero Cat\". Siliconera. Curse LLC. Retrieved 7 August 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.siliconera.com/2014/05/16/yo-kai-watch-2-introduces-new-monsters-including-super-hero-cat/","url_text":"\"Yo-Kai Watch 2 Introduces New Monsters Including A Super Hero Cat\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curse_LLC","url_text":"Curse LLC"}]},{"reference":"\"An Interview with JC Bratton: Author of Who's At the Door?\". Self-Publishing Review. 3 February 2020. Retrieved 5 October 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.selfpublishingreview.com/2020/02/an-interview-with-jc-bratton-author-of-whos-at-the-door/","url_text":"\"An Interview with JC Bratton: Author of Who's At the Door?\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-Publishing_Review","url_text":"Self-Publishing Review"}]},{"reference":"\"14th Generation Toilet Hanako-san Official Web Site\" (in Japanese). 2024-04-04. Retrieved 2024-04-04.","urls":[{"url":"https://14hanakored4444.wixsite.com/14hanakosan4444","url_text":"\"14th Generation Toilet Hanako-san Official Web Site\""}]},{"reference":"Bathroom Readers' Institute (2013). Uncle John's the Haunted Outhouse Bathroom Reader for Kids Only!: Science, History, Horror, Mystery, and... Eerily Twisted Tales. Portable Press. ISBN 978-1607107842.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/unclejohnshaunte0000unse","url_text":"Uncle John's the Haunted Outhouse Bathroom Reader for Kids Only!: Science, History, Horror, Mystery, and... Eerily Twisted Tales"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portable_Press","url_text":"Portable Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1607107842","url_text":"978-1607107842"}]},{"reference":"Dylan Foster, Michael (2015). The Book of Yokai: Mysterious Creatures of Japanese Folklore. University of California Press. ISBN 978-0520271029.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_California_Press","url_text":"University of California Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0520271029","url_text":"978-0520271029"}]},{"reference":"Harper, Jim (2009). Flowers from Hell: The Modern Japanese Horror Film. Noir Publishing. ISBN 978-0953656479.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0953656479","url_text":"978-0953656479"}]},{"reference":"Yoda, Hiroko; Alt, Matt (2013). Yokai Attack!: The Japanese Monster Survival Guide. Tuttle Publishing. ISBN 978-1462908837.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuttle_Publishing","url_text":"Tuttle Publishing"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1462908837","url_text":"978-1462908837"}]}]
[{"Link":"http://matthewmeyer.net/blog/2010/10/27/a-yokai-a-day-hanako-san-or-hanako-of-the-toilet/","external_links_name":"\"A-Yokai-A-Day: Hanako-san (or \"Hanako of the Toilet\")\""},{"Link":"https://www.atlasobscura.com/articles/japans-bathroom-ghosts","external_links_name":"\"Get to Know Your Japanese Bathroom Ghosts\""},{"Link":"https://www.npr.org/sections/codeswitch/2014/10/24/358555307/the-creepiest-ghost-and-monster-stories-from-around-the-world","external_links_name":"\"The Creepiest Ghost And Monster Stories From Around The World\""},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.com/travel/story/20121203-worlds-most-haunted-forests","external_links_name":"\"World's most haunted forests\""},{"Link":"https://kotaku.com/a-manga-about-urban-horror-stories-become-real-1729265297","external_links_name":"\"A Manga About Urban Horror Stories Become Real\""},{"Link":"https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2019-07-04/lerche-animates-toilet-bound-hanako-kun-anime-for-2020-premiere/.148645","external_links_name":"\"Lerche Animates Toilet-Bound Hanako-kun Anime for 2020 Premiere\""},{"Link":"https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2019-07-13/toilet-bound-hanako-kun-anime-reveals-visual-more-staff/.148972","external_links_name":"\"Toilet-Bound Hanako-kun Anime Reveals Visual, More Staff\""},{"Link":"https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/review/kyokai-no-rinne/episode-5/.87889","external_links_name":"\"Episode 5 - Kyōkai no Rinne\""},{"Link":"https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/review/gegege-no-kitaro/episode-10/.132402","external_links_name":"\"Episode 10 - GeGeGe no Kitarō\""},{"Link":"https://www.siliconera.com/2014/05/16/yo-kai-watch-2-introduces-new-monsters-including-super-hero-cat/","external_links_name":"\"Yo-Kai Watch 2 Introduces New Monsters Including A Super Hero Cat\""},{"Link":"https://www.selfpublishingreview.com/2020/02/an-interview-with-jc-bratton-author-of-whos-at-the-door/","external_links_name":"\"An Interview with JC Bratton: Author of Who's At the Door?\""},{"Link":"https://14hanakored4444.wixsite.com/14hanakosan4444","external_links_name":"\"14th Generation Toilet Hanako-san Official Web Site\""},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/unclejohnshaunte0000unse","external_links_name":"Uncle John's the Haunted Outhouse Bathroom Reader for Kids Only!: Science, History, Horror, Mystery, and... Eerily Twisted Tales"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pandurs
Pandur
["1 Etymology","2 References"]
Type of light infantry This article is about military units. For the combat vehicle, see Pandur I. For the family of Sumerian stringed musical instruments, see Pandura. Austrian pandur from 1760 The Pandurs were any of several light infantry military units beginning with Trenck's Pandurs, used by the Kingdom of Hungary from 1741, fighting in the War of the Austrian Succession and the Silesian Wars. Others to follow included Vladimirescu's Pandurs, a militia established by Tudor Vladimirescu in the Wallachian uprising of 1821, Pandurs of the Croatian Military Frontier, a frontier guard infantry unit deployed in the late 18th century, Pandurs of the Kingdom of Dalmatia, a frontier guard infantry unit deployed in the 19th century. In the second half of the 18th century the Republic of Venice used pandurs as a local militia to fight bandits in the Dalmatia area. In early 19th Century Wallachia, being a Pandur was a fixed, legally recognized social status - whether or not one was a member of a specific military unit. This social condition had a considerable bearing on the central role played by Pandurs in the Wallachian uprising of 1821. Two armoured personnel carriers made by the Austrian company Steyr-Daimler-Puch are named after the historical Austrian units: the Pandur I 6x6, and Pandur II 8x8. Four ships have also shared a namesake of Pandur units. The first was a ship of the French Navy, Pandour, renamed HMS Pandora after its capture by the Royal Navy in 1795. The additional British ships were named HMS Pandour. Pandurs was also the name for the armed guard units of the Rila Monastery in Ottoman-ruled Bulgaria. In the 19th century, the Rila Monastery Pandurs numbered around 40 and they were headed by Ilyo Voyvoda at one point. In Croatia and Serbia, pandur is a slang term for a policeman. Etymology The term pandur made its way into military use via a Hungarian loanword, in turn originating from the Croatian term pudar, though the nasal in place of the "u" suggests a borrowing before Croatian innovated its own reflex for Proto-Slavic /ɔ̃/. "Pudar" is still applied to security guards protecting crops in vineyards and fields, and it was coined from the verb puditi (also spelled pudati) meaning to chase or scare away. The meaning of the Hungarian loanword was expanded to guards in general, including law enforcement officers. The word was likely ultimately derived from medieval Latin banderius or bannerius, meaning either a guardian of fields or summoner, or follower of a banner. Trenck's Pandurs living history troop from Požega, Croatia By the middle of the 18th century, law enforcement in the counties of Croatia included county pandurs or hussars who patrolled roads and pursued criminals. In 1740, the term was applied to frontier guard duty infantry deployed in the Croatian Military Frontier (Banal Frontier), specifically its Karlovac and Varaždin Generalcies. The role of the pandurs as security guards was extended to Dalmatia after the establishment of Austrian rule there in the early 19th century. The term has dropped from official use for law enforcement officials, but it is still used colloquially in Croatia and the Western Balkans in a manner akin to the English word cop. The unit raised and led by Trenck is also referred to more specifically as Trenck's Pandurs, and less frequently in Croatia than elsewhere, as Croatian Pandurs. References ^ Alvise Foscari, Provveditore Generale in Dalmazia e Albania, Dispacci da Zara, 1777-1780, curated by Fausto Sartori, La Malcontenta publishing, 1998. ^ "Музей „Манастирско стопанство в Рилския манастир - Българска национална телевизия". bnt.bg (in Bulgarian). Retrieved 2023-10-21. ^ a b Nives Opačić (6 December 2007). "Kurije, vinciliri i panduri" . Vijenac (in Croatian) (359). Matica hrvatska. ISSN 1330-2787. Retrieved 19 May 2012. ^ "pandour". Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary. Merriam-Webster. Retrieved 12 June 2012. ^ Giacomo Meyerbeer; Robert Ignatius Letellier (1999). The Diaries of Giacomo Meyerbeer: The Prussian years and Le Prophète, 1840–1849. Associated University Presses. p. 115. ISBN 9780838638439. Retrieved 12 June 2012. ^ "Povijest karlovačke policije" (PDF) (in Croatian). Ministry of the Interior (Croatia). Retrieved 19 May 2012. ^ Stanko Guldescu (1970). The Croatian-Slavonian kingdom, 1526–1792, Opseg 21. Mouton. ISBN 9783111798899. Retrieved 19 May 2012. ^ David Hollins (2005). Austrian Frontier Troops 1740-98. Osprey Publishing. p. 5. ISBN 9781841767017. Retrieved 6 October 2012. ^ Tado Oršolić (December 2007). "Seoske straže i poljsko redarstvo u kopnenoj Dalmaciji (od 1814. do druge polovine XIX. st.)" . Radovi Zavoda Za Povijesne Znanosti HAZU U Zadru (in Croatian). 49. Croatian Academy of Sciences and Arts: 467–481. ISSN 1330-0474. Retrieved 19 May 2012. ^ Marko Lopuština (28 December 2010). "Hrvatski panduri i srpski mangupi" (in Croatian). Portal dnevno d.o.o. Archived from the original on 1 January 2011. Retrieved 19 May 2012. ^ Jurica Miletić (April 2006). "Od počasti do propasti" . Hrvatski vojnik (in Croatian). Ministry of Defence (Croatia). Archived from the original on 22 February 2008. Retrieved 18 May 2012. ^ Michael Howard (2010). War in European History (in German). C.H.Beck. p. 110. ISBN 9783406606335. Retrieved 19 May 2012.
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pandur I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pandur_I"},{"link_name":"Pandura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pandura"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Austrian_pandur_from_1760.png"},{"link_name":"light infantry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light_infantry"},{"link_name":"Trenck's Pandurs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trenck%27s_Pandurs"},{"link_name":"Kingdom of Hungary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary_(1526%E2%80%931867)"},{"link_name":"War of the Austrian Succession","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_of_the_Austrian_Succession"},{"link_name":"Silesian Wars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silesian_Wars"},{"link_name":"Vladimirescu's Pandurs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladimirescu%27s_Pandurs"},{"link_name":"militia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Militia"},{"link_name":"Tudor Vladimirescu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tudor_Vladimirescu"},{"link_name":"Pandurs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pandurs_(Croatian_Military_Frontier)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Croatian Military Frontier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croatian_Military_Frontier"},{"link_name":"Pandurs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pandurs_(Kingdom_of_Dalmatia)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Kingdom of Dalmatia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Dalmatia"},{"link_name":"Republic of Venice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Venice"},{"link_name":"Dalmatia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dalmatia"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Wallachia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wallachia"},{"link_name":"Wallachian uprising of 1821","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wallachian_uprising_(1821)"},{"link_name":"Steyr-Daimler-Puch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steyr-Daimler-Puch"},{"link_name":"Pandur I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pandur_I"},{"link_name":"Pandur II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pandur_II"},{"link_name":"French Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Navy"},{"link_name":"Pandour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pandour_(1780)"},{"link_name":"HMS Pandour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Pandour"},{"link_name":"Rila Monastery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rila_Monastery"},{"link_name":"Ilyo Voyvoda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilyo_Voyvoda"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Croatia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croatia"},{"link_name":"Serbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbia"}],"text":"This article is about military units. For the combat vehicle, see Pandur I. For the family of Sumerian stringed musical instruments, see Pandura.Austrian pandur from 1760The Pandurs were any of several light infantry military units beginning with Trenck's Pandurs, used by the Kingdom of Hungary from 1741, fighting in the War of the Austrian Succession and the Silesian Wars. Others to follow included Vladimirescu's Pandurs, a militia established by Tudor Vladimirescu in the Wallachian uprising of 1821, Pandurs of the Croatian Military Frontier, a frontier guard infantry unit deployed in the late 18th century, Pandurs of the Kingdom of Dalmatia, a frontier guard infantry unit deployed in the 19th century. In the second half of the 18th century the Republic of Venice used pandurs as a local militia to fight bandits in the Dalmatia area.[1]In early 19th Century Wallachia, being a Pandur was a fixed, legally recognized social status - whether or not one was a member of a specific military unit. This social condition had a considerable bearing on the central role played by Pandurs in the Wallachian uprising of 1821.Two armoured personnel carriers made by the Austrian company Steyr-Daimler-Puch are named after the historical Austrian units: the Pandur I 6x6, and Pandur II 8x8.Four ships have also shared a namesake of Pandur units. The first was a ship of the French Navy, Pandour, renamed HMS Pandora after its capture by the Royal Navy in 1795. The additional British ships were named HMS Pandour.Pandurs was also the name for the armed guard units of the Rila Monastery in Ottoman-ruled Bulgaria. In the 19th century, the Rila Monastery Pandurs numbered around 40 and they were headed by Ilyo Voyvoda at one point.[2]In Croatia and Serbia, pandur is a slang term for a policeman.","title":"Pandur"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hungarian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungarian_language"},{"link_name":"loanword","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loanword"},{"link_name":"Croatian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croatian_language"},{"link_name":"security guards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Security_guards"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-vinciliri-3"},{"link_name":"medieval Latin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medieval_Latin"},{"link_name":"summoner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bailiff"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"banner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banner"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Trenkovi_panduri_Po%C5%BEega_(u_%C4%8Cakovcu_2012).JPG"},{"link_name":"living history","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Living_history"},{"link_name":"Požega, Croatia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Po%C5%BEega,_Croatia"},{"link_name":"counties of Croatia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Counties_of_Croatia"},{"link_name":"hussars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hussar"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"frontier guard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Border_guard"},{"link_name":"infantry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infantry"},{"link_name":"Croatian Military Frontier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croatian_Military_Frontier"},{"link_name":"Banal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ban_(title)"},{"link_name":"Karlovac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karlovac"},{"link_name":"Varaždin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vara%C5%BEdin"},{"link_name":"Generalcies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Area_of_responsibility"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hollins-8"},{"link_name":"Dalmatia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dalmatia"},{"link_name":"Austrian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austrian_Empire"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Western Balkans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Balkans"},{"link_name":"English","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_language"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-vinciliri-3"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HV-Pandur2-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"text":"The term pandur made its way into military use via a Hungarian loanword, in turn originating from the Croatian term pudar, though the nasal in place of the \"u\" suggests a borrowing before Croatian innovated its own reflex for Proto-Slavic /ɔ̃/. \"Pudar\" is still applied to security guards protecting crops in vineyards and fields, and it was coined from the verb puditi (also spelled pudati) meaning to chase or scare away. The meaning of the Hungarian loanword was expanded to guards in general, including law enforcement officers.[3] The word was likely ultimately derived from medieval Latin banderius or bannerius, meaning either a guardian of fields or summoner,[4] or follower of a banner.[5]Trenck's Pandurs living history troop from Požega, CroatiaBy the middle of the 18th century, law enforcement in the counties of Croatia included county pandurs or hussars who patrolled roads and pursued criminals.[6][7] In 1740, the term was applied to frontier guard duty infantry deployed in the Croatian Military Frontier (Banal Frontier), specifically its Karlovac and Varaždin Generalcies.[8] The role of the pandurs as security guards was extended to Dalmatia after the establishment of Austrian rule there in the early 19th century.[9] The term has dropped from official use for law enforcement officials, but it is still used colloquially in Croatia and the Western Balkans in a manner akin to the English word cop.[3][10] The unit raised and led by Trenck is also referred to more specifically as Trenck's Pandurs,[11] and less frequently in Croatia than elsewhere, as Croatian Pandurs.[12]","title":"Etymology"}]
[{"image_text":"Austrian pandur from 1760","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Austrian_pandur_from_1760.png/170px-Austrian_pandur_from_1760.png"},{"image_text":"Trenck's Pandurs living history troop from Požega, Croatia","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Trenkovi_panduri_Po%C5%BEega_%28u_%C4%8Cakovcu_2012%29.JPG/170px-Trenkovi_panduri_Po%C5%BEega_%28u_%C4%8Cakovcu_2012%29.JPG"}]
null
[{"reference":"\"Музей „Манастирско стопанство в Рилския манастир - Българска национална телевизия\". bnt.bg (in Bulgarian). Retrieved 2023-10-21.","urls":[{"url":"https://bnt.bg/news/muzei-manastirsko-stopanstvo-v-rilskiya-manastir-310567news.html","url_text":"\"Музей „Манастирско стопанство в Рилския манастир - Българска национална телевизия\""}]},{"reference":"Nives Opačić (6 December 2007). \"Kurije, vinciliri i panduri\" [Manors, guards and pandurs]. Vijenac (in Croatian) (359). Matica hrvatska. ISSN 1330-2787. Retrieved 19 May 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.matica.hr/Vijenac/vijenac359.nsf/AllWebDocs/Kurije__vinciliri_i_panduri_","url_text":"\"Kurije, vinciliri i panduri\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matica_hrvatska","url_text":"Matica hrvatska"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1330-2787","url_text":"1330-2787"}]},{"reference":"\"pandour\". Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary. Merriam-Webster. Retrieved 12 June 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/pandour","url_text":"\"pandour\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merriam-Webster_Online_Dictionary","url_text":"Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merriam-Webster","url_text":"Merriam-Webster"}]},{"reference":"Giacomo Meyerbeer; Robert Ignatius Letellier (1999). The Diaries of Giacomo Meyerbeer: The Prussian years and Le Prophète, 1840–1849. Associated University Presses. p. 115. ISBN 9780838638439. Retrieved 12 June 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giacomo_Meyerbeer","url_text":"Giacomo Meyerbeer"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Letellier","url_text":"Robert Ignatius Letellier"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=mFRLwQoJtI8C","url_text":"The Diaries of Giacomo Meyerbeer: The Prussian years and Le Prophète, 1840–1849"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Associated_University_Presses","url_text":"Associated University Presses"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780838638439","url_text":"9780838638439"}]},{"reference":"\"Povijest karlovačke policije\" [History of Karlovac police] (PDF) (in Croatian). Ministry of the Interior (Croatia). Retrieved 19 May 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.mup.hr/UserDocsImages/PU_KA/dokumenti/o_nama/Povijest_karlovacke_policije.pdf","url_text":"\"Povijest karlovačke policije\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_the_Interior_(Croatia)","url_text":"Ministry of the Interior (Croatia)"}]},{"reference":"Stanko Guldescu (1970). The Croatian-Slavonian kingdom, 1526–1792, Opseg 21. Mouton. ISBN 9783111798899. Retrieved 19 May 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=E6RnAAAAMAAJ&q=%22Each+Croatian+and+Slavonian+county%22","url_text":"The Croatian-Slavonian kingdom, 1526–1792, Opseg 21"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783111798899","url_text":"9783111798899"}]},{"reference":"David Hollins (2005). Austrian Frontier Troops 1740-98. Osprey Publishing. p. 5. ISBN 9781841767017. Retrieved 6 October 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=B3mlRPBObGUC","url_text":"Austrian Frontier Troops 1740-98"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781841767017","url_text":"9781841767017"}]},{"reference":"Tado Oršolić (December 2007). \"Seoske straže i poljsko redarstvo u kopnenoj Dalmaciji (od 1814. do druge polovine XIX. st.)\" [Village guards and field police in mainland Dalmatia (between 1814 and the second half of the 19th cent.)]. Radovi Zavoda Za Povijesne Znanosti HAZU U Zadru (in Croatian). 49. Croatian Academy of Sciences and Arts: 467–481. ISSN 1330-0474. Retrieved 19 May 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://hrcak.srce.hr/index.php?show=clanak&id_clanak_jezik=42262","url_text":"\"Seoske straže i poljsko redarstvo u kopnenoj Dalmaciji (od 1814. do druge polovine XIX. st.)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croatian_Academy_of_Sciences_and_Arts","url_text":"Croatian Academy of Sciences and Arts"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1330-0474","url_text":"1330-0474"}]},{"reference":"Marko Lopuština (28 December 2010). \"Hrvatski panduri i srpski mangupi\" [Croatian cops and Serbian mischiefs] (in Croatian). Portal dnevno d.o.o. Archived from the original on 1 January 2011. Retrieved 19 May 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110101011845/http://www.dnevno.hr/kolumne/marko_lopusina/hrvatski_panduri_i_srpski_mangupi/192360.html","url_text":"\"Hrvatski panduri i srpski mangupi\""},{"url":"http://www.dnevno.hr/kolumne/marko_lopusina/hrvatski_panduri_i_srpski_mangupi/192360.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Jurica Miletić (April 2006). \"Od počasti do propasti\" [From glory to defeat]. Hrvatski vojnik (in Croatian). Ministry of Defence (Croatia). Archived from the original on 22 February 2008. Retrieved 18 May 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080222053222/http://www.hrvatski-vojnik.hr/hrvatski-vojnik/0822006/podlistak.asp","url_text":"\"Od počasti do propasti\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hrvatski_vojnik","url_text":"Hrvatski vojnik"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Defence_(Croatia)","url_text":"Ministry of Defence (Croatia)"},{"url":"http://www.hrvatski-vojnik.hr/hrvatski-vojnik/0822006/podlistak.asp","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Michael Howard (2010). War in European History [Der Krieg in der europäischen Geschichte] (in German). C.H.Beck. p. 110. ISBN 9783406606335. Retrieved 19 May 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=YlZeg-UMouMC","url_text":"War in European History"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783406606335","url_text":"9783406606335"}]}]
[{"Link":"https://bnt.bg/news/muzei-manastirsko-stopanstvo-v-rilskiya-manastir-310567news.html","external_links_name":"\"Музей „Манастирско стопанство в Рилския манастир - Българска национална телевизия\""},{"Link":"http://www.matica.hr/Vijenac/vijenac359.nsf/AllWebDocs/Kurije__vinciliri_i_panduri_","external_links_name":"\"Kurije, vinciliri i panduri\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1330-2787","external_links_name":"1330-2787"},{"Link":"http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/pandour","external_links_name":"\"pandour\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=mFRLwQoJtI8C","external_links_name":"The Diaries of Giacomo Meyerbeer: The Prussian years and Le Prophète, 1840–1849"},{"Link":"http://www.mup.hr/UserDocsImages/PU_KA/dokumenti/o_nama/Povijest_karlovacke_policije.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Povijest karlovačke policije\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=E6RnAAAAMAAJ&q=%22Each+Croatian+and+Slavonian+county%22","external_links_name":"The Croatian-Slavonian kingdom, 1526–1792, Opseg 21"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=B3mlRPBObGUC","external_links_name":"Austrian Frontier Troops 1740-98"},{"Link":"http://hrcak.srce.hr/index.php?show=clanak&id_clanak_jezik=42262","external_links_name":"\"Seoske straže i poljsko redarstvo u kopnenoj Dalmaciji (od 1814. do druge polovine XIX. st.)\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1330-0474","external_links_name":"1330-0474"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110101011845/http://www.dnevno.hr/kolumne/marko_lopusina/hrvatski_panduri_i_srpski_mangupi/192360.html","external_links_name":"\"Hrvatski panduri i srpski mangupi\""},{"Link":"http://www.dnevno.hr/kolumne/marko_lopusina/hrvatski_panduri_i_srpski_mangupi/192360.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080222053222/http://www.hrvatski-vojnik.hr/hrvatski-vojnik/0822006/podlistak.asp","external_links_name":"\"Od počasti do propasti\""},{"Link":"http://www.hrvatski-vojnik.hr/hrvatski-vojnik/0822006/podlistak.asp","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=YlZeg-UMouMC","external_links_name":"War in European History"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Driving_licence_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland
Driving licence in the Republic of Ireland
["1 History","2 Driver theory test","3 Learner Permit","4 Driving licence categories","5 Penalty points","6 Gallery","7 See also","8 External links","9 References"]
Driving Licence in IrelandCeadúnas TiománaIrish Driving LicenceTypeDriving licenceIssued byIrelandPurposeIdentificationExpirationLearner Permit: after 2 years Full Licence: after 10 yearsCostLearner Permits: €35 Full Licence Renewals: €55 In Ireland, a driving licence is an official document which authorises its holder to operate various types of motor vehicle on roads to which the public have access. Since 29 October 2013, they are issued by the National Driver Licence Service (NDLS). Based on the European driving licence standards, all the categories of licence available and the physical licence meet the 2006 EU standards. History From 19 January 2013, new licences issued are similar in size and shape to a credit-card (85.6 × 53.98 mm) as stipulated in Directive 2006/126/EEC. It features the driver's name and date of birth, their photo, signature and any restrictions or endorsements such as the need to wear glasses and any penalty points accrued. From January 2014, the NDLS started to issue an electronic driving licence containing all the information relating to the licence. This provides additional security and protection against fraud. The microchip enables the licence to be read by special card readers which are managed by the Road Safety Authority and are available to the Garda Síochána, however, not all of the categories on the new licence are obtainable. An oversight in production of the licence means that category B1 appears on the driving licence in Ireland but cannot be obtained. Former Irish Driving Licence The old licence was based on the old European format, defined in Directive 91/439/EEC, as was used in other countries in the past. It consisted of a pink tri-fold paper document, laminated on one side. It contained a photo of the driver, their personal details and home address, and a listing of categories of vehicle they are licensed for, with any restrictions printed using a code format. The un-laminated side consisted of a section for any written-in endorsements as well as a page with the term 'Driving licence' or its equivalents in a large number of languages. Both learner permits and the former provisional licences are identical in format to full licences, but green in colour. They do not carry the full translations list as they are not valid outside of the Republic of Ireland and are marked as such on the front. Once a driving test has been passed, all categories of driver with the exception of motorcycle drivers have no restrictions on road usage or vehicle type. Prior to serious reforms in 2007, many people who drove never completed the process of receiving a full licence - 400,000 people held provisional licences in October 2007 when the new Learner Permit system was introduced. Serious crackdowns and a huge increase in testing facilities have brought this number down heavily. The reason for the high number of people driving under a Provisional Licence under the old system was because a Provisional Licence holder could drive unaccompanied after obtaining their second Provisional Licence, and many drivers chose this route rather than going through the full testing process. This system was very unusual - most countries' provisional/learner licences require a fully qualified driver to accompany a learner. Driver theory test The driver theory test is carried out by Prometric Ireland on behalf of the RSA. Candidates get asked forty multiple choice questions. In order to pass the theory test, candidates must score at least 35/40. Anything scored under 35 is a fail and the test must be retaken. Learner Permit Example of the learner permit issued in the Republic of Ireland. (Provisional Licence) Obtaining a Learner Permit requires passing the afore-mentioned computerised theory test. Also required for the Learner Permit are: valid proof of address, valid proof of PPSN, valid photographic ID and Eyesight Report (where necessary). The Application Form for a Learner Permit D201 must be filled in and brought to the local NDLS office. Those on Learner Permits for most categories of licence must not drive unaccompanied. No Learner Permit holders are allowed to drive on motorways and all must display red L-plates at all times, either on their vehicle or on a tabard if a motorcyclist. Driving licence categories This is a list of the categories that can be found on a driving licence in the Republic of Ireland. Note: The category B1 appears on the driving licence in Ireland but cannot be obtained as it does not actually exist there. Category Vehicle Type Minimum Age AM Mopeds and Light quadricycles. 16 A1 Motorcycles with an engine capacity not exceeding 125 cubic centimetres, with a power rating not exceeding 11 kW and with a power-to-weight ratio not exceeding 0.1 kW/kg. Motor tricycles with a power rating not exceeding 15 kW. 16 A2 Motorcycles with a power rating not exceeding 35 kW, with a power to weight ratio not exceeding 0.2 kW/kg and not derived from a vehicle of more than double its power. 18 A Motorcycles. Motor tricycles. 24 (Direct Access) 20 (Progressive Access) A Motor tricycles 21 B Vehicles (other than motorcycles, mopeds, work vehicles or land tractors) having a MAM not exceeding 3,500 kg. having passenger accommodation for not more than 8 persons and where the MAM¹ of the trailer is not greater than 750 kg. or where the combined MAM of the towing vehicle and the trailer does not exceed 3,500 kg. Alternatively fuelled vehicles with a MAM exceeding 3,500 kg. but not exceeding 4,250 kg. for the transport of goods operating without a trailer by holders of a category B driving licence which was issued at least two years before, provided that the mass in excess of 3,500 kg. is due exclusively to the excess of mass of the propulsion system in relation to the propulsion system of a vehicle of the same dimensions, which is equipped with a conventional internal combustion engine with positive ignition or compression ignition, and provided that the cargo capacity is not increased in relation to the same vehicle. A licence with code 96 permits the combination of drawing vehicle and trailer where the MAM of the trailer may exceed 750 kg and where the MAM of the towing vehicle and trailer combined does not exceed 4,250 kg. Quadricycles (other than those covered by AM) are covered by this category. 17 BE Combination of drawing vehicles in category B and trailer where the MAM of the trailer is not greater than 3,500 kg. 17 W Work vehicles and land tractor with or without a trailer. 16 C Vehicles (other than work vehicles or land tractors) having a MAM exceeding 3,500 kg, designed and constructed for the carriage of no more than eight passengers in addition to the driver and where the MAM of the trailer is not greater than 750 kg. 21 (without CPC) 18 (with CPC ) CE Combination of drawing vehicles in category C and trailer where the MAM of the trailer is greater than 750 kg. 21 (without CPC) 18 (with CPC ) C1 Vehicles in category C having a MAM weight not exceeding 7,500 kg, designed and constructed for the carriage of no more than eight passengers in addition to the driver and where the MAM of the trailer is not greater than 750 kg 18 C1E - Combination of drawing vehicles in category C1 and trailer where the MAM of the trailer is greater than 750 kg and where the MAM of the drawing vehicle and trailer combined does not exceed 12,000 kg. - Combination of drawing vehicles in category B with trailer where the MAM of the trailer is greater than 3,500 kg and where the MAM of the drawing vehicle and trailer combined does not exceed 12,000 kg. 18 D Vehicles designed and constructed for the carriage of more than eight passengers in addition to the driver and where the MAM of the trailer is not greater than 750 kg. 24 (without CPC) 21 (with CPC ) DE Combination of drawing vehicles in category D and trailer where the MAM of the trailer is greater than 750 kg. 24 (without CPC) 21 (with CPC ) D1 Vehicles in category D designed and constructed for the carriage of not more than sixteen passengers in addition to the driver with a maximum length not exceeding 8 metres and where the MAM of the trailer is not greater than 750 kg. 21 D1E Combination of drawing vehicles in category D1 and trailer where the MAM of the trailer is greater than 750 kg. 21 Penalty points Main article: Penalty points in Ireland Since 2002, Ireland, like other EU states, has operated a penalty points system for driving offences. If a driver accrues 12 points, their licence is revoked for (at least) 6 months. Gallery Current Irish driving licence Current Irish learner permit Former Irish driving licence (Replaced 2013) Former Irish learner's permit (Replaced 2013) Old version Irish driving licence (1981) Old version Irish provisional driving licence (1976) N plate that must be displayed by novice drivers in Ireland See also European driving licence For Northern Ireland see Driving licence in the United Kingdom Irish passport Prawo Jazdy (alleged criminal) External links National Driver Licence Service (responsible for issuing and renewal of Driving Licences since 26/10/2013) Road Safety Authority (responsible for Driving Licences until 26/10/2013) References ^ "NDLS About the driving Licence Categories". NDLS.ie. Archived from the original on 2014-02-27. Retrieved 2014-02-27. ^ "Licence Categories and Codes". www.ndls.ie. Retrieved 2023-02-01. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s MAM (Maximum Authorised Mass) ^ a b c d CPC (Driver Certificate of Professional Competence) vteDriving licence in Europe Sovereign states Albania Andorra Armenia Austria Azerbaijan Belarus Belgium Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Finland France Georgia Germany Greece Hungary Iceland Ireland Italy Kazakhstan Latvia Liechtenstein Lithuania Luxembourg Malta Moldova Monaco Montenegro Netherlands North Macedonia Norway Poland Portugal Romania Russia San Marino Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey Ukraine United Kingdom States with limitedrecognition Abkhazia Kosovo Northern Cyprus South Ossetia Transnistria Dependencies andother entities Åland Faroe Islands Gibraltar Guernsey Isle of Man Jersey Svalbard Other entities European Union
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Based on the European driving licence standards, all the categories of licence available and the physical licence meet the 2006 EU standards.","title":"Driving licence in the Republic of Ireland"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"size and shape","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO/IEC_7810"},{"link_name":"Garda Síochána","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garda_S%C3%ADoch%C3%A1na"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Irish_Drivers_Licence.jpg"}],"text":"From 19 January 2013, new licences issued are similar in size and shape to a credit-card (85.6 × 53.98 mm) as stipulated in Directive 2006/126/EEC. \nIt features the driver's name and date of birth, their photo, signature and any restrictions or endorsements such as the need to wear glasses and any penalty points accrued.From January 2014, the NDLS started to issue an electronic driving licence containing all the information relating to the licence. This provides additional security and protection against fraud. The microchip enables the licence to be read by special card readers which are managed by the Road Safety Authority and are available to the Garda Síochána,[1] however, not all of the categories on the new licence are obtainable. An oversight in production of the licence means that category B1 appears on the driving licence in Ireland but cannot be obtained.Former Irish Driving LicenceThe old licence was based on the old European format, defined in Directive 91/439/EEC, as was used in other countries in the past. It consisted of a pink tri-fold paper document, laminated on one side. It contained a photo of the driver, their personal details and home address, and a listing of categories of vehicle they are licensed for, with any restrictions printed using a code format. The un-laminated side consisted of a section for any written-in endorsements as well as a page with the term 'Driving licence' or its equivalents in a large number of languages.Both learner permits and the former provisional licences are identical in format to full licences, but green in colour. They do not carry the full translations list as they are not valid outside of the Republic of Ireland and are marked as such on the front. Once a driving test has been passed, all categories of driver with the exception of motorcycle drivers have no restrictions on road usage or vehicle type.Prior to serious reforms in 2007, many people who drove never completed the process of receiving a full licence - 400,000 people held provisional licences in October 2007 when the new Learner Permit system was introduced. Serious crackdowns and a huge increase in testing facilities have brought this number down heavily.The reason for the high number of people driving under a Provisional Licence under the old system was because a Provisional Licence holder could drive unaccompanied after obtaining their second Provisional Licence, and many drivers chose this route rather than going through the full testing process. This system was very unusual - most countries' provisional/learner licences require a fully qualified driver to accompany a learner.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"RSA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Road_Safety_Authority"}],"text":"The driver theory test is carried out by Prometric Ireland on behalf of the RSA.Candidates get asked forty multiple choice questions. In order to pass the theory test, candidates must score at least 35/40. Anything scored under 35 is a fail and the test must be retaken.","title":"Driver theory test"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Learner_permit_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland.jpeg"},{"link_name":"L-plates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L-plate"},{"link_name":"tabard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tabard"}],"text":"Example of the learner permit issued in the Republic of Ireland.(Provisional Licence)\nObtaining a Learner Permit requires passing the afore-mentioned computerised theory test. Also required for the Learner Permit are: valid proof of address, valid proof of PPSN, valid photographic ID and Eyesight Report (where necessary). The Application Form for a Learner Permit D201 must be filled in and brought to the local NDLS office.Those on Learner Permits for most categories of licence must not drive unaccompanied. No Learner Permit holders are allowed to drive on motorways and all must display red L-plates at all times, either on their vehicle or on a tabard if a motorcyclist.","title":"Learner Permit"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"This is a list of the categories that can be found on a driving licence in the Republic of Ireland.[2]Note: The category B1 appears on the driving licence in Ireland but cannot be obtained as it does not actually exist there.","title":"Driving licence categories"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Since 2002, Ireland, like other EU states, has operated a penalty points system for driving offences. If a driver accrues 12 points, their licence is revoked for (at least) 6 months.","title":"Penalty points"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:New_Irish_Driving_Licence.png"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Learner_permit_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland.jpeg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Irish_driving_licence.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Irish_Learners_Permit.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Irish_Driving_License_(1981).jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Irish_Provisional_Driving_Licence_(1976).jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:N_plate_-_Ireland.svg"}],"text":"Current Irish driving licence\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tCurrent Irish learner permit\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tFormer Irish driving licence (Replaced 2013)\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tFormer Irish learner's permit (Replaced 2013)\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tOld version Irish driving licence (1981)\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tOld version Irish provisional driving licence (1976)\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tN plate that must be displayed by novice drivers in Ireland","title":"Gallery"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Wackiest_Ship_in_the_Army_(TV_series)
The Wackiest Ship in the Army (TV series)
["1 Synopsis","2 Notable guest stars","3 Production notes","3.1 Ship","4 In other media","5 Broadcast history","6 Episode list","7 References","8 External links"]
American television series 1965-1966 The Wackiest Ship in the ArmyGenreComedy dramaCreated byDanny ArnoldHerbert Margolis, based on the story "Big Fella Wash-Wash" by Herbert Carlson, in the July 1956 issue of ArgosyStarringJack WardenGary CollinsMike KellinMark SladeTheme music composerHoward GreenfieldJack KellerHelen MillerComposerNelson RiddleCountry of originUnited StatesOriginal languageEnglishNo. of seasons1No. of episodes29ProductionExecutive producerHarry AckermanProducersHerbert HirschmanJoseph DackowRunning time45–48 minutesProduction companiesHerbert Margolis ProductionsJoseph M. Schenck ProductionsScreen GemsOriginal releaseNetworkNBCReleaseSeptember 19, 1965 (1965-09-19) –April 17, 1966 (1966-04-17) Gary Collins, left, and Jack Warden in The Wackiest Ship in the Army. The Wackiest Ship in the Army is an American comedy drama adventure television series that aired for one season on NBC between September 19, 1965, and April 17, 1966. Produced by Harry Ackerman and Herbert Hirschman, the series was loosely based on the 1960 film starring Jack Lemmon and Ricky Nelson, which itself was a fictionalized account of a real wartime vessel. Although often referred to as a comedy series, the show violated three unwritten rules that unofficially defined TV sitcoms at the time: It was an hour in length (almost all comedy series were only a half-hour, and the few attempts at hour sitcoms were unsuccessful), it had no laugh track, and characters were sometimes killed in it. Synopsis The series is set in the Pacific theater of World War II and centers on the crew of the USS Kiwi, a leaky, wooden, twin-masted schooner whose mission is to carry out covert missions behind Japanese lines. Her old-fashioned, noncombatant appearance works in her favor, and she sails under false colors (the Swiss flag) when in enemy waters. The Kiwi is jointly commanded by United States Army Major Simon Butcher (Jack Warden), who is in charge of shore operations, and United States Navy Lieutenant (junior grade) Richard "Rip" Riddle (Gary Collins), who is in command of the vessel at sea. The crew consists of: Mike Kellin: Chief Petty Officer Willie Miller (also in the 1960 film, and listed in the series opening credits) Mark Slade: Radioman Patrick Hollis Fred Smoot: Machinist Mate Seymour Trivers Rudy Solari: Gunner's Mate Sherman Nagurski Don Penny: Pharmacist Mate Charles Tyler, ship's cook Notable guest stars Guest stars included: James Hong: Agaki (three episodes) Jill Ireland Robert Loggia Harry Morgan Chips Rafferty (also in the 1960 film) George Takei Jack Soo Production notes The theme music and scoring were by Nelson Riddle. Ship The USS Kiwi was based on the real-life USS Echo, a 40-year-old schooner (or scow) that the Government of New Zealand transferred to the United States Navy during World War II. The United States returned her to New Zealand in 1944. The Echo was broken up in 2015 due to her poor material conditioning following her use as a bar which had closed in 2013. In other media A paperback novelisation based on the series, by Lee Bergman, was released in 1965. Broadcast history The Wackiest Ship in the Army premiered on NBC on September 19, 1965. It lasted a single season, and the last of its 29 original episodes aired on April 17, 1966. Prime-time reruns of The Wackiest Ship in the Army followed in its regular time slot on NBC until September 4, 1966. The show aired at 10:00 p.m. on Sunday throughout its run. Episode list SOURCES No.TitleDirected byWritten byOriginal air date1"Shakedown"UnknownUnknownSeptember 19, 1965 (1965-09-19) The pilot for the series. The inexperienced Butcher is introduced to his ship, assignment, and crew — and instantly loathes them all. Guest stars: Karen Steele, Jack Soo, and James Hong. 2"The Sisters"UnknownUnknownSeptember 26, 1965 (1965-09-26) The Kiwi sails to the island of Kenajora to drop off female radio engineers disguised as missionaries there. Guest stars: Diana Hyland, Patricia Dunne, Antoinette Bower, and Irene Tsu. 3"Goldbrickers"UnknownUnknownOctober 3, 1965 (1965-10-03) Alternate title "Gold Snatchers." The Kiwi heads for Manila to retrieve four tons of U.S. gold bullion left in the dubious care of a headhunter. Guest stars: Michael Ansara and George Takei. 4"The Day the Crew Paced the Deck"Robert StevensSam Perrin & Arnold BelgardOctober 10, 1965 (1965-10-10) A trader on a Japanese-held island volunteers to spy for the Allies if the Kiwi takes his wife out of danger. Guest stars: Ford Rainey and June Dayton. 5"The Colonel and the Geisha"UnknownUnknownOctober 17, 1965 (1965-10-17) Butcher and Riddle try to rescue a defecting Japanese officer. Guest stars: Nobu McCarthy and David Chow. 6"Bottoms Up"UnknownUnknownOctober 24, 1965 (1965-10-24) The Kiwi sails to Aranuk Island to pick up a British agent. Guest stars: William Glover and Anne Sargent. 7"The Stowaway"Richard C. SarafianJack SherOctober 31, 1965 (1965-10-31) Eager to learn how a two-masted schooner became involved in World War II, newspaper reporter Lori Adams stows away aboard the Kiwi. Guest star: Ruta Lee. 8"Boomer McKye"Joseph SargentMarion HargroveNovember 7, 1965 (1965-11-07) The United States Army orders the Kiwi to locate a rare plant believed to provide a remedy for malaria and hires a flamboyant con man to direct her during the voyage. Guest stars: Chips Rafferty, Leon Lontoc, Hedley Mattingley, Joe Higgins, Maurice Dillimore, and Clive Wayne. 9"Vive La Kiwi"UnknownUnknownNovember 14, 1965 (1965-11-14) The Kiwi′s crew receives orders to infiltrate a Vichy French arms shipment and steal it. Guest stars: Hans Gudegast, Andre Phillippe, and Milton Selzer. 10"The Lady and the Luluai"UnknownUnknownNovember 21, 1965 (1965-11-21) The Kiwi′s crew tries to ransom two servicemen from a tribe of headhunters. Guest stars: Harry Morgan, Hazel Court, Rupert Crosse, and Peter Brooks. 11"A Shade of Kaiser Bill"UnknownUnknownNovember 28, 1965 (1965-11-28) When the Kiwi′s crew arrives at a South Pacific island to destroy radio and radar equipment there, they encounter a World War I German officer and his daughters. Guest stars: Barbara Shelley, Oscar Beregi, Greg Mullavey, and Grant Woods. 12"...and Tyler, Too"Murray GoldenSam Perrin & Arnold BelgardDecember 5, 1965 (1965-12-05) The Kiwi′s cook is transferred elsewhere, and her crew must adjust to his haughty replacement. Guest stars: Jack Collins, Jack Dodson, Herbert Voland, and Steven Bell. 13"Last Path to Garcia"UnknownUnknownDecember 12, 1965 (1965-12-12) The Kiwi receives orders to pick up a Filipino resistance leader, and a female guerrilla fighter offers to lead the Kiwi′s crew to him. Guest stars: Barbara Luna and Keye Luke. 14"I'm Dreaming of a Wide Isthmus"Herschel DaughertyStory by : Bill Jacobson & Ed AdamsonTeleplay by : John O'Dea, Arthur Rowe, Bill Jacobson & Ed AdamsonDecember 19, 1965 (1965-12-19) The Kiwi receives orders to infiltrate a Japanese-held island and demolish a supply depot there. 15"The Lamb Who Hunted Wolves: Part 1"Robert TottenStory by : Robert BucknerTeleplay by : John O'Dea & Arthur Rowe and Robert BucknerJanuary 2, 1966 (1966-01-02) The Kiwi receives orders to rescue 25 Americans from a Japanese prisoner-of-war camp. Guest stars: John Anderson, Gail Kobe, Joseph Turkel, Richard Loo, James Hong, and Butch Cavell. 16"The Lamb Who Hunted Wolves: Part 2"Robert TottenStory by : Robert BucknerTeleplay by : John O'Dea & Arthur RoweJanuary 9, 1966 (1966-01-09) Butcher is trapped in a Japanese prisoner-of-war camp. Guest stars: John Anderson, Gail Kobe, Joseph Turkel, Richard Loo, James Hong, and Butch Cavell. 17"What is Honor — A Word?"Harmon JonesStory by : Danny ArnoldTeleplay by : Julian BarryJanuary 16, 1966 (1966-01-16) Butcher lands on what is supposedly a deserted island to carry out a pre-invasion reconnaissance mission. Guest star: Robert Loggia. 18"Hail the Chief"Alex NicolSam Perrin & Arnold BelgardJanuary 30, 1966 (1966-01-30) The Kiwi′s crew must set up an observation post in Japanese-held waters to observe and report on Japanese ship traffic. Guest star: Leon Lontoc. 19"Liberty Was a Lady"Mark RydellJohn O'Dea & Arthur RoweFebruary 6, 1966 (1966-02-06) While on leave in Brisbane, Australia, Riddle falls in love with an attractive civil defense worker, not knowing that she is married to an Australian man who is missing in action, but the man returns, ending their affair. The Kiwi then takes an Australian special forces diver known as Jocko on a mission to plant underwater explosives on a Japanese ship in a harbor. While Jocko is swimming into the harbor, Riddle learns that he is the woman's husband. Jocko becomes entangled in nets and the Japanese send divers into the water after him, so Riddle swims to his rescue, then tries to help him plant the explosives. Jocko cuts Riddle's air hose to force him to return to the Kiwi, then carries on alone and is killed when the explosives detonate. In Australia, Jocko's guilt-ridden widow puts a final end to her affair with Riddle. Guest stars: Jill Ireland and Lou Antonio. 20"My Father's Keeper"UnknownUnknownFebruary 13, 1966 (1966-02-13) Chief Petty Officer Miller's father is a lifelong Navy man who is coming to visit Miller while the Kiwi is in port at Brisbane, Australia — and this poses a problem for Miller, because his father thinks he is serving aboard an aircraft carrier. Guest stars: George Takei and Harry Bellaver. 21"Brother Love"Robert TottenHerbert MargolisFebruary 20, 1966 (1966-02-20) The Kiwi′s crew must evacuate a group of Australian women who have been posing as missionary workers. Guest stars: Barbara Shelley and Antoinette Bower. 22"And Two If by Sea"UnknownUnknownFebruary 27, 1966 (1966-02-27) The Kiwi receives orders to sink a submarine that is carrying a Japanese admiral to New Guinea. Guest star: Lloyd Bochner. 23"The Ghost of Lord Nelson-san"Claudio GuzmanStephen KandelMarch 6, 1966 (1966-03-06) The Kiwi′s crew must determine whether an Allied coastwatcher is also working for the Japanese. Guest star: Nancy Kovak. 24"Voyage to Never Never"E. W. SwackhamerJohn O'Dea & Arthur RoweMarch 13, 1966 (1966-03-13) The Kiwi receives an assignment to destroy a Japanese submarine base. Guest star: John Holland. 25"The Girl in the Polka-Dot Swimsuit"UnknownUnknownMarch 20, 1966 (1966-03-20) During a visit to Hog Island, the Kiwi′s crew hunts wild boar and holds a cookout. Guest stars: Sharon Farrell, Aki Aleong, Tad Horino, George Zalma, and Kenneth Chung. 26"Chinese Checkers"UnknownUnknownMarch 27, 1966 (1966-03-27) Four men aboard the Kiwi plan to mutiny and steal her cargo of gold. Guest stars: Ellen Madison and William Bramley. 27"My Island"Claudio GuzmanStory by : Danny ArnoldTeleplay by : Julian BarryApril 3, 1966 (1966-04-03) The Kiwi′s crew has fallen ill with fever, and she must make port as soon as possible to get medical attention for her men — but a storm has knocked out her radio and engines and shredded her sails. Guest star: Stefan Schnabel. 28"Fun Has More Blondes"UnknownUnknownApril 10, 1966 (1966-04-10) The Kiwi has orders to transport Garvin Stone wherever he wants to go. During the voyage, Stone will talk about his destination, but not about anything else — and the crew eventually discovers that his mission is to assassinate an imprisoned Women's Army Corps major before she can reveal any secrets to the Japanese. Guest stars: Felice Orlandi and Leonard Strong. 29"Routine Assignment"UnknownUnknownApril 17, 1966 (1966-04-17) Riddle wants to go to the aid of islanders who have sent out a distress call, but Butcher is sure it is a Japanese trap. It turns out to be a trap — but one set by pirates, not the Japanese. Guest stars: Raymond St. Jacques and Vito Scotti. References ^ "TV Tie-in Book Collection, 1945-1999". Division of Rare and Manuscript Collections, Cornell University Library. Retrieved November 5, 2017. ^ a b McNeil, Alex, Total Television: The Comprehensive Guide to Programming From 1948 to the Present, Fourth Edition, New York: Penguin Books, 1996, ISBN 0 14 02 4916 8, p. 889. ^ a b c Brooks, Tim, and Earle Marsh, The Complete Directory to Prime-Time Network and Cable TV Shows, 1946–present (Sixth Edition), New York: Ballantine Books, 1995, ISBN 0-345-39736-3, pp. 1102–1103. ^ a b c Classic TV Archive The Wackiest Ship in the Army (1965–66) Accessed 11 November 2021 ^ Classic TV Archive The Wackiest Ship in the Army Accessed 10 November 2021 ^ Schenectady Gazette, September 18, 1965, p. 11. ^ Marshall, Andrew, The Wackiest Ship in the Army (1965): S01E01 – Shakedown, Military Gogglebox, January 11, 2019 Accessed 10 November 2021 ^ Schenectady Gazette, September 25, 1965, p. 20. ^ Marshall, Andrew, The Wackiest Ship in the Army (1965): S01E02 – The Sisters, Military Gogglebox, January 11, 2019 Accessed 10 November 2021 ^ Marshall, Andrew, The Wackiest Ship in the Army (1965): S01E03 – Goldbrickers, Military Gogglebox, January 11, 2019 Accessed 10 November 2021 ^ Marshall, Andrew, The Wackiest Ship in the Army (1965): S01E05 – The Colonel and the Geisha, Military Gogglebox, January 11, 2019 Accessed 10 November 2021 ^ Schenectady Gazette, October 30, 1965, p. 17. ^ Marshall, Andrew, The Wackiest Ship in the Army (1965): S01E07 – The Stowaway, Military Gogglebox, January 11, 2019 Accessed 10 November 2021 ^ Schenectady Gazette, November 6, 1965, p. 19. ^ Marshall, Andrew, The Wackiest Ship in the Army (1965): S01E08 – Boomer McKye, Military Gogglebox, January 11, 2019 Accessed 10 November 2021 ^ Marshall, Andrew, The Wackiest Ship in the Army (1965): S01E09 – Vive La Kiwi, Military Gogglebox, January 11, 2019 Accessed 10 November 2021 ^ Marshall, Andrew, The Wackiest Ship in the Army (1965): S01E10 – The Lady and the Luluai, Military Gogglebox, January 11, 2019 Accessed 10 November 2021 ^ Schenectady Gazette, November 27, 1965, p. 19. ^ Marshall, Andrew, The Wackiest Ship in the Army (1965): S01E11 – A Shade of Kaiser Bill, Military Gogglebox, January 11, 2019 Accessed 10 November 2021 ^ Schenectady Gazette, December 4, 1965, p. 13. ^ Marshall, Andrew, The Wackiest Ship in the Army (1965): S01E12 – …And Tyler Too, Military Gogglebox, January 11, 2019 Accessed 10 November 2021 ^ Schenectady Gazette, December 11, 1965, p. 9. ^ Marshall, Andrew, The Wackiest Ship in the Army (1965): S01E13 – Last Path to Garcia, Military Gogglebox, January 11, 2019 Accessed 10 November 2021 ^ Marshall, Andrew, The Wackiest Ship in the Army (1965): S01E14 – I’m Dreaming of a Wide Isthmus, Military Gogglebox, January 11, 2019 Accessed 10 November 2021 ^ Marshall, Andrew, The Wackiest Ship in the Army (1966): S01E15 – The Lamb Who Hunted Wolves, Part 01, Military Gogglebox, January 11, 2019 Accessed 11 November 2021 ^ Marshall, Andrew, The Wackiest Ship in the Army (1966): S01E16 – The Lamb Who Hunted Wolves, Part 02, Military Gogglebox, January 11, 2019 Accessed 11 November 2021 ^ Marshall, Andrew, The Wackiest Ship in the Army (1966): S01E17 – What is Honor – A Word, Military Gogglebox, January 11, 2019 Accessed 11 November 2021 ^ Marshall, Andrew, The Wackiest Ship in the Army (1966): S01E18 – Hail the Chief, Military Gogglebox, January 11, 2019 Accessed 11 November 2021 ^ Marshall, Andrew, The Wackiest Ship in the Army (1966): S01E20 – My Father’s Keeper, Military Gogglebox, January 11, 2019 Accessed 11 November 2021 ^ Marshall, Andrew, The Wackiest Ship in the Army (1966): S01E21 – Brother Love, Military Gogglebox, January 11, 2019 Accessed 11 November 2021 ^ Marshall, Andrew, The Wackiest Ship in the Army (1966): S01E22 – And Two if by Sea, Military Gogglebox, January 11, 2019 Accessed 11 November 2021 ^ Marshall, Andrew, The Wackiest Ship in the Army (1966): S01E23 – The Ghost of Lord Nelson-san, Military Gogglebox, January 11, 2019 Accessed 11 November 2021 ^ Marshall, Andrew, The Wackiest Ship in the Army (1966): S01E24 – Voyage to Never Never, Military Gogglebox, January 11, 2019 Accessed 11 November 2021 ^ Marshall, Andrew, The Wackiest Ship in the Army (1966): S01E25 – Girl in the Polka-Dot Swimsuit, Military Gogglebox, January 11, 2019 Accessed 11 November 2021 ^ Marshall, Andrew, The Wackiest Ship in the Army (1966): S01E26 – Chinese Checkers, Military Gogglebox, January 11, 2019 Accessed 11 November 2021 ^ Marshall, Andrew, The Wackiest Ship in the Army (1966): S01E27 – My Island, Military Gogglebox, January 11, 2019 Accessed 11 November 2021 ^ Schenectady Gazette, April 9, 1966, p. 19. ^ Marshall, Andrew, The Wackiest Ship in the Army (1966): S01E28 – Fun has more Blondes, Military Gogglebox, January 11, 2019 Accessed 11 November 2021 ^ Schenectady Gazette, April 16, 1966, p. 6. ^ Marshall, Andrew, The Wackiest Ship in the Army (1966): S01E29 – Routine Assignment, Military Gogglebox, January 11, 2019 Accessed 11 November 2021 External links The Wackiest Ship in the Army at IMDb The Wackiest Ship in the Army at epguides.com
[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gary_Collins_Jack_Warden_Wackiest_Ship_in_the_Army.PNG"},{"link_name":"Gary Collins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary_Collins_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Jack Warden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Warden"},{"link_name":"comedy drama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comedy_drama"},{"link_name":"NBC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NBC"},{"link_name":"Harry Ackerman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Ackerman"},{"link_name":"Herbert Hirschman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Hirschman"},{"link_name":"1960 film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Wackiest_Ship_in_the_Army_(film)"},{"link_name":"Jack Lemmon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Lemmon"},{"link_name":"Ricky Nelson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ricky_Nelson"},{"link_name":"comedy series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Television_comedy"},{"link_name":"sitcoms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sitcoms"},{"link_name":"laugh track","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laugh_track"}],"text":"Gary Collins, left, and Jack Warden in The Wackiest Ship in the Army.The Wackiest Ship in the Army is an American comedy drama adventure television series that aired for one season on NBC between September 19, 1965, and April 17, 1966. Produced by Harry Ackerman and Herbert Hirschman, the series was loosely based on the 1960 film starring Jack Lemmon and Ricky Nelson, which itself was a fictionalized account of a real wartime vessel.Although often referred to as a comedy series, the show violated three unwritten rules that unofficially defined TV sitcoms at the time: It was an hour in length (almost all comedy series were only a half-hour, and the few attempts at hour sitcoms were unsuccessful), it had no laugh track, and characters were sometimes killed in it.","title":"The Wackiest Ship in the Army (TV series)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pacific theater","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_War"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"schooner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schooner"},{"link_name":"Japanese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan_during_World_War_II"},{"link_name":"noncombatant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noncombatant"},{"link_name":"Swiss flag","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swiss_flag"},{"link_name":"United States Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Army"},{"link_name":"Major","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_(rank)"},{"link_name":"Jack Warden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Warden"},{"link_name":"United States Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Navy"},{"link_name":"Lieutenant (junior grade)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lieutenant_(junior_grade)"},{"link_name":"Gary Collins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary_Collins_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Mike Kellin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Kellin"},{"link_name":"Chief Petty Officer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_Petty_Officer"},{"link_name":"Mark Slade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Slade"},{"link_name":"Radioman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radioman"},{"link_name":"Fred Smoot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fred_Smoot_(actor)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Machinist Mate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machinist_Mate"},{"link_name":"Rudy Solari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rudy_Solari&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Gunner's Mate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gunner%27s_Mate"},{"link_name":"Don Penny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don_Penny"},{"link_name":"Pharmacist Mate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pharmacist_Mate"}],"text":"The series is set in the Pacific theater of World War II and centers on the crew of the USS Kiwi, a leaky, wooden, twin-masted schooner whose mission is to carry out covert missions behind Japanese lines. Her old-fashioned, noncombatant appearance works in her favor, and she sails under false colors (the Swiss flag) when in enemy waters. The Kiwi is jointly commanded by United States Army Major Simon Butcher (Jack Warden), who is in charge of shore operations, and United States Navy Lieutenant (junior grade) Richard \"Rip\" Riddle (Gary Collins), who is in command of the vessel at sea. The crew consists of:Mike Kellin: Chief Petty Officer Willie Miller (also in the 1960 film, and listed in the series opening credits)\nMark Slade: Radioman Patrick Hollis\nFred Smoot: Machinist Mate Seymour Trivers\nRudy Solari: Gunner's Mate Sherman Nagurski\nDon Penny: Pharmacist Mate Charles Tyler, ship's cook","title":"Synopsis"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"James Hong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Hong"},{"link_name":"Jill Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jill_Ireland"},{"link_name":"Robert Loggia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Loggia"},{"link_name":"Harry Morgan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Morgan"},{"link_name":"Chips Rafferty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chips_Rafferty"},{"link_name":"George Takei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Takei"},{"link_name":"Jack Soo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Soo"}],"text":"Guest stars included:James Hong: Agaki (three episodes)\nJill Ireland\nRobert Loggia\nHarry Morgan\nChips Rafferty (also in the 1960 film)\nGeorge Takei\nJack Soo","title":"Notable guest stars"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Nelson Riddle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nelson_Riddle"}],"text":"The theme music and scoring were by Nelson Riddle.","title":"Production notes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"USS Echo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Echo"},{"link_name":"schooner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schooner"},{"link_name":"scow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scow"},{"link_name":"Government of New Zealand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_New_Zealand"},{"link_name":"United States Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Navy"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"New Zealand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand"}],"sub_title":"Ship","text":"The USS Kiwi was based on the real-life USS Echo, a 40-year-old schooner (or scow) that the Government of New Zealand transferred to the United States Navy during World War II. The United States returned her to New Zealand in 1944. The Echo was broken up in 2015 due to her poor material conditioning following her use as a bar which had closed in 2013.","title":"Production notes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"paperback","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paperback"},{"link_name":"novelisation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novelisation"},{"link_name":"Lee Bergman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lee_Bergman&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"A paperback novelisation based on the series, by Lee Bergman, was released in 1965.[1]","title":"In other media"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"NBC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NBC"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mcneil-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Brooks_and_Marsh-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ctva-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ctva-4"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mcneil-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Brooks_and_Marsh-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Brooks_and_Marsh-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ctva-4"}],"text":"The Wackiest Ship in the Army premiered on NBC on September 19, 1965.[2][3][4] It lasted a single season, and the last of its 29 original episodes aired on April 17, 1966.[4] Prime-time reruns of The Wackiest Ship in the Army followed in its regular time slot on NBC until September 4, 1966.[2][3] The show aired at 10:00 p.m. on Sunday throughout its run.[3][4]","title":"Broadcast history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"}],"text":"SOURCES [5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34][35][36][37][38][39][40]","title":"Episode list"}]
[{"image_text":"Gary Collins, left, and Jack Warden in The Wackiest Ship in the Army.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/cf/Gary_Collins_Jack_Warden_Wackiest_Ship_in_the_Army.PNG/220px-Gary_Collins_Jack_Warden_Wackiest_Ship_in_the_Army.PNG"}]
null
[{"reference":"\"TV Tie-in Book Collection, 1945-1999\". Division of Rare and Manuscript Collections, Cornell University Library. Retrieved November 5, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://rmc.library.cornell.edu/EAD/htmldocs/RMM08001.html","url_text":"\"TV Tie-in Book Collection, 1945-1999\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornell_University_Library","url_text":"Cornell University Library"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D.L._Ashliman
D. L. Ashliman
["1 Personal life","2 Professional career","3 Works","4 References","5 External links"]
American folklorist and writer (born 1938) Dee L. Ashliman (born January 1, 1938), who writes professionally as D. L. Ashliman, is an American folklorist and writer. He is Professor Emeritus of German at the University of Pittsburgh and is considered to be a leading expert on folklore and fairytales. He has published a number of works on the genre. Personal life Dee Ashliman was born on January 1, 1938, in Idaho Falls, Idaho, to Laurn Earl Ashliman and Elgarda Zobell Ashliman He and his family moved to Rexburg when he was a baby. He was a member of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. His parents established a shoe store there, which was destroyed in 1976 by a flood caused by the Teton Dam collapse. Ashliman married Patricia Taylor, a music instructor, at the Idaho Falls Idaho Temple in August 1960. They have three children. He now lives and works in St. George, in southern Utah. Professional career Ashliman gained a B.A. from the University of Utah in 1963, and his M.A. and PhD at Rutgers in 1969; his post-graduate studies were carried out at the University of Göttingen in Germany. His doctoral dissertation was entitled "The American West in Nineteenth-century German Literature", Ashliman spent much of his working career at the University of Pittsburgh, where he was an associate professor of German from 1977 to 1986, the chair of the German department from 1994 to 1997, and remained a faculty member until May 2000, when he retired. He also worked as a visiting professor at the University of Augsburg throughout the 1990s. Since his retirement, he has volunteered as an instructor at the Institute for Continued Learning at Dixie State College in Utah, teaching folklore, mythology, and digital photography. In his work on folklore, Ashliman primarily studies and writes on English-language folktales, and on Indo-European tales. His work on Folk and Fairy Tales: A Handbook, a reference guide to folklore, was described as "stand out for its brevity and an intersecting writing style". His works include extensive cataloging and analysis of Grimms' Fairy Tales and Aesop's Fables. Ashliman maintains a website on folk and fairy tales through the University of Pittsburgh. The site is considered to be "one of the most respected scholarly resources for folklore and fairytale researchers". He serves on the advisory board of the Sussex Centre for Folklore, Fairy Tales and Fantasy based at the University of Chichester. Works Fairy Lore: A Handbook. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press, 2005. Folk and Fairy Tales: A Handbook. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press, 2004. ISBN 0-313-32810-2. Aesop's Fables (editor and annotator). Translated by V. S. Vernon Jones. New York: Barnes & Noble Classics, 2003. ISBN 1-59308-062-X. Voices from the Past: The Cycle of Life in Indo-European Folktales, 2nd ed., expanded and revised. Dubuque, Iowa: Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company, 1995. ISBN 0-7872-1503-1. Once upon a Time: The Story of European Folktales. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh, External Studies Program, 1994. A Guide to Folktales in the English Language: Based on the Aarne-Thompson Classification System. Bibliographies and Indexes in World Literature, vol. 11. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press, 1987. ISBN 0-313-25961-5. The American West in Nineteenth-century German Literature. Rutgers University, 1969. Dissertation Abstracts 2959-A. University Microfilms, Ann Arbor, Michigan. Order number 7000572. References ^ "People - Department of German - University of Pittsburgh". german.pitt.edu. Retrieved January 19, 2018. ^ a b c "Sussex Centre for Folklore, Fairy Tales and Fantasy". University of Chichester. Retrieved January 19, 2018. ^ "1940 U.S. Federal Population Census". Census Bureau. 1940. Retrieved January 19, 2018. ^ "Obituary - Elgarda Zobell Ashliman". Rexburg Standard Journal. August 10, 2004. ^ "ICL Course Catalog" (PDF). Dixie State College. 2018. p. 14. Retrieved September 7, 2018. ^ "Dee Ashliman Marriage and Divorce Records". Retrieved January 19, 2018. ^ a b Gale (2009). "Ashliman, D. L. 1938-". Contemporary Authors. Encyclopedia.com. Retrieved January 19, 2018. ^ Ashliman, D. L. (1969). The American West in nineteenth-century German literature in SearchWorks. searchworks.stanford.edu (Thesis). Retrieved November 24, 2015. ^ "D.L. Ashliman's Home Page". University of Pittsburgh. February 17, 2010. Retrieved January 19, 2018. ^ De Masters, Tiffany (December 30, 2009). "Classes have seniors in mind". The Spectrum. Newspapers.com. p. 1. Retrieved September 7, 2018. ^ "ICL Course Catalog" (PDF). Dixie State College. 2018. pp. 6, 19. Retrieved September 7, 2018. ^ Roncevic, Mirela (September 1, 2004). "Review of Folk and Fairy Tales". Library Journal: 118. OCLC 36096783. ^ D. L. Ashliman (April 9, 2016). "The Grimm Brothers' Children's and Household Tales". University of Pittsburgh. Retrieved September 7, 2018. ^ Dianne de Las Casas (2006). Story Fest: Crafting Story Theater Scripts. Westport, Connecticut: Teacher Ideas Press, p. 73. ISBN 1-59469-009-X. ^ "Sussex Centre for Folklore, Fairy Tales and Fantasy: People". University of Chichester. Retrieved November 25, 2015. External links D. L. Ashliman's home page at the University of Pittsburgh Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Spain France BnF data Germany Israel United States Netherlands
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"folklorist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folklorist"},{"link_name":"Professor Emeritus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Professor_Emeritus"},{"link_name":"University of Pittsburgh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Pittsburgh"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-chich-2"}],"text":"Dee L. Ashliman (born January 1, 1938), who writes professionally as D. L. Ashliman, is an American folklorist and writer. He is Professor Emeritus of German at the University of Pittsburgh[1] and is considered to be a leading expert on folklore and fairytales.[2] He has published a number of works on the genre.","title":"D. L. Ashliman"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Idaho Falls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idaho_Falls"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-census-3"},{"link_name":"Rexburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rexburg,_Idaho"},{"link_name":"the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints"},{"link_name":"Teton Dam collapse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teton_Dam#Collapse_and_flood"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-eza-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-icl2-5"},{"link_name":"Idaho Falls Idaho Temple","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idaho_Falls_Idaho_Temple"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-encyc-7"},{"link_name":"St. George","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._George,_Utah"},{"link_name":"Utah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utah"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-chich-2"}],"text":"Dee Ashliman was born on January 1, 1938, in Idaho Falls, Idaho, to Laurn Earl Ashliman and Elgarda Zobell Ashliman[3] He and his family moved to Rexburg when he was a baby. He was a member of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. His parents established a shoe store there, which was destroyed in 1976 by a flood caused by the Teton Dam collapse.[4] Ashliman married Patricia Taylor, a music instructor,[5] at the Idaho Falls Idaho Temple in August 1960.[6] They have three children.[7] He now lives and works in St. George, in southern Utah.[2]","title":"Personal life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"University of Utah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Utah"},{"link_name":"Rutgers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rutgers_University"},{"link_name":"University of Göttingen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_G%C3%B6ttingen"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"University of Pittsburgh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Pittsburgh"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hp-9"},{"link_name":"visiting professor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visiting_professor"},{"link_name":"University of Augsburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Augsburg"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-encyc-7"},{"link_name":"Dixie State College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utah_Tech_University"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-spectrum-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-icl-11"},{"link_name":"folklore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folklore"},{"link_name":"Indo-European","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indo-European_languages"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Grimms' Fairy Tales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grimms%27_Fairy_Tales"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-grimm-13"},{"link_name":"Aesop's Fables","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aesop%27s_Fables"},{"link_name":"folk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folklore"},{"link_name":"fairy tales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fairy_tale"},{"link_name":"University of Pittsburgh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Pittsburgh"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-chich-2"},{"link_name":"University of Chichester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Chichester"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"text":"Ashliman gained a B.A. from the University of Utah in 1963, and his M.A. and PhD at Rutgers in 1969; his post-graduate studies were carried out at the University of Göttingen in Germany. His doctoral dissertation was entitled \"The American West in Nineteenth-century German Literature\",[8]Ashliman spent much of his working career at the University of Pittsburgh, where he was an associate professor of German from 1977 to 1986, the chair of the German department from 1994 to 1997, and remained a faculty member until May 2000, when he retired.[9] He also worked as a visiting professor at the University of Augsburg throughout the 1990s.[7] Since his retirement, he has volunteered as an instructor at the Institute for Continued Learning at Dixie State College in Utah, teaching folklore, mythology, and digital photography.[10][11]In his work on folklore, Ashliman primarily studies and writes on English-language folktales, and on Indo-European tales. His work on Folk and Fairy Tales: A Handbook, a reference guide to folklore, was described as \"stand[ing] out for its brevity and an intersecting writing style\".[12] His works include extensive cataloging and analysis of Grimms' Fairy Tales[13] and Aesop's Fables.Ashliman maintains a website on folk and fairy tales through the University of Pittsburgh.[14] The site is considered to be \"one of the most respected scholarly resources for folklore and fairytale researchers\".[2] He serves on the advisory board of the Sussex Centre for Folklore, Fairy Tales and Fantasy based at the University of Chichester.[15]","title":"Professional career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-313-32810-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-313-32810-2"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1-59308-062-X","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-59308-062-X"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-7872-1503-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7872-1503-1"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-313-25961-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-313-25961-5"}],"text":"Fairy Lore: A Handbook. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press, 2005.\nFolk and Fairy Tales: A Handbook. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press, 2004. ISBN 0-313-32810-2.\nAesop's Fables (editor and annotator). Translated by V. S. Vernon Jones. New York: Barnes & Noble Classics, 2003. ISBN 1-59308-062-X.\nVoices from the Past: The Cycle of Life in Indo-European Folktales, 2nd ed., expanded and revised. Dubuque, Iowa: Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company, 1995. ISBN 0-7872-1503-1.\nOnce upon a Time: The Story of European Folktales. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh, External Studies Program, 1994.\nA Guide to Folktales in the English Language: Based on the Aarne-Thompson Classification System. Bibliographies and Indexes in World Literature, vol. 11. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press, 1987. ISBN 0-313-25961-5.\nThe American West in Nineteenth-century German Literature. Rutgers University, 1969. Dissertation Abstracts 2959-A. University Microfilms, Ann Arbor, Michigan. Order number 7000572.","title":"Works"}]
[]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athletics_at_the_1948_Summer_Olympics
Athletics at the 1948 Summer Olympics
["1 Medal summary","1.1 Men","1.2 Women","2 Records broken","2.1 Men's Olympic records","2.2 Women's Olympic records","3 References"]
Coordinates: 51°33′20″N 0°16′47″W / 51.5556°N 0.2797°W / 51.5556; -0.2797 Athleticsat the Games of the XIV OlympiadNo. of events33Competitors745 from 53 nations← 19361952 → Athletics at the1948 Summer OlympicsTrack events100 mmenwomen200 mmenwomen400 mmen800 mmen1500 mmen5000 mmen10,000 mmen80 m hurdleswomen110 m hurdlesmen400 m hurdlesmen3000 msteeplechasemen4 × 100 m relaymenwomen4 × 400 m relaymenRoad eventsMarathonmen10 km walkmen50 km walkmenField eventsLong jumpmenwomenTriple jumpmenHigh jumpmenwomenPole vaultmenShot putmenwomenDiscus throwmenwomenJavelin throwmenwomenHammer throwmenCombined eventsDecathlonmenvte At the 1948 Summer Olympics in London, 33 athletics events were contested, 24 for men and 9 for women. Three events made their Olympic debut at these Games: women's 200 metres, women's long jump and women's shot put. There were a total number of 745 participating athletes from 53 countries. Medal summary RankNationGoldSilverBronzeTotal1 United States12510272 Sweden535133 Netherlands40264 France23385 Hungary20136 Australia13267 Italy13158 Finland1203 Jamaica120310 Argentina1102 Czechoslovakia110212 Austria1012 Belgium101214 Great Britain061715 Switzerland011216 Ceylon0101 Norway0101 Yugoslavia010119 Panama002220 Canada0011 Denmark0011 Turkey0011Totals (22 entries)33333399 Men Event Gold Silver Bronze 100 metresdetails Harrison Dillard United States 10.3 Barney Ewell United States 10.4 Lloyd LaBeach Panama 10.6 200 metresdetails Mel Patton United States 21.1 Barney Ewell United States 21.1 Lloyd LaBeach Panama 21.2 400 metresdetails Arthur Wint Jamaica 46.2 Herb McKenley Jamaica 46.4 Mal Whitfield United States 46.8 800 metresdetails Mal Whitfield United States 1:49.2 Arthur Wint Jamaica 1:49.5 Marcel Hansenne France 1:49.8 1500 metresdetails Henry Eriksson Sweden 3:49.8 Lennart Strand Sweden 3:50.4 Wim Slijkhuis Netherlands 3:50.4 5000 metresdetails Gaston Reiff Belgium 14:17.6 Emil Zátopek Czechoslovakia 14:17.8 Wim Slijkhuis Netherlands 14:26.8 10,000 metresdetails Emil Zátopek Czechoslovakia 29:59.6 Alain Mimoun France 30:47.4 Bertil Albertsson Sweden 30:53.6 110 metres hurdlesdetails William Porter United States 13.9 Clyde Scott United States 14.1 Craig Dixon United States 14.1 400 metres hurdlesdetails Roy Cochran United States 51.1 Duncan White Ceylon 51.8 Rune Larsson Sweden 52.2 3000 metres steeplechasedetails Tore Sjöstrand Sweden 9:04.6 Erik Elmsäter Sweden 9:08.2 Göte Hagström Sweden 9:11.8 4 × 100 metres relaydetails  United States (USA)Barney EwellLorenzo WrightHarrison DillardMel Patton 40.6  Great Britain (GBR)Alastair McCorquodaleJohn GregoryKen JonesJack Archer 41.3  Italy (ITA)Michele TitoEnrico PerucconiCarlo MontiAntonio Siddi 41.5 4 × 400 metres relaydetails  United States (USA)Roy CochranCliff BourlandArthur HarndenMal Whitfield 3:10.4  France (FRA)Jean KerebelFrancis SchewettaRobert Chef D'HotelJacques Lunis 3:14.8  Sweden (SWE)Kurt LundquistLars-Erik WolfbrandtFolke AlnevikRune Larsson 3:16.0 Marathondetails Delfo Cabrera Argentina 2:34:51.6 Tom Richards Great Britain 2:35:07.6 Etienne Gailly Belgium 2:35:33.6 10 kilometres walkdetails John Mikaelsson Sweden 45:13.2 Ingemar Johansson Sweden 45:43.8 Fritz Schwab Switzerland 46:00.2 50 kilometres walkdetails John Ljunggren Sweden 4:41:52 Gaston Godel Switzerland 4:48:17 Tebbs Lloyd Johnson Great Britain 4:48:31 High jumpdetails John Winter Australia 1.98 m Bjørn Paulson Norway 1.95 m George Stanich United States 1.95 m Pole vaultdetails Guinn Smith United States 4.30 m Erkki Kataja Finland 4.20 m Robert Richards United States 4.20 m Long jumpdetails Willie Steele United States 7.825 m Theo Bruce Australia 7.55 m Herbert Douglas United States 7.54 m Triple jumpdetails Arne Åhman Sweden 15.40 m George Avery Australia 15.36 m Ruhi Sarialp Turkey 15.02 m Shot putdetails Wilbur Thompson United States 17.12 m Jim Delaney United States 16.68 m Jim Fuchs United States 16.42 m Discus throwdetails Adolfo Consolini Italy 52.78 m Giuseppe Tosi Italy 51.78 m Fortune Gordien United States 50.77 m Hammer throwdetails Imre Németh Hungary 56.07 m Ivan Gubijan Yugoslavia 54.27 m Robert Bennett United States 53.73 m Javelin throwdetails Tapio Rautavaara Finland 69.77 m Steve Seymour United States 67.56 m József Várszegi Hungary 67.03 m Decathlondetails Bob Mathias United States 7139 Ignace Heinrich France 6974 Floyd Simmons United States 6950 Women Games Gold Silver Bronze 100 metresdetails Fanny Blankers-Koen Netherlands 11.9 Dorothy Manley Great Britain 12.2 Shirley Strickland Australia 12.2 200 metresdetails Fanny Blankers-Koen Netherlands 24.4 Audrey Williamson Great Britain 25.1 Audrey Patterson United States 25.2 80 metres hurdlesdetails Fanny Blankers-Koen Netherlands 11.2 Maureen Gardner Great Britain 11.2 Shirley Strickland Australia 11.4 4 × 100 metres relaydetails  Netherlands (NED)Xenia Stad-de JongNetty Witziers-TimmerGerda van der Kade-KoudijsFanny Blankers-Koen 47.5  Australia (AUS)Shirley StricklandJune MastonBetty McKinnonJoyce King 47.6  Canada (CAN)Viola MyersNancy MacKayDiane FosterPatricia Jones 47.8 High jumpdetails Alice Coachman United States 1.68 m Dorothy Tyler Great Britain 1.68 m Micheline Ostermeyer France 1.61 m Long jumpdetails Olga Gyarmati Hungary 5.695 m Noemí Simonetto Argentina 5.60 m Ann-Britt Leyman Sweden 5.575 m Shot putdetails Micheline Ostermeyer France 13.75 m Amelia Piccinini Italy 13.09 m Ine Schäffer Austria 13.08 m Discus throwdetails Micheline Ostermeyer France 41.92 m Edera Cordiale Italy 41.17 m Jacqueline Mazeas France 40.47 m Javelin throwdetails Herma Bauma Austria 45.57 m Kaisa Parviainen Finland 43.79 m Lily Carlstedt Denmark 42.08 m Records broken 14 new Olympic records were set in the athletics events. No new world records were set. Men's Olympic records Event Date Round Name Nationality Result 800 metres 2 August Final Mal Whitfield  United States 1:49.2 5000 metres 2 August Final Gaston Reiff  Belgium 14:17.6 10,000 metres 30 July Final Emil Zátopek  Czechoslovakia 29:59.6 110 metres hurdles 4 August Final William Porter  United States 13.9 400 metres hurdles 31 July Final Roy Cochran  United States 51.1 10 kilometres walk 7 August Final John Mikaelsson  Sweden 45:13.2 Shot put 3 August Final Wilbur Thompson  United States 17.12 m Discus throw 2 August Final Adolfo Consolini  Italy 52.78 m Women's Olympic records Event Date Round Name Nationality Result 200 metres 6 August Final Fanny Blankers-Koen  Netherlands 24.4 80 metres hurdles 4 August Final Fanny Blankers-KoenMaureen Gardner  Netherlands Great Britain 11.2 High jump 7 August Final Alice CoachmanDorothy Tyler  United States Great Britain 1.68 m Long jump 4 August Final Olga Gyarmati  Hungary 5.695 m Shot put 4 August Final Micheline Ostermeyer  France 13.75 m Javelin throw 31 July Final Herma Bauma  Austria 45.57 m References 1948 Summer Olympics results: athletics, from https://www.sports-reference.com/; retrieved 2010-06-01. International Olympic Committee results database Athletics Australia vte Events at the 1948 Summer Olympics in London Athletics Basketball Boxing Canoeing Cycling Diving Equestrian Fencing Field hockey Football Gymnastics Lacrosse (demonstration) Modern pentathlon Rowing Sailing Shooting Swimming Water polo Weightlifting Wrestling Art competitions (unofficial) vteAthletics at the Summer OlympicsEditions 1896 1900 1904 1906 (Intercalated) 1908 1912 1920 1924 1928 1932 1936 1948 1952 1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 1996 2000 2004 2008 2012 2016 2020 2024 EventsTrack 100 m 200 m 400 m 800 m 1500 m 5000 m 10,000 m 4 × 100 m relay 4 × 400 m relay Sprint hurdles 400 m hurdles Steeplechase Field Shot put Discus throw Hammer throw Javelin throw Pole vault High jump Long jump Triple jump Others Combined events Marathon Race walking Defunct Cross country Team races 60 metres Weight throw Wheelchair racing Professional events Handicap events List of medalists men women Records Venues Medal sweeps 51°33′20″N 0°16′47″W / 51.5556°N 0.2797°W / 51.5556; -0.2797
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[]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Alfred_Lefroy
George Lefroy
["1 Works","2 References"]
George Alfred Lefroy Christianity portal George Alfred Lefroy (August 1854 – 1 January 1919) was an eminent Anglican priest and missionary in India during the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. Lefroy was born into an eminent Irish family in County Down in August 1854: his father was Jeffrey Lefroy, Dean of Dromore, and his grandfather, Thomas Langlois Lefroy, Chief Justice of the Queen's Bench, Ireland. He was educated at Marlborough and Trinity College, Cambridge and ordained in 1879. He joined the Cambridge Mission to Delhi the same year and eventually became head of the SPG Mission in Delhi. In 1899 he became Bishop of Lahore. Translated to become Bishop of Calcutta in 1912. Lefroy was known for his regular participation in public religious debates and for his lectures among Muslims and Hindus. He also joined fellow missionary C. F. Andrews in opposing western racism towards Indians. He became a Doctor of Divinity (DD) and died in post on 1 January 1919. Works Lefroy, George Alfred (1884). The leather-workers of Daryaganj . Delhi: Cambridge Mission to Delhi. References ^ Photo of Bishop Lefroy ^ "Who was Who" 1897-2007 London, A & C Black, 2007 ISBN 978-0-19-954087-7 ^ "Lefroy, George Alfred (LFRY874GA)". A Cambridge Alumni Database. University of Cambridge. ^ "A Bishop in Search of a Church: George Alfred Lefroy," Cox, Jeffrey in After the Victorians: Private Conscience and Public Duty in Modern Britain. Essays in Memory of John Clive, Susan Pederson and Peter Mandler (eds): London, Routledge, 1994 ISBN 0-415-07056-2 ^ "The Clergy List, Clerical Guide and Ecclesiastical Directory" London, John Phillips, 1900 ^ New Bishop Of Calcutta The Times Tuesday, 17 December 1912; pg. 10; Issue 40084; col B ^ John C.B. Webster (2018). A Social History of Christianity: North-west India since 1800. Oxford University Press. p. 144. ISBN 978-0-19-947837-8. ^ John C.B. Webster (2018). A Social History of Christianity: North-west India since 1800. Oxford University Press. p. 153. ISBN 978-0-19-947837-8. ^ Obituary- The Bishop Of Calcutta The Times Tuesday, 7 January 1919; pg. 11; Issue 41991; col E Church of England titles Preceded byHenry Matthew Bishop of Lahore 1899–1912 Succeeded byHenry Durant Preceded byReginald Copleston Bishop of Calcutta 1912–1919 Succeeded byFoss Westcott vteAnglican bishops of Lahore Valpy French Henry Matthew George Lefroy Henry Durant George Barne Laurence Woolmer Inayat Masih Alexander Malik vteBishops of Calcutta Thomas Middleton Reginald Heber Thomas James John Turner Daniel Wilson George Cotton Robert Milman Ralph Johnson James Welldon Reginald Copleston George Lefroy Foss Westcott George Hubback Aurobindo Nath Mukherjee Lakdasa De Mel Joseph Amritanand Dinesh Chandra Gorai Samuel Raju Ashoke Biswas Authority control databases VIAF
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null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pikachu_(disambiguation)
Pikachu (disambiguation)
["1 Entertainment","2 Other uses","3 See also"]
Pikachu is one of the species of Pokémon creatures from the Pokémon media franchise, as well as its mascot. Pikachu may also refer to: Entertainment Pokémon Pikachu, a series of portable Pokémon digital pets Pokémon Yellow, also known as Pikachu edition, a first-generation Pokémon game Detective Pikachu, a 2016 video game Detective Pikachu, a 2019 film directed by Rob Letterman based on the video game Pokémon: Let's Go, Pikachu!, a remake of the first-generation Pokémon games "Pikachu", a song by Oliver Heldens "Pikachu (No Keys)", the original name for the song "Yes Indeed" by Lil Baby and Drake "Pikachu", a song by Yung Lean from Starz "PIKACHU", a song by the Kid LAROI from F*ck Love Other uses Pikachu (sculpture), a sculpture installed in Lower Garden District, New Orleans Pikachu virus, a computer virus Yago Pikachu (born 1992), Brazilian footballer MC Pikachu (born 1999), Brazilian singer See also Search for "Pikachu" on Wikipedia. All pages with titles beginning with Pikachu All pages with titles containing Pikachu Detective Pikachu (disambiguation) Picacho (disambiguation) Pika, a small, mountain-dwelling mammal Pikchu, a mountain in Peru Topics referred to by the same term This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Pikachu.If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silk-worm
Bombyx mori
["1 Types","2 Description and life cycle","2.1 Larvae","2.2 Pupae (cocoon)","2.3 Moth","3 Research","4 Domestication","4.1 Breeding","4.2 Hobby raising and school projects","5 Genome","6 As food","7 In culture","7.1 China","7.2 Vietnam","8 Feeding","9 Diseases","10 See also","11 References","12 Further reading","13 External links"]
Moth mainly used in the production of silk "Silkworm" redirects here. For other uses, see Silkworm (disambiguation). Bombyx mori Paired male (above) and female (below) Fifth instar Conservation status Domesticated Scientific classification Domain: Eukaryota Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Arthropoda Class: Insecta Order: Lepidoptera Family: Bombycidae Genus: Bombyx Species: B. mori Binomial name Bombyx mori(Linnaeus, 1758) Synonyms Phalaena mori Linnaeus, 1758 Bombyx arracanensis Moore & Hutton, 1862 Bombyx brunnea Grünberg, 1911 Bombyx croesi Moore & Hutton, 1862 Bombyx fortunatus Moore & Hutton, 1862 Bombyx meridionalis Wood-Mason, 1886 Bombyx sinensis Moore & Hutton, 1862 Bombyx textor Moore & Hutton, 1862 Bombyx mori, commonly known as the domestic silk moth, is a moth species belonging to the family Bombycidae. It is the closest relative of Bombyx mandarina, the wild silk moth. Silkworms are the larvae of silk moths. The silkworm is of particular economic value, being a primary producer of silk. The silkworm's preferred food are the leaves of white mulberry, though they may eat other species of mulberry, and even leaves of other plants like the osage orange. Domestic silk moths are entirely dependent on humans for reproduction, as a result of millennia of selective breeding. Wild silk moths, which are other species of Bombyx, are not as commercially viable in the production of silk. Sericulture, the practice of breeding silkworms for the production of raw silk, has existed for at least 5,000 years in China, whence it spread to India, Korea, Nepal, Japan, and then the West. The conventional process of sericulture kills the silkworm in the pupal stage. The domestic silk moth was domesticated from the wild silk moth Bombyx mandarina, which has a range from northern India to northern China, Korea, Japan, and the far eastern regions of Russia. The domestic silk moth derives from Chinese rather than Japanese or Korean stock. Silk moths were unlikely to have been domestically bred before the Neolithic period. Before then, the tools to manufacture quantities of silk thread had not been developed. The domesticated Bombyx mori and the wild Bombyx mandarina can still breed and sometimes produce hybrids.: 342  It is unknown if B. mori can hybridize with other Bombyx species. Compared to most members in the genus Bombyx, domestic silk moths have lost their coloration as well as their ability to fly. Types Mulberry silkworms can be divided into three major categories based on seasonal brood frequency. Univoltine silkworms produce only one brood a season, and they are generally found in and around Europe. Univoltine eggs must hibernate through the winter, ultimately cross-fertilizing in spring. Bivoltine varieties are normally found in East Asia, and their accelerated breeding process is made possible by slightly warmer climates. In addition, there are polyvoltine silkworms found only in the tropics. Their eggs typically hatch within 9 to 12 days, meaning there can be up to eight generations of larvae throughout the year. Description and life cycle Larvae Eggs take about 14 days to hatch into larvae, which eat continuously. They have a preference for white mulberry, having an attraction to the mulberry odorant cis-jasmone. They are not monophagous, since they can eat other species of Morus, as well as some other Moraceae, mostly Osage orange. They are covered with tiny black hairs. When the color of their heads turns darker, it indicates they are about to molt. After molting, the larval phase of the silkworms emerge white, naked, and with little horns on their backs. Pupae (cocoon) After they have molted four times, their bodies become slightly yellow, and the skin becomes tighter. The larvae then prepare to enter the pupal phase of their life cycle, and enclose themselves in a cocoon made up of raw silk produced by the salivary glands. The final molt from larva to pupa takes place within the cocoon, which provides a layer of protection during the vulnerable, almost motionless pupal state. Many other Lepidoptera produce cocoons, but only a few — the Bombycidae, in particular the genus Bombyx, and the Saturniidae, in particular the genus Antheraea — have been exploited for fabric production. The cocoon is made of a thread of raw silk from 300 to about 900 metres (980 to about 3,000 ft) long. The fibers are fine and lustrous, about 10 μm (0.0004 in) in diameter. About 2,000 to 3,000 cocoons are required to make one pound (0.45 kg). At least 70 million lb (32 million kg) of raw silk are produced each year, requiring nearly 10 billion cocoons. If the animal survives through the pupal phase of its life cycle, it releases proteolytic enzymes to make a hole in the cocoon so it can emerge as an adult moth. These enzymes are destructive to the silk and can cause the silk fibers to break down from over a mile in length to segments of random length, which reduces the value of the silk threads, although these damaged silk cocoons are still used as "stuffing" available in China and elsewhere in the production of duvets, jackets, and other purposes. To prevent this, silkworm cocoons are boiled in water. The heat kills the silkworms, and the water makes the cocoons easier to unravel. Often, the silkworm is eaten. As the process of harvesting the silk from the cocoon kills the pupa, sericulture has been criticized by animal welfare and rights activists. Mahatma Gandhi was critical of silk production based on the ahimsa philosophy "not to hurt any living thing". This led to Gandhi's promotion of cotton spinning machines, an example of which can be seen at the Gandhi Institute, and an extension of this principle has led to the modern production practice known as Ahimsa silk, which is wild silk (from wild and semiwild silk moths) made from the cocoons of moths that are allowed to emerge before the silk is harvested. Moth The moth is the adult phase of the silk worm's life cycle. Silk moths have a wingspan of 3–5 cm (1.2–2.0 in) and a white, hairy body. Females are about two to three times bulkier than males (due to carrying many eggs). All adult Bombycidae moths have reduced mouthparts and do not feed. The wings of the silk moth develop from larval imaginal disks. The moth is not capable of functional flight, in contrast to the wild B. mandarina and other Bombyx species, whose males fly to meet females. Some may emerge with the ability to lift off and stay airborne, but sustained flight cannot be achieved as their bodies are too big and heavy for their small wings. 2- thoracic legs. Adult silk moth The legs of the silk moth develop from the silkworm's larval (thoracic) legs. Developmental genes like Distalless and extradenticle have been used to mark leg development. In addition, removing specific segments of the thoracic legs at different ages of the larva resulted in the adult silk moth not developing the corresponding adult leg segments.Cocoon of B. mori Research A study of an egg of a silkworm from Hooke's Micrographia, 1665 1679 study of the silkworm metamorphosis by Maria Sibylla Merian, it depicts the fruit and leaves of a mulberry tree and the eggs and larvae of the silkworm moth. Due to its small size and ease of culture, the silkworm has become a model organism in the study of lepidopteran and general arthropod biology. Fundamental findings on pheromones, hormones, brain structures, and physiology have been made with the silkworm. One example of this was the molecular identification of the first known pheromone, bombykol, which required extracts from 500,000 individuals, due to the small quantities of pheromone produced by any individual silkworm. Many research works have focused on the genetics of silkworms and the possibility of genetic engineering. Many hundreds of strains are maintained, and over 400 Mendelian mutations have been described. Another source suggests 1,000 inbred domesticated strains are kept worldwide. One useful development for the silk industry is silkworms that can feed on food other than mulberry leaves, including an artificial diet. Research on the genome also raises the possibility of genetically engineering silkworms to produce proteins, including pharmacological drugs, in the place of silk proteins. Bombyx mori females are also one of the few organisms with homologous chromosomes held together only by the synaptonemal complex (and not crossovers) during meiosis. Kraig Biocraft Laboratories has used research from the Universities of Wyoming and Notre Dame in a collaborative effort to create a silkworm that is genetically altered to produce spider silk. In September 2010, the effort was announced as successful. Researchers at Tufts developed scaffolds made of spongy silk that feel and look similar to human tissue. They are implanted during reconstructive surgery to support or restructure damaged ligaments, tendons, and other tissue. They also created implants made of silk and drug compounds which can be implanted under the skin for steady and gradual time release of medications. Researchers at the MIT Media Lab experimented with silkworms to see what they would weave when left on surfaces with different curvatures. They found that on particularly straight webs of lines, the silkworms would connect neighboring lines with silk, weaving directly onto the given shape. Using this knowledge they built a silk pavilion with 6,500 silkworms over a number of days. Silkworms have been used in antibiotics discovery, as they have several advantageous traits compared to other invertebrate models. Antibiotics such as lysocin E, a non-ribosomal peptide synthesized by Lysobacter sp. RH2180-5 and GPI0363 are among the notable antibiotics discovered using silkworms. In addition, antibiotics with appropriate pharmacokinetic parameters were selected that correlated with therapeutic activity in the silkworm infection model. Silkworms have also been used for the identification of novel virulence factors of pathogenic microorganisms. A first large-scale screening using transposon mutant library of Staphylococcus aureus USA300 strain was performed which identified 8 new genes with roles in full virulence of S. aureus. Another study by the same team of researchers revealed, for the first time, the role of YjbH in virulence and oxidative stress tolerance in vivo. Domestication Gold silkworm, Han dynasty The domestic species B. mori, compared to the wild species (e.g., B. mandarina), has increased cocoon size, body size, growth rate, and efficiency of its digestion. It has gained tolerance to human presence and handling, and also to living in crowded conditions. The domestic silk moths cannot fly, so the males need human assistance in finding a mate, and it lacks fear of potential predators. The native color pigments have also been lost, so the domestic silk moths are leucistic, since camouflage is not useful when they only live in captivity. These changes have made B. mori entirely dependent upon humans for survival, and it does not exist in the wild. The eggs are kept in incubators to aid in their hatching. Breeding Silkworms and mulberry leaves placed on trays (Liang Kai's Sericulture c. 13th century) Silkworms were first domesticated in China more than 5,000 years ago. Pupae Silkworm cocoons weighed and sorted (Liang Kai's Sericulture) Silkworm breeding is aimed at the overall improvement of silkworms from a commercial point of view. The major objectives are improving fecundity, the health of larvae, quantity of cocoon and silk production, and disease resistance. Healthy larvae lead to a healthy cocoon crop. Health is dependent on factors such as better pupation rate, fewer dead larvae in the mountage, shorter larval duration (this lessens the chance of infection) and bluish-tinged fifth-instar larvae (which are healthier than the reddish-brown ones). Quantity of cocoon and silk produced are directly related to the pupation rate and larval weight. Healthier larvae have greater pupation rates and cocoon weights. Quality of cocoon and silk depends on a number of factors, including genetics. Hobby raising and school projects In the U.S., teachers may sometimes introduce the insect life cycle to their students by raising domestic silk moths in the classroom as a science project. Students have a chance to observe complete life cycles of insects from eggs to larvae to pupae to moths. The domestic silk moth has been raised as a hobby in countries such as China, South Africa, Zimbabwe, and Iran. Children often pass on the eggs to the next generation, creating a non-commercial population. The experience provides children with the opportunity to witness the life cycle of silk moths. Genome The full genome of the domestic silk moth was published in 2008 by the International Silkworm Genome Consortium. Draft sequences were published in 2004. The genome of the domestic silk moth is mid-range with a genome size around 432 million base pairs. A notable feature is that 43.6% of the genome are repetitive sequences, most of which are transposable elements. At least 3,000 silkworm genes are unique, and have no homologous equivalents in other genomes. The silkworm's ability to produce large amounts of silk correlates with the presence of specific tRNA clusters, as well as some clustered sericin genes. Additionally, the silkworm's ability to consume toxic mulberry leaves is linked to specialized sucrase genes, which appear to have been acquired from bacterial genes. High genetic variability has been found in domestic lines of silk moths, though this is less than that among wild silk moths (about 83 percent of wild genetic variation). This suggests a single event of domestication, and that it happened over a short period of time, with a large number of wild silkworms having been collected for domestication. Major questions, however, remain unanswered, according to Jun Wang, co-author of a related study published in 2008, who stated: "Whether this event was in a single location or in a short period of time in several locations cannot be deciphered from the data", and research also has yet to identify the area in China where domestication arose. As food Silkworm pupae dishes Silk moth pupae are edible insects and are eaten in some cultures: In Assam, India, they are boiled for extracting silk and the boiled pupae are eaten directly with salt or fried with chili pepper or herbs as a snack or dish. In Korea, they are boiled and seasoned to make a popular snack food known as beondegi (번데기). In China, street vendors sell roasted silk moth pupae. In Japan, silkworms are usually served as a tsukudani (佃煮), i.e., boiled in a sweet-sour sauce made with soy sauce and sugar. In Vietnam, this is known as nhộng tằm, usually boiled, seasoned with fish sauce, then stir-fried and eaten as main dish with rice. In Thailand, roasted silkworm is often sold at open markets. They are also sold as packaged snacks. Silkworms have also been proposed for cultivation by astronauts as space food on long-term missions. In culture China See also: Horse in Chinese mythology § Origins of sericulture In China, a legend indicates the discovery of the silkworm's silk was by an ancient empress named Leizu, the wife of the Yellow Emperor, also known as Xi Lingshi. She was drinking tea under a tree when a silk cocoon fell into her tea. As she picked it out and started to wrap the silk thread around her finger, she slowly felt a warm sensation. When the silk ran out, she saw a small larva. In an instant, she realized this caterpillar larva was the source of the silk. She taught this to the people and it became widespread. Many more legends about the silkworm are told. The Chinese guarded their knowledge of silk, but, according to one story, a Chinese princess given in marriage to a Khotan prince brought to the oasis the secret of silk manufacture, "hiding silkworms in her hair as part of her dowry", probably in the first half of the first century AD. About AD 550, Christian monks are said to have smuggled silkworms hidden in a hollow stick out of China, selling the secret to the eastern Romans. Vietnam According to a Vietnamese folk tale, silkworms were originally a beautiful housemaid running away from her gruesome masters and living in the mountain, where she was protected by the mountain god. One day, a lecherous god from the heaven came down to Earth to seduce women. When he saw her, he tried to rape her but she was able to escape and was hidden by the mountain god. The lecherous god then tried to find and capture her by setting a net trap around the mountain. With the blessing of Guanyin, the girl was able to safely swallow that net into her stomach. Finally, the evil god summons his fellow thunder and rain gods to attack and burn away her clothes, forcing her to hide in a cave. Naked and cold, she spit out the net and used it as a blanket to sleep. The girl died in her sleep, and as she wished to continue to help other people, her soul turned into silkworms. Feeding Bombyx mori is essentially monophagous, exclusively eating mulberry leaves (Morus spp.). By developing techniques for using artificial diets, the amino acids needed for development are known. The various amino acids can be classified into five categories: Those which, when removed, cause larval development to stop entirely: lysine, leucine, isoleucine, histidine, arginine, valine, tryptophan, threonine, phenylalanine, methionine Those which, when removed, impede later stages of larval development: glutamate and aspartate Semi-essential amino acids, with negative effects that can be eliminated by supplementing with other amino acids: proline (ornithine can be substituted) Non-essential amino acids that can by replaced through biosynthesis by the larvae: alanine, glycine, serine Non-essential amino acids that can be removed with no effect at all: tyrosine Diseases Beauveria bassiana, a fungus, destroys the entire silkworm body. This fungus usually appears when silkworms are raised under cold conditions with high humidity. This disease is not passed on to the eggs from moths, as the infected silkworms cannot survive to the moth stage. This fungus, however, can spread to other insects. Grasserie, also known as nuclear polyhedrosis, milky disease, or hanging disease, is caused by infection with the Bombyx mori nucleopolyhedrovirus (aka Bombyx mori nuclear polyhedrosis virus, genus Alphabaculovirus). If grasserie is observed in the chawkie stage, then the chawkie larvae must have been infected while hatching or during chawkie rearing. Infected eggs can be disinfected by cleaning their surfaces prior to hatching. Infections can occur as a result of improper hygiene in the chawkie rearing house. This disease develops faster in early instar rearing. Pébrine is a disease caused by a parasitic microsporidian, Nosema bombycis. Diseased larvae show slow growth, undersized, pale and flaccid bodies, and poor appetite. Tiny black spots appear on larval integument. Additionally, dead larvae remain rubbery and do not undergo putrefaction after death. N. bombycis kills 100% of silkworms hatched from infected eggs. This disease can be carried over from worms to moths, then to eggs and worms again. This microsporidium comes from the food that the silkworms eat. Female moths pass the disease to the eggs, and 100% of silkworms hatching from the diseased eggs die in their worm stage. To prevent this disease, eggs from infected moths are ruled out by checking the moth's body fluid under a microscope. Flacherie infected silkworms look weak and are colored dark brown before they die. The disease destroys the larva's gut and is caused by viruses or poisonous food. Several diseases caused by a variety of funguses are collectively named Muscardine. See also Cocoonase History of silk Silk Road List of animals that produce silk Samia cynthia Thai silk Lao silk Japanese silk List of domesticated animals References ^ Barber, E. J. W. (1992). Prehistoric Textiles: the Development of Cloth in the Neolithic and Bronze Ages with Special Reference to the Aegean. Princeton University Press. p. 31. ISBN 978-0-691-00224-8. ^ Sh. S.D. Pateriya. "Introduction to Sericulture". https://www.ignfa.gov.in/document/biodiversity-cell-ntfp-related-issues4.pdf ^ K. P. Arunkumar; Muralidhar Metta; J. Nagaraju (2006). "Molecular phylogeny of silkmoths reveals the origin of domesticated silkmoth, Bombyx mori from Chinese Bombyx mandarina and paternal inheritance of Antheraea proylei mitochondrial DNA" (PDF). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 40 (2): 419–427. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2006.02.023. PMID 16644243. ^ Hideaki Maekawa; Naoko Takada; Kenichi Mikitani; et al. (1988). "Nucleolus organizers in the wild silkworm Bombyx mandarina and the domesticated silkworm B. mori". Chromosoma. 96 (4): 263–269. doi:10.1007/BF00286912. S2CID 12870165. ^ Hall, Brian K. (2010). Evolution: Principles and Processes. Jones & Bartlett. p. 400. ISBN 978-0-763-76039-7. ^ "Captive breeding for thousands of years has impaired olfactory functions in silkmoths". ^ Trevisan, Adrian. "Cocoon Silk: A Natural Silk Architecture". Sense of Nature. Archived from the original on 7 May 2012. ^ "faostat.fao.org". ^ "Mahatma Gandhi: 100 years", 1968, p. 349 ^ a b Singh, Amit; Kango-Singh, Madhuri; Parthasarathy, R.; Gopinathan, K. P. (April 2007). "Larval legs of mulberry silkworm Bombyx mori are prototypes for the adult legs". Genesis. 45 (4): 169–176. doi:10.1002/dvg.20280. ISSN 1526-954X. PMID 17417803. S2CID 7171141. ^ a b Goldsmith, Marian R.; Shimada, Toru; Abe, Hiroaki (2005). "The genetics and genomics of the silkworm, Bombyx mori". Annual Review of Entomology. 50 (1): 71–100. doi:10.1146/annurev.ento.50.071803.130456. PMID 15355234. S2CID 44514698. ^ a b c The International Silkworm Genome Consortium (2008). "The genome of a lepidopteran model insect, the silkworm Bombyx mori". Insect Biochemistry and Molecular Biology. 38 (12): 1036–1045. Bibcode:2008IBMB...38.1036T. doi:10.1016/j.ibmb.2008.11.004. PMID 19121390. ^ Gerton and Hawley (2005). "Homologous Chromosome Interactions in Meiosis: Diversity Amidst Conservation". Nature Reviews Genetics. 6 (6): 477–487. doi:10.1038/nrg1614. PMID 15931171. S2CID 31929047. ^ "Kraig Biocraft Laboratories". 13 October 2014. ^ "University of Notre Dame". ^ Wolchover, Natalie. "The Silk Renaissance". Seed Magazine. Archived from the original on 26 March 2017. Retrieved 1 May 2012.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link) ^ Panthee, S.; Paudel, A.; Hamamoto, H.; Sekimizu, K. (2017). "Advantages of the silkworm as an animal model for developing novel antimicrobial agents". Front Microbiol. 8: 373. doi:10.3389/fmicb.2017.00373. PMC 5339274. PMID 28326075. ^ Hamamoto, H.; Urai, M.; Ishii, K.; et al. (2015). "Lysocin E is a new antibiotic that targets menaquinone in the bacterial membrane. Nat". Chem. Biol. 11 (2): 127–133. doi:10.1038/nchembio.1710. PMID 25485686. ^ Panthee, S.; Hamamoto, H.; Suzuki, Y.; Sekimizu, K. (2017). "In silico identification of lysocin biosynthetic gene cluster from Lysobacter sp. RH2180-5". J. Antibiot. 70 (2): 204–207. doi:10.1038/ja.2016.102. PMID 27553855. S2CID 40912719. ^ Paudel, A.; Hamamoto, H.; Panthee, S.; et al. (2017). "A novel spiro-heterocyclic compound identified by the silkworm infection model inhibits transcription in Staphylococcus aureus". Front Microbiol. 8: 712. doi:10.3389/fmicb.2017.00712. PMC 5403886. PMID 28487682. ^ Paudel, A.; Panthee, S.; Makoto, U.; et al. (2018). "Pharmacokinetic parameters explain the therapeutic activity of antimicrobial agents in a silkworm infection model". Sci. Rep. 8 (1): 1578. Bibcode:2018NatSR...8.1578P. doi:10.1038/s41598-018-19867-0. PMC 5785531. PMID 29371643. S2CID 3328235. ^ Paudel, A.; Hamamoto, H.; Panthee, S.; et al. (2020). "Large-Scale Screening and Identification of Novel Pathogenic Staphylococcus aureus Genes Using a Silkworm Infection Model". J. Infect. Dis. 221 (11): 1795–1804. doi:10.1093/infdis/jiaa004. PMID 31912866. ^ Paudel, A.; Panthee, S.; Hamamoto, H.; Grunert, T.; Sekimizu, K. (2021). "YjbH regulates virulence genes expression and oxidative stress resistance in Staphylococcus aureus". Virulence. 12 (1): 470–480. doi:10.1080/21505594.2021.1875683. ISSN 2150-5594. PMC 7849776. PMID 33487122. ^ Marian R. Goldsmith; Toru Shimada; Hiroaki Abe (2005). "The genetics and genomics of the silkworm, Bombyx mori". Annual Review of Entomology. 50: 71–100. doi:10.1146/annurev.ento.50.071803.130456. PMID 15355234. S2CID 44514698. ^ Hong-Song Yu1; Yi-Hong Shen; Gang-Xiang Yuan; et al. (2011). "Evidence of selection at melanin synthesis pathway loci during silkworm domestication". Molecular Biology and Evolution. 28 (6): 1785–99. doi:10.1093/molbev/msr002. PMID 21212153.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) ^ Dennis Normile (2009). "Sequencing 40 Silkworm Genomes Unravels History of Cultivation". Science. 325 (5944): 1058–1059. Bibcode:2009Sci...325.1058N. doi:10.1126/science.325_1058a. PMID 19713499. ^ "Mountage: Meaning and Types | Sericulture". Zoology Notes. 21 July 2016. ^ Kazuei Mita; Masahiro Kasahara; Shin Sasaki; et al. (2004). "The genome sequence of silkworm, Bombyx mori". DNA Research. 11 (1): 27–35. doi:10.1093/dnares/11.1.27. PMID 15141943. ^ Xia Q; Zhou Z; Lu C; et al. (2004). "A draft sequence for the genome of the domesticated silkworm (Bombyx mori)". Science. 306 (5703): 1937–40. Bibcode:2004Sci...306.1937X. doi:10.1126/science.1102210. PMID 15591204. S2CID 7227719. ^ Qingyou Xia; Yiran Guo; Ze Zhang; et al. (2009). "Complete resequencing of 40 genomes reveals domestication events and genes in silkworm (Bombyx)" (PDF). Science. 326 (5951): 433–436. Bibcode:2009Sci...326..433X. doi:10.1126/science.1176620. PMC 3951477. PMID 19713493. ^ The International Silkworm Genome Consortium (2008) The genome of a lepidopteran model insect, the silkworm Bombyx mori. Insect Biochemistry and Molecular Biology 38(12): 1036–1045. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ibmb.2008.11.004 ^ Dennis Normile (2009). "Sequencing 40 silkworm genomes unravels history of cultivation". Science. 325 (5944): 1058–1059. Bibcode:2009Sci...325.1058N. doi:10.1126/science.325_1058a. PMID 19713499. ^ "10 Weird Foods in India - Eri polu". February 2013. ^ "Have You Tried Steamed Silkworm Pupae?". Atlas Obscura. Retrieved 6 August 2022. ^ Choi, Charles Q. (13 January 2009). "Care for a Silkworm With Your Tang?". ScienceNOW Daily News. Archived from the original on 25 February 2011. Retrieved 14 January 2009. ^ Sarah Underhill Wisseman, Wendell S. Williams. Ancient Technologies and Archaeological Materials . Routledge, 1994. ISBN 2-88124-632-X. Page 131. ^ Hamed Kioumarsi, Nazanin Amani Silkworm/Bombyx mori: An Overview of What You Need to Know . AREEO, 2021. ISBN 978-600-91994-0-2. Page 27. Further reading Kelly, Henrietta Aiken (1903). The culture of the mulberry silkworm. Washington DC: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Government Printing Office. Retrieved 17 January 2012. Grimaldi, David A.; Engel, Michael S. (2005). Evolution of the Insects. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-82149-0. Johnson, Sylvia (1989). Silkworms. Lerner Publications. ISBN 978-0-8225-9557-1. Scoble, M. J. (1995). The Lepidoptera: Form, Function and Diversity. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-854952-9. Yoshitake, N. (1968). "Phylogenetic aspects on the origin of Japanese race of the silkworm, Bombyx mori L.". Journal of Sericological Sciences of Japan. 37: 83–87. Trevisan, Adrian. "Cocoon Silk: A Natural Silk Architecture". Sense of Nature. Archived from the original on 7 May 2012. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Bombyx mori. Student page on silkworm WormSpit, a site about silkworms, silk moths, and silk Information about silkworms for classroom teachers with many photos SilkBase Silkworm full length cDNA Database Silk worm Life cycle photos Silkworm School Science Project Instruction Life Cycle Of A Silkworm 1943 article with first photographic study of subject vteHuman interactions with insectsAspectsof insectsin cultureIn the arts Insects in art Beetlewing Musca depicta Arthropods in film Insects in literature Insects in music List of insect-inspired songs Insects on stamps In fishing Fishing bait Fly fishing Artificial fly Fly tying In medicine Apitherapy Apitoxin Melittin Spanish fly Cantharidin In mythology Bees in mythology Cicadas in mythology Scarab (artifact) Other aspects Biomimicry Cockroach racing Cricket fighting Entomological warfare Entomophagy Insect farming Flea circus Insects in ethics Insects in religion Jingzhe Economicentomology Beneficial insect Biological pest control Beekeeping Bee pollen List of crop plants pollinated by bees Beeswax Honey Propolis Royal jelly Carmine/Cochineal Polish Chitin Kermes Sericulture Silk Shellac Model organism Drosophila melanogaster Harmfulinsects Insect bites and stings Insect sting allergy Bed bug Woodworm Home-stored product entomology Clothes moth Pioneers Jan Swammerdam Alfred Russel Wallace Jean-Henri Fabre Hans Zinsser (Rats, Lice and History) Lafcadio Hearn (Insect Literature) Concerns Bees and toxic chemicals Colony collapse disorder Decline in insect populations Habitat destruction List of endangered insects Pesticide Insecticide Neonicotinoid Pesticide toxicity to bees Categories,templates Insects and humans Insecticides Pesticides Insects portal vteSilkGeneral History of silk Magnanery Sericulture Silk mill Silk Road Silk throwing Silk waste Types Ahimsa silk Assam silk Atlas silk Byzantine silk Burmese silk Chinese silk Eri silk Pat silk Japanese silk Lao silk Murshidabad silk Mysore silk Rajshahi silk Sea silk Thai silk Tussar silk Wild silk Industries Silk in the Indian subcontinent Silk industry in China Silk industry of Cheshire Products Sari Tenun Pahang Diraja Taxon identifiersBombyx mori Wikidata: Q134747 Wikispecies: Bombyx mori AFD: Bombyx_mori AfroMoths: BOMBMORI BioLib: 127713 BOLD: 30431 CoL: MGPB EoL: 391618 EPPO: BOMBMO GBIF: 1868664 iNaturalist: 143506 IRMNG: 10335368 ITIS: 117540 LepIndex: 68643 MONA: 7668 MaBENA: BombyxMori NCBI: 7091 NZOR: fceffdc7-3645-4837-9076-da0826899d6e Observation.org: 788806 Open Tree of Life: 440274 Authority control databases: National Germany United States Czech Republic
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Silkworm (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silkworm_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"moth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moth"},{"link_name":"family","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family_(biology)"},{"link_name":"Bombycidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombycidae"},{"link_name":"Bombyx mandarina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombyx_mandarina"},{"link_name":"larvae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larva"},{"link_name":"silk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silk"},{"link_name":"leaves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leaves"},{"link_name":"white mulberry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_mulberry"},{"link_name":"osage orange","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osage_orange"},{"link_name":"Sericulture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sericulture"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Bombyx mandarina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombyx_mandarina"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Maekawa_et_al_1988-4"},{"link_name":"Neolithic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neolithic"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"coloration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal_coloration"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"\"Silkworm\" redirects here. For other uses, see Silkworm (disambiguation).Bombyx mori, commonly known as the domestic silk moth, is a moth species belonging to the family Bombycidae. It is the closest relative of Bombyx mandarina, the wild silk moth. Silkworms are the larvae of silk moths. The silkworm is of particular economic value, being a primary producer of silk. The silkworm's preferred food are the leaves of white mulberry, though they may eat other species of mulberry, and even leaves of other plants like the osage orange. Domestic silk moths are entirely dependent on humans for reproduction, as a result of millennia of selective breeding. Wild silk moths, which are other species of Bombyx, are not as commercially viable in the production of silk.Sericulture, the practice of breeding silkworms for the production of raw silk, has existed for at least 5,000 years in China,[1] whence it spread to India, Korea, Nepal, Japan, and then the West. The conventional process of sericulture kills the silkworm in the pupal stage.[2] The domestic silk moth was domesticated from the wild silk moth Bombyx mandarina, which has a range from northern India to northern China, Korea, Japan, and the far eastern regions of Russia. The domestic silk moth derives from Chinese rather than Japanese or Korean stock.[3][4]Silk moths were unlikely to have been domestically bred before the Neolithic period. Before then, the tools to manufacture quantities of silk thread had not been developed. The domesticated Bombyx mori and the wild Bombyx mandarina can still breed and sometimes produce hybrids.[5]: 342  It is unknown if B. mori can hybridize with other Bombyx species. Compared to most members in the genus Bombyx, domestic silk moths have lost their coloration as well as their ability to fly.[6]","title":"Bombyx mori"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"Mulberry silkworms can be divided into three major categories based on seasonal brood frequency. Univoltine silkworms produce only one brood a season, and they are generally found in and around Europe. Univoltine eggs must hibernate through the winter, ultimately cross-fertilizing in spring. Bivoltine varieties are normally found in East Asia, and their accelerated breeding process is made possible by slightly warmer climates. In addition, there are polyvoltine silkworms found only in the tropics. Their eggs typically hatch within 9 to 12 days, meaning there can be up to eight generations of larvae throughout the year.[7]","title":"Types"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Description and life cycle"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"white mulberry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morus_alba"},{"link_name":"cis-jasmone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jasmone"},{"link_name":"monophagous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monophagous"},{"link_name":"Morus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morus_(plant)"},{"link_name":"Moraceae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moraceae"},{"link_name":"Osage orange","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osage_orange"},{"link_name":"molt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecdysis"}],"sub_title":"Larvae","text":"Eggs take about 14 days to hatch into larvae, which eat continuously. They have a preference for white mulberry, having an attraction to the mulberry odorant cis-jasmone. They are not monophagous, since they can eat other species of Morus, as well as some other Moraceae, mostly Osage orange. They are covered with tiny black hairs. When the color of their heads turns darker, it indicates they are about to molt. After molting, the larval phase of the silkworms emerge white, naked, and with little horns on their backs.","title":"Description and life cycle"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"salivary glands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salivary_gland"},{"link_name":"Lepidoptera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lepidoptera"},{"link_name":"Saturniidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturniidae"},{"link_name":"Antheraea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antheraea"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"better source needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS"},{"link_name":"proteolytic enzymes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protease"},{"link_name":"threads","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yarn"},{"link_name":"duvets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duvet"},{"link_name":"Mahatma Gandhi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi"},{"link_name":"ahimsa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahimsa"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Ahimsa silk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahimsa_silk"},{"link_name":"wild silk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wild_silk"}],"sub_title":"Pupae (cocoon)","text":"After they have molted four times, their bodies become slightly yellow, and the skin becomes tighter. The larvae then prepare to enter the pupal phase of their life cycle, and enclose themselves in a cocoon made up of raw silk produced by the salivary glands. The final molt from larva to pupa takes place within the cocoon, which provides a layer of protection during the vulnerable, almost motionless pupal state. Many other Lepidoptera produce cocoons, but only a few — the Bombycidae, in particular the genus Bombyx, and the Saturniidae, in particular the genus Antheraea — have been exploited for fabric production.The cocoon is made of a thread of raw silk from 300 to about 900 metres (980 to about 3,000 ft) long. The fibers are fine and lustrous, about 10 μm (0.0004 in) in diameter. About 2,000 to 3,000 cocoons are required to make one pound (0.45 kg). At least 70 million lb (32 million kg) of raw silk are produced each year, requiring nearly 10 billion cocoons.[8][better source needed]If the animal survives through the pupal phase of its life cycle, it releases proteolytic enzymes to make a hole in the cocoon so it can emerge as an adult moth. These enzymes are destructive to the silk and can cause the silk fibers to break down from over a mile in length to segments of random length, which reduces the value of the silk threads, although these damaged silk cocoons are still used as \"stuffing\" available in China and elsewhere in the production of duvets, jackets, and other purposes. To prevent this, silkworm cocoons are boiled in water. The heat kills the silkworms, and the water makes the cocoons easier to unravel. Often, the silkworm is eaten.As the process of harvesting the silk from the cocoon kills the pupa, sericulture has been criticized by animal welfare and rights activists. Mahatma Gandhi was critical of silk production based on the ahimsa philosophy \"not to hurt any living thing\". This led to Gandhi's promotion of cotton spinning machines, an example of which can be seen at the Gandhi Institute,[9] and an extension of this principle has led to the modern production practice known as Ahimsa silk, which is wild silk (from wild and semiwild silk moths) made from the cocoons of moths that are allowed to emerge before the silk is harvested.","title":"Description and life cycle"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bombycidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombycidae"},{"link_name":"imaginal disks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imaginal_disc"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Singh_169%E2%80%93176-10"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bombyx_mori_caterpillar_tagged2.png"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:CSIRO_ScienceImage_10746_An_adult_silkworm_moth.jpg"},{"link_name":"extradenticle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PBX1"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Singh_169%E2%80%93176-10"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cocoon.jpg"}],"sub_title":"Moth","text":"The moth is the adult phase of the silk worm's life cycle. Silk moths have a wingspan of 3–5 cm (1.2–2.0 in) and a white, hairy body. Females are about two to three times bulkier than males (due to carrying many eggs). All adult Bombycidae moths have reduced mouthparts and do not feed.The wings of the silk moth develop from larval imaginal disks.[10] The moth is not capable of functional flight, in contrast to the wild B. mandarina and other Bombyx species, whose males fly to meet females. Some may emerge with the ability to lift off and stay airborne, but sustained flight cannot be achieved as their bodies are too big and heavy for their small wings.2- thoracic legs.Adult silk mothThe legs of the silk moth develop from the silkworm's larval (thoracic) legs. Developmental genes like Distalless and extradenticle have been used to mark leg development. In addition, removing specific segments of the thoracic legs at different ages of the larva resulted in the adult silk moth not developing the corresponding adult leg segments.[10]Cocoon of B. mori","title":"Description and life cycle"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Micrographia_Schem_25_fig_2.jpg"},{"link_name":"Micrographia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micrographia"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Maria_Sibylla_Merian_Maulbeerbaum_samt_Frucht_plate_1.png"},{"link_name":"Maria Sibylla Merian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Sibylla_Merian"},{"link_name":"mulberry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mulberry"},{"link_name":"model organism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Model_organism"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"bombykol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombykol"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Mendelian mutations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mendelian_inheritance"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Goldsmith1-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-silkworm08-12"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Goldsmith1-11"},{"link_name":"synaptonemal complex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synaptonemal_complex"},{"link_name":"meiosis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meiosis"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Kraig Biocraft Laboratories","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kraig_Biocraft_Laboratories"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Universities of Wyoming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Wyoming"},{"link_name":"Notre Dame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Notre_Dame"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Tufts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tufts_Medical_Center"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"MIT Media Lab","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIT_Media_Lab"},{"link_name":"silk pavilion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neri_Oxman#Silk_Pavilion"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"}],"text":"A study of an egg of a silkworm from Hooke's Micrographia, 16651679 study of the silkworm metamorphosis by Maria Sibylla Merian, it depicts the fruit and leaves of a mulberry tree and the eggs and larvae of the silkworm moth.Due to its small size and ease of culture, the silkworm has become a model organism in the study of lepidopteran and general arthropod biology. Fundamental findings on pheromones, hormones, brain structures, and physiology have been made with the silkworm.[citation needed] One example of this was the molecular identification of the first known pheromone, bombykol, which required extracts from 500,000 individuals, due to the small quantities of pheromone produced by any individual silkworm.[citation needed]Many research works have focused on the genetics of silkworms and the possibility of genetic engineering. Many hundreds of strains are maintained, and over 400 Mendelian mutations have been described.[11] Another source suggests 1,000 inbred domesticated strains are kept worldwide.[12] One useful development for the silk industry is silkworms that can feed on food other than mulberry leaves, including an artificial diet.[11] Research on the genome also raises the possibility of genetically engineering silkworms to produce proteins, including pharmacological drugs, in the place of silk proteins. Bombyx mori females are also one of the few organisms with homologous chromosomes held together only by the synaptonemal complex (and not crossovers) during meiosis.[13]Kraig Biocraft Laboratories[14]\nhas used research from the Universities of Wyoming and Notre Dame in a collaborative effort to create a silkworm that is genetically altered to produce spider silk. In September 2010, the effort was announced as successful.[15]Researchers at Tufts developed scaffolds made of spongy silk that feel and look similar to human tissue. They are implanted during reconstructive surgery to support or restructure damaged ligaments, tendons, and other tissue. They also created implants made of silk and drug compounds which can be implanted under the skin for steady and gradual time release of medications.[16]Researchers at the MIT Media Lab experimented with silkworms to see what they would weave when left on surfaces with different curvatures. They found that on particularly straight webs of lines, the silkworms would connect neighboring lines with silk, weaving directly onto the given shape. Using this knowledge they built a silk pavilion with 6,500 silkworms over a number of days.Silkworms have been used in antibiotics discovery, as they have several advantageous traits compared to other invertebrate models.[17] Antibiotics such as lysocin E,[18] a non-ribosomal peptide synthesized by Lysobacter sp. RH2180-5[19] and GPI0363[20] are among the notable antibiotics discovered using silkworms.\nIn addition, antibiotics with appropriate pharmacokinetic parameters were selected that correlated with therapeutic activity in the silkworm infection model.[21]Silkworms have also been used for the identification of novel virulence factors of pathogenic microorganisms. A first large-scale screening using transposon mutant library of Staphylococcus aureus USA300 strain was performed which identified 8 new genes with roles in full virulence of S. aureus.[22] Another study by the same team of researchers revealed, for the first time, the role of YjbH in virulence and oxidative stress tolerance in vivo.[23]","title":"Research"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Han_Gold_Silkworm_(47425344012).jpg"},{"link_name":"Han dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Han_dynasty"},{"link_name":"leucistic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leucism"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"incubators","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incubator_(egg)"}],"text":"Gold silkworm, Han dynastyThe domestic species B. mori, compared to the wild species (e.g., B. mandarina), has increased cocoon size, body size, growth rate, and efficiency of its digestion. It has gained tolerance to human presence and handling, and also to living in crowded conditions. The domestic silk moths cannot fly, so the males need human assistance in finding a mate, and it lacks fear of potential predators. The native color pigments have also been lost, so the domestic silk moths are leucistic, since camouflage is not useful when they only live in captivity. These changes have made B. mori entirely dependent upon humans for survival, and it does not exist in the wild.[24] The eggs are kept in incubators to aid in their hatching.","title":"Domestication"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Women_placing_silkworms_on_trays_together_with_mulberry_leaves_(Sericulture_by_Liang_Kai,_1200s).jpg"},{"link_name":"Liang Kai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liang_Kai"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pupa_of_Silk_worm_nepal.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Weighing_and_sorting_the_cocoons_(Sericulture_by_Liang_Kai,_1200s).jpg"},{"link_name":"fecundity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fecundity"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"}],"sub_title":"Breeding","text":"Silkworms and mulberry leaves placed on trays (Liang Kai's Sericulture c. 13th century)Silkworms were first domesticated in China more than 5,000 years ago.[25][26]PupaeSilkworm cocoons weighed and sorted (Liang Kai's Sericulture)Silkworm breeding is aimed at the overall improvement of silkworms from a commercial point of view. The major objectives are improving fecundity, the health of larvae, quantity of cocoon and silk production, and disease resistance. Healthy larvae lead to a healthy cocoon crop. Health is dependent on factors such as better pupation rate, fewer dead larvae in the mountage,[27] shorter larval duration (this lessens the chance of infection) and bluish-tinged fifth-instar larvae (which are healthier than the reddish-brown ones). Quantity of cocoon and silk produced are directly related to the pupation rate and larval weight. Healthier larvae have greater pupation rates and cocoon weights. Quality of cocoon and silk depends on a number of factors, including genetics.","title":"Domestication"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Hobby raising and school projects","text":"In the U.S., teachers may sometimes introduce the insect life cycle to their students by raising domestic silk moths in the classroom as a science project. Students have a chance to observe complete life cycles of insects from eggs to larvae to pupae to moths.The domestic silk moth has been raised as a hobby in countries such as China, South Africa, Zimbabwe, and Iran. Children often pass on the eggs to the next generation, creating a non-commercial population. The experience provides children with the opportunity to witness the life cycle of silk moths.","title":"Domestication"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"genome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genome"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-silkworm08-12"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"genome size","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genome_size"},{"link_name":"repetitive sequences","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Repeated_sequence_(DNA)"},{"link_name":"sericin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sericin"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-silkworm08-12"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"}],"text":"The full genome of the domestic silk moth was published in 2008 by the International Silkworm Genome Consortium.[12] Draft sequences were published in 2004.[28][29]The genome of the domestic silk moth is mid-range with a genome size around 432 million base pairs. A notable feature is that 43.6% of the genome are repetitive sequences, most of which are transposable elements. At least 3,000 silkworm genes are unique, and have no homologous equivalents in other genomes. The silkworm's ability to produce large amounts of silk correlates with the presence of specific tRNA clusters, as well as some clustered sericin genes. Additionally, the silkworm's ability to consume toxic mulberry leaves is linked to specialized sucrase genes, which appear to have been acquired from bacterial genes.[12]High genetic variability has been found in domestic lines of silk moths, though this is less than that among wild silk moths (about 83 percent of wild genetic variation). This suggests a single event of domestication, and that it happened over a short period of time, with a large number of wild silkworms having been collected for domestication.[30] Major questions, however, remain unanswered, according to Jun Wang, co-author of a related study published in 2008,[31] who stated: \"Whether this event was in a single location or in a short period of time in several locations cannot be deciphered from the data\",[32] and research also has yet to identify the area in China where domestication arose.","title":"Genome"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Silkworm_pupae_to_eat.jpg"},{"link_name":"edible insects","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edible_insects"},{"link_name":"eaten in some cultures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entomophagy"},{"link_name":"Assam, India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assam,_India"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"Korea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korea"},{"link_name":"beondegi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beondegi"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China"},{"link_name":"Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan"},{"link_name":"tsukudani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsukudani"},{"link_name":"soy sauce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soy_sauce"},{"link_name":"Vietnam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam"},{"link_name":"Thailand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thailand"},{"link_name":"space food","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_food"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"}],"text":"Silkworm pupae dishesSilk moth pupae are edible insects and are eaten in some cultures:In Assam, India, they are boiled for extracting silk and the boiled pupae are eaten directly with salt or fried with chili pepper or herbs as a snack or dish.[33]\nIn Korea, they are boiled and seasoned to make a popular snack food known as beondegi (번데기).[34]\nIn China, street vendors sell roasted silk moth pupae.\nIn Japan, silkworms are usually served as a tsukudani (佃煮), i.e., boiled in a sweet-sour sauce made with soy sauce and sugar.\nIn Vietnam, this is known as nhộng tằm, usually boiled, seasoned with fish sauce, then stir-fried and eaten as main dish with rice.\nIn Thailand, roasted silkworm is often sold at open markets. They are also sold as packaged snacks.Silkworms have also been proposed for cultivation by astronauts as space food on long-term missions.[35]","title":"As food"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"In culture"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Horse in Chinese mythology § Origins of sericulture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse_in_Chinese_mythology#Origins_of_sericulture"},{"link_name":"Leizu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leizu"},{"link_name":"Yellow Emperor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yellow_Emperor"},{"link_name":"Khotan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Khotan"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"smuggled","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smuggling_of_silkworm_eggs_into_the_Byzantine_Empire"}],"sub_title":"China","text":"See also: Horse in Chinese mythology § Origins of sericultureIn China, a legend indicates the discovery of the silkworm's silk was by an ancient empress named Leizu, the wife of the Yellow Emperor, also known as Xi Lingshi. She was drinking tea under a tree when a silk cocoon fell into her tea. As she picked it out and started to wrap the silk thread around her finger, she slowly felt a warm sensation. When the silk ran out, she saw a small larva. In an instant, she realized this caterpillar larva was the source of the silk. She taught this to the people and it became widespread. Many more legends about the silkworm are told.The Chinese guarded their knowledge of silk, but, according to one story, a Chinese princess given in marriage to a Khotan prince brought to the oasis the secret of silk manufacture, \"hiding silkworms in her hair as part of her dowry\", probably in the first half of the first century AD.[36] About AD 550, Christian monks are said to have smuggled silkworms hidden in a hollow stick out of China, selling the secret to the eastern Romans.","title":"In culture"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Guanyin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guanyin"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"Vietnam","text":"According to a Vietnamese folk tale, silkworms were originally a beautiful housemaid running away from her gruesome masters and living in the mountain, where she was protected by the mountain god. One day, a lecherous god from the heaven came down to Earth to seduce women. When he saw her, he tried to rape her but she was able to escape and was hidden by the mountain god. The lecherous god then tried to find and capture her by setting a net trap around the mountain. With the blessing of Guanyin, the girl was able to safely swallow that net into her stomach. Finally, the evil god summons his fellow thunder and rain gods to attack and burn away her clothes, forcing her to hide in a cave. Naked and cold, she spit out the net and used it as a blanket to sleep. The girl died in her sleep, and as she wished to continue to help other people, her soul turned into silkworms.[citation needed]","title":"In culture"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"}],"text":"Bombyx mori is essentially monophagous, exclusively eating mulberry leaves (Morus spp.). By developing techniques for using artificial diets, the amino acids needed for development are known.[37] The various amino acids can be classified into five categories:Those which, when removed, cause larval development to stop entirely: lysine, leucine, isoleucine, histidine, arginine, valine, tryptophan, threonine, phenylalanine, methionine\nThose which, when removed, impede later stages of larval development: glutamate and aspartate\nSemi-essential amino acids, with negative effects that can be eliminated by supplementing with other amino acids: proline (ornithine can be substituted)\nNon-essential amino acids that can by replaced through biosynthesis by the larvae: alanine, glycine, serine\nNon-essential amino acids that can be removed with no effect at all: tyrosine","title":"Feeding"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Beauveria bassiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beauveria_bassiana"},{"link_name":"Grasserie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_Polyhedrosis_Virus"},{"link_name":"Alphabaculovirus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alphabaculovirus"},{"link_name":"Pébrine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A9brine"},{"link_name":"Nosema bombycis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nosema_bombycis"},{"link_name":"Flacherie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flacherie"},{"link_name":"Muscardine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muscardine"}],"text":"Beauveria bassiana, a fungus, destroys the entire silkworm body. This fungus usually appears when silkworms are raised under cold conditions with high humidity. This disease is not passed on to the eggs from moths, as the infected silkworms cannot survive to the moth stage. This fungus, however, can spread to other insects.\nGrasserie, also known as nuclear polyhedrosis, milky disease, or hanging disease, is caused by infection with the Bombyx mori nucleopolyhedrovirus (aka Bombyx mori nuclear polyhedrosis virus, genus Alphabaculovirus). If grasserie is observed in the chawkie stage, then the chawkie larvae must have been infected while hatching or during chawkie rearing. Infected eggs can be disinfected by cleaning their surfaces prior to hatching. Infections can occur as a result of improper hygiene in the chawkie rearing house. This disease develops faster in early instar rearing.\nPébrine is a disease caused by a parasitic microsporidian, Nosema bombycis. Diseased larvae show slow growth, undersized, pale and flaccid bodies, and poor appetite. Tiny black spots appear on larval integument. Additionally, dead larvae remain rubbery and do not undergo putrefaction after death. N. bombycis kills 100% of silkworms hatched from infected eggs. This disease can be carried over from worms to moths, then to eggs and worms again. This microsporidium comes from the food that the silkworms eat. Female moths pass the disease to the eggs, and 100% of silkworms hatching from the diseased eggs die in their worm stage. To prevent this disease, eggs from infected moths are ruled out by checking the moth's body fluid under a microscope.\nFlacherie infected silkworms look weak and are colored dark brown before they die. The disease destroys the larva's gut and is caused by viruses or poisonous food.\nSeveral diseases caused by a variety of funguses are collectively named Muscardine.","title":"Diseases"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The culture of the mulberry silkworm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=_4waAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA1"},{"link_name":"U.S. Department of Agriculture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Department_of_Agriculture"},{"link_name":"Government Printing Office","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Government_Publishing_Office"},{"link_name":"Grimaldi, David A.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_A._Grimaldi"},{"link_name":"Engel, Michael S.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_S._Engel"},{"link_name":"Cambridge University Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-521-82149-0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-82149-0"},{"link_name":"Silkworms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/silkworms00john"},{"link_name":"Lerner Publications","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lerner_Publications"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-8225-9557-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8225-9557-1"},{"link_name":"Princeton University Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princeton_University_Press"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-19-854952-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-854952-9"},{"link_name":"\"Cocoon Silk: A Natural Silk Architecture\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20120507085636/http://www.senature.com/research/publications/cocoon-silk-a-natural-architecture"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.senature.com/research/publications/cocoon-silk-a-natural-architecture"}],"text":"Kelly, Henrietta Aiken (1903). The culture of the mulberry silkworm. Washington DC: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Government Printing Office. Retrieved 17 January 2012.\nGrimaldi, David A.; Engel, Michael S. (2005). Evolution of the Insects. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-82149-0.\nJohnson, Sylvia (1989). Silkworms. Lerner Publications. ISBN 978-0-8225-9557-1.\nScoble, M. J. (1995). The Lepidoptera: Form, Function and Diversity. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-854952-9.\nYoshitake, N. (1968). \"Phylogenetic aspects on the origin of Japanese race of the silkworm, Bombyx mori L.\". Journal of Sericological Sciences of Japan. 37: 83–87.\nTrevisan, Adrian. \"Cocoon Silk: A Natural Silk Architecture\". Sense of Nature. Archived from the original on 7 May 2012.","title":"Further reading"}]
[{"image_text":"2- thoracic legs.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Bombyx_mori_caterpillar_tagged2.png/220px-Bombyx_mori_caterpillar_tagged2.png"},{"image_text":"Adult silk moth","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/CSIRO_ScienceImage_10746_An_adult_silkworm_moth.jpg/220px-CSIRO_ScienceImage_10746_An_adult_silkworm_moth.jpg"},{"image_text":"Cocoon of B. mori","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Cocoon.jpg/220px-Cocoon.jpg"},{"image_text":"A study of an egg of a silkworm from Hooke's Micrographia, 1665","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Micrographia_Schem_25_fig_2.jpg/220px-Micrographia_Schem_25_fig_2.jpg"},{"image_text":"1679 study of the silkworm metamorphosis by Maria Sibylla Merian, it depicts the fruit and leaves of a mulberry tree and the eggs and larvae of the silkworm moth.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b7/Maria_Sibylla_Merian_Maulbeerbaum_samt_Frucht_plate_1.png/220px-Maria_Sibylla_Merian_Maulbeerbaum_samt_Frucht_plate_1.png"},{"image_text":"Gold silkworm, Han dynasty","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Han_Gold_Silkworm_%2847425344012%29.jpg/220px-Han_Gold_Silkworm_%2847425344012%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Silkworms and mulberry leaves placed on trays (Liang Kai's Sericulture c. 13th century)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Women_placing_silkworms_on_trays_together_with_mulberry_leaves_%28Sericulture_by_Liang_Kai%2C_1200s%29.jpg/220px-Women_placing_silkworms_on_trays_together_with_mulberry_leaves_%28Sericulture_by_Liang_Kai%2C_1200s%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Pupae","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Pupa_of_Silk_worm_nepal.jpg/220px-Pupa_of_Silk_worm_nepal.jpg"},{"image_text":"Silkworm cocoons weighed and sorted (Liang Kai's Sericulture)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Weighing_and_sorting_the_cocoons_%28Sericulture_by_Liang_Kai%2C_1200s%29.jpg/220px-Weighing_and_sorting_the_cocoons_%28Sericulture_by_Liang_Kai%2C_1200s%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Silkworm pupae dishes","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Silkworm_pupae_to_eat.jpg/220px-Silkworm_pupae_to_eat.jpg"}]
[{"title":"Cocoonase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cocoonase"},{"title":"History of silk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_silk"},{"title":"Silk Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silk_Road"},{"title":"List of animals that produce silk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_animals_that_produce_silk"},{"title":"Samia cynthia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samia_cynthia"},{"title":"Thai silk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thai_silk"},{"title":"Lao silk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lao_silk"},{"title":"Japanese silk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_silk"},{"title":"List of domesticated animals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_domesticated_animals"}]
[{"reference":"Barber, E. J. W. (1992). Prehistoric Textiles: the Development of Cloth in the Neolithic and Bronze Ages with Special Reference to the Aegean. Princeton University Press. p. 31. ISBN 978-0-691-00224-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=HnSlynSfeEIC&pg=PA31","url_text":"Prehistoric Textiles: the Development of Cloth in the Neolithic and Bronze Ages with Special Reference to the Aegean"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princeton_University_Press","url_text":"Princeton University Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-00224-8","url_text":"978-0-691-00224-8"}]},{"reference":"K. P. Arunkumar; Muralidhar Metta; J. Nagaraju (2006). \"Molecular phylogeny of silkmoths reveals the origin of domesticated silkmoth, Bombyx mori from Chinese Bombyx mandarina and paternal inheritance of Antheraea proylei mitochondrial DNA\" (PDF). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 40 (2): 419–427. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2006.02.023. PMID 16644243.","urls":[{"url":"http://repository.ias.ac.in/24304/1/313.pdf","url_text":"\"Molecular phylogeny of silkmoths reveals the origin of domesticated silkmoth, Bombyx mori from Chinese Bombyx mandarina and paternal inheritance of Antheraea proylei mitochondrial DNA\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular_Phylogenetics_and_Evolution","url_text":"Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.ympev.2006.02.023","url_text":"10.1016/j.ympev.2006.02.023"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16644243","url_text":"16644243"}]},{"reference":"Hideaki Maekawa; Naoko Takada; Kenichi Mikitani; et al. (1988). \"Nucleolus organizers in the wild silkworm Bombyx mandarina and the domesticated silkworm B. mori\". Chromosoma. 96 (4): 263–269. doi:10.1007/BF00286912. S2CID 12870165.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chromosoma&action=edit&redlink=1","url_text":"Chromosoma"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF00286912","url_text":"10.1007/BF00286912"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:12870165","url_text":"12870165"}]},{"reference":"Hall, Brian K. (2010). Evolution: Principles and Processes. Jones & Bartlett. p. 400. ISBN 978-0-763-76039-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=V24EHUgEl5EC&pg=PA342","url_text":"Evolution: Principles and Processes"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-763-76039-7","url_text":"978-0-763-76039-7"}]},{"reference":"\"Captive breeding for thousands of years has impaired olfactory functions in silkmoths\".","urls":[{"url":"https://phys.org/news/2013-11-captive-thousands-years-impaired-olfactory.html","url_text":"\"Captive breeding for thousands of years has impaired olfactory functions in silkmoths\""}]},{"reference":"Trevisan, Adrian. \"Cocoon Silk: A Natural Silk Architecture\". Sense of Nature. Archived from the original on 7 May 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120507085636/http://www.senature.com/research/publications/cocoon-silk-a-natural-architecture","url_text":"\"Cocoon Silk: A Natural Silk Architecture\""},{"url":"http://www.senature.com/research/publications/cocoon-silk-a-natural-architecture","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"faostat.fao.org\".","urls":[{"url":"http://faostat.fao.org/site/603/DesktopDefault.aspx?PageID=603#ancor","url_text":"\"faostat.fao.org\""}]},{"reference":"Singh, Amit; Kango-Singh, Madhuri; Parthasarathy, R.; Gopinathan, K. P. (April 2007). \"Larval legs of mulberry silkworm Bombyx mori are prototypes for the adult legs\". Genesis. 45 (4): 169–176. doi:10.1002/dvg.20280. ISSN 1526-954X. PMID 17417803. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmed_Fahour
Ahmed Fahour
["1 Early life and career","2 Australia Post","3 Later career","4 Views on extremism","5 Personal life","6 References"]
Lebanese Australian businessman Ahmed FahourAOBorn1966 (age 57–58)LebanonNationalityAustralianEducationSt Joseph's College Redden CollegeAlma materLa Trobe University Melbourne Business SchoolOccupationCEO Latitude Financial Services Former CEO Australia PostSpouseDionnie Fahour (separated)Children4 Ahmed Fahour AO (Arabic: أحمد فاعور ; born 1966) is a Lebanese Australian businessman. He was the managing director (MD) and CEO of Latitude Financial Services, and was formerly MD and CEO of Australia Post, and CEO Australia of the National Australia Bank (NAB). Early life and career Fahour was born in Lebanon in 1966 and migrated to Australia with his parents, Abdel and Siham, in 1969. His parents became successful businesspeople in Australia and have eight children. He studied at St Joseph's College in North Fitzroy and later attended Redden College in Preston. In 1987, he graduated from La Trobe University in Melbourne with a bachelor's degree of Economics. He went on to complete a Master of Business Administration at Melbourne Business School in 1993 while working for Boston Consulting Group. He became a director of the group in 1997, and spent a year as co-managing director of its joint-venture investment company, Iformation. Fahour joined NAB in September 2004 as CEO Australia, and became an executive member of the board. In February 2009, he stepped down from the principal board and group executive committee. Fahour has held directorships of Nasdaq Dubai, Rip Curl and has been a trustee of the Melbourne Cricket Ground. He was invited by the Prime Minister and Treasurer to be the interim CEO of the Australian Business Investment Partnership. Australia Post In December 2009, Fahour was announced as the new MD and CEO of Australia Post (a federal government-owned business), commencing in February 2010. There, he commenced a business renewal program, called "Future Ready". The program involved the implementation of a more customer-focused business model designed to capitalise on Australia Post's reputation as a trusted services provider. Under Fahour's direction, Australia Post had two consecutive years of profit growth (in FY2011 and FY2012) following steep profit declines in the preceding two years (FY2009 and FY2010), as Australian letter volumes started to decline. Further letter volume decline led to reduced profits in FY2013 and FY2014, with repeated calls from Fahour for the government to support fundamental reform of the letter service to prevent Australia Post incurring future losses. In March 2012, Fahour announced plans to create the "Australia Post Digital MailBox", as part of the postal corporation's strategy "to build a sustainable communications business, both physically and digitally". The Digital MailBox was given a soft launch at Parliament House, Canberra, in October 2012 and it was officially opened to Australian consumers for the first time in May 2013. In June 2014, Fahour was widely criticised for his $4.8 million salary, whilst sacking 900 staff. He was once Australia's highest-paid public servant, receiving a total salary package of $5.6 million (including a $1.2 million bonus) in 2016. Under Fahour's leadership, in 2015 Australia Post recorded its first full-year loss in over 30 years, with half-year profits down some 56 percent. In February 2017, Australian Prime Minister Malcolm Turnbull criticised Fahour's $5.6 million salary saying, "As the Prime Minister and a taxpayer, I've spoken to the chairman today. I think that salary, that remuneration, is too high." On 23 February, Australia Post announced that Fahour has resigned as MD and CEO of Australia Post, and would step down from the role in July 2017. Upon resigning from CEO of Australia Post, in July 2017 Fahour joined BCG Digital Ventures as non-executive chairman for Asia-Pacific. Later career In 2011, Fahour was appointed the Australian Government's special envoy to the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation. In 2014, Fahour was appointed chairman of Pro-Pac Packaging Group (PPG). The same year he was appointed an adjunct professor at La Trobe Business School and became a fellow of the Australian Institute of Company Directors. In 2017 Fahour was appointed an Officer of the Order of Australia for distinguished service to business, particularly in the area of postal communications, to the banking and investment sectors, and as a supporter of improved multicultural relations. In October 2018, Fahour was appointed MD and CEO of Latitude Financial Services. Views on extremism Fahour says the best way to counter Islamic extremism is to give Muslim young people jobs and opportunities. He says that extremists misinterpret Islamic teachings such as the Quranic injunction, 'whoever kills an innocent person, it's as if he has killed all of mankind'. Personal life Fahour lives in Hawthorn, Melbourne, in a house that he bought in 2013 from Globe International co-founder Peter Hill for $20 million. The house was originally built for Sir James Frederick Palmer, the first Speaker of the Victorian Legislative Council and was later owned by the comic and entrepreneur George Coppin, before becoming a private school. Fahour and his family have made significant financial contributions to the Islamic Museum of Australia, the founder and director of which is his brother, Moustafa Fahour, a former Macquarie Bank executive. His sister, MasterChef participant Samira El Khafir, is the head chef and manages the cafe on site. Moustafa's wife, Maysaa, is the chairwoman and director. Fahour was married to Dionnie and has four children. He has four brothers and three sisters. References ^ a b "Splitsville: Ahmed and Dionnie Fahour separate". Australian Financial Review. 30 October 2018. ^ "Australia Post CEO Ahmed Fahour resigns after salary furore". ABC News. 23 February 2017. Retrieved 24 February 2017. ^ Fahour, Ahmed (6 June 2013). "Essay: Ahmed Fahour". SBS. Retrieved 23 February 2017. ^ a b Warner, Michael (3 May 2008). "Just a suburban boy". Herald Sun. Retrieved 23 February 2017. ^ a b Whinnett, Ellen (18 June 2014). "Australia Post donates boss Ahmed Fahour's $2m bonus to Islamic Museum of Australia". Herald Sun. Retrieved 4 March 2015. ^ "La Trobe University Alumni awarded for outstanding contributions to society". La Trobe University. 20 March 2008. Retrieved 23 February 2017. ^ a b Hughes, Duncan (11 January 2015). "Local boy comes back home to cleaning job at NAB". The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 23 February 2017. ^ Diab, Jasmin Lilian (19 September 2019). "This Lebanese Is One of Australia's Most Prominent Business Faces". 961. Retrieved 31 October 2023. ^ a b "Ahmed Fahour steps down from NAB Executive and Board". www.nab.com.au (Press release). NAB. 20 February 2009. Archived from the original on 23 February 2017. Retrieved 23 February 2017. Mr said he was leaving the business after nearly five years because the job he was employed to do had been completed successfully. ^ "Ahmed Fahour appointed new Australia Post MD and CEO". Australia Post. 23 December 2009. ^ "Australia Post Newsroom". Auspost.com.au. Retrieved 11 August 2015. ^ "Publications - Australia Post". Auspost.com.au. Retrieved 11 August 2015. ^ "Financial report - Australia Post Annual Report 2014". Auspost.com.au. Retrieved 11 August 2015. ^ "Publications - Australia Post". Auspost.com.au. Retrieved 11 August 2015. ^ "Australia Post launches Digital MailBox beta". Business Spectator. 5 November 2012. Retrieved 11 August 2015. ^ Bourke, Latika (11 June 2014). "Critics of Australia Post's decision to sack 900 staff questioning CEO Ahmed Fahour's $4.8 million salary". ABC. Archived from the original on 1 November 2015. Retrieved 28 April 2015. ^ a b Pallisco, Marc (19 November 2015). "Businessman Ahmed Fahour's landmark mansion to get a multimillion-dollar makeover". Domain. Retrieved 24 January 2016. ^ Chung, Frank (8 February 2017). "Australia Post CEO paid $5.6 million in 2016". news.com.au. News Limited. Retrieved 8 February 2017. ^ Hutchens, Gareth (24 February 2015). "Australia Post profit falls 56 per cent as letters business crashes". The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 7 February 2017. The dramatic profit dive was driven by mounting losses of $151 million in its letters business. ^ "Malcolm Turnbull says $5.6 million salary of Australia Post boss Ahmed Fahour is too high". The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 7 February 2017. ^ Belot, Henry (23 February 2017). "Australia Post CEO Ahmed Fahour resigns after salary furore". ABC News. Retrieved 23 February 2017. ^ Eyers, James (31 July 2017). "Ahmed Fahour joins BCG Digital Ventures to stay in identity game". afr.com. The Australian Financial Review. Retrieved 3 October 2018. ^ "Foreign Minister Kevin Rudd Appoints Envoy to peak Muslim Body". The Australian. 30 June 2011. Retrieved 11 August 2015. ^ "Share Price & Information". ASX. 5 November 2014. Retrieved 11 August 2015. ^ "Officer (AO) in the General Division of the Order of Australia" (PDF). Australia Day 2017 Honours List. Governor-General of Australia. 26 January 2017. Archived from the original (PDF) on 25 November 2017. Retrieved 27 January 2017. ^ Hatch, Patrick (1 October 2018). "Humbled banks to retreat to core business, says new rival Fahour". The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 17 June 2019. ^ Brown, Rachael (9 October 2015). "'Stop messing with Australia and its society', Grand Mufti hits out at Islamic extremism". ABC News. 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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"AO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Officer_of_the_Order_of_Australia"},{"link_name":"Arabic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_language"},{"link_name":"Lebanese Australian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lebanese_Australian"},{"link_name":"Latitude Financial Services","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latitude_Financial_Services"},{"link_name":"Australia Post","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia_Post"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"National Australia Bank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Australia_Bank"}],"text":"Ahmed Fahour AO (Arabic: أحمد فاعور ; born 1966) is a Lebanese Australian businessman. He was the managing director (MD) and CEO of Latitude Financial Services, and was formerly MD and CEO of Australia Post,[2] and CEO Australia of the National Australia Bank (NAB).","title":"Ahmed Fahour"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Warner2008-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-donations-5"},{"link_name":"St Joseph's College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Joseph%27s_College,_Melbourne"},{"link_name":"North Fitzroy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fitzroy_North,_Victoria"},{"link_name":"Redden College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samaritan_Catholic_College"},{"link_name":"Preston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preston,_Victoria"},{"link_name":"La Trobe University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Trobe_University"},{"link_name":"Melbourne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melbourne"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Master of Business Administration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master_of_Business_Administration"},{"link_name":"Melbourne Business School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melbourne_Business_School"},{"link_name":"Boston Consulting Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Consulting_Group"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hughes2015-7"},{"link_name":"Iformation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Iformation&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nab-step-down-9"},{"link_name":"Nasdaq","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasdaq,_Inc."},{"link_name":"Rip Curl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rip_Curl"},{"link_name":"Melbourne Cricket Ground","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melbourne_Cricket_Ground"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nab-step-down-9"}],"text":"Fahour was born in Lebanon in 1966 and migrated to Australia with his parents, Abdel and Siham, in 1969.[3][4] His parents became successful businesspeople in Australia and have eight children.[5]He studied at St Joseph's College in North Fitzroy and later attended Redden College in Preston. In 1987, he graduated from La Trobe University in Melbourne with a bachelor's degree of Economics.[6] He went on to complete a Master of Business Administration at Melbourne Business School in 1993 while working for Boston Consulting Group.[7] He became a director of the group in 1997, and spent a year as co-managing director of its joint-venture investment company, Iformation.[8]Fahour joined NAB in September 2004 as CEO Australia, and became an executive member of the board. In February 2009, he stepped down from the principal board and group executive committee.[9] Fahour has held directorships of Nasdaq Dubai, Rip Curl and has been a trustee of the Melbourne Cricket Ground. He was invited by the Prime Minister and Treasurer to be the interim CEO of the Australian Business Investment Partnership.[9]","title":"Early life and career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Australia Post","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia_Post"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ABC-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Domain-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ap_ceo-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Malcolm Turnbull","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malcolm_Turnbull"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-resignation-21"},{"link_name":"BCG Digital Ventures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=BCG_Digital_Ventures&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Asia-Pacific","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asia-Pacific"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bcgdv-22"}],"text":"In December 2009, Fahour was announced as the new MD and CEO of Australia Post (a federal government-owned business), commencing in February 2010.[10] There, he commenced a business renewal program, called \"Future Ready\".[11] The program involved the implementation of a more customer-focused business model designed to capitalise on Australia Post's reputation as a trusted services provider.Under Fahour's direction, Australia Post had two consecutive years of profit growth (in FY2011 and FY2012) following steep profit declines in the preceding two years (FY2009 and FY2010), as Australian letter volumes started to decline.[12] Further letter volume decline led to reduced profits in FY2013 and FY2014, with repeated calls from Fahour for the government to support fundamental reform of the letter service to prevent Australia Post incurring future losses.[13]In March 2012, Fahour announced plans to create the \"Australia Post Digital MailBox\", as part of the postal corporation's strategy \"to build a sustainable communications business, both physically and digitally\".[14] The Digital MailBox was given a soft launch at Parliament House, Canberra, in October 2012 and it was officially opened to Australian consumers for the first time in May 2013.[15]In June 2014, Fahour was widely criticised for his $4.8 million salary, whilst sacking 900 staff.[16] He was once Australia's highest-paid public servant, receiving a total salary package of $5.6 million (including a $1.2 million bonus) in 2016.[17][18]Under Fahour's leadership, in 2015 Australia Post recorded its first full-year loss in over 30 years, with half-year profits down some 56 percent.[19]In February 2017, Australian Prime Minister Malcolm Turnbull criticised Fahour's $5.6 million salary saying, \"As the Prime Minister and a taxpayer, I've spoken to the chairman today. I think that salary, that remuneration, is too high.\"[20] On 23 February, Australia Post announced that Fahour has resigned as MD and CEO of Australia Post, and would step down from the role in July 2017.[21]Upon resigning from CEO of Australia Post, in July 2017 Fahour joined BCG Digital Ventures as non-executive chairman for Asia-Pacific.[22]","title":"Australia Post"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Australian Government","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Australia"},{"link_name":"Organisation of Islamic Cooperation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"Australian Institute of Company Directors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Institute_of_Company_Directors"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Officer of the Order of Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_Australia"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AO-25"},{"link_name":"Latitude Financial Services","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latitude_Financial_Services"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"}],"text":"In 2011, Fahour was appointed the Australian Government's special envoy to the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation.[23]In 2014, Fahour was appointed chairman of Pro-Pac Packaging Group (PPG).[24] The same year he was appointed an adjunct professor at La Trobe Business School and became a fellow of the Australian Institute of Company Directors.[citation needed] In 2017 Fahour was appointed an Officer of the Order of Australia for distinguished service to business, particularly in the area of postal communications, to the banking and investment sectors, and as a supporter of improved multicultural relations.[25]In October 2018, Fahour was appointed MD and CEO of Latitude Financial Services.[26]","title":"Later career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Islamic extremism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_extremism"},{"link_name":"Quranic injunction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Ma%27ida#.5BQuran.C2.A05:32.5D_.5BQuran.C2.A05:33.5D"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"}],"text":"Fahour says the best way to counter Islamic extremism is to give Muslim young people jobs and opportunities. He says that extremists misinterpret Islamic teachings such as the Quranic injunction, 'whoever kills an innocent person, it's as if he has killed all of mankind'.[27]","title":"Views on extremism"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sir James Frederick Palmer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Frederick_Palmer"},{"link_name":"Victorian Legislative Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victorian_Legislative_Council"},{"link_name":"George Coppin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Coppin"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Domain-17"},{"link_name":"Islamic Museum of Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_Museum_of_Australia"},{"link_name":"Macquarie Bank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macquarie_Bank"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-donations-5"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-split-1"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Warner2008-4"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hughes2015-7"}],"text":"Fahour lives in Hawthorn, Melbourne, in a house that he bought in 2013 from Globe International co-founder Peter Hill for $20 million. The house was originally built for Sir James Frederick Palmer, the first Speaker of the Victorian Legislative Council and was later owned by the comic and entrepreneur George Coppin, before becoming a private school.[17]Fahour and his family have made significant financial contributions to the Islamic Museum of Australia, the founder and director of which is his brother, Moustafa Fahour, a former Macquarie Bank executive. His sister, MasterChef participant Samira El Khafir, is the head chef and manages the cafe on site.[5] Moustafa's wife, Maysaa, is the chairwoman and director.Fahour was married to Dionnie[1] and has four children.[4] He has four brothers and three sisters.[7]","title":"Personal life"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"\"Splitsville: Ahmed and Dionnie Fahour separate\". Australian Financial Review. 30 October 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.afr.com/rear-window/ahmed-fahours-odd-property-transactions-explained-20181030-h179lq","url_text":"\"Splitsville: Ahmed and Dionnie Fahour separate\""}]},{"reference":"\"Australia Post CEO Ahmed Fahour resigns after salary furore\". ABC News. 23 February 2017. Retrieved 24 February 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.abc.net.au/news/2017-02-23/australia-post-ceo-resigns/8296566","url_text":"\"Australia Post CEO Ahmed Fahour resigns after salary furore\""}]},{"reference":"Fahour, Ahmed (6 June 2013). \"Essay: Ahmed Fahour\". SBS. Retrieved 23 February 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.sbs.com.au/food/article/2013/06/06/essay-ahmed-fahour","url_text":"\"Essay: Ahmed Fahour\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_Broadcasting_Service","url_text":"SBS"}]},{"reference":"Warner, Michael (3 May 2008). \"Just a suburban boy\". Herald Sun. Retrieved 23 February 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.heraldsun.com.au/news/victoria/just-a-suburban-boy/news-story/50f8633eb4a3e6f0347dc5b04d5c7d85?sv=ad60e831228cc29a0715cd1b7e409f61","url_text":"\"Just a suburban boy\""}]},{"reference":"Whinnett, Ellen (18 June 2014). \"Australia Post donates boss Ahmed Fahour's $2m bonus to Islamic Museum of Australia\". Herald Sun. Retrieved 4 March 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.heraldsun.com.au/news/australia-post-donates-boss-ahmed-fahours-2m-bonus-to-islamic-museum-of-australia/story-fni0fiyv-1226958003540","url_text":"\"Australia Post donates boss Ahmed Fahour's $2m bonus to Islamic Museum of Australia\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herald_Sun","url_text":"Herald Sun"}]},{"reference":"\"La Trobe University Alumni awarded for outstanding contributions to society\". La Trobe University. 20 March 2008. Retrieved 23 February 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.latrobe.edu.au/news/articles/2008/article/la-trobe-university-alumni-awarded-for-outstanding-contributions-to-society","url_text":"\"La Trobe University Alumni awarded for outstanding contributions to society\""}]},{"reference":"Hughes, Duncan (11 January 2015). \"Local boy comes back home to cleaning job at NAB\". The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 23 February 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.smh.com.au/news/Business/Local-boy-comes-back-home-to-cleaning-job-at-NAB/2005/01/10/1105206052017.html","url_text":"\"Local boy comes back home to cleaning job at NAB\""}]},{"reference":"Diab, Jasmin Lilian (19 September 2019). \"This Lebanese Is One of Australia's Most Prominent Business Faces\". 961. Retrieved 31 October 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.the961.com/this-lebanese-is-one-of-australias-most-prominent-business-faces/","url_text":"\"This Lebanese Is One of Australia's Most Prominent Business Faces\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ahmed Fahour steps down from NAB Executive and Board\". www.nab.com.au (Press release). NAB. 20 February 2009. Archived from the original on 23 February 2017. Retrieved 23 February 2017. Mr said he was leaving the business after nearly five years because the job he was employed to do had been completed successfully.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170223211621/https://www.nab.com.au/about-us/media/media-releases-2009/ahmed-fahour-steps-down-from-nab-executive-and-board","url_text":"\"Ahmed Fahour steps down from NAB Executive and Board\""},{"url":"https://www.nab.com.au/about-us/media/media-releases-2009/ahmed-fahour-steps-down-from-nab-executive-and-board","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Ahmed Fahour appointed new Australia Post MD and CEO\". Australia Post. 23 December 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://auspost.com.au/about-us/ahmed-fahour-appointed-new-australia-post-md-and-ceo.html","url_text":"\"Ahmed Fahour appointed new Australia Post MD and CEO\""}]},{"reference":"\"Australia Post Newsroom\". Auspost.com.au. Retrieved 11 August 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://auspost.com.au/about-us/future-ready-australia-posts-business-renewal-program.html","url_text":"\"Australia Post Newsroom\""}]},{"reference":"\"Publications - Australia Post\". Auspost.com.au. Retrieved 11 August 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://auspost.com.au/annualreport2012/financial-report.html","url_text":"\"Publications - Australia Post\""}]},{"reference":"\"Financial report - Australia Post Annual Report 2014\". Auspost.com.au. Retrieved 11 August 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://auspost.com.au/annualreport2014/financial-report.html","url_text":"\"Financial report - Australia Post Annual Report 2014\""}]},{"reference":"\"Publications - Australia Post\". Auspost.com.au. Retrieved 11 August 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://auspost.com.au/annualreport2012/products-and-services.html","url_text":"\"Publications - Australia Post\""}]},{"reference":"\"Australia Post launches Digital MailBox beta\". Business Spectator. 5 November 2012. Retrieved 11 August 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.businessspectator.com.au/news/2013/5/27/technology/australia-post-launches-digital-mailbox-beta","url_text":"\"Australia Post launches Digital MailBox beta\""}]},{"reference":"Bourke, Latika (11 June 2014). \"Critics of Australia Post's decision to sack 900 staff questioning CEO Ahmed Fahour's $4.8 million salary\". ABC. Archived from the original on 1 November 2015. Retrieved 28 April 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latika_Bourke","url_text":"Bourke, Latika"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20151101074812/http://www.abc.net.au/news/2014-06-11/critics-question-australia-post-ceos-multi-million-dollar-salary/5514682","url_text":"\"Critics of Australia Post's decision to sack 900 staff questioning CEO Ahmed Fahour's $4.8 million salary\""},{"url":"http://www.abc.net.au/news/2014-06-11/critics-question-australia-post-ceos-multi-million-dollar-salary/5514682","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Pallisco, Marc (19 November 2015). \"Businessman Ahmed Fahour's landmark mansion to get a multimillion-dollar makeover\". Domain. Retrieved 24 January 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.domain.com.au/news/businessman-ahmed-fahours-landmark-mansion-to-get-a-multimilliondollar-makeover-20151120-gl32y4/","url_text":"\"Businessman Ahmed Fahour's landmark mansion to get a multimillion-dollar makeover\""}]},{"reference":"Chung, Frank (8 February 2017). \"Australia Post CEO paid $5.6 million in 2016\". news.com.au. News Limited. Retrieved 8 February 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.news.com.au/finance/work/leaders/australia-post-ceo-paid-56-million-in-2016/news-story/7e8b26ed0660abf9c7d60b4ec539017e","url_text":"\"Australia Post CEO paid $5.6 million in 2016\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/News_Limited","url_text":"News Limited"}]},{"reference":"Hutchens, Gareth (24 February 2015). \"Australia Post profit falls 56 per cent as letters business crashes\". The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 7 February 2017. The dramatic profit dive was driven by mounting losses of $151 million in its letters business.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.smh.com.au/federal-politics/political-news/australia-post-profit-falls-56-per-cent-as-letters-business-crashes-20150222-13lzpr.html","url_text":"\"Australia Post profit falls 56 per cent as letters business crashes\""}]},{"reference":"\"Malcolm Turnbull says $5.6 million salary of Australia Post boss Ahmed Fahour is too high\". The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 7 February 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.smh.com.au/federal-politics/political-news/malcolm-turnbull-says-56-million-salary-of-australia-post-boss-ahmed-fahour-is-too-high-20170207-gu7t06.html","url_text":"\"Malcolm Turnbull says $5.6 million salary of Australia Post boss Ahmed Fahour is too high\""}]},{"reference":"Belot, Henry (23 February 2017). \"Australia Post CEO Ahmed Fahour resigns after salary furore\". ABC News. Retrieved 23 February 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.abc.net.au/news/2017-02-23/australia-post-ceo-resigns/8296566","url_text":"\"Australia Post CEO Ahmed Fahour resigns after salary furore\""}]},{"reference":"Eyers, James (31 July 2017). \"Ahmed Fahour joins BCG Digital Ventures to stay in identity game\". afr.com. The Australian Financial Review. Retrieved 3 October 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.afr.com/technology/ahmed-fahour-joins-bcg-digital-ventures-to-stay-in-identity-game-20170728-gxku29","url_text":"\"Ahmed Fahour joins BCG Digital Ventures to stay in identity game\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Australian_Financial_Review","url_text":"The Australian Financial Review"}]},{"reference":"\"Foreign Minister Kevin Rudd Appoints Envoy to peak Muslim Body\". The Australian. 30 June 2011. Retrieved 11 August 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.theaustralian.com.au/national-affairs/foreign-minister-kevin-rudd-appoints-envoy-to-peak-muslim-body/story-fn59niix-1226084843529","url_text":"\"Foreign Minister Kevin Rudd Appoints Envoy to peak Muslim Body\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Australian","url_text":"The Australian"}]},{"reference":"\"Share Price & Information\". ASX. 5 November 2014. Retrieved 11 August 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.asx.com.au/asx/research/companyInfo.do?by=asxCode&asxCode=PPG","url_text":"\"Share Price & Information\""}]},{"reference":"\"Officer (AO) in the General Division of the Order of Australia\" (PDF). Australia Day 2017 Honours List. Governor-General of Australia. 26 January 2017. Archived from the original (PDF) on 25 November 2017. Retrieved 27 January 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20171125025437/http://www.gg.gov.au/sites/default/files/files/honours/ad/ad2017/slkh83xzcb/AO%20Final%20Media%20Notes.pdf","url_text":"\"Officer (AO) in the General Division of the Order of Australia\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor-General_of_Australia","url_text":"Governor-General of Australia"},{"url":"http://www.gg.gov.au/sites/default/files/files/honours/ad/ad2017/slkh83xzcb/AO%20Final%20Media%20Notes.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Hatch, Patrick (1 October 2018). \"Humbled banks to retreat to core business, says new rival Fahour\". The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 17 June 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.smh.com.au/business/banking-and-finance/fahour-appointed-ceo-of-financial-group-latitude-20181001-p50738.html","url_text":"\"Humbled banks to retreat to core business, says new rival Fahour\""}]},{"reference":"Brown, Rachael (9 October 2015). \"'Stop messing with Australia and its society', Grand Mufti hits out at Islamic extremism\". ABC News. Retrieved 6 May 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.abc.net.au/worldtoday/content/2015/s4328429.htm","url_text":"\"'Stop messing with Australia and its society', Grand Mufti hits out at Islamic extremism\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABC_News_(Australia)","url_text":"ABC News"}]}]
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Australia Post\""},{"Link":"http://auspost.com.au/annualreport2014/financial-report.html","external_links_name":"\"Financial report - Australia Post Annual Report 2014\""},{"Link":"http://auspost.com.au/annualreport2012/products-and-services.html","external_links_name":"\"Publications - Australia Post\""},{"Link":"http://www.businessspectator.com.au/news/2013/5/27/technology/australia-post-launches-digital-mailbox-beta","external_links_name":"\"Australia Post launches Digital MailBox beta\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20151101074812/http://www.abc.net.au/news/2014-06-11/critics-question-australia-post-ceos-multi-million-dollar-salary/5514682","external_links_name":"\"Critics of Australia Post's decision to sack 900 staff questioning CEO Ahmed Fahour's $4.8 million salary\""},{"Link":"http://www.abc.net.au/news/2014-06-11/critics-question-australia-post-ceos-multi-million-dollar-salary/5514682","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.domain.com.au/news/businessman-ahmed-fahours-landmark-mansion-to-get-a-multimilliondollar-makeover-20151120-gl32y4/","external_links_name":"\"Businessman Ahmed Fahour's landmark mansion to get a multimillion-dollar makeover\""},{"Link":"http://www.news.com.au/finance/work/leaders/australia-post-ceo-paid-56-million-in-2016/news-story/7e8b26ed0660abf9c7d60b4ec539017e","external_links_name":"\"Australia Post CEO paid $5.6 million in 2016\""},{"Link":"http://www.smh.com.au/federal-politics/political-news/australia-post-profit-falls-56-per-cent-as-letters-business-crashes-20150222-13lzpr.html","external_links_name":"\"Australia Post profit falls 56 per cent as letters business crashes\""},{"Link":"http://www.smh.com.au/federal-politics/political-news/malcolm-turnbull-says-56-million-salary-of-australia-post-boss-ahmed-fahour-is-too-high-20170207-gu7t06.html","external_links_name":"\"Malcolm Turnbull says $5.6 million salary of Australia Post boss Ahmed Fahour is too high\""},{"Link":"http://www.abc.net.au/news/2017-02-23/australia-post-ceo-resigns/8296566","external_links_name":"\"Australia Post CEO Ahmed Fahour resigns after salary furore\""},{"Link":"https://www.afr.com/technology/ahmed-fahour-joins-bcg-digital-ventures-to-stay-in-identity-game-20170728-gxku29","external_links_name":"\"Ahmed Fahour joins BCG Digital Ventures to stay in identity game\""},{"Link":"http://www.theaustralian.com.au/national-affairs/foreign-minister-kevin-rudd-appoints-envoy-to-peak-muslim-body/story-fn59niix-1226084843529","external_links_name":"\"Foreign Minister Kevin Rudd Appoints Envoy to peak Muslim Body\""},{"Link":"http://www.asx.com.au/asx/research/companyInfo.do?by=asxCode&asxCode=PPG","external_links_name":"\"Share Price & Information\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20171125025437/http://www.gg.gov.au/sites/default/files/files/honours/ad/ad2017/slkh83xzcb/AO%20Final%20Media%20Notes.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Officer (AO) in the General Division of the Order of Australia\""},{"Link":"http://www.gg.gov.au/sites/default/files/files/honours/ad/ad2017/slkh83xzcb/AO%20Final%20Media%20Notes.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.smh.com.au/business/banking-and-finance/fahour-appointed-ceo-of-financial-group-latitude-20181001-p50738.html","external_links_name":"\"Humbled banks to retreat to core business, says new rival Fahour\""},{"Link":"http://www.abc.net.au/worldtoday/content/2015/s4328429.htm","external_links_name":"\"'Stop messing with Australia and its society', Grand Mufti hits out at Islamic extremism\""}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Frisian_Geest
East Frisian Geest
["1 Location and boundaries","2 References"]
Coordinates: 53°09′00″N 7°42′00″E / 53.1500°N 7.7000°E / 53.1500; 7.7000East Frisian GeestClassificationHandbook of Natural Region Divisions of GermanyLevel 1 RegionNorth German PlainLevel 3 Region60 → East Frisian-Oldenburg GeestState(s)Lower SaxonyCountryGermany The East Frisian Geest (German: Ostfriesisch-Oldenburgische Geest) is a natural region major unit group (not quite synonymous with a "major region of the third level") in northwest Germany and northwestern Lower Saxony. Its character consists in the very varied juxtaposition of different landscape elements of the Northern Lowlands of which the East Frisian Geest is a part. Location and boundaries The major unit group lies on the territory of the East Frisian counties of Aurich, Leer and Wittmund, the Oldenburg counties of Friesland, Ammerland, Oldenburg and Cloppenburg, the city of Oldenburg and the county of Emsland. References ^ Map services of the Federal Agency for Nature Conservation 53°09′00″N 7°42′00″E / 53.1500°N 7.7000°E / 53.1500; 7.7000 This Lower Saxony location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"German","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_language"},{"link_name":"natural region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_region"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany"},{"link_name":"Lower Saxony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lower_Saxony"},{"link_name":"Northern Lowlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Lowlands"}],"text":"The East Frisian Geest (German: Ostfriesisch-Oldenburgische Geest) is a natural region major unit group (not quite synonymous with a \"major region of the third level\") in northwest Germany and northwestern Lower Saxony. Its character consists in the very varied juxtaposition of different landscape elements of the Northern Lowlands of which the East Frisian Geest is a part.","title":"East Frisian Geest"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"East Frisian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Frisia"},{"link_name":"Aurich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landkreis_Aurich"},{"link_name":"Leer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landkreis_Leer"},{"link_name":"Wittmund","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landkreis_Wittmund"},{"link_name":"Oldenburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oldenburg_Land"},{"link_name":"Friesland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landkreis_Friesland"},{"link_name":"Ammerland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landkreis_Ammerland"},{"link_name":"Oldenburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landkreis_Oldenburg"},{"link_name":"Cloppenburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landkreis_Cloppenburg"},{"link_name":"Oldenburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oldenburg_(city)"},{"link_name":"Emsland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landkreis_Emsland"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DE_BFN-Karten-1"}],"text":"The major unit group lies on the territory of the East Frisian counties of Aurich, Leer and Wittmund, the Oldenburg counties of Friesland, Ammerland, Oldenburg and Cloppenburg, the city of Oldenburg and the county of Emsland.[1]","title":"Location and boundaries"}]
[]
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RNR5
RNR5
["1 References","2 Further reading"]
Gene in the species Homo sapiens RNR5IdentifiersAliasesRNR5, RNA, ribosomal 45S cluster 5External IDsOMIM: 180454; GeneCards: RNR5; OMA:RNR5 - orthologsOrthologsSpeciesHumanMouseEntrez6056n/aEnsembln/an/aUniProtnan/aRefSeq (mRNA)n/an/aRefSeq (protein)n/an/aLocation (UCSC)n/an/aPubMed searchn/aWikidataView/Edit Human RNA, ribosomal 5, also known as RNR5, is a human gene. Genes for ribosomal RNA are clustered on the short arms of chromosomes 13, 14, 15, 20, 21. The gene for RNR5 exists in multiple copies on chromosome 22. Each gene cluster contains 30–40 copies and encodes a 45S RNA product that is then cleaved to form 18S, 5.8S and 28S rRNA subunits. In general, genes for RNA remain poorly annotated in most large public databases. References ^ "Human PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine. ^ "Entrez Gene: RNR5 RNA, ribosomal 5". Further reading Nucleolus organizer regions are chromosomal regions crucial for the formation of the nucleolus, located on the short arms of the acrocentric chromosomes 13, 14, 15, 21 and 22 Kern SE, Kinzler KW, Bruskin A, et al. (1991). "Identification of p53 as a sequence-specific DNA-binding protein". Science. 252 (5013): 1708–1711. Bibcode:1991Sci...252.1708K. doi:10.1126/science.2047879. PMID 2047879. S2CID 19647885. Gonzalez IL, Chambers C, Gorski JL, et al. (1990). "Sequence and structure correlation of human ribosomal transcribed spacers". J. Mol. Biol. 212 (1): 27–35. doi:10.1016/0022-2836(90)90302-3. PMID 2319598. Sylvester JE, Petersen R, Schmickel RD (1990). "Human ribosomal DNA: novel sequence organization in a 4.5-kb region upstream from the promoter". Gene. 84 (1): 193–196. doi:10.1016/0378-1119(89)90155-8. PMID 2606358. La Volpe A, Simeone A, D'Esposito M, et al. (1985). "Molecular analysis of the heterogeneity region of the human ribosomal spacer". J. Mol. Biol. 183 (2): 213–223. doi:10.1016/0022-2836(85)90214-1. PMID 2989541. Bartsch I, Schoneberg C, Grummt I (1987). "Evolutionary changes of sequences and factors that direct transcription termination of human and mouse ribsomal genes". Mol. Cell. Biol. 7 (7): 2521–2529. doi:10.1128/mcb.7.7.2521. PMC 365386. PMID 3649563. Haltiner MM, Smale ST, Tjian R (1987). "Two distinct promoter elements in the human rRNA gene identified by linker scanning mutagenesis". Mol. Cell. Biol. 6 (1): 227–235. doi:10.1128/mcb.6.1.227. PMC 367502. PMID 3785147. Gonzalez IL, Gorski JL, Campen TJ, et al. (1985). "Variation among human 28S ribosomal RNA genes". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 82 (22): 7666–7670. Bibcode:1985PNAS...82.7666G. doi:10.1073/pnas.82.22.7666. PMC 391394. PMID 3865188. McCallum FS, Maden BE (1986). "Human 18 S ribosomal RNA sequence inferred from DNA sequence. Variations in 18 S sequences and secondary modification patterns between vertebrates". Biochem. J. 232 (3): 725–733. doi:10.1042/bj2320725. PMC 1152944. PMID 4091818. Financsek I, Mizumoto K, Mishima Y, Muramatsu M (1982). "Human ribosomal RNA gene: nucleotide sequence of the transcription initiation region and comparison of three mammalian genes". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 79 (10): 3092–3096. Bibcode:1982PNAS...79.3092F. doi:10.1073/pnas.79.10.3092. PMC 346359. PMID 6954460. Gonzalez IL, Sylvester JE (1995). "Complete sequence of the 43-kb human ribosomal DNA repeat: analysis of the intergenic spacer". Genomics. 27 (2): 320–328. doi:10.1006/geno.1995.1049. PMID 7557999. Gonzalez IL, Sylvester JE (2001). "Human rDNA: evolutionary patterns within the genes and tandem arrays derived from multiple chromosomes". Genomics. 73 (3): 255–263. doi:10.1006/geno.2001.6540. PMID 11350117. This protein-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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The gene for RNR5 exists in multiple copies on chromosome 22. Each gene cluster contains 30–40 copies and encodes a 45S RNA product that is then cleaved to form 18S, 5.8S and 28S rRNA subunits. In general, genes for RNA remain poorly annotated in most large public databases.","title":"RNR5"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Nucleolus organizer regions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nucleolus_organizer_region"},{"link_name":"Bibcode","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1991Sci...252.1708K","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1991Sci...252.1708K"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1126/science.2047879","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.2047879"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"2047879","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2047879"},{"link_name":"S2CID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"19647885","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:19647885"},{"link_name":"\"Sequence and structure correlation of human ribosomal transcribed spacers\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1016%2F0022-2836%2890%2990302-3"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1016/0022-2836(90)90302-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1016%2F0022-2836%2890%2990302-3"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"2319598","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2319598"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1016/0378-1119(89)90155-8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1016%2F0378-1119%2889%2990155-8"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"2606358","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2606358"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1016/0022-2836(85)90214-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1016%2F0022-2836%2885%2990214-1"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"2989541","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2989541"},{"link_name":"\"Evolutionary changes of sequences and factors that direct transcription termination of human and mouse ribsomal genes\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC365386"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1128/mcb.7.7.2521","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1128%2Fmcb.7.7.2521"},{"link_name":"PMC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"365386","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC365386"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"3649563","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3649563"},{"link_name":"\"Two distinct promoter elements in the human rRNA gene identified by linker scanning mutagenesis\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC367502"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1128/mcb.6.1.227","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1128%2Fmcb.6.1.227"},{"link_name":"PMC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"367502","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC367502"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"3785147","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3785147"},{"link_name":"\"Variation among human 28S ribosomal RNA genes\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC391394"},{"link_name":"Bibcode","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1985PNAS...82.7666G","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1985PNAS...82.7666G"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1073/pnas.82.22.7666","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.82.22.7666"},{"link_name":"PMC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"391394","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC391394"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"3865188","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3865188"},{"link_name":"\"Human 18 S ribosomal RNA sequence inferred from DNA sequence. Variations in 18 S sequences and secondary modification patterns between vertebrates\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1152944"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1042/bj2320725","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1042%2Fbj2320725"},{"link_name":"PMC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1152944","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1152944"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"4091818","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/4091818"},{"link_name":"\"Human ribosomal RNA gene: nucleotide sequence of the transcription initiation region and comparison of three mammalian genes\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC346359"},{"link_name":"Bibcode","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1982PNAS...79.3092F","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1982PNAS...79.3092F"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1073/pnas.79.10.3092","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.79.10.3092"},{"link_name":"PMC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"346359","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC346359"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"6954460","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6954460"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1006/geno.1995.1049","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1006%2Fgeno.1995.1049"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"7557999","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7557999"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1006/geno.2001.6540","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1006%2Fgeno.2001.6540"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"11350117","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11350117"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Myoglobin.png"},{"link_name":"protein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein"},{"link_name":"stub","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub"},{"link_name":"expanding it","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=RNR5&action=edit"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Protein-stub"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Protein-stub"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Protein-stub"}],"text":"Nucleolus organizer regions are chromosomal regions crucial for the formation of the nucleolus, located on the short arms of the acrocentric chromosomes 13, 14, 15, 21 and 22\nKern SE, Kinzler KW, Bruskin A, et al. (1991). \"Identification of p53 as a sequence-specific DNA-binding protein\". Science. 252 (5013): 1708–1711. Bibcode:1991Sci...252.1708K. doi:10.1126/science.2047879. PMID 2047879. S2CID 19647885.\nGonzalez IL, Chambers C, Gorski JL, et al. (1990). \"Sequence and structure correlation of human ribosomal transcribed spacers\". J. Mol. Biol. 212 (1): 27–35. doi:10.1016/0022-2836(90)90302-3. PMID 2319598.\nSylvester JE, Petersen R, Schmickel RD (1990). \"Human ribosomal DNA: novel sequence organization in a 4.5-kb region upstream from the promoter\". Gene. 84 (1): 193–196. doi:10.1016/0378-1119(89)90155-8. PMID 2606358.\nLa Volpe A, Simeone A, D'Esposito M, et al. (1985). \"Molecular analysis of the heterogeneity region of the human ribosomal spacer\". J. Mol. Biol. 183 (2): 213–223. doi:10.1016/0022-2836(85)90214-1. PMID 2989541.\nBartsch I, Schoneberg C, Grummt I (1987). \"Evolutionary changes of sequences and factors that direct transcription termination of human and mouse ribsomal genes\". Mol. Cell. Biol. 7 (7): 2521–2529. doi:10.1128/mcb.7.7.2521. PMC 365386. PMID 3649563.\nHaltiner MM, Smale ST, Tjian R (1987). \"Two distinct promoter elements in the human rRNA gene identified by linker scanning mutagenesis\". Mol. Cell. Biol. 6 (1): 227–235. doi:10.1128/mcb.6.1.227. PMC 367502. PMID 3785147.\nGonzalez IL, Gorski JL, Campen TJ, et al. (1985). \"Variation among human 28S ribosomal RNA genes\". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 82 (22): 7666–7670. Bibcode:1985PNAS...82.7666G. doi:10.1073/pnas.82.22.7666. PMC 391394. PMID 3865188.\nMcCallum FS, Maden BE (1986). \"Human 18 S ribosomal RNA sequence inferred from DNA sequence. Variations in 18 S sequences and secondary modification patterns between vertebrates\". Biochem. J. 232 (3): 725–733. doi:10.1042/bj2320725. PMC 1152944. PMID 4091818.\nFinancsek I, Mizumoto K, Mishima Y, Muramatsu M (1982). \"Human ribosomal RNA gene: nucleotide sequence of the transcription initiation region and comparison of three mammalian genes\". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 79 (10): 3092–3096. Bibcode:1982PNAS...79.3092F. doi:10.1073/pnas.79.10.3092. PMC 346359. PMID 6954460.\nGonzalez IL, Sylvester JE (1995). \"Complete sequence of the 43-kb human ribosomal DNA repeat: analysis of the intergenic spacer\". Genomics. 27 (2): 320–328. doi:10.1006/geno.1995.1049. PMID 7557999.\nGonzalez IL, Sylvester JE (2001). \"Human rDNA: evolutionary patterns within the genes and tandem arrays derived from multiple chromosomes\". Genomics. 73 (3): 255–263. doi:10.1006/geno.2001.6540. PMID 11350117.This protein-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte","title":"Further reading"}]
[]
null
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PMID 3649563.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC365386","url_text":"\"Evolutionary changes of sequences and factors that direct transcription termination of human and mouse ribsomal genes\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1128%2Fmcb.7.7.2521","url_text":"10.1128/mcb.7.7.2521"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC365386","url_text":"365386"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3649563","url_text":"3649563"}]},{"reference":"Haltiner MM, Smale ST, Tjian R (1987). \"Two distinct promoter elements in the human rRNA gene identified by linker scanning mutagenesis\". Mol. Cell. Biol. 6 (1): 227–235. doi:10.1128/mcb.6.1.227. PMC 367502. PMID 3785147.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC367502","url_text":"\"Two distinct promoter elements in the human rRNA gene identified by linker scanning mutagenesis\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1128%2Fmcb.6.1.227","url_text":"10.1128/mcb.6.1.227"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC367502","url_text":"367502"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3785147","url_text":"3785147"}]},{"reference":"Gonzalez IL, Gorski JL, Campen TJ, et al. (1985). \"Variation among human 28S ribosomal RNA genes\". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 82 (22): 7666–7670. Bibcode:1985PNAS...82.7666G. doi:10.1073/pnas.82.22.7666. PMC 391394. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheikh_Said_rebellion
Sheikh Said rebellion
["1 Background","2 Participation in the rebellion","2.1 For the rebellion","2.2 Against the rebellion","3 The rebellion","3.1 Political measures by the Turkish Government","3.2 Financial cost","4 Aftermath","5 Reception","6 See also","7 References","8 Sources"]
Kurdish rebellion following the abolition of the Caliphate This article may require cleanup to meet Wikipedia's quality standards. The specific problem is: Text contains incorrect grammar that could be translated text. Please help improve this article if you can. (October 2022) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Sheikh Said rebellionPart of Kurdish rebellions in TurkeyTurkish soldiers encircling Palu, Çapakçur (present-day: Bingöl), Genc (present-day: Kaleköy, Solhan), Piran, Hani, Lice, Ergani, Egil and Silvan, Cumhuriyet Newspaper, 30 March 1925.Date8 February—March 1927LocationElazığ, Bingöl, Diyarbakır, Şanlıurfa, Mardin, Muş areasResult Turkish victory Revolt suppressedBelligerents Turkey AzadîCommanders and leaders Mustafa Kemal Pasha Kâzım Pasha (Third Army) Ali Saip Ursavaş (Third Army) Mürsel Pasha (VII Corps) Naci Pasha (V Corps) Sheikh Said  Halid Beg Cibran  Alişer Ağa Yusuf Ziya Bey Ibrahim Heski Kadri CemilpashaStrength February–March:25,000 men (fewer than 12,000 are armed troops; the rest are unarmed logistical troops)April:52,000 men (25,000 are armed troops) 15,000 menCasualties and losses Total: 15,000–20,000 killed vteKurdish rebellions in Turkey Koçgiri rebellion1 Beytussebab rebellion Sheikh Said rebellion Ararat rebellion Dersim rebellion2 Kurdistan Workers' Party insurgency Serhildan1. Alevi+Kurdish rebellion2. Zaza rebellion The Sheikh Said rebellion (Kurdish: Serhildana Şêx Seîd, Turkish: Şeyh Said İsyanı) was a Kurdish nationalist rebellion in Turkish Kurdistan in 1925 led by Sheikh Said and with support of the Azadî against the newly-founded Turkish Republic. The rebellion was mostly led by Zaza speakers, but also gained support among some of the neighboring Kurmanji-speaking Kurds in the region. The religious and nationalist background of the Sheikh Said rebellion has been debated by the scholars. The rebellion was described as "the first large-scale nationalist rebellion by the Kurds" by Robert W. Olson. Background In Turkey there existed a strong anti-Kurdish policy in the first years of the Turkish Republic. Mustafa Kemal Pasha, in his speech in Eskişehir on 14 January 1923 about the Mosul-Kirkuk area also addressed the Kurdish issue mentioning: ‘'the second issue is the problem of Kurdishness. The British wanted to establish a Kurdish state there (in northern Iraq). If they do, this thought spreads to the Kurds within our borders. To prevent this, we need to cross the border South.'’ In the report the British spokesman sent to London on the 28 November 1919 he stated; "Even though we don't trust the Kurds, it is our interests to use them." The British Prime Minister Lloyd George, on the 19 May 1920 at the San Remo Conference stated that "the Kurds cannot survive without a large state behind them," he says, for the British policy towards the region said: "A new protective admission to all Kurds accustomed to the Turkish administration It will be difficult to bring the British interests to Mosul, where the Kurds live in the mountainous regions and Southern Kurdistan in which they live. It is thought that the region of Mosul could be separated from other parts and connected to a new independent Kurdistan State. However, it would be very difficult to resolve this issue by agreement. Mosul dispute between the UK and Turkey in Lausanne conference dealt with the bilateral talks, if this were to fail it was decided to have recourse the subject to the League of Nations. On 19 May 1924, the results of the negotiations in Istanbul could not be reached and Britain took the issue on 6 August 1924 to the League of Nations. The Sheikh Said uprising emerged during the days when British occupation forces declared martial law in northern Iraq, removed their officer's permits, and carried their troops to Mosul. In those days, the Colon of Ministers was increasingly under scrutiny, and a powerful British fleet was moving to Basra. Prior to Sheikh Said's rebellion, the prominent Pashas of the War of Independence worried about the anti-religious and autocratic policy of Atatürk's government and therefore on 17 November 1924, the Terakkiperver Cumhuriyet Fırkası (TCF), the first opposition party in the history of the Republic was established. There was a general consensus that Atatürk's actions were against religion. In the TCF’s article which led by Kazım Karabekir it says that "The political party is respectful to the religious beliefs and thoughts". One of the TCF officials, Fethi Bey, said "The members of the TCF are religious. CHF is messing up with the religion, we will save the religion and protect it". Two weeks before the Sheikh Said incident, in late January 1925, the TCF Erzurum deputy Ziyaeddin Efendi, with heavy criticism of the actions of the ruling CHF in the chair of the Grand National Assembly, said that ‘innovation’ had led to the encouragement of “isret” (getting drunk), an increase in prostitution, Muslim women losing their decency and, most important of all, religious customs being dishonored and disregarded by the new regime. The Azadî forces under the lead of Halid Beg Cibran were dominated by the former members of the late Ottoman era Hamidiye regiments, a Kurdish tribal militia established during the reign of Sultan Abdul Hamid II to deal with the Armenians, and sometimes even to keep the Qizilbash under control. According to various historians, the main reason the revolt took place was that various elements of the Turkish society were unhappy with the Turkish Parliament's abolition of the Ottoman Caliphate on 3 March 1924. According to British intelligence reports, the Azadî officers had 11 grievances. Apart from Kurdish cultural demands and complaints of Turkish maltreatment, this list also detailed fears of imminent mass deportations of Kurds. They also registered annoyance that the name Kurdistan did not appear on maps, at restrictions on the Kurdish language and on Kurdish education and objections to alleged Turkish economic exploitation of Kurdish areas, at the expense of Kurds. The revolt was proceeded by the smaller and less successful Beytüssebap revolt in September 1924, led by Cibran and Ihsan Nuri on the orders by the prominent Azadî member Ziya Yusuf Bey. The revolt was subdued, and its leaders Cibran and Ziya Yusuf Bey were captured and courtmartialed in Bitlis. Participation in the rebellion Front row, left to right: Sheikh Sherif, Sheikh Said, back row: Sheikh Hamid, Major Kasim (Kasım Ataç), Sheikh Abdullah. For the rebellion Sheikh Said appealed to all Muslims of Turkey to join in the rebellion being planned. The tribes which actually participated were mostly Kurds. Kurds of the Xormak and Herkî, two Kurdish-Qizilbash tribes were the most active and effective opponents of this rebellion. experience in confronting the Turkish government. The Azadî, and several officers from the Ottoman empire have supported the rebellion. Robert Olson states that viewing the several sources, a number of 15'000 rebels is about the average of the involved rebels in the revolt. Against the rebellion That some Alevi tribes who participated in the Koçgiri rebellion refused to join the rebellion was a major setback as they had a lot of other tribes also desisted from supporting the rebellion, as their leaders preferred to be in good standing with the Turkish government. Some claim British assistance was sought realizing that Kurdistan could not stand alone. The Kurdish population in around Diyarbakır, farmers as well as Kurdish notables, also desisted. The influential Kurdish Cemilpasazade family even supported the Turkish Government. Also the ruler of Cizre, Sheikh Saida and the powerful Sheikh Ziyaettin from Norşin would not support the rebellion and preferred an arrangement with the Kemalists. During this rebellion, the Turkish government used its airplanes for bombing raids in Palu-Bingöl area. In the course of this operation, the airfield near Elâzığ was used. However, according to the British Air Ministry there are few reports on the use of Turkish airplanes in suppressing the Sheikh Said rebellion. The reports originate from the British Air Command at Mosul, which was in charge of intelligence for all of Iraq. At the beginning of the rebellion the Turks had one squadron (filo) consisting of seven airplanes. Of these only 2 were serviceable. But In the course of the rebellion more than 70 aircraft have been involved in subduing the rebellion. Turkey also obtained the permission to use the Baghdad Railway to transport their soldiers through Syria from France. The rebellion Following the suppression of the Beytüssebap revolt, the Turks attempted to prevent an other rebellion. In February 1925, they moved into the Piran (today called Dicle) area to detain some Kurdish notables, but were prevented by from it by men loyal to Sheikh Said. The intrusion by the Turkish army provoked Kurds around Sheikh Said, and reportedly they have either killed or arrested all the Turkish officers in the areas under their control. On 13 February 1925, Sheikh Said addressed the people in his sermon in the Piran mosque and stated: The madrasahs were closed. The Ministry of Religion and Foundations was abolished and the schools of religion were connected to the National Education. In the newspapers, a number of irreligious writers dare to insult the Prophet and extend the language of our Prophet. If I can do it today, I will start fighting myself and try to raise religion. Sheikh Said was elected as the next commander of the Kurdish independence movement gathered around Azadî and Darhini was declared the capital of Kurdistan on the 14 February 1925. Sheikh Said, who had taken the governor and the other officers captive while charging against Darhini (16 February), tried to gather the movement under a single center with a declaration urging the people to rise up in the name of Islam. In this statement, he used his seal which means 'the leader of the fighters for the sake of religion' and called everyone to fight for the sake of religion. Initially, the rebellion was initiated on behalf of the Islamic Sharia, but was later converted to the Kurdish independence movement. The rebellion soon expanded and by 20 February, the town Lice, where the 5th Army corps was headquartered was captured. After receiving the support of the tribes of Mistan, Botan and Mhallami, he headed to Diyarbakır via Genç and Çapakçur (today known as Bingöl) and captured Maden, Siverek and Ergani. Another uprising, directed by Sheikh Abdullah attempted to capture Muş coming from Hınıs. But the rebels were defeated around Murat bridge and made them to retreat. On 21 February, the government declared martial law in the eastern provinces. Army troops sent to the insurgents on 23 February were forced to retreat to Diyarbakir in the Winter Plain against the Sheikh Said forces. The next day, another uprising under the leadership of Sheikh Sharif, who entered Elazığ, kept the city under control for a short time. Elazığ was looted by rebels for several days. At the 1 of March, the Kurds managed to assault the Diyarbakır airport and destroy three of the airplanes. In one of the bigger engagements, in the night of 6–7 March, the forces of Sheikh Said laid siege to the city of Diyarbakır with 5,000–10,000 men. In Diyarbakır the headquarters of the Seventh Army Corps was located. But neither the Kurdish notables nor the Kurdish farmers in the region in and around Diyarbakır refused to support the rebellion. The Muslim Revivalists attacked the city at all four gates simultaneously. All of their attacks were repelled by the numerically inferior Turkish garrison, with the use of machine gun fire and mortar grenades. When the rebels retreated the next morning, the area around the city was full of dead bodies. When a second wave of attacks failed, the siege was finally lifted on 11 March. After a large consignment, a mass attack (26 March), and with a suppress operation the Turkish troops made many of the enemy troops to surrender and squeezed the insurgency leaders while they were preparing to move to the Iran in Boğlan (today known as Sohlan). Sheikh Sharif and some of the tribal leaders were captured in Palu, and Sheikh Said too in Varto was seized at Carpuh Bridge with a close relative's notice (15 April 1925). By the end of March, most of the major battles of the Sheikh Said rebellion were over. The Turkish authorities, according to Martin van Bruinessen, crushed the rebellion with continual aerial bombardments and a massive concentration of forces. The rebels were unable to penetrate beyond Hınıs, this was one of the two major areas where Sheikh Said was well known and he enjoyed considerable influence there (he had a tekke in Hınıs). This failure excluded the possibility of extending the rebellion. On the other hand, Hasan Hayri Efendi, who was Dersim Deputy and Alevi Zaza, entered into solidarity with Sheikh Sharif, appointed by Sheikh Said as Commander of the Elaziz Front. A joint letter with Sheikh Sharif in Elaziz was sent to all the tribal leaders of Dersim on 6 March 1925. Political measures by the Turkish Government Turkish troops with the detained Sheik Said Mustafa Kemal Atatürk foresaw the seriousness of the rebellion and urged İsmet İnönü to come to Ankara, as he had been resting for a vacation at an island near Istanbul. Atatürk welcomed İnönü and his family at the Ankara Station to explain him how serious the situation has become. Mustafa Kemal, Ali Fethi (Okyar) and İsmet İnönü had a meeting on the 24 February 1925, which lasted for 7 1/2 hours and the main subject was the rebellion. Following, the Government of Ali Fethi has issued a circular which vowed strict measures against the rebels on the 25 February 1925 and announced the reign of martial law in the eastern provinces and classified the use of religious aims against the government as treason. The Turkish Parliament was not pleased with this action and in response, the Turkish prime minister Ali Fethi was criticized by the politicians of the Republican People's Party. However, Mustafa Kemal Pasha, advocated for the resignation of Prime Minister Ali Fethi against the rapid rise of the incidents and appointed İsmet Pasha to establish a new government on 2 March. Ali Fethi resigned on the 3 March and was replaced by Ismet Inönü. Within days, the Turkish Grand National Assembly adopted the Maintenance of Order Law  (Turkish: Takrir-i Sükûn Kanunu) and granted the government emergency powers. The ban on the uprising has been extended to include other measures. In addition, it was decided to re-establish the Independence Courts in Ankara and Diyarbakır. Financial cost The sum of 7 Mio. Turkish Pounds was reported by the US military attaché in Turkey. Hamit Bozarslan estmiates that about 35% of the budget went into the suppression of the revolt. Aftermath Seyit Abdülkadir, the leader of the Kurdish Teali Society and several of his friends who were accused of supporting the rebellion, were arrested in Istanbul and taken to Diyarbakır to be tried. As a result of the trial, Seyit Abdulkadir and five of his friends were sentenced to death by the Independence Tribunal in Diyarbakır on 23 May 1925 and executed four days later. A journalist for a Kurdish newspaper in Bitlis, the poet Hizanizâde Kemal Fevzi, was also among the executed. The Independence Tribunal in Diyarbakir also imposed a death sentence on Sheikh Said and 47 riots rulers on the 28 June 1925. Penalties were carried out the next day, by Sheikh Said coming up first. The President of the Independence Tribunal in Diyarbakır that sentenced the rebels stated on 28 June 1925: Certain among you have taken as a pretext for revolt the abuse by the governmental administration, some others have invoked the defence of the Caliphate.— 28 June 1925 In total over 7000 people were prosecuted by the Independence tribunals and more than 600 people were executed. The suppression of the Shaykh Said Uprising was an important milestone in the control of the Republican administration in Eastern Anatolia and South East Anatolia. On the other hand, the developments that emerged with the uprising led to the interruption of the steps towards transition to multi-party life for a long while. Also against the Progressive Republican Party (Turkish: Terakkiperver Cumhuriyet Fırkası) was opened an investigation on the grounds that it was involved in the riot and was soon closed under a government decree. After the uprising, the Turkish state prepared a Report for Reform in the East (Şark Islahat Raporu) in 1925, which suggested that the Kurds shall be Turkified. Thousands of Kurds fled their homes in southeastern Turkey and crossed the border to Syria, where they settled and were granted citizenship by the French mandate authorities. In the fall of 1927, Sheikh Abdurrahman, the brother of Sheikh Said, began a series of revenge attacks on Turkish garrisons in Palu and Malatya. In August 1928 Sheikh Abdurrahman and another brother of Sheikh Said, Sheikh Mehdi, turned themselves in and made use of the amnesty law issued by the Turkish Government in May of the same year. Reception In the Turkish press the suppression of the revolt was praised and according to Günther Deschner for quite some time also the western historians seemed to see the suppression as a pacification of a rebellious region. In Turkey it was assumed that the Sheikh Said revolt was supported by the British Empire who wanted to achieve certain concessions with reagards to the Mosul dispute between Turkey and the British. The British on the other side assumed the Kemalists could have engineered the revolt, assuming that if the Kurdish revolt in Turkey was temporarily to succeed it would lead to a prolonged conflict over the Mosul Vilayet in Iraq with Turkey eventually able to occupy it. One of the early observers who criticized the way the Turkish Government treated the Kurdish people was the Indian Jawaharlal Nehru, who deemed the Kurds to have wanted to achieve something similar the Turks had achieved for themselves and questioned how a struggle for freedom could turn into an oppressive regime. See also Kurdish-Islamic synthesis References ^ a b c d e Olson 1989, p. 107. ^ The Militant Kurds: A Dual Strategy for Freedom, Vera Eccarius-Kelly, page 86, 2010 ^ Martin van Bruinessen, "Zaza, Alevi and Dersimi as Deliberately Embraced Ethnic Identities" in '"Aslını İnkar Eden Haramzadedir!" The Debate on the Ethnic Identity of The Kurdish Alevis' in Krisztina Kehl-Bodrogi, Barbara Kellner-Heinkele, Anke Otter-Beaujean, Syncretistic Religious Communities in the Near East: Collected Papers of the International Symposium "Alevism in Turkey and Comparable Sycretistic Religious Communities in the Near East in the Past and Present" Berlin, 14-17 April 1995, BRILL, 1997, ISBN 9789004108615, p. 13. ^ Martin van Bruinessen, "Zaza, Alevi and Dersimi as Deliberately Embraced Ethnic Identities" in '"Aslını İnkar Eden Haramzadedir!" The Debate on the Ethnic Identity of The Kurdish Alevis', p. 14. ^ Zülküf, Ergün (2015). "Gotara Dijkolonyal û Wêneyê Serdestiya Tirkan Di Kovara Hawarê De" (PDF). Monograf (in Kurdish) (3). Artuklu University: 400–437. ^ a b Olson 1989, p. 42. ^ Hassan, Mona (10 January 2017). Longing for the Lost Caliphate: A Transregional History. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-1-4008-8371-4. ^ Mehmed S. Kaya (15 June 2011). The Zaza Kurds of Turkey: A Middle Eastern Minority in a Globalised Society. I.B.Tauris. pp. 64–. ISBN 978-1-84511-875-4. was led specifically by the Zaza population and received almost full support in the entire Zaza region and some of the neighbouring Kurmanji-dominated regions ^ Özoğlu, Hakan (2009). "Exaggerating and exploiting the Sheikh Said Rebellion of 1925 for political gains". New Perspectives on Turkey. 41: 181–210. doi:10.1017/s0896634600005410. ISSN 0896-6346. S2CID 152152964. ^ Olson 1989, p. 153. ^ "Eskişehir İzmir Konuşmaları" Kaynak Yay., İst.-1993, sf.95 ^ "İngiliz Belgelerinde Türkiye" Erol Ulubelen, Çağdaş Yay., 1982, sf.195; ak. U.Mumcu, "Kürt-İslam Ayaklanması" Tekin Yay., 19. Bas., 1995, sf.24 ^ Sevr Anlaşmasına Doğru Osman Olcay, SBF Yay., Ankara-1981, s.121; ak. U. Mumcu, "Kürt-İslam Ayaklanması" Tekin Yay., 19.Bas. 1995, s. 28 ^ "Türkiye Cumhuriyetinde Anlaşmalar 1924–1938" Genelkurmay Yay., Nak.-1972, ss.43–44; ak. U.Mumcu, "Kürt-İslam Ayaklanması" sf.53 ^ Hakan Ozoglu (24 June 2011). From Caliphate to Secular State: Power Struggle in the Early Turkish Republic: Power Struggle in the Early Turkish Republic. ABC-CLIO. p. 147. ISBN 978-0-313-37957-4. ^ Nurşen Mazıcı, Belgelerle Atatürk döneminde Muhalefet (1919-1926), Dilem Yayınları, İstanbul 1984, s. 82. ^ Metin Toker, Şeyh Sait ve İsyanı, Akis Yayınları, Ankara 1968, s. 21. ^ a b Olson 1989, pp. 43–45. ^ Üngör, Umut (2009). "Young Turk social engineering : mass violence and the nation state in eastern Turkey, 1913- 1950" (PDF). University of Amsterdam. p. 231. Retrieved 9 April 2020. ^ Olson 1989, pp. 48–49. ^ a b c Chaliand, Gérard (1993). A People Without a Country: The Kurds and Kurdistan. Zed Books. pp. 52–53. ISBN 978-1-85649-194-5. ^ Olson 1989, pp. 97–98. ^ Olson 1989, p. 102. ^ Olson 1989, p. 96. ^ Olson 1989, p. 45. ^ a b Olson 1989, pp. 98–99. ^ Behrendt, Günter (1993). Nationalismus in Kurdistan: Vorgeschichte, Entstehungsbedingungen und erste Manifestationen bis 1925 (in German). Deutsches Orient-Institut. p. 367. ISBN 978-3-89173-029-4. ^ Günter Behrendt. (1993). pp. 373–374 ^ Olson 2000, p. 77. ^ a b Die Welt des Islams. E.J. Brill. 2000. p. 77. ^ a b Olson 1989, p. 120. ^ Gunter, Michael M. (1994). "The Kurdish factor in Turkish foreign politics". Journal of Third World Studies. 11 (2): 444. ISSN 8755-3449. JSTOR 45197497 – via JSTOR. ^ Behçet Cemal, Şeyh Sait İsyanı, Sel Yayınları, İstanbul 1955, p.24. ^ Sulhi Dönmezer, Türkiye Cumhuriyeti Devleti'ne Yönelik Bozguncu Hareketler ve Tehditler, Atatürk Araştırma Merkezi Dergisi (Sayı 38, Cilt: XIII, Temmuz 1997) ^ Olson 1989, p. 108. ^ János M. Bak, Gerhard Benecke, Religion and rural revolt", Manchester University Press ND, 1984, ISBN 0719009901, pp. 289–290. ^ a b c Uğur Ümit Üngör (1 March 2012). The Making of Modern Turkey: Nation and State in Eastern Anatolia, 1913-1950. OUP Oxford. p. 125. ISBN 978-0-19-965522-9. ^ Olson 1989, p. 202. ^ Olson 1989, p. 104. ^ Maarten Martinus van Bruinessen (1978). Agha, Shaikh and State: On the Social and Political Organization of Kurdistan. Utrecht: University of Utrecht. ISBN 1-85649-019-X. (also London: Zed Books, 1992) ^ Olson 1989, p. 115. ^ M. Nuri Dersimi, Kürdistan Tarihinde Dersim, Halep 1952, sayfa 180. ^ a b Umut Üngör. "Young Turk social engineering : mass violence and the nation state in eastern Turkey, 1913- 1950" (PDF). University of Amsterdam. pp. 235–236. Retrieved 8 April 2020. ^ Olson 1989, p. 123. ^ Uğur Ümit Üngör (2012). Jorngerden, Joost; Verheij, Jelle (eds.). Social Relations in Ottoman Diyarbekir, 1870-1915. Brill. p. 289. ISBN 9789004225183. ^ Olson 1989, pp. 123–124. ^ Üngör, Uğur Ümit (2009). "Young Turk social engineering: mass violence and the nation state in eastern Turkey, 1913- 1950" (PDF). University of Amsterdam. pp. 235–236. Retrieved 8 April 2020. ^ a b Özoğlu, Hakan (2009). "Exaggerating and exploiting the Sheikh Said Rebellion of 1925 for political gains". New Perspectives on Turkey. 41: 184–185. doi:10.1017/S0896634600005410. ISSN 0896-6346. S2CID 152152964 – via Cambridge University Press. ^ Umut Üngör. "Young Turk social engineering: mass violence and the nation state in eastern Turkey, 1913- 1950" (PDF). University of Amsterdam. pp. 241–242. Retrieved 9 April 2020. ^ Umut Üngör. "Young Turk social engineering : mass violence and the nation state in eastern Turkey, 1913- 1950" (PDF). University of Amsterdam. p. 243. Retrieved 9 April 2020. ^ Viennot, Jean-Pierre (1974) Contribution á l'étude de la Sociologie et de l'Histoire du Mouvement National Kurde: 1920 á nos Jours. Paris, Institut Nationale des Langues et Civilisations Orientales. p. 108 ^ White, Paul J. (1995), "Ethnic Differentiation among the Kurds: Kurmancî, Kizilbash and Zaza", Journal of Arabic, Islamic & Middle Eastern Studies, 2 (2): 67–90 ^ Douglas Arthur Howard (2001). The History of Turkey. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 95. ISBN 978-0-313-30708-9. ^ Derya Bayir (22 April 2016). Minorities and Nationalism in Turkish Law. Routledge. p. 133. ISBN 978-1-4094-2007-1. ^ Dawn Chatty (8 March 2010). Displacement and Dispossession in the Modern Middle East. Cambridge University Press. pp. 230–231. ISBN 978-1-139-48693-4. ^ David L. Phillips (2017). The Kurdish Spring: A New Map of the Middle East. p. 45. ^ Olson 1989, p. 125. ^ Deschner, Günter (1989). Die Kurden Das betrogene Volk (in German). Straube. pp. 88–89. ISBN 3927491020. ^ Özoğlu, Hakan (2009). pp.185–186 ^ Özoğlu, Hakan (2009). pp.186–187 ^ Deschner, Günter (1989).p.90 Sources Olson, Robert W. (1989). The emergence of Kurdish nationalism and the Sheikh Said Rebellion, 1880-1925. University of Texas Press. ISBN 978-0-292-77619-7. Olson, Robert W. (March 2000). "The Kurdish Rebellions of Sheikh Said (1925), Mt. Ararat (1930), and Dersim (1937–8): Their Impact on the Development of the Turkish Air Force and on Kurdish and Turkish Nationalism". Die Welt des Islams. 40 (1): 67–94. doi:10.1163/1570060001569893. vteList of modern conflicts in the Middle East1910s Italo-Turkish War World War I Middle Eastern theatre Battle of Robat Karim Arab Revolt Armenian genocide Assyrian genocide Mount Lebanon starvation Unification of Saudi Arabia Simko Shikak revolt 1919 Egyptian revolution Turkish War of Independence Greco-Turkish War Turkish–Armenian War Franco-Turkish War Revolts Mahmud Barzanji revolts 1920s Franco-Syrian War Iraqi Revolt (1920) Intercommunal conflict in Mandatory Palestine Adwan Rebellion Arab separatism in Khuzestan Great Syrian Revolt Sheikh Said rebellion 1930s Ararat rebellion Ahmed Barzani revolt Simele massacre Saudi–Yemeni War (1934) Goharshad Mosque rebellion 1935–1936 Iraqi Shia revolts 1935 Yazidi revolt 1936–1939 Arab revolt in Palestine Dersim rebellion 1940s World War II Italian bombing of Palestine Allied invasion of Iraq Syria–Lebanon campaign Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran 1943 Barzani revolt Alwaziri coup Al-Wathbah uprising Kurdish separatism in Iran Iran crisis of 1946 Arab–Israeli conflict 1948 Arab–Israeli War Suez Crisis 1967 Six-Day War 1973 Yom Kippur War 1982 Lebanon War 1950s 1952 Egyptian revolution 1953 Iranian coup d'état Jebel Akhdar War Cyprus Emergency Suez Crisis Yemeni–Adenese clan violence 1958 Lebanon crisis 1958 Iraqi revolution 1959 Mosul uprising 1960s Cyprus crisis of 1963–1964 Iraqi–Kurdish conflict First Iraqi–Kurdish War Second Iraqi–Kurdish War Dhofar Rebellion North Yemen Civil War Feb. 1963 Iraqi coup Mar. 1963 Syrian coup Nov. 1963 Iraqi coup Aden Emergency 1964 Hama riot Israeli–Palestinian conflict 1948 Palestine war First Intifada Second Intifada 1966 Syrian coup d'état 1970s Black September in Jordan Yemenite War of 1972 Turkish invasion of Cyprus Shatt al-Arab clashes Lebanese Civil War Political violence in Turkey Islamist uprising in Syria 1977 Shia uprising in Iraq NDF Rebellion Yemenite War of 1979 Iranian Revolution Consolidation of the Iranian Revolution 1979 Qatif Uprising Grand Mosque seizure 1979–1980 Shia uprising in Iraq 1980s Iran–Iraq War 1980 Turkish coup d'état Kurdish–Turkish conflict Turkey–PKK conflict South Yemen Civil War 1986 Egyptian conscripts riot 1986 Damascus bombings 1987 Sharjawi coup d'état attempt Mecca massacre Abu Nidal's executions 1990s Gulf War (1990–1991) 1991 Iraqi uprisings Terror campaign in Egypt (1990s) Yemeni Civil War (1994) Iraqi Kurdish Civil War Islamic insurgency in Saudi Arabia (2000–present) Operation Desert Fox al-Qaeda insurgency in Yemen 1999 Shia uprising in Iraq 2000s Iraq War Balochi insurgency in Iran 2004 Qamishli riots Houthi insurgency in Yemen Iran–Israel proxy conflict 2006 Lebanon War Fatah–Hamas conflict South Yemen insurgency 2010s 2011 Bahraini uprising Egyptian Crisis Sinai insurgency Insurgency in Egypt (2013–present) Syrian civil war Turkish involvement in Syria Syrian War spillover in Lebanon Iraqi insurgency (2011–2013) War in Iraq (2013–2017) Islamic State insurgency in Iraq (2017–present) Yemeni crisis Yemeni civil war (2014–present) 2020s 2021 Beirut clashes Israel–Hamas war Israel–Hezbollah conflict (2023–present) Red Sea crisis This list includes World War I and later conflicts (after 1914) of at least 100 fatalities eachProlonged conflicts are listed in the decade when initiated; ongoing conflicts are marked italic, and conflicts with +100,000 killed with bold. Authority control databases: National Israel United States
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_Kurdish_rebellions_in_Turkey"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_Kurdish_rebellions_in_Turkey"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_Kurdish_rebellions_in_Turkey"},{"link_name":"Kurdish rebellions in Turkey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurdish_rebellions_in_Turkey"},{"link_name":"Koçgiri rebellion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ko%C3%A7giri_rebellion"},{"link_name":"Beytussebab rebellion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beytussebab_rebellion"},{"link_name":"Sheikh Said rebellion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Ararat rebellion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ararat_rebellion"},{"link_name":"Dersim rebellion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dersim_rebellion"},{"link_name":"Kurdistan Workers' Party insurgency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurdistan_Workers%27_Party_insurgency"},{"link_name":"Serhildan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serhildan"},{"link_name":"Alevi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alevism"},{"link_name":"Kurdish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurds_in_Turkey"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Zaza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zazas"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Kurdish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurdish_language"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Turkish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish_language"},{"link_name":"Kurdish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurds"},{"link_name":"nationalist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurdish_nationalism"},{"link_name":"Turkish Kurdistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish_Kurdistan"},{"link_name":"Sheikh Said","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheikh_Said"},{"link_name":"Azadî","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azad%C3%AE"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOlson198942-6"},{"link_name":"Turkish Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Zaza speakers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zazas"},{"link_name":"Kurmanji","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurmanji"},{"link_name":"Kurds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurds"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kaya2011-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"nationalist rebellion by the Kurds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurdish_nationalism"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOlson1989153-10"}],"text":"vteKurdish rebellions in Turkey\nKoçgiri rebellion1\nBeytussebab rebellion\nSheikh Said rebellion\nArarat rebellion\nDersim rebellion2\nKurdistan Workers' Party insurgency\nSerhildan1. Alevi+Kurdish rebellion[3]2. Zaza rebellion[4]The Sheikh Said rebellion (Kurdish: Serhildana Şêx Seîd,[5] Turkish: Şeyh Said İsyanı) was a Kurdish nationalist rebellion in Turkish Kurdistan in 1925 led by Sheikh Said and with support of the Azadî[6] against the newly-founded Turkish Republic.[7] The rebellion was mostly led by Zaza speakers, but also gained support among some of the neighboring Kurmanji-speaking Kurds in the region.[8]The religious and nationalist background of the Sheikh Said rebellion has been debated by the scholars.[9] The rebellion was described as \"the first large-scale nationalist rebellion by the Kurds\" by Robert W. Olson.[10]","title":"Sheikh Said rebellion"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mustafa Kemal Pasha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk"},{"link_name":"Eskişehir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eski%C5%9Fehir"},{"link_name":"Mosul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosul"},{"link_name":"Kirkuk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirkuk"},{"link_name":"Iraq","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Lloyd George","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Lloyd_George"},{"link_name":"San Remo Conference","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Remo_conference"},{"link_name":"Southern Kurdistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraqi_Kurdistan"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Lausanne conference","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lausanne_Conference_of_1922%E2%80%9323"},{"link_name":"League of Nations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/League_of_Nations"},{"link_name":"Basra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basra"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"War of Independence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish_War_of_Independence"},{"link_name":"Atatürk's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk"},{"link_name":"Terakkiperver Cumhuriyet Fırkası","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Progressive_Republican_Party_(Turkey)"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ph.D.2011-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Grand National Assembly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_National_Assembly_of_Turkey"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Azadî","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azad%C3%AE"},{"link_name":"Halid Beg Cibran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halid_Beg_Cibran"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOlson198942-6"},{"link_name":"Hamidiye","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamidiye_(cavalry)"},{"link_name":"regiments","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regiment"},{"link_name":"tribal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tribe"},{"link_name":"militia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Militia"},{"link_name":"Abdul Hamid II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdul_Hamid_II"},{"link_name":"Armenians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenians"},{"link_name":"Qizilbash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alevism"},{"link_name":"Turkish Parliament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_National_Assembly_of_Turkey"},{"link_name":"abolition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abolition_of_the_Caliphate"},{"link_name":"Ottoman Caliphate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Caliphate"},{"link_name":"British","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOlson198943%E2%80%9345-18"},{"link_name":"deportations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deportations"},{"link_name":"Kurdistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurdistan"},{"link_name":"Kurdish language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurdish_language"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOlson198943%E2%80%9345-18"},{"link_name":"Beytüssebap revolt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beytussebab_rebellion"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:033-19"},{"link_name":"Ihsan Nuri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ihsan_Nuri"},{"link_name":"Ziya Yusuf Bey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ziya_Yusuf_Bey&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOlson198948%E2%80%9349-20"},{"link_name":"Bitlis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitlis"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:22-21"}],"text":"In Turkey there existed a strong anti-Kurdish policy in the first years of the Turkish Republic. Mustafa Kemal Pasha, in his speech in Eskişehir on 14 January 1923 about the Mosul-Kirkuk area also addressed the Kurdish issue mentioning: ‘'the second issue is the problem of Kurdishness. The British wanted to establish a Kurdish state there (in northern Iraq). If they do, this thought spreads to the Kurds within our borders. To prevent this, we need to cross the border South.'’[11] In the report the British spokesman sent to London on the 28 November 1919 he stated; \"Even though we don't trust the Kurds, it is our interests to use them.\"[12] The British Prime Minister Lloyd George, on the 19 May 1920 at the San Remo Conference stated that \"the Kurds cannot survive without a large state behind them,\" he says, for the British policy towards the region said: \"A new protective admission to all Kurds accustomed to the Turkish administration It will be difficult to bring the British interests to Mosul, where the Kurds live in the mountainous regions and Southern Kurdistan in which they live. It is thought that the region of Mosul could be separated from other parts and connected to a new independent Kurdistan State. However, it would be very difficult to resolve this issue by agreement.[13]Mosul dispute between the UK and Turkey in Lausanne conference dealt with the bilateral talks, if this were to fail it was decided to have recourse the subject to the League of Nations. On 19 May 1924, the results of the negotiations in Istanbul could not be reached and Britain took the issue on 6 August 1924 to the League of Nations. The Sheikh Said uprising emerged during the days when British occupation forces declared martial law in northern Iraq, removed their officer's permits, and carried their troops to Mosul. In those days, the Colon of Ministers was increasingly under scrutiny, and a powerful British fleet was moving to Basra.[14]Prior to Sheikh Said's rebellion, the prominent Pashas of the War of Independence worried about the anti-religious and autocratic policy of Atatürk's government and therefore on 17 November 1924, the Terakkiperver Cumhuriyet Fırkası (TCF), the first opposition party in the history of the Republic was established.[15] There was a general consensus that Atatürk's actions were against religion. In the TCF’s article which led by Kazım Karabekir it says that \"The political party is respectful to the religious beliefs and thoughts\". One of the TCF officials, Fethi Bey, said \"The members of the TCF are religious. CHF is messing up with the religion, we will save the religion and protect it\".[16]Two weeks before the Sheikh Said incident, in late January 1925, the TCF Erzurum deputy Ziyaeddin Efendi, with heavy criticism of the actions of the ruling CHF in the chair of the Grand National Assembly, said that ‘innovation’ had led to the encouragement of “isret” (getting drunk), an increase in prostitution, Muslim women losing their decency and, most important of all, religious customs being dishonored and disregarded by the new regime.[17] The Azadî forces under the lead of Halid Beg Cibran[6] were dominated by the former members of the late Ottoman era Hamidiye regiments, a Kurdish tribal militia established during the reign of Sultan Abdul Hamid II to deal with the Armenians, and sometimes even to keep the Qizilbash under control. According to various historians, the main reason the revolt took place was that various elements of the Turkish society were unhappy with the Turkish Parliament's abolition of the Ottoman Caliphate on 3 March 1924. According to British intelligence reports, the Azadî officers had 11 grievances.[18] Apart from Kurdish cultural demands and complaints of Turkish maltreatment, this list also detailed fears of imminent mass deportations of Kurds. They also registered annoyance that the name Kurdistan did not appear on maps, at restrictions on the Kurdish language and on Kurdish education and objections to alleged Turkish economic exploitation of Kurdish areas, at the expense of Kurds.[18] The revolt was proceeded by the smaller and less successful Beytüssebap revolt in September 1924, led by Cibran[19] and Ihsan Nuri on the orders by the prominent Azadî member Ziya Yusuf Bey.[20] The revolt was subdued, and its leaders Cibran and Ziya Yusuf Bey were captured and courtmartialed in Bitlis.[21]","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sheikh_Sherif,_Sheikh_Said,_Kasim,_Sheikh_Abdullah.jpg"}],"text":"Front row, left to right: Sheikh Sherif, Sheikh Said, back row: Sheikh Hamid, Major Kasim (Kasım Ataç), Sheikh Abdullah.","title":"Participation in the rebellion"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Qizilbash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qizilbash"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOlson198997%E2%80%9398-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOlson1989102-23"}],"sub_title":"For the rebellion","text":"Sheikh Said appealed to all Muslims of Turkey to join in the rebellion being planned. The tribes which actually participated were mostly Kurds. Kurds of the Xormak and Herkî, two Kurdish-Qizilbash tribes were the most active and effective opponents of this rebellion. experience in confronting the Turkish government.[22] The Azadî, and several officers from the Ottoman empire have supported the rebellion. Robert Olson states that viewing the several sources, a number of 15'000 rebels is about the average of the involved rebels in the revolt.[23]","title":"Participation in the rebellion"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Koçgiri rebellion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ko%C3%A7giri_rebellion"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOlson198996-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOlson198945-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOlson198998%E2%80%9399-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"Cizre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cizre"},{"link_name":"Norşin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%BCroymak"},{"link_name":"Kemalists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kemalism"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"Palu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palu,_Elaz%C4%B1%C4%9F"},{"link_name":"Bingöl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bing%C3%B6l"},{"link_name":"Elâzığ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El%C3%A2z%C4%B1%C4%9F"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOlson200077-29"},{"link_name":"Air Ministry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_Ministry"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-islamkunde-30"},{"link_name":"Mosul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosul"},{"link_name":"Iraq","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Iraq_(Mandate_administration)"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-islamkunde-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOlson1989120-31"},{"link_name":"Baghdad Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin%E2%80%93Baghdad_railway"},{"link_name":"Syria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandate_for_Syria_and_the_Lebanon"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"}],"sub_title":"Against the rebellion","text":"That some Alevi tribes who participated in the Koçgiri rebellion refused to join the rebellion was a major setback as they had a lot of other tribes also desisted from supporting the rebellion, as their leaders preferred to be in good standing with the Turkish government.[24] Some claim British assistance was sought realizing that Kurdistan could not stand alone.[25] The Kurdish population in around Diyarbakır, farmers as well as Kurdish notables, also desisted.[26] The influential Kurdish Cemilpasazade family even supported the Turkish Government.[27] Also the ruler of Cizre, Sheikh Saida and the powerful Sheikh Ziyaettin from Norşin would not support the rebellion and preferred an arrangement with the Kemalists.[28]During this rebellion, the Turkish government used its airplanes for bombing raids in Palu-Bingöl area. In the course of this operation, the airfield near Elâzığ was used.[29]However, according to the British Air Ministry there are few reports on the use of Turkish airplanes in suppressing the Sheikh Said rebellion.[30] The reports originate from the British Air Command at Mosul, which was in charge of intelligence for all of Iraq.[30]At the beginning of the rebellion the Turks had one squadron (filo) consisting of seven airplanes. Of these only 2 were serviceable.[31] But In the course of the rebellion more than 70 aircraft have been involved in subduing the rebellion.Turkey also obtained the permission to use the Baghdad Railway to transport their soldiers through Syria from France.[32]","title":"Participation in the rebellion"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Piran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dicle"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOlson1989107-1"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:22-21"},{"link_name":"madrasahs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madrasa"},{"link_name":"clarification needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify"},{"link_name":"clarification needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:22-21"},{"link_name":"Sharia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharia"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOlson1989108-35"},{"link_name":"Bingöl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bing%C3%B6l"},{"link_name":"Maden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maden,_Elaz%C4%B1%C4%9F"},{"link_name":"Siverek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siverek"},{"link_name":"Ergani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ergani"},{"link_name":"Muş","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mu%C5%9F"},{"link_name":"Hınıs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C4%B1n%C4%B1s"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-janos-36"},{"link_name":"Diyarbakır airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diyarbak%C4%B1r_Airport"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOlson1989120-31"},{"link_name":"Diyarbakır","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diyarbak%C4%B1r"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ugur-37"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOlson1989202-38"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOlson1989104-39"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOlson198998%E2%80%9399-26"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ugur-37"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ugur-37"},{"link_name":"clarification needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify"},{"link_name":"Martin van Bruinessen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_van_Bruinessen"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"Hınıs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C4%B1n%C4%B1s"},{"link_name":"tekke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khanqah"},{"link_name":"Hınıs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C4%B1n%C4%B1s"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOlson1989115-41"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"}],"text":"Following the suppression of the Beytüssebap revolt, the Turks attempted to prevent an other rebellion. In February 1925, they moved into the Piran (today called Dicle) area to detain some Kurdish notables,[1] but were prevented by from it by men loyal to Sheikh Said. The intrusion by the Turkish army provoked Kurds around Sheikh Said, and reportedly they have either killed or arrested all the Turkish officers in the areas under their control.[21] On 13 February 1925, Sheikh Said addressed the people in his sermon in the Piran mosque and stated:The madrasahs were closed. The Ministry of Religion and Foundations was abolished and the schools of religion were connected to the National Education. In the newspapers, a number of irreligious writers dare to insult the Prophet and extend the language of our Prophet[clarification needed]. If I can do it today, I will start fighting myself and try to raise religion[clarification needed].[33]Sheikh Said was elected as the next commander of the Kurdish independence movement gathered around Azadî and Darhini was declared the capital of Kurdistan on the 14 February 1925.[21] Sheikh Said, who had taken the governor and the other officers captive while charging against Darhini (16 February), tried to gather the movement under a single center with a declaration urging the people to rise up in the name of Islam. In this statement, he used his seal which means 'the leader of the fighters for the sake of religion' and called everyone to fight for the sake of religion. Initially, the rebellion was initiated on behalf of the Islamic Sharia, but was later converted to the Kurdish independence movement.[34] The rebellion soon expanded and by 20 February, the town Lice, where the 5th Army corps was headquartered was captured.[35]After receiving the support of the tribes of Mistan, Botan and Mhallami, he headed to Diyarbakır via Genç and Çapakçur (today known as Bingöl) and captured Maden, Siverek and Ergani. Another uprising, directed by Sheikh Abdullah attempted to capture Muş coming from Hınıs. But the rebels were defeated around Murat bridge and made them to retreat. On 21 February, the government declared martial law in the eastern provinces. Army troops sent to the insurgents on 23 February were forced to retreat to Diyarbakir in the Winter Plain against the Sheikh Said forces. The next day, another uprising under the leadership of Sheikh Sharif, who entered Elazığ, kept the city under control for a short time. Elazığ was looted by rebels for several days.[36] At the 1 of March, the Kurds managed to assault the Diyarbakır airport and destroy three of the airplanes.[31]In one of the bigger engagements, in the night of 6–7 March, the forces of Sheikh Said laid siege to the city of Diyarbakır with 5,000–10,000 men.[37][38] In Diyarbakır the headquarters of the Seventh Army Corps was located.[39] But neither the Kurdish notables nor the Kurdish farmers in the region in and around Diyarbakır refused to support the rebellion.[26] The Muslim Revivalists attacked the city at all four gates simultaneously. All of their attacks were repelled by the numerically inferior Turkish garrison, with the use of machine gun fire and mortar grenades. When the rebels retreated the next morning, the area around the city was full of dead bodies.[37] When a second wave of attacks failed, the siege was finally lifted on 11 March.[37] After a large consignment, a mass attack (26 March), and with a suppress operation the Turkish troops made many of the enemy troops to surrender and squeezed the insurgency leaders while they were preparing to move to the Iran in Boğlan (today known as Sohlan). Sheikh Sharif and some of the tribal leaders were captured in Palu, and Sheikh Said too in Varto was seized at Carpuh Bridge with a close relative's notice[clarification needed] (15 April 1925).By the end of March, most of the major battles of the Sheikh Said rebellion were over. The Turkish authorities, according to Martin van Bruinessen, crushed the rebellion with continual aerial bombardments and a massive concentration of forces.[40] The rebels were unable to penetrate beyond Hınıs, this was one of the two major areas where Sheikh Said was well known and he enjoyed considerable influence there (he had a tekke in Hınıs). This failure excluded the possibility of extending the rebellion.[41]On the other hand, Hasan Hayri Efendi, who was Dersim Deputy and Alevi Zaza, entered into solidarity with Sheikh Sharif, appointed by Sheikh Said as Commander of the Elaziz Front. A joint letter with Sheikh Sharif in Elaziz was sent to all the tribal leaders of Dersim on 6 March 1925.[42]","title":"The rebellion"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sheikh_Said_Efendi_captured.jpg"},{"link_name":"Ankara Station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ankara_railway_station"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-43"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOlson1989123-44"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"Ali Fethi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali_Fethi_Okyar"},{"link_name":"Republican People's Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republican_People%27s_Party_(Turkey)"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-43"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOlson1989123%E2%80%93124-46"},{"link_name":"Maintenance of Order Law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Takrir-i_S%C3%BCk%C3%BBn_Kanunu&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"tr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Takrir-i_S%C3%BCk%C3%BBn_Kanunu"},{"link_name":"Turkish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish_language"},{"link_name":"Independence Courts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independence_Tribunal"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"}],"sub_title":"Political measures by the Turkish Government","text":"Turkish troops with the detained Sheik SaidMustafa Kemal Atatürk foresaw the seriousness of the rebellion and urged İsmet İnönü to come to Ankara, as he had been resting for a vacation at an island near Istanbul. Atatürk welcomed İnönü and his family at the Ankara Station to explain him how serious the situation has become.[43] Mustafa Kemal, Ali Fethi (Okyar) and İsmet İnönü had a meeting on the 24 February 1925, which lasted for 7 1/2 hours and the main subject was the rebellion.[44] Following, the Government of Ali Fethi has issued a circular which vowed strict measures against the rebels on the 25 February 1925[45] and announced the reign of martial law in the eastern provinces and classified the use of religious aims against the government as treason. The Turkish Parliament was not pleased with this action and in response, the Turkish prime minister Ali Fethi was criticized by the politicians of the Republican People's Party.[43] However, Mustafa Kemal Pasha, advocated for the resignation of Prime Minister Ali Fethi against the rapid rise of the incidents and appointed İsmet Pasha to establish a new government on 2 March. Ali Fethi resigned on the 3 March and was replaced by Ismet Inönü.[46] Within days, the Turkish Grand National Assembly adopted the Maintenance of Order Law [tr] (Turkish: Takrir-i Sükûn Kanunu) and granted the government emergency powers. The ban on the uprising has been extended to include other measures. In addition, it was decided to re-establish the Independence Courts in Ankara and Diyarbakır.[47]","title":"The rebellion"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Turkish Pounds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish_pound"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-48"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-48"}],"sub_title":"Financial cost","text":"The sum of 7 Mio. Turkish Pounds was reported by the US military attaché in Turkey.[48] Hamit Bozarslan estmiates that about 35% of the budget went into the suppression of the revolt.[48]","title":"The rebellion"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Seyit Abdülkadir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdulkadir_Ubeydullah"},{"link_name":"Kurdish Teali Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society_for_the_Rise_of_Kurdistan"},{"link_name":"Independence Tribunal in Diyarbakır","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independence_Tribunal_of_Diyarbekir"},{"link_name":"Bitlis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitlis"},{"link_name":"Hizanizâde Kemal Fevzi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hizaniz%C3%A2de_Kemal_Fevzi&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:03-50"},{"link_name":"Caliphate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caliphate"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"},{"link_name":"Turkish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish_language"},{"link_name":"Report for Reform in the East","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1925_Report_for_Reform_in_the_East_(Turkey)"},{"link_name":"Turkified","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkification"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"},{"link_name":"crossed the border to Syria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurdish_immigration_into_Syria"},{"link_name":"French mandate authorities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Mandate_of_Syria"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOlson1989125-57"}],"text":"Seyit Abdülkadir, the leader of the Kurdish Teali Society and several of his friends who were accused of supporting the rebellion, were arrested in Istanbul and taken to Diyarbakır to be tried. As a result of the trial, Seyit Abdulkadir and five of his friends were sentenced to death by the Independence Tribunal in Diyarbakır on 23 May 1925 and executed four days later. A journalist for a Kurdish newspaper in Bitlis, the poet Hizanizâde Kemal Fevzi, was also among the executed.[49]The Independence Tribunal in Diyarbakir also imposed a death sentence on Sheikh Said and 47 riots rulers on the 28 June 1925. Penalties were carried out the next day, by Sheikh Said coming up first.[50] The President of the Independence Tribunal in Diyarbakır that sentenced the rebels stated on 28 June 1925:Certain among you have taken as a pretext for revolt the abuse by the governmental administration, some others have invoked the defence of the Caliphate.— 28 June 1925[51][52]In total over 7000 people were prosecuted by the Independence tribunals and more than 600 people were executed.[53] The suppression of the Shaykh Said Uprising was an important milestone in the control of the Republican administration in Eastern Anatolia and South East Anatolia. On the other hand, the developments that emerged with the uprising led to the interruption of the steps towards transition to multi-party life for a long while. Also against the Progressive Republican Party (Turkish: Terakkiperver Cumhuriyet Fırkası) was opened an investigation on the grounds that it was involved in the riot and was soon closed under a government decree.After the uprising, the Turkish state prepared a Report for Reform in the East (Şark Islahat Raporu) in 1925, which suggested that the Kurds shall be Turkified.[54] Thousands of Kurds fled their homes in southeastern Turkey and crossed the border to Syria, where they settled and were granted citizenship by the French mandate authorities.[55]In the fall of 1927, Sheikh Abdurrahman, the brother of Sheikh Said, began a series of revenge attacks on Turkish garrisons in Palu and Malatya.[56] In August 1928 Sheikh Abdurrahman and another brother of Sheikh Said, Sheikh Mehdi, turned themselves in and made use of the amnesty law issued by the Turkish Government in May of the same year.[57]","title":"Aftermath"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-58"},{"link_name":"Mosul dispute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosul_question"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-59"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-60"},{"link_name":"Jawaharlal Nehru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-61"}],"text":"In the Turkish press the suppression of the revolt was praised and according to Günther Deschner for quite some time also the western historians seemed to see the suppression as a pacification of a rebellious region.[58] In Turkey it was assumed that the Sheikh Said revolt was supported by the British Empire who wanted to achieve certain concessions with reagards to the Mosul dispute between Turkey and the British.[59] The British on the other side assumed the Kemalists could have engineered the revolt, assuming that if the Kurdish revolt in Turkey was temporarily to succeed it would lead to a prolonged conflict over the Mosul Vilayet in Iraq with Turkey eventually able to occupy it.[60] One of the early observers who criticized the way the Turkish Government treated the Kurdish people was the Indian Jawaharlal Nehru, who deemed the Kurds to have wanted to achieve something similar the Turks had achieved for themselves and questioned how a struggle for freedom could turn into an oppressive regime.[61]","title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The emergence of Kurdish nationalism and the Sheikh Said Rebellion, 1880-1925","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=P6lpAAAAMAAJ"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-292-77619-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-292-77619-7"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1163/1570060001569893","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1163%2F1570060001569893"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Middle_East_conflicts"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Middle_East_conflicts"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Middle_East_conflicts"},{"link_name":"List of modern conflicts in the Middle East","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_modern_conflicts_in_the_Middle_East"},{"link_name":"Italo-Turkish War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italo-Turkish_War"},{"link_name":"World War I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I"},{"link_name":"Middle Eastern theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Eastern_theatre_of_World_War_I"},{"link_name":"Battle of Robat Karim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Robat_Karim"},{"link_name":"Arab Revolt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab_Revolt"},{"link_name":"Armenian genocide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenian_genocide"},{"link_name":"Assyrian genocide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sayfo"},{"link_name":"Mount Lebanon starvation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Famine_of_Mount_Lebanon"},{"link_name":"Unification of Saudi Arabia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unification_of_Saudi_Arabia"},{"link_name":"Simko Shikak revolt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simko_Shikak_revolt_(1918%E2%80%931922)"},{"link_name":"1919 Egyptian revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1919_Egyptian_revolution"},{"link_name":"Turkish War of Independence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish_War_of_Independence"},{"link_name":"Greco-Turkish War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greco-Turkish_War_(1919%E2%80%931922)"},{"link_name":"Turkish–Armenian War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish%E2%80%93Armenian_War"},{"link_name":"Franco-Turkish War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franco-Turkish_War"},{"link_name":"Revolts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolts_during_the_Turkish_War_of_Independence"},{"link_name":"Mahmud Barzanji revolts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahmud_Barzanji_revolts"},{"link_name":"Franco-Syrian War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franco-Syrian_War"},{"link_name":"Iraqi Revolt (1920)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraqi_Revolt"},{"link_name":"Intercommunal conflict in Mandatory Palestine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intercommunal_conflict_in_Mandatory_Palestine"},{"link_name":"Adwan Rebellion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adwan_Rebellion"},{"link_name":"Arab separatism in Khuzestan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab_separatism_in_Khuzestan"},{"link_name":"Great Syrian Revolt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Syrian_Revolt"},{"link_name":"Sheikh Said rebellion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Ararat rebellion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ararat_rebellion"},{"link_name":"Ahmed Barzani revolt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmed_Barzani_revolt"},{"link_name":"Simele massacre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simele_massacre"},{"link_name":"Saudi–Yemeni War (1934)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi%E2%80%93Yemeni_War_(1934)"},{"link_name":"Goharshad Mosque rebellion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goharshad_Mosque_rebellion"},{"link_name":"1935–1936 Iraqi Shia revolts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1935%E2%80%931936_Iraqi_Shia_revolts"},{"link_name":"1935 Yazidi revolt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1935_Yazidi_revolt"},{"link_name":"1936–1939 Arab revolt in Palestine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1936%E2%80%931939_Arab_revolt_in_Palestine"},{"link_name":"Dersim rebellion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dersim_rebellion"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"Italian bombing of Palestine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_bombing_of_Mandatory_Palestine_in_World_War_II"},{"link_name":"Allied invasion of Iraq","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allied_invasion_of_Iraq"},{"link_name":"Syria–Lebanon campaign","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syria%E2%80%93Lebanon_campaign"},{"link_name":"Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-Soviet_invasion_of_Iran"},{"link_name":"1943 Barzani revolt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1943_Barzani_revolt"},{"link_name":"Alwaziri coup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alwaziri_coup"},{"link_name":"Al-Wathbah uprising","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Wathbah_uprising"},{"link_name":"Kurdish separatism in Iran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurdish_separatism_in_Iran"},{"link_name":"Iran crisis of 1946","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_crisis_of_1946"},{"link_name":"Arab–Israeli conflict","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab%E2%80%93Israeli_conflict"},{"link_name":"1948 Arab–Israeli War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1948_Arab%E2%80%93Israeli_War"},{"link_name":"Suez Crisis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suez_Crisis"},{"link_name":"1967 Six-Day War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Six-Day_War"},{"link_name":"1973 Yom Kippur War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yom_Kippur_War"},{"link_name":"1982 Lebanon War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1982_Lebanon_War"},{"link_name":"1952 Egyptian revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1952_Egyptian_revolution"},{"link_name":"1953 Iranian coup d'état","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1953_Iranian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat"},{"link_name":"Jebel Akhdar War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jebel_Akhdar_War"},{"link_name":"Cyprus Emergency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyprus_Emergency"},{"link_name":"Suez Crisis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suez_Crisis"},{"link_name":"Yemeni–Adenese clan violence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yemeni%E2%80%93Adenese_clan_violence"},{"link_name":"1958 Lebanon crisis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1958_Lebanon_crisis"},{"link_name":"1958 Iraqi revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/14_July_Revolution"},{"link_name":"1959 Mosul uprising","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1959_Mosul_uprising"},{"link_name":"Cyprus crisis of 1963–1964","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cypriot_intercommunal_violence#Crisis_of_1963%E2%80%931964"},{"link_name":"Iraqi–Kurdish conflict","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraqi%E2%80%93Kurdish_conflict"},{"link_name":"First Iraqi–Kurdish War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Iraqi%E2%80%93Kurdish_War"},{"link_name":"Second Iraqi–Kurdish War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Iraqi%E2%80%93Kurdish_War"},{"link_name":"Dhofar Rebellion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dhofar_Rebellion"},{"link_name":"North Yemen Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Yemen_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"Feb. 1963 Iraqi coup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramadan_Revolution"},{"link_name":"Mar. 1963 Syrian coup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1963_Syrian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat"},{"link_name":"Nov. 1963 Iraqi coup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/November_1963_Iraqi_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat"},{"link_name":"Aden Emergency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aden_Emergency"},{"link_name":"1964 Hama riot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1964_Hama_riot"},{"link_name":"Israeli–Palestinian conflict","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israeli%E2%80%93Palestinian_conflict"},{"link_name":"1948 Palestine war","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1948_Palestine_war"},{"link_name":"First Intifada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Intifada"},{"link_name":"Second Intifada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Intifada"},{"link_name":"1966 Syrian coup d'état","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1966_Syrian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat"},{"link_name":"Black September in Jordan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_September"},{"link_name":"Yemenite War of 1972","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yemenite_War_of_1972"},{"link_name":"Turkish invasion of Cyprus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish_invasion_of_Cyprus"},{"link_name":"Shatt al-Arab clashes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1974%E2%80%9375_Shatt_al-Arab_conflict"},{"link_name":"Lebanese Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lebanese_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"Political violence in Turkey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_violence_in_Turkey_(1976%E2%80%931980)"},{"link_name":"Islamist uprising in Syria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamist_uprising_in_Syria"},{"link_name":"1977 Shia uprising in Iraq","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1977_Shia_uprising_in_Iraq"},{"link_name":"NDF Rebellion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NDF_Rebellion"},{"link_name":"Yemenite War of 1979","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yemenite_War_of_1979"},{"link_name":"Iranian Revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iranian_Revolution"},{"link_name":"Consolidation of the Iranian Revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consolidation_of_the_Iranian_Revolution"},{"link_name":"1979 Qatif Uprising","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1979_Qatif_Uprising"},{"link_name":"Grand Mosque seizure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Mosque_seizure"},{"link_name":"1979–1980 Shia uprising in Iraq","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1979%E2%80%931980_Shia_uprising_in_Iraq"},{"link_name":"Iran–Iraq War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Iraq_War"},{"link_name":"1980 Turkish coup d'état","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1980_Turkish_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat"},{"link_name":"Kurdish–Turkish conflict","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurdish%E2%80%93Turkish_conflict"},{"link_name":"Turkey–PKK conflict","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurdish%E2%80%93Turkish_conflict_(1978%E2%80%93present)"},{"link_name":"South Yemen Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Yemen_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"1986 Egyptian conscripts riot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1986_Egyptian_conscripts_riot"},{"link_name":"1986 Damascus bombings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1986_Damascus_bombings"},{"link_name":"1987 Sharjawi coup d'état attempt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1987_Sharjawi_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat_attempt"},{"link_name":"Mecca massacre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1987_Mecca_incident"},{"link_name":"Abu Nidal's executions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu_Nidal_Organization_internal_executions"},{"link_name":"Gulf War (1990–1991)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_War"},{"link_name":"1991 Iraqi uprisings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1991_Iraqi_uprisings"},{"link_name":"Terror campaign in Egypt (1990s)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terrorism_in_Egypt"},{"link_name":"Yemeni Civil War (1994)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yemeni_Civil_War_(1994)"},{"link_name":"Iraqi Kurdish Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraqi_Kurdish_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"Islamic insurgency in Saudi Arabia (2000–present)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terrorism_in_Saudi_Arabia"},{"link_name":"Operation Desert Fox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1998_bombing_of_Iraq"},{"link_name":"al-Qaeda insurgency in Yemen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Qaeda_insurgency_in_Yemen"},{"link_name":"1999 Shia uprising in Iraq","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1999_Shia_uprising_in_Iraq"},{"link_name":"Iraq War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq_War"},{"link_name":"Balochi insurgency in Iran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sistan_and_Baluchestan_insurgency"},{"link_name":"2004 Qamishli riots","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004_Qamishli_riots"},{"link_name":"Houthi insurgency in Yemen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houthi_insurgency_in_Yemen"},{"link_name":"Iran–Israel proxy conflict","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Israel_proxy_conflict"},{"link_name":"2006 Lebanon War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006_Lebanon_War"},{"link_name":"Fatah–Hamas conflict","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatah%E2%80%93Hamas_conflict"},{"link_name":"South Yemen insurgency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Yemen_insurgency"},{"link_name":"2011 Bahraini uprising","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_Bahraini_uprising"},{"link_name":"Egyptian Crisis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptian_Crisis_(2011%E2%80%932014)"},{"link_name":"Sinai insurgency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinai_insurgency"},{"link_name":"Insurgency in Egypt (2013–present)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_terrorism_in_Egypt_(2013%E2%80%93present)"},{"link_name":"Syrian civil war","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syrian_civil_war"},{"link_name":"Turkish involvement in Syria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish_involvement_in_the_Syrian_civil_war"},{"link_name":"Syrian War spillover in Lebanon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syrian_civil_war_spillover_in_Lebanon"},{"link_name":"Iraqi insurgency (2011–2013)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraqi_insurgency_(2011%E2%80%932013)"},{"link_name":"War in Iraq (2013–2017)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Iraq_(2013%E2%80%932017)"},{"link_name":"Islamic State insurgency in Iraq (2017–present)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_State_insurgency_in_Iraq_(2017%E2%80%93present)"},{"link_name":"Yemeni crisis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yemeni_crisis"},{"link_name":"Yemeni civil war (2014–present)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yemeni_civil_war_(2014%E2%80%93present)"},{"link_name":"2021 Beirut clashes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_Beirut_clashes"},{"link_name":"Israel–Hamas war","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93Hamas_war"},{"link_name":"Israel–Hezbollah conflict (2023–present)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93Hezbollah_conflict_(2023%E2%80%93present)"},{"link_name":"Red Sea crisis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Sea_crisis"},{"link_name":"World War I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I"},{"link_name":"Authority control databases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Authority_control"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q619712#identifiers"},{"link_name":"Israel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007539952105171"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//id.loc.gov/authorities/sh2006008024"}],"text":"Olson, Robert W. (1989). The emergence of Kurdish nationalism and the Sheikh Said Rebellion, 1880-1925. University of Texas Press. ISBN 978-0-292-77619-7.\nOlson, Robert W. (March 2000). \"The Kurdish Rebellions of Sheikh Said (1925), Mt. Ararat (1930), and Dersim (1937–8): Their Impact on the Development of the Turkish Air Force and on Kurdish and Turkish Nationalism\". Die Welt des Islams. 40 (1): 67–94. doi:10.1163/1570060001569893.vteList of modern conflicts in the Middle East1910s\nItalo-Turkish War\nWorld War I\nMiddle Eastern theatre\nBattle of Robat Karim\nArab Revolt\nArmenian genocide\nAssyrian genocide\nMount Lebanon starvation\nUnification of Saudi Arabia\nSimko Shikak revolt\n1919 Egyptian revolution\nTurkish War of Independence\nGreco-Turkish War\nTurkish–Armenian War\nFranco-Turkish War\nRevolts\nMahmud Barzanji revolts\n1920s\nFranco-Syrian War\nIraqi Revolt (1920)\nIntercommunal conflict in Mandatory Palestine\nAdwan Rebellion\nArab separatism in Khuzestan\nGreat Syrian Revolt\nSheikh Said rebellion\n1930s\nArarat rebellion\nAhmed Barzani revolt\nSimele massacre\nSaudi–Yemeni War (1934)\nGoharshad Mosque rebellion\n1935–1936 Iraqi Shia revolts\n1935 Yazidi revolt\n1936–1939 Arab revolt in Palestine\nDersim rebellion\n1940s\nWorld War II\nItalian bombing of Palestine\nAllied invasion of Iraq\nSyria–Lebanon campaign\nAnglo-Soviet invasion of Iran\n1943 Barzani revolt\nAlwaziri coup\nAl-Wathbah uprising\nKurdish separatism in Iran\nIran crisis of 1946\nArab–Israeli conflict\n1948 Arab–Israeli War\nSuez Crisis\n1967 Six-Day War\n1973 Yom Kippur War\n1982 Lebanon War\n1950s\n1952 Egyptian revolution\n1953 Iranian coup d'état\nJebel Akhdar War\nCyprus Emergency\nSuez Crisis\nYemeni–Adenese clan violence\n1958 Lebanon crisis\n1958 Iraqi revolution\n1959 Mosul uprising\n1960s\nCyprus crisis of 1963–1964\nIraqi–Kurdish conflict\nFirst Iraqi–Kurdish War\nSecond Iraqi–Kurdish War\nDhofar Rebellion\nNorth Yemen Civil War\nFeb. 1963 Iraqi coup\nMar. 1963 Syrian coup\nNov. 1963 Iraqi coup\nAden Emergency\n1964 Hama riot\nIsraeli–Palestinian conflict\n1948 Palestine war\nFirst Intifada\nSecond Intifada\n1966 Syrian coup d'état\n1970s\nBlack September in Jordan\nYemenite War of 1972\nTurkish invasion of Cyprus\nShatt al-Arab clashes\nLebanese Civil War\nPolitical violence in Turkey\nIslamist uprising in Syria\n1977 Shia uprising in Iraq\nNDF Rebellion\nYemenite War of 1979\nIranian Revolution\nConsolidation of the Iranian Revolution\n1979 Qatif Uprising\nGrand Mosque seizure\n1979–1980 Shia uprising in Iraq\n1980s\nIran–Iraq War\n1980 Turkish coup d'état\nKurdish–Turkish conflict\nTurkey–PKK conflict\nSouth Yemen Civil War\n1986 Egyptian conscripts riot\n1986 Damascus bombings\n1987 Sharjawi coup d'état attempt\nMecca massacre\nAbu Nidal's executions\n1990s\nGulf War (1990–1991)\n1991 Iraqi uprisings\nTerror campaign in Egypt (1990s)\nYemeni Civil War (1994)\nIraqi Kurdish Civil War\nIslamic insurgency in Saudi Arabia (2000–present)\nOperation Desert Fox\nal-Qaeda insurgency in Yemen\n1999 Shia uprising in Iraq\n2000s\nIraq War\nBalochi insurgency in Iran\n2004 Qamishli riots\nHouthi insurgency in Yemen\nIran–Israel proxy conflict\n2006 Lebanon War\nFatah–Hamas conflict\nSouth Yemen insurgency\n2010s\n2011 Bahraini uprising\nEgyptian Crisis\nSinai insurgency\nInsurgency in Egypt (2013–present)\nSyrian civil war\nTurkish involvement in Syria\nSyrian War spillover in Lebanon\nIraqi insurgency (2011–2013)\nWar in Iraq (2013–2017)\nIslamic State insurgency in Iraq (2017–present)\nYemeni crisis\nYemeni civil war (2014–present)\n2020s\n2021 Beirut clashes\nIsrael–Hamas war\nIsrael–Hezbollah conflict (2023–present)\nRed Sea crisis\nThis list includes World War I and later conflicts (after 1914) of at least 100 fatalities eachProlonged conflicts are listed in the decade when initiated; ongoing conflicts are marked italic, and conflicts with +100,000 killed with bold.Authority control databases: National \nIsrael\nUnited States","title":"Sources"}]
[{"image_text":"Front row, left to right: Sheikh Sherif, Sheikh Said, back row: Sheikh Hamid, Major Kasim (Kasım Ataç), Sheikh Abdullah.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Sheikh_Sherif%2C_Sheikh_Said%2C_Kasim%2C_Sheikh_Abdullah.jpg/220px-Sheikh_Sherif%2C_Sheikh_Said%2C_Kasim%2C_Sheikh_Abdullah.jpg"},{"image_text":"Turkish troops with the detained Sheik Said","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Sheikh_Said_Efendi_captured.jpg/220px-Sheikh_Said_Efendi_captured.jpg"}]
[{"title":"Kurdish-Islamic synthesis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurdish-Islamic_synthesis"}]
[{"reference":"Zülküf, Ergün (2015). \"Gotara Dijkolonyal û Wêneyê Serdestiya Tirkan Di Kovara Hawarê De\" (PDF). Monograf (in Kurdish) (3). Artuklu University: 400–437.","urls":[{"url":"http://acikerisim.artuklu.edu.tr/xmlui/bitstream/handle/20.500.12514/395/Gotara%20Dijkolonyal%20%C3%BB%20W%C3%AAney%C3%AA%20Serdestiya%20Tirkan%20di%20Kovara%20Hawar%C3%AA%20de.pdf?sequence=2&isAllowed=y","url_text":"\"Gotara Dijkolonyal û Wêneyê Serdestiya Tirkan Di Kovara Hawarê De\""}]},{"reference":"Hassan, Mona (10 January 2017). Longing for the Lost Caliphate: A Transregional History. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-1-4008-8371-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=pqqtDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA168","url_text":"Longing for the Lost Caliphate: A Transregional History"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4008-8371-4","url_text":"978-1-4008-8371-4"}]},{"reference":"Mehmed S. Kaya (15 June 2011). The Zaza Kurds of Turkey: A Middle Eastern Minority in a Globalised Society. I.B.Tauris. pp. 64–. ISBN 978-1-84511-875-4. was led specifically by the Zaza population and received almost full support in the entire Zaza region and some of the neighbouring Kurmanji-dominated regions","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=0bGpbVFzubsC&pg=PA64","url_text":"The Zaza Kurds of Turkey: A Middle Eastern Minority in a Globalised Society"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84511-875-4","url_text":"978-1-84511-875-4"}]},{"reference":"Özoğlu, Hakan (2009). \"Exaggerating and exploiting the Sheikh Said Rebellion of 1925 for political gains\". New Perspectives on Turkey. 41: 181–210. doi:10.1017/s0896634600005410. ISSN 0896-6346. S2CID 152152964.","urls":[{"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0896634600005410","url_text":"\"Exaggerating and exploiting the Sheikh Said Rebellion of 1925 for political gains\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fs0896634600005410","url_text":"10.1017/s0896634600005410"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0896-6346","url_text":"0896-6346"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:152152964","url_text":"152152964"}]},{"reference":"Hakan Ozoglu (24 June 2011). From Caliphate to Secular State: Power Struggle in the Early Turkish Republic: Power Struggle in the Early Turkish Republic. ABC-CLIO. p. 147. ISBN 978-0-313-37957-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Cw5V1c1ej_cC&pg=PA147","url_text":"From Caliphate to Secular State: Power Struggle in the Early Turkish Republic: Power Struggle in the Early Turkish Republic"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-37957-4","url_text":"978-0-313-37957-4"}]},{"reference":"Üngör, Umut (2009). \"Young Turk social engineering : mass violence and the nation state in eastern Turkey, 1913- 1950\" (PDF). University of Amsterdam. p. 231. Retrieved 9 April 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://pure.uva.nl/ws/files/867135/65687_13.pdf","url_text":"\"Young Turk social engineering : mass violence and the nation state in eastern Turkey, 1913- 1950\""}]},{"reference":"Chaliand, Gérard (1993). A People Without a Country: The Kurds and Kurdistan. Zed Books. pp. 52–53. ISBN 978-1-85649-194-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85649-194-5","url_text":"978-1-85649-194-5"}]},{"reference":"Behrendt, Günter (1993). Nationalismus in Kurdistan: Vorgeschichte, Entstehungsbedingungen und erste Manifestationen bis 1925 (in German). Deutsches Orient-Institut. p. 367. ISBN 978-3-89173-029-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-89173-029-4","url_text":"978-3-89173-029-4"}]},{"reference":"Die Welt des Islams. E.J. Brill. 2000. p. 77.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=vIAMAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA77","url_text":"Die Welt des Islams"}]},{"reference":"Gunter, Michael M. (1994). \"The Kurdish factor in Turkish foreign politics\". Journal of Third World Studies. 11 (2): 444. ISSN 8755-3449. JSTOR 45197497 – via JSTOR.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Gunter","url_text":"Gunter, Michael M."},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/45197497","url_text":"\"The Kurdish factor in Turkish foreign politics\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/8755-3449","url_text":"8755-3449"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/45197497","url_text":"45197497"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR","url_text":"JSTOR"}]},{"reference":"Uğur Ümit Üngör (1 March 2012). The Making of Modern Turkey: Nation and State in Eastern Anatolia, 1913-1950. OUP Oxford. p. 125. ISBN 978-0-19-965522-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U%C4%9Fur_%C3%9Cmit_%C3%9Cng%C3%B6r","url_text":"Uğur Ümit Üngör"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-965522-9","url_text":"978-0-19-965522-9"}]},{"reference":"Maarten Martinus van Bruinessen (1978). Agha, Shaikh and State: On the Social and Political Organization of Kurdistan. Utrecht: University of Utrecht. ISBN 1-85649-019-X.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85649-019-X","url_text":"1-85649-019-X"}]},{"reference":"Umut Üngör. \"Young Turk social engineering : mass violence and the nation state in eastern Turkey, 1913- 1950\" (PDF). University of Amsterdam. pp. 235–236. Retrieved 8 April 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://pure.uva.nl/ws/files/867135/65687_13.pdf","url_text":"\"Young Turk social engineering : mass violence and the nation state in eastern Turkey, 1913- 1950\""}]},{"reference":"Uğur Ümit Üngör (2012). Jorngerden, Joost; Verheij, Jelle (eds.). Social Relations in Ottoman Diyarbekir, 1870-1915. Brill. p. 289. ISBN 9789004225183.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004225183","url_text":"9789004225183"}]},{"reference":"Üngör, Uğur Ümit (2009). \"Young Turk social engineering: mass violence and the nation state in eastern Turkey, 1913- 1950\" (PDF). University of Amsterdam. pp. 235–236. Retrieved 8 April 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U%C4%9Fur_%C3%9Cmit_%C3%9Cng%C3%B6r","url_text":"Üngör, Uğur Ümit"},{"url":"https://pure.uva.nl/ws/files/867135/65687_13.pdf","url_text":"\"Young Turk social engineering: mass violence and the nation state in eastern Turkey, 1913- 1950\""}]},{"reference":"Özoğlu, Hakan (2009). \"Exaggerating and exploiting the Sheikh Said Rebellion of 1925 for political gains\". New Perspectives on Turkey. 41: 184–185. doi:10.1017/S0896634600005410. ISSN 0896-6346. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claw_The_Unconquered
Claw the Unconquered
["1 Publication history","2 Fictional character biography","2.1 Wonder Woman","2.2 Justice League: Cry for Justice","2.3 Time Masters: Vanishing Point","2.4 DC Universe","3 Powers and abilities","4 Other versions","4.1 John Chan","4.2 Swamp Thing","4.3 Red Sonja","5 References","6 External links"]
Sword and sorcery character from DC Comics Comics character ClawCover to Claw #1 (June 1975).Publication informationPublisherDC ComicsFirst appearanceClaw the Unconquered #1 (May–June 1975)Created byDavid Michelinie (writer)Ernie Chan (artist)In-story informationAlter egoValcan ScaramaxPlace of originPythariaAbilitiesMaster swordsman, magical claw on right arm. Claw is a sword and sorcery superhero in comic books published by DC Comics. He first appeared in Claw the Unconquered #1 (June 1975), in which he was created by writer David Michelinie and designed by artist Ernie Chan. Similar in many ways to Robert E. Howard's Conan the Barbarian (and, more particularly, Marvel Comics's depiction of him), Claw is a wanderer and a barbarian in an apparently prehistoric age who battles various wizards, thieves, monsters, and warriors who cross his path. Publication history Claw the Unconquered #1 debuted in mid-1975, a period when DC Comics launched a record number of new titles on to the comic book market (16 new titles debuted in 1975 alone). Claw was one of several of these new series which were set in the "fantasy" or "sword and sorcery" genre. Other such titles include Warlord, Stalker, Starfire, Nightmaster, Tor and Beowulf, Dragon Slayer. At the time, DC's main rival, Marvel Comics, had found success in the genre with its Conan the Barbarian comics, and of all of DC's new fantasy characters, Claw most closely resembles Conan in both his character and appearance, except for the fact that Claw has a deformed hand. Claw the Unconquered was published bimonthly up until #9 (October 1976), restarting again at #10 (May 1978). The entire series was written by Michelinie (though the never properly published #14 was credited to Tom DeFalco) and Chan remained on the title up to #7, with Keith Giffen taking over pencilling duties with #8. With the addition of Giffen, the series began to incorporate some science fiction elements, moving away from its pure sword and sorcery beginnings. The relaunch of the series lasted just three issues, as it was suddenly cancelled with #12 (September 1978) as part of the "DC Implosion" when DC's comics line was drastically cut. The cancellation was so sudden that two further issues of the series had been fully written and drawn. These stories were published in Cancelled Comic Cavalcade #1 in 1978, although only 35 copies of that comic were ever officially published. The character was revived in 1981 for a two-part back up feature in Warlord #48-49 (August–September 1981) written by Jack C. Harris with art from Tom Yeates. This series tried to wrap up the story of Claw. Fictional character biography The adventures of Claw, whose real name was Valcan, took place "in the realm of Pytharia" in a vaguely defined setting which resembled Earth's prehistory. His first adventure pitted him against "Occulas of the Yellow Eye", an evil sorcerer and king who was revealed to have murdered Claw's father, who had also had a deformed hand like his son. Occulas had received a prophecy which predicted that a claw-handed man would defeat him, and that prophecy became his reason for persecuting Valcan and his father. Claw's origin was revealed in #9, where Valcan learns that his family is cursed to have demon hands throughout their bloodline as a result of a deal his father made with demons. In later stories it was revealed that Claw existed on the same world (Pytharia) as the original Starfire, which is apparently not Earth. Both Starfire and Claw were revealed as two of the "eternal champions of the Sornaii". The implications of this revelation were never explored, as the series ended in a cliffhanger. Wonder Woman Main article: Ends of the Earth (DC Comics) Claw's first in-continuity appearance in over twenty years occurs in Wonder Woman #21 (August 2008), where Wonder Woman and Stalker recruit Claw and Beowulf for a mission to slay the Demon Lord Dgrth. Justice League: Cry for Justice Prometheus uses a missile derived from one of Claw's gauntlets (described as originating "circa 13,902 BC") to neutralize Firestorm in Justice League: Cry for Justice #6 (March 2010). Time Masters: Vanishing Point See also: Rip Hunter Valcan returns in Time Masters: Vanishing Point #1 where he meets Rip Hunter. DC Universe In the pages of "Dark Nights: Death Metal", Claw the Unconquered is among the superheroes revived by Batman using a Black Lantern ring. Powers and abilities Claw the Unconquered is an expert swordsman. He also wields a magical claw on his right arm. Other versions John Chan See also: Primal Force Another version of Claw is a superhero character created by Steven Seagle and Ken Hooper. He first appeared in Primal Force #1 (October 1994). An Asian youth from Hong Kong, this Claw has no direct ties to the original Claw, although he bears an identical misshapen hand. Claw's real name was John Chan. Chan became the Claw after buying an ancient suit of armour and sword. The Claw of Pytharia, which had been dormant in one of the gauntlets, cut off his hand with the sword and grafted itself in place. The demonic spirit of the claw increased his fighting skills, but made it difficult for him to control his anger. John Chan was a member of Primal Force throughout that series's 15 issue run. Swamp Thing Main article: Swamp Thing Alternate versions of Claw have had cameo appearances in titles such as Sandman #52 (1993), Swamp Thing #163 (1996) and Starman (vol. 2) #55 (1999). Red Sonja Red Sonja /Claw The Unconquered: Devil's Hands #4, variant cover by Jim Lee. See also: Red Sonja In 2006, with the popularity of sword and sorcery comics once again resurgent due to revivals of Conan by Dark Horse Comics and of Red Sonja by Dynamite Entertainment, DC began to publish new Claw material through their Wildstorm imprint. The character first returned in Red Sonja /Claw The Unconquered: Devil's Hands (March 2006), a crossover limited series featuring Red Sonja which is co-published by Dynamite Entertainment and written by John Layman and pencilled by Andy Smith. A new Wildstorm Claw the Unconquered regular monthly title by writer Chuck Dixon and penciller Andy Smith debuted in June 2006. As of December 2006, the Claw monthly series has apparently run its course, ending with this version of Claw enslaved by demons from hell or a parallel universe, and the whole world doomed to demonic possession. The series gives Claw's full name as Valcan Scaramax. Claw either wandered back to his own world of Pytharia, or into some other world entirely, as nothing in the Claw series from Dynamite bore any connection to Howard's Hyborian realms. It is unclear if the new Wildstorm Claw stories feature the original 1970s version of the character or whether they adhere to a new continuity. Red Sonja's current iteration is supposed to be consistent with her 1970s Marvel Comics continuity, and the direct connection between Claw's revival and the crossover with Sonja seems to indicate that these new stories occur on Hyborian Age Earth (where Sonja's stories are clearly intended to occur). Strictly speaking, the crossover also means that this version of Claw co-exists with Conan (and indeed the Marvel Universe, as Sonja's original appearances did), though it is unlikely that those connections were ever intended or will ever be acknowledged. With the Red Sonja book shifting of several years to tell the story of a new Red Sonja, a descendant of the previous one sharing the soul of the departed character, a new Claw appears: Osin, a former ally of Red Sonja, accepting the Curse of Claw, and the partial merge with the Jullah demonic entity, in exchange for being able to locate, train, and protect the new incarnation of her friend. References ^ a b Wallace, Dan (2008), "Claw the Unconquered", in Dougall, Alastair (ed.), The DC Comics Encyclopedia, New York: Dorling Kindersley, p. 84, ISBN 978-0-7566-4119-1, OCLC 213309017 ^ McAvennie, Michael; Dolan, Hannah, ed. (2010). "1970s". DC Comics Year By Year A Visual Chronicle. Dorling Kindersley. p. 163. ISBN 978-0-7566-6742-9. David Michelinie's pen and Ernie Chan's pencils and inks provided the magic for this fantasy series that introduced Claw the Unconquered, a barbaric outlander with a deformed claw-like right hand. {{cite book}}: |first2= has generic name (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) ^ Time Masters: Vanishing Point #1 (September 2010) ^ Dark Nights: Death Metal #5. DC Comics. ^ http://www.fortunecity.com/tatooine/niven/142/recycleb/rb46.html"Claw the Unconquered: Cliche and the Perfect Genre Piece": An Essay on Claw the Unconquered #1 ^ Red Sonja #36 (2008) External links The Unofficial Guide to the DC Universe Claw (Valcan) The Unofficial Guide to the DC Universe Claw (John Chan)
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This series tried to wrap up the story of Claw.","title":"Publication history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dc-ency-1"},{"link_name":"Starfire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Starfire_(Star_Hunters)"},{"link_name":"Earth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth"}],"text":"The adventures of Claw, whose real name was Valcan, took place \"in the realm of Pytharia\" in a vaguely defined setting which resembled Earth's prehistory. His first adventure pitted him against \"Occulas of the Yellow Eye\", an evil sorcerer and king who was revealed to have murdered Claw's father, who had also had a deformed hand like his son. Occulas had received a prophecy which predicted that a claw-handed man would defeat him, and that prophecy became his reason for persecuting Valcan and his father.[1]Claw's origin was revealed in #9, where Valcan learns that his family is cursed to have demon hands throughout their bloodline as a result of a deal his father made with demons.In later stories it was revealed that Claw existed on the same world (Pytharia) as the original Starfire, which is apparently not Earth. Both Starfire and Claw were revealed as two of the \"eternal champions of the Sornaii\". The implications of this revelation were never explored, as the series ended in a cliffhanger.","title":"Fictional character biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Wonder Woman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wonder_Woman"},{"link_name":"Stalker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stalker_(comics)"},{"link_name":"Beowulf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beowulf_(DC_Comics)"}],"sub_title":"Wonder Woman","text":"Claw's first in-continuity appearance in over twenty years occurs in Wonder Woman #21 (August 2008), where Wonder Woman and Stalker recruit Claw and Beowulf for a mission to slay the Demon Lord Dgrth.","title":"Fictional character biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Prometheus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prometheus_(DC_Comics)"},{"link_name":"Firestorm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firestorm_(comics)"},{"link_name":"Justice League: Cry for Justice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justice_League:_Cry_for_Justice"}],"sub_title":"Justice League: Cry for Justice","text":"Prometheus uses a missile derived from one of Claw's gauntlets (described as originating \"circa 13,902 BC\") to neutralize Firestorm in Justice League: Cry for Justice #6 (March 2010).","title":"Fictional character biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rip Hunter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rip_Hunter"},{"link_name":"Rip Hunter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rip_Hunter"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"sub_title":"Time Masters: Vanishing Point","text":"See also: Rip HunterValcan returns in Time Masters: Vanishing Point #1 where he meets Rip Hunter.[3]","title":"Fictional character biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dark Nights: Death Metal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dark_Nights:_Death_Metal"},{"link_name":"Batman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batman"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"sub_title":"DC Universe","text":"In the pages of \"Dark Nights: Death Metal\", Claw the Unconquered is among the superheroes revived by Batman using a Black Lantern ring.[4]","title":"Fictional character biography"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Claw the Unconquered is an expert swordsman. He also wields a magical claw on his right arm.","title":"Powers and abilities"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Other versions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Primal Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primal_Force"},{"link_name":"superhero","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superhero"},{"link_name":"Steven Seagle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steven_Seagle"},{"link_name":"Hong Kong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong"}],"sub_title":"John Chan","text":"See also: Primal ForceAnother version of Claw is a superhero character created by Steven Seagle and Ken Hooper. He first appeared in Primal Force #1 (October 1994). An Asian youth from Hong Kong, this Claw has no direct ties to the original Claw, although he bears an identical misshapen hand. Claw's real name was John Chan. Chan became the Claw after buying an ancient suit of armour and sword. The Claw of Pytharia, which had been dormant in one of the gauntlets, cut off his hand with the sword and grafted itself in place. The demonic spirit of the claw increased his fighting skills, but made it difficult for him to control his anger. John Chan was a member of Primal Force throughout that series's 15 issue run.","title":"Other versions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sandman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandman_(DC_Comics)"},{"link_name":"Starman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Starman_(Jack_Knight)"}],"sub_title":"Swamp Thing","text":"Alternate versions of Claw have had cameo appearances in titles such as Sandman #52 (1993), Swamp Thing #163 (1996) and Starman (vol. 2) #55 (1999).","title":"Other versions"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Jimlee_redsonja-claw-04.jpg"},{"link_name":"Jim Lee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Lee"},{"link_name":"Red Sonja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Sonja"},{"link_name":"Dark Horse Comics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dark_Horse_Comics"},{"link_name":"Dynamite Entertainment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynamite_Entertainment"},{"link_name":"Wildstorm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildstorm"},{"link_name":"crossover","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fictional_crossover"},{"link_name":"limited series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limited_series_(comics)"},{"link_name":"John Layman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Layman"},{"link_name":"Chuck Dixon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuck_Dixon"},{"link_name":"Marvel Comics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marvel_Comics"},{"link_name":"Hyborian Age","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyborian_Age"},{"link_name":"Marvel Universe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marvel_Universe"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"sub_title":"Red Sonja","text":"Red Sonja /Claw The Unconquered: Devil's Hands #4, variant cover by Jim Lee.See also: Red SonjaIn 2006, with the popularity of sword and sorcery comics once again resurgent due to revivals of Conan by Dark Horse Comics and of Red Sonja by Dynamite Entertainment, DC began to publish new Claw material through their Wildstorm imprint. The character first returned in Red Sonja /Claw The Unconquered: Devil's Hands (March 2006), a crossover limited series featuring Red Sonja which is co-published by Dynamite Entertainment and written by John Layman and pencilled by Andy Smith. A new Wildstorm Claw the Unconquered regular monthly title by writer Chuck Dixon and penciller Andy Smith debuted in June 2006. As of December 2006, the Claw monthly series has apparently run its course, ending with this version of Claw enslaved by demons from hell or a parallel universe, and the whole world doomed to demonic possession. The series gives Claw's full name as Valcan Scaramax. Claw either wandered back to his own world of Pytharia, or into some other world entirely, as nothing in the Claw series from Dynamite bore any connection to Howard's Hyborian realms.It is unclear if the new Wildstorm Claw stories feature the original 1970s version of the character or whether they adhere to a new continuity. Red Sonja's current iteration is supposed to be consistent with her 1970s Marvel Comics continuity, and the direct connection between Claw's revival and the crossover with Sonja seems to indicate that these new stories occur on Hyborian Age Earth (where Sonja's stories are clearly intended to occur). Strictly speaking, the crossover also means that this version of Claw co-exists with Conan (and indeed the Marvel Universe, as Sonja's original appearances did), though it is unlikely that those connections were ever intended or will ever be acknowledged.[5]With the Red Sonja book shifting of several years to tell the story of a new Red Sonja, a descendant of the previous one sharing the soul of the departed character, a new Claw appears: Osin, a former ally of Red Sonja, accepting the Curse of Claw, and the partial merge with the Jullah demonic entity, in exchange for being able to locate, train, and protect the new incarnation of her friend.[6]","title":"Other versions"}]
[{"image_text":"Red Sonja /Claw The Unconquered: Devil's Hands #4, variant cover by Jim Lee.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b6/Jimlee_redsonja-claw-04.jpg/165px-Jimlee_redsonja-claw-04.jpg"}]
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[{"reference":"Wallace, Dan (2008), \"Claw the Unconquered\", in Dougall, Alastair (ed.), The DC Comics Encyclopedia, New York: Dorling Kindersley, p. 84, ISBN 978-0-7566-4119-1, OCLC 213309017","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorling_Kindersley","url_text":"Dorling Kindersley"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7566-4119-1","url_text":"978-0-7566-4119-1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/213309017","url_text":"213309017"}]},{"reference":"McAvennie, Michael; Dolan, Hannah, ed. (2010). \"1970s\". DC Comics Year By Year A Visual Chronicle. Dorling Kindersley. p. 163. ISBN 978-0-7566-6742-9. David Michelinie's pen and Ernie Chan's pencils and inks provided the magic for this fantasy series that introduced Claw the Unconquered, a barbaric outlander with a deformed claw-like right hand.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorling_Kindersley","url_text":"Dorling Kindersley"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7566-6742-9","url_text":"978-0-7566-6742-9"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lower_Kuttanad
Lower Kuttanad
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This article does not cite any sources. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Lower Kuttanad" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (May 2009) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Village in Kerala, IndiaLower KuttanadvillageCountry IndiaStateKeralaDistrictAlappuzhaLanguages • OfficialMalayalam, EnglishTime zoneUTC+5:30 (IST)Vehicle registrationKL-Coastline0 kilometres (0 mi)ClimateTropical monsoon (Köppen)Avg. summer temperature35 °C (95 °F)Avg. winter temperature20 °C (68 °F) Lower Kuttanad comprises taluks of Ambalapuzha, Kuttanad (excluding Edathua, Thalavady and Muttar villages) and northern half of Karthikapally taluk in Alappuzha district, Kerala, India. This article related to a location in Alappuzha district, Kerala, India is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Professional_Football_Association
National Football League
["1 History","1.1 Founding and history","1.2 Season and playoff development","2 Corporate structure","3 Clubs","4 Season format","4.1 Preseason","4.2 Regular season","4.3 Postseason","5 Trophies and awards","5.1 Team trophies","5.2 Player and coach awards","6 Media coverage","7 Draft","8 Free agency","9 See also","10 References","10.1 Explanatory notes","10.2 Citations","10.3 Bibliography","11 External links"]
Professional American football league "NFL" redirects here. For other leagues of the same name and other uses, see National Football League (disambiguation) and NFL (disambiguation). National Football LeagueCurrent season, competition or edition: 2024 NFL seasonFormerlyAmerican Professional Football Conference (1920)American Professional Football Association(1920–1921)SportAmerican footballFoundedSeptember 17, 1920 (103 years ago) (1920-09-17)Canton, Ohio, U.S.First season1920CommissionerRoger GoodellNo. of teams32CountryUnited StatesHeadquarters345 Park Avenue (New York City)Most recentchampion(s)Kansas City Chiefs(4th title)Most titlesGreen Bay Packers(13 titles)TV partner(s)United States:CBSFoxNBCESPN (ABC, ESPN2)NFL NetworkTelemundo DeportesESPN DeportesInternational:See listStreaming partner(s)United States:Paramount+PeacockESPN+AmazonNetflixInternational:DAZNOfficial websiteNFL.com The National Football League (NFL) is a professional American football league that consists of 32 teams, divided equally between the American Football Conference (AFC) and the National Football Conference (NFC). The NFL is one of the major professional sports leagues in the United States and Canada and the highest professional level of American football in the world. Each NFL season begins annually with a three-week preseason in August, followed by the 18-week regular season which runs from early September to early January, with each team playing 17 games and having one bye week. Following the conclusion of the regular season, seven teams from each conference (four division winners and three wild card teams) advance to the playoffs, a single-elimination tournament that culminates in the Super Bowl, which is contested in February and is played between the winners of the AFC and NFC championship games. The NFL was formed in 1920 as the American Professional Football Association (APFA) before renaming itself the National Football League for the 1922 season. After initially determining champions through end-of-season standings, a playoff system was implemented in 1933 that culminated with the NFL Championship Game until 1966. Following an agreement to merge the NFL with the rival American Football League (AFL), the Super Bowl was first held in 1967 to determine a champion between the best teams from the two leagues and has remained as the final game of each NFL season since the merger was completed in 1970. The NFL is the wealthiest professional sports league in the world by revenue and the sports league with the most valuable teams. The NFL also has the highest average attendance (67,591) of any professional sports league in the world and is the most popular sports league in the United States. The Super Bowl is also among the biggest club sporting events in the world, with the individual games accounting for many of the most watched television programs in American history and all occupying the Nielsen's top 5 tally of the all-time most watched U.S. television broadcasts by 2015. The NFL is headquartered in Midtown Manhattan. The Green Bay Packers hold the most combined NFL championships with thirteen, winning nine titles before the Super Bowl era and four Super Bowls afterwards. Since the creation of the Super Bowl, the New England Patriots and Pittsburgh Steelers are tied for the most Super Bowl victories at six each. The reigning league champions are the Kansas City Chiefs, who defeated the San Francisco 49ers by a score of 25–22 in Super Bowl LVIII. History Main articles: Ohio League, History of the National Football League, and History of American football Founding and history "American Professional Football Association" redirects here. For the similarly-named minor professional league of the 1930s, see Midwest Football League (1935–1940). On August 20, 1920, a meeting was held by representatives of the Akron Pros, Canton Bulldogs, Cleveland Indians, and Dayton Triangles at the Jordan and Hupmobile auto showroom in Canton, Ohio. This meeting resulted in the formation of the American Professional Football Conference (APFC), a group who, according to the Canton Evening Repository, intended to "raise the standard of professional football in every way possible, to eliminate bidding for players between rival clubs and to secure cooperation in the formation of schedules". A second meeting was held on September 17, 1920, with representatives from teams within four states: Akron, Canton, Cleveland, and Dayton from Ohio; the Hammond Pros and Muncie Flyers from Indiana; the Rochester Jeffersons from New York; and the Rock Island Independents, Decatur Staleys, and Racine (Chicago) Cardinals from Illinois. The league was renamed to the American Professional Football Association (APFA). The league elected Jim Thorpe as its first president, and consisted of 14 teams (the Buffalo All-Americans, Chicago Tigers, Columbus Panhandles and Detroit Heralds joined the league during the year). The Massillon Tigers from Massillon, Ohio was also at the September 17 meeting, but did not field a team in 1920. Only two of these teams, the Decatur Staleys (now the Chicago Bears) and the Chicago Cardinals (now the Arizona Cardinals), remain in the NFL. The Akron Pros won the first APFA (NFL) Championship in 1920. Although the league did not maintain official standings for its 1920 inaugural season and teams played schedules that included non-league opponents, the APFA awarded the Akron Pros the championship by virtue of their 8–0–3 record. The first event occurred on September 26, 1920, when the Rock Island Independents defeated the non-league St. Paul Ideals 48–0 at Douglas Park. On October 3, 1920, the first full week of league play occurred. The following season resulted in the Chicago Staleys controversially winning the title over the Buffalo All-Americans. On June 24, 1922, the APFA changed its name to the National Football League (NFL). In 1932, the season ended with the Chicago Bears (6–1–6) and the Portsmouth Spartans (6–1–4) tied for first in the league standings. At the time, teams were ranked on a single table and the team with the highest winning percentage (not including ties, which were not counted towards the standings) at the end of the season was declared the champion; the only tiebreaker was that in the event of a tie if two teams played twice in a season, the result of the second game determined the title (the source of the 1921 controversy). This method had been used since the league's creation in 1920, but no situation had been encountered where two teams were tied for first. The league quickly determined that a playoff game between Chicago and Portsmouth was needed to decide the league's champion. The teams were originally scheduled to play the playoff game, officially a regular-season game that would count towards the regular season standings, at Wrigley Field in Chicago, but a combination of heavy snow and extreme cold forced the game to be moved indoors to Chicago Stadium, which did not have a regulation-size football field. Playing with altered rules to accommodate the smaller playing field, the Bears won the game 9–0 and thus won the championship. Fan interest in the de facto championship game led the NFL, beginning in 1933, to split into two divisions with a championship game to be played between the division champions. The 1934 season also marked the first of twelve seasons in which African Americans were absent from the league. The de facto ban was rescinded in 1946, following public pressure and coinciding with the removal of a similar ban in Major League Baseball. The NFL was always the largest professional football league in the United States; it nevertheless faced numerous rival professional leagues through the 1930s and 1940s. Rival leagues included at least three separate American Football Leagues and the All-America Football Conference (AAFC), on top of various regional leagues of varying caliber. Three NFL teams trace their histories to these rival leagues; the Los Angeles Rams who came from a 1936 iteration of the American Football League, and the Cleveland Browns and San Francisco 49ers, both from the AAFC. By the 1950s, the NFL had an effective monopoly on professional football in the United States; its only competition in North America was the professional Canadian football circuit, which formally became the Canadian Football League (CFL) in 1958. With Canadian football being a different football code than the American game, the CFL established a niche market in Canada and still survives as an independent league. A new professional league, the fourth American Football League (AFL), began to play in 1960. The upstart AFL began to challenge the established NFL in popularity, gaining lucrative television contracts and engaging in a bidding war with the NFL for free agents and draft picks. The two leagues announced a merger on June 8, 1966, to take full effect in 1970. In the meantime, the leagues would hold a common draft and championship game. The game, the Super Bowl, was held four times before the merger, with the NFL winning Super Bowl I and Super Bowl II, and the AFL winning Super Bowl III and Super Bowl IV. After the league merged, it was reorganized into two conferences: the National Football Conference (NFC), consisting of most of the pre-merger NFL teams, and the American Football Conference (AFC), consisting of all of the AFL teams as well as three pre-merger NFL teams. Today, the NFL is the most popular sports league in North America – with much of the league's growth and popularity attributable to former Commissioner Pete Rozelle, who led the league from 1960 to 1989. Overall annual attendance increased from 3 million at the beginning of his tenure to 17 million by the end of his tenure, and 400 million global viewers watched 1989's Super Bowl XXIII. The NFL established NFL Properties in 1963. The league's licensing wing, NFL Properties, earns the league billions of dollars annually; Rozelle's tenure also marked the creation of NFL Charities and a national partnership with United Way. Paul Tagliabue was elected as commissioner to succeed Rozelle; his 17-year tenure, which ended in 2006, was marked by large increases in television contracts and the addition of four expansion teams, as well as the introduction of league initiatives to increase the number of minorities in league and team management roles. The league's current Commissioner, Roger Goodell, has focused on reducing the number of illegal hits and making the sport safer, mainly through fining or suspending players who break rules. These actions are among many the NFL is taking to reduce concussions and improve player safety. Prior to 2021, the NFL had utilized race-based adjustments of dementia claims in the $1 billion settlement of concussion claims, which had been criticized by critics before the NFL decided to end what was called "race-norming". On May 21, 2024, the NFL announced the NFL Source initiative, aimed at increasing the number of minority- and women-owned businesses that work with the league throughout the year. NFL Source will be mandatory for teams that host major events, such as the Super Bowl and the NFL Draft, and their organizing committees, but will be optional for other contracts at the team level. The NFL will partner with the U.S. Black Chambers, Inc to help local businesses across the country obtain the certifications necessary to do business with the league in furtherance of its efforts to increase partnerships with certified and underrepresented businesses that are 51% owned and operated or led by a veteran, woman, minority, person with disabilities or LGBTQ+. Season and playoff development Main article: List of National Football League seasons From 1920 to 1934, the NFL did not have a set number of games for teams to play, instead setting a minimum. The league mandated a twelve-game regular season for each team beginning in 1935, later shortening this to eleven games in 1937 and ten games in 1943, mainly due to World War II. After the war ended, the number of games returned to eleven games in 1946, and later back to twelve in 1947. The NFL went to a 14-game schedule in 1961, which it retained until switching to a 16-game schedule in 1978. In March 2021, the NFL officially adopted a 17-game schedule after gaining the agreement of the National Football League Players Association (NFLPA). Having an odd number of games in the schedule will give half the teams nine games as the home team, while half the teams have only eight home games. To minimize the perceived benefit on competition of having more home games, the extra home game will be rotated between the two conferences each year. This is because playoff berths are allocated at the conference level, so all teams within the conference will have played the same number of home games. The NFL operated in a two-conference system from 1933 to 1966, where the champions of each conference would meet in the NFL Championship Game. If two teams tied for the conference lead, they would meet in a one-game playoff to determine the conference champion. In 1967, the NFL expanded from 15 teams to 16 teams. Instead of just evening out the conferences by adding the expansion New Orleans Saints to the seven-member Western Conference, the NFL realigned the conferences and split each into two four-team divisions. The four division champions would meet in the NFL playoffs, a two-round playoff. The NFL also operated the Playoff Bowl (officially the Bert Bell Benefit Bowl) from 1960 to 1969. Effectively, a third-place game, pitting the two conference runners-up against each other, the league considers Playoff Bowls to have been exhibitions rather than playoff games. The league discontinued the Playoff Bowl in 1970 due to its perception as a game for losers. Following the addition of the former AFL teams into the NFL in 1970, the NFL split into two conferences with three divisions each. The expanded league, now with twenty-six teams, would also feature an expanded eight-team playoff, the participants being the three division champions from each conference as well as one 'wild card' team (the team with the best win percentage that did not win its division) from each conference. In 1978, the league added a second wild card team from each conference, bringing the total number of playoff teams to ten, and a further two wild card teams were added in 1990 to bring the total to twelve. When the NFL expanded to 32 teams in 2002, the league realigned, changing the division structure from three divisions in each conference to four divisions in each conference. As each division champion gets a playoff bid, the number of wild card teams from each conference dropped from three to two. The playoffs expanded again in 2020, adding two more wild card teams to bring the total to 14 playoff teams. Corporate structure See also: Commissioner of the NFL Roger Goodell, National Football League Commissioner since 2006 (pictured in 2012) At the corporate level, the National Football League considers itself a trade association made up of and financed by its 32 member teams. Up until 2015, the league was an unincorporated nonprofit 501(c)(6) association. Section 501(c)(6) of the Internal Revenue Code provides an exemption from federal income taxation for "Business leagues, chambers of commerce, real-estate boards, boards of trade, or professional football leagues (whether or not administering a pension fund for football players), not organized for profit and no part of the net earnings of which inures to the benefit of any private shareholder or individual." In contrast, each individual team, with the exception of the non-profit Green Bay Packers, is subject to tax because they make a profit. In 2015, the NFL gave up its tax-exempt status following public criticism; in a letter to the club owners, Commissioner Roger Goodell labeled it a "distraction", saying "the effects of the tax-exempt status of the league office have been mischaracterized repeatedly in recent years… Every dollar of income generated through television rights fees, licensing agreements, sponsorships, ticket sales, and other means is earned by the 32 clubs and is taxable there. This will remain the case even when the league office and Management Council file returns as taxable entities, and the change in filing status will make no material difference to our business." As a result, the league office might owe around US$10 million in income taxes, but it is no longer required to disclose the salaries of its executive officers. The league has three defined officers: the commissioner, secretary, and treasurer. Each conference has one defined officer, the president, which is essentially an honorary position with few powers and mostly ceremonial duties, including awarding the conference championship trophy. The commissioner is elected by the affirmative vote of two-thirds or eighteen (whichever is greater) of the members of the league, while the president of each conference is elected by an affirmative vote of three-fourths or 10 of the conference members. The commissioner appoints the secretary and treasurer and has broad authority in disputes between clubs, players, coaches, and employees. He is the "principal executive officer" of the NFL and also has authority in hiring league employees, negotiating television contracts, disciplining individuals that own part or all of an NFL team, clubs, or employed individuals of an NFL club if they have violated league by-laws or committed "conduct detrimental to the welfare of the League or professional football". The commissioner can, in the event of misconduct by a party associated with the league, suspend individuals, hand down a fine of up to US$500,000, cancel contracts with the league, and award or strip teams of draft picks. In extreme cases, the commissioner can offer recommendations to the NFL's executive committee, up to and including the "cancellation or forfeiture" of a club's franchise or any other action, he deems necessary. The commissioner can also issue sanctions up to and including a lifetime ban from the league if an individual connected to the NFL has bet on games or failed to notify the league of conspiracies or plans to bet on or fix games. The current Commissioner of the National Football League is Roger Goodell, who was elected in 2006 after Paul Tagliabue, the previous commissioner, retired. Clubs See also: List of defunct NFL franchises, Timeline of the National Football League, and NFL franchise moves and mergers Bills Dolphins Patriots Jets Ravens Bengals Browns Steelers Texans Colts Titans Broncos Chiefs Chargers Raiders Cowboys Giants Eagles Commanders Bears Lions Packers Vikings Falcons Panthers Saints Buccaneers Jaguars Cardinals Rams 49ers Seahawks The NFL consists of 32 clubs divided into two conferences of 16 teams each. Each conference is divided into four divisions of four clubs each. During the regular season, each team is allowed a maximum of 55 players on its roster; only 48 of these may be active (eligible to play) on game days. Each team can also have a sixteen-player practice squad separate from its main roster. Each NFL club is granted a franchise, the league's authorization for the team to operate in its home city. This franchise covers 'Home Territory' (the 75 miles surrounding the city limits, or, if the team is within 100 miles of another league city, half the distance between the two cities) and 'Home Marketing Area' (Home Territory plus the rest of the state the club operates in, as well as the area the team operates its training camp in for the duration of the camp). Each NFL member has the exclusive right to host professional football games inside its Home Territory and the exclusive right to advertise, promote, and host events in its Home Marketing Area. There are a couple of exceptions to this rule, mostly relating to teams with close proximity to each other: teams that operate in the same city (e.g. New York City and Los Angeles) or the same state (e.g. California, Florida, and Texas) share the rights to the city's Home Territory and the state's Home Marketing Area, respectively. According to Forbes, the Dallas Cowboys, at approximately US$8 billion, are the most valuable NFL franchise and the most valuable sports team in the world. 26 of the 32 NFL teams rank among the Top 50 most valuable sports teams in the world; and 16 of the NFL's owners are listed on the Forbes 400, the most of any sports league or organization. Key Symbol Meaning * Club has relocated at some point in its existence † Club was a founding member of the NFL National Football League clubs Conference Division Club City Stadium Capacity Firstseason Headcoach AFC East Buffalo Bills Orchard Park, NY Highmark Stadium 71,608 1960 (AFL)1970 (NFL) Sean McDermott Miami Dolphins Miami Gardens, FL Hard Rock Stadium 64,767 1966 (AFL)1970 (NFL) Mike McDaniel New England Patriots Foxborough, MA Gillette Stadium 65,878 1960 (AFL)1970 (NFL) Jerod Mayo New York Jets East Rutherford, NJ MetLife Stadium 82,500 1960 (AFL)1970 (NFL) Robert Saleh North Baltimore Ravens Baltimore, MD M&T Bank Stadium 71,008 1996 John Harbaugh Cincinnati Bengals Cincinnati, OH Paycor Stadium 65,515 1968 (AFL)1970 (NFL) Zac Taylor Cleveland Browns Cleveland, OH Cleveland Browns Stadium 67,895 1946 (AAFC)1950 (NFL) Kevin Stefanski Pittsburgh Steelers Pittsburgh, PA Acrisure Stadium 68,400 1933 Mike Tomlin South Houston Texans Houston, TX NRG Stadium 71,995 2002 DeMeco Ryans Indianapolis Colts* Indianapolis, IN Lucas Oil Stadium 63,000 1953 Shane Steichen Jacksonville Jaguars Jacksonville, FL EverBank Stadium 67,814 1995 Doug Pederson Tennessee Titans* Nashville, TN Nissan Stadium 69,143 1960 (AFL)1970 (NFL) Brian Callahan West Denver Broncos Denver, CO Empower Field at Mile High 76,125 1960 (AFL)1970 (NFL) Sean Payton Kansas City Chiefs* Kansas City, MO GEHA Field at Arrowhead Stadium 76,416 1960 (AFL)1970 (NFL) Andy Reid Las Vegas Raiders* Paradise, NV Allegiant Stadium 65,000 1960 (AFL)1970 (NFL) Antonio Pierce Los Angeles Chargers* Inglewood, CA SoFi Stadium 70,240 1960 (AFL)1970 (NFL) Jim Harbaugh NFC East Dallas Cowboys Arlington, TX AT&T Stadium 80,000 1960 Mike McCarthy New York Giants East Rutherford, NJ MetLife Stadium 82,500 1925 Brian Daboll Philadelphia Eagles Philadelphia, PA Lincoln Financial Field 69,176 1933 Nick Sirianni Washington Commanders* Landover, MD FedExField 62,000 1932 Dan Quinn North Chicago Bears† Chicago, IL Soldier Field 61,500 1920 Matt Eberflus Detroit Lions* Detroit, MI Ford Field 65,000 1930 Dan Campbell Green Bay Packers Green Bay, WI Lambeau Field 81,441 1921 Matt LaFleur Minnesota Vikings Minneapolis, MN U.S. Bank Stadium 66,860 1961 Kevin O'Connell South Atlanta Falcons Atlanta, GA Mercedes-Benz Stadium 71,000 1966 Raheem Morris Carolina Panthers Charlotte, NC Bank of America Stadium 75,523 1995 Dave Canales New Orleans Saints New Orleans, LA Caesars Superdome 73,208 1967 Dennis Allen Tampa Bay Buccaneers Tampa, FL Raymond James Stadium 65,618 1976 Todd Bowles West Arizona Cardinals*† Glendale, AZ State Farm Stadium 63,400 1920 Jonathan Gannon Los Angeles Rams* Inglewood, CA SoFi Stadium 70,240 1936 (AFL)1937 (NFL) Sean McVay San Francisco 49ers Santa Clara, CA Levi's Stadium 68,500 1946 (AAFC)1950 (NFL) Kyle Shanahan Seattle Seahawks Seattle, WA Lumen Field 69,000 1976 Mike Macdonald Season format Main article: List of NFL seasons The NFL season format consists of a three-week preseason, an 18-week regular season (each team plays 17 games), and a 14-team single-elimination playoff culminating in the Super Bowl, the league's championship game. Preseason Main article: NFL preseason The NFL preseason begins with the Pro Football Hall of Fame Game, played at Tom Benson Hall of Fame Stadium in Canton. Each NFL team is required to schedule three preseason games. NFC teams must play at least two of these at home in odd numbered years and AFC teams must play at least two at home in even numbered years. However, the teams involved in the Hall of Fame game, as well as any team that played in an American Bowl game, play four preseason games. Preseason games are exhibition matches and do not count towards regular-season totals. Because the preseason does not count towards standings, teams generally do not focus on winning games; instead, they are used by coaches to evaluate their teams and by players to show their performance, both to their current team and to other teams if they get cut. The quality of preseason games has been criticized by some fans, who dislike having to pay full price for exhibition games, as well as by some players and coaches, who dislike the risk of injury the games have, while others have felt the preseason is a necessary part of the NFL season. Regular season Main article: NFL regular season AFC team standings POS AFC East AFC North AFC South AFC West 1st Bills Bengals Titans Chiefs 2nd Patriots Steelers Colts Raiders 3rd Dolphins Browns Texans Chargers 4th Jets Ravens Jaguars Broncos NFC team standings POS NFC East NFC North NFC South NFC West 1st Cowboys Packers Buccaneers Rams 2nd Eagles Vikings Saints Cardinals 3rd Commanders Bears Falcons 49ers 4th Giants Lions Panthers Seahawks This chart of the 2021 season standings displays an application of the NFL scheduling formula. The Rams in 2021 (highlighted in green) finished in first place in the NFC West. Thus, in 2022, the Rams played two games against each of its division rivals (highlighted in light blue), one game against each team in the NFC South and AFC West (highlighted in yellow), one game each against the first-place finishers in the NFC East and NFC North (highlighted in orange) and one game against the team who finished first in the AFC East (highlighted in pink). Currently, the 14 opponents each team faces over the 17-game regular season schedule are set using a pre-determined formula: The league runs an 18-week, 272-game regular season. Since 2021, the season has begun the week after Labor Day (the first Monday in September) and concluded the week after New Year. The opening game of the season is normally a home game on a Thursday for the league's defending champion. Most NFL games are played on Sundays, with a Monday night game typically held at least once a week and Thursday night games occurring on most weeks as well. NFL games are not normally played on Fridays or Saturdays until late in the regular season, as federal law prohibits professional football leagues from competing with college or high school football. Because high school and college teams typically play games on Friday and Saturday, respectively, the NFL cannot hold games on those days until the Friday before the third Saturday in December. While Saturday games late in the season are common, the league rarely holds Friday games, the most recent one being on Christmas Day in 2020. NFL games are rarely scheduled for Tuesday or Wednesday, and those days have only been used three times since 1948: in 2010, when a Sunday game was rescheduled to Tuesday due to a blizzard; in 2012, when the Kickoff game was moved from Thursday to Wednesday to avoid conflict with the Democratic National Convention; and in 2020, when a game was postponed from Sunday to Tuesday due to players testing positive for COVID-19. NFL regular season matchups are determined according to a scheduling formula. Within a division, all four teams play 14 out of their 17 games against common opponents or each other– two games (home and away) are played against the other three teams in the division, while one game is held against all the members of a division from the NFC and a division from the AFC as determined by a rotating cycle (three years for the conference the team is in, and four years in the conference they are not in). Two of the other games are intraconference games, determined by the standings of the previous year – for example, if a team finishes first in its division, it will play two other first-place teams in its conference, while a team that finishes last would play two other last-place teams in the conference. The final game is an inter-conference based on a rotating cycle and determined by previous season's standings. In total, each team plays 17 games and has one bye week, where it does not play a game. Although a team's home and away opponents are known by the end of the previous year's regular season, the exact dates and times for NFL games are not determined until much later because the league has to account for, among other things, the Major League Baseball postseason and local events that could pose a scheduling conflict with NFL games. During the 2010 season, over 500,000 potential schedules were created by computers, 5,000 of which were considered "playable schedules" and were reviewed by the NFL's scheduling team. After arriving at what they felt was the best schedule out of the group, nearly 50 more potential schedules were developed to try to ensure that the chosen schedule would be the best possible one. Postseason Main articles: NFL playoffs, Pro Bowl, and Super Bowl Following the conclusion of the regular season, the NFL Playoffs, a 14-team single-elimination tournament, is then held. Seven teams are selected from each conference: the winners of each of the four divisions as well as three wild card teams (the three remaining teams with the best overall record, with tiebreakers in the event of two or more teams having the same record). These teams are seeded according to overall record and tiebreakers, with the division champions always ranking higher than the wild card teams. The top team (seeded one) from each conference are awarded a bye week, while the remaining six teams (seeded 2–7) from each conference compete in the first round of the playoffs, the Wild Card round, with the 2-seed competing against the 7-seed, the 3-seed competing against the 6-seed and the 4-seed competing against the 5-seed. The winners of the Wild Card round advance to the Divisional Round, which matches the lower seeded team against the 1-seed and the two remaining teams against each other. The winners of those games then compete in the Conference Championships, with the higher remaining seed hosting the lower remaining seed. The AFC and NFC champions then compete in the Super Bowl to determine the league champion. The only other postseason event hosted by the NFL is the Pro Bowl, the league's all-star game. Since 2009, the Pro Bowl has been held the week before the Super Bowl; in previous years, the game was held the week following the Super Bowl, but in an effort to boost ratings, the game was moved to the week before. Because of this, players from the teams participating in the Super Bowl are exempt from participating in the game. The Pro Bowl is not considered as competitive as a regular-season game because the biggest concern of teams is to avoid injuries to the players. Trophies and awards Main article: List of NFL awards Team trophies Main articles: Vince Lombardi Trophy, Ed Thorp Memorial Trophy, and Brunswick-Balke Collender Cup The National Football League has used three different trophies to honor its champion over its existence. The first trophy, the Brunswick-Balke Collender Cup, was donated to the NFL (then APFA) in 1920 by the Brunswick-Balke Collender Corporation. The trophy, the appearance of which is only known by its description as a "silver loving cup", was intended to be a traveling trophy and not to become permanent until a team had won at least three titles. The league awarded it to the Akron Pros, champions of the inaugural 1920 season; however, the trophy was discontinued and its current whereabouts are unknown. A second trophy, the Ed Thorp Memorial Trophy, was issued by the NFL from 1934 to 1967. The trophy's namesake, Ed Thorp, was a referee in the league and a friend to many early league owners; upon his death in 1934, the league created the trophy to honor him. In addition to the main trophy, which would be in the possession of the current league champion, the league issued a smaller replica trophy to each champion, who would maintain permanent control over it. The current location of the Ed Thorp Memorial Trophy, long thought to be lost, is believed to be possessed by the Green Bay Packers Hall of Fame. The current trophy of the NFL is the Vince Lombardi Trophy. The Super Bowl trophy was officially renamed in 1970 after Vince Lombardi, who as head coach led the Green Bay Packers to victories in the first two Super Bowls. Unlike the previous trophies, a new Vince Lombardi Trophy is issued to each year's champion, who maintains permanent control of it. Lombardi Trophies are made by Tiffany & Co. out of sterling silver and are worth anywhere from US$25,000 to US$300,000. Additionally, each player on the winning team as well as coaches and personnel are awarded Super Bowl rings to commemorate their victory. The winning team chooses the company that makes the rings; each ring design varies, with the NFL mandating certain ring specifications (which have a degree of room for deviation), in addition to requiring the Super Bowl logo be on at least one side of the ring. The losing team are also awarded rings, which must be no more than half as valuable as the winners' rings, but those are almost never worn. The conference champions receive trophies for their achievement. The champions of the NFC receive the George Halas Trophy, named after Chicago Bears founder George Halas, who is also considered one of the co-founders of the NFL. The AFC champions receive the Lamar Hunt Trophy, named after Lamar Hunt, the founder of the Kansas City Chiefs and the principal founder of the American Football League. Players on the winning team also receive a conference championship ring. Player and coach awards See also: Category:National Football League trophies and awards The NFL recognizes a number of awards for its players and coaches at its annual NFL Honors presentation. The most prestigious award is the AP Most Valuable Player (MVP) award. Other major awards include the AP Offensive Player of the Year, AP Defensive Player of the Year, AP Comeback Player of the Year, and the AP Offensive and Defensive Rookie of the Year awards. Another prestigious award is the Walter Payton Man of the Year Award, which recognizes a player's off-field work in addition to his on-field performance. The NFL Coach of the Year award is the highest coaching award. The NFL also gives out weekly awards such as the FedEx Air & Ground NFL Players of the Week and the Pepsi MAX NFL Rookie of the Week awards. Media coverage Main article: NFL on American television See also: List of current NFL broadcasters In the United States, the National Football League is televised on eight networks across seven media partners: ESPN/ABC, CBS, Fox, NBC, Prime Video, Netflix, and NFL Network. The league offers its media rights in packages of games to prospective media partners. The packages can vary depending on conference, broadcast time slot, or both. CBS televises afternoon games from the AFC package, and Fox carries afternoon games from the NFC package. These afternoon games are not carried on all affiliates, as multiple games are being played at once; each network affiliate is assigned one game per time slot, according to a complicated set of rules. Since 2011, the league has reserved the right to give Sunday games that, under the contract, would normally air on one network to the other network (known as "flexible scheduling"). The only way to legally watch a regionally televised game not being carried on the local network affiliates is to purchase NFL Sunday Ticket, the league's out-of-market sports package, which is available through YouTube TV starting with the 2023 season. The league also provides NFL RedZone, an omnibus telecast that cuts to the most relevant plays in each game, live as they happen. In addition to the regional games, the league also has packages of telecasts, mostly in prime time, that are carried nationwide. NBC broadcasts the primetime Sunday Night Football package, which includes the Thursday NFL Kickoff game that starts the regular season and a primetime Thanksgiving Day game. ESPN is the main broadcaster of the Monday Night Football package with ABC airing select games either exclusively or as a simulcast with ESPN. Amazon, through their Prime Video streaming service, is the exclusive carrier of the Thursday Night Football package. NFL Network, a U.S. pay cable channel owned by the league itself, broadcasts select games under the NFL Network Exclusive Game Series banner. Games under this banner usually consist of NFL International Series games and select Saturday games. In 2023, the NFL occupied the top three rates for a 30-second advertisement: $882,079 for Sunday Night Football, $562,524 for Monday Night Football, and $440,523 for Thursday Night Football. The league, in recent years, has expanded their televised broadcasts to over-the-top streaming services. Since 2022, Amazon holds the exclusive rights to broadcast the Thursday Night Football package. Prior to then, Amazon streamed games from the same package as part of a tri-cast model that saw games aired on broadcast television (initially through CBS and NBC, then later with Fox), cable television (through NFL Network), and digital streaming (through Prime Video). Amazon has also streamed games for free on Twitch since 2018. CBS streams its AFC package games on Paramount+ as a simulcast with its CBS broadcasts. NBC streams Sunday Night Football and select exclusive games on Peacock. ESPN streams its games on ESPN+ in simulcast with the broadcasts on ESPN and/or ABC. ESPN also holds exclusive rights to stream one Sunday morning international game on ESPN+. Beginning in 2024, Netflix holds the global streaming rights for at least one Christmas Day game every season as part of a three-year deal. The Super Bowl television rights are rotated on a four-year basis between CBS, Fox, NBC, and ESPN/ABC. The NFL's most recent contract negotiation for the media rights deal was announced on March 18, 2021, to take effect beginning in the 2023 season. The deal renewed previous rights agreements made by the NFL and each of its network partners to air their respective game packages, while awarding Amazon the Thursday Night Football package. ESPN/ABC is set to return to the Super Bowl broadcast rotation and will broadcast the Super Bowl on U.S. television in 2027, 21 years after airing its last Super Bowl, Super Bowl XL. Digital and streaming distribution was expanded to allow CBS, NBC, and ESPN/ABC to stream games on their respective over-the-top streaming services. For each of the packages the respective network partners currently hold, ESPN/ABC is paying US$2.7 billion a year; CBS, Fox, and NBC are each paying more than US$2 billion a year; and Amazon is paying US$1 billion a year. The current deal runs through the 2033 season. The league also has deals with Spanish-language broadcasters NBC Universo, Fox Deportes, and ESPN Deportes, which air Spanish language dubs of their respective English-language sister networks' games. The league's contracts do not cover preseason games, which individual teams are free to sell to local stations directly; a minority of preseason games are distributed among the league's national television partners. Through the 2014 season, the NFL had a blackout policy in which games were 'blacked out' on local television in the home team's area if the home stadium was not sold out. Clubs could elect to set this requirement at only 85%, but they would have to give more ticket revenue to the visiting team; teams could also request a specific exemption from the NFL for the game. The vast majority of NFL games were not blacked out; only 6% of games were blacked out during the 2011 season, and only two games were blacked out in 2013 and none in 2014. The NFL announced in March 2015 that it would suspend its blackout policy for at least the 2015 season. According to Nielsen, the NFL regular season since 2012 was watched by at least 200 million individuals, accounting for 80% of all television households in the United States and 69% of all potential viewers in the United States. NFL regular season games accounted for 31 out of the top 32 most-watched programs in the fall season and an NFL game ranked as the most-watched television show in all 17 weeks of the regular season. At the local level, NFL games were the highest-ranked shows in NFL markets 92% of the time. Super Bowls account for the 22 most-watched programs (based on total audience) in US history, including a record 167 million people that watched Super Bowl XLVIII, the conclusion to the 2013 season. In addition to radio networks run by each NFL team, select NFL games are broadcast nationally by Westwood One (known as Dial Global for the 2012 season). These games are broadcast on over 500 networks, giving all NFL markets access to each primetime game. The NFL's deal with Westwood One was extended in 2012 and continued through 2017. Other NFL games are nationally distributed by Compass Media Networks and Sports USA Radio Network under contracts with individual teams. Some broadcasting innovations have either been introduced or popularized during NFL telecasts. Among them, the Skycam camera system was used for the first time in a live telecast, at a 1984 preseason NFL game in San Diego between the Chargers and 49ers, and televised by CBS. Commentator John Madden famously used a telestrator during games between the early 1980s to the mid-2000s, boosting the device's popularity. Draft Main article: NFL draft Chicago Bears quarterback Caleb Williams, the first overall pick of the 2024 NFL draft Each April (excluding 2014 when it took place in May), the NFL holds a draft of college players. The draft consists of seven rounds, with each of the 32 clubs getting one pick in each round. The draft order for non-playoff teams is determined by regular-season record; among playoff teams, teams are first ranked by the furthest round of the playoffs they reached, and then are ranked by regular-season record. For example, any team that reached the divisional round will be given a higher pick than any team that reached the conference championships, but will be given a lower pick than any team that did not make the divisional round. The Super Bowl champion always drafts last, and the losing team from the Super Bowl always drafts next-to-last. All potential draftees must be at least three years removed from high school in order to be eligible for the draft. Underclassmen that have met that criterion to be eligible for the draft must write an application to the NFL by January 15 renouncing their remaining college eligibility. Clubs can trade away picks for future draft picks, but cannot trade the rights to players they have selected in previous drafts. Aside from the seven picks each club gets, compensatory draft picks are given to teams that have lost more compensatory free agents than they have gained. These are spread out from rounds 3 to 7, and a total of 32 are given. Clubs are required to make their selection within a certain period of time, the exact time depending on which round the pick is made in. If they fail to do so on time, the clubs behind them can begin to select their players in order, but they do not lose the pick outright. This happened in the 2003 draft, when the Minnesota Vikings failed to make their selection on time. The Jacksonville Jaguars and Carolina Panthers were able to make their picks before the Vikings were able to use theirs. Selected players are only allowed to negotiate contracts with the team that picked them, but if they choose not to sign they become eligible for the next year's draft. Under the current collective bargaining contract, all contracts to drafted players must be four-year deals with a club option for a fifth. Contracts themselves are limited to a certain amount of money, depending on the exact draft pick the player was selected with. Players who were draft eligible but not picked in the draft are free to sign with any club. The NFL operates several other drafts in addition to the NFL draft. The league holds a supplemental draft annually. Clubs submit emails to the league stating the player they wish to select and the round they will do so, and the team with the highest bid wins the rights to that player. The exact order is determined by a lottery held before the draft, and a successful bid for a player will result in the team forfeiting the rights to its pick in the equivalent round of the next NFL draft. Players are only eligible for the supplemental draft after being granted a petition for special eligibility. The league holds expansion drafts, the most recent happening in 2002 when the Houston Texans began play as an expansion team. Other drafts held by the league include an allocation draft in 1950 to allocate players from several teams that played in the dissolved All-America Football Conference and a supplemental draft in 1984 to give NFL teams the rights to players who had been eligible for the main draft but had not been drafted because they had signed contracts with the United States Football League or Canadian Football League. Like the other major sports leagues in the United States, the NFL maintains protocol for a disaster draft. In the event of a 'near disaster' (less than 15 players killed or disabled) that caused the club to lose a quarterback, they could draft one from a team with at least three quarterbacks. In the event of a 'disaster' (15 or more players killed or disabled) that results in a club's season being canceled, a restocking draft would be held. Neither of these protocols has ever had to be implemented. Free agency Free agents in the National Football League are divided into restricted free agents, who have three accrued seasons and whose current contract has expired, and unrestricted free agents, who have four or more accrued seasons and whose contract has expired. An accrued season is defined as "six or more regular-season games on a club's active/inactive, reserved/injured or reserve/physically unable to perform lists". Restricted free agents are allowed to negotiate with other clubs besides their former club, but the former club has the right to match any offer. If they choose not to, they are compensated with draft picks. Unrestricted free agents are free to sign with any club, and no compensation is owed if they sign with a different club. Clubs are given one franchise tag to offer to any unrestricted free agent. The franchise tag is a one-year deal that pays the player 120% of his previous contract or no less than the average of the five highest-paid players at his position, whichever is greater. There are two types of franchise tags: exclusive tags, which do not allow the player to negotiate with other clubs, and non-exclusive tags, which allow the player to negotiate with other clubs but gives his former club the right to match any offer and two first-round draft picks if they decline to match it. Clubs also have the option to use a transition tag, which is similar to the non-exclusive franchise tag but offers no compensation if the former club refuses to match the offer. Due to that stipulation, the transition tag is rarely used, even with the removal of the "poison pill" strategy (offering a contract with stipulations that the former club would be unable to match) that essentially ended the usage of the tag league-wide. Each club is subject to a salary cap, which is set at US$188.2 million for the 2019 season, US$11 million more than that of 2018. Members of clubs' practice squads, despite being paid by and working for their respective clubs, are also simultaneously a kind of free agent and are able to sign to any other club's active roster (provided their new club is not their previous club's next opponent within a set number of days) without compensation to their previous club; practice squad players cannot be signed to other clubs' practice squads, however, unless released by their original club first. See also American football portalUnited States portal American football in the United States List of NFL champions (1920–1969) List of Super Bowl champions (1966–present) National Football League (1902) National Football League All-Decade Teams National Football League Cheerleading National Football League controversies National Football League franchise moves and mergers National Football League records National Football League 75th Anniversary All-Time Team National Football League 100th Anniversary All-Time Team NFL Europe NFL Films International Player Pathway Program (IPPP) List of NFL franchise owners List of Pro Football Hall of Fame inductees List of NFL players with chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE) References Explanatory notes ^ All teams are based in the United States, but several preseason and regular season games have been held internationally. ^ a b The New York Jets and New York Giants share MetLife Stadium. ^ a b Due to an agreement with the city of Cleveland as part of the Cleveland Browns relocation controversy, the Browns name, colors, and team history/records were left in Cleveland, while the team, personnel, and staff were allowed to move to Baltimore what was considered a new franchise. As such, the Ravens are considered to have begun play in 1996 while the current Cleveland Browns are considered to have been founded in 1946, joined the NFL in 1950, became inactive from 1996 to 1998, and resumed play in 1999. ^ The Jacksonville Jaguars began playing one home game each season at Wembley Stadium in London, England in 2013, and will continue to do so through 2020. In 2020, the Jaguars were originally scheduled to play two home games at Wembley Stadium, but the plans were cancelled due to the COVID-19 pandemic. ^ a b The Los Angeles Chargers and Los Angeles Rams share SoFi Stadium. Citations ^ Battista, Judy (September 16, 2020). "Remembering the NFL's humble origins on its 100th birthday". NFL.com. NFL Enterprises. Retrieved March 4, 2022. ^ "NFL founded in Canton". ProFootballHOF.com. Pro Football Hall of Fame. January 1, 2005. Retrieved March 4, 2022. ^ "League Address". Support.NFL.com. NFL Enterprises, LLC. Retrieved May 6, 2024. ^ Gordon, Grant (March 18, 2021). 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Official website Pro Football Reference – historical stats of teams, players and coaches in the NFL Jared Dubin (April 28, 2015), "NFL ends tax exempt status after 73 years: 3 things to know", CBS Sports vteNational Football League2023 seasonAmericanFootballConferenceEastNorthSouthWest Buffalo Bills Miami Dolphins New England Patriots New York Jets Baltimore Ravens Cincinnati Bengals Cleveland Browns Pittsburgh Steelers Houston Texans Indianapolis Colts Jacksonville Jaguars Tennessee Titans Denver Broncos Kansas City Chiefs Las Vegas Raiders Los Angeles Chargers NationalFootballConferenceEastNorthSouthWest Dallas Cowboys New York Giants Philadelphia Eagles Washington Commanders Chicago Bears Detroit Lions Green Bay Packers Minnesota Vikings Atlanta Falcons Carolina Panthers New Orleans Saints Tampa Bay Buccaneers Arizona Cardinals Los Angeles Rams San Francisco 49ers Seattle Seahawks Seasons Seasons by team Preseason Hall of Fame Game American Bowl Regular season Kickoff game Monday Night Football Thanksgiving games Christmas games Playoffs List of games Streaks Droughts AFC Championship NFC Championship Super Bowl champions quarterbacks Pro Bowl History League history Executive history Championship history Timeline Defunct franchises Franchise moves and mergers NFL in Los Angeles Eastern and Western Conferences (1933–1969) Century Division American Football League (1960–1969) Playoffs Merger NFL Championship (1920–1969) Playoff Bowl NFL records individual team Super Bowl All time win–loss Last undefeated Tied games Canceled games Controversies International International Series London Toronto Bills Series NFL Europe Foreign players International Player Pathway Program Business Owners Properties Management Council Competition Committee Collective bargaining agreement NFL Players Association NFL Players Inc. Lockouts Valuations Television NFL Network NFL RedZone NFL Films In Canada Related Starting quarterbacks Officials Stadiums Chronology Awards All-Pro Hall of Fame members Player conduct Suspensions Combine Draft Training camp NFL Foundation NFL Alumni Culture Mascots Nicknames Uniform numbers Color Rush Rivalries Cheerleading Conflicts Retired vteNational Football League seasonsEarly era(1920–1969) 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 AAFC seasons (1946–1949) 1946 1947 1948 1949 AFL seasons (1960–1969) 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 Modern era(1970–present) 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 2026 2027 Italics indicate future seasons vteNFL awards and trophiesTeam Vince Lombardi Trophy Super Bowl Lamar Hunt Trophy AFC Championship Game George Halas Trophy NFC Championship Game Individual Most Valuable Player Coach of the Year Assistant Coach of the Year Offensive Player of the Year Defensive Player of the Year Rookie of the Year Comeback Player of the Year Walter Payton Man of the Year Alan Page Community Award Super Bowl MVP Pete Rozelle Trophy Super Bowl ring Sporting News NFL Player of the Year Award Art McNally Award Art Rooney Award Bart Starr Award Bert Bell Award Butkus Award Deacon Jones Award George Halas Award Polynesian Football Player of the Year Award One-time only 50th Anniversary All-Time Team (1969) 75th Anniversary All-Time Team (1994) 100th Anniversary All-Time Team (2019) All-Decade Teams Annual presentation NFL Honors NFL Top 100 Awards organizations Associated Press Kansas City Committee of 101 Maxwell Football Club NFL Alumni Touchdown Club of Columbus Washington D.C. Touchdown Club Retired trophiesand awards Brunswick-Balke Collender Cup Ed Thorp Memorial Trophy NFL MVP DC Touchdown Club Joe F. Carr Trophy Jim Thorpe Trophy UPI American Football League Most Valuable Player Award NEA Defensive Player of the Year NEA Rookie of the Year Football Digest § NFL Player of the Year UPI AFL-AFC Player of the Year UPI NFC Player of the Year UPI AFL-AFC Rookie of the Year UPI NFL-NFC Rookie of the Year Washington D.C. Touchdown Club § NFL Player of the Year awards vteNFL records and leadersGeneral Team records Playoffs Win–loss Individual records Games played Consecutive games and starts All-purpose yards Super Bowl records 99-yard pass play Largest comebacks Dual-threat quarterback records PassingCareer Touchdowns Regular season Playoffs Yards Completions Interceptions Passer rating Wins Playoff win–loss records Consecutive starts Consecutive games with a TD pass Annual Touchdowns Yards 5,000 passing yards Completion percentage Passer rating Game Touchdowns Yards Perfect passer rating RushingCareer Touchdowns Yards Attempts Annual Touchdowns Yards 2,000-yard club 1,000-yard duos ReceivingCareer Touchdowns Yards Receptions Annual Touchdowns Yards 1,000-yard trios Receptions Triple crown winners DefenseCareer Sacks Interceptions Tackles Annual Sacks Interceptions Tackles Forced fumbles Special teamsCareer Punts Yards Kickoff return yards Annual Punting yards Punt return yards Kickoff return yards ScoringCareer Scoring Annual Scoring Game Highest scoring games Links to related articles vteNFL draftsEarly era (1936–1959) 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 AFL and NFL era (1960–1966) AFL 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 NFL 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 Common draft (1967–1969) 1967 1968 1969 Modern era (1970–present) 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 2026 Expansion drafts 1960 1961 1966 1967 1976 1995 1999 2002 Others 1950 AAFC dispersal draft 1984 NFL supplemental draft of USFL and CFL players See also List of drafts first overall picks second overall picks Mr. Irrelevant supplemental picks List of broadcasters vteNational Football Foundation Gold Medal winners 1958: Dwight D. Eisenhower 1959: Douglas MacArthur 1960: Herbert Hoover & Amos Alonzo Stagg 1961: John F. Kennedy 1962: Byron "Whizzer" White 1963: Roger Blough 1964: Donold B. Lourie 1965: Juan T. Trippe 1966: Earl H. "Red" Blaik 1967: Frederick L. Hovde 1968: Chester J. LaRoche 1969: Richard Nixon 1970: Thomas J. Hamilton 1971: Ronald Reagan 1972: Gerald Ford 1973: John Wayne 1974: Gerald B. Zornow 1975: David Packard 1976: Edgar B. Speer 1977: Louis H. Wilson 1978: Vincent dePaul Draddy 1979: William P. Lawrence 1980: Walter J. Zable 1981: Justin W. Dart 1982: Silver Anniversary Awards (NCAA) - All Honored Jim Brown, Willie Davis, Jack Kemp, Ron Kramer, Jim Swink 1983: Jack Kemp 1984: John F. McGillicuddy 1985: William I. Spencer 1986: William H. Morton 1987: Charles R. Meyer 1988: Clinton E. Frank 1989: Paul Brown 1990: Thomas H. Moorer 1991: George H. W. Bush 1992: Donald R. Keough 1993: Norman Schwarzkopf 1994: Thomas S. Murphy 1995: Harold Alfond 1996: Gene Corrigan 1997: Jackie Robinson 1998: John H. McConnell 1999: Keith Jackson 2000: Fred M. Kirby II 2001: Billy Joe "Red" McCombs 2002: George Steinbrenner 2003: Tommy Franks 2004: William V. Campbell 2005: Jon F. Hanson 2006: Joe Paterno & Bobby Bowden 2007: Pete Dawkins & Roger Staubach 2008: John Glenn 2009: Phil Knight & Bill Bowerman 2010: Bill Cosby 2011: Robert Gates 2012: Roscoe Brown 2013: National Football League & Roger Goodell 2014: Tom Catena & George Weiss 2015: Condoleezza Rice 2016: Archie Manning 2017: None awarded 2018: Aaron Feis & Jason Seaman 2019: Mark Harmon vteProfessional gridiron football leagues in North AmericaAmerican footballMajor National Football League (1920–present) Other American 7s Football League (2015–present) Liga de Fútbol Americano Profesional (2016–present) United Football League (2024–present) Defunct national American Football League (1926)² American Football League (1936–1937)² American Football League (1940–1941) All-America Football Conference² (1945–1949) American Football League (1960–1969)¹ Continental Football League (1965–1969) World Football League (1974–1975) United States Football League (1983–1985) World League of American Football/NFL Europe/NFL Europa³ XFL (2001) United Football League (2009–2012) Alliance of American Football (2019) XFL (2020, 2023)* United States Football League (2022–2023)* Defunct regional American Football Union (1886–1895) Western Pennsylvania Professional Football Circuit** (1890–1905) Ohio League² (1902–1919) New York Pro Football League² (1908–1919) National Football League (1902) Anthracite League² (1924) Eastern League of Professional Football (1926–1927) American Football League (1934) Midwest Football League (1935–1940) Dixie League³ (1936–1947) American Association (American football)³ American Football League (1938–1939) Eastern Pennsylvania Football League (1938) Pacific Coast Professional Football League³ (1940–1948) American Football League (1944) American Football League (1946–1950)³ American Football Conference (1959–1961) United Football League (1961–1964) Atlantic Coast Football League³ (1962–1973) Midwest Football League (1962–1978) Professional Football League of America (1965–1967) Texas Football League (1966–1971) Seaboard Football League (1971–1974) American Football Association (1977–1983) Regional Football League (1999) Spring Football League (2000) World Football League (2008–2010) Stars Football League (2011–2013) Fall Experimental Football League (2014–2016) Fútbol Americano de México (2019–2022) ¹ Merged into the NFL. All teams still active as members of the NFL's American Football Conference. ² Teams moved to NFL ³ Official NFL minor league; see also Association of Professional Football Leagues * Merged into the UFL, still active as conferences within Canadian footballMajor Canadian Football League Predecessors Direct Interprovincial Rugby Football Union Western Interprovincial Football Union Other Ontario Rugby Football Union Quebec Rugby Football Union Junior Atlantic Football League Canadian Junior Football League Quebec Junior Football League Arena footballCurrent American Arena League 2 American Indoor Football Arena Football League Great Lakes Arena Football Indoor Football League National Arena League The Arena League Defunct American Indoor Football Alliance American Professional Football League American West Football Conference Arena Football Association Arena Football League (1987–2008, 2010–2019) arenafootball2 Arena Pro Football Can-Am Indoor Football League Champions Indoor Football Champions Professional Indoor Football League Continental Indoor Football League Independent Indoor Football Alliance Indoor Football League (1999–2000) Indoor Professional Football League Intense Football League Lone Star Football League National Indoor Football League Professional Indoor Football League (1998) Professional Indoor Football League (2012) Southern Indoor Football League Supreme Indoor Football Ultimate Indoor Football League United Indoor Football X-League Indoor Football World Indoor Football League (2007) World Series of Football (1902–03) On hiatus Fan Controlled Football Women's football Outdoor Women's Football Alliance (2009–present) United States Women's Football League (2009–present) Women's National Football Conference (2018–present) Defunct Outdoor Women's Professional Football League (1965–1973) National Women's Football League (1974–1982) Women's Professional Football League (1999–2007) National Women's Football Association (2000–2008) Independent Women's Football League (2000–2018) Arena football X League (2009–present) vteTop-level professional sports leagues in the United States and CanadaLeaguesMen's Baseball Basketball Cricket American football Canadian football Arena football (AFL IFL) Golf Ice hockey Box lacrosse Field lacrosse Rugby union Rugby sevens Soccer Indoor soccer Ultimate Volleyball Women's Basketball American football Golf Ice hockey Ringette Rugby union Rugby sevens Soccer (NWSL USLS) Softball (WPF AFP AUSL) Softball Ultimate (PUL WUL) Volleyball OthersIndividual American open-wheel car racing Athletics outdoor indoor Badminton Bowling Bull riding Chess men women Cycling road race time trial Figure skating Fencing Gymnastics artistic rhythmic Stock car racing Swimming nationals short course Tennis Association of Tennis Professionals Women's Tennis Association X Games Diverse Major League Eating (MLE) Major League Gaming (MLG) USA Canada Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF National Germany Israel United States Other SNAC Portals: American football Sports United States
[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Protection_policy#semi"},{"link_name":"National Football League (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Football_League_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"NFL (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NFL_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"American football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_football"},{"link_name":"league","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sports_league"},{"link_name":"American Football Conference","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Football_Conference"},{"link_name":"National Football Conference","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Football_Conference"},{"link_name":"major professional sports leagues in the United States and Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_professional_sports_leagues_in_the_United_States_and_Canada"},{"link_name":"professional level","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Professional_gridiron_football"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"three-week preseason","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NFL_preseason"},{"link_name":"18-week regular season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NFL_regular_season"},{"link_name":"bye week","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bye_(sports)"},{"link_name":"wild card","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wild_card_(sports)"},{"link_name":"playoffs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NFL_playoffs"},{"link_name":"single-elimination tournament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single-elimination_tournament"},{"link_name":"Super Bowl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super_Bowl"},{"link_name":"AFC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AFC_Championship_Game"},{"link_name":"NFC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NFC_Championship_Game"},{"link_name":"1922 season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1922_NFL_season"},{"link_name":"NFL Championship Game","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_National_Football_League_championship#1933%E2%80%931965:_NFL_Championship_Game"},{"link_name":"agreement to merge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AFL%E2%80%93NFL_merger"},{"link_name":"American Football League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Football_League"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"wealthiest professional sports league in the world by revenue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_professional_sports_leagues_by_revenue"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Badenhausen-2019-9"},{"link_name":"highest average attendance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sports_attendance_figures"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Midtown Manhattan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midtown_Manhattan"},{"link_name":"Green Bay Packers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_Bay_Packers"},{"link_name":"New England Patriots","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_England_Patriots"},{"link_name":"Pittsburgh Steelers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pittsburgh_Steelers"},{"link_name":"Kansas City Chiefs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kansas_City_Chiefs"},{"link_name":"San Francisco 49ers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco_49ers"},{"link_name":"Super Bowl LVIII","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super_Bowl_LVIII"}],"text":"Professional American football league\"NFL\" redirects here. For other leagues of the same name and other uses, see National Football League (disambiguation) and NFL (disambiguation).The National Football League (NFL) is a professional American football league that consists of 32 teams, divided equally between the American Football Conference (AFC) and the National Football Conference (NFC). The NFL is one of the major professional sports leagues in the United States and Canada and the highest professional level of American football in the world.[5] Each NFL season begins annually with a three-week preseason in August, followed by the 18-week regular season which runs from early September to early January, with each team playing 17 games and having one bye week. Following the conclusion of the regular season, seven teams from each conference (four division winners and three wild card teams) advance to the playoffs, a single-elimination tournament that culminates in the Super Bowl, which is contested in February and is played between the winners of the AFC and NFC championship games.The NFL was formed in 1920 as the American Professional Football Association (APFA) before renaming itself the National Football League for the 1922 season. After initially determining champions through end-of-season standings, a playoff system was implemented in 1933 that culminated with the NFL Championship Game until 1966. Following an agreement to merge the NFL with the rival American Football League (AFL), the Super Bowl was first held in 1967 to determine a champion between the best teams from the two leagues and has remained as the final game of each NFL season since the merger was completed in 1970.[6] The NFL is the wealthiest professional sports league in the world by revenue[7] and the sports league with the most valuable teams.[8] The NFL also has the highest average attendance (67,591) of any professional sports league in the world[9] and is the most popular sports league in the United States.[10] The Super Bowl is also among the biggest club sporting events in the world,[11] with the individual games accounting for many of the most watched television programs in American history and all occupying the Nielsen's top 5 tally of the all-time most watched U.S. television broadcasts by 2015.[12] The NFL is headquartered in Midtown Manhattan.The Green Bay Packers hold the most combined NFL championships with thirteen, winning nine titles before the Super Bowl era and four Super Bowls afterwards. Since the creation of the Super Bowl, the New England Patriots and Pittsburgh Steelers are tied for the most Super Bowl victories at six each. The reigning league champions are the Kansas City Chiefs, who defeated the San Francisco 49ers by a score of 25–22 in Super Bowl LVIII.","title":"National Football League"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Midwest Football League (1935–1940)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midwest_Football_League_(1935%E2%80%931940)"},{"link_name":"Akron Pros","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akron_Pros"},{"link_name":"Canton Bulldogs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canton_Bulldogs"},{"link_name":"Cleveland Indians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleveland_Tigers_(NFL)"},{"link_name":"Dayton Triangles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dayton_Triangles"},{"link_name":"Jordan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jordan_Motor_Car_Company"},{"link_name":"Hupmobile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hupmobile"},{"link_name":"Canton, Ohio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canton,_Ohio"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-profootballhof.com-14"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Happy_Birthday_NFL?-15"},{"link_name":"Hammond Pros","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hammond_Pros"},{"link_name":"Muncie Flyers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muncie_Flyers"},{"link_name":"Rochester Jeffersons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rochester_Jeffersons"},{"link_name":"Rock Island Independents","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_Island_Independents"},{"link_name":"Decatur Staleys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_Bears"},{"link_name":"Racine (Chicago) Cardinals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arizona_Cardinals"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Happy_Birthday_NFL?-15"},{"link_name":"Jim Thorpe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Thorpe"},{"link_name":"Buffalo All-Americans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buffalo_All-Americans"},{"link_name":"Chicago Tigers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_Tigers"},{"link_name":"Columbus Panhandles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbus_Panhandles"},{"link_name":"Detroit Heralds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detroit_(1920s_NFL_teams)"},{"link_name":"Massillon Tigers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massillon_Tigers"},{"link_name":"Massillon, Ohio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massillon,_Ohio"},{"link_name":"Chicago Cardinals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_Cardinals"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1920_akron_pros_posing.jpg"},{"link_name":"Akron Pros","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akron_Pros"},{"link_name":"1920 inaugural season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1920_APFA_season"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Rock Island Independents","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_Island_Independents"},{"link_name":"Douglas Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglas_Park_(Rock_Island)"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-profootballhof.com-14"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"controversially winning the title","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1921_NFL_Championship_controversy"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"1932","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1932_NFL_season"},{"link_name":"Portsmouth Spartans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portsmouth_Spartans"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"winning percentage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winning_percentage"},{"link_name":"playoff game","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1932_NFL_Playoff_Game"},{"link_name":"Wrigley Field","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wrigley_Field"},{"link_name":"Chicago Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_Stadium"},{"link_name":"1933","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1933_NFL_season"},{"link_name":"two divisions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_and_Western_Conferences_(NFL)_1933%E2%80%9369"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"1934 season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1934_NFL_season"},{"link_name":"absent from the league","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_players_in_professional_American_football"},{"link_name":"1946","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1946_NFL_season"},{"link_name":"a similar ban","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baseball_color_line"},{"link_name":"Major League Baseball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_League_Baseball"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"American Football Leagues","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Football_League_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"All-America Football Conference","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All-America_Football_Conference"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles Rams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Rams"},{"link_name":"Cleveland Browns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleveland_Browns"},{"link_name":"San Francisco 49ers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco_49ers"},{"link_name":"Canadian football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_football"},{"link_name":"Canadian Football League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Football_League"},{"link_name":"a different football code","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison_of_American_and_Canadian_football"},{"link_name":"American Football League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Football_League"},{"link_name":"merger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AFL%E2%80%93NFL_merger"},{"link_name":"Super Bowl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super_Bowl"},{"link_name":"Super Bowl I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super_Bowl_I"},{"link_name":"Super Bowl II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super_Bowl_II"},{"link_name":"Super Bowl III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super_Bowl_III"},{"link_name":"Super Bowl IV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super_Bowl_IV"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"National Football Conference","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Football_Conference"},{"link_name":"American Football Conference","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Football_Conference"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-History:_1961%E2%80%931970-30"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"Pete Rozelle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pete_Rozelle"},{"link_name":"Super Bowl XXIII","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super_Bowl_XXIII"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Encyclopedia_of_International_Sports_Studies-32"},{"link_name":"NFL Properties","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NFL_Properties"},{"link_name":"NFL Charities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NFL_Charities"},{"link_name":"United Way","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Way"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Encyclopedia_of_International_Sports_Studies-32"},{"link_name":"Paul Tagliabue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Tagliabue"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"Roger Goodell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Goodell"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"concussions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concussion"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"}],"sub_title":"Founding and history","text":"\"American Professional Football Association\" redirects here. For the similarly-named minor professional league of the 1930s, see Midwest Football League (1935–1940).On August 20, 1920, a meeting was held by representatives of the Akron Pros, Canton Bulldogs, Cleveland Indians, and Dayton Triangles at the Jordan and Hupmobile auto showroom in Canton, Ohio.[13] This meeting resulted in the formation of the American Professional Football Conference (APFC), a group who, according to the Canton Evening Repository, intended to \"raise the standard of professional football in every way possible, to eliminate bidding for players between rival clubs and to secure cooperation in the formation of schedules\".[14]A second meeting was held on September 17, 1920, with representatives from teams within four states: Akron, Canton, Cleveland, and Dayton from Ohio; the Hammond Pros and Muncie Flyers from Indiana; the Rochester Jeffersons from New York; and the Rock Island Independents, Decatur Staleys, and Racine (Chicago) Cardinals from Illinois.[15][16] The league was renamed to the American Professional Football Association (APFA).[14] The league elected Jim Thorpe as its first president, and consisted of 14 teams (the Buffalo All-Americans, Chicago Tigers, Columbus Panhandles and Detroit Heralds joined the league during the year). The Massillon Tigers from Massillon, Ohio was also at the September 17 meeting, but did not field a team in 1920. Only two of these teams, the Decatur Staleys (now the Chicago Bears) and the Chicago Cardinals (now the Arizona Cardinals), remain in the NFL.[17]The Akron Pros won the first APFA (NFL) Championship in 1920.Although the league did not maintain official standings for its 1920 inaugural season and teams played schedules that included non-league opponents, the APFA awarded the Akron Pros the championship by virtue of their 8–0–3 record.[18] The first event occurred on September 26, 1920, when the Rock Island Independents defeated the non-league St. Paul Ideals 48–0 at Douglas Park.[13][19] On October 3, 1920, the first full week of league play occurred.[20][21]\nThe following season resulted in the Chicago Staleys controversially winning the title over the Buffalo All-Americans.[22] On June 24, 1922, the APFA changed its name to the National Football League (NFL).[23][24]In 1932, the season ended with the Chicago Bears (6–1–6) and the Portsmouth Spartans (6–1–4) tied for first in the league standings.[25] At the time, teams were ranked on a single table and the team with the highest winning percentage (not including ties, which were not counted towards the standings) at the end of the season was declared the champion; the only tiebreaker was that in the event of a tie if two teams played twice in a season, the result of the second game determined the title (the source of the 1921 controversy). This method had been used since the league's creation in 1920, but no situation had been encountered where two teams were tied for first. The league quickly determined that a playoff game between Chicago and Portsmouth was needed to decide the league's champion. The teams were originally scheduled to play the playoff game, officially a regular-season game that would count towards the regular season standings, at Wrigley Field in Chicago, but a combination of heavy snow and extreme cold forced the game to be moved indoors to Chicago Stadium, which did not have a regulation-size football field. Playing with altered rules to accommodate the smaller playing field, the Bears won the game 9–0 and thus won the championship. Fan interest in the de facto championship game led the NFL, beginning in 1933, to split into two divisions with a championship game to be played between the division champions.[26] The 1934 season also marked the first of twelve seasons in which African Americans were absent from the league. The de facto ban was rescinded in 1946, following public pressure and coinciding with the removal of a similar ban in Major League Baseball.[27]The NFL was always the largest professional football league in the United States; it nevertheless faced numerous rival professional leagues through the 1930s and 1940s. Rival leagues included at least three separate American Football Leagues and the All-America Football Conference (AAFC), on top of various regional leagues of varying caliber. Three NFL teams trace their histories to these rival leagues; the Los Angeles Rams who came from a 1936 iteration of the American Football League, and the Cleveland Browns and San Francisco 49ers, both from the AAFC. By the 1950s, the NFL had an effective monopoly on professional football in the United States; its only competition in North America was the professional Canadian football circuit, which formally became the Canadian Football League (CFL) in 1958. With Canadian football being a different football code than the American game, the CFL established a niche market in Canada and still survives as an independent league.A new professional league, the fourth American Football League (AFL), began to play in 1960. The upstart AFL began to challenge the established NFL in popularity, gaining lucrative television contracts and engaging in a bidding war with the NFL for free agents and draft picks. The two leagues announced a merger on June 8, 1966, to take full effect in 1970. In the meantime, the leagues would hold a common draft and championship game. The game, the Super Bowl, was held four times before the merger, with the NFL winning Super Bowl I and Super Bowl II, and the AFL winning Super Bowl III and Super Bowl IV.[28] After the league merged, it was reorganized into two conferences: the National Football Conference (NFC), consisting of most of the pre-merger NFL teams, and the American Football Conference (AFC), consisting of all of the AFL teams as well as three pre-merger NFL teams.[29]Today, the NFL is the most popular sports league in North America[30] – with much of the league's growth and popularity attributable to former Commissioner Pete Rozelle, who led the league from 1960 to 1989. Overall annual attendance increased from 3 million at the beginning of his tenure to 17 million by the end of his tenure, and 400 million global viewers watched 1989's Super Bowl XXIII.[31] The NFL established NFL Properties in 1963. The league's licensing wing, NFL Properties, earns the league billions of dollars annually; Rozelle's tenure also marked the creation of NFL Charities and a national partnership with United Way.[31] Paul Tagliabue was elected as commissioner to succeed Rozelle; his 17-year tenure, which ended in 2006, was marked by large increases in television contracts and the addition of four expansion teams,[32] as well as the introduction of league initiatives to increase the number of minorities in league and team management roles.[33] The league's current Commissioner, Roger Goodell, has focused on reducing the number of illegal hits and making the sport safer, mainly through fining or suspending players who break rules.[34] These actions are among many the NFL is taking to reduce concussions and improve player safety.[35] Prior to 2021, the NFL had utilized race-based adjustments of dementia claims in the $1 billion settlement of concussion claims, which had been criticized by critics before the NFL decided to end what was called \"race-norming\".[36][37] On May 21, 2024, the NFL announced the NFL Source initiative, aimed at increasing the number of minority- and women-owned businesses that work with the league throughout the year.[38] NFL Source will be mandatory for teams that host major events, such as the Super Bowl and the NFL Draft, and their organizing committees, but will be optional for other contracts at the team level.[39] The NFL will partner with the U.S. Black Chambers, Inc to help local businesses across the country obtain the certifications necessary to do business with the league in furtherance of its efforts to increase partnerships with certified and underrepresented businesses that are 51% owned and operated or led by a veteran, woman, minority, person with disabilities or LGBTQ+.[40]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"1935","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1935_NFL_season"},{"link_name":"1937","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1937_NFL_season"},{"link_name":"1943","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1943_NFL_season"},{"link_name":"1946","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1946_NFL_season"},{"link_name":"1961","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1961_NFL_season"},{"link_name":"1978","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1978_NFL_season"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"National Football League Players Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Football_League_Players_Association"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"1966","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1966_NFL_season"},{"link_name":"NFL Championship Game","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_National_Football_League_championship#1933%E2%80%931966:_NFL_Championship_Game"},{"link_name":"one-game playoff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One-game_playoff"},{"link_name":"1967","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1967_NFL_season"},{"link_name":"New Orleans Saints","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Orleans_Saints"},{"link_name":"NFL playoffs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NFL_playoffs"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"Playoff Bowl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Playoff_Bowl"},{"link_name":"third-place game","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third_place_playoff"},{"link_name":"exhibitions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exhibition_game"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"1970","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1970_NFL_season"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-History:_1961%E2%80%931970-30"},{"link_name":"1990","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1990_NFL_season"},{"link_name":"2002","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2002_NFL_season"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"}],"sub_title":"Season and playoff development","text":"From 1920 to 1934, the NFL did not have a set number of games for teams to play, instead setting a minimum. The league mandated a twelve-game regular season for each team beginning in 1935, later shortening this to eleven games in 1937 and ten games in 1943, mainly due to World War II. After the war ended, the number of games returned to eleven games in 1946, and later back to twelve in 1947. The NFL went to a 14-game schedule in 1961, which it retained until switching to a 16-game schedule in 1978.[41] In March 2021, the NFL officially adopted a 17-game schedule after gaining the agreement of the National Football League Players Association (NFLPA).[42]Having an odd number of games in the schedule will give half the teams nine games as the home team, while half the teams have only eight home games. To minimize the perceived benefit on competition of having more home games, the extra home game will be rotated between the two conferences each year. This is because playoff berths are allocated at the conference level, so all teams within the conference will have played the same number of home games.The NFL operated in a two-conference system from 1933 to 1966, where the champions of each conference would meet in the NFL Championship Game. If two teams tied for the conference lead, they would meet in a one-game playoff to determine the conference champion. In 1967, the NFL expanded from 15 teams to 16 teams. Instead of just evening out the conferences by adding the expansion New Orleans Saints to the seven-member Western Conference, the NFL realigned the conferences and split each into two four-team divisions. The four division champions would meet in the NFL playoffs, a two-round playoff.[43] The NFL also operated the Playoff Bowl (officially the Bert Bell Benefit Bowl) from 1960 to 1969. Effectively, a third-place game, pitting the two conference runners-up against each other, the league considers Playoff Bowls to have been exhibitions rather than playoff games. The league discontinued the Playoff Bowl in 1970 due to its perception as a game for losers.[44]Following the addition of the former AFL teams into the NFL in 1970, the NFL split into two conferences with three divisions each. The expanded league, now with twenty-six teams,[29] would also feature an expanded eight-team playoff, the participants being the three division champions from each conference as well as one 'wild card' team (the team with the best win percentage that did not win its division) from each conference. In 1978, the league added a second wild card team from each conference, bringing the total number of playoff teams to ten, and a further two wild card teams were added in 1990 to bring the total to twelve. When the NFL expanded to 32 teams in 2002, the league realigned, changing the division structure from three divisions in each conference to four divisions in each conference. As each division champion gets a playoff bid, the number of wild card teams from each conference dropped from three to two.[45] The playoffs expanded again in 2020, adding two more wild card teams to bring the total to 14 playoff teams.[46]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Commissioner of the NFL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commissioner_of_the_NFL"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Roger_Goodell_(cropped).jpg"},{"link_name":"Roger Goodell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Goodell"},{"link_name":"National Football League Commissioner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Football_League_Commissioner"},{"link_name":"trade association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trade_association"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"501(c)(6)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/501(c)(6)"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"Internal Revenue Code","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal_Revenue_Code"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"link_name":"Green Bay Packers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_Bay_Packers"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"},{"link_name":"Roger Goodell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Goodell"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"},{"link_name":"executive officer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Executive_officer"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NFL_Bylaws,_p._28%E2%80%9335-55"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NFL_Bylaws,_p._28%E2%80%9335-55"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NFL_Bylaws,_p._28%E2%80%9335-55"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NFL_Bylaws,_p._28%E2%80%9335-55"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NFL_Bylaws,_p._28%E2%80%9335-55"},{"link_name":"Paul Tagliabue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Tagliabue"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"}],"text":"See also: Commissioner of the NFLRoger Goodell, National Football League Commissioner since 2006 (pictured in 2012)At the corporate level, the National Football League considers itself a trade association made up of and financed by its 32 member teams.[47] Up until 2015, the league was an unincorporated nonprofit 501(c)(6) association.[48] Section 501(c)(6) of the Internal Revenue Code provides an exemption from federal income taxation for \"Business leagues, chambers of commerce, real-estate boards, boards of trade, or professional football leagues (whether or not administering a pension fund for football players), not organized for profit and no part of the net earnings of which inures to the benefit of any private shareholder or individual.\"[49] In contrast, each individual team, with the exception of the non-profit Green Bay Packers,[50] is subject to tax because they make a profit.[51]In 2015, the NFL gave up its tax-exempt status following public criticism; in a letter to the club owners, Commissioner Roger Goodell labeled it a \"distraction\", saying \"the effects of the tax-exempt status of the league office have been mischaracterized repeatedly in recent years… Every dollar of income generated through television rights fees, licensing agreements, sponsorships, ticket sales, and other means is earned by the 32 clubs and is taxable there. This will remain the case even when the league office and Management Council file returns as taxable entities, and the change in filing status will make no material difference to our business.\" As a result, the league office might owe around US$10 million in income taxes, but it is no longer required to disclose the salaries of its executive officers.[52]The league has three defined officers: the commissioner, secretary, and treasurer. Each conference has one defined officer, the president, which is essentially an honorary position with few powers and mostly ceremonial duties, including awarding the conference championship trophy.The commissioner is elected by the affirmative vote of two-thirds or eighteen (whichever is greater) of the members of the league, while the president of each conference is elected by an affirmative vote of three-fourths or 10 of the conference members.[53] The commissioner appoints the secretary and treasurer and has broad authority in disputes between clubs, players, coaches, and employees. He is the \"principal executive officer\"[54] of the NFL and also has authority in hiring league employees, negotiating television contracts, disciplining individuals that own part or all of an NFL team, clubs, or employed individuals of an NFL club if they have violated league by-laws or committed \"conduct detrimental to the welfare of the League or professional football\".[54] The commissioner can, in the event of misconduct by a party associated with the league, suspend individuals, hand down a fine of up to US$500,000, cancel contracts with the league, and award or strip teams of draft picks.[54]In extreme cases, the commissioner can offer recommendations to the NFL's executive committee, up to and including the \"cancellation or forfeiture\"[54] of a club's franchise or any other action, he deems necessary. The commissioner can also issue sanctions up to and including a lifetime ban from the league if an individual connected to the NFL has bet on games or failed to notify the league of conspiracies or plans to bet on or fix games.[54] The current Commissioner of the National Football League is Roger Goodell, who was elected in 2006 after Paul Tagliabue, the previous commissioner, retired.[55]","title":"Corporate structure"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of defunct NFL franchises","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_defunct_NFL_franchises"},{"link_name":"Timeline of the National Football League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_National_Football_League"},{"link_name":"NFL franchise moves and mergers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NFL_franchise_moves_and_mergers"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:US_National_Football_League_Teams_Location-en.svg"},{"link_name":"Bills","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buffalo_Bills"},{"link_name":"Dolphins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miami_Dolphins"},{"link_name":"Patriots","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_England_Patriots"},{"link_name":"Jets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Jets"},{"link_name":"Ravens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baltimore_Ravens"},{"link_name":"Bengals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cincinnati_Bengals"},{"link_name":"Browns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleveland_Browns"},{"link_name":"Steelers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pittsburgh_Steelers"},{"link_name":"Texans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houston_Texans"},{"link_name":"Colts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indianapolis_Colts"},{"link_name":"Titans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennessee_Titans"},{"link_name":"Broncos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denver_Broncos"},{"link_name":"Chiefs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kansas_City_Chiefs"},{"link_name":"Chargers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Chargers"},{"link_name":"Raiders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Las_Vegas_Raiders"},{"link_name":"Cowboys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dallas_Cowboys"},{"link_name":"Giants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Giants"},{"link_name":"Eagles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philadelphia_Eagles"},{"link_name":"Commanders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_Commanders"},{"link_name":"Bears","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_Bears"},{"link_name":"Lions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detroit_Lions"},{"link_name":"Packers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_Bay_Packers"},{"link_name":"Vikings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minnesota_Vikings"},{"link_name":"Falcons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlanta_Falcons"},{"link_name":"Panthers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carolina_Panthers"},{"link_name":"Saints","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Orleans_Saints"},{"link_name":"Buccaneers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tampa_Bay_Buccaneers"},{"link_name":"Jaguars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacksonville_Jaguars"},{"link_name":"Cardinals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arizona_Cardinals"},{"link_name":"Rams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Rams"},{"link_name":"49ers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco_49ers"},{"link_name":"Seahawks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seattle_Seahawks"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"},{"link_name":"practice squad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Practice_squad"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-58"},{"link_name":"Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-59"},{"link_name":"Forbes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forbes"},{"link_name":"Dallas Cowboys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dallas_Cowboys"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-60"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Badenhausen-2019-9"},{"link_name":"Forbes 400","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forbes_400"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-61"}],"text":"See also: List of defunct NFL franchises, Timeline of the National Football League, and NFL franchise moves and mergersBills\nDolphins\nPatriots\nJets\nRavens\nBengals\nBrowns\nSteelers\nTexans\nColts\nTitans\nBroncos\nChiefs\nChargers\nRaiders\nCowboys\nGiants\nEagles\nCommanders\nBears\nLions\nPackers\nVikings\nFalcons\nPanthers\nSaints\nBuccaneers\nJaguars\nCardinals\nRams\n49ers\nSeahawksThe NFL consists of 32 clubs divided into two conferences of 16 teams each. Each conference is divided into four divisions of four clubs each. During the regular season, each team is allowed a maximum of 55 players on its roster; only 48 of these may be active (eligible to play) on game days.[56] Each team can also have a sixteen-player practice squad separate from its main roster.[57]Each NFL club is granted a franchise, the league's authorization for the team to operate in its home city. This franchise covers 'Home Territory' (the 75 miles surrounding the city limits, or, if the team is within 100 miles of another league city, half the distance between the two cities) and 'Home Marketing Area' (Home Territory plus the rest of the state the club operates in, as well as the area the team operates its training camp in for the duration of the camp). Each NFL member has the exclusive right to host professional football games inside its Home Territory and the exclusive right to advertise, promote, and host events in its Home Marketing Area. There are a couple of exceptions to this rule, mostly relating to teams with close proximity to each other: teams that operate in the same city (e.g. New York City and Los Angeles) or the same state (e.g. California, Florida, and Texas) share the rights to the city's Home Territory and the state's Home Marketing Area, respectively.[58]According to Forbes, the Dallas Cowboys, at approximately US$8 billion, are the most valuable NFL franchise and the most valuable sports team in the world.[59] 26 of the 32 NFL teams rank among the Top 50 most valuable sports teams in the world;[8] and 16 of the NFL's owners are listed on the Forbes 400, the most of any sports league or organization.[60]","title":"Clubs"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"preseason","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Football_League_preseason"},{"link_name":"regular season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Football_League_regular_season"},{"link_name":"single-elimination playoff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NFL_Playoffs"}],"text":"The NFL season format consists of a three-week preseason, an 18-week regular season (each team plays 17 games), and a 14-team single-elimination playoff culminating in the Super Bowl, the league's championship game.","title":"Season format"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pro Football Hall of Fame Game","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pro_Football_Hall_of_Fame_Game"},{"link_name":"Tom Benson Hall of Fame Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Benson_Hall_of_Fame_Stadium"},{"link_name":"Canton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canton,_Ohio"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-76"},{"link_name":"American Bowl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Bowl"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-77"},{"link_name":"exhibition matches","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exhibition_game"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-78"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-meaningless-79"},{"link_name":"[75]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jim_Irsay_to_fans:_You_don't_really_pay_full_price_for_preseason_tickets-80"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-meaningless-79"},{"link_name":"[75]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jim_Irsay_to_fans:_You_don't_really_pay_full_price_for_preseason_tickets-80"}],"sub_title":"Preseason","text":"The NFL preseason begins with the Pro Football Hall of Fame Game, played at Tom Benson Hall of Fame Stadium in Canton.[71] Each NFL team is required to schedule three preseason games. NFC teams must play at least two of these at home in odd numbered years and AFC teams must play at least two at home in even numbered years. However, the teams involved in the Hall of Fame game, as well as any team that played in an American Bowl game, play four preseason games.[72] Preseason games are exhibition matches and do not count towards regular-season totals.[73] Because the preseason does not count towards standings, teams generally do not focus on winning games; instead, they are used by coaches to evaluate their teams and by players to show their performance, both to their current team and to other teams if they get cut.[74] The quality of preseason games has been criticized by some fans, who dislike having to pay full price for exhibition games,[75] as well as by some players and coaches, who dislike the risk of injury the games have, while others have felt the preseason is a necessary part of the NFL season.[74][75]","title":"Season format"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bills","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buffalo_Bills"},{"link_name":"Bengals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cincinnati_Bengals"},{"link_name":"Titans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennessee_Titans"},{"link_name":"Chiefs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kansas_City_Chiefs"},{"link_name":"Patriots","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_England_Patriots"},{"link_name":"Steelers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steelers"},{"link_name":"Colts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indianapolis_Colts"},{"link_name":"Raiders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Las_Vegas_Raiders"},{"link_name":"Dolphins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miami_Dolphins"},{"link_name":"Browns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleveland_Browns"},{"link_name":"Texans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houston_Texans"},{"link_name":"Chargers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chargers"},{"link_name":"Jets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Jets"},{"link_name":"Ravens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baltimore_Ravens"},{"link_name":"Jaguars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacksonville_Jaguars"},{"link_name":"Broncos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denver_Broncos"},{"link_name":"Cowboys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dallas_Cowboys"},{"link_name":"Packers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Packers"},{"link_name":"Buccaneers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tampa_Bay_Buccaneers"},{"link_name":"Rams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Rams"},{"link_name":"Eagles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philadelphia_Eagles"},{"link_name":"Vikings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minnesota_Vikings"},{"link_name":"Saints","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Orleans_Saints"},{"link_name":"Cardinals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arizona_Cardinals"},{"link_name":"Commanders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_Commanders"},{"link_name":"Bears","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_Bears"},{"link_name":"Falcons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlanta_Falcons"},{"link_name":"49ers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco_49ers"},{"link_name":"Giants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Giants"},{"link_name":"Lions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detroit_Lions"},{"link_name":"Panthers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carolina_Panthers"},{"link_name":"Seahawks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seahawks"},{"link_name":"2021 season standings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_NFL_season#Regular_season_standings"},{"link_name":"Rams in 2021","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_Los_Angeles_Rams_season"},{"link_name":"NFC West","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NFC_West"},{"link_name":"in 2022","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_Los_Angeles_Rams_season"},{"link_name":"NFC South","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NFC_South"},{"link_name":"AFC West","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AFC_West"},{"link_name":"NFC East","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NFC_East"},{"link_name":"NFC North","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NFC_North"},{"link_name":"[76]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-81"},{"link_name":"[77]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-82"},{"link_name":"[78]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2012_NFL_Schedule_Announced-83"},{"link_name":"Monday night game","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monday_Night_Football"},{"link_name":"Thursday night games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thursday_Night_Football"},{"link_name":"[78]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2012_NFL_Schedule_Announced-83"},{"link_name":"federal law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sports_Broadcasting_Act_of_1961"},{"link_name":"[79]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-84"},{"link_name":"Kickoff game","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Football_League_Kickoff_game"},{"link_name":"Democratic National Convention","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012_Democratic_National_Convention"},{"link_name":"[80]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-85"},{"link_name":"[81]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-86"},{"link_name":"testing positive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_Tennessee_Titans_season"},{"link_name":"COVID-19","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"[82]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-87"},{"link_name":"[83]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-88"},{"link_name":"Major League Baseball postseason","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_League_Baseball_postseason"},{"link_name":"[84]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-89"}],"sub_title":"Regular season","text":"AFC team standings\n\n\nPOS\n\nAFC East\n\nAFC North\n\nAFC South\n\nAFC West\n\n\n1st\nBills\nBengals\nTitans\nChiefs\n\n\n2nd\nPatriots\nSteelers\nColts\nRaiders\n\n\n3rd\nDolphins\nBrowns\nTexans\nChargers\n\n\n4th\nJets\nRavens\nJaguars\nBroncos\n\n\n\nNFC team standings\n\n\nPOS\n\nNFC East\n\nNFC North\n\nNFC South\n\nNFC West\n\n\n1st\nCowboys\nPackers\nBuccaneers\nRams\n\n\n2nd\nEagles\nVikings\nSaints\nCardinals\n\n\n3rd\nCommanders\nBears\nFalcons\n49ers\n\n\n4th\nGiants\nLions\nPanthers\nSeahawks\n\n\nThis chart of the 2021 season standings displays an application of the NFL scheduling formula. The Rams in 2021 (highlighted in green) finished in first place in the NFC West. Thus, in 2022, the Rams played two games against each of its division rivals (highlighted in light blue), one game against each team in the NFC South and AFC West (highlighted in yellow), one game each against the first-place finishers in the NFC East and NFC North (highlighted in orange) and one game against the team who finished first in the AFC East (highlighted in pink).Currently, the 14 opponents each team faces over the 17-game regular season schedule are set using a pre-determined formula:[76] The league runs an 18-week, 272-game regular season. Since 2021, the season has begun the week after Labor Day (the first Monday in September) and concluded the week after New Year.[77] The opening game of the season is normally a home game on a Thursday for the league's defending champion.[78]Most NFL games are played on Sundays, with a Monday night game typically held at least once a week and Thursday night games occurring on most weeks as well.[78] NFL games are not normally played on Fridays or Saturdays until late in the regular season, as federal law prohibits professional football leagues from competing with college or high school football. Because high school and college teams typically play games on Friday and Saturday, respectively, the NFL cannot hold games on those days until the Friday before the third Saturday in December. While Saturday games late in the season are common, the league rarely holds Friday games, the most recent one being on Christmas Day in 2020.[79] NFL games are rarely scheduled for Tuesday or Wednesday, and those days have only been used three times since 1948: in 2010, when a Sunday game was rescheduled to Tuesday due to a blizzard; in 2012, when the Kickoff game was moved from Thursday to Wednesday to avoid conflict with the Democratic National Convention;[80][81] and in 2020, when a game was postponed from Sunday to Tuesday due to players testing positive for COVID-19.NFL regular season matchups are determined according to a scheduling formula. Within a division, all four teams play 14 out of their 17 games against common opponents or each other– two games (home and away) are played against the other three teams in the division, while one game is held against all the members of a division from the NFC and a division from the AFC as determined by a rotating cycle (three years for the conference the team is in, and four years in the conference they are not in). Two of the other games are intraconference games, determined by the standings of the previous year – for example, if a team finishes first in its division, it will play two other first-place teams in its conference, while a team that finishes last would play two other last-place teams in the conference. The final game is an inter-conference based on a rotating cycle and determined by previous season's standings.[82] In total, each team plays 17 games and has one bye week, where it does not play a game.[83]Although a team's home and away opponents are known by the end of the previous year's regular season, the exact dates and times for NFL games are not determined until much later because the league has to account for, among other things, the Major League Baseball postseason and local events that could pose a scheduling conflict with NFL games. During the 2010 season, over 500,000 potential schedules were created by computers, 5,000 of which were considered \"playable schedules\" and were reviewed by the NFL's scheduling team. After arriving at what they felt was the best schedule out of the group, nearly 50 more potential schedules were developed to try to ensure that the chosen schedule would be the best possible one.[84]","title":"Season format"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[85]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-90"},{"link_name":"Pro Bowl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pro_Bowl"},{"link_name":"all-star game","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All-star_game"},{"link_name":"Super Bowl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super_Bowl"},{"link_name":"[86]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-91"},{"link_name":"[87]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-92"}],"sub_title":"Postseason","text":"Following the conclusion of the regular season, the NFL Playoffs, a 14-team single-elimination tournament, is then held. Seven teams are selected from each conference: the winners of each of the four divisions as well as three wild card teams (the three remaining teams with the best overall record, with tiebreakers in the event of two or more teams having the same record). These teams are seeded according to overall record and tiebreakers, with the division champions always ranking higher than the wild card teams.[85] The top team (seeded one) from each conference are awarded a bye week, while the remaining six teams (seeded 2–7) from each conference compete in the first round of the playoffs, the Wild Card round, with the 2-seed competing against the 7-seed, the 3-seed competing against the 6-seed and the 4-seed competing against the 5-seed. The winners of the Wild Card round advance to the Divisional Round, which matches the lower seeded team against the 1-seed and the two remaining teams against each other. The winners of those games then compete in the Conference Championships, with the higher remaining seed hosting the lower remaining seed. The AFC and NFC champions then compete in the Super Bowl to determine the league champion.The only other postseason event hosted by the NFL is the Pro Bowl, the league's all-star game. Since 2009, the Pro Bowl has been held the week before the Super Bowl; in previous years, the game was held the week following the Super Bowl, but in an effort to boost ratings, the game was moved to the week before.[86] Because of this, players from the teams participating in the Super Bowl are exempt from participating in the game. The Pro Bowl is not considered as competitive as a regular-season game because the biggest concern of teams is to avoid injuries to the players.[87]","title":"Season format"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Trophies and awards"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Brunswick-Balke Collender Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brunswick-Balke_Collender_Cup"},{"link_name":"Brunswick-Balke Collender Corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brunswick_Corporation"},{"link_name":"[88]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-93"},{"link_name":"Ed Thorp Memorial Trophy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ed_Thorp_Memorial_Trophy"},{"link_name":"[89]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-94"},{"link_name":"Green Bay Packers Hall of Fame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_Bay_Packers_Hall_of_Fame"},{"link_name":"[90]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-95"},{"link_name":"Vince Lombardi Trophy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vince_Lombardi_Trophy"},{"link_name":"Vince Lombardi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vince_Lombardi"},{"link_name":"Tiffany & Co.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiffany_%26_Co."},{"link_name":"[91]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-96"},{"link_name":"Super Bowl rings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super_Bowl_ring"},{"link_name":"[92]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-97"},{"link_name":"[93]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-98"},{"link_name":"George Halas Trophy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NFC_Championship_Game#George_Halas_Trophy"},{"link_name":"[94]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-99"},{"link_name":"George Halas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Halas"},{"link_name":"Lamar Hunt Trophy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AFC_Championship_Game#Lamar_Hunt_Trophy"},{"link_name":"[95]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-100"},{"link_name":"Lamar Hunt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lamar_Hunt"},{"link_name":"[96]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-101"},{"link_name":"[97]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-102"}],"sub_title":"Team trophies","text":"The National Football League has used three different trophies to honor its champion over its existence. The first trophy, the Brunswick-Balke Collender Cup, was donated to the NFL (then APFA) in 1920 by the Brunswick-Balke Collender Corporation. The trophy, the appearance of which is only known by its description as a \"silver loving cup\", was intended to be a traveling trophy and not to become permanent until a team had won at least three titles. The league awarded it to the Akron Pros, champions of the inaugural 1920 season; however, the trophy was discontinued and its current whereabouts are unknown.[88]A second trophy, the Ed Thorp Memorial Trophy, was issued by the NFL from 1934 to 1967. The trophy's namesake, Ed Thorp, was a referee in the league and a friend to many early league owners; upon his death in 1934, the league created the trophy to honor him. In addition to the main trophy, which would be in the possession of the current league champion, the league issued a smaller replica trophy to each champion, who would maintain permanent control over it. The current location of the Ed Thorp Memorial Trophy, long thought to be lost,[89] is believed to be possessed by the Green Bay Packers Hall of Fame.[90]The current trophy of the NFL is the Vince Lombardi Trophy. The Super Bowl trophy was officially renamed in 1970 after Vince Lombardi, who as head coach led the Green Bay Packers to victories in the first two Super Bowls. Unlike the previous trophies, a new Vince Lombardi Trophy is issued to each year's champion, who maintains permanent control of it. Lombardi Trophies are made by Tiffany & Co. out of sterling silver and are worth anywhere from US$25,000 to US$300,000.[91] Additionally, each player on the winning team as well as coaches and personnel are awarded Super Bowl rings to commemorate their victory. The winning team chooses the company that makes the rings; each ring design varies, with the NFL mandating certain ring specifications (which have a degree of room for deviation), in addition to requiring the Super Bowl logo be on at least one side of the ring.[92] The losing team are also awarded rings, which must be no more than half as valuable as the winners' rings, but those are almost never worn.[93]The conference champions receive trophies for their achievement. The champions of the NFC receive the George Halas Trophy,[94] named after Chicago Bears founder George Halas, who is also considered one of the co-founders of the NFL. The AFC champions receive the Lamar Hunt Trophy,[95] named after Lamar Hunt, the founder of the Kansas City Chiefs and the principal founder of the American Football League. Players on the winning team also receive a conference championship ring.[96][97]","title":"Trophies and awards"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Category:National Football League trophies and awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:National_Football_League_trophies_and_awards"},{"link_name":"NFL Honors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NFL_Honors"},{"link_name":"AP Most Valuable Player","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Football_League_Most_Valuable_Player_Award"},{"link_name":"[98]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-103"},{"link_name":"AP Offensive Player of the Year","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AP_NFL_Offensive_Player_of_the_Year_Award"},{"link_name":"AP Defensive Player of the Year","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AP_NFL_Defensive_Player_of_the_Year_Award"},{"link_name":"AP Comeback Player of the Year","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Football_League_Comeback_Player_of_the_Year_Award"},{"link_name":"AP Offensive and Defensive Rookie of the Year","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Football_League_Rookie_of_the_Year_Award"},{"link_name":"[99]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-104"},{"link_name":"Walter Payton Man of the Year Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Payton_Man_of_the_Year_Award"},{"link_name":"[100]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-105"},{"link_name":"NFL Coach of the Year","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NFL_Coach_of_the_Year"},{"link_name":"[101]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-106"},{"link_name":"FedEx Air & Ground NFL Players of the Week","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FedEx_Air_%26_Ground_NFL_Players_of_the_Week"},{"link_name":"[102]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-107"},{"link_name":"Pepsi MAX NFL Rookie of the Week","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pepsi_NFL_Rookie_of_the_Week"},{"link_name":"[103]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-108"}],"sub_title":"Player and coach awards","text":"See also: Category:National Football League trophies and awardsThe NFL recognizes a number of awards for its players and coaches at its annual NFL Honors presentation. The most prestigious award is the AP Most Valuable Player (MVP) award.[98] Other major awards include the AP Offensive Player of the Year, AP Defensive Player of the Year, AP Comeback Player of the Year, and the AP Offensive and Defensive Rookie of the Year awards.[99] Another prestigious award is the Walter Payton Man of the Year Award, which recognizes a player's off-field work in addition to his on-field performance.[100] The NFL Coach of the Year award is the highest coaching award.[101] The NFL also gives out weekly awards such as the FedEx Air & Ground NFL Players of the Week[102] and the Pepsi MAX NFL Rookie of the Week awards.[103]","title":"Trophies and awards"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of current NFL broadcasters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_current_NFL_broadcasters"},{"link_name":"ESPN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ESPN"},{"link_name":"ABC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company"},{"link_name":"CBS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CBS"},{"link_name":"Fox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fox_Broadcasting_Company"},{"link_name":"NBC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NBC"},{"link_name":"Prime Video","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_Video"},{"link_name":"Netflix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netflix"},{"link_name":"NFL Network","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NFL_Network"},{"link_name":"[104]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-109"},{"link_name":"[105]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-110"},{"link_name":"out-of-market sports package","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Out-of-market_sports_package"},{"link_name":"YouTube TV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTube_TV"},{"link_name":"[106]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-111"},{"link_name":"NFL RedZone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NFL_RedZone"},{"link_name":"omnibus telecast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omnibus_(broadcast)"},{"link_name":"Sunday Night Football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NBC_Sunday_Night_Football"},{"link_name":"NFL Kickoff game","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NFL_Kickoff_game"},{"link_name":"Thanksgiving Day game","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NFL_on_Thanksgiving_Day"},{"link_name":"Monday Night Football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monday_Night_Football"},{"link_name":"Amazon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_(company)"},{"link_name":"Thursday Night Football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thursday_Night_Football"},{"link_name":"NFL Network Exclusive Game Series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NFL_Network_Exclusive_Game_Series"},{"link_name":"NFL International Series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NFL_International_Series"},{"link_name":"[107]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-112"},{"link_name":"over-the-top","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Over-the-top_media_service"},{"link_name":"[108]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-113"},{"link_name":"[109]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-114"},{"link_name":"[110]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-115"},{"link_name":"[111]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NFL_Renews_Amazon_Streaming_Deal_for_'Thursday_Night_Football'_for_2018-19_Seasons-116"},{"link_name":"Twitch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitch_(service)"},{"link_name":"[111]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NFL_Renews_Amazon_Streaming_Deal_for_'Thursday_Night_Football'_for_2018-19_Seasons-116"},{"link_name":"Paramount+","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paramount%2B"},{"link_name":"[112]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NFL_completes_long-term_media_distribution_agreements_through_2033_season-117"},{"link_name":"[113]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-118"},{"link_name":"Peacock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peacock_(streaming_service)"},{"link_name":"[112]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NFL_completes_long-term_media_distribution_agreements_through_2033_season-117"},{"link_name":"[114]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-119"},{"link_name":"[115]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-120"},{"link_name":"ESPN+","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ESPN%2B"},{"link_name":"[112]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NFL_completes_long-term_media_distribution_agreements_through_2033_season-117"},{"link_name":"[116]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-The_Walt_Disney_Company,_ESPN_and_National_Football_League_Reach_Landmark_Long-Term_Agreement-121"},{"link_name":"[116]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-The_Walt_Disney_Company,_ESPN_and_National_Football_League_Reach_Landmark_Long-Term_Agreement-121"},{"link_name":"[117]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-122"},{"link_name":"Super Bowl XL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super_Bowl_XL"},{"link_name":"[112]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NFL_completes_long-term_media_distribution_agreements_through_2033_season-117"},{"link_name":"[118]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-123"},{"link_name":"[119]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-124"},{"link_name":"NBC Universo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NBC_Universo"},{"link_name":"Fox Deportes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fox_Deportes"},{"link_name":"ESPN Deportes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ESPN_Deportes"},{"link_name":"[120]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-125"},{"link_name":"[121]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-126"},{"link_name":"blackout policy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NFL_on_television#Blackout_policies"},{"link_name":"2011 season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_NFL_season"},{"link_name":"[122]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-127"},{"link_name":"2013","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013_NFL_season"},{"link_name":"2014","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_NFL_season"},{"link_name":"[123]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Blackout_suspended-128"},{"link_name":"2015 season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015_NFL_season"},{"link_name":"[123]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Blackout_suspended-128"},{"link_name":"Nielsen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nielsen_Company"},{"link_name":"[124]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-129"},{"link_name":"Super Bowl XLVIII","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super_Bowl_XLVIII"},{"link_name":"[125]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-130"},{"link_name":"Westwood One","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NFL_on_Westwood_One_Sports"},{"link_name":"[126]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-131"},{"link_name":"Compass Media Networks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compass_Media_Networks"},{"link_name":"Sports USA Radio Network","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sports_USA_Radio_Network"},{"link_name":"Skycam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skycam"},{"link_name":"Chargers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Diego_Chargers"},{"link_name":"49ers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco_49ers"},{"link_name":"[127]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-132"},{"link_name":"John Madden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Madden"},{"link_name":"telestrator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telestrator"},{"link_name":"[128]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-133"}],"text":"See also: List of current NFL broadcastersIn the United States, the National Football League is televised on eight networks across seven media partners: ESPN/ABC, CBS, Fox, NBC, Prime Video, Netflix, and NFL Network. The league offers its media rights in packages of games to prospective media partners. The packages can vary depending on conference, broadcast time slot, or both. CBS televises afternoon games from the AFC package, and Fox carries afternoon games from the NFC package. These afternoon games are not carried on all affiliates, as multiple games are being played at once; each network affiliate is assigned one game per time slot, according to a complicated set of rules.[104] Since 2011, the league has reserved the right to give Sunday games that, under the contract, would normally air on one network to the other network (known as \"flexible scheduling\").[105] The only way to legally watch a regionally televised game not being carried on the local network affiliates is to purchase NFL Sunday Ticket, the league's out-of-market sports package, which is available through YouTube TV starting with the 2023 season.[106] The league also provides NFL RedZone, an omnibus telecast that cuts to the most relevant plays in each game, live as they happen.In addition to the regional games, the league also has packages of telecasts, mostly in prime time, that are carried nationwide. NBC broadcasts the primetime Sunday Night Football package, which includes the Thursday NFL Kickoff game that starts the regular season and a primetime Thanksgiving Day game. ESPN is the main broadcaster of the Monday Night Football package with ABC airing select games either exclusively or as a simulcast with ESPN. Amazon, through their Prime Video streaming service, is the exclusive carrier of the Thursday Night Football package. NFL Network, a U.S. pay cable channel owned by the league itself, broadcasts select games under the NFL Network Exclusive Game Series banner. Games under this banner usually consist of NFL International Series games and select Saturday games. In 2023, the NFL occupied the top three rates for a 30-second advertisement: $882,079 for Sunday Night Football, $562,524 for Monday Night Football, and $440,523 for Thursday Night Football.[107]The league, in recent years, has expanded their televised broadcasts to over-the-top streaming services. Since 2022, Amazon holds the exclusive rights to broadcast the Thursday Night Football package.[108] Prior to then, Amazon streamed games from the same package as part of a tri-cast model that saw games aired on broadcast television (initially through CBS and NBC, then later with Fox), cable television (through NFL Network), and digital streaming (through Prime Video).[109][110][111] Amazon has also streamed games for free on Twitch since 2018.[111] CBS streams its AFC package games on Paramount+ as a simulcast with its CBS broadcasts.[112][113] NBC streams Sunday Night Football and select exclusive games on Peacock.[112][114][115] ESPN streams its games on ESPN+ in simulcast with the broadcasts on ESPN and/or ABC.[112][116] ESPN also holds exclusive rights to stream one Sunday morning international game on ESPN+.[116] Beginning in 2024, Netflix holds the global streaming rights for at least one Christmas Day game every season as part of a three-year deal.[117]The Super Bowl television rights are rotated on a four-year basis between CBS, Fox, NBC, and ESPN/ABC. The NFL's most recent contract negotiation for the media rights deal was announced on March 18, 2021, to take effect beginning in the 2023 season. The deal renewed previous rights agreements made by the NFL and each of its network partners to air their respective game packages, while awarding Amazon the Thursday Night Football package. ESPN/ABC is set to return to the Super Bowl broadcast rotation and will broadcast the Super Bowl on U.S. television in 2027, 21 years after airing its last Super Bowl, Super Bowl XL. Digital and streaming distribution was expanded to allow CBS, NBC, and ESPN/ABC to stream games on their respective over-the-top streaming services. For each of the packages the respective network partners currently hold, ESPN/ABC is paying US$2.7 billion a year; CBS, Fox, and NBC are each paying more than US$2 billion a year; and Amazon is paying US$1 billion a year. The current deal runs through the 2033 season.[112][118][119]The league also has deals with Spanish-language broadcasters NBC Universo, Fox Deportes, and ESPN Deportes, which air Spanish language dubs of their respective English-language sister networks' games.[120][121] The league's contracts do not cover preseason games, which individual teams are free to sell to local stations directly; a minority of preseason games are distributed among the league's national television partners.Through the 2014 season, the NFL had a blackout policy in which games were 'blacked out' on local television in the home team's area if the home stadium was not sold out. Clubs could elect to set this requirement at only 85%, but they would have to give more ticket revenue to the visiting team; teams could also request a specific exemption from the NFL for the game. The vast majority of NFL games were not blacked out; only 6% of games were blacked out during the 2011 season,[122] and only two games were blacked out in 2013 and none in 2014.[123] The NFL announced in March 2015 that it would suspend its blackout policy for at least the 2015 season.[123] According to Nielsen, the NFL regular season since 2012 was watched by at least 200 million individuals, accounting for 80% of all television households in the United States and 69% of all potential viewers in the United States. NFL regular season games accounted for 31 out of the top 32 most-watched programs in the fall season and an NFL game ranked as the most-watched television show in all 17 weeks of the regular season. At the local level, NFL games were the highest-ranked shows in NFL markets 92% of the time.[124] Super Bowls account for the 22 most-watched programs (based on total audience) in US history, including a record 167 million people that watched Super Bowl XLVIII, the conclusion to the 2013 season.[125]In addition to radio networks run by each NFL team, select NFL games are broadcast nationally by Westwood One (known as Dial Global for the 2012 season). These games are broadcast on over 500 networks, giving all NFL markets access to each primetime game. The NFL's deal with Westwood One was extended in 2012 and continued through 2017.[126] Other NFL games are nationally distributed by Compass Media Networks and Sports USA Radio Network under contracts with individual teams.Some broadcasting innovations have either been introduced or popularized during NFL telecasts. Among them, the Skycam camera system was used for the first time in a live telecast, at a 1984 preseason NFL game in San Diego between the Chargers and 49ers, and televised by CBS.[127] Commentator John Madden famously used a telestrator during games between the early 1980s to the mid-2000s, boosting the device's popularity.[128]","title":"Media coverage"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Caleb_Williams_Oklahoma.jpg"},{"link_name":"Chicago Bears","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_Bears"},{"link_name":"Caleb Williams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caleb_Williams"},{"link_name":"2024 NFL draft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024_NFL_draft"},{"link_name":"[129]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-What's_the_NFL_draft_all_about?-134"},{"link_name":"[130]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-135"},{"link_name":"[131]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-136"},{"link_name":"Underclassmen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Underclassmen"},{"link_name":"[132]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-137"},{"link_name":"[133]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-138"},{"link_name":"[134]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-139"},{"link_name":"2003 draft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2003_NFL_draft"},{"link_name":"Carolina Panthers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carolina_Panthers"},{"link_name":"[135]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-140"},{"link_name":"[136]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-141"},{"link_name":"[137]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-142"},{"link_name":"[129]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-What's_the_NFL_draft_all_about?-134"},{"link_name":"supplemental draft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supplemental_draft"},{"link_name":"[138]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-143"},{"link_name":"[139]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-144"},{"link_name":"expansion drafts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expansion_draft"},{"link_name":"2002","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2002_NFL_expansion_draft"},{"link_name":"Houston Texans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houston_Texans"},{"link_name":"expansion team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expansion_team"},{"link_name":"[140]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-145"},{"link_name":"an allocation draft in 1950","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1950_AAFC_dispersal_draft"},{"link_name":"[141]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-146"},{"link_name":"supplemental draft in 1984","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1984_NFL_supplemental_draft_of_USFL_and_CFL_players"},{"link_name":"United States Football League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Football_League"},{"link_name":"Canadian Football League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Football_League"},{"link_name":"[142]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-147"},{"link_name":"major sports leagues in the United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_professional_sports_leagues_in_the_United_States_and_Canada"},{"link_name":"disaster draft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disaster_draft"},{"link_name":"[143]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-148"}],"text":"Chicago Bears quarterback Caleb Williams, the first overall pick of the 2024 NFL draftEach April (excluding 2014 when it took place in May), the NFL holds a draft of college players. The draft consists of seven rounds, with each of the 32 clubs getting one pick in each round.[129] The draft order for non-playoff teams is determined by regular-season record; among playoff teams, teams are first ranked by the furthest round of the playoffs they reached, and then are ranked by regular-season record. For example, any team that reached the divisional round will be given a higher pick than any team that reached the conference championships, but will be given a lower pick than any team that did not make the divisional round. The Super Bowl champion always drafts last, and the losing team from the Super Bowl always drafts next-to-last.[130] All potential draftees must be at least three years removed from high school in order to be eligible for the draft.[131] Underclassmen that have met that criterion to be eligible for the draft must write an application to the NFL by January 15 renouncing their remaining college eligibility.[132] Clubs can trade away picks for future draft picks, but cannot trade the rights to players they have selected in previous drafts.[133]Aside from the seven picks each club gets, compensatory draft picks are given to teams that have lost more compensatory free agents than they have gained. These are spread out from rounds 3 to 7, and a total of 32 are given.[134] Clubs are required to make their selection within a certain period of time, the exact time depending on which round the pick is made in. If they fail to do so on time, the clubs behind them can begin to select their players in order, but they do not lose the pick outright. This happened in the 2003 draft, when the Minnesota Vikings failed to make their selection on time. The Jacksonville Jaguars and Carolina Panthers were able to make their picks before the Vikings were able to use theirs.[135] Selected players are only allowed to negotiate contracts with the team that picked them, but if they choose not to sign they become eligible for the next year's draft.[136] Under the current collective bargaining contract, all contracts to drafted players must be four-year deals with a club option for a fifth. Contracts themselves are limited to a certain amount of money, depending on the exact draft pick the player was selected with.[137] Players who were draft eligible but not picked in the draft are free to sign with any club.[129]The NFL operates several other drafts in addition to the NFL draft. The league holds a supplemental draft annually. Clubs submit emails to the league stating the player they wish to select and the round they will do so, and the team with the highest bid wins the rights to that player. The exact order is determined by a lottery held before the draft, and a successful bid for a player will result in the team forfeiting the rights to its pick in the equivalent round of the next NFL draft.[138] Players are only eligible for the supplemental draft after being granted a petition for special eligibility.[139] The league holds expansion drafts, the most recent happening in 2002 when the Houston Texans began play as an expansion team.[140] Other drafts held by the league include an allocation draft in 1950 to allocate players from several teams that played in the dissolved All-America Football Conference[141] and a supplemental draft in 1984 to give NFL teams the rights to players who had been eligible for the main draft but had not been drafted because they had signed contracts with the United States Football League or Canadian Football League.[142]Like the other major sports leagues in the United States, the NFL maintains protocol for a disaster draft. In the event of a 'near disaster' (less than 15 players killed or disabled) that caused the club to lose a quarterback, they could draft one from a team with at least three quarterbacks. In the event of a 'disaster' (15 or more players killed or disabled) that results in a club's season being canceled, a restocking draft would be held. Neither of these protocols has ever had to be implemented.[143]","title":"Draft"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Free agents","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_agent"},{"link_name":"restricted free agents","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Restricted_free_agent"},{"link_name":"unrestricted free agents","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unrestricted_free_agent"},{"link_name":"[144]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Questions_and_answers_for_2012_free_agency-149"},{"link_name":"[144]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Questions_and_answers_for_2012_free_agency-149"},{"link_name":"franchise tag","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franchise_tag"},{"link_name":"[145]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-150"},{"link_name":"transition tag","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transition_tag"},{"link_name":"[146]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-151"},{"link_name":"[147]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-152"},{"link_name":"[148]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-153"},{"link_name":"salary cap","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salary_cap"},{"link_name":"[149]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2019_Salary_Cap-154"},{"link_name":"[149]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2019_Salary_Cap-154"},{"link_name":"practice squads","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Practice_squad#National_Football_League"},{"link_name":"[150]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-155"}],"text":"Free agents in the National Football League are divided into restricted free agents, who have three accrued seasons and whose current contract has expired, and unrestricted free agents, who have four or more accrued seasons and whose contract has expired. An accrued season is defined as \"six or more regular-season games on a club's active/inactive, reserved/injured or reserve/physically unable to perform lists\".[144] Restricted free agents are allowed to negotiate with other clubs besides their former club, but the former club has the right to match any offer. If they choose not to, they are compensated with draft picks. Unrestricted free agents are free to sign with any club, and no compensation is owed if they sign with a different club.[144]Clubs are given one franchise tag to offer to any unrestricted free agent. The franchise tag is a one-year deal that pays the player 120% of his previous contract or no less than the average of the five highest-paid players at his position, whichever is greater. There are two types of franchise tags: exclusive tags, which do not allow the player to negotiate with other clubs, and non-exclusive tags, which allow the player to negotiate with other clubs but gives his former club the right to match any offer and two first-round draft picks if they decline to match it.[145]Clubs also have the option to use a transition tag, which is similar to the non-exclusive franchise tag but offers no compensation if the former club refuses to match the offer.[146] Due to that stipulation, the transition tag is rarely used,[147] even with the removal of the \"poison pill\" strategy (offering a contract with stipulations that the former club would be unable to match) that essentially ended the usage of the tag league-wide.[148] Each club is subject to a salary cap, which is set at US$188.2 million for the 2019 season,[149] US$11 million more than that of 2018.[149]Members of clubs' practice squads, despite being paid by and working for their respective clubs, are also simultaneously a kind of free agent and are able to sign to any other club's active roster (provided their new club is not their previous club's next opponent within a set number of days) without compensation to their previous club; practice squad players cannot be signed to other clubs' practice squads, however, unless released by their original club first.[150]","title":"Free agency"}]
[{"image_text":"The Akron Pros won the first APFA (NFL) Championship in 1920.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/1920_akron_pros_posing.jpg/220px-1920_akron_pros_posing.jpg"},{"image_text":"Roger Goodell, National Football League Commissioner since 2006 (pictured in 2012)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Roger_Goodell_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Roger_Goodell_%28cropped%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Chicago Bears quarterback Caleb Williams, the first overall pick of the 2024 NFL draft","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Caleb_Williams_Oklahoma.jpg/220px-Caleb_Williams_Oklahoma.jpg"}]
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[{"reference":"Battista, Judy (September 16, 2020). \"Remembering the NFL's humble origins on its 100th birthday\". NFL.com. NFL Enterprises. Retrieved March 4, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nfl.com/news/remembering-the-nfl-s-humble-origins-on-its-100th-birthday","url_text":"\"Remembering the NFL's humble origins on its 100th birthday\""}]},{"reference":"\"NFL founded in Canton\". ProFootballHOF.com. Pro Football Hall of Fame. January 1, 2005. Retrieved March 4, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.profootballhof.com/news/2005/01/news-nfl-founded-in-canton/","url_text":"\"NFL founded in Canton\""}]},{"reference":"\"League Address\". Support.NFL.com. NFL Enterprises, LLC. Retrieved May 6, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://support.nfl.com/hc/en-us/articles/4989089660060-League-Address","url_text":"\"League Address\""}]},{"reference":"Gordon, Grant (March 18, 2021). \"NFL announces new broadcast deals running through 2033 season\". NFL.com. NFL Enterprises. Retrieved March 7, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nfl.com/news/nfl-announces-new-broadcast-deals-running-through-2033-season","url_text":"\"NFL announces new broadcast deals running through 2033 season\""}]},{"reference":"Jozsa, Frank P. (2004). Sports Capitalism: The Foreign Business of American Professional Leagues. Ashgate Publishing. p. 270. ISBN 978-0-7546-4185-8. Since 1922, [the NFL] has been the top professional sports league in the world with respect to American football","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashgate_Publishing","url_text":"Ashgate Publishing"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7546-4185-8","url_text":"978-0-7546-4185-8"}]},{"reference":"Gulizia, Anthony; Willis, Jeremy (August 14, 2019). \"How the NFL took over America in 100 years\". ESPN.com. Retrieved January 25, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.espn.com/nfl/story/_/id/27321898/how-nfl-took-america-100-years","url_text":"\"How the NFL took over America in 100 years\""}]},{"reference":"Garcia, Ahiza (April 29, 2018). \"Premier League revenues hit record high $6.4 billion\". CNNMoney. Retrieved May 28, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://money.cnn.com/2018/04/19/news/companies/premier-league-record-revenue/index.html","url_text":"\"Premier League revenues hit record high $6.4 billion\""}]},{"reference":"Badenhausen, Kurt (July 22, 2019). \"The World's 50 Most Valuable Sports Teams 2019\". Forbes. Retrieved January 17, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.forbes.com/sites/kurtbadenhausen/2019/07/22/the-worlds-50-most-valuable-sports-teams-2019","url_text":"\"The World's 50 Most Valuable Sports Teams 2019\""}]},{"reference":"\"NFL is world's best attended pro sports league\". ABS-CBN News. Agence France-Presse. January 6, 2013. Archived from the original on October 6, 2013. Retrieved January 30, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.abs-cbnnews.com/sports/01/06/13/nfl-worlds-best-attended-pro-sports-league","url_text":"\"NFL is world's best attended pro sports league\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABS-CBN_News","url_text":"ABS-CBN News"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131006165225/http://www.abs-cbnnews.com/sports/01/06/13/nfl-worlds-best-attended-pro-sports-league","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Pro Football is Still America's Favorite Sport\". Harris Interactive. January 26, 2016. Archived from the original on January 29, 2016. 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Retrieved November 28, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.independent.co.uk/sport/football/european/elite-clubs-on-uefa-gravy-train-as-super-bowl-knocked-off-perch-1884429.html","url_text":"\"Elite clubs on Uefa gravy train as Super Bowl knocked off perch\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Independent","url_text":"The Independent"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121119135550/http://www.independent.co.uk/sport/football/european/elite-clubs-on-uefa-gravy-train-as-super-bowl-knocked-off-perch-1884429.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Super Bowl XLV Most Viewed Telecast in U.S. Broadcast History\". Nielsen Company. February 7, 2011. Archived from the original on February 8, 2011. 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Pro-Football-Reference.com. Archived from the original on July 30, 2018. Retrieved March 31, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.pro-football-reference.com/years/1920_APFA/","url_text":"\"1920 APFA Standings & Team Stats – Pro-Football-Reference.com\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180730234700/https://www.pro-football-reference.com/years/1920_APFA/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"1920 Rock Island Independents Schedule & Game Results – Pro-Football-Reference.com\". Pro-Football-Reference.com. Archived from the original on August 2, 2017. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_M%C3%B8ller
Michael Møller
["1 Education","2 United Nations career","2.1 New York, United States","2.2 Geneva, Switzerland","2.3 Other","3 Tenure as director-general of the UN Office at Geneva","3.1 Sustainable development","3.2 Perception Change Project","3.3 Strategic Heritage Plan","3.4 Geneva Gender Champions","4 Personal life","5 References"]
Danish diplomat Michael Møller12th Director-General of the United Nations Office at GenevaIn office2013–2019Preceded byKassym-Jomart TokayevSucceeded byTatiana Valovaya Personal detailsBorn (1952-11-09) 9 November 1952 (age 71)NationalityDanish Michael Møller (born 9 November 1952, in Denmark) is president of the Diplomatic Forum of the Geneva Science and Diplomacy Anticipator Foundation, principal advisor at Macro Advisory Partners and member of the boards of several foundations, including the Kofi Annan Foundation. He is Honorary President of the Association of Former International Civil Sevants for Development (Greycells). He is a Danish former Under-Secretary-General of the United Nations and the 12th director-general of the United Nations Office at Geneva (UNOG). He was also the secretary-general of the Conference on Disarmament and the United Nations Secretary-General's personal representative to the conference. He was appointed to these roles by Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon in November 2013 and was reappointed by Secretary-General António Guterres in February 2017 for another year. Møller has over 40 years of experience as an international civil servant in the United Nations System, serving in different roles in New York, Iran, Mexico, Haiti and Geneva. Prior to his tenure as director-general, he was the executive director of the Kofi Annan Foundation from 2008 to 2011. Education Born in Copenhagen in 1952, Møller took courses in political science at the Institute for Political Science of the University of Aarhus, in Denmark. In 1976, he received his B.A. in international relations at the University of Sussex, in the United Kingdom. He earned his M.A. in international relations in 1978 from Johns Hopkins University, where he specialized in international organizations and the European Economic Community. He was enrolled at the European campus of the Paul H. Nitze School of Advanced International Studies, in Bologna, Italy. United Nations career Møller began his career in 1979 with the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) as a programme officer and legal officer at its headquarters in Geneva. He was soon after appointed assistant to the director of the Division of International Protection. In 1982 he was promoted to second officer of the UNHCR Regional Office in New York, where he stayed until 1984. This period proved highly formative for his later career, having witnessed war and human suffering first-hand. After the UNHCR, Møller went on to hold various roles within the United Nations System, in Iran, Mexico, Haiti, Cyprus, New York and Geneva. Møller has held the following positions: New York, United States Assistant representative, UNHCR Liaison Office and Regional Office for the Caribbean, New York (1982–1985) Special assistant to the assistant secretary-general, Office of Secretariat Services for Economic and Social Matters (1985–1987) Special assistant to the assistant secretary-general in charge of the Centre against Apartheid, Department of Political Affairs (UN-DPA) (1988–1992) Special assistant to the assistant secretary-general for Political Affairs, UN-DPA (1992) Deputy director, Americas Division, UN-DPA (1994) Senior political affairs officer, Office of the Special Advisor to the Secretary-General (1994–1995) Principal officer, Office of the Under-Secretary-General for Political Affairs (1997–2001) Director for political, peacekeeping and humanitarian affairs, and deputy chef de cabinet, Executive Office of the Secretary-General (2001–2006) Geneva, Switzerland Programme officer and legal officer, UNHCR (1979) Assistant to the director, Division of International Protection, UNHCR (1979–1982) Senior political adviser to the director-general of the United Nations Office at Geneva (1995–1997) Other Political advisor to the United Nations Military Inspection Team of Iran (1985) Head of Sub-Office for Southern Mexico, UNHCR (1987–1988) Head of the United Nations Component, Joint UN/OAS Civilian Mission in Haiti (MICIVIH)(1993) Assistant Secretary-General of the United Nations, special representative of the secretary-general and chief of mission, United Nations Peacekeeping Force in Cyprus (2006–2008) Executive director, Kofi Annan Foundation (2008–2011) Tenure as director-general of the UN Office at Geneva On 5 November 2013, Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon appointed Møller as the acting head of the United Nations Office at Geneva (UNOG), succeeding Kassym-Jomart Tokayev. He was confirmed in that position in June 2015. As director-general, Møller oversees all activities at UNOG. He represents the secretary-general. He fosters cooperation with specialized agencies and programmes in Switzerland and Europe, as well as intergovernmental, non-governmental organizations and other established institutions, including research and academic institutions. As director-general, Møller has sought to deepen collaboration across Geneva and to communicate the importance of the work done in that city. In recognition of his work to promote International Geneva and break down barriers between international and local Geneva, the City of Geneva awarded Møller in May 2016 its Médaille Genève reconnaissante. In October 2016, the Union Suisse des Attachés de Presse (USAP) awarded Møller its Excellence in Communication award, while the Fondation pour Genève awarded him its Prize in March 2017 in recognition of his work in promoting International Geneva. Møller also serves as the secretary-general of the Conference on Disarmament. Because he is convinced that the conference is capable of moving forward on multilateral disarmament, Møller has often expressed disappointment with the body's failure to forge a substantive consensus over the past two decades. In Møller's opinion, states must be committed now, more than ever, to establish a safer world for everyone. Sustainable development Since the General Assembly adopted the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development on 25 September 2015, Møller has promoted Geneva as the operational hub of the Global Goals, pointing out that over 70 organizations in Geneva are directly working to achieve the 17 Sustainable Development Goals. According to Møller, Geneva not only brings to bear an unprecedented wealth of technical expertise and institutional know-how, but is also uniquely suited to forge the kinds of partnerships needed to reach the SDGs. Under his leadership, pursuing the Global Goals has become a priority for UNOG. To that end, Møller established in December 2016 the SDG Lab, a unit within his office to support the range of stakeholders in Geneva working to advance the 2030 Agenda by further leveraging their "expertise and knowledge into policy, practice and action". According to the SDG Lab website: "The Lab works with a diverse ecosystem of actors that are focused on delivering the SDGs and identifies strategic opportunities for convergence in order to energize and maximize the added-value of International Geneva in supporting implementation of the SDGs, including but not limited to United Nations & Intergovernmental Organizations, Member States, Civil Society and NGOs, Academia, and the Private Sector". Perception Change Project As director-general, Møller has sought to correct misconceptions about the work of the United Nations and its partners in Geneva. Although it often goes unnoticed, the decisions taken and the regulations forged in that city help make everyone's lives safer and healthier. In an interview from April 2014, Møller said, "Everything that is done here in Geneva has a direct impact on every person on the planet, in any 24 hour period." To help convey the impact and relevance of the work done in Geneva, Møller launched the Perception Change Project in his office in 2014. As of June 2017, the project has over 100 partners, including UN and other international organizations, NGOs, permanent missions and foundations, working together to convey the importance of the work done in Geneva and beyond and to facilitate the sharing of knowledge. Strategic Heritage Plan The Strategic Heritage Plan was a priority Møller inherited upon his appointment as director-general of UNOG. Built in the 1930s, the Palais des Nations has never been completely renovated and substantial repairs are needed. This is particularly vital at a time when the Palais des Nations is one of the busiest conference centres in the world, hosting or supporting over 12,000 meetings every year. Møller spearheaded the renovation planning process, and in September 2015 he confirmed that the Swiss Federal Council would provide an interest-free loan of 400 million Swiss francs for the renovation. The total cost of the renovation is estimated at 837 million Swiss francs. The project is intended to be completed by the end of 2023. Geneva Gender Champions On 1 July 2015, Møller teamed up with US Ambassador Pamela Hamamoto and Caitlin Kraft-Buchman, executive director of Women@TheTable, to launch the International Geneva Gender Champions, a leadership network committed to accomplishing meaningful change in the pursuit of gender equality. Like every other Gender Champion, Møller pledged not to participate in panels that failed to ensure both gender representatives. He also committed to the creation of a comprehensive gender policy framework for UNOG. In 2016, Møller delivered on this promise when he unveiled UNOG's new gender policy. Also in 2016, the Geneva Gender Champions became the International Gender Champions when it unveiled a branch in New York City. Other Gender Champions branches are opening in Bonn/Berlin, Vienna, Rome, Nairobi and elsewhere. Secretary-General Gutteres is a Champion as are a host of other senior UN officials. Personal life Having a father who was a Danish diplomat, Møller started travelling at the age of five. He has lived in Denmark, the United Kingdom, Germany, France, Czechoslovakia, Italy, Greece, Algeria, Switzerland, Iran, Haiti, the United States, Mexico, and Cyprus for various periods of time. He has described himself as a “perpetual migrant”. His mother tongue is Danish and he speaks fluent French, English, Spanish, German, Italian and Greek. Møller has long had a passion for the arts and he is the honorary president of Art for The World, a non-governmental organization associated with the United Nations Department of Public Information (UNDPI) that seeks to create meaningful dialogue on human rights and development through the universal language of art. References ^ "« Who we are - GESDA - Geneva Science and Diplomacy Anticipator »". ^ "« Macro Advisory Partners »". ^ "« Michael Møller, 12th Director-General of the United Nations in Geneva, joins Kofi Annan Foundation Board »". ^ a b c d "The Director-General". ^ "U.N. to keep up push for peace in Haiti, The Gadsden Times, December 18, 1993". ^ "Overview of UN Peacekeeping Force in Cyprus". ^ "Secretary-General Appoints Michael Møller of Denmark Acting Head, United Nations Office at Geneva, United Nations Meetings Coverage and Press Releases, 5 November 2013". ^ "Publicly available speeches and statements of the Director-General listed in chronological order". ^ "Inaugural lecture by Michael Møller at the University of Geneva Summer Schools, 23 June 2014". ^ "Press release from the Official website of the City of Geneva about Michael Møller receiving the Médaille Genève Reconnaissante". ^ "Press release from the USAP website". Archived from the original on 2017-09-08. Retrieved 2017-09-08. ^ "Article published in the Swiss newspaper "Le Temps" about Michael Møller receiving Fondation pour Genève's Prize". ^ "Statement by Michael Møller at the Conference on Disarmament, 27 May 2015" (PDF). ^ "Statement by Michael Møller at the Conference on Disarmament, 20 January 2015". ^ a b "Web site of the Global Goals". ^ "Executive briefing with Amina Mohammed, 28 October 2015". ^ "Opening remarks of Michael Møller at Maison de la Paix, 11 March 2015". ^ "UNOG's Annual Report 2016". ^ "Official website of the SDG Lab". ^ "SDG Lab webpage on UNOG website". ^ "About the SDG Lab". ^ "Interview with Michael Møller, 5 April 2014". Archived from the original on 8 September 2017. Retrieved 8 September 2017. ^ "Perception Change Project webpage on International Geneva website". ^ "List of Perception Change Project Partners on the UNOG website". Archived from the original on 2017-09-08. Retrieved 2017-09-08. ^ "Overview of the Perception Change Project on the UNOG website". ^ "Strategic Heritage Plan webpage on UNOG website". ^ "Director-general of the united nations office at Geneva Michael Møller expresses deep appreciation to Switzerland for its support of the renovation of the Palais des Nations, 14 September 2015". Archived from the original on 8 September 2017. Retrieved 8 September 2017. ^ "Opening remarks of Michael Møller at the launch of the International Geneva Gender Champions Leadership Network, 1 July 2015". ^ "Parity pledge of Michael Møller for the International Geneva Gender Champions Leadership Network, 1 July 2015". ^ "Interview with Michael Møller during the #iammigrant campaign". ^ "Overview of the mission, activities and human resources of Art for the World".
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He is a Danish former Under-Secretary-General of the United Nations and the 12th director-general of the United Nations Office at Geneva (UNOG).[4] He was also the secretary-general of the Conference on Disarmament and the United Nations Secretary-General's personal representative to the conference. He was appointed to these roles by Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon in November 2013 and was reappointed by Secretary-General António Guterres in February 2017 for another year. Møller has over 40 years of experience as an international civil servant in the United Nations System, serving in different roles in New York, Iran, Mexico, Haiti and Geneva. Prior to his tenure as director-general, he was the executive director of the Kofi Annan Foundation from 2008 to 2011.","title":"Michael Møller"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"University of Aarhus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aarhus_University"},{"link_name":"University of Sussex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Sussex"},{"link_name":"Johns Hopkins University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johns_Hopkins_University"},{"link_name":"Paul H. Nitze School of Advanced International Studies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_H._Nitze_School_of_Advanced_International_Studies"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Director-General-4"}],"text":"Born in Copenhagen in 1952, Møller took courses in political science at the Institute for Political Science of the University of Aarhus, in Denmark. In 1976, he received his B.A. in international relations at the University of Sussex, in the United Kingdom. He earned his M.A. in international relations in 1978 from Johns Hopkins University, where he specialized in international organizations and the European Economic Community. He was enrolled at the European campus of the Paul H. Nitze School of Advanced International Studies, in Bologna, Italy.[4]","title":"Education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_High_Commissioner_for_Refugees"},{"link_name":"United Nations System","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_System"}],"text":"Møller began his career in 1979 with the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) as a programme officer and legal officer at its headquarters in Geneva. He was soon after appointed assistant to the director of the Division of International Protection. In 1982 he was promoted to second officer of the UNHCR Regional Office in New York, where he stayed until 1984. This period proved highly formative for his later career, having witnessed war and human suffering first-hand.After the UNHCR, Møller went on to hold various roles within the United Nations System, in Iran, Mexico, Haiti, Cyprus, New York and Geneva. Møller has held the following positions:","title":"United Nations career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Department of Political Affairs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Department_of_Political_Affairs"},{"link_name":"Secretary-General","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secretary-General_of_the_United_Nations"},{"link_name":"Under-Secretary-General","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Under-Secretary-General_of_the_United_Nations"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Director-General-4"}],"sub_title":"New York, United States","text":"Assistant representative, UNHCR Liaison Office and Regional Office for the Caribbean, New York (1982–1985)\nSpecial assistant to the assistant secretary-general, Office of Secretariat Services for Economic and Social Matters (1985–1987)\nSpecial assistant to the assistant secretary-general in charge of the Centre against Apartheid, Department of Political Affairs (UN-DPA) (1988–1992)\nSpecial assistant to the assistant secretary-general for Political Affairs, UN-DPA (1992)\nDeputy director, Americas Division, UN-DPA (1994)\nSenior political affairs officer, Office of the Special Advisor to the Secretary-General (1994–1995)\nPrincipal officer, Office of the Under-Secretary-General for Political Affairs (1997–2001)\nDirector for political, peacekeeping and humanitarian affairs, and deputy chef de cabinet, Executive Office of the Secretary-General (2001–2006)[4]","title":"United Nations career"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Geneva, Switzerland","text":"Programme officer and legal officer, UNHCR (1979)\nAssistant to the director, Division of International Protection, UNHCR (1979–1982)\nSenior political adviser to the director-general of the United Nations Office at Geneva (1995–1997)","title":"United Nations career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Joint UN/OAS Civilian Mission in Haiti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MICIVIH"},{"link_name":"MICIVIH","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MICIVIH"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"United Nations Peacekeeping Force in Cyprus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Peacekeeping_Force_in_Cyprus"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"sub_title":"Other","text":"Political advisor to the United Nations Military Inspection Team of Iran (1985)\nHead of Sub-Office for Southern Mexico, UNHCR (1987–1988)\nHead of the United Nations Component, Joint UN/OAS Civilian Mission in Haiti (MICIVIH)(1993) [5]\nAssistant Secretary-General of the United Nations, special representative of the secretary-general and chief of mission, United Nations Peacekeeping Force in Cyprus (2006–2008) [6]\nExecutive director, Kofi Annan Foundation (2008–2011)","title":"United Nations career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"United Nations Office at Geneva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Office_at_Geneva"},{"link_name":"Kassym-Jomart Tokayev","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kassym-Jomart_Tokayev"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"specialized agencies and programmes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_specialized_agencies_of_the_United_Nations"},{"link_name":"intergovernmental","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intergovernmental_organization"},{"link_name":"non-governmental organizations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-governmental_organizations"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Director-General-4"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Conference on Disarmament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conference_on_Disarmament"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"text":"On 5 November 2013, Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon appointed Møller as the acting head of the United Nations Office at Geneva (UNOG), succeeding Kassym-Jomart Tokayev.[7] He was confirmed in that position in June 2015.As director-general, Møller oversees all activities at UNOG. He represents the secretary-general. He fosters cooperation with specialized agencies and programmes in Switzerland and Europe, as well as intergovernmental, non-governmental organizations and other established institutions, including research and academic institutions.[4] As director-general, Møller has sought to deepen collaboration across Geneva and to communicate the importance of the work done in that city.[8] In recognition of his work to promote International Geneva[9] and break down barriers between international and local Geneva, the City of Geneva awarded Møller in May 2016 its Médaille Genève reconnaissante.[10] In October 2016, the Union Suisse des Attachés de Presse (USAP) awarded Møller its Excellence in Communication award,[11] while the Fondation pour Genève awarded him its Prize[12] in March 2017 in recognition of his work in promoting International Geneva.Møller also serves as the secretary-general of the Conference on Disarmament. Because he is convinced that the conference is capable of moving forward on multilateral disarmament, Møller has often expressed disappointment with the body's failure to forge a substantive consensus over the past two decades.[13] In Møller's opinion, states must be committed now, more than ever, to establish a safer world for everyone.[14]","title":"Tenure as director-general of the UN Office at Geneva"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"General Assembly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_General_Assembly"},{"link_name":"2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sustainable_Development_Goals"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GlobalGoals-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GlobalGoals-15"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"}],"sub_title":"Sustainable development","text":"Since the General Assembly adopted the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development on 25 September 2015, Møller has promoted Geneva as the operational hub of the Global Goals,[15] pointing out that over 70 organizations in Geneva are directly working to achieve the 17 Sustainable Development Goals.[16] According to Møller, Geneva not only brings to bear an unprecedented wealth of technical expertise and institutional know-how, but is also uniquely suited to forge the kinds of partnerships needed to reach the SDGs.[17] Under his leadership, pursuing the Global Goals[15] has become a priority for UNOG.[18]To that end, Møller established in December 2016 the SDG Lab,[19] a unit within his office to support the range of stakeholders in Geneva working to advance the 2030 Agenda by further leveraging their \"expertise and knowledge into policy, practice and action\".[20]According to the SDG Lab website: \"The Lab works with a diverse ecosystem of actors that are focused on delivering the SDGs and identifies strategic opportunities for convergence in order to energize and maximize the added-value of International Geneva in supporting implementation of the SDGs, including but not limited to United Nations & Intergovernmental Organizations, Member States, Civil Society and NGOs, Academia, and the Private Sector\".[21]","title":"Tenure as director-general of the UN Office at Geneva"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"}],"sub_title":"Perception Change Project","text":"As director-general, Møller has sought to correct misconceptions about the work of the United Nations and its partners in Geneva. Although it often goes unnoticed, the decisions taken and the regulations forged in that city help make everyone's lives safer and healthier. In an interview from April 2014, Møller said, \"Everything that is done here in Geneva has a direct impact on every person on the planet, in any 24 hour period.\"[22]To help convey the impact and relevance of the work done in Geneva, Møller launched the Perception Change Project[23] in his office in 2014. As of June 2017, the project has over 100 partners, including UN and other international organizations, NGOs, permanent missions and foundations, working together to convey the importance of the work done in Geneva and beyond and to facilitate the sharing of knowledge.[24][25]","title":"Tenure as director-general of the UN Office at Geneva"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"Palais des Nations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palace_of_Nations,_Geneva"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"Swiss Federal Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swiss_Federal_Council"}],"sub_title":"Strategic Heritage Plan","text":"The Strategic Heritage Plan[26] was a priority Møller inherited upon his appointment as director-general of UNOG. Built in the 1930s, the Palais des Nations has never been completely renovated and substantial repairs are needed.[27] This is particularly vital at a time when the Palais des Nations is one of the busiest conference centres in the world, hosting or supporting over 12,000 meetings every year. Møller spearheaded the renovation planning process, and in September 2015 he confirmed that the Swiss Federal Council would provide an interest-free loan of 400 million Swiss francs for the renovation. The total cost of the renovation is estimated at 837 million Swiss francs. The project is intended to be completed by the end of 2023.","title":"Tenure as director-general of the UN Office at Geneva"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"}],"sub_title":"Geneva Gender Champions","text":"On 1 July 2015, Møller teamed up with US Ambassador Pamela Hamamoto and Caitlin Kraft-Buchman, executive director of Women@TheTable, to launch the International Geneva Gender Champions, a leadership network committed to accomplishing meaningful change in the pursuit of gender equality.[28] Like every other Gender Champion, Møller pledged not to participate in panels that failed to ensure both gender representatives.[29] He also committed to the creation of a comprehensive gender policy framework for UNOG. In 2016, Møller delivered on this promise when he unveiled UNOG's new gender policy. Also in 2016, the Geneva Gender Champions became the International Gender Champions when it unveiled a branch in New York City. Other Gender Champions branches are opening in Bonn/Berlin, Vienna, Rome, Nairobi and elsewhere. Secretary-General Gutteres is a Champion as are a host of other senior UN officials.","title":"Tenure as director-general of the UN Office at Geneva"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"Art for The World","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_for_The_World"},{"link_name":"United Nations Department of Public Information","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Department_of_Public_Information"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"}],"text":"Having a father who was a Danish diplomat, Møller started travelling at the age of five. He has lived in Denmark, the United Kingdom, Germany, France, Czechoslovakia, Italy, Greece, Algeria, Switzerland, Iran, Haiti, the United States, Mexico, and Cyprus for various periods of time. He has described himself as a “perpetual migrant”.[30] His mother tongue is Danish and he speaks fluent French, English, Spanish, German, Italian and Greek. Møller has long had a passion for the arts and he is the honorary president of Art for The World, a non-governmental organization associated with the United Nations Department of Public Information (UNDPI) that seeks to create meaningful dialogue on human rights and development through the universal language of art.[31]","title":"Personal life"}]
[]
null
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Archived from the original on 2017-09-08. Retrieved 2017-09-08.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170908201915/http://www.usap.ch/index.php","url_text":"\"Press release from the USAP website\""},{"url":"http://www.usap.ch/index.php","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Article published in the Swiss newspaper \"Le Temps\" about Michael Møller receiving Fondation pour Genève's Prize\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.letemps.ch/suisse/2017/03/24/geneve-internationale-suisse-serait-un-tres-different","url_text":"\"Article published in the Swiss newspaper \"Le Temps\" about Michael Møller receiving Fondation pour Genève's Prize\""}]},{"reference":"\"Statement by Michael Møller at the Conference on Disarmament, 27 May 2015\" (PDF).","urls":[{"url":"https://www.unog.ch/80256EDD006B8954/(httpAssets)/5E6195448432FC58C1257E5300488CC1/$file/1353+DG+Statement.pdf","url_text":"\"Statement by Michael Møller at the Conference on Disarmament, 27 May 2015\""}]},{"reference":"\"Statement by Michael Møller at the Conference on Disarmament, 20 January 2015\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.un.org/sg/en/content/sg/statement/2015-01-20/secretary-generals-message-conference-disarmament-delivered-mr","url_text":"\"Statement by Michael Møller at the Conference on Disarmament, 20 January 2015\""}]},{"reference":"\"Web site of the Global Goals\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.globalgoals.org/","url_text":"\"Web site of the Global Goals\""}]},{"reference":"\"Executive briefing with Amina Mohammed, 28 October 2015\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.unog.ch/80256EE600583A0B/(httpActivities)/F9A66CABD9FFC0C1C1257EEA003BE64F?OpenDocument","url_text":"\"Executive briefing with Amina Mohammed, 28 October 2015\""}]},{"reference":"\"Opening remarks of Michael Møller at Maison de la Paix, 11 March 2015\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.unog.ch/80256EE600583A0B/(httpPages)/C2DAA51B6439091EC1257E06004F3EBA?OpenDocument&year=2013","url_text":"\"Opening remarks of Michael Møller at Maison de la Paix, 11 March 2015\""}]},{"reference":"\"UNOG's Annual Report 2016\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.unog.ch/80256EDD006AC19C/(httpPages)/96B4529FBC62AF1E80256EF3005DC06B?OpenDocument","url_text":"\"UNOG's Annual Report 2016\""}]},{"reference":"\"Official website of the SDG Lab\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.sdglab.ch/","url_text":"\"Official website of the SDG Lab\""}]},{"reference":"\"SDG Lab webpage on UNOG website\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.unog.ch/80256EE600583A0B/(httpPages)/C34532852241E58CC125815D003660AF?OpenDocument","url_text":"\"SDG Lab webpage on UNOG website\""}]},{"reference":"\"About the SDG Lab\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.sdglab.ch/about/","url_text":"\"About the SDG Lab\""}]},{"reference":"\"Interview with Michael Møller, 5 April 2014\". Archived from the original on 8 September 2017. Retrieved 8 September 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170908203030/http://www.geneve-int.ch/fr/entretien-avec-michael-m-ller-directeur-g-n-ral-par-int-rim-du-bureau-des-nations-unies-gen-ve-onug","url_text":"\"Interview with Michael Møller, 5 April 2014\""},{"url":"http://www.geneve-int.ch/fr/entretien-avec-michael-m-ller-directeur-g-n-ral-par-int-rim-du-bureau-des-nations-unies-gen-ve-onug","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Perception Change Project webpage on International Geneva website\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.geneve-int.ch/perception-change-project-pcp","url_text":"\"Perception Change Project webpage on International Geneva website\""}]},{"reference":"\"List of Perception Change Project Partners on the UNOG website\". Archived from the original on 2017-09-08. Retrieved 2017-09-08.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170908203151/http://www.geneve-int.ch/selections","url_text":"\"List of Perception Change Project Partners on the UNOG website\""},{"url":"http://www.geneve-int.ch/selections","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Overview of the Perception Change Project on the UNOG website\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.unog.ch/80256EE600583A0B/(httpPages)/728D8525FE578883C1257DD9003716F6?OpenDocument","url_text":"\"Overview of the Perception Change Project on the UNOG website\""}]},{"reference":"\"Strategic Heritage Plan webpage on UNOG website\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.unog.ch/shp","url_text":"\"Strategic Heritage Plan webpage on UNOG website\""}]},{"reference":"\"Director-general of the united nations office at Geneva Michael Møller expresses deep appreciation to Switzerland for its support of the renovation of the Palais des Nations, 14 September 2015\". Archived from the original on 8 September 2017. Retrieved 8 September 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170908201513/https://www.unog.ch/80256EDD006B9C2E/(httpNewsByYear_en)/AF11931FA327C31AC1257EC000585405?OpenDocument","url_text":"\"Director-general of the united nations office at Geneva Michael Møller expresses deep appreciation to Switzerland for its support of the renovation of the Palais des Nations, 14 September 2015\""},{"url":"https://www.unog.ch/80256EDD006B9C2E/(httpNewsByYear_en)/AF11931FA327C31AC1257EC000585405?OpenDocument","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Opening remarks of Michael Møller at the launch of the International Geneva Gender Champions Leadership Network, 1 July 2015\".","urls":[{"url":"https://geneva.usmission.gov/2015/07/01/international-geneva-gender-champions-launch-director-general-mollers-remarks/","url_text":"\"Opening remarks of Michael Møller at the launch of the International Geneva Gender Champions Leadership Network, 1 July 2015\""}]},{"reference":"\"Parity pledge of Michael Møller for the International Geneva Gender Champions Leadership Network, 1 July 2015\".","urls":[{"url":"http://genderchampions.com/champions/michael-moller","url_text":"\"Parity pledge of Michael Møller for the International Geneva Gender Champions Leadership Network, 1 July 2015\""}]},{"reference":"\"Interview with Michael Møller during the #iammigrant campaign\".","urls":[{"url":"https://iamamigrant.org/stories/switzerland/michael","url_text":"\"Interview with Michael Møller during the #iammigrant campaign\""}]},{"reference":"\"Overview of the mission, activities and human resources of Art for the World\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.artfortheworld.net/who-we-are","url_text":"\"Overview of the mission, activities and human resources of Art for the World\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fusion!_Wes_Montgomery_with_Strings
Fusion! Wes Montgomery with Strings
["1 History","2 Reception","3 Track listing","4 Personnel","5 References","6 External links"]
1963 studio album by Wes MontgomeryFusion! Wes Montgomery with StringsStudio album by Wes MontgomeryReleased1963RecordedApril 18–19, 1963StudioPlaza Sound Studios, New York CityGenreJazzLength42:39 (reissue)LabelRiversideProducerOrrin KeepnewsWes Montgomery chronology Full House(1962) Fusion! Wes Montgomery with Strings(1963) Boss Guitar(1963) Fusion!: Wes Montgomery with Strings is an album by the American jazz guitarist Wes Montgomery, released in 1963. History Fusion was the first album Montgomery recorded with a string section. This would become more commonplace on his later releases on the Verve and A&M labels. It has been reissued in the Original Jazz Classics series with additional alternate takes and all the tracks are also available on the Wes Montgomery compilation CD-set The Complete Riverside Recordings. Reception Professional ratingsReview scoresSourceRatingAllMusicThe Penguin Guide to Jazz RecordingsThe Rolling Stone Jazz Record Guide In his AllMusic review, music critic Scott Yanow praised the album: "As with his later albums, Montgomery's guitar solos here are brief and melodic but the jazz content is fairly high even if the emphasis is (with the exception of 'Tune Up') on ballads... worth picking up; the music is quite pretty and pleasing." Track listing "All the Way" (Jimmy Van Heusen, Sammy Cahn) – 2:39 "Pretty Blue" (Wes Montgomery) – 3:40 "Pretty Blue" (Montgomery) – 2:58 "In the Wee Small Hours of the Morning" (Mann, Hilliard) – 2:51 "Prelude to a Kiss" (Duke Ellington, Irving Mills, Irving Gordon) – 3:08 "The Girl Next Door" (Ralph Blane, Hugh Martin) – 3:08 "My Romance" (Richard Rodgers, Lorenz Hart) – 2:31 "God Bless the Child" (Billie Holiday, Arthur Herzog Jr.) – 3:19 "Tune Up" (Miles Davis) – 3:14 "Tune Up" (Davis) – 5:09 "Tune Up" (Davis) – 4:44 "Somewhere" (Leonard Bernstein, Stephen Sondheim) – 3:30 "Baubles, Bangles & Beads" (George Forrest, Robert Wright, Alexander Borodin) – 2:19 Personnel Wes Montgomery – guitar Milt Hinton – bass Kenny Burrell – guitar Dick Hyman – piano, celesta Hank Jones – piano, celesta Osie Johnson – drums Phil Bodner – woodwinds Burt Fisch – viola Ralph Hersh – viola Alfred Brown – viola Leo Kruczek – violin Harry Lookofsky – violin Mac Ceppos – violin Winston Collymore – violin Arnold Eidus – violin David Nadien – violin Gene Orloff – violin, concert master Raoul Poliakin – violin Samuel Rand – violin Sylvan Shulman – violin Paul Winter – violin Isadore Zir – violin George Ricci – cello Lucien Schmit – cello Charles McCracken – cello Kermit Moore – cello Margaret Ross – harp Gloria Agostini – harp Production notes: Orrin Keepnews – producer Ray Fowler – engineer Jimmy Jones – conductor, arranger References ^ a b c Yanow, Scott. "Fustion! Wes Montgomery with Strings > Review". AllMusic. Retrieved December 17, 2010. ^ Woodard, Josef (July–August 2005). "Wes Montgomery: The Softer Side of Genius'". JazzTimes. ^ Swenson, J., ed. (1985). The Rolling Stone Jazz Record Guide. USA: Random House/Rolling Stone. p. 146. ISBN 0-394-72643-X. ^ Cook, Richard; Morton, Brian (2008). The Penguin Guide to Jazz Recordings (9th ed.). Penguin. p. 1026. ISBN 978-0-141-03401-0. External links Jazz Discography vteMontgomery Brothers Wes Montgomery Buddy Montgomery Monk Montgomery Albums Groove Yard (1961) George Shearing and the Montgomery Brothers (1961) The Montgomery Brothers in Canada (1961) Wes solo Fingerpickin' (1958) The Wes Montgomery Trio (1959) The Incredible Jazz Guitar of Wes Montgomery (1960) Movin' Along (1960) SO Much Guitar! (1961) Bags Meets Wes! (1961) Full House (1962) Fusion! Wes Montgomery with Strings (1963) Boss Guitar (1963) Portrait of Wes (1963) Guitar on the Go (1963) The Alternative Wes Montgomery (1963) Movin' Wes (1964) Bumpin' (1965) Smokin' at the Half Note (1965) Goin' out of My Head (1965) Body and Soul (Live at Ronnie Scott's Club) (1965) California Dreaming (1966) Jimmy & Wes: The Dynamic Duo (1966) Tequila (1966) A Day in the Life (1967) Down Here on the Ground (1968) Road Song (1968) Willow Weep for Me (1969) The Complete Riverside Recordings (1992) One Night in Indy (2015) Monk solo It's Never Too Late (1969) Bass Odyssey (1971) Reality (1974) Monk Montgomery in Africa...Live! (1975) Buddy solo This Rather Than That (1969) Live at Maybeck Recital Hall (1991) The Mastersounds The King and I (1957) Kismet (1958) Flower Drum Song (1958) Ballads and Blues (1959) Related Wes Montgomery discography Authority control databases MusicBrainz release group
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This would become more commonplace on his later releases on the Verve and A&M labels.[1][2]It has been reissued in the Original Jazz Classics series with additional alternate takes and all the tracks are also available on the Wes Montgomery compilation CD-set The Complete Riverside Recordings.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"AllMusic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AllMusic"},{"link_name":"Scott Yanow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scott_Yanow"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AM-1"}],"text":"In his AllMusic review, music critic Scott Yanow praised the album: \"As with his later albums, Montgomery's guitar solos here are brief and melodic but the jazz content is fairly high even if the emphasis is (with the exception of 'Tune Up') on ballads... worth picking up; the music is quite pretty and pleasing.\"[1]","title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"All the Way","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_the_Way_(Frank_Sinatra_song)"},{"link_name":"Jimmy Van Heusen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimmy_Van_Heusen"},{"link_name":"Sammy Cahn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sammy_Cahn"},{"link_name":"Prelude to a Kiss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prelude_to_a_Kiss_(song)"},{"link_name":"Duke Ellington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duke_Ellington"},{"link_name":"Irving Mills","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irving_Mills"},{"link_name":"Irving Gordon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irving_Gordon"},{"link_name":"My Romance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/My_Romance_(song)"},{"link_name":"Richard Rodgers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Rodgers"},{"link_name":"Lorenz Hart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lorenz_Hart"},{"link_name":"God Bless the Child","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/God_Bless_the_Child_(Billie_Holiday_song)"},{"link_name":"Billie Holiday","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billie_Holiday"},{"link_name":"Arthur Herzog Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Herzog_Jr."},{"link_name":"Tune Up","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tune_Up"},{"link_name":"Miles Davis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miles_Davis"},{"link_name":"Somewhere","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somewhere_(song)"},{"link_name":"Leonard Bernstein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonard_Bernstein"},{"link_name":"Stephen Sondheim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Sondheim"},{"link_name":"Baubles, Bangles & Beads","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baubles,_Bangles_%26_Beads"},{"link_name":"George Forrest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Forrest_(author)"},{"link_name":"Robert Wright","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Wright_(writer)"},{"link_name":"Alexander Borodin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Borodin"}],"text":"\"All the Way\" (Jimmy Van Heusen, Sammy Cahn) – 2:39\n\"Pretty Blue\" (Wes Montgomery) – 3:40\n\"Pretty Blue\" [Alternate take] (Montgomery) – 2:58\n\"In the Wee Small Hours of the Morning\" (Mann, Hilliard) – 2:51\n\"Prelude to a Kiss\" (Duke Ellington, Irving Mills, Irving Gordon) – 3:08\n\"The Girl Next Door\" (Ralph Blane, Hugh Martin) – 3:08\n\"My Romance\" (Richard Rodgers, Lorenz Hart) – 2:31\n\"God Bless the Child\" (Billie Holiday, Arthur Herzog Jr.) – 3:19\n\"Tune Up\" (Miles Davis) – 3:14\n\"Tune Up\" [Alternate take] (Davis) – 5:09\n\"Tune Up\" [Alternate take] (Davis) – 4:44\n\"Somewhere\" (Leonard Bernstein, Stephen Sondheim) – 3:30\n\"Baubles, Bangles & Beads\" (George Forrest, Robert Wright, Alexander Borodin) – 2:19","title":"Track listing"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Wes Montgomery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wes_Montgomery"},{"link_name":"guitar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jazz_guitar"},{"link_name":"Milt Hinton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milt_Hinton"},{"link_name":"bass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double_bass"},{"link_name":"Kenny Burrell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenny_Burrell"},{"link_name":"guitar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jazz_guitar"},{"link_name":"Dick Hyman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dick_Hyman"},{"link_name":"piano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piano"},{"link_name":"celesta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celesta"},{"link_name":"Hank Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hank_Jones"},{"link_name":"piano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piano"},{"link_name":"celesta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celesta"},{"link_name":"Osie Johnson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osie_Johnson"},{"link_name":"drums","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drums"},{"link_name":"Phil Bodner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phil_Bodner"},{"link_name":"woodwinds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woodwinds"},{"link_name":"viola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viola"},{"link_name":"violin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Violin"},{"link_name":"Harry Lookofsky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Lookofsky"},{"link_name":"Arnold Eidus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arnold_Eidus"},{"link_name":"Gene Orloff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene_Orloff"},{"link_name":"Paul Winter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Winter_(violinist)"},{"link_name":"cello","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cello"},{"link_name":"Kermit Moore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kermit_Moore"},{"link_name":"harp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harp"},{"link_name":"Orrin Keepnews","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orrin_Keepnews"},{"link_name":"Jimmy Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimmy_Jones_(pianist)"}],"text":"Wes Montgomery – guitar\nMilt Hinton – bass\nKenny Burrell – guitar\nDick Hyman – piano, celesta\nHank Jones – piano, celesta\nOsie Johnson – drums\nPhil Bodner – woodwinds\nBurt Fisch – viola\nRalph Hersh – viola\nAlfred Brown – viola\nLeo Kruczek – violin\nHarry Lookofsky – violin\nMac Ceppos – violin\nWinston Collymore – violin\nArnold Eidus – violin\nDavid Nadien – violin\nGene Orloff – violin, concert master\nRaoul Poliakin – violin\nSamuel Rand – violin\nSylvan Shulman – violin\nPaul Winter – violin\nIsadore Zir – violin\nGeorge Ricci – cello\nLucien Schmit – cello\nCharles McCracken – cello\nKermit Moore – cello\nMargaret Ross – harp\nGloria Agostini – harpProduction notes:Orrin Keepnews – producer\nRay Fowler – engineer\nJimmy Jones – conductor, arranger","title":"Personnel"}]
[]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asian_PGA_Tour
Asian Tour
["1 History","2 Players","3 Tournaments and prize money","4 Order of Merit winners","5 Awards","6 Leading career money winners","7 See also","8 Notes","9 References","10 External links"]
This article is about the professional golf tour that started in 1995. For the tour that ran from 1962 until 1999, see Asia Golf Circuit. Professional golf tour Asian TourCurrent season, competition or edition: 2024 Asian TourFormerlyAsian PGA TourOmega TourDavidoff TourSportGolfFounded1994First season1995CEOCho Minn ThantDirectorJimmy MasrinCountriesBased in AsiaMost titlesOrder of Merit titles: Thongchai Jaidee (3)Tournament wins: Thaworn Wiratchant (18)RelatedcompetitionsAsian Development TourOfficial websitehttp://www.asiantour.com/ The Asian Tour is the principal men's professional golf tour in Asia except for Japan (which has its own Japan Golf Tour). It is also a full member of the International Federation of PGA Tours. Official money events on the tour count for Official World Golf Ranking points. The Asian Tour is administered from Singapore. It is controlled by a board with a majority of professional golfers, and a Tournament Players Committee of its player members, supported by an executive team. The chairman of the board is the Indonesian businessman Jimmy Masrin. History The Asian PGA was formed in July 1994 at a meeting in Hong Kong attended by PGA representatives from eight countries. The first season of the APGA Omega Tour, as it was known for sponsorship reasons, was played in 1995 and within a few years it had supplanted the existing tour in the region, the Asia Golf Circuit that was run by the Asia Pacific Golf Confederation, as the leading golf tour in Asia outside of Japan. In 1998 the Asian Tour became the sixth member of the International Federation of PGA Tours. Under a new sponsorship deal, between 1999 and 2003 the tour was known as the Davidoff Tour, before adopting its current name in 2004. In 2002, the tour moved its office from Hong Kong to Malaysia and in 2004 the tour was taken over by a new organisation established by the players, who had been in dispute with the previous management. In 2007 it moved to new headquarters on the resort island of Sentosa in Singapore, which is also the home to what was at that time the tour's richest sole sanctioned tournament, the Singapore Open. In 2009 a rival tour, the OneAsia Tour, was established. Relations between the two tours are hostile. In 2010, the Asian Tour launched the Asian Development Tour (ADT) as a developmental circuit. Five events were played the first year. By 2015 the tour had expanded to holding 28 tournaments with US$2.2 million of prize money. Players Most of the leading players on the tour are Asian, but players from other parts of the world also participate (as of 2007 the country with most representatives profiled on the tour's official site is Australia). In 2006 the Asian Tour became the most prestigious men's tour on which a woman has made the half-way cut in recent times when Michelle Wie did so at the SK Telecom Open in South Korea. Among the ways to obtain an Asian Tour card is to be among the top 35 (including ties) at the Tour's qualifying school, finishing in the top 5 of the Asian Development Tour Order of Merit, and placing in the top 60 of the previous season's Order of Merit. The winner of the Asian Tour Order of Merit also receives entry into The Open Championship. Tournaments and prize money See also: 2023 Asian Tour Each year the Asian Tour co-sanctions a number of events with the European Tour, with these events offering higher prize funds than most of the other tournaments on the tour as a result. While most of these tournaments have been in Asia, the Omega European Masters in Switzerland has been co-sanctioned from 2009 to 2017. In addition, the two tours sometimes tri-sanction events with the Sunshine Tour or PGA Tour of Australasia in those tours' respective regions. The Asian Tour also co-sanctions tournaments with the Japan Golf Tour. Since 2008, 50 percent of players' earnings from the US Open and The Open Championship have counted towards the Asian Tour's Order of Merit. The two Opens were singled out from the other majors because they have open qualifying which Asian Tour members may enter. Asia's richest event, the HSBC Champions, was first played in November 2005 with a prize fund of $5 million. The tournament is co-sanctioned by the Asian Tour and the earnings were counted towards the money list for its first three years before it became a World Golf Championships event in 2009. From 2009 to present, the earnings are not counted towards the Asian Tour Order of Merit. Another limited-field event in Malaysia, the CIMB Classic, was launched in 2010 with a $6 million purse. The first Asian Tour event to be co-sanctioned by the US-based PGA Tour began as an unofficial event on that tour, but it started to offer official money and FedEx Cup points in 2013. In 2016, the tour's richest sole-sanctioned event was the Venetian Macao Open, with a prize fund of $1.1 million. Starting in 2022, the Saudi International became its signature event and became its richest sole-sanctioned event. That same year, the International Series was launched, with the Order of Merit winner earning a spot in the LIV Golf League. Order of Merit winners Season Winner Points 2023 Andy Ogletree 2,129 Season Winner Prize money (US$) 2022 Sihwan Kim 627,458 2020–21–22 Tom Kim 507,553 2019 Jazz Janewattananond 1,058,524 2018 Shubhankar Sharma 755,994 2017 Gavin Green 585,813 2016 Scott Hend 1,004,792 2015 Anirban Lahiri 1,139,084 2014 David Lipsky 713,901 2013 Kiradech Aphibarnrat 1,127,855 2012 Thaworn Wiratchant (2) 738,047 2011 Juvic Pagunsan 788,299 2010 Noh Seung-yul 822,361 2009 Thongchai Jaidee (3) 981,932 2008 Jeev Milkha Singh (2) 1,452,702 2007 Liang Wenchong 532,590 2006 Jeev Milkha Singh 591,884 2005 Thaworn Wiratchant 510,122 2004 Thongchai Jaidee (2) 381,930 2003 Arjun Atwal 284,018 2002 Jyoti Randhawa 266,263 2001 Thongchai Jaidee 353,060 2000 Simon Dyson 282,370 1999 Kyi Hla Han 204,210 1998 Kang Wook-soon (2) 150,772 1997 Mike Cunning 170,619 1996 Kang Wook-soon 183,787 1995 Lin Keng-chi 177,856 Awards Season Player of the Year Rookie of the Year 2023 Andy Ogletree Kho Taichi Season Players' Player of the Year Rookie of the Year 2022 Sihwan Kim Kim Bi-o 2020–21–22 No awards 2019 Jazz Janewattananond Sadom Kaewkanjana 2018 John Catlin Park Sang-hyun 2017 Gavin Green Micah Lauren Shin 2016 Scott Hend Scott Vincent 2015 Anirban Lahiri (2) Natipong Srithong 2014 Anirban Lahiri Cameron Smith 2013 Kiradech Aphibarnrat Richard T. Lee 2012 Thaworn Wiratchant (2) Masanori Kobayashi 2011 Juvic Pagunsan Tjaart van der Walt 2010 Noh Seung-yul Rikard Karlberg 2009 Thongchai Jaidee (3) Chinnaswamy Muniyappa 2008 Jeev Milkha Singh (2) Noh Seung-yul 2007 Liang Wenchong Scott Hend 2006 Jeev Milkha Singh Juvic Pagunsan 2005 Thaworn Wiratchant Shiv Kapur 2004 Thongchai Jaidee (2) Adam Groom 2003 Arjun Atwal Marcus Both 2002 Jyoti Randhawa Kevin Na 2001 Thongchai Jaidee Ted Oh 2000 Simon Dyson Simon Dyson 1999 Kyi Hla Han Kenny Druce 1998 Chris Williams Ed Fryatt 1997 Prayad Marksaeng Ted Purdy 1996 Kang Wook-soon Jeff Wagner 1995 Lin Keng-chi Arjun Atwal Leading career money winners The table below shows the leading money winners on the Asian Tour as of 16 October 2016. The official site has a top 100 list which also shows each player's winnings for 1995 to 2016. Rank Player Prize money (US$) 1 Thongchai Jaidee 5,485,537 2 Thaworn Wiratchant 4,493,844 3 Scott Hend 3,795,696 4 Prayad Marksaeng 3,533,551 5 Jeev Milkha Singh 3,487,029 6 Jyoti Randhawa 3,455,859 7 Liang Wenchong 3,426,632 8 Anirban Lahiri 3,034,434 9 Prom Meesawat 2,776,891 10 Chapchai Nirat 2,664,047 See also Asian Development Tour Ladies Asian Golf Tour List of golfers with most Asian Tour wins Notes ^ Schedules have also included events in Australia, Egypt, England, Fiji, Kenya, Mauritius, Morocco, New Zealand, Scotland, South Africa and Switzerland. References ^ Robinson, Spencer (16 July 1998). "Asian PGA welcomed into world club". South China Morning Post. Retrieved 30 January 2020. ^ "Asian Tour Moves to New Home on Sentosa" (Press release). Asian Tour. 14 August 2007. ^ "Major Incentive for Tour Stars" (Press release). Asian Tour. 12 February 2008. Archived from the original on 27 May 2008. Retrieved 12 February 2008. ^ "Career Earnings". Asian Tour. Retrieved 19 October 2016. External links Official site vteAsian Tour eventsInternational Series International Series Oman International Series Macau International Series Morocco Indonesian Masters International Series Qatar Hong Kong Open PIF Saudi International Other tournaments IRS Prima Malaysian Open New Zealand Open (A) Saudi Open World City Championship GS Caltex Maekyung Open (K) Kolon Korea Open (K) Shinhan Donghae Open Yeangder TPC Mercuries Taiwan Masters SJM Macao Open Taiwan Glass Taifong Open (A) - co-sanctioned by the PGA Tour of Australasia; (K) - co-sanctioned by the Korean Tour. vteAsian Tour seasons 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020–21–22 2022 2023 2024 vteMen's professional golf toursPrincipal toursand their development tours Asian Tour Asian Development Tour European Tour Challenge Tour Japan Golf Tour Japan Challenge Tour PGA Tour Korn Ferry Tour PGA Tour Americas PGA Tour of Australasia Sunshine Tour Big Easy Tour Other tours Asian Tour-affiliated: MENA Tour European Tour-affiliated: Alps Tour China Tour Clutch Pro Tour Korean Tour Nordic Golf League (incorporates Danish Golf Tour, Finnish Tour and Swedish Golf Tour) Pro Golf Tour Professional Golf Tour of India Tartan Pro Tour Other: All Thailand Golf Tour Charles Tour Gira de Golf Profesional Mexicana LIV Golf Minor League Golf Tour Philippine Golf Tour Professional Golf of Malaysia Tour TPG Tour Senior tours European Senior Tour PGA Tour Champions Defunct tours ASEAN PGA Tour Asia Golf Circuit eGolf Professional Tour Forme Tour Gateway Tour Golden Bear Tour Golf Tour of New Zealand LocaliQ Series New Zealand Golf Circuit NGA Pro Golf Tour Norwegian Golf Tour Omega China Tour OneAsia Tour PGA EuroPro Tour PGA Tour Canada PGA Tour China PGA Tour Latinoamérica PGT Asia Safari Circuit Tour de las Américas US Pro Golf Tour Von Nida Tour
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Asia Golf Circuit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asia_Golf_Circuit"},{"link_name":"golf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golf"},{"link_name":"tour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Professional_golf_tours"},{"link_name":"Japan Golf Tour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan_Golf_Tour"},{"link_name":"International Federation of PGA Tours","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Federation_of_PGA_Tours"},{"link_name":"Official World Golf Ranking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Official_World_Golf_Ranking"}],"text":"This article is about the professional golf tour that started in 1995. For the tour that ran from 1962 until 1999, see Asia Golf Circuit.Professional golf tourThe Asian Tour is the principal men's professional golf tour in Asia except for Japan (which has its own Japan Golf Tour). It is also a full member of the International Federation of PGA Tours. Official money events on the tour count for Official World Golf Ranking points.The Asian Tour is administered from Singapore. It is controlled by a board with a majority of professional golfers, and a Tournament Players Committee of its player members, supported by an executive team. The chairman of the board is the Indonesian businessman Jimmy Masrin.","title":"Asian Tour"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Asia Golf Circuit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asia_Golf_Circuit"},{"link_name":"International Federation of PGA Tours","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Federation_of_PGA_Tours"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Sentosa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sentosa"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Singapore Open","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singapore_Open_(golf)"},{"link_name":"OneAsia Tour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OneAsia_Tour"},{"link_name":"Asian Development Tour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asian_Development_Tour"}],"text":"The Asian PGA was formed in July 1994 at a meeting in Hong Kong attended by PGA representatives from eight countries. The first season of the APGA Omega Tour, as it was known for sponsorship reasons, was played in 1995 and within a few years it had supplanted the existing tour in the region, the Asia Golf Circuit that was run by the Asia Pacific Golf Confederation, as the leading golf tour in Asia outside of Japan. In 1998 the Asian Tour became the sixth member of the International Federation of PGA Tours.[1] Under a new sponsorship deal, between 1999 and 2003 the tour was known as the Davidoff Tour, before adopting its current name in 2004.In 2002, the tour moved its office from Hong Kong to Malaysia and in 2004 the tour was taken over by a new organisation established by the players, who had been in dispute with the previous management. In 2007 it moved to new headquarters on the resort island of Sentosa in Singapore,[2] which is also the home to what was at that time the tour's richest sole sanctioned tournament, the Singapore Open.In 2009 a rival tour, the OneAsia Tour, was established. Relations between the two tours are hostile.In 2010, the Asian Tour launched the Asian Development Tour (ADT) as a developmental circuit. Five events were played the first year. By 2015 the tour had expanded to holding 28 tournaments with US$2.2 million of prize money.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Michelle Wie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michelle_Wie"},{"link_name":"SK Telecom Open","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SK_Telecom_Open"},{"link_name":"Asian Development Tour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asian_Development_Tour"},{"link_name":"The Open Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Open_Championship"}],"text":"Most of the leading players on the tour are Asian, but players from other parts of the world also participate (as of 2007 the country with most representatives profiled on the tour's official site is Australia).In 2006 the Asian Tour became the most prestigious men's tour on which a woman has made the half-way cut in recent times when Michelle Wie did so at the SK Telecom Open in South Korea.Among the ways to obtain an Asian Tour card is to be among the top 35 (including ties) at the Tour's qualifying school, finishing in the top 5 of the Asian Development Tour Order of Merit, and placing in the top 60 of the previous season's Order of Merit. The winner of the Asian Tour Order of Merit also receives entry into The Open Championship.","title":"Players"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2023 Asian Tour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_Asian_Tour"},{"link_name":"European Tour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Tour"},{"link_name":"Omega European Masters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega_European_Masters"},{"link_name":"Sunshine Tour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunshine_Tour"},{"link_name":"PGA Tour of Australasia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PGA_Tour_of_Australasia"},{"link_name":"Japan Golf Tour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan_Golf_Tour"},{"link_name":"US Open","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Open_(golf)"},{"link_name":"The Open Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Open_Championship"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"HSBC Champions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HSBC_Champions"},{"link_name":"World Golf Championships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Golf_Championships"},{"link_name":"CIMB Classic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CIMB_Classic"},{"link_name":"PGA Tour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PGA_Tour"},{"link_name":"FedEx Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FedEx_Cup"},{"link_name":"Venetian Macao Open","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venetian_Macao_Open"}],"text":"See also: 2023 Asian TourEach year the Asian Tour co-sanctions a number of events with the European Tour, with these events offering higher prize funds than most of the other tournaments on the tour as a result. While most of these tournaments have been in Asia, the Omega European Masters in Switzerland has been co-sanctioned from 2009 to 2017. In addition, the two tours sometimes tri-sanction events with the Sunshine Tour or PGA Tour of Australasia in those tours' respective regions. The Asian Tour also co-sanctions tournaments with the Japan Golf Tour.Since 2008, 50 percent of players' earnings from the US Open and The Open Championship have counted towards the Asian Tour's Order of Merit. The two Opens were singled out from the other majors because they have open qualifying which Asian Tour members may enter.[3]Asia's richest event, the HSBC Champions, was first played in November 2005 with a prize fund of $5 million. The tournament is co-sanctioned by the Asian Tour and the earnings were counted towards the money list for its first three years before it became a World Golf Championships event in 2009. From 2009 to present, the earnings are not counted towards the Asian Tour Order of Merit.Another limited-field event in Malaysia, the CIMB Classic, was launched in 2010 with a $6 million purse. The first Asian Tour event to be co-sanctioned by the US-based PGA Tour began as an unofficial event on that tour, but it started to offer official money and FedEx Cup points in 2013.In 2016, the tour's richest sole-sanctioned event was the Venetian Macao Open, with a prize fund of $1.1 million.Starting in 2022, the Saudi International became its signature event and became its richest sole-sanctioned event. That same year, the International Series was launched, with the Order of Merit winner earning a spot in the LIV Golf League.","title":"Tournaments and prize money"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Order of Merit winners"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Awards"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"The table below shows the leading money winners on the Asian Tour as of 16 October 2016. The official site has a top 100 list which also shows each player's winnings for 1995 to 2016.[4]","title":"Leading career money winners"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"}],"text":"^ Schedules have also included events in Australia, Egypt, England, Fiji, Kenya, Mauritius, Morocco, New Zealand, Scotland, South Africa and Switzerland.","title":"Notes"}]
[]
[{"title":"Asian Development Tour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asian_Development_Tour"},{"title":"Ladies Asian Golf Tour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ladies_Asian_Golf_Tour"},{"title":"List of golfers with most Asian Tour wins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_golfers_with_most_Asian_Tour_wins"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_1959
List of earthquakes in 1959
["1 Overall","1.1 By death toll","1.2 By magnitude","2 Notable events","2.1 January","2.2 February","2.3 March","2.4 April","2.5 May","2.6 June","2.7 July","2.8 August","2.9 September","2.10 October","2.11 November","2.12 December","3 References"]
Earthquakes in 1959class=notpageimage| Approximate epicenters of the earthquakes in 1959 4.0–5.9 magnitude 6.0–6.9 magnitude 7.0–7.9 magnitude 8.0+ magnitude Strongest magnitude Soviet Union, Kamchatka, Russia (Magnitude 7.9) May 4Deadliest United States, Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming (Magnitude 7.3) August 18 28 deathsTotal fatalities94Number by magnitude9.0+0← 19581960 → This is a list of earthquakes in 1959. Only magnitude 6.0 or greater earthquakes appear on the list. Lower magnitude events are included if they have caused death, injury or damage. Events which occurred in remote areas will be excluded from the list as they wouldn't have generated significant media interest. All dates are listed according to UTC time. Generally the year experienced below normal seismic activity with 10 magnitude 7.0+ events. The largest was a magnitude 7.9 which struck Russia in May. August was an interesting month mainly owing to a magnitude 7.3 earthquake which struck Yellowstone National Park. This resulted in 28 of the 94 deaths during 1959. Most of the deaths in fact were in August as Taiwan and Mexico were struck by events which caused 16 and 25 deaths respectively. Overall By death toll Rank Death toll Magnitude Location MMI Depth (km) Date 1 28 7.3  United States, Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming X (Extreme) 5.0 August 18 2 25 6.4  Mexico, off the coast of Veracruz VI (Strong) 31.0 August 26 3 18 5.4  Turkey, Mus Province ( ) 15.0 October 25 4 16 7.2  Taiwan, off the east coast of Taiwan VI (Strong) 25.0 August 15 Note: At least 10 casualties By magnitude Rank Magnitude Death toll Location MMI Depth (km) Date 1 7.9 1  Soviet Union, eastern Kamchatka, Russia X (Extreme) 55.0 May 4 = 2 7.3 28  United States, Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming X (Extreme) 5.0 August 18 = 2 7.3 0  New Zealand, Kermadec Islands ( ) 35.0 September 14 3 7.2 16  Taiwan, off the east coast of Taiwan VI (Strong) 25.0 August 15 4 7.1 1  Chile, Tarapaca Region VII (Very strong) 109.2 June 14 = 5 7.0 0  Japan, off the east coast of Honshu V (Moderate) 35.0 January 22 = 5 7.0 0  Peru, Puno Region ( ) 200.7 July 19 = 5 7.0 0  United Kingdom, Solomon Islands ( ) 25.0 August 17 = 5 7.0 0  Australia, Madang Province, Papua and New Guinea ( ) 133.1 November 19 = 5 7.0 0  United Kingdom, South Sandwich Islands ( ) 25.0 December 14 Note: At least 7.0 magnitude Notable events January JanuaryStrongest magnitude7.0 Mw  JapanTotal fatalities0Number by magnitude8.0–8.907.0–7.916.0–6.98 Date Country and location Mw Depth (km) MMI Notes Casualties Dead Injured 8  United Kingdom, south of Dominica 6.6 138.8 15  United Kingdom, south of Fiji 6.5 485.2 20  Portugal, Baucau District, East Timor 6.0 35.0 V 22  Japan, off the east coast of Honshu 7.0 35.0 V 22  Japan, eastern Hokkaido 6.2 15.0 VII Foreshock. 24  Mexico, off the coast of Chiapas 6.0 35.0 IV 30  Chile, Atacama Region 6.3 45.0 VI 30  Japan, eastern Hokkaido 6.4 25.0 VI Doublet earthquake. 30  Japan, eastern Hokkaido 6.4 25.0 VII February FebruaryStrongest magnitude6.9 Mw  PeruTotal fatalities0Number by magnitude8.0–8.907.0–7.906.0–6.96 Date Country and location Mw Depth (km) MMI Notes Casualties Dead Injured 7  Peru, off the north coast 6.9 30.0 VII Some damage was caused. 11  Mexico, Oaxaca 6.0 20.0 16  Ecuador, off the coast 6.0 15.0 V 20  Chile, Coquimbo Region 6.4 60.0 23  Australia, West New Britain Province, Papua and New Guinea 6.0 35.0 V 27  Japan, Ryukyu Islands 6.0 50.0 March MarchStrongest magnitude6.9 Mw  IndonesiaTotal fatalities0Number by magnitude8.0–8.907.0–7.906.0–6.98 Date Country and location Mw Depth (km) MMI Notes Casualties Dead Injured 1  Indonesia, off the north coast of West Papua (province) 6.9 35.0 VI 2  Indonesia, Leti Islands 6.1 35.0 VI 2  Afghanistan, Badakhshan Province 6.1 209.9 9  Guatemala, Quiche Department 6.3 165.0 10  Northern Rhodesia, Eastern Province, Zambia 6.1 0.0 Unknown depth. 17  Japan, Ryukyu Islands 6.6 15.0 18  Japan, off the east coast of Honshu 6.1 80.0 23  United States, central Nevada 6.0 15.0 VII April AprilStrongest magnitude6.9 Mw  TaiwanDeadliest6.9 Mw  Taiwan 2 deathsTotal fatalities2Number by magnitude8.0–8.907.0–7.906.0–6.995.0–5.92 Date Country and location Mw Depth (km) MMI Notes Casualties Dead Injured 5  France, Provence-Alpes-Cote d'Azur 5.5 15.0 VIII Some damage was reported. 6  Indonesia, Sumba 6.2 35.0 VI 8  Argentina, Santa Cruz Province, Argentina 6.1 15.0 VII 12  Mexico, Oaxaca 6.2 101.4 12  Indonesia, off the south coast of Papua (province) 6.4 75.0 12  Tonga 6.2 37.0 20  Australia, off the south coast of New Britain, Papua and New Guinea 6.0 53.0 V 22  United States, Fox Islands (Alaska) 6.0 51.0 25  Turkey, Mugla Province 5.9 15.0 VIII Some damage was reported. 26  Taiwan, off the east coast of 6.9 118.0 VI 2 people were killed and some damage was reported. 2 28  Mexico, off the coast of Chiapas 6.5 25.0 VI May MayStrongest magnitude7.9 Mw  Soviet UnionDeadliest7.9 Mw  Soviet Union 1 deathTotal fatalities1Number by magnitude8.0–8.907.0–7.916.0–6.910 Date Country and location Mw Depth (km) MMI Notes Casualties Dead Injured 4  Soviet Union, eastern Kamchatka, Russia 7.9 55.0 X 1 person died and another 13 were hurt in the 1959 Kamchatka earthquake. Many homes were destroyed. 1 13 5  Soviet Union, eastern Kamchatka, Russia 6.3 15.0 VII Aftershock. 12  China, western Xizang Province 6.3 25.0 12  Argentina, Salta Province 6.6 25.0 VII 12  United States, Andreanof Islands, Alaska 6.0 35.0 14  Greece, central Crete 6.1 35.0 VI 21  Chile, Atacama Region 6.0 43.0 V 22  New Zealand, Cook Strait 6.0 65.0 24  Mexico, Oaxaca 6.6 65.0 VI Major damage was caused. 26  Japan, Ryukyu Islands 6.6 101.7 29  New Hebrides, Vanuatu 6.5 97.6 June JuneStrongest magnitude7.1 Mw  ChileDeadliest7.1 Mw  Chile 1 deathTotal fatalities1Number by magnitude8.0–8.907.0–7.916.0–6.99 Date Country and location Mw Depth (km) MMI Notes Casualties Dead Injured 1  Australia, off the east coast of Bougainville Island, Papua and New Guinea 6.1 100.0 2  Philippines, Batanes 6.2 15.0 Doublet earthquake. 2  Philippines, Batanes 6.1 15.0 14  Chile, Tarapaca Region 7.1 109.2 VII 1 person was killed and some damage was reported. 1 18  Soviet Union, eastern Kamchatka, Russia 6.9 10.0 X Aftershock of May 4 event. 18  Soviet Union, eastern Kamchatka, Russia 6.6 10.0 Aftershock. 27  New Zealand, Kermadec Islands 6.5 162.6 27  China, Xinjiang Province 6.1 25.0 VII 28  Indonesia, Savu Sea 6.0 60.0 29  United Kingdom, Solomon Islands 6.0 35.0 IV July JulyStrongest magnitude7.0 Mw  PeruTotal fatalities0Number by magnitude8.0–8.907.0–7.916.0–6.985.0–5.91 Date Country and location Mw Depth (km) MMI Notes Casualties Dead Injured 2  China, Henan Province 5.0 0.0 VI Some people were injured and a few homes were destroyed. Unknown depth. 1+ 3  New Hebrides, Vanuatu 6.5 15.0 3  United Kingdom, Fiji 6.6 15.0 6  Argentina, Santiago del Estero Province 6.8 629.2 Doublet earthquake. 6  Argentina, Santiago del Estero Province 6.9 623.5 9  Bolivia, Potosi Department 6.8 111.0 18  Philippines, Luzon 6.7 150.0 19  Peru, Puno Region 7.0 200.7 22  Australia, off the east coast of New Britain, Papua and New Guinea 6.4 35.0 V 24  United States, off the coast of northern California 6.2 15.0 IV August AugustStrongest magnitude7.3 Mw  United StatesDeadliest7.3 Mw  United States 28 deathsTotal fatalities79Number by magnitude8.0–8.907.0–7.916.0–6.9105.0–5.91 Date Country and location Mw Depth (km) MMI Notes Casualties Dead Injured 10  China, Shanxi Province 5.5 15.0 VII 43 homes were destroyed. 15  Taiwan, off the east coast of 7.2 25.0 VI The 1959 Hengchun earthquake left 16 people dead and another 63 injured. Many homes were destroyed. 16 63 17  United Kingdom, Solomon Islands 7.0 25.0 VI Major damage was reported. 18  Taiwan, off the east coast of 6.2 174.6 Aftershock. 18  United States, Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming 7.3 5.0 X One of the largest events to strike the state. 28 people were killed and extensive damage was caused by the 1959 Hebgen Lake earthquake. Costs were around $11 million (1959 rate). 28 18  United States, Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming 6.5 5.0 Aftershock. 18  United States, Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming 6.0 5.0 Aftershock. 18  United States, Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming 6.3 5.0 VIII Aftershock. 19  United States, Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming 6.0 5.0 VII Aftershock. 24  United Kingdom, Manyara Region, Tanganyika 6.1 0.0 Unknown depth. 26  Mexico, off the coast of Veracruz 6.4 31.0 VIII During the 1959 Coatzacoalcos earthquake, 25 people were killed and another 200 were injured. Many homes were destroyed. 25 200 26  Canada, west of Vancouver Island 6.5 15.0 28  United States, central Alaska 6.0 44.0 29  Soviet Union, Lake Baikal, Russia 6.1 10.0 VII September SeptemberStrongest magnitude7.3 Mw  New ZealandDeadliest6.2 Mw  Albania 2 deathsTotal fatalities2Number by magnitude8.0–8.907.0–7.916.0–6.95 Date Country and location Mw Depth (km) MMI Notes Casualties Dead Injured 1  Albania, Elbasan County 6.2 20.0 X 2 people were killed and major damage was caused. 2 3  Indonesia, southern Sulawesi 6.1 15.0 VI 14  New Zealand, Kermadec Islands 7.3 35.0 15  New Zealand, Kermadec Islands 6.8 35.0 Aftershock. 25  Taiwan, southeast of 6.5 20.0 VI 30  New Hebrides, Vanuatu 6.0 35.0 October OctoberStrongest magnitude6.7 Mw  Soviet UnionDeadliest5.4 Mw  Turkey 18 deathsTotal fatalities18Number by magnitude8.0–8.907.0–7.906.0–6.995.0–5.91 Date Country and location Mw Depth (km) MMI Notes Casualties Dead Injured 7  Albania, Fier County 6.0 20.0 VII 15  Indonesia, Minahassa Peninsula, Sulawesi 6.6 35.0 VI 19  United Kingdom, south of Fiji 6.6 582.0 24  Soviet Union, Tashkent Region, Uzbekistan 6.0 15.0 VII 25  Turkey, Mus Province 5.4 15.0 18 people were killed and some damage was reported. 18 26  Japan, off the east coast of Honshu 6.5 20.0 IV 26  Soviet Union, Kamchatka, Russia 6.6 132.8 27  Soviet Union, Kuril Islands, Russia 6.7 61.8 29  Soviet Union, Primorye, Russia 6.2 561.7 31  United Kingdom, Fiji 6.6 418.0 November NovemberStrongest magnitude7.0 Mw  AustraliaDeadliest6.1 Mw  China 1+ deathsTotal fatalities1+Number by magnitude8.0–8.907.0–7.916.0–6.985.0–5.91 Date Country and location Mw Depth (km) MMI Notes Casualties Dead Injured 2  Australia, East New Britain Province, Papua and New Guinea 6.3 45.8 VI 7  France, Medea Province, Algeria 5.3 15.0 VIII Some damage was caused. 8  Japan, off the west coast of Hokkaido 6.5 30.0 V 15  China, Xinjiang Province 6.1 47.8 V At least 1 person died and some damage was caused. 1+ 15  Greece, Ionian Sea 6.7 15.0 VII 19  Australia, Madang Province, Papua and New Guinea 7.0 133.1 26  Indonesia, off the southwest coast of Sumatra 6.6 30.0 V 28  Chile, Atacama Region 6.1 35.0 VI 30  China, Xinjiang Province 6.0 35.0 VI 30  United States, Kenai Peninsula, Alaska 6.1 0.0 Depth unknown. December DecemberStrongest magnitude7.0 Mw  United KingdomTotal fatalities0Number by magnitude8.0–8.907.0–7.916.0–6.97 Date Country and location Mw Depth (km) MMI Notes Casualties Dead Injured 2  Indonesia, Sulawesi 6.4 25.0 VI 14  United States, Fox Islands (Alaska) 6.3 24.0 14  United Kingdom, South Sandwich Islands 7.0 25.0 18  United States, Fox Islands (Alaska) 6.0 27.3 Aftershock. 25  Chile, Atacama Region 6.6 100.9 27  Argentina, Santiago del Estero Province 6.0 593.8 27  Soviet Union, off the east coast of Kamchatka, Russia 6.6 26.8 VI Largest event of a series of events affecting the area. 28  Soviet Union, off the east coast of Kamchatka, Russia 6.5 39.6 References ^ "On-Line Bulletin". International Seismological Centre. January 8, 1959. Retrieved January 29, 2017. ^ "On-Line Bulletin". International Seismological Centre. January 15, 1959. Retrieved January 29, 2017. ^ "M 6.0 - East Timor region". United States Geological Survey. January 20, 1959. Retrieved January 29, 2017. ^ "M 6.0 - East Timor region". United States Geological Survey. January 20, 1959. Retrieved December 31, 2020. ^ "M 7.0 - off the east coast of Honshu, Japan". United States Geological Survey. January 22, 1959. Retrieved January 29, 2017. ^ "M 7.0 - off the east coast of Honshu, Japan". United States Geological Survey. January 22, 1959. Retrieved December 31, 2020. ^ "M 6.2 - Hokkaido, Japan region". United States Geological Survey. January 22, 1959. Retrieved January 29, 2017. ^ "M 6.2 - Hokkaido, Japan region". United States Geological Survey. January 22, 1959. Retrieved December 31, 2020. ^ "M 6.0 - offshore Chiapas, Mexico". United States Geological Survey. January 24, 1959. Retrieved January 29, 2017. ^ "M 6.0 - offshore Chiapas, Mexico". United States Geological Survey. January 24, 1959. Retrieved December 31, 2020. ^ "M 6.3 - Atacama, Chile". United States Geological Survey. January 30, 1959. Retrieved January 29, 2017. ^ "M 6.3 - Atacama, Chile". United States Geological Survey. January 30, 1959. Retrieved December 31, 2020. ^ "M 6.4 - Hokkaido, Japan region". United States Geological Survey. January 30, 1959. Retrieved January 29, 2017. ^ "M 6.4 - Hokkaido, Japan region". United States Geological Survey. January 30, 1959. Retrieved December 31, 2020. ^ "M 6.4 - Hokkaido, Japan region". United States Geological Survey. January 30, 1959. Retrieved January 29, 2017. ^ "M 6.4 - Hokkaido, Japan region". United States Geological Survey. January 30, 1959. Retrieved December 31, 2020. ^ "M 6.9 - near the coast of northern Peru". United States Geological Survey. February 7, 1959. Retrieved January 29, 2017. ^ "M 6.9 - near the coast of northern Peru". United States Geological Survey. February 7, 1959. Retrieved December 31, 2020. ^ "Significant Earthquake: PERU-ECUADOR". National Geophysical Data Center. February 7, 1959. Retrieved December 31, 2020. ^ "On-Line Bulletin". International Seismological Centre. February 11, 1959. Retrieved January 29, 2017. ^ "M 6.0 - off the coast of Ecuador". United States Geological Survey. February 16, 1959. Retrieved January 29, 2017. ^ "M 6.0 - off the coast of Ecuador". United States Geological Survey. February 16, 1959. Retrieved December 31, 2020. ^ "On-Line Bulletin". International Seismological Centre. February 20, 1959. Retrieved January 29, 2017. ^ "M 6.0 - New Britain region, Papua New Guinea". United States Geological Survey. February 23, 1959. Retrieved January 29, 2017. ^ "M 6.0 - New Britain region, Papua New Guinea". United States Geological Survey. February 23, 1959. Retrieved December 31, 2020. ^ "M 6.0 - Ryukyu Islands, Japan". United States Geological Survey. February 27, 1959. Retrieved January 29, 2017. ^ "M 6.9 - near the north coast of Papua, Indonesia". United States Geological Survey. March 1, 1959. Retrieved January 30, 2017. ^ "M 6.9 - near the north coast of Papua, Indonesia". United States Geological Survey. March 1, 1959. Retrieved January 1, 2021. ^ "M 6.1 - East Timor region". United States Geological Survey. March 2, 1959. Retrieved January 30, 2017. ^ "M 6.1 - East Timor region". United States Geological Survey. March 2, 1959. Retrieved January 1, 2021. ^ "On-Line Bulletin". International Seismological Centre. March 2, 1959. Retrieved January 30, 2017. ^ "On-Line Bulletin". International Seismological Centre. March 9, 1959. Retrieved January 30, 2017. ^ "On-Line Bulletin". International Seismological Centre. March 10, 1959. Retrieved January 30, 2017. ^ "M 6.6 - Ryukyu Islands, Japan". United States Geological Survey. March 17, 1959. Retrieved January 30, 2017. ^ "On-Line Bulletin". International Seismological Centre. March 18, 1959. Retrieved January 30, 2017. ^ "M 6.0 - Nevada". United States Geological Survey. March 23, 1959. Retrieved January 30, 2017. ^ "M 6.0 - Nevada". United States Geological Survey. March 23, 1959. Retrieved January 1, 2021. ^ "M 5.5 - France". United States Geological Survey. April 5, 1959. Retrieved January 30, 2017. ^ "M 5.5 - France". United States Geological Survey. April 5, 1959. Retrieved January 1, 2021. ^ "Significant Earthquake: FRANCE: ST PAUL D'UBAYE,JAUSIERS,CEILLAC,VARS". National Geophysical Data Center. April 5, 1959. Retrieved January 1, 2021. ^ "M 6.2 - Sumba region, Indonesia". United States Geological Survey. April 6, 1959. Retrieved January 30, 2017. ^ "M 6.2 - Sumba region, Indonesia". United States Geological Survey. April 6, 1959. Retrieved January 1, 2021. ^ "M 6.1 - Santa Cruz, Argentina". United States Geological Survey. April 8, 1959. Retrieved January 30, 2017. ^ "M 6.1 - Santa Cruz, Argentina". United States Geological Survey. April 8, 1959. Retrieved January 1, 2021. ^ "On-Line Bulletin". International Seismological Centre. April 12, 1959. Retrieved January 30, 2017. ^ "On-Line Bulletin". International Seismological Centre. April 12, 1959. Retrieved January 30, 2017. ^ "M 6.2 - Tonga". United States Geological Survey. April 12, 1959. Retrieved January 30, 2017. ^ "M 6.0 - New Britain region, Papua New Guinea". United States Geological Survey. April 20, 1959. Retrieved January 30, 2017. ^ "M 6.0 - New Britain region, Papua New Guinea". United States Geological Survey. April 20, 1959. Retrieved January 1, 2021. ^ "M 6.0 - Fox Islands, Aleutian Islands, Alaska". United States Geological Survey. April 22, 1959. Retrieved January 1, 2021. ^ "M 5.9 - Dodecanese Islands, Greece". United States Geological Survey. April 25, 1959. Retrieved January 30, 2017. ^ "M 5.9 - Dodecanese Islands, Greece". United States Geological Survey. April 25, 1959. Retrieved January 1, 2021. ^ "Significant Earthquake: TURKEY: KOYCEGIZ, MUGLA". National Geophysical Data Center. April 25, 1959. Retrieved January 1, 2021. ^ "M 6.9 - Taiwan region". United States Geological Survey. April 26, 1959. Retrieved January 30, 2017. ^ "M 6.9 - Taiwan region". United States Geological Survey. April 26, 1959. Retrieved January 1, 2021. ^ "Significant Earthquake: TAIWAN: TAIPEI". National Geophysical Data Center. April 26, 1959. Retrieved January 1, 2021. ^ "M 6.5 - offshore Chiapas, Mexico". United States Geological Survey. April 28, 1959. Retrieved January 30, 2017. ^ "M 6.5 - offshore Chiapas, Mexico". United States Geological Survey. April 28, 1959. Retrieved January 1, 2021. ^ "M 7.9 - near the east coast of the Kamchatka Peninsula, Russia". United States Geological Survey. May 4, 1959. Retrieved February 1, 2017. ^ "M 7.9 - near the east coast of the Kamchatka Peninsula, Russia". United States Geological Survey. May 4, 1959. Retrieved January 1, 2021. ^ "Significant Earthquake: RUSSIA: NEAR EAST COAST OF KAMCHATKA". National Geophysical Data Center. May 4, 1959. Retrieved January 1, 2021. ^ "M 6.3 - near the east coast of the Kamchatka Peninsula, Russia". United States Geological Survey. May 5, 1959. Retrieved February 1, 2017. ^ "M 6.3 - near the east coast of the Kamchatka Peninsula, Russia". United States Geological Survey. May 5, 1959. Retrieved January 1, 2021. ^ "On-Line Bulletin". International Seismological Centre. May 12, 1959. Retrieved February 1, 2017. ^ "M 6.6 - Salta, Argentina". United States Geological Survey. May 12, 1959. Retrieved February 1, 2017. ^ "M 6.6 - Salta, Argentina". United States Geological Survey. May 12, 1959. Retrieved January 1, 2021. ^ "M 6.0 - Andreanof Islands, Aleutian Islands, Alaska". United States Geological Survey. May 12, 1959. Retrieved February 1, 2017. ^ "M 6.1 - Crete, Greece". United States Geological Survey. May 14, 1959. Retrieved February 1, 2017. ^ "M 6.1 - Crete, Greece". United States Geological Survey. May 14, 1959. Retrieved January 1, 2021. ^ "M 6.0 - Atacama, Chile". United States Geological Survey. May 21, 1959. Retrieved February 1, 2017. ^ "M 6.0 - Atacama, Chile". United States Geological Survey. May 21, 1959. Retrieved January 1, 2021. ^ "On-Line Bulletin". International Seismological Centre. May 22, 1959. Retrieved February 1, 2017. ^ "M 6.6 - Oaxaca, Mexico". United States Geological Survey. May 24, 1959. Retrieved February 1, 2017. ^ "M 6.6 - Oaxaca, Mexico". United States Geological Survey. May 24, 1959. Retrieved January 1, 2021. ^ "Significant Earthquake: MEXICO: OAXACA;". National Geophysical Data Center. May 24, 1959. Retrieved January 1, 2021. ^ "On-Line Bulletin". International Seismological Centre. May 26, 1959. Retrieved February 1, 2017. ^ "On-Line Bulletin". International Seismological Centre. May 29, 1959. Retrieved February 1, 2017. ^ "On-Line Bulletin". International Seismological Centre. June 1, 1959. Retrieved February 4, 2017. ^ "M 6.2 - Philippine Islands region". United States Geological Survey. June 2, 1959. Retrieved February 4, 2017. ^ "M 6.1 - Taiwan region". United States Geological Survey. June 2, 1959. Retrieved February 4, 2017. ^ "M 7.1 - Tarapaca, Chile". United States Geological Survey. June 14, 1959. Retrieved February 4, 2017. ^ "M 7.1 - Tarapaca, Chile". United States Geological Survey. June 14, 1959. Retrieved January 2, 2021. ^ "Significant Earthquake: BOLIVIA-NORTHERN CHILE". National Geophysical Data Center. June 14, 1959. Retrieved January 2, 2021. ^ "M 6.9 - near the east coast of the Kamchatka Peninsula, Russia". United States Geological Survey. June 18, 1959. Retrieved February 4, 2017. ^ "M 6.9 - near the east coast of the Kamchatka Peninsula, Russia". United States Geological Survey. June 18, 1959. Retrieved January 2, 2021. ^ "Significant Earthquake: RUSSIA: NEAR KAMCHATKA". National Geophysical Data Center. June 18, 1959. Retrieved January 2, 2021. ^ "On-Line Bulletin". International Seismological Centre. June 18, 1959. Retrieved February 4, 2017. ^ "On-Line Bulletin". International Seismological Centre. June 27, 1959. Retrieved February 4, 2017. ^ "M 6.1 - Kyrgyzstan-Xinjiang border region". United States Geological Survey. June 27, 1959. Retrieved February 4, 2017. ^ "M 6.1 - Kyrgyzstan-Xinjiang border region". United States Geological Survey. June 27, 1959. Retrieved January 2, 2021. ^ "M 6.0 - Savu Sea". United States Geological Survey. June 28, 1959. Retrieved February 4, 2017. ^ "M 6.0 - Solomon Islands". United States Geological Survey. June 29, 1959. Retrieved February 4, 2017. ^ "M 6.0 - Solomon Islands". United States Geological Survey. June 29, 1959. Retrieved January 2, 2021. ^ "Significant Earthquake: CHINA: HENAN PROVINCE". National Geophysical Data Center. July 2, 1959. Retrieved January 2, 2021. ^ "M 6.5 - Vanuatu region". United States Geological Survey. July 3, 1959. Retrieved February 5, 2017. ^ "M 6.6 - Fiji region". United States Geological Survey. July 3, 1959. Retrieved February 5, 2017. ^ "On-Line Bulletin". International Seismological Centre. July 6, 1959. Retrieved February 5, 2017. ^ "On-Line Bulletin". International Seismological Centre. July 6, 1959. Retrieved February 5, 2017. ^ "On-Line Bulletin". International Seismological Centre. July 9, 1959. Retrieved February 5, 2017. ^ "On-Line Bulletin". International Seismological Centre. July 18, 1959. Retrieved February 5, 2017. ^ "On-Line Bulletin". International Seismological Centre. July 19, 1959. Retrieved February 5, 2017. ^ "M 6.4 - New Britain region, Papua New Guinea". United States Geological Survey. July 22, 1959. Retrieved February 5, 2017. ^ "M 6.4 - New Britain region, Papua New Guinea". United States Geological Survey. July 22, 1959. Retrieved January 2, 2021. ^ "M 6.2 - offshore Northern California". United States Geological Survey. July 24, 1959. Retrieved February 5, 2017. ^ "M 6.2 - offshore Northern California". United States Geological Survey. July 24, 1959. Retrieved January 2, 2021. ^ "M 5.5 - Shaanxi-Shanxi border region, China". United States Geological Survey. August 10, 1959. Retrieved February 5, 2017. ^ "M 5.5 - Shaanxi-Shanxi border region, China". United States Geological Survey. August 10, 1959. Retrieved January 2, 2021. ^ "Significant Earthquake: CHINA: SHAANXI PROVINCE". National Geophysical Data Center. August 10, 1959. Retrieved January 2, 2021. ^ "M 7.2 - Taiwan region". United States Geological Survey. August 15, 1959. Retrieved February 5, 2017. ^ "M 7.2 - Taiwan region". United States Geological Survey. August 15, 1959. Retrieved January 2, 2021. ^ "Significant Earthquake: TAIWAN". National Geophysical Data Center. August 15, 1959. Retrieved January 2, 2021. ^ "M 7.0 - Solomon Islands". United States Geological Survey. August 17, 1959. Retrieved February 5, 2017. ^ "M 7.0 - Solomon Islands". United States Geological Survey. August 17, 1959. Retrieved January 2, 2021. ^ "Significant Earthquake: SOLOMON ISLANDS". National Geophysical Data Center. August 17, 1959. Retrieved January 2, 2021. ^ "On-Line Bulletin". International Seismological Centre. August 18, 1959. Retrieved February 5, 2017. ^ "M 7.3 - The 1959 Hebgen Lake Earthquake, Montana". United States Geological Survey. August 18, 1959. Retrieved January 2, 2021. ^ "M 7.3 - The 1959 Hebgen Lake Earthquake, Montana". United States Geological Survey. August 18, 1959. Retrieved January 2, 2021. ^ "Significant Earthquake: MONTANA: HEBGEN LAKE". National Geophysical Data Center. August 18, 1959. Retrieved January 2, 2021. ^ "M 6.5 - Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming". United States Geological Survey. August 18, 1959. Retrieved January 2, 2021. ^ "M 6.0 - Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming". United States Geological Survey. August 18, 1959. Retrieved January 2, 2021. ^ "M 6.3 - Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming". United States Geological Survey. August 18, 1959. Retrieved January 2, 2021. ^ "M 6.3 - Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming". United States Geological Survey. August 18, 1959. Retrieved January 2, 2021. ^ "M 6.0 - Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming". United States Geological Survey. August 19, 1959. Retrieved January 2, 2021. ^ "M 6.0 - Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming". United States Geological Survey. August 19, 1959. Retrieved January 2, 2021. ^ "On-Line Bulletin". International Seismological Centre. August 24, 1959. Retrieved February 5, 2017. ^ "M 6.4 - offshore Veracruz, Mexico". United States Geological Survey. August 26, 1959. Retrieved February 6, 2017. ^ "M 6.4 - offshore Veracruz, Mexico". United States Geological Survey. August 26, 1959. Retrieved January 3, 2021. ^ "Significant Earthquake: MEXICO: GULF OF CAMPECHE". National Geophysical Data Center. August 26, 1959. Retrieved January 3, 2021. ^ "M 6.5 - Vancouver Island, Canada region". United States Geological Survey. August 26, 1959. Retrieved February 6, 2017. ^ "M 6.0 - Central Alaska". United States Geological Survey. August 28, 1959. Retrieved January 3, 2021. ^ "M 6.1 - Lake Baykal region, Russia". United States Geological Survey. August 29, 1959. Retrieved February 6, 2017. ^ "M 6.1 - Lake Baykal region, Russia". United States Geological Survey. August 29, 1959. Retrieved January 3, 2021. ^ "M 6.2 - Albania". United States Geological Survey. September 1, 1959. Retrieved February 6, 2017. ^ "M 6.2 - Albania". United States Geological Survey. September 1, 1959. Retrieved January 3, 2021. ^ "Significant Earthquake: ALBANIA". National Geophysical Data Center. September 1, 1959. Retrieved January 3, 2021. ^ "M 6.1 - Sulawesi, Indonesia". United States Geological Survey. September 3, 1959. Retrieved February 6, 2017. ^ "M 6.1 - Sulawesi, Indonesia". United States Geological Survey. September 3, 1959. Retrieved January 3, 2021. ^ "M 7.3 - Kermadec Islands region". United States Geological Survey. September 14, 1959. Retrieved February 8, 2017. ^ "M 6.8 - Kermadec Islands region". United States Geological Survey. September 15, 1959. Retrieved February 8, 2017. ^ "M 6.5 - Taiwan region". United States Geological Survey. September 25, 1959. Retrieved February 8, 2017. ^ "M 6.5 - Taiwan region". United States Geological Survey. September 25, 1959. Retrieved January 3, 2021. ^ "M 6.0 - Vanuatu". United States Geological Survey. September 30, 1959. Retrieved February 8, 2017. ^ "M 6.0 - Albania". United States Geological Survey. October 7, 1959. Retrieved February 9, 2017. ^ "M 6.0 - Albania". United States Geological Survey. October 7, 1959. Retrieved January 3, 2021. ^ "M 6.6 - Minahasa, Sulawesi, Indonesia". United States Geological Survey. October 15, 1959. Retrieved February 9, 2017. ^ "M 6.6 - Minahasa, Sulawesi, Indonesia". United States Geological Survey. October 15, 1959. Retrieved January 3, 2021. ^ "On-Line Bulletin". International Seismological Centre. October 19, 1959. Retrieved February 9, 2017. ^ "M 6.0 - eastern Uzbekistan". United States Geological Survey. October 24, 1959. Retrieved February 9, 2017. ^ "M 6.0 - eastern Uzbekistan". United States Geological Survey. October 24, 1959. Retrieved January 3, 2021. ^ "M 5.4 - eastern Turkey". United States Geological Survey. October 25, 1959. Retrieved February 9, 2017. ^ "Significant Earthquake: TURKEY: NINIA". National Geophysical Data Center. October 25, 1959. Retrieved January 3, 2021. ^ "M 6.5 - off the east coast of Honshu, Japan". United States Geological Survey. October 26, 1959. Retrieved February 9, 2017. ^ "M 6.5 - off the east coast of Honshu, Japan". United States Geological Survey. October 26, 1959. Retrieved January 3, 2021. ^ "On-Line Bulletin". International Seismological Centre. October 26, 1959. Retrieved February 9, 2017. ^ "M 6.7 - Kuril Islands". United States Geological Survey. October 27, 1959. Retrieved February 9, 2017. ^ "On-Line Bulletin". International Seismological Centre. October 29, 1959. Retrieved February 9, 2017. ^ "On-Line Bulletin". International Seismological Centre. October 31, 1959. Retrieved February 9, 2017. ^ "M 6.3 - New Britain region, Papua New Guinea". United States Geological Survey. November 2, 1959. Retrieved February 9, 2017. ^ "M 6.3 - New Britain region, Papua New Guinea". United States Geological Survey. November 2, 1959. Retrieved January 5, 2021. ^ "M 5.3 - northern Algeria". United States Geological Survey. November 7, 1959. Retrieved February 9, 2017. ^ "Significant Earthquake: ALGERIA: BOU-MEDFA". National Geophysical Data Center. November 7, 1959. Retrieved January 5, 2021. ^ "M 6.5 - Hokkaido, Japan region". United States Geological Survey. November 8, 1959. Retrieved February 9, 2017. ^ "M 6.5 - Hokkaido, Japan region". United States Geological Survey. November 8, 1959. Retrieved January 5, 2021. ^ "M 6.1 - southern Xinjiang, China". United States Geological Survey. November 15, 1959. Retrieved February 10, 2017. ^ "M 6.1 - southern Xinjiang, China". United States Geological Survey. November 15, 1959. Retrieved January 5, 2021. ^ "Significant Earthquake: CHINA: XINGJIANG". National Geophysical Data Center. November 15, 1959. Retrieved January 5, 2021. ^ "M 6.7 - Ionian Sea". United States Geological Survey. November 15, 1959. Retrieved February 10, 2017. ^ "M 6.7 - Ionian Sea". United States Geological Survey. November 15, 1959. Retrieved January 5, 2021. ^ "On-Line Bulletin". International Seismological Centre. November 19, 1959. Retrieved February 10, 2017. ^ "M 6.6 - southern Sumatra, Indonesia". United States Geological Survey. November 26, 1959. Retrieved February 10, 2017. ^ "M 6.6 - southern Sumatra, Indonesia". United States Geological Survey. November 26, 1959. Retrieved January 5, 2021. ^ "M 6.1 - Atacama, Chile". United States Geological Survey. November 28, 1959. Retrieved February 10, 2017. ^ "M 6.1 - Atacama, Chile". United States Geological Survey. November 28, 1959. Retrieved January 5, 2021. ^ "M 6.0 - Kazakhstan-Xinjiang border region". United States Geological Survey. November 30, 1959. Retrieved February 10, 2017. ^ "M 6.0 - Kazakhstan-Xinjiang border region". United States Geological Survey. November 30, 1959. Retrieved January 5, 2021. ^ "M 6.1 - Kenai Peninsula, Alaska". United States Geological Survey. November 30, 1959. Retrieved January 5, 2021. ^ "M 6.4 - Sulawesi, Indonesia". United States Geological Survey. December 2, 1959. Retrieved February 11, 2017. ^ "M 6.4 - Sulawesi, Indonesia". United States Geological Survey. December 2, 1959. Retrieved January 5, 2021. ^ "M 6.3 - Fox Islands, Aleutian Islands, Alaska". United States Geological Survey. December 14, 1959. Retrieved February 11, 2017. ^ "M 7.0 - South Sandwich Islands region". United States Geological Survey. December 14, 1959. Retrieved February 11, 2017. ^ "M 6.0 - Fox Islands, Aleutian Islands, Alaska". United States Geological Survey. December 18, 1959. Retrieved February 11, 2017. ^ "On-Line Bulletin". International Seismological Centre. December 25, 1959. Retrieved February 11, 2017. ^ "On-Line Bulletin". International Seismological Centre. December 27, 1959. Retrieved February 11, 2017. ^ "M 6.6 - near the east coast of the Kamchatka Peninsula, Russia". United States Geological Survey. December 27, 1959. Retrieved February 11, 2017. ^ "M 6.6 - near the east coast of the Kamchatka Peninsula, Russia". United States Geological Survey. December 27, 1959. Retrieved January 5, 2021. ^ "M 6.5 - off the east coast of the Kamchatka Peninsula, Russia". United States Geological Survey. December 28, 1959. Retrieved February 11, 2017. vteEarthquakes by year19th century 1900 20th century 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 21st century 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 Historical earthquakes Lists of earthquakes vteEarthquakes in the 1950s1952 Hasankale (5.8, Jan 3) † Hokkaido (8.1, March 2) † San Juan (6.8, June 11) Kern County (7.3, July 21) Damxung (7.5, August 18) † Severo-Kurilsk (9.0, Nov 5) †‡ 1953 Torud (6.6, Feb 12) † Yenice–Gönen (7.5, March 18) ‡† Concepción (7.6, May 6) Ionian (6.8, Aug 12) † Cyprus (6.5, Sep 10) † Suva (6.8, Sept 14) Tumbes (7.5, Dec 12) 1954 Adelaide (5.6, Mar 1) Sofades (7.0, Apr 30) † Rainbow Mountain-Fairview Peak-Dixie Valley (6.0-7.1, July 6-Mar 23 1959) Chlef (6.7, Sep 9) ‡† 1956 Budapest (5.8, Jan 12) Chim (4.8 & 5.1, March 16) † 1956 Atarfe-Albolote (5.0, Apr 19) Afghanistan (7.3, Jun 10) ‡† Amorgos (7.7, July 9) † Sagaing (7.1, July 16) † Anjar (6.1, July 21) † Nicaragua (7.3, Oct 24) † 1957 Andreanof Islands (8.6, March 9) San Francisco (5.7, March 22) Fethiye (6.2, April 24 - 7.1 April 25) Abant (7.1, May 26) † Sangchal (7.1, July 2) †‡ Guerrero (7.6, July 28) † Mongolia (8.1, December 4) Farsinaj (6.5, December 13) †‡ 1959 Rainbow Mountain-Fairview Peak-Dixie Valley (6.0-7.1, July 6 1954-Mar 23 1959) Kamchatka (8.0, May 4) Hengchun (7.1, Aug 15) Coatzacoalcos (6.4, Aug 26) Hebgen Lake (7.3–7.5, Aug 17) ‡ † indicates earthquake resulting in at least 30 deaths ‡ indicates the deadliest earthquake of the year
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"earthquakes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earthquake"},{"link_name":"UTC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UTC"},{"link_name":"Russia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_SFSR"},{"link_name":"magnitude 7.3 earthquake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1959_Hebgen_Lake_earthquake"},{"link_name":"Yellowstone National Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yellowstone_National_Park"},{"link_name":"Taiwan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwan"},{"link_name":"Mexico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico"}],"text":"This is a list of earthquakes in 1959. Only magnitude 6.0 or greater earthquakes appear on the list. Lower magnitude events are included if they have caused death, injury or damage. Events which occurred in remote areas will be excluded from the list as they wouldn't have generated significant media interest. All dates are listed according to UTC time. Generally the year experienced below normal seismic activity with 10 magnitude 7.0+ events. The largest was a magnitude 7.9 which struck Russia in May. August was an interesting month mainly owing to a magnitude 7.3 earthquake which struck Yellowstone National Park. This resulted in 28 of the 94 deaths during 1959. Most of the deaths in fact were in August as Taiwan and Mexico were struck by events which caused 16 and 25 deaths respectively.","title":"List of earthquakes in 1959"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Overall"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"By death toll","text":"Note: At least 10 casualties","title":"Overall"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"By magnitude","text":"Note: At least 7.0 magnitude","title":"Overall"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Notable events"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"January","title":"Notable events"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"February","title":"Notable events"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"March","title":"Notable events"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"April","title":"Notable events"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"May","title":"Notable events"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"June","title":"Notable events"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"July","title":"Notable events"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"August","title":"Notable events"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"September","title":"Notable events"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"October","title":"Notable events"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"November","title":"Notable events"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"December","title":"Notable events"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"\"On-Line Bulletin\". International Seismological Centre. January 8, 1959. Retrieved January 29, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.isc.ac.uk/cgi-bin/web-db-v4?request=COMPREHENSIVE&out_format=ISF&bot_lat=&top_lat=&left_lon=&right_lon=&ctr_lat=&ctr_lon=&radius=&max_dist_units=deg&searchshape=GLOBAL&srn=&grn=&start_year=1959&start_month=1&start_day=01&start_time=00%3A00%3A00&end_year=1960&end_month=1&end_day=01&end_time=00%3A00%3A00&min_dep=0&max_dep=800&null_dep=on&min_mag=6.0&max_mag=9.9&req_mag_type=Any&req_mag_agcy=Any&min_def=0&max_def=9999&null_phs=on&include_magnitudes=on&include_links=on&include_headers=on&include_comments=on","url_text":"\"On-Line Bulletin\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Seismological_Centre","url_text":"International Seismological Centre"}]},{"reference":"\"On-Line Bulletin\". International Seismological Centre. January 15, 1959. Retrieved January 29, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.isc.ac.uk/cgi-bin/web-db-v4?request=COMPREHENSIVE&out_format=ISF&bot_lat=&top_lat=&left_lon=&right_lon=&ctr_lat=&ctr_lon=&radius=&max_dist_units=deg&searchshape=GLOBAL&srn=&grn=&start_year=1959&start_month=1&start_day=01&start_time=00%3A00%3A00&end_year=1960&end_month=1&end_day=01&end_time=00%3A00%3A00&min_dep=0&max_dep=800&null_dep=on&min_mag=6.0&max_mag=9.9&req_mag_type=Any&req_mag_agcy=Any&min_def=0&max_def=9999&null_phs=on&include_magnitudes=on&include_links=on&include_headers=on&include_comments=on","url_text":"\"On-Line Bulletin\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Seismological_Centre","url_text":"International Seismological Centre"}]},{"reference":"\"M 6.0 - East Timor region\". United States Geological Survey. January 20, 1959. Retrieved January 29, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/iscgem881234/executive","url_text":"\"M 6.0 - East Timor region\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey","url_text":"United States Geological Survey"}]},{"reference":"\"M 6.0 - East Timor region\". United States Geological Survey. January 20, 1959. Retrieved December 31, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/iscgem881234/impact","url_text":"\"M 6.0 - East Timor region\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey","url_text":"United States Geological Survey"}]},{"reference":"\"M 7.0 - off the east coast of Honshu, Japan\". United States Geological Survey. January 22, 1959. Retrieved January 29, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/iscgem881240/executive","url_text":"\"M 7.0 - off the east coast of Honshu, Japan\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey","url_text":"United States Geological Survey"}]},{"reference":"\"M 7.0 - off the east coast of Honshu, Japan\". United States Geological Survey. January 22, 1959. Retrieved December 31, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/iscgem881240/impact","url_text":"\"M 7.0 - off the east coast of Honshu, Japan\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey","url_text":"United States Geological Survey"}]},{"reference":"\"M 6.2 - Hokkaido, Japan region\". United States Geological Survey. January 22, 1959. Retrieved January 29, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/iscgem881242/executive","url_text":"\"M 6.2 - Hokkaido, Japan region\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey","url_text":"United States Geological Survey"}]},{"reference":"\"M 6.2 - Hokkaido, Japan region\". United States Geological Survey. January 22, 1959. Retrieved December 31, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/iscgem881242/impact","url_text":"\"M 6.2 - Hokkaido, Japan region\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey","url_text":"United States Geological Survey"}]},{"reference":"\"M 6.0 - offshore Chiapas, Mexico\". United States Geological Survey. January 24, 1959. Retrieved January 29, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/iscgem881262/executive","url_text":"\"M 6.0 - offshore Chiapas, Mexico\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey","url_text":"United States Geological Survey"}]},{"reference":"\"M 6.0 - offshore Chiapas, Mexico\". United States Geological Survey. January 24, 1959. Retrieved December 31, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/iscgem881262/impact","url_text":"\"M 6.0 - offshore Chiapas, Mexico\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey","url_text":"United States Geological Survey"}]},{"reference":"\"M 6.3 - Atacama, Chile\". United States Geological Survey. January 30, 1959. Retrieved January 29, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/iscgem881313/executive","url_text":"\"M 6.3 - Atacama, Chile\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey","url_text":"United States Geological Survey"}]},{"reference":"\"M 6.3 - Atacama, Chile\". United States Geological Survey. January 30, 1959. Retrieved December 31, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/iscgem881313/impact","url_text":"\"M 6.3 - Atacama, Chile\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey","url_text":"United States Geological Survey"}]},{"reference":"\"M 6.4 - Hokkaido, Japan region\". United States Geological Survey. January 30, 1959. Retrieved January 29, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/iscgem881315/executive","url_text":"\"M 6.4 - Hokkaido, Japan region\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey","url_text":"United States Geological Survey"}]},{"reference":"\"M 6.4 - Hokkaido, Japan region\". United States Geological Survey. January 30, 1959. Retrieved December 31, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/iscgem881315/impact","url_text":"\"M 6.4 - Hokkaido, Japan region\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey","url_text":"United States Geological Survey"}]},{"reference":"\"M 6.4 - Hokkaido, Japan region\". United States Geological Survey. January 30, 1959. Retrieved January 29, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/iscgem881316/executive","url_text":"\"M 6.4 - Hokkaido, Japan region\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey","url_text":"United States Geological Survey"}]},{"reference":"\"M 6.4 - Hokkaido, Japan region\". United States Geological Survey. January 30, 1959. Retrieved December 31, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/iscgem881316/impact","url_text":"\"M 6.4 - Hokkaido, Japan region\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey","url_text":"United States Geological Survey"}]},{"reference":"\"M 6.9 - near the coast of northern Peru\". United States Geological Survey. February 7, 1959. Retrieved January 29, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/iscgem881364/executive","url_text":"\"M 6.9 - near the coast of northern Peru\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey","url_text":"United States Geological Survey"}]},{"reference":"\"M 6.9 - near the coast of northern Peru\". United States Geological Survey. February 7, 1959. Retrieved December 31, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/iscgem881364/impact","url_text":"\"M 6.9 - near the coast of northern Peru\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey","url_text":"United States Geological Survey"}]},{"reference":"\"Significant Earthquake: PERU-ECUADOR\". National Geophysical Data Center. February 7, 1959. Retrieved December 31, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/hazel/view/hazards/earthquake/event-more-info/6384","url_text":"\"Significant Earthquake: PERU-ECUADOR\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Geophysical_Data_Center","url_text":"National Geophysical Data Center"}]},{"reference":"\"On-Line Bulletin\". International Seismological Centre. February 11, 1959. Retrieved January 29, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.isc.ac.uk/cgi-bin/web-db-v4?request=COMPREHENSIVE&out_format=ISF&bot_lat=&top_lat=&left_lon=&right_lon=&ctr_lat=&ctr_lon=&radius=&max_dist_units=deg&searchshape=GLOBAL&srn=&grn=&start_year=1959&start_month=1&start_day=01&start_time=00%3A00%3A00&end_year=1960&end_month=1&end_day=01&end_time=00%3A00%3A00&min_dep=0&max_dep=800&null_dep=on&min_mag=6.0&max_mag=9.9&req_mag_type=Any&req_mag_agcy=Any&min_def=0&max_def=9999&null_phs=on&include_magnitudes=on&include_links=on&include_headers=on&include_comments=on","url_text":"\"On-Line Bulletin\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Seismological_Centre","url_text":"International Seismological Centre"}]},{"reference":"\"M 6.0 - off the coast of Ecuador\". United States Geological Survey. February 16, 1959. Retrieved January 29, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/iscgem881407/executive","url_text":"\"M 6.0 - off the coast of Ecuador\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey","url_text":"United States Geological Survey"}]},{"reference":"\"M 6.0 - off the coast of Ecuador\". United States Geological Survey. February 16, 1959. Retrieved December 31, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/iscgem881407/impact","url_text":"\"M 6.0 - off the coast of Ecuador\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey","url_text":"United States Geological Survey"}]},{"reference":"\"On-Line Bulletin\". International Seismological Centre. February 20, 1959. Retrieved January 29, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.isc.ac.uk/cgi-bin/web-db-v4?request=COMPREHENSIVE&out_format=ISF&bot_lat=&top_lat=&left_lon=&right_lon=&ctr_lat=&ctr_lon=&radius=&max_dist_units=deg&searchshape=GLOBAL&srn=&grn=&start_year=1959&start_month=1&start_day=01&start_time=00%3A00%3A00&end_year=1960&end_month=1&end_day=01&end_time=00%3A00%3A00&min_dep=0&max_dep=800&null_dep=on&min_mag=6.0&max_mag=9.9&req_mag_type=Any&req_mag_agcy=Any&min_def=0&max_def=9999&null_phs=on&include_magnitudes=on&include_links=on&include_headers=on&include_comments=on","url_text":"\"On-Line Bulletin\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Seismological_Centre","url_text":"International Seismological Centre"}]},{"reference":"\"M 6.0 - New Britain region, Papua New Guinea\". United States Geological Survey. February 23, 1959. Retrieved January 29, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/iscgem881451/executive","url_text":"\"M 6.0 - New Britain region, Papua New Guinea\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey","url_text":"United States Geological Survey"}]},{"reference":"\"M 6.0 - New Britain region, Papua New Guinea\". United States Geological Survey. February 23, 1959. Retrieved December 31, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/iscgem881451/impact","url_text":"\"M 6.0 - New Britain region, Papua New Guinea\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey","url_text":"United States Geological Survey"}]},{"reference":"\"M 6.0 - Ryukyu Islands, Japan\". United States Geological Survey. February 27, 1959. Retrieved January 29, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/iscgem881490/executive","url_text":"\"M 6.0 - Ryukyu Islands, Japan\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey","url_text":"United States Geological Survey"}]},{"reference":"\"M 6.9 - near the north coast of Papua, Indonesia\". United States Geological Survey. March 1, 1959. Retrieved January 30, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/iscgem881504/executive","url_text":"\"M 6.9 - near the north coast of Papua, Indonesia\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey","url_text":"United States Geological Survey"}]},{"reference":"\"M 6.9 - near the north coast of Papua, Indonesia\". United States Geological Survey. March 1, 1959. Retrieved January 1, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/iscgem881504/impact","url_text":"\"M 6.9 - near the north coast of Papua, Indonesia\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey","url_text":"United States Geological Survey"}]},{"reference":"\"M 6.1 - East Timor region\". United States Geological Survey. March 2, 1959. Retrieved January 30, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/iscgem881512/executive","url_text":"\"M 6.1 - East Timor region\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey","url_text":"United States Geological Survey"}]},{"reference":"\"M 6.1 - East Timor region\". United States Geological Survey. March 2, 1959. Retrieved January 1, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/iscgem881512/impact","url_text":"\"M 6.1 - East Timor region\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey","url_text":"United States Geological Survey"}]},{"reference":"\"On-Line Bulletin\". International Seismological Centre. March 2, 1959. Retrieved January 30, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.isc.ac.uk/cgi-bin/web-db-v4?request=COMPREHENSIVE&out_format=ISF&bot_lat=&top_lat=&left_lon=&right_lon=&ctr_lat=&ctr_lon=&radius=&max_dist_units=deg&searchshape=GLOBAL&srn=&grn=&start_year=1959&start_month=1&start_day=01&start_time=00%3A00%3A00&end_year=1960&end_month=1&end_day=01&end_time=00%3A00%3A00&min_dep=0&max_dep=800&null_dep=on&min_mag=6.0&max_mag=9.9&req_mag_type=Any&req_mag_agcy=Any&min_def=0&max_def=9999&null_phs=on&include_magnitudes=on&include_links=on&include_headers=on&include_comments=on","url_text":"\"On-Line Bulletin\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Seismological_Centre","url_text":"International Seismological Centre"}]},{"reference":"\"On-Line Bulletin\". International Seismological Centre. March 9, 1959. Retrieved January 30, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.isc.ac.uk/cgi-bin/web-db-v4?request=COMPREHENSIVE&out_format=ISF&bot_lat=&top_lat=&left_lon=&right_lon=&ctr_lat=&ctr_lon=&radius=&max_dist_units=deg&searchshape=GLOBAL&srn=&grn=&start_year=1959&start_month=1&start_day=01&start_time=00%3A00%3A00&end_year=1960&end_month=1&end_day=01&end_time=00%3A00%3A00&min_dep=0&max_dep=800&null_dep=on&min_mag=6.0&max_mag=9.9&req_mag_type=Any&req_mag_agcy=Any&min_def=0&max_def=9999&null_phs=on&include_magnitudes=on&include_links=on&include_headers=on&include_comments=on","url_text":"\"On-Line Bulletin\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Seismological_Centre","url_text":"International Seismological Centre"}]},{"reference":"\"On-Line Bulletin\". International Seismological Centre. March 10, 1959. Retrieved January 30, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.isc.ac.uk/cgi-bin/web-db-v4?request=COMPREHENSIVE&out_format=ISF&bot_lat=&top_lat=&left_lon=&right_lon=&ctr_lat=&ctr_lon=&radius=&max_dist_units=deg&searchshape=GLOBAL&srn=&grn=&start_year=1959&start_month=1&start_day=01&start_time=00%3A00%3A00&end_year=1960&end_month=1&end_day=01&end_time=00%3A00%3A00&min_dep=0&max_dep=800&null_dep=on&min_mag=6.0&max_mag=9.9&req_mag_type=Any&req_mag_agcy=Any&min_def=0&max_def=9999&null_phs=on&include_magnitudes=on&include_links=on&include_headers=on&include_comments=on","url_text":"\"On-Line Bulletin\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Seismological_Centre","url_text":"International Seismological Centre"}]},{"reference":"\"M 6.6 - Ryukyu Islands, Japan\". United States Geological Survey. March 17, 1959. Retrieved January 30, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/iscgem881588/executive","url_text":"\"M 6.6 - Ryukyu Islands, Japan\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey","url_text":"United States Geological Survey"}]},{"reference":"\"On-Line Bulletin\". International Seismological Centre. March 18, 1959. Retrieved January 30, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.isc.ac.uk/cgi-bin/web-db-v4?request=COMPREHENSIVE&out_format=ISF&bot_lat=&top_lat=&left_lon=&right_lon=&ctr_lat=&ctr_lon=&radius=&max_dist_units=deg&searchshape=GLOBAL&srn=&grn=&start_year=1959&start_month=1&start_day=01&start_time=00%3A00%3A00&end_year=1960&end_month=1&end_day=01&end_time=00%3A00%3A00&min_dep=0&max_dep=800&null_dep=on&min_mag=6.0&max_mag=9.9&req_mag_type=Any&req_mag_agcy=Any&min_def=0&max_def=9999&null_phs=on&include_magnitudes=on&include_links=on&include_headers=on&include_comments=on","url_text":"\"On-Line Bulletin\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Seismological_Centre","url_text":"International Seismological Centre"}]},{"reference":"\"M 6.0 - Nevada\". United States Geological Survey. March 23, 1959. Retrieved January 30, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/iscgem881629/executive","url_text":"\"M 6.0 - Nevada\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey","url_text":"United States Geological Survey"}]},{"reference":"\"M 6.0 - Nevada\". United States Geological Survey. March 23, 1959. Retrieved January 1, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/iscgem881629/impact","url_text":"\"M 6.0 - Nevada\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey","url_text":"United States Geological Survey"}]},{"reference":"\"M 5.5 - France\". United States Geological Survey. April 5, 1959. Retrieved January 30, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/iscgem881720/executive","url_text":"\"M 5.5 - France\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey","url_text":"United States Geological Survey"}]},{"reference":"\"M 5.5 - France\". United States Geological Survey. April 5, 1959. Retrieved January 1, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/iscgem881720/impact","url_text":"\"M 5.5 - France\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey","url_text":"United States Geological Survey"}]},{"reference":"\"Significant Earthquake: FRANCE: ST PAUL D'UBAYE,JAUSIERS,CEILLAC,VARS\". National Geophysical Data Center. April 5, 1959. Retrieved January 1, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/hazel/view/hazards/earthquake/event-more-info/4184","url_text":"\"Significant Earthquake: FRANCE: ST PAUL D'UBAYE,JAUSIERS,CEILLAC,VARS\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Geophysical_Data_Center","url_text":"National Geophysical Data Center"}]},{"reference":"\"M 6.2 - Sumba region, Indonesia\". United States Geological Survey. April 6, 1959. Retrieved January 30, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/iscgem881737/executive","url_text":"\"M 6.2 - Sumba region, Indonesia\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey","url_text":"United States Geological Survey"}]},{"reference":"\"M 6.2 - Sumba region, Indonesia\". United States Geological Survey. April 6, 1959. Retrieved January 1, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/iscgem881737/impact","url_text":"\"M 6.2 - Sumba region, Indonesia\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey","url_text":"United States Geological Survey"}]},{"reference":"\"M 6.1 - Santa Cruz, Argentina\". United States Geological Survey. April 8, 1959. Retrieved January 30, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/iscgem881747/executive","url_text":"\"M 6.1 - Santa Cruz, Argentina\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey","url_text":"United States Geological Survey"}]},{"reference":"\"M 6.1 - Santa Cruz, Argentina\". United States Geological Survey. April 8, 1959. Retrieved January 1, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/iscgem881747/impact","url_text":"\"M 6.1 - Santa Cruz, Argentina\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey","url_text":"United States Geological Survey"}]},{"reference":"\"On-Line Bulletin\". International Seismological Centre. April 12, 1959. Retrieved January 30, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.isc.ac.uk/cgi-bin/web-db-v4?request=COMPREHENSIVE&out_format=ISF&bot_lat=&top_lat=&left_lon=&right_lon=&ctr_lat=&ctr_lon=&radius=&max_dist_units=deg&searchshape=GLOBAL&srn=&grn=&start_year=1959&start_month=1&start_day=01&start_time=00%3A00%3A00&end_year=1960&end_month=1&end_day=01&end_time=00%3A00%3A00&min_dep=0&max_dep=800&null_dep=on&min_mag=6.0&max_mag=9.9&req_mag_type=Any&req_mag_agcy=Any&min_def=0&max_def=9999&null_phs=on&include_magnitudes=on&include_links=on&include_headers=on&include_comments=on","url_text":"\"On-Line Bulletin\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Seismological_Centre","url_text":"International Seismological Centre"}]},{"reference":"\"On-Line Bulletin\". International Seismological Centre. April 12, 1959. Retrieved January 30, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.isc.ac.uk/cgi-bin/web-db-v4?request=COMPREHENSIVE&out_format=ISF&bot_lat=&top_lat=&left_lon=&right_lon=&ctr_lat=&ctr_lon=&radius=&max_dist_units=deg&searchshape=GLOBAL&srn=&grn=&start_year=1959&start_month=1&start_day=01&start_time=00%3A00%3A00&end_year=1960&end_month=1&end_day=01&end_time=00%3A00%3A00&min_dep=0&max_dep=800&null_dep=on&min_mag=6.0&max_mag=9.9&req_mag_type=Any&req_mag_agcy=Any&min_def=0&max_def=9999&null_phs=on&include_magnitudes=on&include_links=on&include_headers=on&include_comments=on","url_text":"\"On-Line Bulletin\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Seismological_Centre","url_text":"International Seismological Centre"}]},{"reference":"\"M 6.2 - Tonga\". United States Geological Survey. April 12, 1959. Retrieved January 30, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/iscgem881779/executive","url_text":"\"M 6.2 - Tonga\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey","url_text":"United States Geological Survey"}]},{"reference":"\"M 6.0 - New Britain region, Papua New Guinea\". United States Geological Survey. April 20, 1959. Retrieved January 30, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/iscgem881828/executive","url_text":"\"M 6.0 - New Britain region, Papua New Guinea\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey","url_text":"United States Geological Survey"}]},{"reference":"\"M 6.0 - New Britain region, Papua New Guinea\". United States Geological Survey. April 20, 1959. Retrieved January 1, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/iscgem881828/impact","url_text":"\"M 6.0 - New Britain region, Papua New Guinea\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey","url_text":"United States Geological Survey"}]},{"reference":"\"M 6.0 - Fox Islands, Aleutian Islands, Alaska\". United States Geological Survey. April 22, 1959. Retrieved January 1, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/ushis2368/executive","url_text":"\"M 6.0 - Fox Islands, Aleutian Islands, Alaska\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey","url_text":"United States Geological Survey"}]},{"reference":"\"M 5.9 - Dodecanese Islands, Greece\". United States Geological Survey. April 25, 1959. Retrieved January 30, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/iscgem881860/executive","url_text":"\"M 5.9 - Dodecanese Islands, Greece\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey","url_text":"United States Geological Survey"}]},{"reference":"\"M 5.9 - Dodecanese Islands, Greece\". United States Geological Survey. April 25, 1959. Retrieved January 1, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/iscgem881860/impact","url_text":"\"M 5.9 - Dodecanese Islands, Greece\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey","url_text":"United States Geological Survey"}]},{"reference":"\"Significant Earthquake: TURKEY: KOYCEGIZ, MUGLA\". National Geophysical Data Center. April 25, 1959. Retrieved January 1, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/hazel/view/hazards/earthquake/event-more-info/4187","url_text":"\"Significant Earthquake: TURKEY: KOYCEGIZ, MUGLA\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Geophysical_Data_Center","url_text":"National Geophysical Data Center"}]},{"reference":"\"M 6.9 - Taiwan region\". United States Geological Survey. April 26, 1959. Retrieved January 30, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/iscgem881876/executive","url_text":"\"M 6.9 - Taiwan region\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey","url_text":"United States Geological Survey"}]},{"reference":"\"M 6.9 - Taiwan region\". United States Geological Survey. April 26, 1959. Retrieved January 1, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/iscgem881876/impact","url_text":"\"M 6.9 - Taiwan region\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey","url_text":"United States Geological Survey"}]},{"reference":"\"Significant Earthquake: TAIWAN: TAIPEI\". National Geophysical Data Center. April 26, 1959. Retrieved January 1, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/hazel/view/hazards/earthquake/event-more-info/4188","url_text":"\"Significant Earthquake: TAIWAN: TAIPEI\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Geophysical_Data_Center","url_text":"National Geophysical Data Center"}]},{"reference":"\"M 6.5 - offshore Chiapas, Mexico\". United States Geological Survey. April 28, 1959. Retrieved January 30, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/iscgem881886/executive","url_text":"\"M 6.5 - offshore Chiapas, Mexico\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey","url_text":"United States Geological Survey"}]},{"reference":"\"M 6.5 - offshore Chiapas, Mexico\". United States Geological Survey. April 28, 1959. Retrieved January 1, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/iscgem881886/impact","url_text":"\"M 6.5 - offshore Chiapas, Mexico\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey","url_text":"United States Geological Survey"}]},{"reference":"\"M 7.9 - near the east coast of the Kamchatka Peninsula, Russia\". United States Geological Survey. May 4, 1959. Retrieved February 1, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/iscgem881925/executive","url_text":"\"M 7.9 - near the east coast of the Kamchatka Peninsula, Russia\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey","url_text":"United States Geological Survey"}]},{"reference":"\"M 7.9 - near the east coast of the Kamchatka Peninsula, Russia\". United States Geological Survey. May 4, 1959. Retrieved January 1, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/iscgem881925/impact","url_text":"\"M 7.9 - near the east coast of the Kamchatka Peninsula, Russia\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey","url_text":"United States Geological Survey"}]},{"reference":"\"Significant Earthquake: RUSSIA: NEAR EAST COAST OF KAMCHATKA\". National Geophysical Data Center. May 4, 1959. Retrieved January 1, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/hazel/view/hazards/earthquake/event-more-info/4192","url_text":"\"Significant Earthquake: RUSSIA: NEAR EAST COAST OF KAMCHATKA\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Geophysical_Data_Center","url_text":"National Geophysical Data Center"}]},{"reference":"\"M 6.3 - near the east coast of the Kamchatka Peninsula, Russia\". United States Geological Survey. May 5, 1959. Retrieved February 1, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/iscgem881936/executive","url_text":"\"M 6.3 - near the east coast of the Kamchatka Peninsula, Russia\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey","url_text":"United States Geological Survey"}]},{"reference":"\"M 6.3 - near the east coast of the Kamchatka Peninsula, Russia\". United States Geological Survey. May 5, 1959. Retrieved January 1, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/iscgem881936/impact","url_text":"\"M 6.3 - near the east coast of the Kamchatka Peninsula, Russia\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey","url_text":"United States Geological Survey"}]},{"reference":"\"On-Line Bulletin\". International Seismological Centre. May 12, 1959. Retrieved February 1, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.isc.ac.uk/cgi-bin/web-db-v4?request=COMPREHENSIVE&out_format=ISF&bot_lat=&top_lat=&left_lon=&right_lon=&ctr_lat=&ctr_lon=&radius=&max_dist_units=deg&searchshape=GLOBAL&srn=&grn=&start_year=1959&start_month=1&start_day=01&start_time=00%3A00%3A00&end_year=1960&end_month=1&end_day=01&end_time=00%3A00%3A00&min_dep=0&max_dep=800&null_dep=on&min_mag=6.0&max_mag=9.9&req_mag_type=Any&req_mag_agcy=Any&min_def=0&max_def=9999&null_phs=on&include_magnitudes=on&include_links=on&include_headers=on&include_comments=on","url_text":"\"On-Line Bulletin\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Seismological_Centre","url_text":"International Seismological Centre"}]},{"reference":"\"M 6.6 - Salta, Argentina\". United States Geological Survey. May 12, 1959. Retrieved February 1, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/iscgem881991/executive","url_text":"\"M 6.6 - Salta, Argentina\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey","url_text":"United States Geological Survey"}]},{"reference":"\"M 6.6 - Salta, Argentina\". United States Geological Survey. May 12, 1959. Retrieved January 1, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/iscgem881991/impact","url_text":"\"M 6.6 - Salta, Argentina\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey","url_text":"United States Geological Survey"}]},{"reference":"\"M 6.0 - Andreanof Islands, Aleutian Islands, Alaska\". United States Geological Survey. May 12, 1959. Retrieved February 1, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/iscgem881999/executive","url_text":"\"M 6.0 - Andreanof Islands, Aleutian Islands, Alaska\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey","url_text":"United States Geological Survey"}]},{"reference":"\"M 6.1 - Crete, Greece\". United States Geological Survey. May 14, 1959. Retrieved February 1, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/iscgem882012/executive","url_text":"\"M 6.1 - Crete, Greece\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey","url_text":"United States Geological Survey"}]},{"reference":"\"M 6.1 - Crete, Greece\". United States Geological Survey. May 14, 1959. Retrieved January 1, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/iscgem882012/impact","url_text":"\"M 6.1 - Crete, Greece\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey","url_text":"United States Geological Survey"}]},{"reference":"\"M 6.0 - Atacama, Chile\". United States Geological Survey. May 21, 1959. Retrieved February 1, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/iscgem882070/executive","url_text":"\"M 6.0 - Atacama, Chile\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey","url_text":"United States Geological Survey"}]},{"reference":"\"M 6.0 - Atacama, Chile\". United States Geological Survey. May 21, 1959. Retrieved January 1, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/iscgem882070/impact","url_text":"\"M 6.0 - Atacama, Chile\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey","url_text":"United States Geological Survey"}]},{"reference":"\"On-Line Bulletin\". International Seismological Centre. May 22, 1959. Retrieved February 1, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.isc.ac.uk/cgi-bin/web-db-v4?request=COMPREHENSIVE&out_format=ISF&bot_lat=&top_lat=&left_lon=&right_lon=&ctr_lat=&ctr_lon=&radius=&max_dist_units=deg&searchshape=GLOBAL&srn=&grn=&start_year=1959&start_month=1&start_day=01&start_time=00%3A00%3A00&end_year=1960&end_month=1&end_day=01&end_time=00%3A00%3A00&min_dep=0&max_dep=800&null_dep=on&min_mag=6.0&max_mag=9.9&req_mag_type=Any&req_mag_agcy=Any&min_def=0&max_def=9999&null_phs=on&include_magnitudes=on&include_links=on&include_headers=on&include_comments=on","url_text":"\"On-Line Bulletin\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Seismological_Centre","url_text":"International Seismological Centre"}]},{"reference":"\"M 6.6 - Oaxaca, Mexico\". United States Geological Survey. May 24, 1959. Retrieved February 1, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/iscgem882086/executive","url_text":"\"M 6.6 - Oaxaca, Mexico\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey","url_text":"United States Geological Survey"}]},{"reference":"\"M 6.6 - Oaxaca, Mexico\". United States Geological Survey. May 24, 1959. Retrieved January 1, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/iscgem882086/impact","url_text":"\"M 6.6 - Oaxaca, Mexico\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey","url_text":"United States Geological Survey"}]},{"reference":"\"Significant Earthquake: MEXICO: OAXACA;\". National Geophysical Data Center. May 24, 1959. Retrieved January 1, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/hazel/view/hazards/earthquake/event-more-info/4194","url_text":"\"Significant Earthquake: MEXICO: OAXACA;\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Geophysical_Data_Center","url_text":"National Geophysical Data Center"}]},{"reference":"\"On-Line Bulletin\". International Seismological Centre. May 26, 1959. Retrieved February 1, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.isc.ac.uk/cgi-bin/web-db-v4?request=COMPREHENSIVE&out_format=ISF&bot_lat=&top_lat=&left_lon=&right_lon=&ctr_lat=&ctr_lon=&radius=&max_dist_units=deg&searchshape=GLOBAL&srn=&grn=&start_year=1959&start_month=1&start_day=01&start_time=00%3A00%3A00&end_year=1960&end_month=1&end_day=01&end_time=00%3A00%3A00&min_dep=0&max_dep=800&null_dep=on&min_mag=6.0&max_mag=9.9&req_mag_type=Any&req_mag_agcy=Any&min_def=0&max_def=9999&null_phs=on&include_magnitudes=on&include_links=on&include_headers=on&include_comments=on","url_text":"\"On-Line Bulletin\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Seismological_Centre","url_text":"International Seismological Centre"}]},{"reference":"\"On-Line Bulletin\". International Seismological Centre. May 29, 1959. Retrieved February 1, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.isc.ac.uk/cgi-bin/web-db-v4?request=COMPREHENSIVE&out_format=ISF&bot_lat=&top_lat=&left_lon=&right_lon=&ctr_lat=&ctr_lon=&radius=&max_dist_units=deg&searchshape=GLOBAL&srn=&grn=&start_year=1959&start_month=1&start_day=01&start_time=00%3A00%3A00&end_year=1960&end_month=1&end_day=01&end_time=00%3A00%3A00&min_dep=0&max_dep=800&null_dep=on&min_mag=6.0&max_mag=9.9&req_mag_type=Any&req_mag_agcy=Any&min_def=0&max_def=9999&null_phs=on&include_magnitudes=on&include_links=on&include_headers=on&include_comments=on","url_text":"\"On-Line Bulletin\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Seismological_Centre","url_text":"International Seismological Centre"}]},{"reference":"\"On-Line Bulletin\". International Seismological Centre. June 1, 1959. Retrieved February 4, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.isc.ac.uk/cgi-bin/web-db-v4?request=COMPREHENSIVE&out_format=ISF&bot_lat=&top_lat=&left_lon=&right_lon=&ctr_lat=&ctr_lon=&radius=&max_dist_units=deg&searchshape=GLOBAL&srn=&grn=&start_year=1959&start_month=1&start_day=01&start_time=00%3A00%3A00&end_year=1960&end_month=1&end_day=01&end_time=00%3A00%3A00&min_dep=0&max_dep=800&null_dep=on&min_mag=6.0&max_mag=9.9&req_mag_type=Any&req_mag_agcy=Any&min_def=0&max_def=9999&null_phs=on&include_magnitudes=on&include_links=on&include_headers=on&include_comments=on","url_text":"\"On-Line Bulletin\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Seismological_Centre","url_text":"International Seismological Centre"}]},{"reference":"\"M 6.2 - Philippine Islands region\". United States Geological Survey. June 2, 1959. Retrieved February 4, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/iscgem882159/executive","url_text":"\"M 6.2 - Philippine Islands region\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey","url_text":"United States Geological Survey"}]},{"reference":"\"M 6.1 - Taiwan region\". United States Geological Survey. June 2, 1959. Retrieved February 4, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/iscgemsup882161/executive","url_text":"\"M 6.1 - Taiwan region\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey","url_text":"United States Geological Survey"}]},{"reference":"\"M 7.1 - Tarapaca, Chile\". United States Geological Survey. June 14, 1959. Retrieved February 4, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/iscgem882240/executive","url_text":"\"M 7.1 - Tarapaca, Chile\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey","url_text":"United States Geological Survey"}]},{"reference":"\"M 7.1 - Tarapaca, Chile\". United States Geological Survey. June 14, 1959. Retrieved January 2, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/iscgem882240/impact","url_text":"\"M 7.1 - Tarapaca, Chile\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey","url_text":"United States Geological Survey"}]},{"reference":"\"Significant Earthquake: BOLIVIA-NORTHERN CHILE\". National Geophysical Data Center. June 14, 1959. Retrieved January 2, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/hazel/view/hazards/earthquake/event-more-info/4195","url_text":"\"Significant Earthquake: BOLIVIA-NORTHERN CHILE\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Geophysical_Data_Center","url_text":"National Geophysical Data Center"}]},{"reference":"\"M 6.9 - near the east coast of the Kamchatka Peninsula, Russia\". United States Geological Survey. June 18, 1959. Retrieved February 4, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/iscgem882280/executive","url_text":"\"M 6.9 - near the east coast of the Kamchatka Peninsula, Russia\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey","url_text":"United States Geological Survey"}]},{"reference":"\"M 6.9 - near the east coast of the Kamchatka Peninsula, Russia\". United States Geological Survey. June 18, 1959. Retrieved January 2, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/iscgem882280/impact","url_text":"\"M 6.9 - near the east coast of the Kamchatka Peninsula, Russia\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey","url_text":"United States Geological Survey"}]},{"reference":"\"Significant Earthquake: RUSSIA: NEAR KAMCHATKA\". National Geophysical Data Center. June 18, 1959. Retrieved January 2, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/hazel/view/hazards/earthquake/event-more-info/4196","url_text":"\"Significant Earthquake: RUSSIA: NEAR KAMCHATKA\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Geophysical_Data_Center","url_text":"National Geophysical Data Center"}]},{"reference":"\"On-Line Bulletin\". International Seismological Centre. June 18, 1959. Retrieved February 4, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.isc.ac.uk/cgi-bin/web-db-v4?request=COMPREHENSIVE&out_format=ISF&bot_lat=&top_lat=&left_lon=&right_lon=&ctr_lat=&ctr_lon=&radius=&max_dist_units=deg&searchshape=GLOBAL&srn=&grn=&start_year=1959&start_month=1&start_day=01&start_time=00%3A00%3A00&end_year=1960&end_month=1&end_day=01&end_time=00%3A00%3A00&min_dep=0&max_dep=800&null_dep=on&min_mag=6.0&max_mag=9.9&req_mag_type=Any&req_mag_agcy=Any&min_def=0&max_def=9999&null_phs=on&include_magnitudes=on&include_links=on&include_headers=on&include_comments=on","url_text":"\"On-Line Bulletin\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Seismological_Centre","url_text":"International Seismological Centre"}]},{"reference":"\"On-Line Bulletin\". International Seismological Centre. June 27, 1959. Retrieved February 4, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.isc.ac.uk/cgi-bin/web-db-v4?request=COMPREHENSIVE&out_format=ISF&bot_lat=&top_lat=&left_lon=&right_lon=&ctr_lat=&ctr_lon=&radius=&max_dist_units=deg&searchshape=GLOBAL&srn=&grn=&start_year=1959&start_month=1&start_day=01&start_time=00%3A00%3A00&end_year=1960&end_month=1&end_day=01&end_time=00%3A00%3A00&min_dep=0&max_dep=800&null_dep=on&min_mag=6.0&max_mag=9.9&req_mag_type=Any&req_mag_agcy=Any&min_def=0&max_def=9999&null_phs=on&include_magnitudes=on&include_links=on&include_headers=on&include_comments=on","url_text":"\"On-Line Bulletin\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Seismological_Centre","url_text":"International Seismological Centre"}]},{"reference":"\"M 6.1 - Kyrgyzstan-Xinjiang border region\". United States Geological Survey. June 27, 1959. Retrieved February 4, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/iscgem882347/executive","url_text":"\"M 6.1 - Kyrgyzstan-Xinjiang border region\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey","url_text":"United States Geological Survey"}]},{"reference":"\"M 6.1 - Kyrgyzstan-Xinjiang border region\". United States Geological Survey. June 27, 1959. Retrieved January 2, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/iscgem882347/impact","url_text":"\"M 6.1 - Kyrgyzstan-Xinjiang border region\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey","url_text":"United States Geological Survey"}]},{"reference":"\"M 6.0 - Savu Sea\". United States Geological Survey. June 28, 1959. Retrieved February 4, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/iscgem882354/executive","url_text":"\"M 6.0 - Savu Sea\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey","url_text":"United States Geological Survey"}]},{"reference":"\"M 6.0 - Solomon Islands\". United States Geological Survey. June 29, 1959. Retrieved February 4, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/iscgem882357/executive","url_text":"\"M 6.0 - Solomon Islands\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey","url_text":"United States Geological Survey"}]},{"reference":"\"M 6.0 - Solomon Islands\". United States Geological Survey. June 29, 1959. Retrieved January 2, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/iscgem882357/impact","url_text":"\"M 6.0 - Solomon Islands\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey","url_text":"United States Geological Survey"}]},{"reference":"\"Significant Earthquake: CHINA: HENAN PROVINCE\". National Geophysical Data Center. July 2, 1959. Retrieved January 2, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/hazel/view/hazards/earthquake/event-more-info/8050","url_text":"\"Significant Earthquake: CHINA: HENAN PROVINCE\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Geophysical_Data_Center","url_text":"National Geophysical Data Center"}]},{"reference":"\"M 6.5 - Vanuatu region\". United States Geological Survey. July 3, 1959. Retrieved February 5, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/iscgem882383/executive","url_text":"\"M 6.5 - Vanuatu region\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey","url_text":"United States Geological Survey"}]},{"reference":"\"M 6.6 - Fiji region\". United States Geological Survey. July 3, 1959. Retrieved February 5, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/iscgem882384/executive","url_text":"\"M 6.6 - Fiji region\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey","url_text":"United States Geological Survey"}]},{"reference":"\"On-Line Bulletin\". International Seismological Centre. July 6, 1959. Retrieved February 5, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.isc.ac.uk/cgi-bin/web-db-v4?request=COMPREHENSIVE&out_format=ISF&bot_lat=&top_lat=&left_lon=&right_lon=&ctr_lat=&ctr_lon=&radius=&max_dist_units=deg&searchshape=GLOBAL&srn=&grn=&start_year=1959&start_month=1&start_day=01&start_time=00%3A00%3A00&end_year=1960&end_month=1&end_day=01&end_time=00%3A00%3A00&min_dep=0&max_dep=800&null_dep=on&min_mag=6.0&max_mag=9.9&req_mag_type=Any&req_mag_agcy=Any&min_def=0&max_def=9999&null_phs=on&include_magnitudes=on&include_links=on&include_headers=on&include_comments=on","url_text":"\"On-Line Bulletin\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Seismological_Centre","url_text":"International Seismological Centre"}]},{"reference":"\"On-Line Bulletin\". International Seismological Centre. July 6, 1959. Retrieved February 5, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.isc.ac.uk/cgi-bin/web-db-v4?request=COMPREHENSIVE&out_format=ISF&bot_lat=&top_lat=&left_lon=&right_lon=&ctr_lat=&ctr_lon=&radius=&max_dist_units=deg&searchshape=GLOBAL&srn=&grn=&start_year=1959&start_month=1&start_day=01&start_time=00%3A00%3A00&end_year=1960&end_month=1&end_day=01&end_time=00%3A00%3A00&min_dep=0&max_dep=800&null_dep=on&min_mag=6.0&max_mag=9.9&req_mag_type=Any&req_mag_agcy=Any&min_def=0&max_def=9999&null_phs=on&include_magnitudes=on&include_links=on&include_headers=on&include_comments=on","url_text":"\"On-Line Bulletin\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Seismological_Centre","url_text":"International Seismological Centre"}]},{"reference":"\"On-Line Bulletin\". International Seismological Centre. July 9, 1959. Retrieved February 5, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.isc.ac.uk/cgi-bin/web-db-v4?request=COMPREHENSIVE&out_format=ISF&bot_lat=&top_lat=&left_lon=&right_lon=&ctr_lat=&ctr_lon=&radius=&max_dist_units=deg&searchshape=GLOBAL&srn=&grn=&start_year=1959&start_month=1&start_day=01&start_time=00%3A00%3A00&end_year=1960&end_month=1&end_day=01&end_time=00%3A00%3A00&min_dep=0&max_dep=800&null_dep=on&min_mag=6.0&max_mag=9.9&req_mag_type=Any&req_mag_agcy=Any&min_def=0&max_def=9999&null_phs=on&include_magnitudes=on&include_links=on&include_headers=on&include_comments=on","url_text":"\"On-Line Bulletin\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Seismological_Centre","url_text":"International Seismological Centre"}]},{"reference":"\"On-Line Bulletin\". International Seismological Centre. July 18, 1959. Retrieved February 5, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.isc.ac.uk/cgi-bin/web-db-v4?request=COMPREHENSIVE&out_format=ISF&bot_lat=&top_lat=&left_lon=&right_lon=&ctr_lat=&ctr_lon=&radius=&max_dist_units=deg&searchshape=GLOBAL&srn=&grn=&start_year=1959&start_month=1&start_day=01&start_time=00%3A00%3A00&end_year=1960&end_month=1&end_day=01&end_time=00%3A00%3A00&min_dep=0&max_dep=800&null_dep=on&min_mag=6.0&max_mag=9.9&req_mag_type=Any&req_mag_agcy=Any&min_def=0&max_def=9999&null_phs=on&include_magnitudes=on&include_links=on&include_headers=on&include_comments=on","url_text":"\"On-Line Bulletin\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Seismological_Centre","url_text":"International Seismological Centre"}]},{"reference":"\"On-Line Bulletin\". International Seismological Centre. July 19, 1959. Retrieved February 5, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.isc.ac.uk/cgi-bin/web-db-v4?request=COMPREHENSIVE&out_format=ISF&bot_lat=&top_lat=&left_lon=&right_lon=&ctr_lat=&ctr_lon=&radius=&max_dist_units=deg&searchshape=GLOBAL&srn=&grn=&start_year=1959&start_month=1&start_day=01&start_time=00%3A00%3A00&end_year=1960&end_month=1&end_day=01&end_time=00%3A00%3A00&min_dep=0&max_dep=800&null_dep=on&min_mag=6.0&max_mag=9.9&req_mag_type=Any&req_mag_agcy=Any&min_def=0&max_def=9999&null_phs=on&include_magnitudes=on&include_links=on&include_headers=on&include_comments=on","url_text":"\"On-Line Bulletin\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Seismological_Centre","url_text":"International Seismological Centre"}]},{"reference":"\"M 6.4 - New Britain region, Papua New Guinea\". United States Geological Survey. July 22, 1959. Retrieved February 5, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/iscgem882493/executive","url_text":"\"M 6.4 - New Britain region, Papua New Guinea\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey","url_text":"United States Geological Survey"}]},{"reference":"\"M 6.4 - New Britain region, Papua New Guinea\". United States Geological Survey. July 22, 1959. Retrieved January 2, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/iscgem882493/impact","url_text":"\"M 6.4 - New Britain region, Papua New Guinea\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey","url_text":"United States Geological Survey"}]},{"reference":"\"M 6.2 - offshore Northern California\". United States Geological Survey. July 24, 1959. Retrieved February 5, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/iscgem882505/executive","url_text":"\"M 6.2 - offshore Northern California\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey","url_text":"United States Geological Survey"}]},{"reference":"\"M 6.2 - offshore Northern California\". United States Geological Survey. July 24, 1959. Retrieved January 2, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/iscgem882505/impact","url_text":"\"M 6.2 - offshore Northern California\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey","url_text":"United States Geological Survey"}]},{"reference":"\"M 5.5 - Shaanxi-Shanxi border region, China\". United States Geological Survey. August 10, 1959. Retrieved February 5, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/iscgem882609/executive","url_text":"\"M 5.5 - Shaanxi-Shanxi border region, China\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey","url_text":"United States Geological Survey"}]},{"reference":"\"M 5.5 - Shaanxi-Shanxi border region, China\". United States Geological Survey. August 10, 1959. Retrieved January 2, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/iscgem882609/impact","url_text":"\"M 5.5 - Shaanxi-Shanxi border region, China\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey","url_text":"United States Geological Survey"}]},{"reference":"\"Significant Earthquake: CHINA: SHAANXI PROVINCE\". National Geophysical Data Center. August 10, 1959. Retrieved January 2, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/hazel/view/hazards/earthquake/event-more-info/8051","url_text":"\"Significant Earthquake: CHINA: SHAANXI PROVINCE\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Geophysical_Data_Center","url_text":"National Geophysical Data Center"}]},{"reference":"\"M 7.2 - Taiwan region\". United States Geological Survey. August 15, 1959. Retrieved February 5, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/iscgem882641/executive","url_text":"\"M 7.2 - Taiwan region\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey","url_text":"United States Geological Survey"}]},{"reference":"\"M 7.2 - Taiwan region\". United States Geological Survey. August 15, 1959. Retrieved January 2, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/iscgem882641/impact","url_text":"\"M 7.2 - Taiwan region\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey","url_text":"United States Geological Survey"}]},{"reference":"\"Significant Earthquake: TAIWAN\". National Geophysical Data Center. August 15, 1959. Retrieved January 2, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/hazel/view/hazards/earthquake/event-more-info/4197","url_text":"\"Significant Earthquake: TAIWAN\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Geophysical_Data_Center","url_text":"National Geophysical Data Center"}]},{"reference":"\"M 7.0 - Solomon Islands\". United States Geological Survey. August 17, 1959. Retrieved February 5, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/iscgem882668/executive","url_text":"\"M 7.0 - Solomon Islands\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey","url_text":"United States Geological Survey"}]},{"reference":"\"M 7.0 - Solomon Islands\". United States Geological Survey. August 17, 1959. Retrieved January 2, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/iscgem882668/impact","url_text":"\"M 7.0 - Solomon Islands\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey","url_text":"United States Geological Survey"}]},{"reference":"\"Significant Earthquake: SOLOMON ISLANDS\". National Geophysical Data Center. August 17, 1959. Retrieved January 2, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/hazel/view/hazards/earthquake/event-more-info/4198","url_text":"\"Significant Earthquake: SOLOMON ISLANDS\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Geophysical_Data_Center","url_text":"National Geophysical Data Center"}]},{"reference":"\"On-Line Bulletin\". International Seismological Centre. August 18, 1959. Retrieved February 5, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.isc.ac.uk/cgi-bin/web-db-v4?request=COMPREHENSIVE&out_format=ISF&bot_lat=&top_lat=&left_lon=&right_lon=&ctr_lat=&ctr_lon=&radius=&max_dist_units=deg&searchshape=GLOBAL&srn=&grn=&start_year=1959&start_month=1&start_day=01&start_time=00%3A00%3A00&end_year=1960&end_month=1&end_day=01&end_time=00%3A00%3A00&min_dep=0&max_dep=800&null_dep=on&min_mag=6.0&max_mag=9.9&req_mag_type=Any&req_mag_agcy=Any&min_def=0&max_def=9999&null_phs=on&include_magnitudes=on&include_links=on&include_headers=on&include_comments=on","url_text":"\"On-Line Bulletin\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Seismological_Centre","url_text":"International Seismological Centre"}]},{"reference":"\"M 7.3 - The 1959 Hebgen Lake Earthquake, Montana\". United States Geological Survey. August 18, 1959. Retrieved January 2, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/ushis2396/executive","url_text":"\"M 7.3 - The 1959 Hebgen Lake Earthquake, Montana\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey","url_text":"United States Geological Survey"}]},{"reference":"\"M 7.3 - The 1959 Hebgen Lake Earthquake, Montana\". United States Geological Survey. August 18, 1959. Retrieved January 2, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/ushis2396/impact","url_text":"\"M 7.3 - The 1959 Hebgen Lake Earthquake, Montana\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey","url_text":"United States Geological Survey"}]},{"reference":"\"Significant Earthquake: MONTANA: HEBGEN LAKE\". National Geophysical Data Center. August 18, 1959. Retrieved January 2, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/hazel/view/hazards/earthquake/event-more-info/4199","url_text":"\"Significant Earthquake: MONTANA: HEBGEN LAKE\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Geophysical_Data_Center","url_text":"National Geophysical Data Center"}]},{"reference":"\"M 6.5 - Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming\". United States Geological Survey. August 18, 1959. Retrieved January 2, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/ushis2397/executive","url_text":"\"M 6.5 - Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey","url_text":"United States Geological Survey"}]},{"reference":"\"M 6.0 - Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming\". United States Geological Survey. August 18, 1959. Retrieved January 2, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/ushis2398/executive","url_text":"\"M 6.0 - Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey","url_text":"United States Geological Survey"}]},{"reference":"\"M 6.3 - Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming\". United States Geological Survey. August 18, 1959. Retrieved January 2, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/ushis2400/executive","url_text":"\"M 6.3 - Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey","url_text":"United States Geological Survey"}]},{"reference":"\"M 6.3 - Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming\". United States Geological Survey. August 18, 1959. Retrieved January 2, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/ushis2400/impact","url_text":"\"M 6.3 - Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey","url_text":"United States Geological Survey"}]},{"reference":"\"M 6.0 - Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming\". United States Geological Survey. August 19, 1959. Retrieved January 2, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/ushis2401/executive","url_text":"\"M 6.0 - Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey","url_text":"United States Geological Survey"}]},{"reference":"\"M 6.0 - Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming\". United States Geological Survey. August 19, 1959. Retrieved January 2, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/ushis2401/impact","url_text":"\"M 6.0 - Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey","url_text":"United States Geological Survey"}]},{"reference":"\"On-Line Bulletin\". International Seismological Centre. August 24, 1959. Retrieved February 5, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.isc.ac.uk/cgi-bin/web-db-v4?request=COMPREHENSIVE&out_format=ISF&bot_lat=&top_lat=&left_lon=&right_lon=&ctr_lat=&ctr_lon=&radius=&max_dist_units=deg&searchshape=GLOBAL&srn=&grn=&start_year=1959&start_month=1&start_day=01&start_time=00%3A00%3A00&end_year=1960&end_month=1&end_day=01&end_time=00%3A00%3A00&min_dep=0&max_dep=800&null_dep=on&min_mag=6.0&max_mag=9.9&req_mag_type=Any&req_mag_agcy=Any&min_def=0&max_def=9999&null_phs=on&include_magnitudes=on&include_links=on&include_headers=on&include_comments=on","url_text":"\"On-Line Bulletin\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Seismological_Centre","url_text":"International Seismological Centre"}]},{"reference":"\"M 6.4 - offshore Veracruz, Mexico\". United States Geological Survey. August 26, 1959. Retrieved February 6, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/iscgem882734/executive","url_text":"\"M 6.4 - offshore Veracruz, Mexico\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey","url_text":"United States Geological Survey"}]},{"reference":"\"M 6.4 - offshore Veracruz, Mexico\". United States Geological Survey. August 26, 1959. Retrieved January 3, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/iscgem882734/impact","url_text":"\"M 6.4 - offshore Veracruz, Mexico\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey","url_text":"United States Geological Survey"}]},{"reference":"\"Significant Earthquake: MEXICO: GULF OF CAMPECHE\". National Geophysical Data Center. August 26, 1959. Retrieved January 3, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/hazel/view/hazards/earthquake/event-more-info/4201","url_text":"\"Significant Earthquake: MEXICO: GULF OF CAMPECHE\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Geophysical_Data_Center","url_text":"National Geophysical Data Center"}]},{"reference":"\"M 6.5 - Vancouver Island, Canada region\". United States Geological Survey. August 26, 1959. Retrieved February 6, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/iscgem882735/executive","url_text":"\"M 6.5 - Vancouver Island, Canada region\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey","url_text":"United States Geological Survey"}]},{"reference":"\"M 6.0 - Central Alaska\". United States Geological Survey. August 28, 1959. Retrieved January 3, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/ushis2408/executive","url_text":"\"M 6.0 - Central Alaska\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey","url_text":"United States Geological Survey"}]},{"reference":"\"M 6.1 - Lake Baykal region, Russia\". United States Geological Survey. August 29, 1959. Retrieved February 6, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/iscgem882766/executive","url_text":"\"M 6.1 - Lake Baykal region, Russia\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey","url_text":"United States Geological Survey"}]},{"reference":"\"M 6.1 - Lake Baykal region, Russia\". United States Geological Survey. August 29, 1959. Retrieved January 3, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/iscgem882766/impact","url_text":"\"M 6.1 - Lake Baykal region, Russia\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey","url_text":"United States Geological Survey"}]},{"reference":"\"M 6.2 - Albania\". United States Geological Survey. September 1, 1959. Retrieved February 6, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/iscgem882795/executive","url_text":"\"M 6.2 - Albania\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey","url_text":"United States Geological Survey"}]},{"reference":"\"M 6.2 - Albania\". United States Geological Survey. September 1, 1959. Retrieved January 3, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/iscgem882795/impact","url_text":"\"M 6.2 - Albania\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey","url_text":"United States Geological Survey"}]},{"reference":"\"Significant Earthquake: ALBANIA\". National Geophysical Data Center. September 1, 1959. Retrieved January 3, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/hazel/view/hazards/earthquake/event-more-info/4203","url_text":"\"Significant Earthquake: ALBANIA\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Geophysical_Data_Center","url_text":"National Geophysical Data Center"}]},{"reference":"\"M 6.1 - Sulawesi, Indonesia\". United States Geological Survey. September 3, 1959. Retrieved February 6, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/iscgem882804/executive","url_text":"\"M 6.1 - Sulawesi, Indonesia\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey","url_text":"United States Geological Survey"}]},{"reference":"\"M 6.1 - Sulawesi, Indonesia\". United States Geological Survey. September 3, 1959. Retrieved January 3, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/iscgem882804/impact","url_text":"\"M 6.1 - Sulawesi, Indonesia\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey","url_text":"United States Geological Survey"}]},{"reference":"\"M 7.3 - Kermadec Islands region\". United States Geological Survey. September 14, 1959. Retrieved February 8, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/iscgem882896/executive","url_text":"\"M 7.3 - Kermadec Islands region\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey","url_text":"United States Geological Survey"}]},{"reference":"\"M 6.8 - Kermadec Islands region\". United States Geological Survey. September 15, 1959. Retrieved February 8, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/iscgem882910/executive","url_text":"\"M 6.8 - Kermadec Islands region\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey","url_text":"United States Geological Survey"}]},{"reference":"\"M 6.5 - Taiwan region\". United States Geological Survey. September 25, 1959. Retrieved February 8, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/iscgem882994/executive","url_text":"\"M 6.5 - Taiwan region\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey","url_text":"United States Geological Survey"}]},{"reference":"\"M 6.5 - Taiwan region\". United States Geological Survey. September 25, 1959. Retrieved January 3, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/iscgem882994/impact","url_text":"\"M 6.5 - Taiwan region\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey","url_text":"United States Geological Survey"}]},{"reference":"\"M 6.0 - Vanuatu\". United States Geological Survey. September 30, 1959. Retrieved February 8, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/iscgem883029/executive","url_text":"\"M 6.0 - Vanuatu\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey","url_text":"United States Geological Survey"}]},{"reference":"\"M 6.0 - Albania\". United States Geological Survey. October 7, 1959. Retrieved February 9, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/iscgem883058/executive","url_text":"\"M 6.0 - Albania\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey","url_text":"United States Geological Survey"}]},{"reference":"\"M 6.0 - Albania\". United States Geological Survey. October 7, 1959. Retrieved January 3, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/iscgem883058/impact","url_text":"\"M 6.0 - Albania\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey","url_text":"United States Geological Survey"}]},{"reference":"\"M 6.6 - Minahasa, Sulawesi, Indonesia\". United States Geological Survey. October 15, 1959. Retrieved February 9, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/iscgem883113/executive","url_text":"\"M 6.6 - Minahasa, Sulawesi, Indonesia\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey","url_text":"United States Geological Survey"}]},{"reference":"\"M 6.6 - Minahasa, Sulawesi, Indonesia\". United States Geological Survey. October 15, 1959. Retrieved January 3, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/iscgem883113/impact","url_text":"\"M 6.6 - Minahasa, Sulawesi, Indonesia\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey","url_text":"United States Geological Survey"}]},{"reference":"\"On-Line Bulletin\". International Seismological Centre. October 19, 1959. Retrieved February 9, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.isc.ac.uk/cgi-bin/web-db-v4?request=COMPREHENSIVE&out_format=ISF&bot_lat=&top_lat=&left_lon=&right_lon=&ctr_lat=&ctr_lon=&radius=&max_dist_units=deg&searchshape=GLOBAL&srn=&grn=&start_year=1959&start_month=1&start_day=01&start_time=00%3A00%3A00&end_year=1960&end_month=1&end_day=01&end_time=00%3A00%3A00&min_dep=0&max_dep=800&null_dep=on&min_mag=6.0&max_mag=9.9&req_mag_type=Any&req_mag_agcy=Any&min_def=0&max_def=9999&null_phs=on&include_magnitudes=on&include_links=on&include_headers=on&include_comments=on","url_text":"\"On-Line Bulletin\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Seismological_Centre","url_text":"International Seismological Centre"}]},{"reference":"\"M 6.0 - eastern Uzbekistan\". United States Geological Survey. October 24, 1959. Retrieved February 9, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/iscgem883162/executive","url_text":"\"M 6.0 - eastern Uzbekistan\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey","url_text":"United States Geological Survey"}]},{"reference":"\"M 6.0 - eastern Uzbekistan\". United States Geological Survey. October 24, 1959. Retrieved January 3, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/iscgem883162/impact","url_text":"\"M 6.0 - eastern Uzbekistan\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey","url_text":"United States Geological Survey"}]},{"reference":"\"M 5.4 - eastern Turkey\". United States Geological Survey. October 25, 1959. Retrieved February 9, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/iscgem883166/executive","url_text":"\"M 5.4 - eastern Turkey\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey","url_text":"United States Geological Survey"}]},{"reference":"\"Significant Earthquake: TURKEY: NINIA\". National Geophysical Data Center. October 25, 1959. Retrieved January 3, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/hazel/view/hazards/earthquake/event-more-info/4206","url_text":"\"Significant Earthquake: TURKEY: NINIA\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Geophysical_Data_Center","url_text":"National Geophysical Data Center"}]},{"reference":"\"M 6.5 - off the east coast of Honshu, Japan\". United States Geological Survey. October 26, 1959. Retrieved February 9, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/iscgem883170/executive","url_text":"\"M 6.5 - off the east coast of Honshu, Japan\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey","url_text":"United States Geological Survey"}]},{"reference":"\"M 6.5 - off the east coast of Honshu, Japan\". United States Geological Survey. October 26, 1959. Retrieved January 3, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/iscgem883170/impact","url_text":"\"M 6.5 - off the east coast of Honshu, Japan\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey","url_text":"United States Geological Survey"}]},{"reference":"\"On-Line Bulletin\". International Seismological Centre. October 26, 1959. Retrieved February 9, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.isc.ac.uk/cgi-bin/web-db-v4?request=COMPREHENSIVE&out_format=ISF&bot_lat=&top_lat=&left_lon=&right_lon=&ctr_lat=&ctr_lon=&radius=&max_dist_units=deg&searchshape=GLOBAL&srn=&grn=&start_year=1959&start_month=1&start_day=01&start_time=00%3A00%3A00&end_year=1960&end_month=1&end_day=01&end_time=00%3A00%3A00&min_dep=0&max_dep=800&null_dep=on&min_mag=6.0&max_mag=9.9&req_mag_type=Any&req_mag_agcy=Any&min_def=0&max_def=9999&null_phs=on&include_magnitudes=on&include_links=on&include_headers=on&include_comments=on","url_text":"\"On-Line Bulletin\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Seismological_Centre","url_text":"International Seismological Centre"}]},{"reference":"\"M 6.7 - Kuril Islands\". United States Geological Survey. October 27, 1959. Retrieved February 9, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/iscgem883175/executive","url_text":"\"M 6.7 - Kuril Islands\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey","url_text":"United States Geological Survey"}]},{"reference":"\"On-Line Bulletin\". International Seismological Centre. October 29, 1959. Retrieved February 9, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.isc.ac.uk/cgi-bin/web-db-v4?request=COMPREHENSIVE&out_format=ISF&bot_lat=&top_lat=&left_lon=&right_lon=&ctr_lat=&ctr_lon=&radius=&max_dist_units=deg&searchshape=GLOBAL&srn=&grn=&start_year=1959&start_month=1&start_day=01&start_time=00%3A00%3A00&end_year=1960&end_month=1&end_day=01&end_time=00%3A00%3A00&min_dep=0&max_dep=800&null_dep=on&min_mag=6.0&max_mag=9.9&req_mag_type=Any&req_mag_agcy=Any&min_def=0&max_def=9999&null_phs=on&include_magnitudes=on&include_links=on&include_headers=on&include_comments=on","url_text":"\"On-Line Bulletin\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Seismological_Centre","url_text":"International Seismological Centre"}]},{"reference":"\"On-Line Bulletin\". International Seismological Centre. October 31, 1959. Retrieved February 9, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.isc.ac.uk/cgi-bin/web-db-v4?request=COMPREHENSIVE&out_format=ISF&bot_lat=&top_lat=&left_lon=&right_lon=&ctr_lat=&ctr_lon=&radius=&max_dist_units=deg&searchshape=GLOBAL&srn=&grn=&start_year=1959&start_month=1&start_day=01&start_time=00%3A00%3A00&end_year=1960&end_month=1&end_day=01&end_time=00%3A00%3A00&min_dep=0&max_dep=800&null_dep=on&min_mag=6.0&max_mag=9.9&req_mag_type=Any&req_mag_agcy=Any&min_def=0&max_def=9999&null_phs=on&include_magnitudes=on&include_links=on&include_headers=on&include_comments=on","url_text":"\"On-Line Bulletin\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Seismological_Centre","url_text":"International Seismological Centre"}]},{"reference":"\"M 6.3 - New Britain region, Papua New Guinea\". United States Geological Survey. November 2, 1959. Retrieved February 9, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/iscgem883215/executive","url_text":"\"M 6.3 - New Britain region, Papua New Guinea\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey","url_text":"United States Geological Survey"}]},{"reference":"\"M 6.3 - New Britain region, Papua New Guinea\". United States Geological Survey. November 2, 1959. Retrieved January 5, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/iscgem883215/impact","url_text":"\"M 6.3 - New Britain region, Papua New Guinea\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey","url_text":"United States Geological Survey"}]},{"reference":"\"M 5.3 - northern Algeria\". United States Geological Survey. November 7, 1959. Retrieved February 9, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/iscgemsup883244/executive","url_text":"\"M 5.3 - northern Algeria\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey","url_text":"United States Geological Survey"}]},{"reference":"\"Significant Earthquake: ALGERIA: BOU-MEDFA\". National Geophysical Data Center. November 7, 1959. Retrieved January 5, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/hazel/view/hazards/earthquake/event-more-info/4208","url_text":"\"Significant Earthquake: ALGERIA: BOU-MEDFA\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Geophysical_Data_Center","url_text":"National Geophysical Data Center"}]},{"reference":"\"M 6.5 - Hokkaido, Japan region\". United States Geological Survey. November 8, 1959. Retrieved February 9, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/iscgem17288196/executive","url_text":"\"M 6.5 - Hokkaido, Japan region\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey","url_text":"United States Geological Survey"}]},{"reference":"\"M 6.5 - Hokkaido, Japan region\". United States Geological Survey. November 8, 1959. Retrieved January 5, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/iscgem17288196/impact","url_text":"\"M 6.5 - Hokkaido, Japan region\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey","url_text":"United States Geological Survey"}]},{"reference":"\"M 6.1 - southern Xinjiang, China\". United States Geological Survey. November 15, 1959. Retrieved February 10, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/iscgem883287/executive","url_text":"\"M 6.1 - southern Xinjiang, China\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey","url_text":"United States Geological Survey"}]},{"reference":"\"M 6.1 - southern Xinjiang, China\". United States Geological Survey. November 15, 1959. Retrieved January 5, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/iscgem883287/impact","url_text":"\"M 6.1 - southern Xinjiang, China\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey","url_text":"United States Geological Survey"}]},{"reference":"\"Significant Earthquake: CHINA: XINGJIANG\". National Geophysical Data Center. November 15, 1959. Retrieved January 5, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/hazel/view/hazards/earthquake/event-more-info/8030","url_text":"\"Significant Earthquake: CHINA: XINGJIANG\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Geophysical_Data_Center","url_text":"National Geophysical Data Center"}]},{"reference":"\"M 6.7 - Ionian Sea\". United States Geological Survey. November 15, 1959. Retrieved February 10, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/iscgem883288/executive","url_text":"\"M 6.7 - Ionian Sea\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey","url_text":"United States Geological Survey"}]},{"reference":"\"M 6.7 - Ionian Sea\". United States Geological Survey. November 15, 1959. Retrieved January 5, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/iscgem883288/impact","url_text":"\"M 6.7 - Ionian Sea\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey","url_text":"United States Geological Survey"}]},{"reference":"\"On-Line Bulletin\". International Seismological Centre. November 19, 1959. Retrieved February 10, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.isc.ac.uk/cgi-bin/web-db-v4?request=COMPREHENSIVE&out_format=ISF&bot_lat=&top_lat=&left_lon=&right_lon=&ctr_lat=&ctr_lon=&radius=&max_dist_units=deg&searchshape=GLOBAL&srn=&grn=&start_year=1959&start_month=1&start_day=01&start_time=00%3A00%3A00&end_year=1960&end_month=1&end_day=01&end_time=00%3A00%3A00&min_dep=0&max_dep=800&null_dep=on&min_mag=6.0&max_mag=9.9&req_mag_type=Any&req_mag_agcy=Any&min_def=0&max_def=9999&null_phs=on&include_magnitudes=on&include_links=on&include_headers=on&include_comments=on","url_text":"\"On-Line Bulletin\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Seismological_Centre","url_text":"International Seismological Centre"}]},{"reference":"\"M 6.6 - southern Sumatra, Indonesia\". United States Geological Survey. November 26, 1959. Retrieved February 10, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/iscgem883354/executive","url_text":"\"M 6.6 - southern Sumatra, Indonesia\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey","url_text":"United States Geological Survey"}]},{"reference":"\"M 6.6 - southern Sumatra, Indonesia\". United States Geological Survey. November 26, 1959. Retrieved January 5, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/iscgem883354/impact","url_text":"\"M 6.6 - southern Sumatra, Indonesia\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey","url_text":"United States Geological Survey"}]},{"reference":"\"M 6.1 - Atacama, Chile\". United States Geological Survey. November 28, 1959. Retrieved February 10, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/iscgem883369/executive","url_text":"\"M 6.1 - Atacama, Chile\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey","url_text":"United States Geological Survey"}]},{"reference":"\"M 6.1 - Atacama, Chile\". United States Geological Survey. November 28, 1959. Retrieved January 5, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/iscgem883369/impact","url_text":"\"M 6.1 - Atacama, Chile\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey","url_text":"United States Geological Survey"}]},{"reference":"\"M 6.0 - Kazakhstan-Xinjiang border region\". United States Geological Survey. November 30, 1959. Retrieved February 10, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/iscgem883380/executive","url_text":"\"M 6.0 - Kazakhstan-Xinjiang border region\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey","url_text":"United States Geological Survey"}]},{"reference":"\"M 6.0 - Kazakhstan-Xinjiang border region\". United States Geological Survey. November 30, 1959. Retrieved January 5, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/iscgem883380/impact","url_text":"\"M 6.0 - Kazakhstan-Xinjiang border region\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey","url_text":"United States Geological Survey"}]},{"reference":"\"M 6.1 - Kenai Peninsula, Alaska\". United States Geological Survey. November 30, 1959. Retrieved January 5, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/ushis2422/executive","url_text":"\"M 6.1 - Kenai Peninsula, Alaska\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey","url_text":"United States Geological Survey"}]},{"reference":"\"M 6.4 - Sulawesi, Indonesia\". United States Geological Survey. December 2, 1959. Retrieved February 11, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/iscgem883395/executive","url_text":"\"M 6.4 - Sulawesi, Indonesia\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey","url_text":"United States Geological Survey"}]},{"reference":"\"M 6.4 - Sulawesi, Indonesia\". United States Geological Survey. December 2, 1959. Retrieved January 5, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/iscgem883395/impact","url_text":"\"M 6.4 - Sulawesi, Indonesia\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey","url_text":"United States Geological Survey"}]},{"reference":"\"M 6.3 - Fox Islands, Aleutian Islands, Alaska\". United States Geological Survey. December 14, 1959. Retrieved February 11, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/iscgem883463/executive","url_text":"\"M 6.3 - Fox Islands, Aleutian Islands, Alaska\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey","url_text":"United States Geological Survey"}]},{"reference":"\"M 7.0 - South Sandwich Islands region\". United States Geological Survey. December 14, 1959. Retrieved February 11, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/iscgem883464/executive","url_text":"\"M 7.0 - South Sandwich Islands region\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey","url_text":"United States Geological Survey"}]},{"reference":"\"M 6.0 - Fox Islands, Aleutian Islands, Alaska\". United States Geological Survey. December 18, 1959. Retrieved February 11, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/iscgem883497/executive","url_text":"\"M 6.0 - Fox Islands, Aleutian Islands, Alaska\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey","url_text":"United States Geological Survey"}]},{"reference":"\"On-Line Bulletin\". International Seismological Centre. December 25, 1959. Retrieved February 11, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.isc.ac.uk/cgi-bin/web-db-v4?request=COMPREHENSIVE&out_format=ISF&bot_lat=&top_lat=&left_lon=&right_lon=&ctr_lat=&ctr_lon=&radius=&max_dist_units=deg&searchshape=GLOBAL&srn=&grn=&start_year=1959&start_month=1&start_day=01&start_time=00%3A00%3A00&end_year=1960&end_month=1&end_day=01&end_time=00%3A00%3A00&min_dep=0&max_dep=800&null_dep=on&min_mag=6.0&max_mag=9.9&req_mag_type=Any&req_mag_agcy=Any&min_def=0&max_def=9999&null_phs=on&include_magnitudes=on&include_links=on&include_headers=on&include_comments=on","url_text":"\"On-Line Bulletin\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Seismological_Centre","url_text":"International Seismological Centre"}]},{"reference":"\"On-Line Bulletin\". International Seismological Centre. December 27, 1959. Retrieved February 11, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.isc.ac.uk/cgi-bin/web-db-v4?request=COMPREHENSIVE&out_format=ISF&bot_lat=&top_lat=&left_lon=&right_lon=&ctr_lat=&ctr_lon=&radius=&max_dist_units=deg&searchshape=GLOBAL&srn=&grn=&start_year=1959&start_month=1&start_day=01&start_time=00%3A00%3A00&end_year=1960&end_month=1&end_day=01&end_time=00%3A00%3A00&min_dep=0&max_dep=800&null_dep=on&min_mag=6.0&max_mag=9.9&req_mag_type=Any&req_mag_agcy=Any&min_def=0&max_def=9999&null_phs=on&include_magnitudes=on&include_links=on&include_headers=on&include_comments=on","url_text":"\"On-Line Bulletin\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Seismological_Centre","url_text":"International Seismological Centre"}]},{"reference":"\"M 6.6 - near the east coast of the Kamchatka Peninsula, Russia\". United States Geological Survey. December 27, 1959. Retrieved February 11, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/iscgem883583/executive","url_text":"\"M 6.6 - near the east coast of the Kamchatka Peninsula, Russia\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey","url_text":"United States Geological Survey"}]},{"reference":"\"M 6.6 - near the east coast of the Kamchatka Peninsula, Russia\". United States Geological Survey. December 27, 1959. Retrieved January 5, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/iscgem883583/impact","url_text":"\"M 6.6 - near the east coast of the Kamchatka Peninsula, Russia\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey","url_text":"United States Geological Survey"}]},{"reference":"\"M 6.5 - off the east coast of the Kamchatka Peninsula, Russia\". United States Geological Survey. December 28, 1959. Retrieved February 11, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/iscgem883587/executive","url_text":"\"M 6.5 - off the east coast of the Kamchatka Peninsula, Russia\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey","url_text":"United States Geological Survey"}]}]
[{"Link":"http://www.isc.ac.uk/cgi-bin/web-db-v4?request=COMPREHENSIVE&out_format=ISF&bot_lat=&top_lat=&left_lon=&right_lon=&ctr_lat=&ctr_lon=&radius=&max_dist_units=deg&searchshape=GLOBAL&srn=&grn=&start_year=1959&start_month=1&start_day=01&start_time=00%3A00%3A00&end_year=1960&end_month=1&end_day=01&end_time=00%3A00%3A00&min_dep=0&max_dep=800&null_dep=on&min_mag=6.0&max_mag=9.9&req_mag_type=Any&req_mag_agcy=Any&min_def=0&max_def=9999&null_phs=on&include_magnitudes=on&include_links=on&include_headers=on&include_comments=on","external_links_name":"\"On-Line Bulletin\""},{"Link":"http://www.isc.ac.uk/cgi-bin/web-db-v4?request=COMPREHENSIVE&out_format=ISF&bot_lat=&top_lat=&left_lon=&right_lon=&ctr_lat=&ctr_lon=&radius=&max_dist_units=deg&searchshape=GLOBAL&srn=&grn=&start_year=1959&start_month=1&start_day=01&start_time=00%3A00%3A00&end_year=1960&end_month=1&end_day=01&end_time=00%3A00%3A00&min_dep=0&max_dep=800&null_dep=on&min_mag=6.0&max_mag=9.9&req_mag_type=Any&req_mag_agcy=Any&min_def=0&max_def=9999&null_phs=on&include_magnitudes=on&include_links=on&include_headers=on&include_comments=on","external_links_name":"\"On-Line Bulletin\""},{"Link":"https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/iscgem881234/executive","external_links_name":"\"M 6.0 - East Timor region\""},{"Link":"https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/iscgem881234/impact","external_links_name":"\"M 6.0 - East Timor region\""},{"Link":"https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/iscgem881240/executive","external_links_name":"\"M 7.0 - off the east coast of Honshu, Japan\""},{"Link":"https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/iscgem881240/impact","external_links_name":"\"M 7.0 - off the east coast of Honshu, Japan\""},{"Link":"https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/iscgem881242/executive","external_links_name":"\"M 6.2 - Hokkaido, Japan region\""},{"Link":"https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/iscgem881242/impact","external_links_name":"\"M 6.2 - Hokkaido, Japan region\""},{"Link":"https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/iscgem881262/executive","external_links_name":"\"M 6.0 - offshore Chiapas, Mexico\""},{"Link":"https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/iscgem881262/impact","external_links_name":"\"M 6.0 - offshore Chiapas, Mexico\""},{"Link":"https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/iscgem881313/executive","external_links_name":"\"M 6.3 - Atacama, Chile\""},{"Link":"https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/iscgem881313/impact","external_links_name":"\"M 6.3 - Atacama, Chile\""},{"Link":"https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/iscgem881315/executive","external_links_name":"\"M 6.4 - Hokkaido, Japan region\""},{"Link":"https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/iscgem881315/impact","external_links_name":"\"M 6.4 - Hokkaido, Japan region\""},{"Link":"https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/iscgem881316/executive","external_links_name":"\"M 6.4 - Hokkaido, Japan region\""},{"Link":"https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/iscgem881316/impact","external_links_name":"\"M 6.4 - Hokkaido, Japan region\""},{"Link":"https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/iscgem881364/executive","external_links_name":"\"M 6.9 - near the coast of northern Peru\""},{"Link":"https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/iscgem881364/impact","external_links_name":"\"M 6.9 - near the coast of northern Peru\""},{"Link":"https://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/hazel/view/hazards/earthquake/event-more-info/6384","external_links_name":"\"Significant Earthquake: PERU-ECUADOR\""},{"Link":"http://www.isc.ac.uk/cgi-bin/web-db-v4?request=COMPREHENSIVE&out_format=ISF&bot_lat=&top_lat=&left_lon=&right_lon=&ctr_lat=&ctr_lon=&radius=&max_dist_units=deg&searchshape=GLOBAL&srn=&grn=&start_year=1959&start_month=1&start_day=01&start_time=00%3A00%3A00&end_year=1960&end_month=1&end_day=01&end_time=00%3A00%3A00&min_dep=0&max_dep=800&null_dep=on&min_mag=6.0&max_mag=9.9&req_mag_type=Any&req_mag_agcy=Any&min_def=0&max_def=9999&null_phs=on&include_magnitudes=on&include_links=on&include_headers=on&include_comments=on","external_links_name":"\"On-Line Bulletin\""},{"Link":"https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/iscgem881407/executive","external_links_name":"\"M 6.0 - off the coast of Ecuador\""},{"Link":"https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/iscgem881407/impact","external_links_name":"\"M 6.0 - 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Fiji region\""},{"Link":"http://www.isc.ac.uk/cgi-bin/web-db-v4?request=COMPREHENSIVE&out_format=ISF&bot_lat=&top_lat=&left_lon=&right_lon=&ctr_lat=&ctr_lon=&radius=&max_dist_units=deg&searchshape=GLOBAL&srn=&grn=&start_year=1959&start_month=1&start_day=01&start_time=00%3A00%3A00&end_year=1960&end_month=1&end_day=01&end_time=00%3A00%3A00&min_dep=0&max_dep=800&null_dep=on&min_mag=6.0&max_mag=9.9&req_mag_type=Any&req_mag_agcy=Any&min_def=0&max_def=9999&null_phs=on&include_magnitudes=on&include_links=on&include_headers=on&include_comments=on","external_links_name":"\"On-Line Bulletin\""},{"Link":"http://www.isc.ac.uk/cgi-bin/web-db-v4?request=COMPREHENSIVE&out_format=ISF&bot_lat=&top_lat=&left_lon=&right_lon=&ctr_lat=&ctr_lon=&radius=&max_dist_units=deg&searchshape=GLOBAL&srn=&grn=&start_year=1959&start_month=1&start_day=01&start_time=00%3A00%3A00&end_year=1960&end_month=1&end_day=01&end_time=00%3A00%3A00&min_dep=0&max_dep=800&null_dep=on&min_mag=6.0&max_mag=9.9&req_mag_type=Any&req_mag_agcy=Any&min_def=0&max_def=9999&null_phs=on&include_magnitudes=on&include_links=on&include_headers=on&include_comments=on","external_links_name":"\"On-Line Bulletin\""},{"Link":"http://www.isc.ac.uk/cgi-bin/web-db-v4?request=COMPREHENSIVE&out_format=ISF&bot_lat=&top_lat=&left_lon=&right_lon=&ctr_lat=&ctr_lon=&radius=&max_dist_units=deg&searchshape=GLOBAL&srn=&grn=&start_year=1959&start_month=1&start_day=01&start_time=00%3A00%3A00&end_year=1960&end_month=1&end_day=01&end_time=00%3A00%3A00&min_dep=0&max_dep=800&null_dep=on&min_mag=6.0&max_mag=9.9&req_mag_type=Any&req_mag_agcy=Any&min_def=0&max_def=9999&null_phs=on&include_magnitudes=on&include_links=on&include_headers=on&include_comments=on","external_links_name":"\"On-Line Bulletin\""},{"Link":"http://www.isc.ac.uk/cgi-bin/web-db-v4?request=COMPREHENSIVE&out_format=ISF&bot_lat=&top_lat=&left_lon=&right_lon=&ctr_lat=&ctr_lon=&radius=&max_dist_units=deg&searchshape=GLOBAL&srn=&grn=&start_year=1959&start_month=1&start_day=01&start_time=00%3A00%3A00&end_year=1960&end_month=1&end_day=01&end_time=00%3A00%3A00&min_dep=0&max_dep=800&null_dep=on&min_mag=6.0&max_mag=9.9&req_mag_type=Any&req_mag_agcy=Any&min_def=0&max_def=9999&null_phs=on&include_magnitudes=on&include_links=on&include_headers=on&include_comments=on","external_links_name":"\"On-Line Bulletin\""},{"Link":"http://www.isc.ac.uk/cgi-bin/web-db-v4?request=COMPREHENSIVE&out_format=ISF&bot_lat=&top_lat=&left_lon=&right_lon=&ctr_lat=&ctr_lon=&radius=&max_dist_units=deg&searchshape=GLOBAL&srn=&grn=&start_year=1959&start_month=1&start_day=01&start_time=00%3A00%3A00&end_year=1960&end_month=1&end_day=01&end_time=00%3A00%3A00&min_dep=0&max_dep=800&null_dep=on&min_mag=6.0&max_mag=9.9&req_mag_type=Any&req_mag_agcy=Any&min_def=0&max_def=9999&null_phs=on&include_magnitudes=on&include_links=on&include_headers=on&include_comments=on","external_links_name":"\"On-Line Bulletin\""},{"Link":"https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/iscgem882493/executive","external_links_name":"\"M 6.4 - 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Sulawesi, Indonesia\""},{"Link":"https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/iscgem883395/impact","external_links_name":"\"M 6.4 - Sulawesi, Indonesia\""},{"Link":"https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/iscgem883463/executive","external_links_name":"\"M 6.3 - Fox Islands, Aleutian Islands, Alaska\""},{"Link":"https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/iscgem883464/executive","external_links_name":"\"M 7.0 - South Sandwich Islands region\""},{"Link":"https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/iscgem883497/executive","external_links_name":"\"M 6.0 - Fox Islands, Aleutian Islands, Alaska\""},{"Link":"http://www.isc.ac.uk/cgi-bin/web-db-v4?request=COMPREHENSIVE&out_format=ISF&bot_lat=&top_lat=&left_lon=&right_lon=&ctr_lat=&ctr_lon=&radius=&max_dist_units=deg&searchshape=GLOBAL&srn=&grn=&start_year=1959&start_month=1&start_day=01&start_time=00%3A00%3A00&end_year=1960&end_month=1&end_day=01&end_time=00%3A00%3A00&min_dep=0&max_dep=800&null_dep=on&min_mag=6.0&max_mag=9.9&req_mag_type=Any&req_mag_agcy=Any&min_def=0&max_def=9999&null_phs=on&include_magnitudes=on&include_links=on&include_headers=on&include_comments=on","external_links_name":"\"On-Line Bulletin\""},{"Link":"http://www.isc.ac.uk/cgi-bin/web-db-v4?request=COMPREHENSIVE&out_format=ISF&bot_lat=&top_lat=&left_lon=&right_lon=&ctr_lat=&ctr_lon=&radius=&max_dist_units=deg&searchshape=GLOBAL&srn=&grn=&start_year=1959&start_month=1&start_day=01&start_time=00%3A00%3A00&end_year=1960&end_month=1&end_day=01&end_time=00%3A00%3A00&min_dep=0&max_dep=800&null_dep=on&min_mag=6.0&max_mag=9.9&req_mag_type=Any&req_mag_agcy=Any&min_def=0&max_def=9999&null_phs=on&include_magnitudes=on&include_links=on&include_headers=on&include_comments=on","external_links_name":"\"On-Line Bulletin\""},{"Link":"https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/iscgem883583/executive","external_links_name":"\"M 6.6 - near the east coast of the Kamchatka Peninsula, Russia\""},{"Link":"https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/iscgem883583/impact","external_links_name":"\"M 6.6 - near the east coast of the Kamchatka Peninsula, Russia\""},{"Link":"https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/iscgem883587/executive","external_links_name":"\"M 6.5 - off the east coast of the Kamchatka Peninsula, Russia\""}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HC_Chrudim
HC Chrudim
["1 Achievements","2 References","3 External links"]
Ice hockey team in Chrudim, Czech RepublicHC ChrudimCityChrudim, Czech RepublicLeagueKrajská ligaFounded1931Home arenaZimní stadion ChrudimGeneral managerVladimír PitterHead coachMartin HostákFranchise history1931-1949AFK Chrudim1949-1974Sokol Transports Chrudim1974-1996TJ Transporta Chrudim1996-2011HC Chrudim HC Chrudim is an ice hockey team in Chrudim, Czech Republic. They played in the Czech 1.liga, the second level of ice hockey in the Czech Republic. The club was founded in 1931. They folded in 2011 due to a lack of funding. A new club with the same name was then created, but it consists solely of junior and amateur teams. Achievements Promoted to Czech 2.liga : 2001 Promoted to Czech 1.liga : 2008 References ^ History on hc-chrudim.cz External links Official site This European ice hockey team-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[]
null
[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KCCI_(disambiguation)
KCCI (disambiguation)
[]
KCCI is a television station licensed to Des Moines, Iowa, United States. KCCI may also refer to: Karachi Chamber of Commerce & Industry Kuwait Chamber of Commerce and Industry Kashmir Chamber of Commerce and Industry Topics referred to by the same term This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title KCCI.If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article.
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[]
null
[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bleptina_caradrinalis
Bleptina caradrinalis
["1 References","2 External links"]
Species of moth Bleptina caradrinalis Scientific classification Domain: Eukaryota Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Arthropoda Class: Insecta Order: Lepidoptera Superfamily: Noctuoidea Family: Erebidae Genus: Bleptina Species: B. caradrinalis Binomial name Bleptina caradrinalisGuenée, 1852 Synonyms Bleptina cloniasalis Bleptina caradrinalis, the bent-winged owlet or variable snout moth, is a species of moth of the family Erebidae. It was described by Achille Guenée in 1852. It is found in North America, from Nova Scotia west to British Columbia, south to Arizona. Furthermore, it is found from southern North America south to Brazil and on the Antilles. The wingspan is 22–32 millimetres (0.87–1.26 in). Adults are on wing from June to August depending on the location. The larvae feed on the leaves of barberry, clover and hickory. References External links Anweiler, G. G. & Robinson, E. "Species Details Bleptina caradrinalisa". University of Alberta Museums. E.H. Strickland Entomological Museum. Retrieved November 11, 2020. "930520.00 – 8370 – Bleptina caradrinalis – Bent-winged Owlet Moth – Guenée, 1854". North American Moth Photographers Group. Mississippi State University. Retrieved August 14, 2018. Mention of range outside of North America Archived 2011-07-18 at the Wayback Machine Taxon identifiersBleptina caradrinalis Wikidata: Q10740364 BAMONA: Bleptina-caradrinalis BOLD: 11882 BugGuide: 15091 EoL: 560993 GBIF: 1793538 iNaturalist: 215271 IRMNG: 10982286 ITIS: 937992 LepIndex: 289807 MONA: 8370 NatureServe: 2.108855 NCBI: 688400 Open Tree of Life: 687311 This Hypeninae article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Bee_Research_Association
International Bee Research Association
["1 References","2 External links"]
International Bee Research AssociationNicknameIBRAFormation1949-01-24FounderEva CraneTypeCharityRegistration no.Charity No: 209222PurposePromotes the value of bees by providing information on bee science and beekeeping worldwide.Headquarters1 Agincourt Street, Monmouth, NP25 3DZChairFani HatjinaKey people Hans Kjaersgaard (Secretary) William Kirk Jacqueline Hart Martin Kunz Stuart Roberts Websiteibra.org.ukFormerly calledBee Research Association The International Bee Research Association is a charity based in the United Kingdom which exists to promote the value of bees and provide information on bee science and beekeeping worldwide. It was founded in 1949 as the Bee Research Association. It regularly publishes two journals: Bee World and Journal of Apicultural Research. References ^ "IBRA History". International Bee Research Association. Retrieved 11 April 2022. ^ Bee World , article on https://ibra.org.uk/bee-world ^ "Journal of Apicultural Research". International Bee Research Association. Retrieved 27 April 2022. External links Official website This bee-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alex_Greenwood_(disambiguation)
Alex Greenwood (disambiguation)
["1 See also"]
Alex Greenwood (born 1993) is an English women's professional footballer. Alex Greenwood may also refer to: Alex Greenwood (footballer, born 1933), English footballer Alex Greenwood, a musician in the band Sports Team See also Al Greenwood (born 1951), U.S. rock musician Greenwood (surname) Greenwood (disambiguation) Alex (disambiguation) Topics referred to by the same termThis disambiguation page lists articles about people with the same name. If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article.
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clackamas_people
Clackamas people
["1 Lifestyle","2 Tomanowos","3 History","3.1 19th century","4 Notable Clackamas","5 See also","6 References","7 External links"]
Tribe of Native Americans in the US state of Oregon Ethnic group ClackamasA drawing of Clackamas Indians by Paul KaneRegions with significant populationsOregon, United StatesRelated ethnic groupsother Chinook peoples The Clackamas Indians are a band of Chinook of Native Americans who historically lived along the Clackamas River in the Willamette Valley, Oregon. Today, Clackamas people are enrolled in the Confederated Tribes of the Grand Ronde Community of Oregon. In 1806, Lewis and Clark estimated their population to be 1,800. At the time the tribe lived in 12 villages located from the lower Columbia River to an area what is now called Oregon City. They resided towards the east side of the Willamette River. In February 1841, Reverend François Norbert Blanchet and Reverend Alvin F. Waller converted Clackamas Chief Popoh. The Clackamas signed a treaty in the fall of 1851, which Oregon Superintendent Anson Dart failed to ratify. They signed another treaty on January 10, 1855, which was ratified on March 3, 1855. The Clackamas were promised $2,500 worth of resources, but the United States only paid a fifth of what was owed. Lifestyle Clackamas and other tribes fished on Willamette Falls. The tribe subsisted on fish and root vegetables, and constructed large cedar platforms to dip their nets in over Willamette Falls to harvest salmon. The Clackamas women dried and smoked the salmon, which they then combined with mixtures of berries and nuts, preserving it in woven baskets for winter. The Clackamas traded salmon with other tribes, and also harvested and traded wapato, broad-leafed arrowhead or "Indian potato" (Sagittaria latifolia and Sagittaria cuneata). Adult Clackamas historically wore leather leggings and tunics, and made skirts and bedding from cedar bark. An indication of high status in the tribe was intricate beadwork, quillwork, feather, and shell decorations. Certain shells served as currency. Like others of the Chinookan peoples, Clackamas practiced head flattening. From infancy, one's head was compressed between boards thus sloping the forehead backward. This was a way to indicate that a person was free rather than a slave. The Clackamas were expert woodworkers, and crafted canoes and plank lodges. A typical canoe was 20 to 30 feet long, which they used to travel along the rivers, transporting trade goods and people. With deep knowledge of the Clackamas river systems, the Clackamas were often hired by pioneers as guides to navigate the river systems. Tomanowos The Willamette Meteorite is culturally significant to Clackamas people. The meteorite is called Tomanowos, which translates to "the visitor of heaven". The meteorite was believed to be given from the Sky People and is the unity between sky, earth, and water. Other tribes around the area thought that the meteorite possessed magical powers. History 19th century By 1855, the 88 surviving members of the tribe were relocated to Grand Ronde, Oregon, first to the Grand Ronde Indian Reservation. They eventually blended in the general population of the Grand Ronde. Soosap, likely born in 1841, is considered to be the last full-blooded tribal member. His mother was full-blooded Clackamas, his father was Klickitat. Soosap lived off the Grand Ronde reservation in Oregon City, where he was a day laborer. His English name was Joseph Andrews as non-Native people couldn't pronounce his Native name. He was also a known baseball player in the Pacific Northwest. Notable Clackamas Victoria Wishikin Howard (c. 1865–1930), storyteller See also Other Chinookans of the lower Columbia River: Cathlamet Multnomah Neerchokikoo References ^ Ruby, Robert H.; John A. Brown; Cary C. Collins (2010). A guide to the Indian tribes of the Pacific Northwest (3rd ed.). Norman: University of Oklahoma Press. ISBN 978-0-8061-4024-7. OCLC 557404302. ^ Stephen Dow Beckham, ed. (2006). Oregon Indians: voices from two centuries. Corvallis, Or.: Oregon State University Press. ISBN 0-87071-088-5. OCLC 62326650. ^ Rhodes, Dean (July 1, 2010). "Tomanowos" (PDF). Smoke Signals. ^ "Joe Soosap Klickitat Clackamas last of the Clackamas". The Oregon Daily Journal. 1915-05-09. p. 12. Retrieved 2022-06-08. External links On the Clackamas people Archived 2019-07-13 at the Wayback Machine more on the Clackamas people Archived 2010-08-19 at the Wayback Machine National Geographic on the Clackamas Indians On the Willamette Meteorite Authority control databases: National Israel United States
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Waller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvin_F._Waller"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Anson Dart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anson_Dart"}],"text":"Ethnic groupThe Clackamas Indians are a band of Chinook of Native Americans who historically lived along the Clackamas River in the Willamette Valley, Oregon.Today, Clackamas people are enrolled in the Confederated Tribes of the Grand Ronde Community of Oregon.In 1806, Lewis and Clark estimated their population to be 1,800. At the time the tribe lived in 12 villages located from the lower Columbia River to an area what is now called Oregon City. They resided towards the east side of the Willamette River. In February 1841, Reverend François Norbert Blanchet and Reverend Alvin F. Waller converted Clackamas Chief Popoh.[1]The Clackamas signed a treaty in the fall of 1851, which Oregon Superintendent Anson Dart failed to ratify. They signed another treaty on January 10, 1855, which was ratified on March 3, 1855. The Clackamas were promised $2,500 worth of resources, but the United States only paid a fifth of what was owed.","title":"Clackamas people"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Indians-Fish-Willamette-Falls-FSDM2-Oregon-Historical-Society.jpg"},{"link_name":"Willamette Falls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willamette_Falls"},{"link_name":"Sagittaria latifolia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sagittaria_latifolia"},{"link_name":"Sagittaria cuneata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sagittaria_cuneata"},{"link_name":"quillwork","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quillwork"},{"link_name":"Chinookan peoples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinookan_peoples"},{"link_name":"head flattening","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Head_flattening"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Clackamas and other tribes fished on Willamette Falls.The tribe subsisted on fish and root vegetables, and constructed large cedar platforms to dip their nets in over Willamette Falls to harvest salmon. The Clackamas women dried and smoked the salmon, which they then combined with mixtures of berries and nuts, preserving it in woven baskets for winter. The Clackamas traded salmon with other tribes, and also harvested and traded wapato, broad-leafed arrowhead or \"Indian potato\" (Sagittaria latifolia and Sagittaria cuneata).Adult Clackamas historically wore leather leggings and tunics, and made skirts and bedding from cedar bark. An indication of high status in the tribe was intricate beadwork, quillwork, feather, and shell decorations. Certain shells served as currency.Like others of the Chinookan peoples, Clackamas practiced head flattening. From infancy, one's head was compressed between boards thus sloping the forehead backward. This was a way to indicate that a person was free rather than a slave.[2]The Clackamas were expert woodworkers, and crafted canoes and plank lodges. A typical canoe was 20 to 30 feet long, which they used to travel along the rivers, transporting trade goods and people. With deep knowledge of the Clackamas river systems, the Clackamas were often hired by pioneers as guides to navigate the river systems.","title":"Lifestyle"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Willamette Meteorite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willamette_Meteorite"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"The Willamette Meteorite is culturally significant to Clackamas people. The meteorite is called Tomanowos, which translates to \"the visitor of heaven\". The meteorite was believed to be given from the Sky People and is the unity between sky, earth, and water. Other tribes around the area thought that the meteorite possessed magical powers.[3]","title":"Tomanowos"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Grand Ronde, Oregon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Ronde,_Oregon"},{"link_name":"Grand Ronde Indian Reservation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Ronde_Community"},{"link_name":"Klickitat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klickitat_people"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"sub_title":"19th century","text":"By 1855, the 88 surviving members of the tribe were relocated to Grand Ronde, Oregon, first to the Grand Ronde Indian Reservation. They eventually blended in the general population of the Grand Ronde.Soosap, likely born in 1841, is considered to be the last full-blooded tribal member. His mother was full-blooded Clackamas, his father was Klickitat. Soosap lived off the Grand Ronde reservation in Oregon City, where he was a day laborer. His English name was Joseph Andrews as non-Native people couldn't pronounce his Native name. He was also a known baseball player in the Pacific Northwest.[4]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Victoria Wishikin Howard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria_Wishikin_Howard"}],"text":"Victoria Wishikin Howard (c. 1865–1930), storyteller","title":"Notable Clackamas"}]
[{"image_text":"Clackamas and other tribes fished on Willamette Falls.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Indians-Fish-Willamette-Falls-FSDM2-Oregon-Historical-Society.jpg/220px-Indians-Fish-Willamette-Falls-FSDM2-Oregon-Historical-Society.jpg"}]
[{"title":"Columbia River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_River"},{"title":"Cathlamet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cathlamet_(people)"},{"title":"Multnomah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multnomah_(tribe)"},{"title":"Neerchokikoo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neerchokikoo"}]
[{"reference":"Ruby, Robert H.; John A. Brown; Cary C. Collins (2010). A guide to the Indian tribes of the Pacific Northwest (3rd ed.). Norman: University of Oklahoma Press. ISBN 978-0-8061-4024-7. OCLC 557404302.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8061-4024-7","url_text":"978-0-8061-4024-7"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/557404302","url_text":"557404302"}]},{"reference":"Stephen Dow Beckham, ed. (2006). Oregon Indians: voices from two centuries. Corvallis, Or.: Oregon State University Press. ISBN 0-87071-088-5. OCLC 62326650.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87071-088-5","url_text":"0-87071-088-5"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/62326650","url_text":"62326650"}]},{"reference":"Rhodes, Dean (July 1, 2010). \"Tomanowos\" (PDF). Smoke Signals.","urls":[{"url":"https://anthro.amnh.org/anthropology/databases/projects/nagpra20/grandronde.pdf","url_text":"\"Tomanowos\""}]},{"reference":"\"Joe Soosap Klickitat Clackamas last of the Clackamas\". The Oregon Daily Journal. 1915-05-09. p. 12. Retrieved 2022-06-08.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/24015166/joe-soosap-klickitat-clackamas-last-of/","url_text":"\"Joe Soosap Klickitat Clackamas last of the Clackamas\""}]}]
[{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/557404302","external_links_name":"557404302"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/62326650","external_links_name":"62326650"},{"Link":"https://anthro.amnh.org/anthropology/databases/projects/nagpra20/grandronde.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Tomanowos\""},{"Link":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/24015166/joe-soosap-klickitat-clackamas-last-of/","external_links_name":"\"Joe Soosap Klickitat Clackamas last of the Clackamas\""},{"Link":"http://www.usgennet.org/alhnorus/ahorclak/clackamas.html","external_links_name":"On the Clackamas people"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190713064340/http://www.usgennet.org/alhnorus/ahorclak/clackamas.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.usgennet.org/alhnorus/ahorclak/indians.html","external_links_name":"more on the Clackamas people"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100819054437/http://www.usgennet.org/alhnorus/ahorclak/indians.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20021222094652/http://www.nationalgeographic.com/lewisandclark/record_tribes_084_13_22.html","external_links_name":"National Geographic on the Clackamas Indians"},{"Link":"http://www.meteoritearticles.com/znp06232000.html","external_links_name":"On the Willamette Meteorite"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007283797105171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85026509","external_links_name":"United States"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpha_Centauri_(horse)
Alpha Centauri (horse)
["1 Background","2 Racing career","2.1 2017: two-year-old season","2.2 2018: three-year-old season","3 Pedigree","4 References","5 External links"]
Irish-bred Thoroughbred racehorse Alpha CentauriRacing silks of Niarchos FamilySireMastercraftsmanGrandsireDanehill DancerDamAlpha LupiDamsireRahySexFillyFoaled28 February 2015CountryIrelandColourGreyBreederNiarchos familyOwnerNiarchos familyTrainerJessica HarringtonRecord10: 6-2-0Earnings££1,254,827Major winsFillies' Sprint Stakes (2017)Irish 1,000 Guineas (2018)Coronation Stakes (2018)Falmouth Stakes (2018)Prix Jacques Le Marois (2018)AwardsCartier Champion Three-year-old Filly (2018)Irish Horse of the Year (2018)World's Best three-year-old filly (2018) Alpha Centauri (foaled 28 February 2015) is an Irish Thoroughbred racehorse. In 2018 she recorded four consecutive Group 1 races, namely the Irish 1,000 Guineas, Coronation Stakes, Falmouth Stakes and Prix Jacques Le Marois. Background Alpha Centauri is a "massive" grey mare bred in Ireland by the Niarchos family. She was sent into training with Jessica Harrington at Moone, in County Kildare. She was ridden in all of her races by Colm O'Donoghue. Her sire Mastercraftsman, from whom she inherited her colour, was a top class performer whose wins included the Phoenix Stakes, National Stakes, Irish 2,000 Guineas and St James's Palace Stakes. As a breeding stallion, his other offspring include Kingston Hill, Amazing Maria and The Grey Gatsby. Her dam Alpha Lupi was unraced, but came from a very successful female bloodline which has been in the ownership of the Niarchos family for several generations: she was a daughter of East of the Moon who was in turn a daughter of Miesque. Racing career 2017: two-year-old season Alpha Centauri made her racecourse debut on 1 May in a maiden race over six furlongs at Naas Racecourse and was made the 2/1 against thirteen opponents. She led from the start, steadily increased her advantage in the last quarter mile and won "easily" by three lengths from the Aidan O'Brien-trained Actress. Twenty days later, over the same course and distance, the filly started 8/11 favourite for the Group 3 Fillies'Sprint Stakes and recorded another easy win, beating Actress by five lengths. A month later she was sent to England and started favourite in a twenty-runner field for the Albany Stakes but despite finishing strongly he failed to overhaul the French filly Different League and was beaten a neck into second place. After a break of well over two months the filly returned in the Group 1 Moyglare Stud Stakes over seven furlongs at the Curragh and was again made favourite. She raced in second place for most of the way but faded in the closing stages and came home fifth of the eight runners behind Happily. 2018: three-year-old season At Leopardstown Racecourse on 14 April Alpha Centauri began her second season 1,000 Guineas Trial Stakes and finished tenth of the thirteen runners behind Who's Steph in a race run on heavy ground. In the Irish 1000 Guineas over one mile at the Curragh on 27 May, the filly started the 12/1 fifth choice in the betting behind Happily, Soliloquy (Nell Gwyn Stakes), Who's Steph and Clemmie (Cheveley Park Stakes). Alpha Centauri was settled in mid-division as Could It Be Love, a 33/1 outsider who was presumed to be running as a pacemaker for the Aidan O'Brien stable's more fancied runners set off in front and opened up a long lead. Approaching the final furlong Could It Be Love was still in front and looked to be on the verge of a huge upset victory but Alpha Centauri produced a strong late run, gained the advantage in the last hundred yards and won by one and three quarter lengths. On 22 June at Royal Ascot Alpha Centauri started 11/4 favourite for the Coronation Stakes in a twelve-runner field which included Clemmie, Billesdon Brook, Teppal (Poule d'Essai des Pouliches), Threading (Lowther Stakes) and Cour de Beaute (Prix Imprudence). Having settled towards the middle of the field she overtook the front-running Veracious approaching the final furlong and accelerated away to win by six lengths in "very impressive" style. Harrington, who was recording her first Group 1 win in Britain said "Colm was very confident on her and she settled great. I thought he'd got to the front a bit soon but the further she went, the better she went." Three weeks later, Alpha Centauri was matched against older fillies and mares in the Falmouth Stakes at Newmarket Racecourse. Starting at odds of 4/9 she took the lead after the first quarter mile and was never in danger of defeat, drawing away in the closing stages to win "easily" by four and a half lengths from Altyn Orda. In the paddock after the race Harrington commented "She's just an amazing filly. And the lovely thing about her, she's so relaxed, she doesn't get upset, she comes in here, has her photograph taken and goes away. I sometimes think, before a race, she's almost too relaxed". The Prix Jacques Le Marois at Deauville Racecourse on 12 August saw Alpha Centauri tested against male opposition. She went off the 9/10 favourite against ten opponents including With You (Prix Rothschild), Intellogent (Prix Jean Prat), Recoletos (Prix d'Ispahan), Romanised (Irish 2,000 Guineas) and Accidental Agent (Queen Anne Stakes). She tracked the front-running With You before taking the lead 500 metres and drew away to win by two and a half lengths from Recoletos. In response to the performance the official Irish Handicapper gave her a rating of 124, making her the highest-rated Irish-trained three-year-old filly since Ridgewood Pearl in 1995. In the July and August 2018 editions of the World's Best Racehorse Rankings Alpha Centauri was rated the best three-year-old filly in the world. On 15 September Alpha Centauri started the 30/100 favourite for the Matron Stakes over one mile at Leopardstown. After turning into the straight in third place she made good progress to move into second but was unable to overhaul the British-trained filly Laurens and was beaten three quarters of a length. She appeared to veer left a furlong out and a veterinary examination revealed that she had sustained a serious injury to her fetlock. On the day after the race it was announced that the filly had been retired from racing. Harrington commented "I've had an amazing summer with her... It was incredible to have her, and no-one can take away what she's done. For her to sustain the injury she did yesterday – and everyone could see when she did it – and still run on to finish second to another very, very good filly says it all". At the 2018 Cartier Awards, Alpha Centauri was named Champion Three-year-old Filly. In December she was voted Horse of the Year at the Horse Racing Ireland awards. In the 2018 World's Best Racehorse Rankings Alpha Centauri was rated the best three-year-old filly in the world (level with Almond Eye) and the eleventh best horse of any age or sex. Pedigree Pedigree of Alpha Centauri (IRE), grey filly, 2015 SireMastercraftsman (IRE)2006 Danehill Dancer (IRE)1993 Danehill (USA) Danzig Razyana Mira Adonde (USA) Sharpen Up (GB) Lettre d'Amour Starlight Dreams (USA)1995 Black Tie Affair (IRE) Miswaki (USA) Hat Tab Girl (USA) Reves Celestes Lyphard Tobira Celeste DamAlpha Lupi (IRE)2004 Rahy (USA)1985 Blushing Groom (FR) Red God (USA) Runaway Bride (GB) Glorious Song (CAN) Halo (USA) Ballade (USA) East of the Moon (USA)1991 Private Account Damascus Numbered Account Miesque Nureyev Pasadoble (Family 20) References ^ a b "Alpha Centauri pedigree". Equineline. ^ Hersh, Marcus (13 July 2018). "Alpha Centauri impresses again in Falmouth Stakes". Daily Racing Form. ^ "Mastercraftsman stud record". Racing Post. Retrieved 2 November 2013. ^ a b "Daffodil's Dam – Family 20". Thoroughbred Bloodlines. ^ "No Nay Never Fillies Maiden result". Racing Post. 1 May 2017. ^ "Fillies' Sprint Stakes result". Racing Post. 21 May 2017. ^ "Irish 1000 Guineas result". Racing Post. 27 May 2018. ^ "Coronation Stakes result". Racing Post. 22 June 2018. ^ Wood, Greg (22 June 2018). "Alpha Centauri stamps her class on Coronation Stakes at Royal Ascot". the Guardian. ^ "Falmouth Stakes result". Racing Post. 23 July 2018. ^ Cook, Chris (13 July 2018). "Frankie Dettori to appeal against King George and Glorious Goodwood ban". The Guardian. ^ Jennings, David (14 August 2018). "Head girl: Alpha Centauri best Irish three-year-old filly since Ridgewood Pearl". Racing Post. ^ "World's Best Racehorse Rankings July 8, 2018". IFHA. ^ "Massive double injury blow as Alpha Centauri and Saxon Warrior are retired". Racing Post. 16 September 2018. ^ Armytage, Marcus (13 November 2018). "Roaring Lion seals stunning year with top Cartier award". The Daily Telegraph. ^ O'Hehir, Tony (5 December 2018). "Alpha Centauri voted Horse of the Year at HRI's annual awards ceremony". Racing Post. External links Career 1-2-3 Colour Chart – Alpha Centauri vteCartier Champion Three-year-old Filly 1991 Kooyonga 1992 User Friendly 1993 Intrepidity 1994 Balanchine 1995 Ridgewood Pearl 1996 Bosra Sham 1997 Ryafan 1998 Cape Verdi 1999 Ramruma 2000 Petrushka 2001 Banks Hill 2002 Kazzia 2003 Russian Rhythm 2004 Ouija Board 2005 Divine Proportions 2006 Mandesha 2007 Peeping Fawn 2008 Zarkava 2009 Sariska 2010 Snow Fairy 2011 Danedream 2012 The Fugue 2013 Treve 2014 Taghrooda 2015 Legatissimo 2016 Minding 2017 Enable 2018 Alpha Centauri 2019 Star Catcher 2020 Love 2021 Snowfall 2022 Inspiral
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Thoroughbred","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thoroughbred"},{"link_name":"Group 1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Group_races"},{"link_name":"Irish 1,000 Guineas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_1,000_Guineas"},{"link_name":"Coronation Stakes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coronation_Stakes"},{"link_name":"Falmouth Stakes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falmouth_Stakes"},{"link_name":"Prix Jacques Le Marois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prix_Jacques_Le_Marois"}],"text":"Alpha Centauri (foaled 28 February 2015) is an Irish Thoroughbred racehorse. In 2018 she recorded four consecutive Group 1 races, namely the Irish 1,000 Guineas, Coronation Stakes, Falmouth Stakes and Prix Jacques Le Marois.","title":"Alpha Centauri (horse)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Moone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moone"},{"link_name":"County Kildare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_Kildare"},{"link_name":"Colm O'Donoghue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colm_O%27Donoghue"},{"link_name":"Mastercraftsman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mastercraftsman"},{"link_name":"Phoenix Stakes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoenix_Stakes"},{"link_name":"National Stakes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vincent_O%27Brien_Stakes"},{"link_name":"Irish 2,000 Guineas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_2,000_Guineas"},{"link_name":"St James's Palace Stakes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_James%27s_Palace_Stakes"},{"link_name":"Kingston Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingston_Hill_(horse)"},{"link_name":"Amazing Maria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazing_Maria"},{"link_name":"The Grey Gatsby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Grey_Gatsby"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"East of the Moon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_of_the_Moon"},{"link_name":"Miesque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miesque"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tbl-4"}],"text":"Alpha Centauri is a \"massive\" grey mare bred in Ireland by the Niarchos family.[2] She was sent into training with Jessica Harrington at Moone, in County Kildare. She was ridden in all of her races by Colm O'Donoghue.Her sire Mastercraftsman, from whom she inherited her colour, was a top class performer whose wins included the Phoenix Stakes, National Stakes, Irish 2,000 Guineas and St James's Palace Stakes. As a breeding stallion, his other offspring include Kingston Hill, Amazing Maria and The Grey Gatsby.[3] Her dam Alpha Lupi was unraced, but came from a very successful female bloodline which has been in the ownership of the Niarchos family for several generations: she was a daughter of East of the Moon who was in turn a daughter of Miesque.[4]","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Racing career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"maiden race","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maiden_race"},{"link_name":"furlongs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Furlongs"},{"link_name":"Naas Racecourse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naas_Racecourse"},{"link_name":"2/1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fractional_odds"},{"link_name":"lengths","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse_length"},{"link_name":"Aidan O'Brien","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aidan_O%27Brien"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Group 3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Group_races"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Albany Stakes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albany_Stakes_(Great_Britain)"},{"link_name":"Moyglare Stud Stakes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moyglare_Stud_Stakes"},{"link_name":"Curragh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curragh_Racecourse"},{"link_name":"Happily","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Happily_(horse)"}],"sub_title":"2017: two-year-old season","text":"Alpha Centauri made her racecourse debut on 1 May in a maiden race over six furlongs at Naas Racecourse and was made the 2/1 against thirteen opponents. She led from the start, steadily increased her advantage in the last quarter mile and won \"easily\" by three lengths from the Aidan O'Brien-trained Actress.[5] Twenty days later, over the same course and distance, the filly started 8/11 favourite for the Group 3 Fillies'Sprint Stakes and recorded another easy win, beating Actress by five lengths.[6] A month later she was sent to England and started favourite in a twenty-runner field for the Albany Stakes but despite finishing strongly he failed to overhaul the French filly Different League and was beaten a neck into second place. After a break of well over two months the filly returned in the Group 1 Moyglare Stud Stakes over seven furlongs at the Curragh and was again made favourite. She raced in second place for most of the way but faded in the closing stages and came home fifth of the eight runners behind Happily.","title":"Racing career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Leopardstown Racecourse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leopardstown_Racecourse"},{"link_name":"1,000 Guineas Trial Stakes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leopardstown_1,000_Guineas_Trial_Stakes"},{"link_name":"heavy ground","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Going_(horse_racing)"},{"link_name":"Nell Gwyn Stakes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nell_Gwyn_Stakes"},{"link_name":"Clemmie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clemmie"},{"link_name":"Cheveley Park Stakes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheveley_Park_Stakes"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Billesdon Brook","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billesdon_Brook"},{"link_name":"Poule d'Essai des Pouliches","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poule_d%27Essai_des_Pouliches"},{"link_name":"Lowther Stakes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lowther_Stakes"},{"link_name":"Prix Imprudence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prix_Imprudence"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Newmarket Racecourse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newmarket_Racecourse"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Deauville Racecourse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deauville_Racecourse"},{"link_name":"Prix Rothschild","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prix_Rothschild"},{"link_name":"Prix Jean Prat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prix_Jean_Prat"},{"link_name":"Prix d'Ispahan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prix_d%27Ispahan"},{"link_name":"Irish 2,000 Guineas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_2,000_Guineas"},{"link_name":"Queen Anne Stakes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_Anne_Stakes"},{"link_name":"Ridgewood Pearl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ridgewood_Pearl"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"World's Best Racehorse Rankings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World%27s_Best_Racehorse_Rankings"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Matron Stakes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matron_Stakes_(Ireland)"},{"link_name":"Laurens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laurens_(horse)"},{"link_name":"fetlock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fetlock"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Cartier Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartier_Awards"},{"link_name":"Champion Three-year-old Filly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartier_Champion_Three-year-old_Filly"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Horse Racing Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse_Racing_Ireland"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"2018 World's Best Racehorse Rankings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_World%27s_Best_Racehorse_Rankings"},{"link_name":"Almond Eye","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almond_Eye"}],"sub_title":"2018: three-year-old season","text":"At Leopardstown Racecourse on 14 April Alpha Centauri began her second season 1,000 Guineas Trial Stakes and finished tenth of the thirteen runners behind Who's Steph in a race run on heavy ground. In the Irish 1000 Guineas over one mile at the Curragh on 27 May, the filly started the 12/1 fifth choice in the betting behind Happily, Soliloquy (Nell Gwyn Stakes), Who's Steph and Clemmie (Cheveley Park Stakes). Alpha Centauri was settled in mid-division as Could It Be Love, a 33/1 outsider who was presumed to be running as a pacemaker for the Aidan O'Brien stable's more fancied runners set off in front and opened up a long lead. Approaching the final furlong Could It Be Love was still in front and looked to be on the verge of a huge upset victory but Alpha Centauri produced a strong late run, gained the advantage in the last hundred yards and won by one and three quarter lengths.[7]On 22 June at Royal Ascot Alpha Centauri started 11/4 favourite for the Coronation Stakes in a twelve-runner field which included Clemmie, Billesdon Brook, Teppal (Poule d'Essai des Pouliches), Threading (Lowther Stakes) and Cour de Beaute (Prix Imprudence). Having settled towards the middle of the field she overtook the front-running Veracious approaching the final furlong and accelerated away to win by six lengths in \"very impressive\" style.[8] Harrington, who was recording her first Group 1 win in Britain said \"Colm was very confident on her and she settled great. I thought he'd got to the front a bit soon but the further she went, the better she went.\"[9]Three weeks later, Alpha Centauri was matched against older fillies and mares in the Falmouth Stakes at Newmarket Racecourse. Starting at odds of 4/9 she took the lead after the first quarter mile and was never in danger of defeat, drawing away in the closing stages to win \"easily\" by four and a half lengths from Altyn Orda.[10] In the paddock after the race Harrington commented \"She's just an amazing filly. And the lovely thing about her, she's so relaxed, she doesn't get upset, she comes in here, has her photograph taken and goes away. I sometimes think, before a race, she's almost too relaxed\".[11]The Prix Jacques Le Marois at Deauville Racecourse on 12 August saw Alpha Centauri tested against male opposition. She went off the 9/10 favourite against ten opponents including With You (Prix Rothschild), Intellogent (Prix Jean Prat), Recoletos (Prix d'Ispahan), Romanised (Irish 2,000 Guineas) and Accidental Agent (Queen Anne Stakes). She tracked the front-running With You before taking the lead 500 metres and drew away to win by two and a half lengths from Recoletos. In response to the performance the official Irish Handicapper gave her a rating of 124, making her the highest-rated Irish-trained three-year-old filly since Ridgewood Pearl in 1995.[12]In the July and August 2018 editions of the World's Best Racehorse Rankings Alpha Centauri was rated the best three-year-old filly in the world.[13]On 15 September Alpha Centauri started the 30/100 favourite for the Matron Stakes over one mile at Leopardstown. After turning into the straight in third place she made good progress to move into second but was unable to overhaul the British-trained filly Laurens and was beaten three quarters of a length. She appeared to veer left a furlong out and a veterinary examination revealed that she had sustained a serious injury to her fetlock. On the day after the race it was announced that the filly had been retired from racing. Harrington commented \"I've had an amazing summer with her... It was incredible to have her, and no-one can take away what she's done. For her to sustain the injury she did yesterday – and everyone could see when she did it – and still run on to finish second to another very, very good filly says it all\".[14]At the 2018 Cartier Awards, Alpha Centauri was named Champion Three-year-old Filly.[15] In December she was voted Horse of the Year at the Horse Racing Ireland awards.[16] In the 2018 World's Best Racehorse Rankings Alpha Centauri was rated the best three-year-old filly in the world (level with Almond Eye) and the eleventh best horse of any age or sex.","title":"Racing career"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Pedigree"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"\"Alpha Centauri pedigree\". Equineline.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.equineline.com/Free-5X-Pedigree.cfm/=Alpha%20Centauri%20(IRE)?page_state=DISPLAY_REPORT&reference_number=9936913&registry=T&horse_name==Alpha%20Centauri%20(IRE)&dam_name==Alpha%20Lupi%20(IRE)&foaling_year=2015&include_sire_line=N&include_truenick=N","url_text":"\"Alpha Centauri pedigree\""}]},{"reference":"Hersh, Marcus (13 July 2018). \"Alpha Centauri impresses again in Falmouth Stakes\". Daily Racing Form.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.drf.com/news/alpha-centauri-impresses-again-falmouth-stakes","url_text":"\"Alpha Centauri impresses again in Falmouth Stakes\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daily_Racing_Form","url_text":"Daily Racing Form"}]},{"reference":"\"Mastercraftsman stud record\". Racing Post. Retrieved 2 November 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.racingpost.com/profile/horse/695767/mastercraftsman","url_text":"\"Mastercraftsman stud record\""}]},{"reference":"\"Daffodil's Dam – Family 20\". Thoroughbred Bloodlines.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.bloodlines.net/TB/Families/Family20.htm","url_text":"\"Daffodil's Dam – Family 20\""}]},{"reference":"\"No Nay Never Fillies Maiden result\". Racing Post. 1 May 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.racingpost.com/results/192/naas/2017-05-01/674834","url_text":"\"No Nay Never Fillies Maiden result\""}]},{"reference":"\"Fillies' Sprint Stakes result\". Racing Post. 21 May 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.racingpost.com/results/192/naas/2017-05-21/676391","url_text":"\"Fillies' Sprint Stakes result\""}]},{"reference":"\"Irish 1000 Guineas result\". Racing Post. 27 May 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.racingpost.com/results/178/curragh/2018-05-27/699444","url_text":"\"Irish 1000 Guineas result\""}]},{"reference":"\"Coronation Stakes result\". Racing Post. 22 June 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.racingpost.com/results/2/ascot/2018-06-22/698676","url_text":"\"Coronation Stakes result\""}]},{"reference":"Wood, Greg (22 June 2018). \"Alpha Centauri stamps her class on Coronation Stakes at Royal Ascot\". the Guardian.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2018/jun/22/alpha-centauri-coronation-stakes-royal-ascot-jessica-harrington","url_text":"\"Alpha Centauri stamps her class on Coronation Stakes at Royal Ascot\""}]},{"reference":"\"Falmouth Stakes result\". Racing Post. 23 July 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.racingpost.com/results/174/newmarket-july/2018-07-13/704037","url_text":"\"Falmouth Stakes result\""}]},{"reference":"Cook, Chris (13 July 2018). \"Frankie Dettori to appeal against King George and Glorious Goodwood ban\". The Guardian.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2018/jul/13/alpha-centauri-briliant-winner-falmouth-stakes-newmarket-frankie-dettori-banned-horse-racing","url_text":"\"Frankie Dettori to appeal against King George and Glorious Goodwood ban\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian","url_text":"The Guardian"}]},{"reference":"Jennings, David (14 August 2018). \"Head girl: Alpha Centauri best Irish three-year-old filly since Ridgewood Pearl\". Racing Post.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.racingpost.com/news/latest/head-girl-alpha-centauri-best-irish-three-year-old-filly-since-ridgewood-pearl/342428","url_text":"\"Head girl: Alpha Centauri best Irish three-year-old filly since Ridgewood Pearl\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racing_Post","url_text":"Racing Post"}]},{"reference":"\"World's Best Racehorse Rankings July 8, 2018\". IFHA.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.horseracingintfed.com/resources/WTRRankings/LWBRR.asp?batch=52","url_text":"\"World's Best Racehorse Rankings July 8, 2018\""}]},{"reference":"\"Massive double injury blow as Alpha Centauri and Saxon Warrior are retired\". Racing Post. 16 September 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.racingpost.com/news/big-race-reports/alpha-centauri-camp-reveal-fetlock-injury-after-shock-matron-defeat/346164","url_text":"\"Massive double injury blow as Alpha Centauri and Saxon Warrior are retired\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racing_Post","url_text":"Racing Post"}]},{"reference":"Armytage, Marcus (13 November 2018). \"Roaring Lion seals stunning year with top Cartier award\". The Daily Telegraph.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.telegraph.co.uk/racing/2018/11/13/roaring-lion-seals-stunning-year-top-cartier-award/","url_text":"\"Roaring Lion seals stunning year with top Cartier award\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph","url_text":"The Daily Telegraph"}]},{"reference":"O'Hehir, Tony (5 December 2018). \"Alpha Centauri voted Horse of the Year at HRI's annual awards ceremony\". Racing Post.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.racingpost.com/news/latest/alpha-centauri-voted-horse-of-the-year-at-hris-annual-awards-ceremony/356363","url_text":"\"Alpha Centauri voted Horse of the Year at HRI's annual awards ceremony\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racing_Post","url_text":"Racing Post"}]}]
[{"Link":"https://www.equineline.com/Free-5X-Pedigree.cfm/=Alpha%20Centauri%20(IRE)?page_state=DISPLAY_REPORT&reference_number=9936913&registry=T&horse_name==Alpha%20Centauri%20(IRE)&dam_name==Alpha%20Lupi%20(IRE)&foaling_year=2015&include_sire_line=N&include_truenick=N","external_links_name":"\"Alpha Centauri pedigree\""},{"Link":"http://www.drf.com/news/alpha-centauri-impresses-again-falmouth-stakes","external_links_name":"\"Alpha Centauri impresses again in Falmouth Stakes\""},{"Link":"https://www.racingpost.com/profile/horse/695767/mastercraftsman","external_links_name":"\"Mastercraftsman stud record\""},{"Link":"http://www.bloodlines.net/TB/Families/Family20.htm","external_links_name":"\"Daffodil's Dam – Family 20\""},{"Link":"https://www.racingpost.com/results/192/naas/2017-05-01/674834","external_links_name":"\"No Nay Never Fillies Maiden result\""},{"Link":"https://www.racingpost.com/results/192/naas/2017-05-21/676391","external_links_name":"\"Fillies' Sprint Stakes result\""},{"Link":"https://www.racingpost.com/results/178/curragh/2018-05-27/699444","external_links_name":"\"Irish 1000 Guineas result\""},{"Link":"https://www.racingpost.com/results/2/ascot/2018-06-22/698676","external_links_name":"\"Coronation Stakes result\""},{"Link":"https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2018/jun/22/alpha-centauri-coronation-stakes-royal-ascot-jessica-harrington","external_links_name":"\"Alpha Centauri stamps her class on Coronation Stakes at Royal Ascot\""},{"Link":"https://www.racingpost.com/results/174/newmarket-july/2018-07-13/704037","external_links_name":"\"Falmouth Stakes result\""},{"Link":"https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2018/jul/13/alpha-centauri-briliant-winner-falmouth-stakes-newmarket-frankie-dettori-banned-horse-racing","external_links_name":"\"Frankie Dettori to appeal against King George and Glorious Goodwood ban\""},{"Link":"https://www.racingpost.com/news/latest/head-girl-alpha-centauri-best-irish-three-year-old-filly-since-ridgewood-pearl/342428","external_links_name":"\"Head girl: Alpha Centauri best Irish three-year-old filly since Ridgewood Pearl\""},{"Link":"http://www.horseracingintfed.com/resources/WTRRankings/LWBRR.asp?batch=52","external_links_name":"\"World's Best Racehorse Rankings July 8, 2018\""},{"Link":"https://www.racingpost.com/news/big-race-reports/alpha-centauri-camp-reveal-fetlock-injury-after-shock-matron-defeat/346164","external_links_name":"\"Massive double injury blow as Alpha Centauri and Saxon Warrior are retired\""},{"Link":"https://www.telegraph.co.uk/racing/2018/11/13/roaring-lion-seals-stunning-year-top-cartier-award/","external_links_name":"\"Roaring Lion seals stunning year with top Cartier award\""},{"Link":"https://www.racingpost.com/news/latest/alpha-centauri-voted-horse-of-the-year-at-hris-annual-awards-ceremony/356363","external_links_name":"\"Alpha Centauri voted Horse of the Year at HRI's annual awards ceremony\""},{"Link":"http://www.jockeycolours.com/horses/Alpha_Centauri.html?origin=wikipedia","external_links_name":"Career 1-2-3 Colour Chart"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swiss_Diamond_International
Swiss Diamond International
["1 History","1.1 HORT Coating Center","1.2 Swiss Diamond International","2 Nonstick Coatings","2.1 HD Coating","2.2 XD Coating","3 References"]
Swiss DiamondCompany typePrivateIndustryCookwareFounded2001 (2001)HeadquartersSierre, SwitzerlandArea servedWorldwideProductsCookware and bakewareNumber of employees100Websiteswissdiamond.com Square Grill Pan Swiss Diamond International is a Swiss based cookware company. It is a privately held company, headquartered in Sierre, Switzerland and founded in 2001. The company was founded to oversee production of cookware with the coating after it was awarded a gold medal at the International Inventor’s Fair in Geneva in 1999. In addition to a variety of different cookware models, the brand features knives, blenders and a selection of silicone tools. History HORT Coating Center In 1974, HORT Coating Center SA was founded in Sierre, Switzerland as a research company that explored nonstick materials and coating surfaces. HORT used wet-spraying and powder-spraying processes to coat a wide range of products, including machinery parts for airplanes, coffee makers, and Swiss watches. Prior to 1999, HORT Coating Center used a titanium-reinforced Polytetrafluoroethylene nonstick coating. In the early 1990s, the HORT Coating Center began testing methods for improving the coating, the main criteria being better hardness and thermal conductivity. These criteria led to diamonds, in the form of tiny particles. Diamonds are the hardest natural substance, and HORT discovered that their low coefficient of friction added to their utility as reinforcement for Polytetrafluoroethylene nonstick coatings. The Swiss Diamond "SD" coating was released after two years of preliminary testing to determine the most cost-effective formulation and application process. Swiss Diamond International In 1999, HORT Coating Center received the gold medal at the International Inventor’s Fair in Geneva, for the diamond-reinforced nonstick coating. Soon after, it was revealed that the coating could be used on not only machinery parts but also on nonstick cookware, which started to appear in the marketplace in the 1950s. In 2001, HORT Coating Center became the manufacturing center for Swiss Diamond International, dedicated to the production of nonstick cookware. Nonstick Coatings HD Coating As part of their research and development efforts, Swiss Diamond International developed a new formula for the coating in the early 2000s. The new coating is high-density, abbreviated "HD". By exchanging twenty per cent of the formula's components, the engineers were able to improve the coating's performance in industry-standard abrasion tests. The coating was improved by more than thirty percent in both nonstick release performance and longevity over time. The coating formula was patented by HORT Coating Center, and is used exclusively on Swiss Diamond cookware. In 2002, Swiss Diamond International released a line of induction cookware with the diamond reinforced coating. XD Coating Swiss Diamond also sells a proprietary XD coating as an alternative to their HD coating. The XD coating is more durable and has better food release properties. References ^ "Swiss Diamond Receives Inventor's Gold Medal". Swiss Diamond. Retrieved 11 June 2014. ^ Verhulst, Marie (18 June 2011). "Test: Zo sterk als diamant - Swiss Diamond". cuizine.BE (in Dutch). Retrieved 13 August 2019. ^ "Hort Coating Center SA". SooPage Switzerland Business Database. Retrieved 11 June 2014. ^ Brown, Jessica. "How Nonstick Cookware Works". How Stuff Works. Retrieved 11 June 2014. ^ "How is the HD Coating different from the previous coating?". Swiss Diamond. ^ "Coated Base Body of an Object and Process". JUSTIA Patents. Retrieved 11 June 2014. ^ "Swiss Diamond's New XD Nonstick Coating | Swiss Diamond | Premium Cookware". www.swissdiamond.com. Retrieved 2017-11-20.
[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:SQF_food002_web.jpg"},{"link_name":"Sierre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sierre"},{"link_name":"Switzerland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switzerland"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Square Grill PanSwiss Diamond International is a Swiss based cookware company. It is a privately held company, headquartered in Sierre, Switzerland and founded in 2001.The company was founded to oversee production of cookware with the coating after it was awarded a gold medal at the International Inventor’s Fair in Geneva in 1999.[1][2]In addition to a variety of different cookware models, the brand features knives, blenders and a selection of silicone tools.","title":"Swiss Diamond International"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sierre, Switzerland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sierre,_Switzerland"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"titanium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titanium"},{"link_name":"Polytetrafluoroethylene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polytetrafluoroethylene"},{"link_name":"diamonds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diamonds"},{"link_name":"coefficient of friction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coefficient_of_friction"},{"link_name":"Polytetrafluoroethylene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polytetrafluoroethylene"}],"sub_title":"HORT Coating Center","text":"In 1974, HORT Coating Center SA was founded in Sierre, Switzerland as a research company that explored nonstick materials and coating surfaces. HORT used wet-spraying and powder-spraying processes to coat a wide range of products, including machinery parts for airplanes, coffee makers, and Swiss watches.[3] Prior to 1999, HORT Coating Center used a titanium-reinforced Polytetrafluoroethylene nonstick coating.In the early 1990s, the HORT Coating Center began testing methods for improving the coating, the main criteria being better hardness and thermal conductivity. These criteria led to diamonds, in the form of tiny particles. Diamonds are the hardest natural substance, and HORT discovered that their low coefficient of friction added to their utility as reinforcement for Polytetrafluoroethylene nonstick coatings. The Swiss Diamond \"SD\" coating was released after two years of preliminary testing to determine the most cost-effective formulation and application process.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"sub_title":"Swiss Diamond International","text":"In 1999, HORT Coating Center received the gold medal at the International Inventor’s Fair in Geneva, for the diamond-reinforced nonstick coating. Soon after, it was revealed that the coating could be used on not only machinery parts but also on nonstick cookware, which started to appear in the marketplace in the 1950s.[4] In 2001, HORT Coating Center became the manufacturing center for Swiss Diamond International, dedicated to the production of nonstick cookware.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Nonstick Coatings"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"abrasion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abrasion_(mechanical)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"induction cookware","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Induction_cooking"}],"sub_title":"HD Coating","text":"As part of their research and development efforts, Swiss Diamond International developed a new formula for the coating in the early 2000s. The new coating is high-density, abbreviated \"HD\". By exchanging twenty per cent of the formula's components, the engineers were able to improve the coating's performance in industry-standard abrasion tests. The coating was improved by more than thirty percent in both nonstick release performance and longevity over time.[5] The coating formula was patented by HORT Coating Center,[6] and is used exclusively on Swiss Diamond cookware. In 2002, Swiss Diamond International released a line of induction cookware with the diamond reinforced coating.","title":"Nonstick Coatings"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-7"}],"sub_title":"XD Coating","text":"Swiss Diamond also sells a proprietary XD coating as an alternative to their HD coating. The XD coating is more durable and has better food release properties.[7]","title":"Nonstick Coatings"}]
[{"image_text":"Square Grill Pan","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/SQF_food002_web.jpg/220px-SQF_food002_web.jpg"}]
null
[{"reference":"\"Swiss Diamond Receives Inventor's Gold Medal\". Swiss Diamond. Retrieved 11 June 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.swissdiamond.com/blog/swiss-diamond-receives-inventors-gold-medal/","url_text":"\"Swiss Diamond Receives Inventor's Gold Medal\""}]},{"reference":"Verhulst, Marie (18 June 2011). \"Test: Zo sterk als diamant - Swiss Diamond\". cuizine.BE (in Dutch). Retrieved 13 August 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://cuizine.be/test-zo-sterk-als-diamant-swiss-diamond/","url_text":"\"Test: Zo sterk als diamant - Swiss Diamond\""}]},{"reference":"\"Hort Coating Center SA\". SooPage Switzerland Business Database. Retrieved 11 June 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://ch.soopage.com/company/Hort_Coating_Center_SA_1TmH.html","url_text":"\"Hort Coating Center SA\""}]},{"reference":"Brown, Jessica. \"How Nonstick Cookware Works\". How Stuff Works. Retrieved 11 June 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://home.howstuffworks.com/nonstick-cookware1.htm","url_text":"\"How Nonstick Cookware Works\""}]},{"reference":"\"How is the HD Coating different from the previous [Swiss Diamond] coating?\". Swiss Diamond.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.swissdiamond.com/faq/swiss-diamond-hd-coating/","url_text":"\"How is the HD Coating different from the previous [Swiss Diamond] coating?\""}]},{"reference":"\"Coated Base Body of an Object and Process\". JUSTIA Patents. Retrieved 11 June 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://patents.justia.com/patent/20080187717","url_text":"\"Coated Base Body of an Object and Process\""}]},{"reference":"\"Swiss Diamond's New XD Nonstick Coating | Swiss Diamond | Premium Cookware\". www.swissdiamond.com. Retrieved 2017-11-20.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.swissdiamond.com/swiss-diamond-xd-nonstick-coating","url_text":"\"Swiss Diamond's New XD Nonstick Coating | Swiss Diamond | Premium Cookware\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pawe%C5%82_Kowalewski
Paweł Kowalewski
["1 Biography","1.1 Creative output","1.2 Concept of personal art","1.3 Breakthrough time","1.4 New beginning","1.5 Collections and exhibitions","1.6 Auction market","1.7 Professional life","2 Solo exhibitions","3 Group exhibitions","4 Exhibitions and events by Gruppa","5 References"]
Polish artist This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these template messages) This article's tone or style may not reflect the encyclopedic tone used on Wikipedia. See Wikipedia's guide to writing better articles for suggestions. (December 2021) (Learn how and when to remove this message) This article possibly contains original research. Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed. (December 2021) (Learn how and when to remove this message) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Paweł KowalewskiBorn20 September 1958WarsawNationalityPolishAlma materAcademy of Fine Arts in WarsawNotable work"I, shot dead by the Indians", "Mon Cheri Bolscheviq", "Zdzisiek jumps every night with a bottle of petrol", "Totalitarianism Simulator", "Europeans Only",Stylepainting, installationMovementTransavanguardia, Gruppa, Postconceptualism,,Websitehttps://pawelkowalewski.pl/en/ Paweł Kowalewski – (born 20 September 1958 in Warsaw) is a Polish artist, member of Gruppa, pedagogue, founder of the Communication Unlimited agency. Biography From 1978 to 1983 he studied at the Academy of Fine Arts in Warsaw, where he received a diploma with distinction from the studio of Stefan Gierowski. Since 1985 he has been a lecturer at the Department of Design of the Warsaw Academy of Fine Arts. Currently he holds the academic title of professor of the Academy. He was a founder member of Gruppa, the most famous artistic grouping in Poland in the 1980s, together with Ryszard Grzyb, Jarosław Modzelewski, Włodzimierz Pawlak, Marek Sobczyk and Ryszard Woźniak. Gruppa's works can be summarised as being a rebellion against an overly academic approach to art and a taking of a post avantgarde position, as well as being a protest against the censorship and repression meted out by the communist state during the time of martial law which had been introduced in 1981 throughout Poland. The reality of this difficult period in the history of the People's Republic of Poland (PRL) was felt by Kowalewski primarily in terms of the absurd and grotesque. From 1984 to 1989, in Gruppa's short-lived journal "Oj dobrze już (Oh, It's Good Now)" among verses, commentaries, sketches and drawings, Kowalewski wrote humorous texts using the pseudonym of an imaginary American journalist Sharm Yarn. He wanted in this way to show up the lack of confidence in traditional Polish art criticism, comment on the lack of engagement with the unique phenomena which were happening in Poland during this time as well as make fun of attempts to set forced directions for culture based on political paradigms set from above. Creative output Paweł Kowalewski, "Mon Cheri Bolscheviq", 1984, oil on canvas, 100 x 81 cm, in the collection of the Starak Family FoundationKowalewski's work comes from the post conceptual tradition, where the idea of the artist mixes with his work using the form of written commentaries and the poetic often complex titles of the works which are placed on sashes made of material. Together with the other members of Gruppa, he organised radical happenings with joint painting and recitals, based on poetic absurdity, in, among other places the cult studio "Dziekanka" at the Warsaw Academy of Fine Arts (e.g. recital in 1987," A Cold Deer in Jam" about Lenin in Poronin. Kowalewski's art can be described as being expressionist, autobiographical, inspired by personal experience and literary context. As an artist he created his own communicative language. More important than form or medium for him was the message. In Poland during the 1980s there was a characteristic meeting of social and artistic paths, which were taken by artists who were researching that reality while examining moral and ideological values. The work of Kowalewski and Gruppa was created in parallel with and perhaps even earlier than some of the trends which were then happening in German art, such as Neue Wilde. Rebellion and a search for identity determined the approach of artists then in both countries. Concept of personal art From the first years of his artistic career Paweł Kowalewski developed the concept of "personal art, that is private". Artistic inspiration therefore was closely connected to the artist's own life, while also at the same time it also referred to problems which were of a more universal nature. This basic oscillation between the individual experience and universality has accompanied Kowalewski's work up till today and reflects a consistent theme. Around 1986 the first of Kowalewski's sculptures came into being. Small objects, which the artist closed in glass cases, as if they were relicts from the past. "Prawe ucho sługi najwyższego Kapłana/The Right Ear Serves the Highiest Priest" and "Kamień, który stał się chlebem/The Stone which Became Bread" were critical commentaries on the hostile everyday aesthetic of the time. In a similarly brutal, expressive and nonchalant tone Kowalewski created his paintings which were even the subject of censorship interventions from the Catholic Church. The artist's work in the 1980s was treated by the authorities of what was then a totalitarian state as art which must stay outside official circulation. The series "Psalmy/Psalms" which was inspired by the Psalm of David as translated by Czesław Miłosz, was subjectively accused of blasphemy. Each of these works by Kowalewski referred to specific quotations from this book of psalms and reflected the dilemmas of a young artist: Should I leave or stay in my country? What is right? Is there justice...? The crowning moment of this period was the artist's participation in Documenta 8. in Kassel in 1987, where works by among others Barbara Kruger and Joseph Beuys were exhibited. Kowalewski together with Gruppa organised a joint painting happening on a large size canvas called, "Kuda Gierman". After many exhibitions both nationally and abroad some of Kowalewski's works became in later times icons of 1980s art, e.g. "Mon Cheri Bolsheviq" (a painting exhibited in among other places the Tretyakov Gallery in Moscow), the sculpture "Tragiczna nieprzezroczystość konieczności/A Tragic Opaque Necessity" (a hermetically sealed aquarium with a piece of beef kidney submerged in water) or "Do widzenia moi kochani/Goodbye, My Beloved Ones" (a painting which is part of the private collection of the well-regarded art critic Anda Rottenberg). Breakthrough time Paweł Kowalewski, "Europeans Only", from the cycle Forbidden, 2012, lightbox, 150 × 200 × 12 cm, exhibition in NS-Dokumentationszentrum in Munich, Germany A key transformative moment in Kowalewski's work came in 1989, when the artist together with other members of Gruppa initiated a joint painting gathering in front of the capital city's Solidarity polling station. This gathering called "Głos przyrody na Solidarność" as known as "Voice of Nature on Solidarity" was a symbolic closing moment of the group's career. The artists had started in the 1980s as novices, and had finished the decade as classics. Thanks to their many artistic successes, in 1992 in the Zachęta National Art Gallery there was a large retrospective exhibition, which showed a significant cross-section of Gruppa's work. The country's systemic transformation and also the end of the Gruppa's existence, affected Kowalewski's work by changing its means of communication. At the beginning of the 90s he started to create analytical and structural canvasses. In his paintings from this period the artist's work portrayed a clash of nineteenth century wall paper patterns with black and white stripes – a sarcastic vision of the future. After exhibiting his latest series called „Fin de siècle" in the Warsaw gallery Appendix in 1992, Paweł Kowalewski was taken on by the French gallery of Isy Brachot, as the only Pole apart from Roman Opałka. His work was then shown in the Brachot gallery in Brussels, together with a retrospective of one of Belgium's most famous artists, the surrealist Paul Delvaux. Kowalewski concluded his artistic work in the medium of painting with the „Fin de siècle" series. From this moment he concentrated on inter-disciplinary and performance art. During this period the artist created his most characteristically socially engaged work as an artist. The sign "Europeans Only", seen in the Apartheid Museum in Johannesburg in 2010 initiated the series "Forbidden/NIE WOLNO" which took the form of a documentation of all the bans and orders which the artist registered during his travels all over the world. Reproductions of the "NIE WOLNO" series in the form of postcards appeared during Kowalewski's artistic performances during the Biennale in Venice in 2011. The artist visited souvenir stands and added his cards with the regulatory orders of both democratic and totalitarian systems to the standard tourist ones which were normally displayed. "NIE WOLNO" also functioned as a series of light boxes which accompanied the installation "Totalitarianism Simulator" in Propaganda Gallery in 2012. In this technical machine built by the artist, the world of oppression and drastic images of the crimes committed during totalitarian times, were presented next to scenes from a normal everyday life (e.g. barman competition in Italy, a family out for a walk in Milan, a classical music concert). The viewer on entering the simulator became a participant in the tragic events, because his photo which was registered on entry to the cabin, was randomly placed on the projected filmed frames of horror. The materials used to produce the "Totalitarianism Simulator", the smell of rubber, smelly tar, the darkness and isolation, brought the viewer closer to a situation associated with oppression, so that each individual could become aware of his reactions and behaviour during the simulation of a moment of danger. New beginning The 2000s for Kowalewski brought a turn towards the ethos of memory or the personal process of forgetting and erasing. In 2015 in Tel Aviv the artist presented the series "Strength and Beauty" in which he concentrated on issues connected to subjective memory in the context of group experience. Paweł Kowalewski, "Trust the Lord and Do Good, so Shalt Thou Dwell in the Land Feed on His Faithfulness", from the cycle Psalms, 1984, tempera on paper, 243 x 195 cm The concept was inspired by a very personal history of the artist and became a pretext to tell the stories of an extraordinary generation of women. A series of large format portraits which disappeared, presented so called "Polish Mothers" who had been affected by the trauma of war and totalitarianism. Thanks to a special printing technique, the women's portraits after some time were barely visible, just as their images fade in our memories. Kowalewski while working on the series "Strength and Beauty" conduced an artistic dialogue with the well-known Israeli artist Dan Reisinger. In 2017 Paweł Kowalewski had his own solo exhibition in the prestigious Jerke Museum, the first foreign institution in Germany which is mainly dedicated to Polish avant-garde art. The "Zeitgeist" project was made up of sculptures and the best-known paintings from the 1980s, among others "Ja zastrzelony przez Indian/I, Shot Dead by the Indians". As a part of the exhibition, at the same time in St. Peter's Church in Recklinghausen, Kowalewski's large format works were exhibited, so the Psalms of David, which even today have retained their universal character, as they deal with issues related to how to shape individual autonomy when faced with higher powers. He also stars in the movie "Power of Art" realized by the Jerke Museum and the Film School in Łódź. Collections and exhibitions Paweł Kowalewski's works are to be found in the biggest Polish museums, but also in the Paris Centre Pompidou, as well as many Polish and foreign private collections. His work has been bought for the National Museum of Warsaw collection, the National Museum of Kraków, Zachęta – National Art Gallery, Museum Jerke, the Regional Museum in Bydgoszcz, the Museum of Upper Silesia in Bytom, the collection of the Academy of Fine Arts in Warsaw, and also the ING Polish Art Foundation, the Benetton Foundation, the Starak Family Foundation and the Egit Foundation. They are also to be found in the private collections of Andrzej Bonarski, Donald Pirie, Cartier, Jan Zylber and the Paszkowski Estate Norblin. Paweł Kowalewski's work has also been exhibited in among other places the Jerke Museum in Germany, Artist's House in Tel Aviv, the Tretyakov Gallery in Moscow, the Isy Brachot gallery in Brussels, in Dorotheum in Vienna, Sotheby's in London, NS-Dokumentationszentrum in Munich, Zachęta – National Art Gallery in Warsaw, the Museum of the History of Photography in Kraków, MOCAK, the Warsaw Gallery Propaganda (formerly Appendix) as well as at art fairs in Vienna, Brussels and Stockholm. The artist has also taken part in important retrospective exhibitions summarising the time of the Polish transformation and political relations in Poland up to and after 1989, e.g. "Banana Revolution", "Moscow – Warsaw", "Irreligion" and "The Fatherland in Art". Auction market Live art auction of Paweł Kowalewski's NFT "Why is There Something Rather than Nothing?" at the DESA Unicum auction house in Warsaw, on 2 December 2021. The painting by Paweł Kowalewski "Why is There Something Rather than Nothing?" from 1986, it was the first NFT object to be sold at a Polish live art auction. The pioneering event for the domestic art market, took place on 2 December 2021 at DESA Unicum. The artist's work that has been tragically damaged, now passes to eternity in a digital form. Professional life In 1991 he set up his own advertising agency "Communication Unlimited". Solo exhibitions 1984 – Woe Betide, A. M. Sobczyk Atelier, Warsaw 1984 – Bad Omen, Mała Galeria ZPAF, Warsaw 1984 – Mad Hammer, Dziekanka Atelier, Warsaw 1986 – Satan's Day, Gallery "Na Ostrowie", Wrocław 1987 – Recital, Dziekanka Atelier, Warsaw 1987 – STK, Łódź 1987 – Mandala Theatre, Cracow 1989 – Paweł Sosnowski Gallery, Warsaw 1990 – Everything & At Once, SARP Pavilion, Warsaw 1990 – Ariadne Galleries, Vienna 1991 – Paintings and Ready Mades, Polish Cultural Centre, Prague 1991–92 – Turn of the Century, Gallery Appendix, Warsaw 1992 – Office of Art Exhibitions, Sandomierz 1992 – Isy Brachot Gallery, Brussels 1993 – Stockholm Art Fair 1993 – Brussels Art Fair 2008 – I, Shot Dead by the Indians for the Second Time, Gallery Appendix2, Warsaw 2010 – NOT ALLOWED!, 2. Mediations Biennale, Poznań 2012 – Totalitarianism Simulator, Gallery Propaganda, Warsaw 2013 – Totalitarianism Simulator, MCSW Elektrownia, Radom 2015 – Strength and Beauty, The Artists House, Tel Aviv 2016 – These Things Now, Gallery Propaganda, Warsaw 2017 – Strength and Beauty, Museum of Photography, Cracow 2017 – Zeitgeist, Museum Jerke, Recklinghausen 2017 – Why is There Nothing rather Than Something?, Miejski Ośrodek Sztuki, Gorzów Wielkopolski 2019 – All Life is Art, Przestrzeń dla Sztuki S2, Warsaw 2021 – Objects Created to Stimulate the Life of the Mind; The Invisible Eye of the Soul, Gallery of Contemporary Art WINDA, Kielce Paweł Kowalewski, "We Live in Motion, We Rest in Death", 1991, oil on canvas, 180 x 131 cm Group exhibitions Paweł Kowalewski, "Oh, You Hairy Paw!", 1982, oil on canvas, 80 x 100 cm 1984 – Chaos, Man, Absolute, Church of the Visitation of the Blessed Virgin Mary, Warsaw 1985 – Brought to Account, Gallery Forma, Warsaw 1985 – Against Evil, against Violence, churches: Mistrzejowice, Podkowa Leśna, Zielonka 1985 – Presence, Parish of Divine Mercy, Warsaw 1985 – 1st Biennale Road and Truth, Holy Cross Church, Wrocław 1985 – Time of Sadness, Time of Hope, Church of Our Lady of Sorrows, Poznań 1985 – 1st Biennale of New Art, Zielona Góra 1986 – Records 2, Office of Art Exhibitions, Lublin 1986 – Expression of the 80s., Office of Art Exhibitions, Sopot 1986 – Polish Pieta, churches: Poznań, Wrocław 1986 – Testimony of Togetherness, Museum of the Warsaw Archdiocese, Warsaw 1987 – Mystery of the Passion, Death and Resurrection of Jesus Christ, Museum of the Warsaw Archdiocese, Warsaw 1987 – 2nd Biennale Road & Truth, Church of the Holy Cross, Wrocław 1987 – What's Up?, Former Norblin Factory, Warsaw 1988 – In the image and Likeness. New Religious Expression, Former Norblin Factory, Warsaw 1989 – Feelings, Gallery Dziekanka, Warsaw 1989 – Pole. German. Russian., Former Norblin Factory, Warsaw 1990 – 1990 – Artists for the Republic, Gallery Studio, Warsaw 1990 – Summer Salon, National Museum, Cracow 1990 – Kunst des 20 jahrhunderts aus Mittel und Osteuropa, Dorotheum, Vienna 1991 – Sketch for the Contemporary Art Gallery, National Museum, Warsaw 1991 – What Good is an Artist in Times of Misery, Zachęta National Gallery of Art, Warsaw; National Museum, Cracow 1991 – Artistic Confrontations, Old Town Hall, Toruń 2001 – Run of the Reds, Gallery Zderzak, Cracow 2002 – Irreligion, Atelier 340 Museum, Brussels, Belgium 2003 – Children, Artists, Harlots and Businessmen, Gallery Program, Warsaw 2003 – Obligation and Revolt. The Academy of Fine Arts in Warsaw 1944–2004, Zachęta National Gallery of Art, Warsaw 2004/05 – Warsaw – Moscow/ Moscow – Warsaw 1900–2000, Zachęta National Gallery of Art, Warsaw; Tretyakov State Gallery, Moscow. 2006 – In Poland, Meaning Where?, Centre for Contemporary Art, Warsaw 2007 – Humour and the Power to Think (Asteism in Poland), Centre for Contemporary Art, Warsaw; Łaźnia Centre for Contemporary Art, Gdańsk 2007 – Image of Life, Museum of the Origins of the Polish State, Gniezno 2007 – Poisoned Source. Contemporary Polish Art in the Post-romantic Landscape, National Museum, Szczecin; Latvian National Arts Museum. 2008 – Banana Republic. Expression of the 80s., Office of Art Exhibitions Wałbrzych; National Museum, Szczecin; Gallery Wozownia, Toruń; City Gallery Arsenał, Poznań; Łaźnia Centre for Contemporary Art, Gdańsk 2009 – Like a Rolling Stone, Centre of Polish Sculpture, Orońsko; (Like a Rolling Stone 2) Gallery Appendix2, Warsaw 2009–10 – Banana Republic. Expression of the 80s., MODEM Centre for Modern and Contemporary Arts, Debrecen 2010 – 18. battle which Changed the Fate of the World, Pavilion at the Parade Square, Warsaw 2010–11 – Generation 1980. Independent Works of the Young in the Years 1980–1989, National Museum, Cracow 2011 – Big Boys Games, Gallery Appendix2, Warsaw 2011 – Preview, Gallery Propaganda, Warsaw 2013 – Blue The Most Beautiful Colour in the World, Gallery Propaganda, Warsaw 2013 – Small is Big, Gallery Propaganda, Warsaw 2014 – Between Seasons, Gallery Propaganda, Warsaw 2016 – Collections, Zachęta – National Art Gallery, Warsaw 2016 – À la Flamande, Propaganda, Warsaw 2016 – Viennacontemporary, Marx-Halle, Vienna 2018 – Place of the Artist Kordegarda Gallery of the National Center for Culture, Warsaw 2018 – Homeland in Art, 'MOCAK' Museum of Contemporary Art, Cracow 2019 – Collections, Zachęta – National Art Gallery and Centre of Polish Sculpture in Orońsko, National Forum of Music, Wrocław 2019 – Magmatism Pic-Nic, Chiesa dei Santi Cosma e Damiano, Venice, Italy 2019 – Time, Gdańska Galeria Miejska, Gdańsk, Poland 2019 – New Figuration- New Expression, DESA Unicum , Warsaw, Poland 2019 – My Name is Red, Państwowa Galeria Sztuki, Sopot, Poland 2019 – Tropical Craze, Propaganda, Warsaw Gallery Weekend, Warsaw, Poland 2019 – II World War – Drama, Symbol, Trauma,  Museum of Modern Art , Cracow, Poland 2019 – Tell Me about Yesterday Tomorrow, Munich Documentation Centre for the History of National Socialism, Munich, Germany 2019 – Antimonuments, Józef Brandt's Palace, Center of Polish Sculpture, Orońsko 2019 – The Spirit of Nature and Other Fairy Tales. 20 years of the ING Polish Art Foundation, Silesian Museum, Katowice 2021 – Sculpture in a Search of a Place - Zachęta – National Gallery of Art, Warsaw 2021 – A.B.O. THEATRON. L’Arte o la Vita / Art or Life – Achille Bonito Oliva, Castello di Rivoli Museo d’Arte Contemporanea, Turin 2021 – *** TOWARDS FREEDOM. Polish Art of the 1980s. and 1990s. from the Collection of Werner Jerke, Państwowa Galeria Sztuki, Sopot 2021 – Us and Dogs, Dogs and Us, Państwowa Galeria Sztuki, Sopot 2022 – Exercises from Art. Collection of the Museum of the Academy of Fine Arts in Warsaw, Czapski Palace, Warsaw Exhibitions and events by Gruppa 1983 – Forest, Hill and Cloud above the Hill, Dziekanka Atelier, Warsaw; Office of Art Exhibitions, Lublin 1984 – Premier's Mother, Chamber Theatre, Warsaw 1984 – A Woman Running off with Butter, Dziekanka Atelier, Warsaw 1985 – Lifting the Curtain on the Secrets of Traditional Painter's Atelier, Dziekanka Atelier, Warsaw (1st event) 1985 – Art of Admiration, Gallery SHS, Warsaw 1985 – How to Help Kryszkowski?, Strych, Łódź 1985 – Only Tonight Darling, Office of Art Exhibitions, Lublin 1985 – Rypajamawłoszard Grzykomopasoźniak Wkład w wykład vel Idź wylicz, Dziekanka Atelier, Warsaw (2nd event) 1985 – Who Can See This Radius Vector?, Gallery Wieża, Warsaw 1985 – Gold of the Economy, Incense of Art, Bitter Myrrh of Politics, Parish of Divine Mercy, Warsaw 1985 – Song and Dance Ensemble of the Polish People's Republic, Dziekanka Atelier, Warsaw (3rd event) 1986 – You Rabble, Boredom which Brings Bad Luck is Your Hero, Gallery Wielka 19, Poznań 1986 – Sluggish Youth Sings, Stuffy Maid Whirls, Dziekanka Atelier, Warsaw (4th event) 1987 – Gruppa Gruppen, Gallery Atrium, Stockholm 1987 – Avanguardia polacca esposizione dell'arte indipendente polacca, Centro Direzionale Colleoni, Agrate Brianza near Milan 1987 – Kuda Gierman, Gruppenkunswerke, Kassel 1988 – The Drawing on Site, Gallery Obraz, Poznań 1988 – Artist in a Temple of Words About Art, Gallery "Na Ostrowie", Wrocław 1988 – They Interfere Animals with Spitting Out Objects Taken into Their Snouts, Gallery DESA „Nowy Świat", Warsaw 1988 – Cathedral of Painting, Gallery Dziekanka, Warsaw (5th event) 1988 – Ars Aura Prior, Gallery DESA „Stary Rynek", Poznań 1988 – Gruppa – Documents, Gallery Pokaz, Warsaw 1989 – The Dungeons of Manhattan, Łódź 1989 – Woyzeck. (Shacks? We've Got Our Own), Studio Theatre, Łódź 1991 – Gruppa – 6 Good Mistakes, Dziekanka Atelier, Warsaw 1992 – Gruppa 1982–1991, Zachęta National Gallery of Art, Warsaw 2002 – We Confess Guilt, Ask for Forgiveness and Promise Improvement, Program Art Gallery, Warsaw 2013 – Oh, It's All Right Now, Gallery Propaganda, Warsaw References ^ "Paweł Kowalewski". Culture.pl. Retrieved 8 March 2019. ^ "Gruppa". Culture.pl. Retrieved 8 March 2019. ^ "dr hab. Paweł Kowalewski, adiunkt – Wydział Wzornictwa". ww.asp.waw.pl. Retrieved 8 March 2019. ^ Communication Unlimited (12 November 2014), PAWEŁ KOWALEWSKI (COMMUNICATION UNLIMITED) – WYWIAD DLA TVP 2 PANORAMA, retrieved 8 March 2019 ^ dr hab. Paweł Kowalewski, adiunkt, Akademia Sztuk Pięknych w Warszawie ^ Myjak, Adam (16 October 2019). "Letter from the rector of the Academy" (PDF). Retrieved 15 March 2020. ^ "Biography". Paweł Kowalewski (in Polish). Retrieved 8 March 2019. ^ "documenta 8 – Retrospective – documenta". www.documenta.de. Retrieved 8 March 2019. ^ "Anda Rottenberg sprzedaje swoje zbiory". www.rp.pl (in Polish). Retrieved 8 March 2019. ^ Bischoff, Juliane (2019). Tell me about yesterday tomorrow. Munich, Germany: Munich Documentation Centre for the History of National Socialism. p. 90. ISBN 978-3-946041-25-2. ^ "Paweł Kowalewski. Obraz z cyklu "Fin de siècle" – Communication Unlimited". commu.pl. Retrieved 8 March 2019. ^ "Brachot Gallery – Art consulting in modern and contemporary art". brachotgallery.be. Retrieved 8 March 2019. ^ "Fin de siècle". Paweł Kowalewski. 24 February 1992. Retrieved 8 March 2019. ^ Binlot, Ann. "Viennacontemporary Leads Austria's Cultural Resurgence". Forbes. Archived from the original on 30 September 2016. Retrieved 8 March 2019. ^ "Paweł Kowalewski – 1 Artworks, Bio & Shows on Artsy". www.artsy.net. Retrieved 8 March 2019. ^ "10 Highlights der Viennacontemporary | Monopol – Magazin für Kunst und Leben". www.monopol-magazin.de (in German). 23 September 2016. Retrieved 8 March 2019. ^ "NOT ALLOWED!". Paweł Kowalewski. 25 February 2016. Retrieved 8 March 2019. ^ "Totalitarianism Simulator". en.prpgnd.net (in Polish). Retrieved 8 March 2019. ^ "Totalitarianism Simulator". Paweł Kowalewski. 25 February 2016. Retrieved 8 March 2019. ^ "Recklinghausen leuchtet – Museum Jerke| Jerke Art Foundation gGmbH". Museum Jerke| Jerke Art Foundation gGmbH (in German). Retrieved 8 March 2019. ^ "Paweł Kowalewski". Retrieved 13 January 2020. ^ "Recklinghausen: Paweł Kowalewski | Contemporary Lynx – print and online magazine on art & visual culture". Retrieved 8 March 2019. ^ "iMNK – Paweł Kowalewski, Błękitny kwadrat na błękitnym tle. W hołdzie obrońcom Pałacu Zimowego – informacje". www.imnk.pl. Retrieved 8 March 2019. ^ Huncwot.com. "Paweł Kowalewski – Zachęta Narodowa Galeria Sztuki". zacheta.art.pl. Retrieved 8 March 2019. ^ "The ING Polish Art Foundation – Paweł Kowalewski". ingart.pl. Retrieved 8 March 2019. ^ "Imago Mundi". www.imagomundiart.com. 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Ha Artez Guide. 17 April 2015. ^ "Przestrzen dla sztuki S2 – art space". 19 September 2019. Retrieved 10 December 2019. ^ Rottenberg, Anda (21 June 2021). "Reason has gone bankrupt, meaning somehow there is still no equality. Anda Rottenberg about Paweł Kowalewski's paintings". Contemporary Lynx. Retrieved 2 July 2021. ^ "Artist's bio". 13 January 2020. Retrieved 13 January 2020. ^ "Pawel Kowalewski – Galeria Propaganda". galeriapropaganda.com. Archived from the original on 21 February 2012. ^ "Wien wird international". Die Presse (in German). 17 September 2016. Retrieved 8 March 2019. ^ "Propaganda Gallery". 9 May 2019. Retrieved 10 December 2019. ^ "City Gdansk Gallery". 13 September 2019. Retrieved 10 December 2019. ^ Kuc, Monika (11 September 2019). ""Nowa Figuracja – Nowa Ekspresja": Dzicy w cenie". Rzeczypospolita. Retrieved 10 December 2019. ^ "PGS in Sopot". 27 September 2019. Retrieved 10 December 2019. ^ "Propaganda Gallery". 20 September 2019. Retrieved 10 December 2019. ^ "MOCAK in Cracow". 24 October 2019. Retrieved 10 December 2019. ^ "NS-DOKU". 28 November 2019. Retrieved 10 December 2019. ^ "CRP in Oronsko". 14 November 2019. Retrieved 10 December 2019. ^ "Silesia Museum in Katowice". 23 November 2019. Retrieved 10 December 2019. ^ Zachęta, National Gallery of Art (2 February 2021). "SCULPTURE IN SEARCH OF A PLACE". Zachęta official website. Retrieved 2 July 2021. ^ Castello di Rivoli, Museo d'Arte Contemporanea (24 June 2021). "A.B.O. THEATRON. Art or Life". Official website of the museum. Retrieved 2 July 2021. ^ Kowalewski, Paweł (24 June 2021). "Exhibition "Art or Life"". Official website of the artist. Retrieved 2 July 2021. ^ Deptuła, Bogusław (30 July 2021). "***KU WOLNOŚCI". PGS in Sopot. Retrieved 11 October 2021. ^ Kowalewski, Paweł (30 July 2021). "***Towards Freedom – exhibition". Paweł Kowalewski's official webpage. Retrieved 11 October 2021. ^ Deptuła, Bogusław (11 October 2021). "My i psy, psy i my". PGS in Sopot. Retrieved 11 October 2021. ^ Kowalewski, Paweł (11 October 2021). "Us and dogs, dogs and us – exhibition". Paweł Kowalewski's official webpage. Retrieved 11 October 2021. ^ Szewczyk, Agnieszka (23 February 2022). ""Ćwiczenia ze sztuki"". Retrieved 23 February 2022. ^ "Oh, it's all right now". Wikimedia Commons has media related to Paweł Kowalewski. Authority control databases International VIAF WorldCat National Germany Czech Republic Poland Other IdRef
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Warsaw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warsaw"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Paweł Kowalewski – (born 20 September 1958 in Warsaw) is a Polish artist,[1] member of Gruppa,[2] pedagogue,[3] founder of the Communication Unlimited[4] agency.","title":"Paweł Kowalewski"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Academy of Fine Arts in Warsaw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_of_Fine_Arts_in_Warsaw"},{"link_name":"Stefan Gierowski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stefan_Gierowski"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"People's Republic of Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_People%27s_Republic"}],"text":"From 1978 to 1983 he studied at the Academy of Fine Arts in Warsaw, where he received a diploma with distinction from the studio of Stefan Gierowski. Since 1985 he has been a lecturer at the Department of Design of the Warsaw Academy of Fine Arts. Currently he holds the academic title of professor of the Academy.[5][6] He was a founder member of Gruppa, the most famous artistic grouping in Poland in the 1980s, together with Ryszard Grzyb, Jarosław Modzelewski, Włodzimierz Pawlak, Marek Sobczyk and Ryszard Woźniak.[7] Gruppa's works can be summarised as being a rebellion against an overly academic approach to art and a taking of a post avantgarde position, as well as being a protest against the censorship and repression meted out by the communist state during the time of martial law which had been introduced in 1981 throughout Poland.The reality of this difficult period in the history of the People's Republic of Poland (PRL) was felt by Kowalewski primarily in terms of the absurd and grotesque. From 1984 to 1989, in Gruppa's short-lived journal \"Oj dobrze już (Oh, It's Good Now)\" among verses, commentaries, sketches and drawings, Kowalewski wrote humorous texts using the pseudonym of an imaginary American journalist Sharm Yarn. He wanted in this way to show up the lack of confidence in traditional Polish art criticism, comment on the lack of engagement with the unique phenomena which were happening in Poland during this time as well as make fun of attempts to set forced directions for culture based on political paradigms set from above.","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pawe%C5%82_Kowalewski,_Mon_Cheri_Bolscheviq,_fot._MT.jpg"},{"link_name":"post conceptual","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-conceptual_art"},{"link_name":"Neue Wilde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neo-expressionism"}],"sub_title":"Creative output","text":"Paweł Kowalewski, \"Mon Cheri Bolscheviq\", 1984, oil on canvas, 100 x 81 cm, in the collection of the Starak Family FoundationKowalewski's work comes from the post conceptual tradition, where the idea of the artist mixes with his work using the form of written commentaries and the poetic often complex titles of the works which are placed on sashes made of material. Together with the other members of Gruppa, he organised radical happenings with joint painting and recitals, based on poetic absurdity, in, among other places the cult studio \"Dziekanka\" at the Warsaw Academy of Fine Arts (e.g. recital in 1987,\" A Cold Deer in Jam\" about Lenin in Poronin. Kowalewski's art can be described as being expressionist, autobiographical, inspired by personal experience and literary context. As an artist he created his own communicative language. More important than form or medium for him was the message.In Poland during the 1980s there was a characteristic meeting of social and artistic paths, which were taken by artists who were researching that reality while examining moral and ideological values. The work of Kowalewski and Gruppa was created in parallel with and perhaps even earlier than some of the trends which were then happening in German art, such as Neue Wilde. Rebellion and a search for identity determined the approach of artists then in both countries.","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Czesław Miłosz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czes%C5%82aw_Mi%C5%82osz"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Barbara Kruger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbara_Kruger"},{"link_name":"Joseph Beuys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Beuys"},{"link_name":"Tretyakov Gallery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tretyakov_Gallery"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Anda Rottenberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anda_Rottenberg"}],"sub_title":"Concept of personal art","text":"From the first years of his artistic career Paweł Kowalewski developed the concept of \"personal art, that is private\". Artistic inspiration therefore was closely connected to the artist's own life, while also at the same time it also referred to problems which were of a more universal nature. This basic oscillation between the individual experience and universality has accompanied Kowalewski's work up till today and reflects a consistent theme.Around 1986 the first of Kowalewski's sculptures came into being. Small objects, which the artist closed in glass cases, as if they were relicts from the past. \"Prawe ucho sługi najwyższego Kapłana/The Right Ear Serves the Highiest Priest\" and \"Kamień, który stał się chlebem/The Stone which Became Bread\" were critical commentaries on the hostile everyday aesthetic of the time. In a similarly brutal, expressive and nonchalant tone Kowalewski created his paintings which were even the subject of censorship interventions from the Catholic Church. The artist's work in the 1980s was treated by the authorities of what was then a totalitarian state as art which must stay outside official circulation. The series \"Psalmy/Psalms\" which was inspired by the Psalm of David as translated by Czesław Miłosz, was subjectively accused of blasphemy. Each of these works by Kowalewski referred to specific quotations from this book of psalms and reflected the dilemmas of a young artist: Should I leave or stay in my country? What is right? Is there justice...?The crowning moment of this period was the artist's participation in Documenta 8. in Kassel[8] in 1987, where works by among others Barbara Kruger and Joseph Beuys were exhibited. Kowalewski together with Gruppa organised a joint painting happening on a large size canvas called, \"Kuda Gierman\".After many exhibitions both nationally and abroad some of Kowalewski's works became in later times icons of 1980s art, e.g. \"Mon Cheri Bolsheviq\" (a painting exhibited in among other places the Tretyakov Gallery in Moscow), the sculpture \"Tragiczna nieprzezroczystość konieczności/A Tragic Opaque Necessity\" (a hermetically sealed aquarium with a piece of beef kidney submerged in water) or \"Do widzenia moi kochani/Goodbye, My Beloved Ones\" (a painting which is part of the private collection[9] of the well-regarded art critic Anda Rottenberg).","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pawe%C5%82_Kowalewski,_Europeans_Only,_fot._MT.jpg"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Roman Opałka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Opa%C5%82ka"},{"link_name":"Paul Delvaux","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Delvaux"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"}],"sub_title":"Breakthrough time","text":"Paweł Kowalewski, \"Europeans Only\", from the cycle Forbidden, 2012, lightbox, 150 × 200 × 12 cm, exhibition in NS-Dokumentationszentrum in Munich, Germany[10]A key transformative moment in Kowalewski's work came in 1989, when the artist together with other members of Gruppa initiated a joint painting gathering in front of the capital city's Solidarity polling station. This gathering called \"Głos przyrody na Solidarność\" as known as \"Voice of Nature on Solidarity\" was a symbolic closing moment of the group's career. The artists had started in the 1980s as novices, and had finished the decade as classics. Thanks to their many artistic successes, in 1992 in the Zachęta National Art Gallery there was a large retrospective exhibition, which showed a significant cross-section of Gruppa's work. The country's systemic transformation and also the end of the Gruppa's existence, affected Kowalewski's work by changing its means of communication. At the beginning of the 90s he started to create analytical and structural canvasses. In his paintings from this period the artist's work portrayed a clash of nineteenth century wall paper patterns with black and white stripes – a sarcastic vision of the future. After exhibiting his latest series called „Fin de siècle\"[11] in the Warsaw gallery Appendix in 1992, Paweł Kowalewski was taken on by the French gallery of Isy Brachot,[12] as the only Pole apart from Roman Opałka. His work was then shown in the Brachot gallery in Brussels, together with a retrospective of one of Belgium's most famous artists, the surrealist Paul Delvaux.\nKowalewski concluded his artistic work in the medium of painting with the „Fin de siècle\"[13] series. From this moment he concentrated on inter-disciplinary and performance art. During this period the artist created his most characteristically socially engaged work as an artist. The sign \"Europeans Only\",[14] seen in the Apartheid Museum in Johannesburg in 2010 initiated the series \"Forbidden/NIE WOLNO\"[15] which took the form of a documentation of all the bans and orders which the artist registered during his travels all over the world. Reproductions of the \"NIE WOLNO\"[16] series in the form of postcards appeared during Kowalewski's artistic performances during the Biennale in Venice in 2011. The artist visited souvenir stands and added his cards with the regulatory orders of both democratic and totalitarian systems to the standard tourist ones which were normally displayed. \"NIE WOLNO\"[17] also functioned as a series of light boxes which accompanied the installation \"Totalitarianism Simulator\"[18] in Propaganda Gallery in 2012. In this technical machine built by the artist, the world of oppression and drastic images of the crimes committed during totalitarian times, were presented next to scenes from a normal everyday life (e.g. barman competition in Italy, a family out for a walk in Milan, a classical music concert). The viewer on entering the simulator became a participant in the tragic events, because his photo which was registered on entry to the cabin, was randomly placed on the projected filmed frames of horror. The materials used to produce the \"Totalitarianism Simulator\",[19] the smell of rubber, smelly tar, the darkness and isolation, brought the viewer closer to a situation associated with oppression, so that each individual could become aware of his reactions and behaviour during the simulation of a moment of danger.","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pawel_Kowalewski,_Zaufaj_Panu_i_czyn_dobrze._Mieszkaj_w_kraju_i_badz_wierny,_fot._MT.jpg"},{"link_name":"Dan Reisinger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dan_Reisinger"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"}],"sub_title":"New beginning","text":"The 2000s for Kowalewski brought a turn towards the ethos of memory or the personal process of forgetting and erasing. In 2015 in Tel Aviv the artist presented the series \"Strength and Beauty\" in which he concentrated on issues connected to subjective memory in the context of group experience.Paweł Kowalewski, \"Trust the Lord and Do Good, so Shalt Thou Dwell in the Land Feed on His Faithfulness\", from the cycle Psalms, 1984, tempera on paper, 243 x 195 cmThe concept was inspired by a very personal history of the artist and became a pretext to tell the stories of an extraordinary generation of women. A series of large format portraits which disappeared, presented so called \"Polish Mothers\" who had been affected by the trauma of war and totalitarianism. Thanks to a special printing technique, the women's portraits after some time were barely visible, just as their images fade in our memories. Kowalewski while working on the series \"Strength and Beauty\" conduced an artistic dialogue with the well-known Israeli artist Dan Reisinger.\nIn 2017 Paweł Kowalewski had his own solo exhibition in the prestigious Jerke Museum, the first foreign institution in Germany which is mainly dedicated to Polish avant-garde art. The \"Zeitgeist\"[20] project was made up of sculptures and the best-known paintings from the 1980s, among others \"Ja zastrzelony przez Indian/I, Shot Dead by the Indians\".[21] As a part of the exhibition, at the same time in St. Peter's Church in Recklinghausen,[22] Kowalewski's large format works were exhibited, so the Psalms of David, which even today have retained their universal character, as they deal with issues related to how to shape individual autonomy when faced with higher powers. He also stars in the movie \"Power of Art\" realized by the Jerke Museum and the Film School in Łódź.","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"National Museum of Warsaw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Museum,_Warsaw"},{"link_name":"National Museum of Kraków","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Museum,_Krak%C3%B3w"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"NS-Dokumentationszentrum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Munich_Documentation_Centre_for_the_History_of_National_Socialism"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"Zachęta – National Art Gallery in Warsaw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zach%C4%99ta"},{"link_name":"MOCAK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Museum_of_Contemporary_Art_in_Krak%C3%B3w"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"}],"sub_title":"Collections and exhibitions","text":"Paweł Kowalewski's works are to be found in the biggest Polish museums, but also in the Paris Centre Pompidou, as well as many Polish and foreign private collections. His work has been bought for the National Museum of Warsaw collection, the National Museum of Kraków,[23] Zachęta – National Art Gallery,[24] Museum Jerke, the Regional Museum in Bydgoszcz, the Museum of Upper Silesia in Bytom, the collection of the Academy of Fine Arts in Warsaw, and also the ING Polish Art Foundation,[25] the Benetton Foundation,[26] the Starak Family Foundation[27] and the Egit Foundation. They are also to be found in the private collections of Andrzej Bonarski, Donald Pirie, Cartier, Jan Zylber and the Paszkowski Estate Norblin.Paweł Kowalewski's work has also been exhibited in among other places the Jerke Museum in Germany, Artist's House in Tel Aviv, the Tretyakov Gallery in Moscow, the Isy Brachot gallery in Brussels, in Dorotheum in Vienna, Sotheby's in London, NS-Dokumentationszentrum in Munich,[28] Zachęta – National Art Gallery in Warsaw, the Museum of the History of Photography in Kraków, MOCAK, the Warsaw Gallery Propaganda (formerly Appendix) as well as at art fairs in Vienna,[29] Brussels and Stockholm.The artist has also taken part in important retrospective exhibitions summarising the time of the Polish transformation and political relations in Poland up to and after 1989, e.g. \"Banana Revolution\", \"Moscow – Warsaw\", \"Irreligion\"[30] and \"The Fatherland in Art\".","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dlaczego_jest_raczej_co%C5%9B_ni%C5%BC_nic.jpg"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"}],"sub_title":"Auction market","text":"Live art auction of Paweł Kowalewski's NFT \"Why is There Something Rather than Nothing?\" at the DESA Unicum auction house in Warsaw, on 2 December 2021.The painting by Paweł Kowalewski \"Why is There Something Rather than Nothing?\" from 1986,[31] it was the first NFT object to be sold at a Polish live art auction. The pioneering event for the domestic art market, took place on 2 December 2021 at DESA Unicum.[32] The artist's work that has been tragically damaged, now passes to eternity in a digital form.[33]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Professional life","text":"In 1991 he set up his own advertising agency \"Communication Unlimited\".","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.prpgnd.net/exhibitions/2016/These-things-now"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pawe%C5%82_Kowalewski,_Natura_nasza_jest_w_ruchu,_zupe%C5%82ny_odpoczynek_to_%C5%9Bmier%C4%87,_fot._MT.jpg"}],"text":"1984 – Woe Betide, A. M. Sobczyk Atelier, Warsaw\n1984 – Bad Omen, Mała Galeria ZPAF, Warsaw\n1984 – Mad Hammer, Dziekanka Atelier, Warsaw\n1986 – Satan's Day, Gallery \"Na Ostrowie\", Wrocław\n1987 – Recital, Dziekanka Atelier, Warsaw\n1987 – STK, Łódź\n1987 – Mandala Theatre, Cracow\n1989 – Paweł Sosnowski Gallery, Warsaw\n1990 – Everything & At Once, SARP Pavilion, Warsaw\n1990 – Ariadne Galleries, Vienna\n1991 – Paintings and Ready Mades, Polish Cultural Centre, Prague\n1991–92 – Turn of the Century, Gallery Appendix, Warsaw\n1992 – Office of Art Exhibitions, Sandomierz\n1992 – Isy Brachot Gallery, Brussels\n1993 – Stockholm Art Fair\n1993 – Brussels Art Fair\n2008 – I, Shot Dead by the Indians for the Second Time, Gallery Appendix2, Warsaw\n2010 – NOT ALLOWED!, 2. Mediations Biennale, Poznań\n2012 – Totalitarianism Simulator, Gallery Propaganda, Warsaw[34]\n2013 – Totalitarianism Simulator, MCSW Elektrownia, Radom[35]\n2015 – Strength and Beauty, The Artists House, Tel Aviv[36]\n2016 – These Things Now, Gallery Propaganda, Warsaw [1]\n2017 – Strength and Beauty, Museum of Photography, Cracow\n2017 – Zeitgeist, Museum Jerke, Recklinghausen\n2017 – Why is There Nothing rather Than Something?, Miejski Ośrodek Sztuki, Gorzów Wielkopolski\n2019 – All Life is Art, Przestrzeń dla Sztuki S2, Warsaw[37]\n2021 – Objects Created to Stimulate the Life of the Mind; The Invisible Eye of the Soul, Gallery of Contemporary Art WINDA, Kielce[38]Paweł Kowalewski, \"We Live in Motion, We Rest in Death\", 1991, oil on canvas, 180 x 131 cm","title":"Solo exhibitions"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pawe%C5%82_Kowalewski,_Och_ty_ow%C5%82osiona_%C5%82apko,_fot._MT_.jpg"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.prpgnd.net/exhibitions/2012/Blue-the-Most-Beautiful-Color-in-the-World"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.prpgnd.net/exhibitions/2013/Small-is-Big"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-58"}],"text":"Paweł Kowalewski, \"Oh, You Hairy Paw!\", 1982, oil on canvas, 80 x 100 cm1984 – Chaos, Man, Absolute, Church of the Visitation of the Blessed Virgin Mary, Warsaw\n1985 – Brought to Account, Gallery Forma, Warsaw\n1985 – Against Evil, against Violence, churches: Mistrzejowice, Podkowa Leśna, Zielonka\n1985 – Presence, Parish of Divine Mercy, Warsaw\n1985 – 1st Biennale Road and Truth, Holy Cross Church, Wrocław\n1985 – Time of Sadness, Time of Hope, Church of Our Lady of Sorrows, Poznań\n1985 – 1st Biennale of New Art, Zielona Góra\n1986 – Records 2, Office of Art Exhibitions, Lublin\n1986 – Expression of the 80s., Office of Art Exhibitions, Sopot\n1986 – Polish Pieta, churches: Poznań, Wrocław\n1986 – Testimony of Togetherness, Museum of the Warsaw Archdiocese, Warsaw\n1987 – Mystery of the Passion, Death and Resurrection of Jesus Christ, Museum of the Warsaw Archdiocese, Warsaw\n1987 – 2nd Biennale Road & Truth, Church of the Holy Cross, Wrocław\n1987 – What's Up?, Former Norblin Factory, Warsaw\n1988 – In the image and Likeness. New Religious Expression, Former Norblin Factory, Warsaw\n1989 – Feelings, Gallery Dziekanka, Warsaw\n1989 – Pole. German. Russian., Former Norblin Factory, Warsaw\n1990 – 1990 – Artists for the Republic, Gallery Studio, Warsaw\n1990 – Summer Salon, National Museum, Cracow\n1990 – Kunst des 20 jahrhunderts aus Mittel und Osteuropa, Dorotheum, Vienna\n1991 – Sketch for the Contemporary Art Gallery, National Museum, Warsaw\n1991 – What Good is an Artist in Times of Misery, Zachęta National Gallery of Art, Warsaw; National Museum, Cracow\n1991 – Artistic Confrontations, Old Town Hall, Toruń\n2001 – Run of the Reds, Gallery Zderzak, Cracow\n2002 – Irreligion, Atelier 340 Museum, Brussels, Belgium[39]\n2003 – Children, Artists, Harlots and Businessmen, Gallery Program, Warsaw\n2003 – Obligation and Revolt. The Academy of Fine Arts in Warsaw 1944–2004, Zachęta National Gallery of Art, Warsaw\n2004/05 – Warsaw – Moscow/ Moscow – Warsaw 1900–2000, Zachęta National Gallery of Art, Warsaw; Tretyakov State Gallery, Moscow.\n2006 – In Poland, Meaning Where?, Centre for Contemporary Art, Warsaw\n2007 – Humour and the Power to Think (Asteism in Poland), Centre for Contemporary Art, Warsaw; Łaźnia Centre for Contemporary Art, Gdańsk\n2007 – Image of Life, Museum of the Origins of the Polish State, Gniezno\n2007 – Poisoned Source. Contemporary Polish Art in the Post-romantic Landscape, National Museum, Szczecin; Latvian National Arts Museum.\n2008 – Banana Republic. Expression of the 80s., Office of Art Exhibitions Wałbrzych; National Museum, Szczecin; Gallery Wozownia, Toruń; City Gallery Arsenał, Poznań; Łaźnia Centre for Contemporary Art, Gdańsk\n2009 – Like a Rolling Stone, Centre of Polish Sculpture, Orońsko; (Like a Rolling Stone 2) Gallery Appendix2, Warsaw\n2009–10 – Banana Republic. Expression of the 80s., MODEM Centre for Modern and Contemporary Arts, Debrecen\n2010 – 18. battle which Changed the Fate of the World, Pavilion at the Parade Square, Warsaw\n2010–11 – Generation 1980. Independent Works of the Young in the Years 1980–1989, National Museum, Cracow\n2011 – Big Boys Games, Gallery Appendix2, Warsaw[40]\n2011 – Preview, Gallery Propaganda, Warsaw\n2013 – Blue The Most Beautiful Colour in the World, Gallery Propaganda, Warsaw [2]\n2013 – Small is Big, Gallery Propaganda, Warsaw [3]\n2014 – Between Seasons, Gallery Propaganda, Warsaw\n2016 – Collections, Zachęta – National Art Gallery, Warsaw\n2016 – À la Flamande, Propaganda, Warsaw\n2016 – Viennacontemporary,[41] Marx-Halle, Vienna\n2018 – Place of the Artist Kordegarda Gallery of the National Center for Culture, Warsaw\n2018 – Homeland in Art, 'MOCAK' Museum of Contemporary Art, Cracow\n2019 – Collections, Zachęta – National Art Gallery and Centre of Polish Sculpture in Orońsko, National Forum of Music, Wrocław\n2019 – Magmatism Pic-Nic, Chiesa dei Santi Cosma e Damiano, Venice, Italy[42]\n2019 – Time, Gdańska Galeria Miejska, Gdańsk, Poland[43]\n2019 – New Figuration- New Expression, DESA Unicum , Warsaw, Poland[44]\n2019 – My Name is Red, Państwowa Galeria Sztuki, Sopot, Poland[45]\n2019 – Tropical Craze, Propaganda, Warsaw Gallery Weekend, Warsaw, Poland[46]\n2019 – II World War – Drama, Symbol, Trauma,  Museum of Modern Art , Cracow, Poland[47]\n2019 – Tell Me about Yesterday Tomorrow, Munich Documentation Centre for the History of National Socialism, Munich, Germany[48]\n2019 – Antimonuments, Józef Brandt's Palace, Center of Polish Sculpture, Orońsko[49]\n2019 – The Spirit of Nature and Other Fairy Tales. 20 years of the ING Polish Art Foundation, Silesian Museum, Katowice[50]\n2021 – Sculpture in a Search of a Place - Zachęta – National Gallery of Art, Warsaw[51]\n2021 – A.B.O. THEATRON. L’Arte o la Vita / Art or Life – Achille Bonito Oliva, Castello di Rivoli Museo d’Arte Contemporanea, Turin[52][53]\n2021 – *** TOWARDS FREEDOM. Polish Art of the 1980s. and 1990s. from the Collection of Werner Jerke, Państwowa Galeria Sztuki, Sopot[54][55]\n2021 – Us and Dogs, Dogs and Us, Państwowa Galeria Sztuki, Sopot[56][57]\n2022 – Exercises from Art. Collection of the Museum of the Academy of Fine Arts in Warsaw, Czapski Palace, Warsaw[58]","title":"Group exhibitions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-59"}],"text":"1983 – Forest, Hill and Cloud above the Hill, Dziekanka Atelier, Warsaw; Office of Art Exhibitions, Lublin\n1984 – Premier's Mother, Chamber Theatre, Warsaw\n1984 – A Woman Running off with Butter, Dziekanka Atelier, Warsaw\n1985 – Lifting the Curtain on the Secrets of Traditional Painter's Atelier, Dziekanka Atelier, Warsaw (1st event)\n1985 – Art of Admiration, Gallery SHS, Warsaw\n1985 – How to Help Kryszkowski?, Strych, Łódź\n1985 – Only Tonight Darling, Office of Art Exhibitions, Lublin\n1985 – Rypajamawłoszard Grzykomopasoźniak Wkład w wykład vel Idź wylicz, Dziekanka Atelier, Warsaw (2nd event)\n1985 – Who Can See This Radius Vector?, Gallery Wieża, Warsaw\n1985 – Gold of the Economy, Incense of Art, Bitter Myrrh of Politics, Parish of Divine Mercy, Warsaw\n1985 – Song and Dance Ensemble of the Polish People's Republic, Dziekanka Atelier, Warsaw (3rd event)\n1986 – You Rabble, Boredom which Brings Bad Luck is Your Hero, Gallery Wielka 19, Poznań\n1986 – Sluggish Youth Sings, Stuffy Maid Whirls, Dziekanka Atelier, Warsaw (4th event)\n1987 – Gruppa Gruppen, Gallery Atrium, Stockholm\n1987 – Avanguardia polacca esposizione dell'arte indipendente polacca, Centro Direzionale Colleoni, Agrate Brianza near Milan\n1987 – Kuda Gierman, Gruppenkunswerke, Kassel\n1988 – The Drawing on Site, Gallery Obraz, Poznań\n1988 – Artist in a Temple of Words About Art, Gallery \"Na Ostrowie\", Wrocław\n1988 – They Interfere Animals with Spitting Out Objects Taken into Their Snouts, Gallery DESA „Nowy Świat\", Warsaw\n1988 – Cathedral of Painting, Gallery Dziekanka, Warsaw (5th event)\n1988 – Ars Aura Prior, Gallery DESA „Stary Rynek\", Poznań\n1988 – Gruppa – Documents, Gallery Pokaz, Warsaw\n1989 – The Dungeons of Manhattan, Łódź\n1989 – Woyzeck. (Shacks? We've Got Our Own), Studio Theatre, Łódź\n1991 – Gruppa – 6 Good Mistakes, Dziekanka Atelier, Warsaw\n1992 – Gruppa 1982–1991, Zachęta National Gallery of Art, Warsaw\n2002 – We Confess Guilt, Ask for Forgiveness and Promise Improvement, Program Art Gallery, Warsaw\n2013 – Oh, It's All Right Now, Gallery Propaganda, Warsaw[59]","title":"Exhibitions and events by Gruppa"}]
[{"image_text":"Paweł Kowalewski, \"Mon Cheri Bolscheviq\", 1984, oil on canvas, 100 x 81 cm, in the collection of the Starak Family Foundation","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Pawe%C5%82_Kowalewski%2C_Mon_Cheri_Bolscheviq%2C_fot._MT.jpg/220px-Pawe%C5%82_Kowalewski%2C_Mon_Cheri_Bolscheviq%2C_fot._MT.jpg"},{"image_text":"Paweł Kowalewski, \"Europeans Only\", from the cycle Forbidden, 2012, lightbox, 150 × 200 × 12 cm, exhibition in NS-Dokumentationszentrum in Munich, Germany[10]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Pawe%C5%82_Kowalewski%2C_Europeans_Only%2C_fot._MT.jpg/220px-Pawe%C5%82_Kowalewski%2C_Europeans_Only%2C_fot._MT.jpg"},{"image_text":"Paweł Kowalewski, \"Trust the Lord and Do Good, so Shalt Thou Dwell in the Land Feed on His Faithfulness\", from the cycle Psalms, 1984, tempera on paper, 243 x 195 cm","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Pawel_Kowalewski%2C_Zaufaj_Panu_i_czyn_dobrze._Mieszkaj_w_kraju_i_badz_wierny%2C_fot._MT.jpg/220px-Pawel_Kowalewski%2C_Zaufaj_Panu_i_czyn_dobrze._Mieszkaj_w_kraju_i_badz_wierny%2C_fot._MT.jpg"},{"image_text":"Live art auction of Paweł Kowalewski's NFT \"Why is There Something Rather than Nothing?\" at the DESA Unicum auction house in Warsaw, on 2 December 2021.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Dlaczego_jest_raczej_co%C5%9B_ni%C5%BC_nic.jpg/220px-Dlaczego_jest_raczej_co%C5%9B_ni%C5%BC_nic.jpg"},{"image_text":"Paweł Kowalewski, \"We Live in Motion, We Rest in Death\", 1991, oil on canvas, 180 x 131 cm","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Pawe%C5%82_Kowalewski%2C_Natura_nasza_jest_w_ruchu%2C_zupe%C5%82ny_odpoczynek_to_%C5%9Bmier%C4%87%2C_fot._MT.jpg/220px-Pawe%C5%82_Kowalewski%2C_Natura_nasza_jest_w_ruchu%2C_zupe%C5%82ny_odpoczynek_to_%C5%9Bmier%C4%87%2C_fot._MT.jpg"},{"image_text":"Paweł Kowalewski, \"Oh, You Hairy Paw!\", 1982, oil on canvas, 80 x 100 cm","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Pawe%C5%82_Kowalewski%2C_Och_ty_ow%C5%82osiona_%C5%82apko%2C_fot._MT_.jpg/220px-Pawe%C5%82_Kowalewski%2C_Och_ty_ow%C5%82osiona_%C5%82apko%2C_fot._MT_.jpg"}]
null
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Retrieved 7 December 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://pawelkowalewski.pl/en/the-painting-by-pawel-kowalewski-will-be-sale-at-the-first-nft-art-auction-in-poland/","url_text":"\"NFT \"Why is there something rather than nothing?\" by Paweł Kowalewski\""}]},{"reference":"\"Totalitarianism Simulator\".","urls":[{"url":"https://en.prpgnd.net/exhibitions/2012/Totalitarianism-simulator","url_text":"\"Totalitarianism Simulator\""}]},{"reference":"\"AKTUALNOŚCI – Mazowieckie Centrum Sztuki Współczesnej \"Elektrownia\" w Radomiu\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.elektrownia.art.pl/?%2825.06-04.07%29-pawel-kowalewski-%E2%80%9Esymulator-totalitaryzmu%E2%80%9D,312","url_text":"\"AKTUALNOŚCI – Mazowieckie Centrum Sztuki Współczesnej \"Elektrownia\" w Radomiu\""}]},{"reference":"\"Strength and Beauty\" (PDF). Ha Artez Guide. 17 April 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://pawelkowalewski.pl/app/uploads/2016/02/Strength-and-beauty-Ha%E2%80%99aretz-%E2%80%93-Guide-Tel-Aviv-17.04.2015.pdf","url_text":"\"Strength and Beauty\""}]},{"reference":"\"Przestrzen dla sztuki S2 – art space\". 19 September 2019. Retrieved 10 December 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.przestrzensztukis2.pl/przestrzen-dla-sztuki-prezentuje-jacek-zawadzki-i-pawel-kowalewski/","url_text":"\"Przestrzen dla sztuki S2 – art space\""}]},{"reference":"Rottenberg, Anda (21 June 2021). \"Reason has gone bankrupt, meaning somehow there is still no equality. Anda Rottenberg about Paweł Kowalewski's paintings\". Contemporary Lynx. Retrieved 2 July 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://contemporarylynx.co.uk/reason-has-gone-bankrupt-meaning-somehow-there-is-still-no-equality","url_text":"\"Reason has gone bankrupt, meaning somehow there is still no equality. Anda Rottenberg about Paweł Kowalewski's paintings\""}]},{"reference":"\"Artist's bio\". 13 January 2020. Retrieved 13 January 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://prpgnd.net/artysci/Pawel-Kowalewski/Wystawy","url_text":"\"Artist's bio\""}]},{"reference":"\"Pawel Kowalewski – Galeria Propaganda\". galeriapropaganda.com. Archived from the original on 21 February 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120221001309/http://galeriapropaganda.com/artists/pawel-kowalewski","url_text":"\"Pawel Kowalewski – Galeria Propaganda\""},{"url":"http://galeriapropaganda.com/artists/pawel-kowalewski/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Wien wird international\". Die Presse (in German). 17 September 2016. Retrieved 8 March 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://diepresse.com/home/kultur/kunst/5087152/Wien-wird-international","url_text":"\"Wien wird international\""}]},{"reference":"\"Propaganda Gallery\". 9 May 2019. Retrieved 10 December 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.prpgnd.net/projects/Magmatism","url_text":"\"Propaganda Gallery\""}]},{"reference":"\"City Gdansk Gallery\". 13 September 2019. Retrieved 10 December 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ggm.gda.pl/en,0,0,2141,Only_broken_clocks_show_the_right_time,0,0,index.php","url_text":"\"City Gdansk Gallery\""}]},{"reference":"Kuc, Monika (11 September 2019). \"\"Nowa Figuracja – Nowa Ekspresja\": Dzicy w cenie\". Rzeczypospolita. Retrieved 10 December 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rp.pl/Sztuka/190919874-Nowa-Figuracja---Nowa-Ekspresja-Dzicy-w-cenie.html","url_text":"\"\"Nowa Figuracja – Nowa Ekspresja\": Dzicy w cenie\""}]},{"reference":"\"PGS in Sopot\". 27 September 2019. Retrieved 10 December 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://pgs.pl/nazywam-sie-czerwien/","url_text":"\"PGS in Sopot\""}]},{"reference":"\"Propaganda Gallery\". 20 September 2019. Retrieved 10 December 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.prpgnd.net/exhibitions/2019/WGW-2019-Tropical-Craze","url_text":"\"Propaganda Gallery\""}]},{"reference":"\"MOCAK in Cracow\". 24 October 2019. Retrieved 10 December 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.mocak.pl/world-war-ii-drama-symbol-trauma","url_text":"\"MOCAK in Cracow\""}]},{"reference":"\"NS-DOKU\". 28 November 2019. Retrieved 10 December 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://yesterdaytomorrow.nsdoku.de/","url_text":"\"NS-DOKU\""}]},{"reference":"\"CRP in Oronsko\". 14 November 2019. Retrieved 10 December 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rzezba-oronsko.pl/EN/index.php?news,1458,anti_monuments_","url_text":"\"CRP in Oronsko\""}]},{"reference":"\"Silesia Museum in Katowice\". 23 November 2019. Retrieved 10 December 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://muzeumslaskie.pl/en/wystawy/the-spirit-of-nature-and-other-fairy-tales/","url_text":"\"Silesia Museum in Katowice\""}]},{"reference":"Zachęta, National Gallery of Art (2 February 2021). \"SCULPTURE IN SEARCH OF A PLACE\". Zachęta official website. Retrieved 2 July 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://zacheta.art.pl/en/wystawy/rzezba-w-poszukiwaniu-miejsca?setlang=1","url_text":"\"SCULPTURE IN SEARCH OF A PLACE\""}]},{"reference":"Castello di Rivoli, Museo d'Arte Contemporanea (24 June 2021). \"A.B.O. THEATRON. Art or Life\". Official website of the museum. Retrieved 2 July 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.castellodirivoli.org/en/mostra/achille-bonito-oliva/","url_text":"\"A.B.O. THEATRON. Art or Life\""}]},{"reference":"Kowalewski, Paweł (24 June 2021). \"Exhibition \"Art or Life\"\". Official website of the artist. Retrieved 2 July 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://pawelkowalewski.pl/en/4790-2/","url_text":"\"Exhibition \"Art or Life\"\""}]},{"reference":"Deptuła, Bogusław (30 July 2021). \"***KU WOLNOŚCI\". PGS in Sopot. Retrieved 11 October 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://pgs.pl/ku-wolnosci-polska-sztuka-lat-80-i-90-tych-xx-w-z-kolekcji-wernera-jerke-z-recklinghausen/","url_text":"\"***KU WOLNOŚCI\""}]},{"reference":"Kowalewski, Paweł (30 July 2021). \"***Towards Freedom – exhibition\". Paweł Kowalewski's official webpage. Retrieved 11 October 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://pawelkowalewski.pl/en/exhibition-towards-freedom-at-the-state-art-gallery-in-sopot/","url_text":"\"***Towards Freedom – exhibition\""}]},{"reference":"Deptuła, Bogusław (11 October 2021). \"My i psy, psy i my\". PGS in Sopot. Retrieved 11 October 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://pgs.pl/my-i-psy-psy-i-my/","url_text":"\"My i psy, psy i my\""}]},{"reference":"Kowalewski, Paweł (11 October 2021). \"Us and dogs, dogs and us – exhibition\". Paweł Kowalewski's official webpage. Retrieved 11 October 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://pawelkowalewski.pl/en/us-and-dogs-dogs-and-us-exhibition-in-sopot/","url_text":"\"Us and dogs, dogs and us – exhibition\""}]},{"reference":"Szewczyk, Agnieszka (23 February 2022). \"\"Ćwiczenia ze sztuki\"\". Retrieved 23 February 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://asp.waw.pl/2022/01/19/cwiczenia-ze-sztuki-kolekcja-muzeum-asp-w-warszawie/","url_text":"\"\"Ćwiczenia ze sztuki\"\""}]},{"reference":"\"Oh, it's all right now\".","urls":[{"url":"https://en.prpgnd.net/exhibitions/2013/Oh-it-s-all-right-now","url_text":"\"Oh, it's all right now\""}]}]
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Paweł Kowalewski, adiunkt – Wydział Wzornictwa\""},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ee3fyli3XVs","external_links_name":"PAWEŁ KOWALEWSKI (COMMUNICATION UNLIMITED) – WYWIAD DLA TVP 2 PANORAMA"},{"Link":"https://ww.asp.waw.pl/dr-hab-pawel-kowalewski/","external_links_name":"dr hab. Paweł Kowalewski, adiunkt"},{"Link":"http://pawelkowalewski.pl/app/uploads/2020/03/profesor-asp-pawel-kowalewski.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Letter from the rector of the Academy\""},{"Link":"http://pawelkowalewski.pl/1206-2/","external_links_name":"\"Biography\""},{"Link":"https://www.documenta.de/en/retrospective/documenta_8","external_links_name":"\"documenta 8 – Retrospective – documenta\""},{"Link":"https://www.rp.pl/artykul/1314772-Anda-Rottenberg-sprzedaje-swoje-zbiory.html","external_links_name":"\"Anda Rottenberg sprzedaje swoje zbiory\""},{"Link":"http://commu.pl/Communicatin_Unlimited_CU_Art_12.html","external_links_name":"\"Paweł Kowalewski. Obraz z cyklu \"Fin de siècle\" – Communication Unlimited\""},{"Link":"http://brachotgallery.be/","external_links_name":"\"Brachot Gallery – Art consulting in modern and contemporary art\""},{"Link":"http://pawelkowalewski.pl/en/fin-de-siecle-2/","external_links_name":"\"Fin de siècle\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160930213347/http://www.forbes.com/sites/abinlot/2016/09/29/through-its-focus-on-eastern-european-art-viennacontemporary-leads-austrias-cultural-resurgence/","external_links_name":"\"Viennacontemporary Leads Austria's Cultural Resurgence\""},{"Link":"https://www.forbes.com/sites/abinlot/2016/09/29/through-its-focus-on-eastern-european-art-viennacontemporary-leads-austrias-cultural-resurgence/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.artsy.net/artist/pawel-kowalewski","external_links_name":"\"Paweł Kowalewski – 1 Artworks, Bio & Shows on Artsy\""},{"Link":"https://www.monopol-magazin.de/viennacontemporary","external_links_name":"\"10 Highlights der Viennacontemporary | Monopol – Magazin für Kunst und Leben\""},{"Link":"http://pawelkowalewski.pl/en/not-allowed/","external_links_name":"\"NOT ALLOWED!\""},{"Link":"https://en.prpgnd.net/exhibitions/2012/Totalitarianism-simulator","external_links_name":"\"Totalitarianism Simulator\""},{"Link":"http://pawelkowalewski.pl/en/totalitarianism-simulator/","external_links_name":"\"Totalitarianism Simulator\""},{"Link":"http://www.museumjerke.com/termine/recklinghausen-leuchtet/","external_links_name":"\"Recklinghausen leuchtet – Museum Jerke| Jerke Art Foundation gGmbH\""},{"Link":"http://pawelkowalewski.pl/en/creations/?_sft_piece_of_work_kind=paintings&sort_order=date+asc","external_links_name":"\"Paweł Kowalewski\""},{"Link":"http://contemporarylynx.co.uk/calendarevent/recklinghausen-pawel-kowalewski","external_links_name":"\"Recklinghausen: Paweł Kowalewski | Contemporary Lynx – print and online magazine on art & visual culture\""},{"Link":"http://www.imnk.pl/gallerybox.php?dir=XX266","external_links_name":"\"iMNK – Paweł Kowalewski, Błękitny kwadrat na błękitnym tle. 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Anda Rottenberg about Paweł Kowalewski's paintings\""},{"Link":"https://prpgnd.net/artysci/Pawel-Kowalewski/Wystawy","external_links_name":"\"Artist's bio\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120221001309/http://galeriapropaganda.com/artists/pawel-kowalewski","external_links_name":"\"Pawel Kowalewski – Galeria Propaganda\""},{"Link":"http://galeriapropaganda.com/artists/pawel-kowalewski/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://diepresse.com/home/kultur/kunst/5087152/Wien-wird-international","external_links_name":"\"Wien wird international\""},{"Link":"https://en.prpgnd.net/projects/Magmatism","external_links_name":"\"Propaganda Gallery\""},{"Link":"https://www.ggm.gda.pl/en,0,0,2141,Only_broken_clocks_show_the_right_time,0,0,index.php","external_links_name":"\"City Gdansk Gallery\""},{"Link":"https://www.rp.pl/Sztuka/190919874-Nowa-Figuracja---Nowa-Ekspresja-Dzicy-w-cenie.html","external_links_name":"\"\"Nowa Figuracja – Nowa Ekspresja\": Dzicy w cenie\""},{"Link":"https://pgs.pl/nazywam-sie-czerwien/","external_links_name":"\"PGS in Sopot\""},{"Link":"https://en.prpgnd.net/exhibitions/2019/WGW-2019-Tropical-Craze","external_links_name":"\"Propaganda Gallery\""},{"Link":"https://en.mocak.pl/world-war-ii-drama-symbol-trauma","external_links_name":"\"MOCAK in Cracow\""},{"Link":"https://yesterdaytomorrow.nsdoku.de/","external_links_name":"\"NS-DOKU\""},{"Link":"https://www.rzezba-oronsko.pl/EN/index.php?news,1458,anti_monuments_","external_links_name":"\"CRP in Oronsko\""},{"Link":"https://muzeumslaskie.pl/en/wystawy/the-spirit-of-nature-and-other-fairy-tales/","external_links_name":"\"Silesia Museum in Katowice\""},{"Link":"https://zacheta.art.pl/en/wystawy/rzezba-w-poszukiwaniu-miejsca?setlang=1","external_links_name":"\"SCULPTURE IN SEARCH OF A PLACE\""},{"Link":"https://www.castellodirivoli.org/en/mostra/achille-bonito-oliva/","external_links_name":"\"A.B.O. THEATRON. Art or Life\""},{"Link":"https://pawelkowalewski.pl/en/4790-2/","external_links_name":"\"Exhibition \"Art or Life\"\""},{"Link":"https://pgs.pl/ku-wolnosci-polska-sztuka-lat-80-i-90-tych-xx-w-z-kolekcji-wernera-jerke-z-recklinghausen/","external_links_name":"\"***KU WOLNOŚCI\""},{"Link":"https://pawelkowalewski.pl/en/exhibition-towards-freedom-at-the-state-art-gallery-in-sopot/","external_links_name":"\"***Towards Freedom – exhibition\""},{"Link":"https://pgs.pl/my-i-psy-psy-i-my/","external_links_name":"\"My i psy, psy i my\""},{"Link":"https://pawelkowalewski.pl/en/us-and-dogs-dogs-and-us-exhibition-in-sopot/","external_links_name":"\"Us and dogs, dogs and us – exhibition\""},{"Link":"https://asp.waw.pl/2022/01/19/cwiczenia-ze-sztuki-kolekcja-muzeum-asp-w-warszawie/","external_links_name":"\"\"Ćwiczenia ze sztuki\"\""},{"Link":"https://en.prpgnd.net/exhibitions/2013/Oh-it-s-all-right-now","external_links_name":"\"Oh, it's all right now\""},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/238576618","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJgRXx8rqXCX9rBpgkg9Xd","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/174232497","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=js20241228352&CON_LNG=ENG","external_links_name":"Czech Republic"},{"Link":"https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810702574205606","external_links_name":"Poland"},{"Link":"https://www.idref.fr/233234616","external_links_name":"IdRef"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simone_Hanselmann
Simone Hanselmann
["1 Filmography","1.1 Films","1.2 Series","2 Theatre","3 External links"]
German actress This biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately from the article and its talk page, especially if potentially libelous.Find sources: "Simone Hanselmann" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (June 2019) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Simone HanselmannBorn (1979-12-06) 6 December 1979 (age 44)Mülheim an der Ruhr Simone Hanselmann (born 6 December 1979) is a German actress. She started as a model and from 1998 to 1999, she played the role the bulimic schizophrenic model Anna Meisner (also Judith Unger and Susi) in the series Gute Zeiten, schlechte Zeiten. She has worked in movies such as Flashback  and in more television series like Schulmädchen or Alles außer Sex. Filmography Films 2000: Flashback , as Lissy Schröder 2000: Girl 2001: 99 Euro – Der Hüpfer 2001: Zwei Engel auf Streife (Pilotfilm), as Laura Koslowski 2002: Schulmädchen (Pilotfilm), as Stella 2002: Rosamunde Pilcher – Flammen der Liebe / Paradies der Träume, as Monica 2002: Click 2004: Shark Attack in the Mediterranean , as Tina Stein 2004: Alles außer Sex (Pilotfilm), as Edda 2005: Polly Blue Eyes  2007: Reclaim Your Brain, as Anna 2007: Das Traumhotel: China, as Anna Series 1998–1999: Gute Zeiten, schlechte Zeiten, as Anna Meisner/Judith Unger/Susi 2001–2002: Zwei Engel auf Streife, as Laura Koslowski 2002: Krista 2003: Berlin, Berlin 2003: Unser Charly 2004: SOKO Kitzbühel, as Michelle Walter, Gastauftritt 2004: In aller Freundschaft 2004-2005: Schulmädchen, as Stella 2005-2007: Alles außer Sex, as Edda 2005: Wilde Engel , as Britta Koch, Gastauftritt 2005/06: Tierärztin Dr. Mertens, as Alexandra 2008: Alarm für Cobra 11: "Schattenmann", as Prosecutor Saskia Ehrbach Theatre Therapie zwecklos (Köln) Café Lichtenberg (Köln) External links Simone Hanselmann at IMDb Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF National Germany United States Artists MusicBrainz People Deutsche Biographie This article about a German film and television actor is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"German","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany"},{"link_name":"bulimic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulimic"},{"link_name":"schizophrenic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schizophrenia"},{"link_name":"Gute Zeiten, schlechte Zeiten","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gute_Zeiten,_schlechte_Zeiten"},{"link_name":"Flashback","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Flashback_(2000_film)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"de","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flashback_%E2%80%93_M%C3%B6rderische_Ferien"},{"link_name":"Schulmädchen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schulm%C3%A4dchen"},{"link_name":"Alles außer Sex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alles_au%C3%9Fer_Sex"}],"text":"Simone Hanselmann (born 6 December 1979) is a German actress.She started as a model and from 1998 to 1999, she played the role the bulimic schizophrenic model Anna Meisner (also Judith Unger and Susi) in the series Gute Zeiten, schlechte Zeiten.She has worked in movies such as Flashback [de] and in more television series like Schulmädchen or Alles außer Sex.","title":"Simone Hanselmann"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Flashback","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Flashback_(2000_film)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"de","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flashback_%E2%80%93_M%C3%B6rderische_Ferien"},{"link_name":"Schulmädchen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schulm%C3%A4dchen"},{"link_name":"Rosamunde Pilcher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosamunde_Pilcher"},{"link_name":"Shark Attack in the Mediterranean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shark_Attack_in_the_Mediterranean&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"de","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hai-Alarm_auf_Mallorca"},{"link_name":"Polly Blue Eyes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Polly_Blue_Eyes&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"de","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polly_Blue_Eyes"},{"link_name":"Reclaim Your Brain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reclaim_Your_Brain"},{"link_name":"Das Traumhotel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Das_Traumhotel"}],"sub_title":"Films","text":"2000: Flashback [de], as Lissy Schröder\n2000: Girl\n2001: 99 Euro – Der Hüpfer\n2001: Zwei Engel auf Streife (Pilotfilm), as Laura Koslowski\n2002: Schulmädchen (Pilotfilm), as Stella\n2002: Rosamunde Pilcher – Flammen der Liebe / Paradies der Träume, as Monica\n2002: Click\n2004: Shark Attack in the Mediterranean [de], as Tina Stein\n2004: Alles außer Sex (Pilotfilm), as Edda\n2005: Polly Blue Eyes [de]\n2007: Reclaim Your Brain, as Anna\n2007: Das Traumhotel: China, as Anna","title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gute Zeiten, schlechte Zeiten","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gute_Zeiten,_schlechte_Zeiten"},{"link_name":"Berlin, Berlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin,_Berlin"},{"link_name":"Unser Charly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unser_Charly"},{"link_name":"SOKO Kitzbühel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SOKO_Kitzb%C3%BChel"},{"link_name":"In aller Freundschaft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In_aller_Freundschaft"},{"link_name":"Schulmädchen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schulm%C3%A4dchen"},{"link_name":"Alles außer Sex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alles_au%C3%9Fer_Sex"},{"link_name":"Wilde Engel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wilde_Engel&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"de","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilde_Engel"},{"link_name":"Tierärztin Dr. Mertens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tier%C3%A4rztin_Dr._Mertens"},{"link_name":"Alarm für Cobra 11","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alarm_f%C3%BCr_Cobra_11_%E2%80%93_Die_Autobahnpolizei"}],"sub_title":"Series","text":"1998–1999: Gute Zeiten, schlechte Zeiten, as Anna Meisner/Judith Unger/Susi\n2001–2002: Zwei Engel auf Streife, as Laura Koslowski\n2002: Krista\n2003: Berlin, Berlin\n2003: Unser Charly\n2004: SOKO Kitzbühel, as Michelle Walter, Gastauftritt\n2004: In aller Freundschaft\n2004-2005: Schulmädchen, as Stella\n2005-2007: Alles außer Sex, as Edda\n2005: Wilde Engel [de], as Britta Koch, Gastauftritt\n2005/06: Tierärztin Dr. Mertens, as Alexandra\n2008: Alarm für Cobra 11: \"Schattenmann\", as Prosecutor Saskia Ehrbach","title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Köln","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6ln"},{"link_name":"Köln","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6ln"}],"text":"Therapie zwecklos (Köln)\nCafé Lichtenberg (Köln)","title":"Theatre"}]
[]
null
[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_UCLA_Bruins_in_the_NBA
List of UCLA Bruins in the NBA
["1 NBA players","2 NBA draftees","3 Notes","4 References"]
Exhibit at UCLA Athletics Hall of Fame on UCLA players in the NBA The men's college basketball program of the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) was founded in 1920 and is known competitively as the UCLA Bruins. The Bruins have won 11 NCAA Division I championships, including 10 under coach John Wooden, which gives them the most of any school. Many former players advanced to play professionally in the National Basketball Association (NBA). During the 2010–2011 NBA season, UCLA had 14 active players in the NBA, more than any other program. As of the 2023–24 season, 104 former UCLA players have played in the NBA. NBA players Following are former Bruins who have played at least one game in the NBA. Player Former UCLA player who played in the NBA UCLA Years played at UCLA NBA Years played in the NBA Year Year selected in the NBA draft. U if the player was undrafted Rnd Round selected in the draft. Territorial picks noted by "T" Pick Overall position selected in the draft Min Minutes per game average in NBA career Pts Points per game average in NBA career Reb Rebounds per game average in NBA career Ast Assists per game average in NBA career ASG The number of times the player had been selected to play in the NBA All-Star Game as of 2024 ^ Denotes player who was still active in the NBA during the 2023–24 season * Elected to the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame as a player * Elected to the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame as a contributor † Transferred from UCLA to another school Kareem Abdul-Jabbar (formerly Lew Alcindor) with the Los Angeles Lakers in the late 1980s Baron Davis with the Golden State Warriors in 2008 Mark Eaton with the Utah Jazz c. 1988 Gail Goodrich with the Los Angeles Lakers in 1973 Jrue Holiday with the Milwaukee Bucks in 2021 Marques Johnson with the Bruins in 1977. Zach LaVine at 2022 NBA All-Star Game Kevin Love with the Cleveland Cavaliers in 2014 Reggie Miller in 2010 Willie Naulls in 1956 Bill Walton of the Boston Celtics in 1987 Russell Westbrook of the Oklahoma City Thunder in 2011 Sidney Wicks with Portland Trail Blazers in 1972 Jamaal Wilkes with UCLA in 1971–72 Statistics updated through end of 2022–23 NBA season Player Career NBA draft NBA statistics Ref UCLA NBA Year Rnd Pick Min Pts Reb Ast ASG Kareem Abdul-Jabbar*(formerly Lew Alcindor) 1966–1969 1969–1989 1969 1 1 36.8 24.6 11.2 3.6 19 Jordan Adams 2012–2014 2014–2016 2014 1 22 8.2 3.2 0.9 0.6 0 Arron Afflalo 2004–2007 2007–2018 2007 1 27 27.3 10.8 2.9 1.8 0 Lucius Allen 1966–1968 1969–1979 1969 1 3 28.7 13.4 3.1 4.5 0 Darrell Allums 1976–1980 1980–1981 1980 5 103 12.5 2.7 3.0 1.1 0 Kyle Anderson^ 2012–2014 2014–present 2014 1 30 21.8 7.0 4.5 2.6 0 Ike Anigbogu 2016–2017 2017–2019 2017 2 47 2.6 0.9 0.9 0.1 0 Trevor Ariza 2003–2004 2004–2022 2004 2 43 29.5 10.4 4.8 2.1 0 Amari Bailey^ 2022–2023 2023–present 2023 2 41 – – – – 0 Toby Bailey 1994–1998 1998–2000 1998 2 45 9.6 3.3. 1.7 0.6 0 Lonzo Ball^ 2016–2017 2017–present 2017 1 2 32.5 11.9 5.7 6.2 0 Don Barksdale* 1946–1947 1951–1955 U — — 28.5 11.0 8.0 2.1 1 Matt Barnes 1998–2002 2003–2017 2002 2 45 23.6 8.2 4.6 1.8 0 Jules Bernard^ 2018–2022 2023–present U — — – – – – 0 Henry Bibby 1969–1972 1972–1981 1972 4 58 22.9 8.6 2.3 3.3 0 Jonah Bolden 2015–2016 2018–2020 2017 2 36 13.5 4.3 3.4 0.8 0 Cedric Bozeman 2001–2006 2006–2007 U — — 8.7 1.1 1.0 0.4 0 Moses Brown^ 2018–2019 2019–present U — — 12.4 5.5 5.2 0.1 0 Mitchell Butler 1989–1993 1993–2004 U — — 15.1 5.2 2.0 0.9 0 Darren Collison 2005–2009 2009–2022 2009 1 21 29.3 12.5 2.7 5.0 0 Baron Davis 1996–1999 1999–2012 1999 1 3 34.2 16.1 3.8 7.2 2 Darren Daye 1979–1983 1983–1988 1983 3 57 15.9 6.8 2.6 2.0 0 Larry Drew II 2010–2013 2015–2018 U — — 13.1 2.9 0.8 2.5 0 Ralph Drollinger 1972–1976 1980–1981 1978 5 105 11.2 2.5 3.2 2.3 0 Mark Eaton 1980–1982 1982–1993 1982 4 72 28.8 6.0 7.9 1.0 1 Tyus Edney 1991–1995 1995–2001 1995 2 47 21.0 7.6 1.7 4.0 0 Keith Erickson 1962–1965 1965–1977 1965 3 18 24.6 9.5 4.5 2.6 0 Jordan Farmar 2004–2006 2006–2016 2006 1 26 19.5 7.7 1.9 2.9 0 Kenny Fields 1980–1984 1984–1988 1984 1 21 14.6 6.2 2.5 1.0 0 Greg Foster 1985–1988† 1990–2003 1990 2 35 12.2 3.9 2.6 0.5 0 Rod Foster 1979–1983 1983–1986 1983 2 28 16.6 7.5 1.2 2.3 0 Dan Gadzuric 1998–2002 2002–2012 2002 2 33 14.8 4.7 4.4 0.4 0 Corey Gaines 1983–1986† 1988–1995 1988 3 65 12.5 3.1 0.9 3.1 0 Gail Goodrich* 1962–1965 1965–1979 1965 T — 32.5 18.6 3.2 4.7 5 Drew Gordon 2008–2010† 2014 U — — 7.9 1.9 2.0 0.2 0 Stuart Gray 1981–1984 1984–1991 1984 2 29 9.0 2.3 2.6 0.4 0 David Greenwood 1975–1979 1979–1991 1979 1 2 28.4 10.2 7.9 2.0 0 Jack Haley 1984–1987 1988–1998 1987 4 79 9.6 3.5 2.7 0.2 0 Roy Hamilton 1975–1979 1979–1981 1979 1 10 15.4 4.6 1.5 2.6 0 Walt Hazzard 1961–1964 1964–1974 1964 T — 26.5 12.6 3.0 4.9 1 J. R. Henderson 1994–1998 1998–1999 1998 2 56 11.0 3.2 1.6 0.7 0 Aaron Holiday^ 2015–2018 2018–present 2018 1 23 17.2 6.6 1.6 2.2 0 Jrue Holiday^ 2007–2009 2009–present 2009 1 17 33.1 16.4 4.1 6.5 2 Brad Holland 1975–1979 1979–1982 1979 1 14 7.4 3.2 0.6 0.7 0 Ryan Hollins 2002–2006 2006–2016 2006 2 50 11.8 3.7 2.2 0.3 0 Michael Holton 1979–1983 1984–1990 1983 3 53 18.0 6.2 1.4 3.0 0 Tyler Honeycutt 2009–2011 2011–2013 2011 2 35 5.0 1.2 1.0 0.4 0 Ralph Jackson 1980–1984 1984–1985 1984 4 71 12.0 2.0 1.0 4.0 0 Jaime Jaquez Jr.^ 2019–2023 2023–present 2023 1 18 – – – – 0 Marques Johnson 1973–1977 1977–1990 1977 1 3 34.3 20.1 7.0 3.6 5 Johnny Juzang^ 2020–2022 2022–present U — — 12.9 4.8 2.2 0.4 0 Jason Kapono 1999–2003 2003–2012 2003 2 31 17.8 6.7 1.7 0.8 0 Edgar Lacy 1964–1966 1968–1969 1968 4 43 13.2 5.1 3.9 0.7 0 Zach LaVine^ 2013–2014 2014–present 2014 1 13 32.4 20.5 4.0 3.9 2 T. J. Leaf 2016–2017 2017–2021 2017 1 18 8.5 3.3 1.9 0.3 0 Greg Lee 1971–1974 1974–1976 1974 7 115 9.8 2.4 0.5 2.4 0 Malcolm Lee 2008–2011 2011–2014 2011 2 43 14.8 3.9 1.8 1.4 0 Kevon Looney^ 2014–2015 2015–present 2015 1 30 17.8 5.1 5.6 1.6 0 Kevin Love^ 2007–2008 2008–present 2008 1 5 30.1 16.9 10.4 2.3 5 Mike Lynn 1964–1968 1969–1971 1968 4 39 8.7 2.6 1.4 0.6 0 Don MacLean 1988–1992 1992–2001 1992 1 19 20.9 10.9 3.8 1.3 0 Gerald Madkins 1987–1992 1993–1998 U — — 8.8 1.7 0.5 1.4 0 Darrick Martin 1988–1992 1994–2008 U — — 17.8 6.9 1.1 2.9 0 Luc Richard Mbah a Moute 2005–2008 2008–2020 2008 2 37 23.3 6.4 4.1 0.9 0 Andre McCarter 1973–1976 1976–1981 1976 3 89 11.5 3.8 0.9 1.7 0 Jelani McCoy 1995–1998 1998–2008 1998 2 33 14.7 4.6 3.5 0.5 0 Dave Meyers 1972–1975 1975–1980 1975 1 2 26.6 11.2 6.3 2.3 0 Reggie Miller* 1983–1987 1987–2005 1987 1 11 34.3 18.2 3.0 3.0 5 Dave Minor 1946–1948 1951–1953 U — — 27.3 7.6 4.5 2.5 0 Jérôme Moïso 1998–2000 2000–2005 2000 1 11 9.6 2.7 2.7 0.3 0 Shabazz Muhammad 2012–2013 2013–2018 2013 1 14 17.2 9.0 2.8 0.5 0 Tracy Murray 1989–1992 1992–2004 1992 1 18 18.4 9.0 2.5 0.8 0 Swen Nater 1971–1973 1973–1984 1973 1 16 28.7 12.4 11.6 1.7 2 Willie Naulls 1953–1956 1956–1966 1956 — — 28.8 15.8 9.1 1.6 4 Charles O'Bannon 1993–1997 1997–1999 1997 2 31 8.3 2.5 1.4 0.6 0 Ed O'Bannon 1991–1995 1995–1997 1995 1 9 16.1 5.0 2.5 0.8 0 Keith Owens 1987–1991 1991–1992 U — — 4.0 1.3 0.8 0.2 0 Steve Patterson 1968–1971 1971–1976 1971 2 18 15.9 4.4 4.7 1.3 0 Richard Petruška 1992–1993 1993–1994 1993 2 46 4.2 2.4 1.4 0.0 0 Norman Powell^ 2011–2015 2015–present 2015 2 46 22.8 12.0 2.6 1.5 0 Jerome "Pooh" Richardson 1985–1989 1989–1999 1989 1 10 30.4 11.1 2.8 6.5 0 Curtis Rowe 1968–1971 1971–1979 1971 1 11 31.0 11.6 7.2 1.6 1 Mike Sanders 1978–1982 1982–1993 1982 4 74 19.1 8.0 3.0 1.4 0 Alan Sawyer 1945–1950 1950–1951 1950 3 — — 6.6 3.8 0.8 0 Lynn Shackelford 1966–1969 1969–1970 1969 7 91 8.3 2.6 1.2 0.5 0 Dijon Thompson 2001–2005 2005–2007 2005 2 54 5.8 2.8 1.2 0.2 0 Raymond Townsend 1974–1978 1978–1982 1978 1 22 13.1 4.8 1.0 1.4 0 John Vallely 1967–1970 1970–1972 1970 1 14 8.0 3.6 0.7 0.8 0 Kiki Vandeweghe 1976–1980 1980–1993 1980 1 11 30.3 19.7 3.4 2.1 2 Brett Vroman 1974–1977† 1980–1981 1978 4 87 8.5 3.1 2.3 0.8 0 Bill Walton* 1971–1974 1974–1987 1974 1 1 28.3 13.3 10.5 3.4 2 Richard Washington 1973–1976 1976–1982 1976 1 3 22.4 9.8 6.3 1.2 0 Earl Watson 1997–2001 2001–2014 2001 2 39 22.2 6.4 2.3 4.4 0 Peyton Watson^ 2021–2022 2022–present 2022 1 30 8.1 3.3 1.6 0.5 0 David Wear 2011–2014 2015 U — — 3.5 0.0 1.0 0.5 0 Travis Wear 2011–2014 2014–2018 U — — 13.2 4.0 2.1 0.7 0 Thomas Welsh 2014–2018 2018–2019 2018 2 58 3.3 1.6 0.4 0.5 0 Russell Westbrook^ 2006–2008 2008–present 2008 1 4 34.3 22.4 7.3 8.4 9 Sidney Wicks 1968–1971 1971–1981 1971 1 2 33.9 16.8 8.7 3.2 4 Jamaal Wilkes*(formerly Keith Wilkes) 1971–1974 1974–1986 1974 1 11 32.9 17.7 6.2 2.5 3 James Wilkes 1976–1980 1980–1983 1980 3 50 13.4 4.8 2.4 0.9 0 Trevor Wilson 1986–1990 1990–1996 1990 2 36 15.6 5.7 3.4 1.0 0 Brad Wright 1981–1985 1986–1988 1985 3 49 9.1 3.4 3.4 0.1 0 George Zidek 1991–1995 1995–1998 1995 1 22 9.8 3.4 2.1 0.2 0 NBA draftees The following former Bruins were selected in the NBA draft but never played a game in the league. Player Former UCLA player who was drafted by the NBA UCLA career Years played at UCLA Year Year selected in the NBA draft. Rnd Round selected in the draft. Pick Overall position selected in the draft † Transferred from UCLA to another school Tommy Curtis with UCLA c. 1972 John Stanich played in the Amateur Athletic Union after UCLA. Kenny Washington with the Bruins c. 1964 Updated through the 2022 NBA draft Player UCLAcareer NBA draft Year Rnd Pick Tony Anderson 1977–1982 1982 7 151 John Berberich 1959–1961 1961 5 48 Kenny Booker 1968–1971 1971 14 213 Don Bragg 1952–1955 1955 — — Gary Cunningham 1959–1962 1962 7 58 Tommy Curtis 1970–1974 1974 7 117 Jack Davidson 1951–1953 1954 10 — Kenny Easley — 1981 10 216 Bill Ellis 1959–1961 1961 8 72 Larry Farmer 1970–1973 1973 7 108 John Green 1959–1962 1962 3 24 Jaylen Hands 2017–2019 2019 2 56 Montel Hatcher 1982–1987 1987 7 149 Kenny Heitz 1966–1969 1969 5 59 Larry Hollyfield 1970–1973 1973 7 105 Carl Kraushaar 1949–1950 1950 8 — Gary Maloncon 1981–1985 1985 7 143 Nigel Miguel 1981–1985 1985 3 62 John Moore 1951–1955 1955 7 — Tyren Naulls 1978–1980† 1983 5 110 Cliff Pruitt 1979–1981† 1983 6 118 Dean Sears 1980–1982 1982 9 200 Gig Sims 1976–1980 1980 7 148 Vic Sison — 1981 10 206 George Stanich 1948–1950 1950 2 — John Stanich 1947–1948 1948 — — Bill Sweek 1965–1969 1969 7 86 Morris Taft 1954–1956 1956 8 — Marvin Thomas 1974–1979 1979 10 190 Walt Torrence 1956–1959 1959 8 58 Pete Trgovich 1972–1975 1975 3 44 Michael Warren 1965–1968 1968 14 173 Kenny Washington 1964–1966 1966 8 71 Notes ^ a b Includes players in the American Basketball Association (ABA), which merged with the NBA in 1976. ^ a b c d e Includes statistics from American Basketball Association (ABA), which merged with the NBA in 1976. ^ Includes All-Star games in the American Basketball Association (ABA), which merged with the NBA in 1976. ^ Lew Alcindor changed his name to Kareem Abdul-Jabbar in 1971. ^ Keith Wilkes changed his name to Jamaal Abdul-Lateef in 1975, but retained his surname for the purposes of public recognition and is better known as Jamaal Wilkes. ^ Easley played college football for UCLA (1977–1980), as well as junior-varsity basketball. He played football professionally in the National Football League. ^ Sison never played high school or college basketball. He is a former student manager for the Bruins under coach Larry Brown. The coach left UCLA for the New Jersey Nets in 1981, and selected Sison with a final-round pick. References General "2014–15 UCLA Men's Basketball Media Guide" (PDF). UCLA Athletic Department. 2014. pp. 155–56, 163–65. Archived (PDF) from the original on February 26, 2015. "Players Who Played For UCLA". Basketball Reference. Retrieved October 20, 2022. "Draft Picks From UCLA". Basketball Reference. Retrieved October 20, 2022. Specific ^ a b "Top 10 Colleges to Produce NBA Pros". RealClearSports. June 21, 2011. Archived from the original on March 23, 2012. ^ Hartman, Steve; Smith, Matt (2009). The Great Book of Los Angeles Sports Lists. Running Press. p. 200. ISBN 9780786748877. Retrieved March 22, 2012. ^ Pucin, Diane (January 17, 2012). "From UCLA to NBA, former Bruins appreciate Ben Howland's help". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on February 9, 2012. ^ "UCLA looks for first NCAA baseball title". ESPN.com. Associated Press. June 27, 2010. Archived from the original on May 21, 2011. 'It's obviously known as a basketball school with Coach Wooden and everything he did at UCLA and all the national championships and all the NBA players, and then certainly football has a rich tradition as well, and softball and gymnastics and volleyball and golf,' UCLA coach John Savage said Sunday. ^ "The legend is fading; UCLA basketball monster can't live up to its ferocious past". Boston Globe. United Press International. March 11, 1984. Twenty-six Bruins in the NBA. Yet, time has allowed the opposition to tug at Superman's cape.(subscription required) ^ "Kareem Abdul-Jabbar Bio". NBA.com. Turner Sports Interactive, Inc. Archived from the original on 5 March 2009. Retrieved March 20, 2009. ^ "Kareem Abdul-Jabbar Stats". Basketball Reference. Retrieved March 26, 2012. ^ "Jordan Adams Stats". Basketball Reference. Retrieved October 30, 2014. ^ "Arron Afflalo Stats". Basketball Reference. Retrieved March 26, 2012. ^ "Lucius Allen Stats". Basketball Reference. Retrieved March 26, 2012. ^ "Darrell Allums Stats". Basketball Reference. Retrieved March 26, 2012. ^ "Kyle Anderson Stats". Basketball Reference. Retrieved October 30, 2014. ^ "Ike Anigbodu Stats". Basketball Reference. Retrieved October 22, 2017. ^ "Trevor Ariza Stats". Basketball Reference. Retrieved March 26, 2012. ^ "Amari Bailey Stats". Basketball Reference. Retrieved October 23, 2023. ^ "Toby Bailey Stats". Basketball Reference. Retrieved March 26, 2012. ^ "Lonzo Ball Stats". Basketball Reference. Retrieved October 22, 2017. ^ "Don Barksdale Stats". Basketball Reference. Retrieved March 26, 2012. ^ "Matt Barnes Stats". Basketball Reference. Retrieved March 26, 2012. ^ "Jules Bernard Stats". Basketball Reference. Retrieved December 9, 2023. ^ "Henry Bibby Stats". Basketball Reference. Retrieved March 26, 2012. ^ "Jonah Bolden Stats". Basketball Reference. Retrieved October 16, 2018. ^ "Cedric Bozeman Stats". Basketball Reference. Retrieved March 26, 2012. ^ "Moses Brown Stats". Basketball Reference. Retrieved November 12, 2019. ^ "Mitchell Butler Stats". Basketball Reference. Retrieved March 26, 2012. ^ "Darren Collison Stats". Basketball Reference. Retrieved March 26, 2012. ^ "Baron Davis Stats". Basketball Reference. Retrieved March 26, 2012. ^ "Darren Daye Stats". Basketball Reference. Retrieved March 26, 2012. ^ "Larry Drew II Stats". Basketball Reference. Retrieved April 16, 2015. ^ "Ralph Drollinger Stats". Basketball Reference. Retrieved March 26, 2012. ^ "Mark Eaton Stats". Basketball Reference. Retrieved March 26, 2012. ^ "Tyus Edney Stats". Basketball Reference. Retrieved March 26, 2012. ^ "Keith Erickson Stats". Basketball Reference. Retrieved March 26, 2012. ^ "Jordan Farmar Stats". Basketball Reference. Retrieved March 26, 2012. ^ "Kenny Fields Stats". Basketball Reference. Retrieved March 26, 2012. ^ "Greg Foster Stats". Basketball Reference. Retrieved March 26, 2012. ^ "Rod Foster Stats". Basketball Reference. Retrieved March 26, 2012. ^ "Dan Gadzuric Stats". Basketball Reference. Retrieved March 26, 2012. ^ "Corey Gaines Stats". Basketball Reference. Retrieved March 26, 2012. ^ "Gail Goodrich Stats". Basketball Reference. Retrieved March 26, 2012. ^ "Drew Gordon Stats". Basketball Reference. Retrieved November 14, 2014. ^ "Stuart Gray Stats". Basketball Reference. Retrieved March 26, 2012. ^ "David Greenwood Stats". Basketball Reference. Retrieved March 26, 2012. ^ "Jack Haley Stats". Basketball Reference. Retrieved March 26, 2012. ^ "Roy Hamilton Stats". Basketball Reference. Retrieved March 26, 2012. ^ "Mahdi Abdul-Rahman Stats". Basketball Reference. Retrieved March 26, 2012. ^ "J.R. Henderson Stats". Basketball Reference. Retrieved March 26, 2012. ^ "Aaron Holiday Stats". Basketball Reference. Retrieved October 18, 2018. ^ "Jrue Holiday Stats". Basketball Reference. Retrieved March 26, 2012. ^ "Brad Holland Stats". Basketball Reference. Retrieved March 26, 2012. ^ "Ryan Hollins Stats". Basketball Reference. Retrieved March 26, 2012. ^ "Mike Holton Stats". Basketball Reference. Retrieved March 26, 2012. ^ "Tyler Honeycutt Stats". Basketball Reference. Retrieved March 26, 2012. ^ "Ralph Jackson Stats". Basketball Reference. Retrieved March 26, 2012. ^ "Jaime Jaquez Jr. Stats". Basketball Reference. Retrieved October 23, 2023. ^ "Marques Johnson Stats". Basketball Reference. Retrieved March 26, 2012. ^ "Johnny Juzang Stats". Basketball Reference. Retrieved March 1, 2023. ^ "Jason Kapono Stats". Basketball Reference. Retrieved March 26, 2012. ^ "Edgar Lacey Stats". Basketball Reference. Retrieved March 26, 2012. ^ "Zach Lavine Stats". Basketball Reference. Retrieved October 30, 2014. ^ "T. J. Leaf Stats". Basketball Reference. Retrieved October 22, 2017. ^ "Greg Lee Stats". Basketball Reference. Retrieved March 26, 2012. ^ "Malcolm Lee Stats". Basketball Reference. Retrieved March 26, 2012. ^ "Kevon Looney Stats". Basketball Reference. Retrieved January 28, 2016. ^ "Kevin Love Stats". Basketball Reference. Retrieved March 26, 2012. ^ "Mike Lynn Stats". Basketball Reference. Retrieved March 26, 2012. ^ "Don MacLean Stats". Basketball Reference. Retrieved March 26, 2012. ^ "Gerald Madkins Stats". Basketball Reference. Retrieved March 26, 2012. ^ "Darrick Martin Stats". Basketball Reference. Retrieved March 26, 2012. ^ "Luc Mbah a Moute Stats". Basketball Reference. Retrieved March 26, 2012. ^ "Andre McCarter Stats". Basketball Reference. Retrieved March 26, 2012. ^ "Jelani McCoy Stats". Basketball Reference. Retrieved March 26, 2012. ^ "Dave Meyers Stats". Basketball Reference. Retrieved March 26, 2012. ^ "Reggie Miller Stats". Basketball Reference. Retrieved March 26, 2012. ^ "Dave Miner Stats". Basketball Reference. Retrieved March 26, 2012. ^ "Jerome Moiso Stats". Basketball Reference. Retrieved March 26, 2012. ^ "Shabazz Muhammad Stats". Basketball Reference. Retrieved November 4, 2013. ^ "Tracy Murray Stats". Basketball Reference. Retrieved March 26, 2012. ^ "Swen Nater Stats". Basketball Reference. Retrieved March 26, 2012. ^ "Willie Naulls Stats". Basketball Reference. Retrieved March 26, 2012. ^ "Charles O"Bannon Stats". Basketball Reference. Retrieved March 26, 2012. ^ "Ed O'Bannon Stats". Basketball Reference. Retrieved March 26, 2012. ^ "Keith Owens Stats". Basketball Reference. Retrieved March 26, 2012. ^ "Steve Patterson Stats". Basketball Reference. Retrieved March 26, 2012. ^ "Richard Petruška Stats". Basketball Reference. Retrieved March 26, 2012. ^ "Norman Powell Stats". Basketball Reference. Retrieved December 5, 2015. ^ "Pooh Richardson Stats". Basketball Reference. Retrieved March 26, 2012. ^ "Curtis Rowe Stats". Basketball Reference. Retrieved March 26, 2012. ^ "Mike Sanders Rowe Stats". Basketball Reference. Retrieved March 26, 2012. ^ "Alan Sawyer Stats". Basketball Reference. Retrieved March 26, 2012. ^ "Lynn Shackelford Stats". Basketball Reference. Retrieved March 26, 2012. ^ "Dijon Thompson Stats". Basketball Reference. Retrieved March 26, 2012. ^ "Raymond Townsend Stats". Basketball Reference. Retrieved March 26, 2012. ^ "John Vallely Stats". Basketball Reference. Retrieved March 26, 2012. ^ "Kiki Vandeweghe Stats". Basketball Reference. Retrieved March 26, 2012. ^ "Brett Vroman Stats". Basketball Reference. Retrieved March 26, 2012. ^ "Bill Walton Stats". Basketball Reference. Retrieved March 26, 2012. ^ "Richard Washington Stats". Basketball Reference. Retrieved March 26, 2012. ^ "Earl Watson Stats". Basketball Reference. Retrieved March 26, 2012. ^ "Peyton Watson Stats". Basketball Reference. Retrieved October 20, 2012. ^ "David Wear Stats". Basketball Reference. Retrieved March 31, 2015. ^ "Travis Wear Stats". Basketball Reference. Retrieved October 30, 2014. ^ "Thomas Welsh Stats". Basketball Reference. Retrieved October 19, 2018. ^ "Russell Westbrook Stats". Basketball Reference. Retrieved March 26, 2012. ^ "Sidney Wicks Stats". Basketball Reference. Retrieved March 26, 2012. ^ "Wilkes Wants Name Changed to Jamaal Abdul-Lateef". Daytona Beach Morning Journal. Associated Press. July 26, 1975. Retrieved March 29, 2012. ^ "Jamaal Wilkes Bio". NBA.com. Turner Sports Interactive, Inc. Retrieved June 10, 2010. ^ Cotton, Anthony (February 9, 1981). "Like Snow On A Bamboo Leaf". Sports Illustrated. Time Inc. Retrieved March 6, 2020. ^ "Jamaal Wilkes Stats". Basketball Reference. Retrieved March 26, 2012. ^ "James Wilkes Stats". Basketball Reference. Retrieved March 26, 2012. ^ "Trevor Wilson Stats". Basketball Reference. Retrieved March 26, 2012. ^ "Brad Wright Stats". Basketball Reference. Retrieved March 26, 2012. ^ "George Zidek Stats". Basketball Reference. Retrieved March 26, 2012. ^ "1954 NBA Draft". basketball-reference.com. Retrieved January 29, 2015. ^ Drovetto, Tony (January 10, 2015). "12 Fun Facts About 12 Flag Raiser Kenny Easley". Seahawks.com. Archived from the original on January 14, 2015. Retrieved January 29, 2015. ^ Siler, Ross (June 22, 2009). "Utah Jazz: Marathon NBA drafts of yesteryear led to some amazing selections". The Salt Lake Tribune. Archived from the original on January 30, 2015. vteUCLA Bruins men's basketballVenues Men's Gym (1932–1965) Pan-Pacific Auditorium (alternate; 1949–1959) Venice High School (1955–1956) Los Angeles Memorial Sports Arena (1959–1965; 2011–2012) Honda Center (2011–2012) Pauley Pavilion (1965–present) Rivalries Arizona Notre Dame USC (Crosstown Cup) Culture & lore Blue blood status Game of the Century UCLA High Post Offense Joe Bruin People Head coaches Retired numbers NBA players Statistical leaders Seasons List of seasons 1919–20 1920–21 1921–22 1922–23 1923–24 1924–25 1925–26 1926–27 1927–28 1928–29 1929–30 1930–31 1931–32 1932–33 1933–34 1934–35 1935–36 1936–37 1937–38 1938–39 1939–40 1940–41 1941–42 1942–43 1943–44 1944–45 1945–46 1946–47 1947–48 1948–49 1949–50 1950–51 1951–52 1952–53 1953–54 1954–55 1955–56 1956–57 1957–58 1958–59 1959–60 1960–61 1961–62 1962–63 1963–64 1964–65 1965–66 1966–67 1967–68 1968–69 1969–70 1970–71 1971–72 1972–73 1973–74 1974–75 1975–76 1976–77 1977–78 1978–79 1979–80 1980–81 1981–82 1982–83 1983–84 1984–85 1985–86 1986–87 1987–88 1988–89 1989–90 1990–91 1991–92 1992–93 1993–94 1994–95 1995–96 1996–97 1997–98 1998–99 1999–2000 2000–01 2001–02 2002–03 2003–04 2004–05 2005–06 2006–07 2007–08 2008–09 2009–10 2010–11 2011–12 2012–13 2013–14 2014–15 2015–16 2016–17 2017–18 2018–19 2019–20 2020–21 2021–22 2022–23 2023–24 2024–25 NCAA national championships in bold; NCAA Final Four appearances in italics
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The Bruins have won 11 NCAA Division I championships, including 10 under coach John Wooden, which gives them the most of any school.[1] Many former players advanced to play professionally in the National Basketball Association (NBA).[2][3][4][5] During the 2010–2011 NBA season, UCLA had 14 active players in the NBA, more than any other program.[1] As of the 2023–24 season[update], 104 former UCLA players have played in the NBA.[needs update][a]","title":"List of UCLA Bruins in the NBA"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kareem-Abdul-Jabbar_Lipofsky.jpg"},{"link_name":"Kareem Abdul-Jabbar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kareem_Abdul-Jabbar"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles Lakers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Lakers"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Baron_throwback_(cropped).jpg"},{"link_name":"Baron Davis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baron_Davis"},{"link_name":"Golden State Warriors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_State_Warriors"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mark_Eaton_1988-89.jpg"},{"link_name":"Mark Eaton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Eaton"},{"link_name":"Utah Jazz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utah_Jazz"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gail_Goodrich_1973.jpeg"},{"link_name":"Gail Goodrich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gail_Goodrich"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles Lakers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Lakers"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Jrue_Holiday.jpg"},{"link_name":"Jrue Holiday","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jrue_Holiday"},{"link_name":"Milwaukee Bucks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milwaukee_Bucks"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Marques_johnson_ucla.JPG"},{"link_name":"Marques Johnson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marques_Johnson"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Zach_LaVine_(2022_All-Star_Weekend).jpg"},{"link_name":"Zach LaVine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zach_LaVine"},{"link_name":"2022 NBA All-Star Game","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_NBA_All-Star_Game"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kevin_Love_(15847116411).jpg"},{"link_name":"Kevin Love","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kevin_Love"},{"link_name":"Cleveland Cavaliers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleveland_Cavaliers"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Reggie_Miller_crop.png"},{"link_name":"Reggie Miller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reggie_Miller"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Willie_Naulls.jpg"},{"link_name":"Willie Naulls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willie_Naulls"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Walton_Lipofsky_(1_of_1).JPG"},{"link_name":"Bill Walton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Walton"},{"link_name":"Boston Celtics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Celtics"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Russell_Westbrook.jpg"},{"link_name":"Russell Westbrook","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russell_Westbrook"},{"link_name":"Oklahoma City Thunder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oklahoma_City_Thunder"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sidney_Wicks_%E2%80%93_Trail_Blazers_(1).jpg"},{"link_name":"Sidney Wicks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidney_Wicks"},{"link_name":"Portland Trail Blazers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portland_Trail_Blazers"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Jamaal_Wilkes_1971%E2%80%9372.png"},{"link_name":"Jamaal Wilkes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamaal_Wilkes"},{"link_name":"2022–23 NBA season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022%E2%80%9323_NBA_season"},{"link_name":"needs update","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items"}],"text":"Following are former Bruins who have played at least one game in the NBA.Kareem Abdul-Jabbar (formerly Lew Alcindor) with the Los Angeles Lakers in the late 1980sBaron Davis with the Golden State Warriors in 2008Mark Eaton with the Utah Jazz c. 1988Gail Goodrich with the Los Angeles Lakers in 1973Jrue Holiday with the Milwaukee Bucks in 2021Marques Johnson with the Bruins in 1977.Zach LaVine at 2022 NBA All-Star GameKevin Love with the Cleveland Cavaliers in 2014Reggie Miller in 2010Willie Naulls in 1956Bill Walton of the Boston Celtics in 1987Russell Westbrook of the Oklahoma City Thunder in 2011Sidney Wicks with Portland Trail Blazers in 1972Jamaal Wilkes with UCLA in 1971–72Statistics updated through end of 2022–23 NBA season[needs update]","title":"NBA players"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"NBA draft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NBA_draft"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tommy_Curtis.JPG"},{"link_name":"Tommy Curtis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tommy_Curtis"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Johnny_Stanich.jpg"},{"link_name":"John Stanich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Stanich"},{"link_name":"Amateur Athletic Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amateur_Athletic_Union"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kenny_Washington_1964.jpg"},{"link_name":"Kenny Washington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenny_Washington_(basketball)"},{"link_name":"2022 NBA draft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_NBA_draft"}],"text":"The following former Bruins were selected in the NBA draft but never played a game in the league.Tommy Curtis with UCLA c. 1972John Stanich played in the Amateur Athletic Union after UCLA.Kenny Washington with the Bruins c. 1964Updated through the 2022 NBA draft","title":"NBA draftees"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-aba_note_6-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-aba_note_6-1"},{"link_name":"American Basketball Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Basketball_Association"},{"link_name":"merged with the NBA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABA%E2%80%93NBA_merger"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-aba_stats_note_7-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-aba_stats_note_7-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-aba_stats_note_7-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-aba_stats_note_7-3"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-aba_stats_note_7-4"},{"link_name":"American Basketball Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Basketball_Association"},{"link_name":"merged with the NBA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABA%E2%80%93NBA_merger"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-allstar_8-0"},{"link_name":"American Basketball Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Basketball_Association"},{"link_name":"merged with the NBA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABA%E2%80%93NBA_merger"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-10"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-113"},{"link_name":"[106]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-110"},{"link_name":"[107]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wilkes-111"},{"link_name":"[108]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cotton-112"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-121"},{"link_name":"college football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_football"},{"link_name":"junior-varsity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Junior-varsity"},{"link_name":"National Football League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Football_League"},{"link_name":"[115]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-120"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-123"},{"link_name":"Larry Brown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larry_Brown_(basketball)"},{"link_name":"New Jersey Nets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Jersey_Nets"},{"link_name":"[116]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-122"}],"text":"^ a b Includes players in the American Basketball Association (ABA), which merged with the NBA in 1976.\n\n^ a b c d e Includes statistics from American Basketball Association (ABA), which merged with the NBA in 1976.\n\n^ Includes All-Star games in the American Basketball Association (ABA), which merged with the NBA in 1976.\n\n^ Lew Alcindor changed his name to Kareem Abdul-Jabbar in 1971.[6]\n\n^ Keith Wilkes changed his name to Jamaal Abdul-Lateef in 1975,[106] but retained his surname for the purposes of public recognition and is better known as Jamaal Wilkes.[107][108]\n\n^ Easley played college football for UCLA (1977–1980), as well as junior-varsity basketball. He played football professionally in the National Football League.[115]\n\n^ Sison never played high school or college basketball. He is a former student manager for the Bruins under coach Larry Brown. The coach left UCLA for the New Jersey Nets in 1981, and selected Sison with a final-round pick.[116]","title":"Notes"}]
[{"image_text":"Exhibit at UCLA Athletics Hall of Fame on UCLA players in the NBA","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/UCLA_Bruins_in_the_NBA_exhibit.JPG/240px-UCLA_Bruins_in_the_NBA_exhibit.JPG"},{"image_text":"Kareem Abdul-Jabbar (formerly Lew Alcindor) with the Los Angeles Lakers in the late 1980s","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Kareem-Abdul-Jabbar_Lipofsky.jpg/160px-Kareem-Abdul-Jabbar_Lipofsky.jpg"},{"image_text":"Baron Davis with the Golden State Warriors in 2008","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Baron_throwback_%28cropped%29.jpg/160px-Baron_throwback_%28cropped%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Mark Eaton with the Utah Jazz c. 1988","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Mark_Eaton_1988-89.jpg/160px-Mark_Eaton_1988-89.jpg"},{"image_text":"Gail Goodrich with the Los Angeles Lakers in 1973","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Gail_Goodrich_1973.jpeg/160px-Gail_Goodrich_1973.jpeg"},{"image_text":"Jrue Holiday with the Milwaukee Bucks in 2021","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Jrue_Holiday.jpg/160px-Jrue_Holiday.jpg"},{"image_text":"Marques Johnson with the Bruins in 1977.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Marques_johnson_ucla.JPG/160px-Marques_johnson_ucla.JPG"},{"image_text":"Zach LaVine at 2022 NBA All-Star Game","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Zach_LaVine_%282022_All-Star_Weekend%29.jpg/160px-Zach_LaVine_%282022_All-Star_Weekend%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Kevin Love with the Cleveland Cavaliers in 2014","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Kevin_Love_%2815847116411%29.jpg/160px-Kevin_Love_%2815847116411%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Reggie Miller in 2010","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Reggie_Miller_crop.png/160px-Reggie_Miller_crop.png"},{"image_text":"Willie Naulls in 1956","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Willie_Naulls.jpg/160px-Willie_Naulls.jpg"},{"image_text":"Bill Walton of the Boston Celtics in 1987","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Walton_Lipofsky_%281_of_1%29.JPG/160px-Walton_Lipofsky_%281_of_1%29.JPG"},{"image_text":"Russell Westbrook of the Oklahoma City Thunder in 2011","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Russell_Westbrook.jpg/160px-Russell_Westbrook.jpg"},{"image_text":"Sidney Wicks with Portland Trail Blazers in 1972","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Sidney_Wicks_%E2%80%93_Trail_Blazers_%281%29.jpg/160px-Sidney_Wicks_%E2%80%93_Trail_Blazers_%281%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Jamaal Wilkes with UCLA in 1971–72","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Jamaal_Wilkes_1971%E2%80%9372.png/160px-Jamaal_Wilkes_1971%E2%80%9372.png"},{"image_text":"Tommy Curtis with UCLA c. 1972","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Tommy_Curtis.JPG/160px-Tommy_Curtis.JPG"},{"image_text":"John Stanich played in the Amateur Athletic Union after UCLA.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Johnny_Stanich.jpg/160px-Johnny_Stanich.jpg"},{"image_text":"Kenny Washington with the Bruins c. 1964","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Kenny_Washington_1964.jpg/170px-Kenny_Washington_1964.jpg"}]
null
[{"reference":"\"2014–15 UCLA Men's Basketball Media Guide\" (PDF). UCLA Athletic Department. 2014. pp. 155–56, 163–65. Archived (PDF) from the original on February 26, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.uclabruins.com/fls/30500/pdf/MBKB_15MG_148_167.pdf?DB_OEM_ID=30500","url_text":"\"2014–15 UCLA Men's Basketball Media Guide\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150226024949/http://www.uclabruins.com/fls/30500/pdf/MBKB_15MG_148_167.pdf?DB_OEM_ID=30500","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Players Who Played For UCLA\". Basketball Reference. Retrieved October 20, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.basketball-reference.com/friv/colleges.cgi?college=ucla","url_text":"\"Players Who Played For UCLA\""}]},{"reference":"\"Draft Picks From UCLA\". Basketball Reference. Retrieved October 20, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.basketball-reference.com/friv/draft.cgi?college=ucla","url_text":"\"Draft Picks From UCLA\""}]},{"reference":"\"Top 10 Colleges to Produce NBA Pros\". RealClearSports. June 21, 2011. Archived from the original on March 23, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120323184813/http://www.realclearsports.com/lists/colleges_nba_draft/ucla_bruins.html","url_text":"\"Top 10 Colleges to Produce NBA Pros\""},{"url":"http://www.realclearsports.com/lists/colleges_nba_draft/ucla_bruins.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Hartman, Steve; Smith, Matt (2009). The Great Book of Los Angeles Sports Lists. Running Press. p. 200. ISBN 9780786748877. Retrieved March 22, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=0J50W-gUBwIC&q=ucla%20alumni%20nba&pg=PA200","url_text":"The Great Book of Los Angeles Sports Lists"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780786748877","url_text":"9780786748877"}]},{"reference":"Pucin, Diane (January 17, 2012). \"From UCLA to NBA, former Bruins appreciate Ben Howland's help\". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on February 9, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120209043345/http://articles.latimes.com/2012/jan/17/sports/la-sp-ucla-howland-nba-20120118","url_text":"\"From UCLA to NBA, former Bruins appreciate Ben Howland's help\""},{"url":"http://articles.latimes.com/2012/jan/17/sports/la-sp-ucla-howland-nba-20120118","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"UCLA looks for first NCAA baseball title\". ESPN.com. Associated Press. June 27, 2010. Archived from the original on May 21, 2011. 'It's obviously known as a basketball school with Coach Wooden and everything he did at UCLA and all the national championships and all the NBA players, and then certainly football has a rich tradition as well, and softball and gymnastics and volleyball and golf,' UCLA coach John Savage said Sunday.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110521163227/http://sports.espn.go.com/los-angeles/news/story?id=5334424","url_text":"\"UCLA looks for first NCAA baseball title\""},{"url":"http://sports.espn.go.com/los-angeles/news/story?id=5334424","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"The legend is fading; UCLA basketball monster can't live up to its ferocious past\". Boston Globe. United Press International. March 11, 1984. Twenty-six Bruins in the NBA. Yet, time has allowed the opposition to tug at Superman's cape.","urls":[{"url":"https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/boston/access/662745501.html?FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&type=current&date=Mar+11%2C+1984&author=United+Press+International&pub=Boston+Globe+%28pre-1997+Fulltext%29&desc=THE+LEGEND+IS+FADING%3B+UCLA+BASKETBALL+MONSTER+CAN%27T+LIVE+UP+TO+ITS+FEROCIOUS+PAST&pqatl=google","url_text":"\"The legend is fading; UCLA basketball monster can't live up to its ferocious past\""}]},{"reference":"\"Kareem Abdul-Jabbar Bio\". NBA.com. Turner Sports Interactive, Inc. Archived from the original on 5 March 2009. Retrieved March 20, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nba.com/history/players/abduljabbar_bio.html","url_text":"\"Kareem Abdul-Jabbar Bio\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090305052436/http://www.nba.com/history/players/abduljabbar_bio.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Kareem Abdul-Jabbar Stats\". Basketball Reference. Retrieved March 26, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.basketball-reference.com/players/a/abdulka01.html","url_text":"\"Kareem Abdul-Jabbar Stats\""}]},{"reference":"\"Jordan Adams Stats\". Basketball Reference. Retrieved October 30, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.basketball-reference.com/players/a/adamsjo01.html","url_text":"\"Jordan Adams Stats\""}]},{"reference":"\"Arron Afflalo Stats\". Basketball Reference. Retrieved March 26, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.basketball-reference.com/players/a/afflaar01.html","url_text":"\"Arron Afflalo Stats\""}]},{"reference":"\"Lucius Allen Stats\". Basketball Reference. Retrieved March 26, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.basketball-reference.com/players/a/allenlu01.html","url_text":"\"Lucius Allen Stats\""}]},{"reference":"\"Darrell Allums Stats\". Basketball Reference. Retrieved March 26, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.basketball-reference.com/players/a/allumda01.html","url_text":"\"Darrell Allums Stats\""}]},{"reference":"\"Kyle Anderson Stats\". Basketball Reference. Retrieved October 30, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.basketball-reference.com/players/a/anderky01.html","url_text":"\"Kyle Anderson Stats\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ike Anigbodu Stats\". Basketball Reference. Retrieved October 22, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.basketball-reference.com/players/a/anigbik01.html","url_text":"\"Ike Anigbodu Stats\""}]},{"reference":"\"Trevor Ariza Stats\". Basketball Reference. Retrieved March 26, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.basketball-reference.com/players/a/arizatr01.html","url_text":"\"Trevor Ariza Stats\""}]},{"reference":"\"Amari Bailey Stats\". Basketball Reference. Retrieved October 23, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.basketball-reference.com/players/b/baileam01.html","url_text":"\"Amari Bailey Stats\""}]},{"reference":"\"Toby Bailey Stats\". Basketball Reference. Retrieved March 26, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.basketball-reference.com/players/b/baileto01.html","url_text":"\"Toby Bailey Stats\""}]},{"reference":"\"Lonzo Ball Stats\". Basketball Reference. Retrieved October 22, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.basketball-reference.com/players/b/balllo01.html","url_text":"\"Lonzo Ball Stats\""}]},{"reference":"\"Don Barksdale Stats\". Basketball Reference. Retrieved March 26, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.basketball-reference.com/players/b/barksdo01.html","url_text":"\"Don Barksdale Stats\""}]},{"reference":"\"Matt Barnes Stats\". Basketball Reference. Retrieved March 26, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.basketball-reference.com/players/b/barnema02.html","url_text":"\"Matt Barnes Stats\""}]},{"reference":"\"Jules Bernard Stats\". Basketball Reference. Retrieved December 9, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.basketball-reference.com/players/b/bernaju01.html","url_text":"\"Jules Bernard Stats\""}]},{"reference":"\"Henry Bibby Stats\". Basketball Reference. Retrieved March 26, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.basketball-reference.com/players/b/bibbyhe01.html","url_text":"\"Henry Bibby Stats\""}]},{"reference":"\"Jonah Bolden Stats\". Basketball Reference. Retrieved October 16, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.basketball-reference.com/players/b/boldejo01.html","url_text":"\"Jonah Bolden Stats\""}]},{"reference":"\"Cedric Bozeman Stats\". Basketball Reference. Retrieved March 26, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.basketball-reference.com/players/b/bozemce01.html","url_text":"\"Cedric Bozeman Stats\""}]},{"reference":"\"Moses Brown Stats\". Basketball Reference. Retrieved November 12, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.basketball-reference.com/players/b/brownmo01..html","url_text":"\"Moses Brown Stats\""}]},{"reference":"\"Mitchell Butler Stats\". Basketball Reference. Retrieved March 26, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.basketball-reference.com/players/b/butlemi02.html","url_text":"\"Mitchell Butler Stats\""}]},{"reference":"\"Darren Collison Stats\". Basketball Reference. Retrieved March 26, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.basketball-reference.com/players/c/collida01.html","url_text":"\"Darren Collison Stats\""}]},{"reference":"\"Baron Davis Stats\". Basketball Reference. Retrieved March 26, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.basketball-reference.com/players/d/davisba01.html","url_text":"\"Baron Davis Stats\""}]},{"reference":"\"Darren Daye Stats\". Basketball Reference. Retrieved March 26, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.basketball-reference.com/players/d/dayeda01.html","url_text":"\"Darren Daye Stats\""}]},{"reference":"\"Larry Drew II Stats\". Basketball Reference. Retrieved April 16, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.basketball-reference.com/players/d/drewla02.html","url_text":"\"Larry Drew II Stats\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ralph Drollinger Stats\". Basketball Reference. Retrieved March 26, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.basketball-reference.com/players/d/drollra01.html","url_text":"\"Ralph Drollinger Stats\""}]},{"reference":"\"Mark Eaton Stats\". Basketball Reference. Retrieved March 26, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.basketball-reference.com/players/e/eatonma01.html","url_text":"\"Mark Eaton Stats\""}]},{"reference":"\"Tyus Edney Stats\". Basketball Reference. Retrieved March 26, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.basketball-reference.com/players/e/edneyty01.html","url_text":"\"Tyus Edney Stats\""}]},{"reference":"\"Keith Erickson Stats\". Basketball Reference. Retrieved March 26, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.basketball-reference.com/players/e/erickke01.html","url_text":"\"Keith Erickson Stats\""}]},{"reference":"\"Jordan Farmar Stats\". Basketball Reference. Retrieved March 26, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.basketball-reference.com/players/f/farmajo01.html","url_text":"\"Jordan Farmar Stats\""}]},{"reference":"\"Kenny Fields Stats\". Basketball Reference. Retrieved March 26, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.basketball-reference.com/players/f/fieldke01.html","url_text":"\"Kenny Fields Stats\""}]},{"reference":"\"Greg Foster Stats\". Basketball Reference. Retrieved March 26, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.basketball-reference.com/players/f/fostegr01.html","url_text":"\"Greg Foster Stats\""}]},{"reference":"\"Rod Foster Stats\". Basketball Reference. Retrieved March 26, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.basketball-reference.com/players/f/fostero01.html","url_text":"\"Rod Foster Stats\""}]},{"reference":"\"Dan Gadzuric Stats\". Basketball Reference. Retrieved March 26, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.basketball-reference.com/players/g/gadzuda01.html","url_text":"\"Dan Gadzuric Stats\""}]},{"reference":"\"Corey Gaines Stats\". Basketball Reference. Retrieved March 26, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.basketball-reference.com/players/g/gaineco01.html","url_text":"\"Corey Gaines Stats\""}]},{"reference":"\"Gail Goodrich Stats\". Basketball Reference. Retrieved March 26, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.basketball-reference.com/players/g/goodrga01.html","url_text":"\"Gail Goodrich Stats\""}]},{"reference":"\"Drew Gordon Stats\". Basketball Reference. Retrieved November 14, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.basketball-reference.com/players/g/gordodr01.html","url_text":"\"Drew Gordon Stats\""}]},{"reference":"\"Stuart Gray Stats\". Basketball Reference. Retrieved March 26, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.basketball-reference.com/players/g/grayst01.html","url_text":"\"Stuart Gray Stats\""}]},{"reference":"\"David Greenwood Stats\". Basketball Reference. Retrieved March 26, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.basketball-reference.com/players/g/greenda01.html","url_text":"\"David Greenwood Stats\""}]},{"reference":"\"Jack Haley Stats\". Basketball Reference. Retrieved March 26, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.basketball-reference.com/players/h/haleyja01.html","url_text":"\"Jack Haley Stats\""}]},{"reference":"\"Roy Hamilton Stats\". Basketball Reference. Retrieved March 26, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.basketball-reference.com/players/h/hamilro01.html","url_text":"\"Roy Hamilton Stats\""}]},{"reference":"\"Mahdi Abdul-Rahman Stats\". Basketball Reference. Retrieved March 26, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.basketball-reference.com/players/a/abdulma01.html","url_text":"\"Mahdi Abdul-Rahman Stats\""}]},{"reference":"\"J.R. Henderson Stats\". Basketball Reference. Retrieved March 26, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.basketball-reference.com/players/h/hendejr01.html","url_text":"\"J.R. Henderson Stats\""}]},{"reference":"\"Aaron Holiday Stats\". Basketball Reference. Retrieved October 18, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.basketball-reference.com/players/h/holidaa01.html","url_text":"\"Aaron Holiday Stats\""}]},{"reference":"\"Jrue Holiday Stats\". Basketball Reference. Retrieved March 26, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.basketball-reference.com/players/h/holidjr01.html","url_text":"\"Jrue Holiday Stats\""}]},{"reference":"\"Brad Holland Stats\". Basketball Reference. Retrieved March 26, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.basketball-reference.com/players/h/hollabr01.html","url_text":"\"Brad Holland Stats\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ryan Hollins Stats\". Basketball Reference. Retrieved March 26, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.basketball-reference.com/players/h/holliry01.html","url_text":"\"Ryan Hollins Stats\""}]},{"reference":"\"Mike Holton Stats\". Basketball Reference. 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Leaf Stats\". Basketball Reference. Retrieved October 22, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.basketball-reference.com/players/l/leaftj01.html","url_text":"\"T. J. Leaf Stats\""}]},{"reference":"\"Greg Lee Stats\". Basketball Reference. Retrieved March 26, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.basketball-reference.com/players/l/leegr01.html","url_text":"\"Greg Lee Stats\""}]},{"reference":"\"Malcolm Lee Stats\". Basketball Reference. Retrieved March 26, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.basketball-reference.com/players/l/leema01.html","url_text":"\"Malcolm Lee Stats\""}]},{"reference":"\"Kevon Looney Stats\". Basketball Reference. Retrieved January 28, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.basketball-reference.com/players/l/looneke01.html","url_text":"\"Kevon Looney Stats\""}]},{"reference":"\"Kevin Love Stats\". Basketball Reference. Retrieved March 26, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.basketball-reference.com/players/l/loveke01.html","url_text":"\"Kevin Love Stats\""}]},{"reference":"\"Mike Lynn Stats\". Basketball Reference. Retrieved March 26, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.basketball-reference.com/players/l/lynnmi01.html","url_text":"\"Mike Lynn Stats\""}]},{"reference":"\"Don MacLean Stats\". Basketball Reference. Retrieved March 26, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.basketball-reference.com/players/m/macledo01.html","url_text":"\"Don MacLean Stats\""}]},{"reference":"\"Gerald Madkins Stats\". Basketball Reference. Retrieved March 26, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.basketball-reference.com/players/m/madkige01.html","url_text":"\"Gerald Madkins Stats\""}]},{"reference":"\"Darrick Martin Stats\". Basketball Reference. Retrieved March 26, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.basketball-reference.com/players/m/martida01.html","url_text":"\"Darrick Martin Stats\""}]},{"reference":"\"Luc Mbah a Moute Stats\". Basketball Reference. Retrieved March 26, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.basketball-reference.com/players/m/mbahalu01.html","url_text":"\"Luc Mbah a Moute Stats\""}]},{"reference":"\"Andre McCarter Stats\". Basketball Reference. Retrieved March 26, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.basketball-reference.com/players/m/mccaran01.html","url_text":"\"Andre McCarter Stats\""}]},{"reference":"\"Jelani McCoy Stats\". Basketball Reference. Retrieved March 26, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.basketball-reference.com/players/m/mccoyje01.html","url_text":"\"Jelani McCoy Stats\""}]},{"reference":"\"Dave Meyers Stats\". Basketball Reference. Retrieved March 26, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.basketball-reference.com/players/m/meyerda01.html","url_text":"\"Dave Meyers Stats\""}]},{"reference":"\"Reggie Miller Stats\". Basketball Reference. Retrieved March 26, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.basketball-reference.com/players/m/millere01.html","url_text":"\"Reggie Miller Stats\""}]},{"reference":"\"Dave Miner Stats\". Basketball Reference. Retrieved March 26, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.basketball-reference.com/players/m/minorda01.html","url_text":"\"Dave Miner Stats\""}]},{"reference":"\"Jerome Moiso Stats\". Basketball Reference. Retrieved March 26, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.basketball-reference.com/players/m/moisoje01.html","url_text":"\"Jerome Moiso Stats\""}]},{"reference":"\"Shabazz Muhammad Stats\". Basketball Reference. Retrieved November 4, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.basketball-reference.com/players/m/muhamsh01.html","url_text":"\"Shabazz Muhammad Stats\""}]},{"reference":"\"Tracy Murray Stats\". Basketball Reference. Retrieved March 26, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.basketball-reference.com/players/m/murratr01.html","url_text":"\"Tracy Murray Stats\""}]},{"reference":"\"Swen Nater Stats\". Basketball Reference. Retrieved March 26, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.basketball-reference.com/players/n/natersw01.html","url_text":"\"Swen Nater Stats\""}]},{"reference":"\"Willie Naulls Stats\". Basketball Reference. Retrieved March 26, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.basketball-reference.com/players/n/naullwi01.html","url_text":"\"Willie Naulls Stats\""}]},{"reference":"\"Charles O\"Bannon Stats\". Basketball Reference. Retrieved March 26, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.basketball-reference.com/players/o/obannch01.html","url_text":"\"Charles O\"Bannon Stats\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ed O'Bannon Stats\". Basketball Reference. Retrieved March 26, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.basketball-reference.com/players/o/obanned01.html","url_text":"\"Ed O'Bannon Stats\""}]},{"reference":"\"Keith Owens Stats\". Basketball Reference. Retrieved March 26, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.basketball-reference.com/players/o/owenske01.html","url_text":"\"Keith Owens Stats\""}]},{"reference":"\"Steve Patterson Stats\". Basketball Reference. Retrieved March 26, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.basketball-reference.com/players/p/pattest01.html","url_text":"\"Steve Patterson Stats\""}]},{"reference":"\"Richard Petruška Stats\". Basketball Reference. Retrieved March 26, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.basketball-reference.com/players/p/petruri01.html","url_text":"\"Richard Petruška Stats\""}]},{"reference":"\"Norman Powell Stats\". Basketball Reference. Retrieved December 5, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.basketball-reference.com/players/p/powelno01.html","url_text":"\"Norman Powell Stats\""}]},{"reference":"\"Pooh Richardson Stats\". Basketball Reference. Retrieved March 26, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.basketball-reference.com/players/r/richapo01.html","url_text":"\"Pooh Richardson Stats\""}]},{"reference":"\"Curtis Rowe Stats\". Basketball Reference. Retrieved March 26, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.basketball-reference.com/players/r/rowecu01.html","url_text":"\"Curtis Rowe Stats\""}]},{"reference":"\"Mike Sanders Rowe Stats\". Basketball Reference. Retrieved March 26, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.basketball-reference.com/players/s/sandemi01.html","url_text":"\"Mike Sanders Rowe Stats\""}]},{"reference":"\"Alan Sawyer Stats\". Basketball Reference. Retrieved March 26, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.basketball-reference.com/players/s/sawyeal01.html","url_text":"\"Alan Sawyer Stats\""}]},{"reference":"\"Lynn Shackelford Stats\". Basketball Reference. Retrieved March 26, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.basketball-reference.com/players/s/shackly01.html","url_text":"\"Lynn Shackelford Stats\""}]},{"reference":"\"Dijon Thompson Stats\". Basketball Reference. Retrieved March 26, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.basketball-reference.com/players/t/thompdi01.html","url_text":"\"Dijon Thompson Stats\""}]},{"reference":"\"Raymond Townsend Stats\". Basketball Reference. Retrieved March 26, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.basketball-reference.com/players/t/townsra01.html","url_text":"\"Raymond Townsend Stats\""}]},{"reference":"\"John Vallely Stats\". Basketball Reference. Retrieved March 26, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.basketball-reference.com/players/v/vallejo01.html","url_text":"\"John Vallely Stats\""}]},{"reference":"\"Kiki Vandeweghe Stats\". Basketball Reference. Retrieved March 26, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.basketball-reference.com/players/v/vandeki01.html","url_text":"\"Kiki Vandeweghe Stats\""}]},{"reference":"\"Brett Vroman Stats\". Basketball Reference. Retrieved March 26, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.basketball-reference.com/players/v/vromabr01.html","url_text":"\"Brett Vroman Stats\""}]},{"reference":"\"Bill Walton Stats\". Basketball Reference. Retrieved March 26, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.basketball-reference.com/players/w/waltobi01.html","url_text":"\"Bill Walton Stats\""}]},{"reference":"\"Richard Washington Stats\". Basketball Reference. Retrieved March 26, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.basketball-reference.com/players/w/washiri01.html","url_text":"\"Richard Washington Stats\""}]},{"reference":"\"Earl Watson Stats\". Basketball Reference. Retrieved March 26, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.basketball-reference.com/players/w/watsoea01.html","url_text":"\"Earl Watson Stats\""}]},{"reference":"\"Peyton Watson Stats\". Basketball Reference. Retrieved October 20, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.basketball-reference.com/players/w/watsope01.html","url_text":"\"Peyton Watson Stats\""}]},{"reference":"\"David Wear Stats\". Basketball Reference. Retrieved March 31, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.basketball-reference.com/players/w/wearda01.html","url_text":"\"David Wear Stats\""}]},{"reference":"\"Travis Wear Stats\". Basketball Reference. Retrieved October 30, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.basketball-reference.com/players/w/weartr01.html","url_text":"\"Travis Wear Stats\""}]},{"reference":"\"Thomas Welsh Stats\". Basketball Reference. Retrieved October 19, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.basketball-reference.com/players/w/welshth01.html","url_text":"\"Thomas Welsh Stats\""}]},{"reference":"\"Russell Westbrook Stats\". Basketball Reference. Retrieved March 26, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.basketball-reference.com/players/w/westbru01.html","url_text":"\"Russell Westbrook Stats\""}]},{"reference":"\"Sidney Wicks Stats\". Basketball Reference. Retrieved March 26, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.basketball-reference.com/players/w/wickssi01.html","url_text":"\"Sidney Wicks Stats\""}]},{"reference":"\"Wilkes Wants Name Changed to Jamaal Abdul-Lateef\". Daytona Beach Morning Journal. Associated Press. July 26, 1975. Retrieved March 29, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=ykUfAAAAIBAJ&pg=4115,3163138&dq=keith-wilkes+jamaal-abdul-lateef&hl=en","url_text":"\"Wilkes Wants Name Changed to Jamaal Abdul-Lateef\""}]},{"reference":"\"Jamaal Wilkes Bio\". NBA.com. Turner Sports Interactive, Inc. Retrieved June 10, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nba.com/history/players/wilkes_bio.html","url_text":"\"Jamaal Wilkes Bio\""}]},{"reference":"Cotton, Anthony (February 9, 1981). \"Like Snow On A Bamboo Leaf\". Sports Illustrated. Time Inc. Retrieved March 6, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://cnnsi.printthis.clickability.com/pt/cpt?expire=&title=In%20the%20NBA%20thickets%20Jamaal%20Wilkes%20is%20often%20mistaken%20for%20-%2002.09.81%20-%20SI%20Vault&urlID=474389921&action=cpt&partnerID=289881&fb=Y&url=http://sportsillustrated.cnn.","url_text":"\"Like Snow On A Bamboo Leaf\""}]},{"reference":"\"Jamaal Wilkes Stats\". Basketball Reference. Retrieved March 26, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.basketball-reference.com/players/w/wickssi01.html","url_text":"\"Jamaal Wilkes Stats\""}]},{"reference":"\"James Wilkes Stats\". Basketball Reference. Retrieved March 26, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.basketball-reference.com/players/w/wilkeja02.html","url_text":"\"James Wilkes Stats\""}]},{"reference":"\"Trevor Wilson Stats\". Basketball Reference. Retrieved March 26, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.basketball-reference.com/players/w/wilsotr01.html","url_text":"\"Trevor Wilson Stats\""}]},{"reference":"\"Brad Wright Stats\". Basketball Reference. Retrieved March 26, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.basketball-reference.com/players/w/wrighbr01.html","url_text":"\"Brad Wright Stats\""}]},{"reference":"\"George Zidek Stats\". Basketball Reference. Retrieved March 26, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.basketball-reference.com/players/z/zidekge01.html","url_text":"\"George Zidek Stats\""}]},{"reference":"\"1954 NBA Draft\". basketball-reference.com. Retrieved January 29, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.basketball-reference.com/draft/NBA_1954.html","url_text":"\"1954 NBA Draft\""}]},{"reference":"Drovetto, Tony (January 10, 2015). \"12 Fun Facts About 12 Flag Raiser Kenny Easley\". Seahawks.com. Archived from the original on January 14, 2015. Retrieved January 29, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150114023802/http://www.seahawks.com/news/articles/article-1/12-Fun-Facts-About-12-Flag-Raiser-Kenny-Easley/5343b0ee-9306-4a56-b901-634ef545d99e","url_text":"\"12 Fun Facts About 12 Flag Raiser Kenny Easley\""},{"url":"http://www.seahawks.com/news/articles/article-1/12-Fun-Facts-About-12-Flag-Raiser-Kenny-Easley/5343b0ee-9306-4a56-b901-634ef545d99e","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Siler, Ross (June 22, 2009). \"Utah Jazz: Marathon NBA drafts of yesteryear led to some amazing selections\". The Salt Lake Tribune. Archived from the original on January 30, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.sltrib.com/sports/ci_12648673","url_text":"\"Utah Jazz: Marathon NBA drafts of yesteryear led to some amazing selections\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150130132845/http://www.sltrib.com/sports/ci_12648673","url_text":"Archived"}]}]
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UCLA\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120323184813/http://www.realclearsports.com/lists/colleges_nba_draft/ucla_bruins.html","external_links_name":"\"Top 10 Colleges to Produce NBA Pros\""},{"Link":"http://www.realclearsports.com/lists/colleges_nba_draft/ucla_bruins.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=0J50W-gUBwIC&q=ucla%20alumni%20nba&pg=PA200","external_links_name":"The Great Book of Los Angeles Sports Lists"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120209043345/http://articles.latimes.com/2012/jan/17/sports/la-sp-ucla-howland-nba-20120118","external_links_name":"\"From UCLA to NBA, former Bruins appreciate Ben Howland's help\""},{"Link":"http://articles.latimes.com/2012/jan/17/sports/la-sp-ucla-howland-nba-20120118","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110521163227/http://sports.espn.go.com/los-angeles/news/story?id=5334424","external_links_name":"\"UCLA looks for first NCAA baseball 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lincolnshire_Day
Lincolnshire Day
["1 References","2 External links"]
Anniversary of the Lincolnshire Rising The county of Lincolnshire Flag of the historic county of Lincolnshire Location of Lincolnshire in England. Lincolnshire Day is celebrated every year on 1 October and marks the anniversary of the Lincolnshire Rising, a revolt by Catholics against the establishment of the Church of England by Henry VIII in 1536. The first official Lincolnshire Day was held in 2006 to commemorate the uprising. The date was voted for by readers of Lincolnshire Life magazine and BBC Radio Lincolnshire listeners. The day aims to encourage local people, often known as yellowbellies, and those who have moved from the county to honour the historical event along with Lincolnshire's traditions, past and culture. Some people dress up in yellow to celebrate the day, while others hold local events and decorate their workplaces with Lincolnshire flags. The home of Lincolnshire sausages, Batemans Brewery and Lincolnshire Poacher cheese to name a few, Lincolnshire remains a rural county renowned for its foods and drinks distributed locally and across the UK. It is also home to the famous Red Arrows RAF display team, Lincoln Cathedral, the Lincolnshire Wolds and original copies of Magna Carta (1215) and Charter of the Forest (1217), the only place to hold copies of both. Many famous people have come from the county, including Sir Isaac Newton – scientist, Alfred Lord Tennyson – Poet Laureate, Baroness Thatcher – Prime Minister, Matthew Flinders – explorer, Joseph Banks – explorer and botanist, George Boole – mathematician, Tony Jacklin CBE – golfer, Dame Joan Plowright – actress and Jim Broadbent – actor. Lincolnshire Day is supported by county businesses and organisations including BBC Lincolnshire, Lincolnshire Co-operative, The Lincolnite, Lincolnshire Business, the Lincolnshire Echo, Lincolnshire Tourism, Lincoln Cathedral, Lincolnshire Life, Lincoln BIG, Tastes of Lincolnshire, Lincolnshire County Council, Shooting Star PR, POP Design and the Lincolnshire Sports Partnership. References ^ https://www.bbc.co.uk/lincolnshire/content/image_galleries/lincolnshire_day08_gallery.shtml?1, BBC Radio Lincolnshire Gallery External links Lincolnshire Day
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null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kronoberg_Castle
Kronoberg Castle
["1 History","2 References","3 Other sources","4 External links"]
Coordinates: 56°56′25″N 14°47′42″E / 56.94028°N 14.79500°E / 56.94028; 14.79500Kronoberg Castle ruins with forecourt island Kronoberg Castle ruins Kronoberg Castle (Swedish: Kronobergs slott) is a medieval ruined castle (slottsruin) located on an island in Helgasjön ("the Helga Lake"), 5 kilometres (3.1 mi) north of Växjö in Kronoberg County, which is named after the castle. The castle ruin used to be open to tourists in the summer months, but is permanently closed to tourists since January 2023 due to lack of maintenance. History In 1444 Lars Mikaelson, Bishop of Växjö, built a stone building on the lakeshore, which was destroyed by Danish forces during the Dano-Swedish War (1470–71), but reconstructed and fortified after restored peace in 1472. During the Reformation in Sweden, the castle and its estate were confiscated by King Gustav I. In 1542, during the Dacke War (Dackefejden) Kronoberg was taken over by rebels led by Nils Dacke. The revolt was suppressed in 1543, and control reverted to the crown. Due to its strategic location near the border between Sweden and Denmark at the time, the castle was further fortified and became a stronghold in this part of Småland. The king's son John III ordered additional improvements that never were carried out. The castle had great military significance during the Northern Seven Years' War (1564–70). In the winter of 1568, Eric XIV used Kronoborg as a support point while beating back a Danish attack from Skåne. In 1570 the castle was successfully besieged and burned by the Danes. Between 1576 and 1580 construction continued, after which the castle had at least 50 cannons. Duke Charles continued work on the fortifications, but in the end of January 1612, the castle was again taken and burned by Danish troops under Breide Rantzau (1556–1618).Reconstruction was not started until 1616. As late as the reign of King Charles XI, Kronoberg castle was in good condition. However, after the Treaty of Roskilde was signed in 1658, the Swedish-Danish border was moved to Øresund, and Kronoberg castle lost its military significance. Neglected, the building began to decay and became a ruin. Wikimedia Commons has media related to Kronobergs slott. References ^ "Kronobergs slottsruin". Slottsguiden. Retrieved September 1, 2020. ^ Nyheter, S. V. T.; Lundberg, Jan-Eric (2023-01-05). "Kronobergs slottsruin igenbommad – men striden inte över: "Vi krigar"". SVT Nyheter (in Swedish). Retrieved 2023-06-07. ^ "Dackefejden". Nationalencyklopedin AB. Retrieved September 1, 2020. ^ "Kronobergs slottsruin". Smålands museum. Retrieved September 1, 2020. ^ "Rantzau, Breide". Dansk biografisk Lexikon. Retrieved September 1, 2020. Other sources Ekstedt, Olle (2009) Kronoberg och Evedal genom tiderna (Rottne: Vinga) ISBN 978-91-87240-97-3 External links Kronobergs slottsruin website 56°56′25″N 14°47′42″E / 56.94028°N 14.79500°E / 56.94028; 14.79500 This article about a castle in Sweden is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Frontal_view_of_ruins_from_the_main_land..jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kronobergs_slottsruin,_borgg%C3%A5rden,_2015a.jpg"},{"link_name":"medieval","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medieval"},{"link_name":"ruined","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruin"},{"link_name":"castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castle"},{"link_name":"Helgasjön","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helgasj%C3%B6n"},{"link_name":"Växjö","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%A4xj%C3%B6"},{"link_name":"Kronoberg County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kronoberg_County"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Kronoberg Castle ruins with forecourt islandKronoberg Castle ruinsKronoberg Castle (Swedish: Kronobergs slott) is a medieval ruined castle (slottsruin) located on an island in Helgasjön (\"the Helga Lake\"), 5 kilometres (3.1 mi) north of Växjö in Kronoberg County, which is named after the castle. The castle ruin used to be open to tourists in the summer months,[1] but is permanently closed to tourists since January 2023 due to lack of maintenance.[2]","title":"Kronoberg Castle"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Växjö","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%A4xj%C3%B6"},{"link_name":"Dano-Swedish War (1470–71)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dano-Swedish_War_(1470%E2%80%9371)"},{"link_name":"Reformation in Sweden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reformation_in_Sweden"},{"link_name":"King Gustav I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gustav_I_of_Sweden"},{"link_name":"Dacke War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dacke_War"},{"link_name":"Nils Dacke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nils_Dacke"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"John III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_III_of_Sweden"},{"link_name":"Northern Seven Years' War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Seven_Years%27_War"},{"link_name":"Eric XIV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_XIV_of_Sweden"},{"link_name":"Duke Charles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_IX_of_Sweden"},{"link_name":"Breide Rantzau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breide_Rantzau"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Charles XI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_XI_of_Sweden"},{"link_name":"Treaty of Roskilde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Roskilde"},{"link_name":"Øresund","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%98resund"},{"link_name":"Kronobergs slott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:_Kronobergs_slott"}],"text":"In 1444 Lars Mikaelson, Bishop of Växjö, built a stone building on the lakeshore, which was destroyed by Danish forces during the Dano-Swedish War (1470–71), but reconstructed and fortified after restored peace in 1472. During the Reformation in Sweden, the castle and its estate were confiscated by King Gustav I.In 1542, during the Dacke War (Dackefejden) Kronoberg was taken over by rebels led by Nils Dacke. The revolt was suppressed in 1543, and control reverted to the crown. Due to its strategic location near the border between Sweden and Denmark at the time, the castle was further fortified and became a stronghold in this part of Småland. [3]The king's son John III ordered additional improvements that never were carried out. The castle had great military significance during the Northern Seven Years' War (1564–70). In the winter of 1568, Eric XIV used Kronoborg as a support point while beating back a Danish attack from Skåne. In 1570 the castle was successfully besieged and burned by the Danes. Between 1576 and 1580 construction continued, after which the castle had at least 50 cannons. Duke Charles continued work on the fortifications, but in the end of January 1612, the castle was again taken and burned by Danish troops under Breide Rantzau (1556–1618).Reconstruction was not started until 1616.\n[4]\n[5]As late as the reign of King Charles XI, Kronoberg castle was in good condition. However, after the Treaty of Roskilde was signed in 1658, the Swedish-Danish border was moved to Øresund, and Kronoberg castle lost its military significance. Neglected, the building began to decay and became a ruin.Wikimedia Commons has media related to Kronobergs slott.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-91-87240-97-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-91-87240-97-3"}],"text":"Ekstedt, Olle (2009) Kronoberg och Evedal genom tiderna (Rottne: Vinga) ISBN 978-91-87240-97-3","title":"Other sources"}]
[{"image_text":"Kronoberg Castle ruins with forecourt island","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Frontal_view_of_ruins_from_the_main_land..jpg/300px-Frontal_view_of_ruins_from_the_main_land..jpg"},{"image_text":"Kronoberg Castle ruins","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Kronobergs_slottsruin%2C_borgg%C3%A5rden%2C_2015a.jpg/300px-Kronobergs_slottsruin%2C_borgg%C3%A5rden%2C_2015a.jpg"}]
null
[{"reference":"\"Kronobergs slottsruin\". Slottsguiden. Retrieved September 1, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://slottsguiden.info/slottdetalj.asp?id=161","url_text":"\"Kronobergs slottsruin\""}]},{"reference":"Nyheter, S. V. T.; Lundberg, Jan-Eric (2023-01-05). \"Kronobergs slottsruin igenbommad – men striden inte över: \"Vi krigar\"\". SVT Nyheter (in Swedish). Retrieved 2023-06-07.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.svt.se/nyheter/lokalt/smaland/inga-pengar-till-forfallen-ruin","url_text":"\"Kronobergs slottsruin igenbommad – men striden inte över: \"Vi krigar\"\""}]},{"reference":"\"Dackefejden\". Nationalencyklopedin AB. Retrieved September 1, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ne.se/uppslagsverk/encyklopedi/l%C3%A5ng/dackefejden","url_text":"\"Dackefejden\""}]},{"reference":"\"Kronobergs slottsruin\". Smålands museum. Retrieved September 1, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://digitaltmuseum.se/021108313868/kronobergs-slottsruin-narstridsvapen","url_text":"\"Kronobergs slottsruin\""}]},{"reference":"\"Rantzau, Breide\". Dansk biografisk Lexikon. Retrieved September 1, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://runeberg.org/dbl/13/0404.html","url_text":"\"Rantzau, Breide\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fulham_Town_Hall
Fulham Town Hall
["1 History","2 References"]
Coordinates: 51°28′47″N 0°11′41″W / 51.4798°N 0.1947°W / 51.4798; -0.1947Municipal building in London, England Fulham Town HallFulham Town HallLocationFulhamCoordinates51°28′47″N 0°11′41″W / 51.4798°N 0.1947°W / 51.4798; -0.1947Built1890ArchitectGeorge EdwardsArchitectural style(s)Classical style Listed Building – Grade II*Designated31 July 1981Reference no.1191939 Shown in Hammersmith and Fulham Fulham Town Hall is a municipal building on Fulham Road, Fulham, London. It is a Grade II* listed building. History Clock above the Harwood Road entrance. The building was commissioned by the Parish of St John to replace an existing vestry hall in Walham Green. The site chosen had previously been occupied by a property known as Elton Villa. In the villa's grounds there had been a mulberry tree, which had been planted by Nell Gwyn or her lover; it was chopped down and made into walking sticks in order to make way for the new vestry hall. The foundation stone for the new building was laid on 10 December 1888. It was designed by George Edwards in the classical style, constructed by Treasure & Son, and completed in 1890. The design involved a symmetrical main frontage with seven bays facing onto Fulham Road; the central section of three bays featured an arched doorway with carved tympanum above flanked by windows; there were three windows each flanked by Ionic order columns on the first floor; there were three ocululi on the second floor and a lucarne with another oculus above. Internally, the principal room was a large public hall, often referred to as the Great Hall, which extended deep into the building on the first floor. An additional block was built to the south east of the main building with a council chamber on the ground floor and a concert hall on the first floor. After the Metropolitan Borough of Fulham was established in 1900, it was decided to extend the building to the south west along Harwood Road to the designs of Francis Wood, the borough engineer. The extension included a mayor's parlour on the ground floor and some committee rooms on the first floor; the enlarged complex was officially opened by the mayor, William Sayer, as the new Fulham Town Hall, on 3 November 1905. The new façade to Harwood Road included a large drum clock, manufactured by Potts of Leeds and mounted high above the entrance (the mechanism would be replaced by a Gents' Pulsynetic electric clock in 1933). A portrait of King George V by Richard Jack was hung in the council chamber in 1926. The building was extended again, this time to the west along Fulham Road, in 1934 to accommodate the local registrar's office. A large stained glass window, depicting Earconwald, who served as Bishop of London in the 7th century, was designed by Francis Spear and made by Lowndes & Drury; it installed at the head of the stairs leading to the Great Hall in the 1930s. The town hall continued to serve as the headquarters of the Metropolitan Borough of Fulham for much of the 20th century but ceased to be the local seat of government when the enlarged London Borough of Hammersmith and Fulham was formed in 1965. It was subsequently used as an administration centre and events venue. In February 2019, the London Borough of Hammersmith and Fulham sold the building to a private developer, Ziser London, who announced plans to convert the facility into a hotel, restaurants, event space and spa. References ^ a b c d e f g h Historic England. "Fulham Town Hall (1191939)". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 30 September 2016. ^ "Report of the Medical Officer of Health for Fulham". Fulham Vestry. 1887. Retrieved 25 April 2020. ^ a b Feret, Charles James (1900). "Fulham old and new: being an exhaustive history of the ancient parish of Fulham". Leadenhall Press. Retrieved 7 April 2020. ^ a b c "London's Town Halls". Historic England. p. 94. Retrieved 25 April 2020. ^ "Fulham Town Hall". Pre-surveyors. 24 October 2019. Retrieved 4 September 2020. ^ Larger Town Hall, Fulham Chronicle, 3 November 1905 ^ Potts, Michael S. (2006). Potts of Leeds: Five Generations of Clockmakers. Ashbourne, Derbyshire: Mayfield Books. p. 181. ^ Jack, Richard. "King George V (1865-1936) Signed and dated 1926". Royal Collection Trust. Retrieved 4 September 2020. ^ "Fulham Town Hall: A brief history". London Borough of Hammersmith and Fulham. 3 December 2015. Retrieved 7 April 2020. ^ "Plans to transform Fulham Town Hall into hotel revealed". The Caterer. 6 February 2019. Retrieved 7 April 2020. ^ "Real estate company secures £10m loan to transform Fulham Town Hall into new hotel". Boutique Hotelier. 8 February 2019. Retrieved 7 April 2020. ^ "Historic Fulham Town Hall will become stunning 90-room 'boutique' hotel where you'll be able to dine in splendour". My London. 8 July 2020. Retrieved 4 September 2020. Wikimedia Commons has media related to Fulham Town Hall.
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Fulham Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fulham_Road"},{"link_name":"Fulham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fulham"},{"link_name":"listed building","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Listed_building"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NHLE-1"}],"text":"Municipal building in London, EnglandFulham Town Hall is a municipal building on Fulham Road, Fulham, London. It is a Grade II* listed building.[1]","title":"Fulham Town Hall"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Fulham_Town_Hall_-_geograph.org.uk_-_2654226.jpg"},{"link_name":"Walham Green","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walham_Green"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NHLE-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-feret-3"},{"link_name":"Nell Gwyn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nell_Gwyn"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-feret-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-eh-4"},{"link_name":"George Edwards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Edwards_(architect)"},{"link_name":"classical style","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classical_architecture"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-eh-4"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NHLE-1"},{"link_name":"tympanum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tympanum_(architecture)"},{"link_name":"Ionic order","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ionic_order"},{"link_name":"ocululi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oculus_(architecture)"},{"link_name":"lucarne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucarne"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NHLE-1"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NHLE-1"},{"link_name":"Metropolitan Borough of Fulham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metropolitan_Borough_of_Fulham"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NHLE-1"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Potts of Leeds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potts_of_Leeds"},{"link_name":"Gents'","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gents%27_of_Leicester"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Potts2006-7"},{"link_name":"King George V","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_V"},{"link_name":"Richard Jack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Jack"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Earconwald","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earconwald"},{"link_name":"Bishop of London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishop_of_London"},{"link_name":"Francis Spear","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Spear"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-eh-4"},{"link_name":"London Borough of Hammersmith and Fulham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Borough_of_Hammersmith_and_Fulham"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NHLE-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NHLE-1"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"text":"Clock above the Harwood Road entrance.The building was commissioned by the Parish of St John to replace an existing vestry hall in Walham Green.[1][2] The site chosen had previously been occupied by a property known as Elton Villa.[3] In the villa's grounds there had been a mulberry tree, which had been planted by Nell Gwyn or her lover; it was chopped down and made into walking sticks in order to make way for the new vestry hall.[3]The foundation stone for the new building was laid on 10 December 1888.[4] It was designed by George Edwards in the classical style, constructed by Treasure & Son,[4] and completed in 1890.[1] The design involved a symmetrical main frontage with seven bays facing onto Fulham Road; the central section of three bays featured an arched doorway with carved tympanum above flanked by windows; there were three windows each flanked by Ionic order columns on the first floor; there were three ocululi on the second floor and a lucarne with another oculus above.[1] Internally, the principal room was a large public hall, often referred to as the Great Hall, which extended deep into the building on the first floor.[5] An additional block was built to the south east of the main building with a council chamber on the ground floor and a concert hall on the first floor.[1]After the Metropolitan Borough of Fulham was established in 1900, it was decided to extend the building to the south west along Harwood Road to the designs of Francis Wood, the borough engineer.[1] The extension included a mayor's parlour on the ground floor and some committee rooms on the first floor; the enlarged complex was officially opened by the mayor, William Sayer, as the new Fulham Town Hall, on 3 November 1905.[6] The new façade to Harwood Road included a large drum clock, manufactured by Potts of Leeds and mounted high above the entrance (the mechanism would be replaced by a Gents' Pulsynetic electric clock in 1933).[7] A portrait of King George V by Richard Jack was hung in the council chamber in 1926.[8]The building was extended again, this time to the west along Fulham Road, in 1934 to accommodate the local registrar's office.[9] A large stained glass window, depicting Earconwald, who served as Bishop of London in the 7th century, was designed by Francis Spear and made by Lowndes & Drury; it installed at the head of the stairs leading to the Great Hall in the 1930s.[4]The town hall continued to serve as the headquarters of the Metropolitan Borough of Fulham for much of the 20th century but ceased to be the local seat of government when the enlarged London Borough of Hammersmith and Fulham was formed in 1965.[1] It was subsequently used as an administration centre and events venue.[1]In February 2019, the London Borough of Hammersmith and Fulham sold the building to a private developer, Ziser London, who announced plans to convert the facility into a hotel, restaurants, event space and spa.[10][11][12]","title":"History"}]
[{"image_text":"Clock above the Harwood Road entrance.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Fulham_Town_Hall_-_geograph.org.uk_-_2654226.jpg/170px-Fulham_Town_Hall_-_geograph.org.uk_-_2654226.jpg"}]
null
[{"reference":"Historic England. \"Fulham Town Hall (1191939)\". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 30 September 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historic_England","url_text":"Historic England"},{"url":"https://historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1191939","url_text":"\"Fulham Town Hall (1191939)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Heritage_List_for_England","url_text":"National Heritage List for England"}]},{"reference":"\"Report of the Medical Officer of Health for Fulham\". Fulham Vestry. 1887. Retrieved 25 April 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://wellcomelibrary.org/moh/report/b19953574#?c=0&m=0&s=0&cv=0&z=-0.7272%2C0.186%2C3.0343%2C1.1845","url_text":"\"Report of the Medical Officer of Health for Fulham\""}]},{"reference":"Feret, Charles James (1900). \"Fulham old and new: being an exhaustive history of the ancient parish of Fulham\". Leadenhall Press. Retrieved 7 April 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/stream/b29010433_0002/b29010433_0002_djvu.txt","url_text":"\"Fulham old and new: being an exhaustive history of the ancient parish of Fulham\""}]},{"reference":"\"London's Town Halls\". Historic England. p. 94. Retrieved 25 April 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://research.historicengland.org.uk/redirect.aspx?id=7096%7CLONDON%27S%20TOWN%20HALLS","url_text":"\"London's Town Halls\""}]},{"reference":"\"Fulham Town Hall\". Pre-surveyors. 24 October 2019. Retrieved 4 September 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://presurveyors.co.uk/news/fulham-town-hall-latest-project/","url_text":"\"Fulham Town Hall\""}]},{"reference":"Potts, Michael S. (2006). Potts of Leeds: Five Generations of Clockmakers. Ashbourne, Derbyshire: Mayfield Books. p. 181.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Jack, Richard. \"King George V (1865-1936) Signed and dated 1926\". Royal Collection Trust. Retrieved 4 September 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rct.uk/collection/404547/king-george-v-1865-1936","url_text":"\"King George V (1865-1936) Signed and dated 1926\""}]},{"reference":"\"Fulham Town Hall: A brief history\". London Borough of Hammersmith and Fulham. 3 December 2015. Retrieved 7 April 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.lbhf.gov.uk/councillors-and-democracy/about-hammersmith-fulham-council/mayors-office/fulham-town-hall","url_text":"\"Fulham Town Hall: A brief history\""}]},{"reference":"\"Plans to transform Fulham Town Hall into hotel revealed\". The Caterer. 6 February 2019. Retrieved 7 April 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thecaterer.com/news/hotel/plans-to-transform-fulham-town-hall-into-hotel-revealed","url_text":"\"Plans to transform Fulham Town Hall into hotel revealed\""}]},{"reference":"\"Real estate company secures £10m loan to transform Fulham Town Hall into new hotel\". Boutique Hotelier. 8 February 2019. Retrieved 7 April 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.boutiquehotelier.com/real-estate-company-secures-10m-loan-to-transform-fulham-town-hall-into-new-hotel/","url_text":"\"Real estate company secures £10m loan to transform Fulham Town Hall into new hotel\""}]},{"reference":"\"Historic Fulham Town Hall will become stunning 90-room 'boutique' hotel where you'll be able to dine in splendour\". My London. 8 July 2020. Retrieved 4 September 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.mylondon.news/news/west-london-news/historic-fulham-town-hall-become-18565372","url_text":"\"Historic Fulham Town Hall will become stunning 90-room 'boutique' hotel where you'll be able to dine in splendour\""}]}]
[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Fulham_Town_Hall&params=51.4798_N_0.1947_W_type:landmark_region:GB","external_links_name":"51°28′47″N 0°11′41″W / 51.4798°N 0.1947°W / 51.4798; -0.1947"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Fulham_Town_Hall&params=51.4798_N_0.1947_W_type:landmark_region:GB","external_links_name":"51°28′47″N 0°11′41″W / 51.4798°N 0.1947°W / 51.4798; -0.1947"},{"Link":"https://historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1191939","external_links_name":"\"Fulham Town Hall (1191939)\""},{"Link":"https://wellcomelibrary.org/moh/report/b19953574#?c=0&m=0&s=0&cv=0&z=-0.7272%2C0.186%2C3.0343%2C1.1845","external_links_name":"\"Report of the Medical Officer of Health for Fulham\""},{"Link":"https://archive.org/stream/b29010433_0002/b29010433_0002_djvu.txt","external_links_name":"\"Fulham old and new: being an exhaustive history of the ancient parish of Fulham\""},{"Link":"https://research.historicengland.org.uk/redirect.aspx?id=7096%7CLONDON%27S%20TOWN%20HALLS","external_links_name":"\"London's Town Halls\""},{"Link":"https://presurveyors.co.uk/news/fulham-town-hall-latest-project/","external_links_name":"\"Fulham Town Hall\""},{"Link":"https://www.rct.uk/collection/404547/king-george-v-1865-1936","external_links_name":"\"King George V (1865-1936) Signed and dated 1926\""},{"Link":"https://www.lbhf.gov.uk/councillors-and-democracy/about-hammersmith-fulham-council/mayors-office/fulham-town-hall","external_links_name":"\"Fulham Town Hall: A brief history\""},{"Link":"https://www.thecaterer.com/news/hotel/plans-to-transform-fulham-town-hall-into-hotel-revealed","external_links_name":"\"Plans to transform Fulham Town Hall into hotel revealed\""},{"Link":"https://www.boutiquehotelier.com/real-estate-company-secures-10m-loan-to-transform-fulham-town-hall-into-new-hotel/","external_links_name":"\"Real estate company secures £10m loan to transform Fulham Town Hall into new hotel\""},{"Link":"https://www.mylondon.news/news/west-london-news/historic-fulham-town-hall-become-18565372","external_links_name":"\"Historic Fulham Town Hall will become stunning 90-room 'boutique' hotel where you'll be able to dine in splendour\""}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychiatric_interview
Psychiatric interview
["1 References"]
Psychiatric interviewPurposepsychiatric assessment The psychiatric interview refers to the set of tools that a mental health worker (most times a psychiatrist or a psychologist but at times social workers or nurses) uses to complete a psychiatric assessment. The goals of the psychiatric interview are: Build rapport. Collect data about the patient's current difficulties, past psychiatric history and medical history, as well as relevant developmental, interpersonal and social history. Diagnose the mental health issue(s). Understand the patient's personality structure, use of defense mechanisms and coping strategies. Improve the patient's insight. Create a foundation for a therapeutic alliance. Foster healing. The data collected through the psychiatric interview is mostly subjective, based on the patient's report, and many times can not be corroborated by objective measurements. As such, one the interview's goals is to collect data that is both valid and reliable. Validity refers to how the data compares to an ideal absolute truth that the interviewer needs to access and uncover. Challenges that might affect the interview validity include can be categorized as patient related factors and interviewer related factors. Patient's related factors include: Shame: the patient might feel ashamed to discuss some of their difficulties. Fear of being judged: while not ashamed the patient might be reluctant to discuss some of the issues that she thinks that she can be judged for. Lack of awareness: patient might have distorted recollection of past events with significant emotional valence. Cognitive deficits: the patient might have a memory deficit that might impair his ability to correctly recall past events. Secondary gain: the patient decided to misrepresent fact in order to gain a certain benefit (e.g. disability benefits) or avoid a certain penalty (e.g. insanity defense). Interviewer related factors include: Powerful feelings of like or dislike that might affect the interviewer objectivity. Lack of experience: the interviewer lack the skills and knowledge necessary to explore a specific area of pathology. Diagnostic bias: the interviewer is invested in a specific psychiatric diagnosis (e.g. same patient might be diagnosed with schizophrenia by a schizophrenia researcher or bipolar disorder with psychotic features by a bipolar disorder researcher). Reliability refers to how datasets collected by different interviewers or the same interview at different times compare with one another. Ideal reliability is when a dataset will be stable irrespective of changes in specifics of the data collection. Different interview techniques have been shown to result in variations in the validity and reliability of the collected data. Open-ended question ("Tell me about your sleep.") have been shown to have better validity but less reliability than closed-ended questions("Do you have sleeping difficulties?") References ^ a b c d Savander, Enikö Èva; Hintikka, Jukka; Wuolio, Mariel; Peräkylä, Anssi (2021-05-10). "The Patients' Practises Disclosing Subjective Experiences in the Psychiatric Intake Interview". Frontiers in Psychiatry. 12: 605760. doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2021.605760. ISSN 1664-0640. PMC 8141629. PMID 34040547. ^ a b c d e The Psychiatric Interview. Springer Publishing Company. 2023-08-20. ISBN 978-0-8261-6263-2. ^ a b Nordgaard, Julie; Sass, Louis A.; Parnas, Josef (2013). "The psychiatric interview: validity, structure, and subjectivity". European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience. 263 (4): 353–364. doi:10.1007/s00406-012-0366-z. ISSN 0940-1334. PMC 3668119. PMID 23001456. vteMedicineSpecialtiesandsubspecialtiesSurgery Cardiac surgery Cardiothoracic surgery Endocrine surgery Eye surgery General surgery Colorectal surgery Digestive system surgery Neurosurgery Oral and maxillofacial surgery Orthopedic surgery Hand surgery Otolaryngology ENT Pediatric surgery Plastic surgery Reproductive surgery Surgical oncology Transplant surgery Trauma surgery Urology Andrology Vascular surgery Internalmedicine Allergy / Immunology Angiology Cardiology Endocrinology Gastroenterology Hepatology Geriatrics Hematology Hospital medicine Infectious diseases Nephrology Oncology Pulmonology Rheumatology Obstetrics andgynaecology Gynaecology Gynecologic oncology Maternal–fetal medicine Obstetrics Reproductive endocrinology and infertility Urogynecology Diagnostic Radiology Interventional radiology Neuroradiology Nuclear medicine Pathology Anatomical Clinical pathology Clinical chemistry Cytopathology Medical microbiology Transfusion medicine Other Addiction medicine Adolescent medicine Anesthesiology Obstetric anesthesiology Neurosurgical anesthesiology Aviation medicine Dermatology Disaster medicine Diving medicine Emergency medicine Mass gathering medicine Evolutionary medicine Family medicine / General practice Hospital medicine Intensive care medicine Medical genetics Narcology Neurology Clinical neurophysiology Occupational medicine Ophthalmology Oral medicine Pain management Palliative care Pediatrics Neonatology Phlebology Physical medicine and rehabilitation (PM&R) Preventive medicine Prison healthcare Psychiatry Addiction psychiatry Radiation oncology Reproductive medicine Sexual medicine Venereology Sleep medicine Sports medicine Transplantation medicine Tropical medicine Travel medicine Medicaleducation Medical school Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery Bachelor of Medical Sciences Master of Medicine Master of Surgery Doctor of Medicine Doctor of Osteopathic Medicine MD–PhD Medical Scientist Training Program Related topics Alternative medicine Allied health Molecular oncology Nanomedicine Personalized medicine Public health Rural health Therapy Traditional medicine Veterinary medicine Physician Chief physician History of medicine Category Commons Wikiproject Portal Outline vtePsychiatrySubspecialties Addiction psychiatry Biological psychiatry Child and adolescent psychiatry Cognitive neuropsychiatry Cross-cultural psychiatry Developmental disability Descriptive psychiatry Eating disorder Emergency psychiatry Forensic psychiatry Geriatric psychiatry Immuno-psychiatry Liaison psychiatry Military psychiatry Narcology Neuropsychiatry Palliative medicine Pain medicine Psychotherapy Sleep medicine Telepsychiatry Organizations American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry American Board of Psychiatry and Neurology American Neuropsychiatric Association American Psychiatric Association Campaign Against Psychiatric Abuse Chinese Society of Psychiatry Democratic Psychiatry European Psychiatric Association Global Initiative on Psychiatry Hong Kong College of Psychiatrists Independent Psychiatric Association of Russia Indian Psychiatric Society National Institute of Mental Health Philadelphia Association Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists Royal College of Psychiatrists Taiwanese Society of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Working Commission to Investigate the Use of Psychiatry for Political Purposes World Psychiatric Association Related topics Behavioral medicine Clinical neuroscience Controversies about psychiatry Anti-psychiatry Biopsychiatry controversy Electroconvulsive therapy Insulin shock therapy Political abuse of psychiatry Psychiatric survivors movement Imaging genetics Neuroimaging Neurophysiology Pentylenetetrazol Philosophy of psychiatry Psychiatric epidemiology Psychiatric genetics Psychiatric hospital Psychiatrist Psychoanalysis Psycho-oncology Psychopharmacology Psychosomatic medicine Psychosurgery Lists Counseling topics Neurological conditions and disorders Psychiatric medications by condition treated Psychiatric survivors movement Psychiatrists Psychotherapies Portal Outline
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"psychiatric assessment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychiatric_assessment"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"rapport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rapport"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-2"},{"link_name":"psychiatric history","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychiatric_history"},{"link_name":"medical history","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_history"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"mental health","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mental_health"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"personality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personality_psychology"},{"link_name":"defense mechanisms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defense_mechanisms"},{"link_name":"coping strategies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coping_strategies"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-2"},{"link_name":"insight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insight"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-2"},{"link_name":"therapeutic alliance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Therapeutic_alliance"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-2"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"Validity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Validity_(logic)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-3"},{"link_name":"Secondary gain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secondary_gain"},{"link_name":"insanity defense","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insanity_defense"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-2"},{"link_name":"Diagnostic bias","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diagnostic_bias"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-3"},{"link_name":"Reliability","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reliability_(statistics)"}],"text":"The psychiatric interview refers to the set of tools that a mental health worker (most times a psychiatrist or a psychologist but at times social workers or nurses) uses to complete a psychiatric assessment.[1]The goals of the psychiatric interview are:Build rapport.[2]\nCollect data about the patient's current difficulties, past psychiatric history and medical history, as well as relevant developmental, interpersonal and social history.[1]\nDiagnose the mental health issue(s).[1]\nUnderstand the patient's personality structure, use of defense mechanisms and coping strategies.[2]\nImprove the patient's insight.[2]\nCreate a foundation for a therapeutic alliance.[2]\nFoster healing.The data collected through the psychiatric interview is mostly subjective, based on the patient's report, and many times can not be corroborated by objective measurements. As such, one the interview's goals is to collect data that is both valid and reliable.[1]Validity refers to how the data compares to an ideal absolute truth that the interviewer needs to access and uncover. Challenges that might affect the interview validity include can be categorized as patient related factors and interviewer related factors. Patient's related factors include:Shame: the patient might feel ashamed to discuss some of their difficulties.[3]\nFear of being judged: while not ashamed the patient might be reluctant to discuss some of the issues that she thinks that she can be judged for.\nLack of awareness: patient might have distorted recollection of past events with significant emotional valence.\nCognitive deficits: the patient might have a memory deficit that might impair his ability to correctly recall past events.\nSecondary gain: the patient decided to misrepresent fact in order to gain a certain benefit (e.g. disability benefits) or avoid a certain penalty (e.g. insanity defense).Interviewer related factors include:Powerful feelings of like or dislike that might affect the interviewer objectivity.\nLack of experience: the interviewer lack the skills and knowledge necessary to explore a specific area of pathology.[2]\nDiagnostic bias: the interviewer is invested in a specific psychiatric diagnosis (e.g. same patient might be diagnosed with schizophrenia by a schizophrenia researcher or bipolar disorder with psychotic features by a bipolar disorder researcher).[3]Reliability refers to how datasets collected by different interviewers or the same interview at different times compare with one another. Ideal reliability is when a dataset will be stable irrespective of changes in specifics of the data collection.Different interview techniques have been shown to result in variations in the validity and reliability of the collected data. Open-ended question (\"Tell me about your sleep.\") have been shown to have better validity but less reliability than closed-ended questions(\"Do you have sleeping difficulties?\")","title":"Psychiatric interview"}]
[]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Ammann
Daniel Ammann
["1 Recognition","2 Books","3 References","4 External links"]
Swiss journalist and author For the Australian boxer, see Daniel Ammann (boxer). Daniel Ammann (born 1963) is a Swiss journalist and author. He was educated at University of Zurich, UC Berkeley and Fondation Post Universitaire Internationale in Paris. He holds an MA in political science, history and constitutional law. Ammann is best known for his biography of Marc Rich, the controversial commodities trader and founder of Glencore who received a presidential pardon from U.S. President Bill Clinton. The King of Oil – The Secret Lives of Marc Rich became an international bestseller and was published in nine languages. The book is to be cinematized by Universal Pictures with Matt Damon slated to portray the fugitive billionaire. John Krasinski would be a producer through his Sunday Night Productions. Ammann's research into unlawful methods of investigation by the Office of the Attorney General of Switzerland triggered one of the biggest judicial scandals in the country's recent history and led to the resignation of Attorney General Valentin Roschacher. Recognition In 2010, Ammann was named Swiss Business Journalist of the Year. In 2007 he won the renowned Georg von Holtzbrinck Prize for Business Journalism. In 2006, he was awarded the Swiss Media Prize for Finance Journalism. Books The King of Oil: The Secret Lives of Marc Rich, St. Martin's Press 2009, ISBN 978-0-312-57074-3 References ^ "About Daniel Ammann". kingofoil.com. Retrieved 25 June 2023. ^ O'Connor, Clare (23 May 2011). "Glencore IPO Pushes Ex-Fugitive Billionaire Marc Rich Out Of The Shadows". Forbes. Retrieved 25 June 2023. ^ McNary, Dave (2 July 2018). "Matt Damon to Star in Marc Rich Movie at Universal". Variety. Retrieved 25 May 2019. ^ "Too big to jail: the Colombian drug lord who snitched his way to freedom | The Economist". The Economist. 9 December 2020. ^ "Beleaguered chief prosecutor resigns". SWI swissinfo.ch. 5 July 2006. Retrieved 25 June 2023. External links Website King of Oil How I Met the Biggest Devil, Huffington Post Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Germany United States This article about a Swiss writer or poet is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte This article about a Swiss journalist is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Daniel Ammann (boxer)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Ammann_(boxer)"},{"link_name":"Swiss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swiss_people"},{"link_name":"University of Zurich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Zurich"},{"link_name":"UC Berkeley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UC_Berkeley"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Marc Rich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marc_Rich"},{"link_name":"commodities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commodity"},{"link_name":"trader","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trader_(finance)"},{"link_name":"Glencore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glencore"},{"link_name":"presidential pardon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidential_pardon"},{"link_name":"U.S. President","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Bill Clinton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Clinton"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"The King of Oil – The Secret Lives of Marc Rich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_King_of_Oil"},{"link_name":"Universal Pictures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_Pictures"},{"link_name":"Matt Damon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matt_Damon"},{"link_name":"John Krasinski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Krasinski"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"For the Australian boxer, see Daniel Ammann (boxer).Daniel Ammann (born 1963) is a Swiss journalist and author. He was educated at University of Zurich, UC Berkeley and Fondation Post Universitaire Internationale in Paris. He holds an MA in political science, history and constitutional law.[1]Ammann is best known for his biography of Marc Rich, the controversial commodities trader and founder of Glencore who received a presidential pardon from U.S. President Bill Clinton.[2] The King of Oil – The Secret Lives of Marc Rich became an international bestseller and was published in nine languages. The book is to be cinematized by Universal Pictures with Matt Damon slated to portray the fugitive billionaire. John Krasinski would be a producer through his Sunday Night Productions.[3]Ammann's research into unlawful methods of investigation by the Office of the Attorney General of Switzerland triggered one of the biggest judicial scandals in the country's recent history and led to the resignation of Attorney General Valentin Roschacher.[4][5]","title":"Daniel Ammann"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Georg von Holtzbrinck Prize for Business Journalism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georg_von_Holtzbrinck_Publishing_Group"}],"text":"In 2010, Ammann was named Swiss Business Journalist of the Year. In 2007 he won the renowned Georg von Holtzbrinck Prize for Business Journalism. In 2006, he was awarded the Swiss Media Prize for Finance Journalism.","title":"Recognition"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The King of Oil: The Secret Lives of Marc Rich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_King_of_Oil:_The_Secret_Lives_of_Marc_Rich"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-312-57074-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-312-57074-3"}],"text":"The King of Oil: The Secret Lives of Marc Rich, St. Martin's Press 2009, ISBN 978-0-312-57074-3","title":"Books"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"\"About Daniel Ammann\". kingofoil.com. Retrieved 25 June 2023.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.kingofoil.com/about/","url_text":"\"About Daniel Ammann\""}]},{"reference":"O'Connor, Clare (23 May 2011). \"Glencore IPO Pushes Ex-Fugitive Billionaire Marc Rich Out Of The Shadows\". Forbes. Retrieved 25 June 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.forbes.com/sites/clareoconnor/2011/05/23/glencore-ipo-pushes-ex-fugitive-billionaire-marc-rich-out-of-the-shadows/","url_text":"\"Glencore IPO Pushes Ex-Fugitive Billionaire Marc Rich Out Of The Shadows\""}]},{"reference":"McNary, Dave (2 July 2018). \"Matt Damon to Star in Marc Rich Movie at Universal\". Variety. Retrieved 25 May 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://variety.com/2018/film/news/matt-damon-marc-rich-movie-universal-1202863719/","url_text":"\"Matt Damon to Star in Marc Rich Movie at Universal\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variety_(magazine)","url_text":"Variety"}]},{"reference":"\"Too big to jail: the Colombian drug lord who snitched his way to freedom | The Economist\". The Economist. 9 December 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.economist.com/1843/2020/12/09/too-big-to-jail-the-colombian-drug-lord-who-snitched-his-way-to-freedom","url_text":"\"Too big to jail: the Colombian drug lord who snitched his way to freedom | The Economist\""}]},{"reference":"\"Beleaguered chief prosecutor resigns\". SWI swissinfo.ch. 5 July 2006. Retrieved 25 June 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.swissinfo.ch/eng/beleaguered-chief-prosecutor-resigns/247590","url_text":"\"Beleaguered chief prosecutor resigns\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assembly_of_the_Nobility
Assembly of the Nobility
["1 Clubhouse","2 References"]
This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these template messages) You can help expand this article with text translated from the corresponding article in Russian. (October 2023) Click for important translation instructions. Machine translation, like DeepL or Google Translate, is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into the English Wikipedia. Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality. If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article. You must provide copyright attribution in the edit summary accompanying your translation by providing an interlanguage link to the source of your translation. A model attribution edit summary is Content in this edit is translated from the existing Russian Wikipedia article at ]; see its history for attribution. You may also add the template {{Translated|ru|Дворянское собрание}} to the talk page. For more guidance, see Wikipedia:Translation. This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Assembly of the Nobility" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (November 2022) (Learn how and when to remove this message) This article relies largely or entirely on a single source. Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page. Please help improve this article by introducing citations to additional sources.Find sources: "Assembly of the Nobility" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (November 2022) (Learn how and when to remove this message) The gentry assembly in Moscow at the time of Catherine the Great Assembly of the Nobility (Russian: дворянское собрание, благородное собрание) was a self-governing body of the sosloviye (estate) of the Russian nobility in Imperial Russia from 1766 to 1917. Their official status was defined by the Charter to the Gentry in 1785. The Nobility Assemblies were at the guberniya and uyezd levels. Sometimes it is also translated as Gentry Assembly. The chair of an Assembly of Nobility was called Gubernia (Uyezd) Marshal of Nobility. These Assemblies governed both the dvoryanstvo itself and took part in the governing of local affairs of the whole society, such as the election of the persons to the posts in local administration and police. After the Emancipation reform of 1861 in Russia and subsequent reforms, their purpose became mostly affairs of the nobility. This institution ceased to exist in Russia after the October Revolution. After the dissolution of the Soviet Union, in 1990 the descendants of Russian nobility founded the Russian Assembly of Nobility, a public non-political organization. Clubhouse Assemblies of nobility typically had clubhouses also called "Assembly of Nobility", colloquially referred to as "the Assembly" (собрание) among the peers. The most famous one was that of the Moscow Assembly of the Nobility; the building is now known as the House of the Unions. References ^ "R.A.N. website". Archived from the original on 2018-01-03. Retrieved 2006-08-02.   This Russian history–related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ninja_Master
Ninja Master
["1 Gameplay","2 Reception","3 References","4 External links"]
1986 video gameNot to be confused with Ninja Master's.1986 video gameNinja MasterDeveloper(s)Tron SoftwarePublisher(s)Firebird SoftwarePlatform(s)Amstrad CPC, Atari 8-bit, C16 / Plus/4, Commodore 64, ZX SpectrumRelease1986Genre(s)Action Ninja Master is an action game depicting ninja training which was published in 1986 for various 8-bit home computers by the Firebird Software silver label. The game was developed by Tron Software and was poorly received by reviewers. A sequel, Oriental Hero, was developed by the same company and released in 1987. Gameplay Atari 8-bit screenshot The player controls a ninja who must pass 4 different skill tests that repeat periodically. A minimum score must be achieved to pass the test and move on to the next, otherwise the game ends; the player has three attempts at each test. In the first test, the ninja is standing in the center of the screen and arrows are shot at him from four possible directions and at various speeds. The arrows must be shot on the fly with an arm or a leg. The second test takes place in an arena with an audience and advertising banners. The player has to smash a board with a karate chop; the test is to accumulate enough force by quickly waving the controls. The third test is similar to the first one, and the player must intercept incoming shuriken with their sword at three possible heights. In the last test, the player has to use a blowgun to hit canisters that are thrown horizontally at the top of the screen. After passing all the tests, the player receives a belt and starts over at a higher difficulty level. Reception Ninja Master received mostly negative reviews. Despite appearing in the top ten best-selling ZX Spectrum games charts for four straight months in Sinclair User, peaking at number five, the magazine's editors gave it one star out of five and concluded that it was a "oor quality" and " the Exploding Fist type game it may seem. Avoid". Ken McMahon, reviewer for the Commodore User magazine, disliked the game so much that he gave it the unusual 0/10 rating. The game was rated not much better by Zzap!64, where reviewers summed it up as "cheap and nasty" and gave it an overall 28% rating. Your Commodore reviewer found that "the game has no lasting appeal, and even at the budget price, cannot be recommended". References ^ "Moby Games: Ninja Master". ^ "Moby Games: Oriental Hero". ^ Staff writers (August 1986). "Top Twenty Highest Climbers". Sinclair User (53). EMAP: 12–13 – via the Internet Archive. ^ a b Staff writers (September 1986). "Top Twenty Highest Climbers". Sinclair User (54). EMAP: 12–13 – via the Internet Archive. ^ Staff writers (October 1986). "Top Twenty Highest Climbers". Sinclair User (55). EMAP: 12–13 – via the Internet Archive. ^ Staff writers (November 1986). "Top Twenty Highest Climbers". Sinclair User (56). EMAP: 12–13 – via the Internet Archive. ^ "Screen Scene". Commodore User: 37. August 1986. ^ "Zzap! test". Zzap!64: 109. September 1986. ^ "Action Replay". Your Commodore: 17. October 1986. External links Ninja Master at Atari Mania Ninja Master at Lemon 64
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null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compagnie_des_Messageries_A%C3%A9riennes
Compagnie des Messageries Aériennes
["1 History","2 Accidents and incidents","3 Fleet","4 Notes","5 References","6 External links"]
Compagnie des messageries aériennes IATA ICAO Callsign N/A N/A N/A FoundedFebruary 1919Commenced operations18 April 1919Ceased operations1 January 1923Operating basesLe Bourget Airport, Paris, FranceDestinationsBrussels, BelgiumLille-Lesquin Airport, Lille, FranceHounslow Heath Aerodrome, Middlesex, United KingdomKey peopleFounders:Louis BlériotLouis Charles BreguetRené CaudronLouis Renault Compagnie des messageries aériennes was a pioneering French airline which was in operation from 1919–23, when it was merged with Grands Express Aériens to form Air Union. History Compagnie des messageries aériennes was established February 1919 by Louis Charles Breguet, Louis Blériot, Louis Renault and René Caudron. The first commercial route, a mail and freight service between Le Bourget Airport, Paris and Lille-Lesquin Airport, Lille, was started 18 April 1919 using ex-military Breguet 14s. In August, a service was started to Brussels. On 19 September, an international passenger service between Paris - Le Bourget Airport and London (Hounslow Heath Aerodrome) was started, also using Breguet 14s. The company was merged with Grands Express Aériens to form Air Union on 1 January 1923. Accidents and incidents On 23 June 1921, a Blériot-SPAD S.27, F-CMAY of CMA was en route from Croydon to Le Bourget. It encountered technical problems and attempted a forced landing, possibly aiming for Bekesbourne Aerodrome, Kent, but crashed onto an adjacent railway line, first hitting telegraph cables which would have softened the impact. The two passengers were unharmed, while the pilot received minor injuries having been pinned underneath the aircraft. The aircraft was written off. On 3 June 1922, CMA's Blériot-SPAD S.33 F-ACMH en route from Croydon to Le Bourget crashed into the English Channel off Folkestone, killing both passengers and the pilot. On 15 March 1923, Farman F.60 Goliath F-AEIE overran the runway on landing at Croydon and collided with a building. The aircraft was later repaired and returned to service. On 3 December 1923, Goliath F-AEIF, which may have been operated by CMA, crashed at Littlestone, Kent. Fleet CMA Blériot-SPAD S.27 F-CMAY Breguet 14 (2 passengers) Farman F.60 Goliath (12 passengers, 15 aircraft) Blériot-SPAD S.27 (2 passengers, 10 aircraft) Blériot-SPAD S.33 (5 passengers, 15 aircraft) Notes ^ a b Sherwood (1999) ^ "World Aviation in 1919 - Part 1". Royal Air Force Museum. Archived from the original on 5 January 2011. Retrieved 28 February 2011. ^ "ASN Wikibase Occurrence # 201006". Aviation Safety Network. Retrieved 19 February 2021. ^ "ASN Wikibase Occurrence # 28060". Aviation Safety Network. Retrieved 7 June 2022. ^ a b "FRENCH PRE-WAR REGISTER Version 120211" (PDF). Air Britain. Retrieved 8 March 2011. References Bluffield, Robert. 2009. Imperial Airways - The Birth of the British Airline Industry 1914–1940. Ian Allan ISBN 978-1-906537-07-4 Sherwood, Tim. 1999. Coming in to Land: A Short History of Hounslow, Hanworth and Heston Aerodromes 1911–1946. Heritage Publications (Hounslow Library) ISBN 1-899144-30-7 External links Le développement du transport aérien en Europe (1919-1932) Timetable images vteAirlines of FranceCurrentFranceMajor Air Corsica Air France Air France Hop Corsair International Transavia France Minor Amelia Chalair Aviation Finist'air French Bee La Compagnie Pan Européenne Air Service Twin Jet Cargo Airbus Transport International ASL Airlines France CMA CGM Air Cargo Overseas dependencesRéunion Air Austral New Caledonia Air Calédonie Air Loyauté Aircalin French Caribbean Air Antilles Air Caraïbes St Barth Commuter Take Air French Guiana Air Guyane Express French Polynesia Air Moana Air Tahiti Air Tahiti Nui Wan Air French North America Air Saint-Pierre Mayotte Ewa Air Defunct Aeris Aéro-Africaine AeroLyon Aéromaritime Aéropostale Aigle Azur Air Alpes Air Alsace Air Atlantique Air Bleu Air Bourbon Air Champagne Ardennes Air Charter International Air France Asie Air France Asie Cargo Air Guadeloupe Air Horizons Air Inter Air Inter Europe Air Lib Air Liberté Airlinair Air Littoral Air Martinique Air Méditerranée Air Midi Bigorre Air Moorea Air Orient Air Outre Mer Air Paris Air Provence Charter Air Toulouse Air Toulouse International Air Transport Pyrénées Air Turquoise Air Union Air Vendée Air Vosges Airbus Transport International Airlinair AlsaceExel AOM French Airlines Aria Atlantic Air Lift Atlantique Air Assistance Atlas Atlantique Airlines Axis Airways Blue Line Brit Air CCM Airlines CFRNA Champagne Airlines CIDNA Compagnie Corse Méditerranée Compagnie des Messageries Aériennes Compagnie générale transaérienne Eagle Aviation France EAS Europe Airlines Euralair Euroberlin Eurojet Airlines Europe Aéro Service Europe Airpost Flandre Air Flywest French Blue Grands Express Aériens Hex'Air IGavion Joon L'Avion Lignes Aériennes Farman Lucas Aigle Azur Lucas Air Transport Minerve New Axis Airways OpenSkies (operated as Level) Point Air Proteus Airlines Pyrénair Regional Airlines Régional Sinair Societé aérienne française d'affrètements Société Générale des Transports Aériens Star Airlines Sud Airlines TAT European Airlines Taxi Avia France Transports Aériens Intercontinentaux Union Aéromaritime de Transport Union Aéronautique Régionale Union de Transports Aériens Virgin Express France XL Airways France This article relating to a European airline is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"French","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"airline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airline"},{"link_name":"Grands Express Aériens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grands_Express_A%C3%A9riens"},{"link_name":"Air Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_Union"}],"text":"Compagnie des messageries aériennes was a pioneering French airline which was in operation from 1919–23, when it was merged with Grands Express Aériens to form Air Union.","title":"Compagnie des Messageries Aériennes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Louis Charles Breguet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Charles_Breguet"},{"link_name":"Louis Blériot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Bl%C3%A9riot"},{"link_name":"Louis Renault","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Renault_(industrialist)"},{"link_name":"René Caudron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Caudron"},{"link_name":"Le Bourget Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris%E2%80%93Le_Bourget_Airport"},{"link_name":"Paris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris"},{"link_name":"Lille-Lesquin Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lille_Airport"},{"link_name":"Lille","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lille"},{"link_name":"Breguet 14s","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breguet_14"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sherwood-1"},{"link_name":"Brussels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haren_Airport"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RAF-2"},{"link_name":"Hounslow Heath Aerodrome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hounslow_Heath_Aerodrome"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sherwood-1"},{"link_name":"Grands Express Aériens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grands_Express_A%C3%A9riens"},{"link_name":"Air Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_Union"}],"text":"Compagnie des messageries aériennes was established February 1919 by Louis Charles Breguet, Louis Blériot, Louis Renault and René Caudron. The first commercial route, a mail and freight service between Le Bourget Airport, Paris and Lille-Lesquin Airport, Lille, was started 18 April 1919 using ex-military Breguet 14s.[1] In August, a service was started to Brussels.[2] On 19 September, an international passenger service between Paris - Le Bourget Airport and London (Hounslow Heath Aerodrome) was started, also using Breguet 14s.[1]The company was merged with Grands Express Aériens to form Air Union on 1 January 1923.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Blériot-SPAD S.27","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bl%C3%A9riot-SPAD_S.27"},{"link_name":"Croydon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croydon"},{"link_name":"Le Bourget","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le_Bourget"},{"link_name":"Bekesbourne Aerodrome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bekesbourne_Aerodrome"},{"link_name":"Kent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kent"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ASN_#_201006-3"},{"link_name":"Blériot-SPAD S.33","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bl%C3%A9riot-SPAD_S.33"},{"link_name":"Folkestone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folkestone"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Farman F.60 Goliath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farman_F.60_Goliath"},{"link_name":"Croydon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croydon_Airport"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AB-5"},{"link_name":"Littlestone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Littlestone_Airfield&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AB-5"}],"text":"On 23 June 1921, a Blériot-SPAD S.27, F-CMAY of CMA was en route from Croydon to Le Bourget. It encountered technical problems and attempted a forced landing, possibly aiming for Bekesbourne Aerodrome, Kent, but crashed onto an adjacent railway line, first hitting telegraph cables which would have softened the impact. The two passengers were unharmed, while the pilot received minor injuries having been pinned underneath the aircraft. The aircraft was written off.[3]\nOn 3 June 1922, CMA's Blériot-SPAD S.33 F-ACMH en route from Croydon to Le Bourget crashed into the English Channel off Folkestone, killing both passengers and the pilot.[4]\nOn 15 March 1923, Farman F.60 Goliath F-AEIE overran the runway on landing at Croydon and collided with a building. The aircraft was later repaired and returned to service.[5]\nOn 3 December 1923, Goliath F-AEIF, which may have been operated by CMA, crashed at Littlestone, Kent.[5]","title":"Accidents and incidents"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bl%C3%A9riot-SPAD_S.27_F-CMAY.jpg"},{"link_name":"Breguet 14","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breguet_14"},{"link_name":"Farman F.60 Goliath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farman_F.60_Goliath"},{"link_name":"Blériot-SPAD S.27","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bl%C3%A9riot-SPAD_S.27"},{"link_name":"Blériot-SPAD S.33","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bl%C3%A9riot-SPAD_S.33"}],"text":"CMA Blériot-SPAD S.27 F-CMAYBreguet 14 (2 passengers)\nFarman F.60 Goliath (12 passengers, 15 aircraft)\nBlériot-SPAD S.27 (2 passengers, 10 aircraft)\nBlériot-SPAD S.33 (5 passengers, 15 aircraft)","title":"Fleet"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Sherwood_1-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Sherwood_1-1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-RAF_2-0"},{"link_name":"\"World Aviation in 1919 - Part 1\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20110105130943/http://www.rafmuseum.org.uk/milestones-of-flight/world/1919.cfm"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.rafmuseum.org.uk/milestones-of-flight/world/1919.cfm"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-ASN_#_201006_3-0"},{"link_name":"\"ASN Wikibase Occurrence # 201006\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//aviation-safety.net/wikibase/201006"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"\"ASN Wikibase Occurrence # 28060\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//aviation-safety.net/wikibase/28060"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-AB_5-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-AB_5-1"},{"link_name":"\"FRENCH PRE-WAR REGISTER Version 120211\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.ab-ix.co.uk/f-aaaa.pdf"}],"text":"^ a b Sherwood (1999)\n\n^ \"World Aviation in 1919 - Part 1\". Royal Air Force Museum. Archived from the original on 5 January 2011. Retrieved 28 February 2011.\n\n^ \"ASN Wikibase Occurrence # 201006\". Aviation Safety Network. Retrieved 19 February 2021.\n\n^ \"ASN Wikibase Occurrence # 28060\". Aviation Safety Network. Retrieved 7 June 2022.\n\n^ a b \"FRENCH PRE-WAR REGISTER Version 120211\" (PDF). Air Britain. Retrieved 8 March 2011.","title":"Notes"}]
[{"image_text":"CMA Blériot-SPAD S.27 F-CMAY","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Bl%C3%A9riot-SPAD_S.27_F-CMAY.jpg/220px-Bl%C3%A9riot-SPAD_S.27_F-CMAY.jpg"}]
null
[{"reference":"\"World Aviation in 1919 - Part 1\". Royal Air Force Museum. Archived from the original on 5 January 2011. Retrieved 28 February 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110105130943/http://www.rafmuseum.org.uk/milestones-of-flight/world/1919.cfm","url_text":"\"World Aviation in 1919 - Part 1\""},{"url":"http://www.rafmuseum.org.uk/milestones-of-flight/world/1919.cfm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"ASN Wikibase Occurrence # 201006\". Aviation Safety Network. Retrieved 19 February 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://aviation-safety.net/wikibase/201006","url_text":"\"ASN Wikibase Occurrence # 201006\""}]},{"reference":"\"ASN Wikibase Occurrence # 28060\". Aviation Safety Network. Retrieved 7 June 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://aviation-safety.net/wikibase/28060","url_text":"\"ASN Wikibase Occurrence # 28060\""}]},{"reference":"\"FRENCH PRE-WAR REGISTER Version 120211\" (PDF). Air Britain. Retrieved 8 March 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ab-ix.co.uk/f-aaaa.pdf","url_text":"\"FRENCH PRE-WAR REGISTER Version 120211\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complications_(TV_series)
Complications (TV series)
["1 Premise","2 Cast","2.1 Main characters","2.2 Recurring","3 Episodes","4 Development and production","5 Reception","5.1 Critical response","5.2 Ratings","6 References","7 External links"]
2015 American drama television series ComplicationsGenre Drama Thriller Created byMatt NixStarring Jason O'Mara Jessica Szohr Beth Riesgraf Lauren Stamile Country of originUnited StatesOriginal languageEnglishNo. of seasons1No. of episodes10ProductionExecutive producerMatt NixProducersDoug HannahCraig SiebelsFranses SimonovichBuddy EnrightEditorsDoug HannahBrian JonasonJames KiltonCamera setupSingle cameraProduction companiesFlying Glass of Milk ProductionsFox 21 Television StudiosOriginal releaseNetworkUSA NetworkReleaseJune 18 (2015-06-18) –August 13, 2015 (2015-08-13) Complications is an American drama television series created by Matt Nix. Starring Jason O'Mara and Jessica Szohr, the series aired on USA Network from June 18 through August 13, 2015. On August 28, 2015, USA Network cancelled Complications. Premise An exhausted and disillusioned suburban ER doctor witnesses a drive-by shooting in which a little boy is seriously injured. While attending to the child's wounds, the doctor shoots and kills a street gang member in order to save the lives of himself and the boy. This one act, seen by some to make him a hero, leads to unexpected complications in his personal and professional life, which forces him to re-evaluate his beliefs about medicine and helping others. Cast Main characters Jason O'Mara as Dr. John Ellison Jessica Szohr as Nurse Gretchen Polk, a coworker of John Beth Riesgraf as Samantha Ellison, John's wife Lauren Stamile as Dr. Bridget O'Neil, a coworker of John Albert C. Bates as Oliver Ellison, John & Sam Ellison's son Recurring Chris Chalk as Darius Tim Peper as Kyle Hawkins, a lawyer and friend of Samantha Eric Edelstein as Jed, a friend of Gretchen Conphidance as CJ, cousin to Antoine and keeps Dr. John Ellison on check; affiliated with Darius RonReaco Lee as Dr. Quentin Harper, another ER doctor Brick Jackson as Maurice, CJ's best friend Anna Enger as Nurse Mia Joy Christine Horn as Sherry Perkins Chris Greene as Chris Maddox, affiliated with Darius Ty Glascoe as Boney, affiliated with Darius Gino Vento as Oscar 'Tico' Rodriguez, member of the Loco's gang. Jaiden Byrd as Antoine Tyler, the kid who was shot in the middle of the street while walking with CJ. Episodes No.TitleDirected byWritten byOriginal air date Prod.codeU.S. viewers(millions)1"Pilot"Matt NixMatt NixJune 18, 2015 (2015-06-18)BED1791.91 2"Infection"Scott PetersMatt NixJune 18, 2015 (2015-06-18)BED1011.91 3"Onset"Roger KumbleMichael HorowitzJune 25, 2015 (2015-06-25)BED1021.07 4"Immune Response"Kate WoodsAndrew Gettens & Lauren MackenzieJuly 2, 2015 (2015-07-02)BED1031.46 5"Outbreak"Scott PetersRyan Johnson & Peter LalayanisJuly 9, 2015 (2015-07-09)BED1041.53 6"Diagnosis"Arvin BrownGreg Hart & Ameni RozsaJuly 16, 2015 (2015-07-16)BED1051.30 7"Fever"Jann TurnerMichael HorowitzJuly 23, 2015 (2015-07-23)BED1061.19 8"Relapse"Michael NankinMatt Nix & LaToya MorganJuly 30, 2015 (2015-07-30)BED1071.43 9"Deterioration"Craig SiebelsRyan Johnson & Peter LalayanisAugust 6, 2015 (2015-08-06)BED1081.17 10"Critical Condition"Matt NixMatt NixAugust 13, 2015 (2015-08-13)BED1091.40 Development and production Matt Nix directed the pilot episode. In March 2014, USA Network ordered the pilot to series. Production began in September 2014 in Atlanta, Georgia. Reception Critical response Complications has received generally mixed reviews from critics. Review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes gives the first season of the show a rating of 59%, based on 17 reviews, with an average rating of 6.1/10. The site's consensus states, "Complications has no shortage of ambition - or intriguing characters and ideas - although its complicated plot occasionally beggars belief." Metacritic gives the show a score of 55 out of 100, based on 14 critics, indicating "generally mixed reviews". Ratings No. Title Original Air date Viewership (millions)(Live+SD) Rating/share(18–49)(Live+SD) Rank per weekon Cable 1 "Pilot" June 18, 2015 (2015-06-18) 1.91 0.4 #6 2 "Infection" June 18, 2015 (2015-06-18) 1.91 0.4 #6 3 "Onset" June 25, 2015 (2015-06-25) 1.07 0.3 #25 4 "Immune Response" July 2, 2015 (2015-07-02) 1.46 0.3 #9 5 "Outbreak" July 9, 2015 (2015-07-09) 1.53 0.5 #12 6 "Diagnosis" July 16, 2015 (2015-07-16) 1.30 0.4 #13 7 "Fever" July 23, 2015 (2015-07-23) 1.19 0.3 #15 8 "Relapse" July 30, 2015 (2015-07-30) 1.43 0.3 #18 9 "Deterioration" August 6, 2015 (2015-08-06) 1.17 0.3 #34 10 "Critical Condition" August 13, 2015 (2015-08-13) 1.40 0.3 #15 References ^ a b c d e "Complications: Official website". USA Network. Archived from the original on February 17, 2015. Retrieved February 15, 2015. ^ a b Abrams, Natalie (January 15, 2015). "Jason O'Mara tries to be a hero in USA's 'Complications' trailer". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved February 3, 2015. ^ "USA Network Sets Development Slate, Summer Premiere Dates". USA Network. 7 April 2015. Retrieved April 7, 2015. ^ Friedlander, Whitney (August 28, 2015). "USA Cancels Freshman Drama 'Complications'". Variety. Retrieved August 28, 2015. ^ a b c d e f Prudom, Laura (September 17, 2014). "USA Network's 'Complications' Casts Four, Begins Production in Atlanta (EXCLUSIVE)". Variety. Retrieved February 15, 2015. ^ episode 1 and 3 (brings sling for kid with broken arm near end) ^ episode 5 and 10 ^ episode 8 and 10 ^ "Complications: Episode Guide". zap2it. Retrieved July 15, 2015. ^ a b c d e f Kondolojy, Amanda (June 19, 2015). "Thursday Cable Ratings: 'Thursday Night Smackdown' Tops Night + 'Braxton Family Values', 'Ridiculousness', 'Complications' & More". TV by the Numbers. Archived from the original on June 20, 2015. Retrieved June 27, 2015. ^ a b c d Metcalf, Mitch (June 26, 2015). "SHOWBUZZDAILY's Top 100 Thursday Cable Originals (& Network Update): 6.25.2015". SHOWBUZZDAILY. Archived from the original on June 27, 2015. Retrieved June 27, 2015. ^ a b c Bibel, Sara (July 6, 2015). "Thursday Cable Ratings: 'WWE Smackdown' Wins Night, 'Beyond Scared Straight', 'Braxton Family Values', 'Complications' & More". TV by the Numbers. Archived from the original on July 7, 2015. Retrieved July 8, 2015. ^ a b c Kondolojy, Amanda (July 10, 2015). "Thursday Cable Ratings: Shark Week Tops Night + 'Teen Mom 2', 'Mountain Men' Copa Oro, 'Braxton Family Values' & More". TV by the Numbers. Archived from the original on July 12, 2015. Retrieved July 15, 2015. ^ a b c Kondolojy, Amanda (July 17, 2015). "Thursday Cable Ratings: 'Teen Mom II' Tops Night + 'Lip Sync Battle', 'Mountain Men', 'Braxton Family Values' & More". TV by the Numbers. Archived from the original on July 19, 2015. Retrieved July 31, 2015. ^ a b c Bibel, Sara (July 24, 2015). "Thursday Cable Ratings: 'Teen Mom 2' Wins Night, 'Alone', 'Mountain Men', 'WWE Smackdown', 'Braxton Family Values', 'Dominion' & More". TV by the Numbers. Archived from the original on July 25, 2015. Retrieved July 31, 2015. ^ a b c d Metcalf, Mitch (July 31, 2015). "SHOWBUZZDAILY's Top 100 Thursday Cable Originals (& Network Update): 7.30.2015". SHOWBUZZDAILY. Archived from the original on August 2, 2015. Retrieved August 7, 2015. ^ a b c "Complications: Season One Ratings". TV Series Finale. August 7, 2015. Retrieved August 14, 2015. ^ a b c Kondolojy, Amanda (August 14, 2015). "Thursday Cable Ratings: NFL Preseason Football Tops Night + 'Teen Mom II', 'Thursday Night Smackdown', 'Project Runway' & More". TV by the Numbers. Archived from the original on August 16, 2015. Retrieved August 28, 2015. ^ Andreeva, Nellie (March 21, 2014). "USA Picks Up Medical Drama Pilots 'Rush' & 'Complications' To Series, Confirms 'White Collar' Renewal". Deadline Hollywood. Retrieved February 15, 2015. ^ "Complications: Season 1". Rotten Tomatoes. Flixster. Retrieved August 15, 2015. ^ "Complications: Season 1". Metacritic. CBS Interactive (CBS Corporation). Retrieved August 14, 2015. ^ a b Metcalf, Mitch (June 19, 2015). "SHOWBUZZDAILY's Top 100 Thursday Cable Originals (& Network Update): 6.18.2015". SHOWBUZZDAILY. Archived from the original on June 20, 2015. Retrieved August 14, 2015. ^ Metcalf, Mitch (July 6, 2015). "SHOWBUZZDAILY's Top 100 Thursday Cable Originals (& Network Update): 7.2.2015". SHOWBUZZDAILY. Archived from the original on July 7, 2015. Retrieved August 14, 2015. ^ Metcalf, Mitch (July 10, 2015). "SHOWBUZZDAILY's Top 100 Thursday Cable Originals (& Network Update): 7.9.2015". SHOWBUZZDAILY. Archived from the original on July 11, 2015. Retrieved August 14, 2015. ^ Metcalf, Mitch (July 17, 2015). "SHOWBUZZDAILY's Top 100 Thursday Cable Originals (& Network Update): 716.2015". SHOWBUZZDAILY. Archived from the original on July 19, 2015. Retrieved August 14, 2015. ^ Metcalf, Mitch (July 24, 2015). "SHOWBUZZDAILY's Top 100 Thursday Cable Originals (& Network Update): 7.23.2015". SHOWBUZZDAILY. Archived from the original on July 25, 2015. Retrieved August 14, 2015. ^ Metcalf, Mitch (August 7, 2015). "SHOWBUZZDAILY's Top 100 Thursday Cable Originals (& Network Update): 8.6.2015". SHOWBUZZDAILY. Archived from the original on August 9, 2015. Retrieved August 14, 2015. ^ Metcalf, Mitch (August 14, 2015). "SHOWBUZZDAILY's Top 100 Thursday Cable Originals (& Network Update): 8.13.2015". SHOWBUZZDAILY. Archived from the original on August 15, 2015. Retrieved August 28, 2015. 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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Matt Nix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matt_Nix"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Complications-2"},{"link_name":"Jason O'Mara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jason_O%27Mara"},{"link_name":"Jessica Szohr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jessica_Szohr"},{"link_name":"USA Network","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USA_Network"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-website-1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Premiere-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Complications is an American drama television series created by Matt Nix.[2] Starring Jason O'Mara and Jessica Szohr, the series aired on USA Network from June 18 through August 13, 2015.[1][3] On August 28, 2015, USA Network cancelled Complications.[4]","title":"Complications (TV series)"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"An exhausted and disillusioned suburban ER doctor witnesses a drive-by shooting in which a little boy is seriously injured. While attending to the child's wounds, the doctor shoots and kills a street gang member in order to save the lives of himself and the boy. This one act, seen by some to make him a hero, leads to unexpected complications in his personal and professional life, which forces him to re-evaluate his beliefs about medicine and helping others.","title":"Premise"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Cast"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jason O'Mara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jason_O%27Mara"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Complications-2"},{"link_name":"Jessica Szohr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jessica_Szohr"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-website-1"},{"link_name":"Beth Riesgraf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beth_Riesgraf"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-website-1"},{"link_name":"Lauren Stamile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lauren_Stamile"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-website-1"}],"sub_title":"Main characters","text":"Jason O'Mara as Dr. John Ellison[2]\nJessica Szohr as Nurse Gretchen Polk, a coworker of John[1]\nBeth Riesgraf as Samantha Ellison, John's wife[1]\nLauren Stamile as Dr. Bridget O'Neil, a coworker of John[1]\nAlbert C. Bates as Oliver Ellison, John & Sam Ellison's son","title":"Cast"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chris Chalk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Chalk"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-recurring-5"},{"link_name":"Tim Peper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tim_Peper"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-recurring-5"},{"link_name":"Eric Edelstein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_Edelstein"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-recurring-5"},{"link_name":"Conphidance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conphidance"},{"link_name":"RonReaco Lee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RonReaco_Lee"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-recurring-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-recurring-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Ty Glascoe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ty_Glascoe&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"sub_title":"Recurring","text":"Chris Chalk as Darius[5]\nTim Peper as Kyle Hawkins, a lawyer and friend of Samantha[5]\nEric Edelstein as Jed, a friend of Gretchen[5]\nConphidance as CJ, cousin to Antoine and keeps Dr. John Ellison on check; affiliated with Darius\nRonReaco Lee as Dr. Quentin Harper, another ER doctor[5]\nBrick Jackson as Maurice, CJ's best friend[5]\nAnna Enger as Nurse Mia Joy[6]\nChristine Horn as Sherry Perkins\nChris Greene as Chris Maddox, affiliated with Darius[7]\nTy Glascoe as Boney, affiliated with Darius[8]\nGino Vento as Oscar 'Tico' Rodriguez, member of the Loco's gang.\nJaiden Byrd as Antoine Tyler, the kid who was shot in the middle of the street while walking with CJ.","title":"Cast"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Episodes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Matt Nix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matt_Nix"},{"link_name":"pilot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Television_pilot"},{"link_name":"USA Network","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USA_Network"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Atlanta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlanta"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-recurring-5"}],"text":"Matt Nix directed the pilot episode. In March 2014, USA Network ordered the pilot to series.[19] Production began in September 2014 in Atlanta, Georgia.[5]","title":"Development and production"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rotten Tomatoes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotten_Tomatoes"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rt-20"},{"link_name":"Metacritic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metacritic"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mc-21"}],"sub_title":"Critical response","text":"Complications has received generally mixed reviews from critics. Review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes gives the first season of the show a rating of 59%, based on 17 reviews, with an average rating of 6.1/10. The site's consensus states, \"Complications has no shortage of ambition - or intriguing characters and ideas - although its complicated plot occasionally beggars belief.\"[20] Metacritic gives the show a score of 55 out of 100, based on 14 critics, indicating \"generally mixed reviews\".[21]","title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Ratings","title":"Reception"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"\"Complications: Official website\". USA Network. Archived from the original on February 17, 2015. Retrieved February 15, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150217172334/http://www.usanetwork.com/complications/home","url_text":"\"Complications: Official website\""},{"url":"http://www.usanetwork.com/complications/home","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Abrams, Natalie (January 15, 2015). \"Jason O'Mara tries to be a hero in USA's 'Complications' trailer\". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved February 3, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ew.com/article/2015/01/15/jason-omara-complications-trailer-usa","url_text":"\"Jason O'Mara tries to be a hero in USA's 'Complications' trailer\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entertainment_Weekly","url_text":"Entertainment Weekly"}]},{"reference":"\"USA Network Sets Development Slate, Summer Premiere Dates\". USA Network. 7 April 2015. Retrieved April 7, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://deadline.com/2015/04/usa-network-development-slate-summer-premiere-dates-1201405667/","url_text":"\"USA Network Sets Development Slate, Summer Premiere Dates\""}]},{"reference":"Friedlander, Whitney (August 28, 2015). \"USA Cancels Freshman Drama 'Complications'\". Variety. Retrieved August 28, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://variety.com/2015/tv/news/complications-cancelled-usa-matt-nix-jason-omara-1201580763/","url_text":"\"USA Cancels Freshman Drama 'Complications'\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variety_(magazine)","url_text":"Variety"}]},{"reference":"Prudom, Laura (September 17, 2014). \"USA Network's 'Complications' Casts Four, Begins Production in Atlanta (EXCLUSIVE)\". Variety. Retrieved February 15, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://variety.com/2014/tv/news/usa-network-complications-casts-four-begins-production-atlanta-1201307402/","url_text":"\"USA Network's 'Complications' Casts Four, Begins Production in Atlanta (EXCLUSIVE)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variety_(magazine)","url_text":"Variety"}]},{"reference":"\"Complications: Episode Guide\". zap2it. Retrieved July 15, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://tvschedule.zap2it.com/tv/complications/episode-guide/EP02164260","url_text":"\"Complications: Episode Guide\""}]},{"reference":"Kondolojy, Amanda (June 19, 2015). \"Thursday Cable Ratings: 'Thursday Night Smackdown' Tops Night + 'Braxton Family Values', 'Ridiculousness', 'Complications' & More\". TV by the Numbers. Archived from the original on June 20, 2015. Retrieved June 27, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150620010717/http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2015/06/19/thursday-cable-ratings-thursday-night-smackdown-tops-night-braxton-family-values-ridiculousness-complications-more/419185/","url_text":"\"Thursday Cable Ratings: 'Thursday Night Smackdown' Tops Night + 'Braxton Family Values', 'Ridiculousness', 'Complications' & More\""},{"url":"http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2015/06/19/thursday-cable-ratings-thursday-night-smackdown-tops-night-braxton-family-values-ridiculousness-complications-more/419185/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Metcalf, Mitch (June 26, 2015). \"SHOWBUZZDAILY's Top 100 Thursday Cable Originals (& Network Update): 6.25.2015\". SHOWBUZZDAILY. Archived from the original on June 27, 2015. Retrieved June 27, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150627134938/http://www.showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-top-100-thursday-cable-originals-6-25-2015.html","url_text":"\"SHOWBUZZDAILY's Top 100 Thursday Cable Originals (& Network Update): 6.25.2015\""},{"url":"http://www.showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-top-100-thursday-cable-originals-6-25-2015.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Bibel, Sara (July 6, 2015). \"Thursday Cable Ratings: 'WWE Smackdown' Wins Night, 'Beyond Scared Straight', 'Braxton Family Values', 'Complications' & More\". TV by the Numbers. Archived from the original on July 7, 2015. Retrieved July 8, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150707112705/http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2015/07/06/thursday-cable-ratings-wwe-smackdown-wins-night-beyond-scared-straight-braxton-family-values-complications-graceland-more/426358/","url_text":"\"Thursday Cable Ratings: 'WWE Smackdown' Wins Night, 'Beyond Scared Straight', 'Braxton Family Values', 'Complications' & More\""},{"url":"http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2015/07/06/thursday-cable-ratings-wwe-smackdown-wins-night-beyond-scared-straight-braxton-family-values-complications-graceland-more/426358/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Kondolojy, Amanda (July 10, 2015). \"Thursday Cable Ratings: Shark Week Tops Night + 'Teen Mom 2', 'Mountain Men' Copa Oro, 'Braxton Family Values' & More\". TV by the Numbers. Archived from the original on July 12, 2015. Retrieved July 15, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150712065336/http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2015/07/10/thursday-cable-ratings-shark-week-tops-night-teen-mom-2-mountain-men-copa-oro-braxton-family-values-more/428820/","url_text":"\"Thursday Cable Ratings: Shark Week Tops Night + 'Teen Mom 2', 'Mountain Men' Copa Oro, 'Braxton Family Values' & More\""},{"url":"http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2015/07/10/thursday-cable-ratings-shark-week-tops-night-teen-mom-2-mountain-men-copa-oro-braxton-family-values-more/428820/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Kondolojy, Amanda (July 17, 2015). \"Thursday Cable Ratings: 'Teen Mom II' Tops Night + 'Lip Sync Battle', 'Mountain Men', 'Braxton Family Values' & More\". TV by the Numbers. Archived from the original on July 19, 2015. Retrieved July 31, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150719173700/http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2015/07/17/thursday-cable-ratings-teen-mom-ii-tops-night-lip-sync-battle-mountain-men-braxton-family-values-more/432138/","url_text":"\"Thursday Cable Ratings: 'Teen Mom II' Tops Night + 'Lip Sync Battle', 'Mountain Men', 'Braxton Family Values' & More\""},{"url":"http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2015/07/17/thursday-cable-ratings-teen-mom-ii-tops-night-lip-sync-battle-mountain-men-braxton-family-values-more/432138/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Bibel, Sara (July 24, 2015). \"Thursday Cable Ratings: 'Teen Mom 2' Wins Night, 'Alone', 'Mountain Men', 'WWE Smackdown', 'Braxton Family Values', 'Dominion' & More\". TV by the Numbers. Archived from the original on July 25, 2015. Retrieved July 31, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150725144058/http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2015/07/24/thursday-cable-ratings-teen-mom-2-wins-night-alone-mountain-men-wwe-smackdown-braxton-family-values-dominion-more/436533/","url_text":"\"Thursday Cable Ratings: 'Teen Mom 2' Wins Night, 'Alone', 'Mountain Men', 'WWE Smackdown', 'Braxton Family Values', 'Dominion' & More\""},{"url":"http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2015/07/24/thursday-cable-ratings-teen-mom-2-wins-night-alone-mountain-men-wwe-smackdown-braxton-family-values-dominion-more/436533/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Metcalf, Mitch (July 31, 2015). \"SHOWBUZZDAILY's Top 100 Thursday Cable Originals (& Network Update): 7.30.2015\". SHOWBUZZDAILY. Archived from the original on August 2, 2015. Retrieved August 7, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150802010430/http://www.showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-top-100-thursday-cable-originals-7-30-2015.html","url_text":"\"SHOWBUZZDAILY's Top 100 Thursday Cable Originals (& Network Update): 7.30.2015\""},{"url":"http://www.showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-top-100-thursday-cable-originals-7-30-2015.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Complications: Season One Ratings\". TV Series Finale. August 7, 2015. Retrieved August 14, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://tvseriesfinale.com/tv-show/complications-season-one-ratings-37173/","url_text":"\"Complications: Season One Ratings\""}]},{"reference":"Kondolojy, Amanda (August 14, 2015). \"Thursday Cable Ratings: NFL Preseason Football Tops Night + 'Teen Mom II', 'Thursday Night Smackdown', 'Project Runway' & More\". TV by the Numbers. Archived from the original on August 16, 2015. Retrieved August 28, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150816031155/http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2015/08/14/thursday-cable-ratings-nfl-preseason-football-tops-night-teen-mom-ii-thursday-night-smackdown-project-runway-more/447754/","url_text":"\"Thursday Cable Ratings: NFL Preseason Football Tops Night + 'Teen Mom II', 'Thursday Night Smackdown', 'Project Runway' & More\""},{"url":"http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2015/08/14/thursday-cable-ratings-nfl-preseason-football-tops-night-teen-mom-ii-thursday-night-smackdown-project-runway-more/447754/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Andreeva, Nellie (March 21, 2014). \"USA Picks Up Medical Drama Pilots 'Rush' & 'Complications' To Series, Confirms 'White Collar' Renewal\". Deadline Hollywood. Retrieved February 15, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://deadline.com/2014/03/usa-picks-up-drama-pilots-complications-rush-to-series-confirms-white-collar-renewal-702492/","url_text":"\"USA Picks Up Medical Drama Pilots 'Rush' & 'Complications' To Series, Confirms 'White Collar' Renewal\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deadline_Hollywood","url_text":"Deadline Hollywood"}]},{"reference":"\"Complications: Season 1\". Rotten Tomatoes. Flixster. Retrieved August 15, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rottentomatoes.com/tv/complications/s01/","url_text":"\"Complications: Season 1\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotten_Tomatoes","url_text":"Rotten Tomatoes"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flixster","url_text":"Flixster"}]},{"reference":"\"Complications: Season 1\". Metacritic. CBS Interactive (CBS Corporation). Retrieved August 14, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.metacritic.com/tv/complications","url_text":"\"Complications: Season 1\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metacritic","url_text":"Metacritic"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CBS_Interactive","url_text":"CBS Interactive"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CBS_Corporation","url_text":"CBS Corporation"}]},{"reference":"Metcalf, Mitch (June 19, 2015). \"SHOWBUZZDAILY's Top 100 Thursday Cable Originals (& Network Update): 6.18.2015\". SHOWBUZZDAILY. Archived from the original on June 20, 2015. Retrieved August 14, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150620025219/http://www.showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-top-100-thursday-cable-originals-network-update-6-18-2015.html","url_text":"\"SHOWBUZZDAILY's Top 100 Thursday Cable Originals (& Network Update): 6.18.2015\""},{"url":"http://www.showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-top-100-thursday-cable-originals-network-update-6-18-2015.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Metcalf, Mitch (July 6, 2015). \"SHOWBUZZDAILY's Top 100 Thursday Cable Originals (& Network Update): 7.2.2015\". SHOWBUZZDAILY. Archived from the original on July 7, 2015. Retrieved August 14, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150707235056/http://www.showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-top-100-thursday-cable-originals-7-2-2015.html","url_text":"\"SHOWBUZZDAILY's Top 100 Thursday Cable Originals (& Network Update): 7.2.2015\""},{"url":"http://www.showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-top-100-thursday-cable-originals-7-2-2015.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Metcalf, Mitch (July 10, 2015). \"SHOWBUZZDAILY's Top 100 Thursday Cable Originals (& Network Update): 7.9.2015\". SHOWBUZZDAILY. Archived from the original on July 11, 2015. Retrieved August 14, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150711135135/http://www.showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-top-100-thursday-cable-originals-network-update-7-9-2015.html","url_text":"\"SHOWBUZZDAILY's Top 100 Thursday Cable Originals (& Network Update): 7.9.2015\""},{"url":"http://www.showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-top-100-thursday-cable-originals-network-update-7-9-2015.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Metcalf, Mitch (July 17, 2015). \"SHOWBUZZDAILY's Top 100 Thursday Cable Originals (& Network Update): 716.2015\". SHOWBUZZDAILY. Archived from the original on July 19, 2015. Retrieved August 14, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150719014247/http://www.showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-top-100-thursday-cable-originals-network-update-7-16-2015.html","url_text":"\"SHOWBUZZDAILY's Top 100 Thursday Cable Originals (& Network Update): 716.2015\""},{"url":"http://www.showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-top-100-thursday-cable-originals-network-update-7-16-2015.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Metcalf, Mitch (July 24, 2015). \"SHOWBUZZDAILY's Top 100 Thursday Cable Originals (& Network Update): 7.23.2015\". SHOWBUZZDAILY. Archived from the original on July 25, 2015. Retrieved August 14, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150725014816/http://www.showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-top-100-thursday-cable-originals-7-23-2015.html","url_text":"\"SHOWBUZZDAILY's Top 100 Thursday Cable Originals (& Network Update): 7.23.2015\""},{"url":"http://www.showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-top-100-thursday-cable-originals-7-23-2015.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Metcalf, Mitch (August 7, 2015). \"SHOWBUZZDAILY's Top 100 Thursday Cable Originals (& Network Update): 8.6.2015\". SHOWBUZZDAILY. Archived from the original on August 9, 2015. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beverly_Jenkins
Beverly Jenkins
["1 Early life","2 Career","3 Bibliography","4 Awards","5 References","6 External links"]
American novelist For the blues singer that recorded with her husband Gordon Jenkins, see Gordon Jenkins. Beverly JenkinsBorn1951 (age 72–73)Detroit, Michigan, U.S.OccupationNovelistAlma materMichigan State UniversityPeriod1994–presentGenreHistorical romance, Contemporary romanceWebsitewww.beverlyjenkins.net Beverly Jenkins (born 1951, Detroit) is an American author of historical and contemporary romance novels with a particular focus on 19th-century African American life. Jenkins was a 2013 NAACP Image Award nominee and, in 1999, was voted one of the Top 50 Favorite African American writers of the 20th century by the African American Literature Book Club. Jenkins's historical romances are set during a period of African American history that she believes is often overlooked. This made it difficult to break into publishing because publishers weren't sure what to do with stories that involved African Americans but not slavery. Jenkins studied at Michigan State University as a Journalism and English Literature major. She lives in Southeastern Michigan. Early life Jenkins was born in Detroit in 1951 to her parents, a high school teacher and an administrative aide. Jenkins grew up surrounded by words. Her mother read to Jenkins while she was in the womb and bought her cloth books when she was a baby. Jenkins would chew on the cloth books while her mother encouraged her to "Eat those words, baby. Eat those words." Jenkins read widely at her local library, everything from Alice in Wonderland to Dune to Zane Gray to early romance writers like Victoria Holt, Mary Stewart & Phyllis Whitney. Her early writing began when she became the editor of her elementary school newspaper. Jenkins attended Michigan State University in the spring of 1969. Career Jenkins worked full-time in the Michigan State University library's circulation department. Each lunch hour, she would read articles from The Journal of Negro History (now called The Journal of African American History). Eventually, Jenkins and her husband moved to Ypsilanti, where she worked at the Parke Davis Pharmaceuticals' reference desk and began writing romance novels for fun. At the suggestion of a colleague, Jenkins looked for an agent and publisher. Avon published her first novel, Night Song, in 1994. Though Jenkins has published books in many romance sub-genres, the majority of her books are historical romances. Jenkins calls herself a "kitchen table historian." She likens American history to a quilt with some pieces ripped out—the pieces belonging to minority history. Jenkins uses her books to weave the quilt back together by revealing patches of black history that are rarely taught in school. Slavery and the Civil Rights Movement are important pieces of African American history, but they aren't the only pieces. For example, her first three novels, Night Song, Vivid and Indigo, feature characters such as a schoolteacher, a cavalry officer, a female doctor and Underground Railroad heroes. They were all inspired by true history. Jenkins found inspiration for Forbidden from two interesting bits of history. First, she read a news article about a high-end African American-run hotel that was uncovered during an archaeological dig in Virginia City. She also heard a story about a man seeing a black woman walking through the desert with a cook stove balanced on her head. Jenkins includes bibliographies with her historical romances so readers can read further, if they choose. Bibliography Title Series Publication Year ISBN Night Song 1994 9780380776580 Vivid Grayson Family No. 1 1995 9780595162024 Indigo 1996 9780595002023 Topaz 1997 9780380786602 Through the Storm LeVeq Family No. 1 1998 9780380798643 Taming of Jessi Rose, The 1999 9780380798650 Always and Forever 2000 9780380813742 Before the Dawn 2001 9780380813759 Chance at Love, A 2002 9780060502294 Belle and the Beau 2002 9780064473422 "Homecoming"short story in Gettin' Merry anthology 2002 9780312982195 The Edge of Midnight 2004 9780060540661 Winds of the Storm LeVeq Family No. 2 2004 9780060575311 The Edge of Dawn 2004 9780060540678 Something like Love 2005 9780060575328 Black Lace 2005 9780060815936 Sexy/Dangerous 2006 9780060818999 Prisoner of Love 2007 9781625172761 Deadly Sexy 2007 9780061246395 "Prisoner"short story in Cuffed by Candlelight anthology 2007 9781600430077 Wild Sweet Love 2007 9780061161308 Jewel Grayson Family No. 2 2008 9780061161353 Josephine and the Soldier 2009 9780060012205 Bring on the Blessings Blessings No. 1 2009 9780061688409 Captured LeVeq Family No. 3 2009 9780061547799 Second Helping, A Blessings No. 2 2009 9780061547812 "You Sang To Me"short story in Rhythms of Love anthology 2010 9780373861606 "Holiday Heat"short story in Once Upon a Holiday anthology 2010 9780373831913 Midnight 2010 9780061547805 "I'll Be Home for Christmas"short story in Baby, Let It Snow anthology 2011 9780373862337 Something Old, Something New Blessings No. 3 2011 9780061990793 Night Hawk 2011 9780062032645 "Hawaii Magic"short story in Island for Two anthology 2012 9780373862610 "Overtime Love"short story in Merry Sexy Christmas anthology 2012 9780373534876 Wish and a Prayer, A Blessings No. 4 2012 9780061990809 Destiny's Embrace Destiny No. 1 2013 9780062032652 Destiny's Surrender Destiny No. 2 2013 9780062231116 Heart of Gold Blessings No. 5 2014 9780062207975 Destiny's Captive Destiny No. 3 2014 9780062231130 For Your Love Blessings No. 6 2015 9780062207999 Forbidden Old West No. 1 2016 9780062389008 Stepping to a New Day Blessings No. 7 2016 9780062412638 Breathless Old West No. 2 2017 9780062389039 Chasing Down a Dream Blessings No. 8 2017 9780062412652 Tempest Old West No. 3 2018 9780062389053 Second Time Sweeter Blessings No. 9 2018 9780062846174 Rebel Women Who Dare No. 1 2019 9780062861689 On the Corner of Hope and Main Blessings No. 10 2020 9780062699282 Wild Rain Women Who Dare No. 2 2021 9780062861719 To Catch a Raven Women Who Dare No. 3 2022 9780062861740 Awards 1996 – Romantic Times Historical Love and Laughter Nominee 1999 – Romantic Times Western Historical Romance Winner 2000 – Romantic Times Multicultural Romance Winner 2007 – Romantic Times Historical Storyteller of the Year Nominee 2010 – A Second Helping – Romantic Times Multicultural Fiction Novel Winner 2011 – Something Old, Something New – Romantic Times Multicultural Romance Winner 2013 – Destiny's Embrace – Romantic Times American-Set Historical Romance Winner 2013 – A Wish and a Prayer – NAACP Image Award for Literature Nominee 2016 – Forbidden – Romantic Times Historical Romance Winner 2017 – RWA Nora Roberts Lifetime Achievement Award References ^ a b "Author Beverly Jenkins' Romance With the Past". Huffington Post. May 8, 2015. Retrieved August 5, 2015. ^ "Beverly Jenkins, Author". aalbc.com. ^ a b "Beverly Jenkins Wraps Bitter History in Sweet Romance". npr.org. ^ "Author Beverly Jenkins biography and book list". freshfiction.com. ^ a b c "Beverly Jenkins". Contemporary Black Biography. 14. Gale. 1997. ISSN 1058-1316. ^ a b c d e "Talking Black History and Love Stories with Romance Writing Pioneer Beverly Jenkins". Jezebel. January 26, 2016. Retrieved July 3, 2017. ^ a b "Beverly Jenkins: A Romance With Writing". Lansing State Journal. October 20, 2016. Retrieved July 3, 2017. ^ "An Interview with Beverly Jenkins". Smart Bitches, Trashy Books. April 24, 2015. Retrieved July 3, 2017. ^ a b c d e f g h RT Book Reviews ^ "NAACP Image Awards: Winners Announced". Hollywood Reporter. February 1, 2013. Retrieved July 21, 2017. ^ "Romance Writers of America". Archived from the original on June 27, 2015. Retrieved June 30, 2017. External links Wikiquote has quotations related to Beverly Jenkins. Official website "RWA Nora Roberts Lifetime Achievement Award Acceptance Speech". YouTube. Grimaldi, Christine (August 18, 2015). ""Happily Ever After" for African-American Romance Novelists". The Rumpus. Retrieved July 3, 2017. Jordan, Emily (June 25, 2017). "Uncommon Ground: Beverly Jenkins, Diverse Romance and American History the Way It Really Happened". Salon. Retrieved July 3, 2017. Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National France BnF data United States Czech Republic
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This made it difficult to break into publishing because publishers weren't sure what to do with stories that involved African Americans but not slavery.[3]Jenkins studied at Michigan State University as a Journalism and English Literature major. She lives in Southeastern Michigan.[4]","title":"Beverly Jenkins"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Detroit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detroit"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Drew-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jezebel-6"},{"link_name":"Alice in Wonderland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alice%27s_Adventures_in_Wonderland"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jezebel-6"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Drew-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Drew-5"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lansing-7"}],"text":"Jenkins was born in Detroit in 1951 to her parents, a high school teacher and an administrative aide.[5] Jenkins grew up surrounded by words. Her mother read to Jenkins while she was in the womb and bought her cloth books when she was a baby. 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Eat those words.\"[6] Jenkins read widely at her local library, everything from Alice in Wonderland to Dune to Zane Gray to early romance writers like Victoria Holt, Mary Stewart & Phyllis Whitney.[6][5] Her early writing began when she became the editor of her elementary school newspaper.[5] Jenkins attended Michigan State University in the spring of 1969.[7]","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Michigan State University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michigan_State_University"},{"link_name":"The Journal of African American History","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Journal_of_African_American_History"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lansing-7"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-npr-3"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jezebel-6"},{"link_name":"Slavery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slavery_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Civil Rights Movement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_rights_movement"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jezebel-6"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jezebel-6"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-smart-8"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-huff-1"}],"text":"Jenkins worked full-time in the Michigan State University library's circulation department. Each lunch hour, she would read articles from The Journal of Negro History (now called The Journal of African American History). Eventually, Jenkins and her husband moved to Ypsilanti, where she worked at the Parke Davis Pharmaceuticals' reference desk and began writing romance novels for fun. At the suggestion of a colleague, Jenkins looked for an agent and publisher. Avon published her first novel, Night Song, in 1994.[7]Though Jenkins has published books in many romance sub-genres, the majority of her books are historical romances. Jenkins calls herself a \"kitchen table historian.\"[3] She likens American history to a quilt with some pieces ripped out—the pieces belonging to minority history. Jenkins uses her books to weave the quilt back together by revealing patches of black history that are rarely taught in school.[6] Slavery and the Civil Rights Movement are important pieces of African American history, but they aren't the only pieces. For example, her first three novels, Night Song, Vivid and Indigo, feature characters such as a schoolteacher, a cavalry officer, a female doctor and Underground Railroad heroes. They were all inspired by true history.[6]Jenkins found inspiration for Forbidden from two interesting bits of history. 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[]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tia_Lee
Tia Lee
["1 Education","2 Music career","3 Acting career","4 Fashion","5 Charitable activities","6 Filmography","6.1 Television series","6.2 Feature film","6.3 Short film","6.4 Animation","6.5 Music video appearances","7 Discography","7.1 Studio albums","7.2 Singles","8 References","9 External links"]
Taiwanese singer, actress and model (born 1985) In this Chinese name, the family name is Lee. Tia LeeBorn (1985-05-11) May 11, 1985 (age 39)Luzhou, Taipei County, TaiwanAlma materDao Jiang Senior High School of Nursing & Home EconomicsOccupation(s)Singer, actress, modelYears active2003–presentMusical careerAlso known asTia LiLi Yu-fenGenresMandopopInstrument(s)VocalsLabelsLinfair Records (2011–2015)Sony Music Taiwan (2016–present) Musical artistChinese nameTraditional Chinese李毓芬TranscriptionsStandard MandarinHanyu PinyinLi Yufen Tia Lee Yu-fen (Chinese: 李毓芬; pinyin: Li Yufen; born 11 May 1985) is a singer and actress from Taiwan. She is a former member of the girl band Dream Girls.  Tia Lee has modelled at major fashion shows and appeared on the covers of fashion magazines ELLE, Marie Claire, MILK, GQ, FHM, Girlfriend (女友), Urban Beauty (都市丽人), Hua Liu (华流), and FG Beauty (FG 美妆), and Rollercoaster. She shares beauty and fashion tips through a number of Vogue's social media channels. Lee is an advocate of women empowerment's. She established the #EmpowerHer movement to raise awareness and support for women-centric charitable organisations. Education Lee graduated from Dao Jiang Senior High School of Nursing and Home Economics  majoring in cosmetology. Music career In 2010, Lee, Emily Song and Puff Kuo formed the Dream Girls. In 2011, Dream Girls released their debut EP "Beautiful Dreams", and Li Yufen also starred in the short musical movie Dying For Love. In 2016, Lee joined Sony Music and released the music single Not Good Enough. In July she participated in the charity song Give It A Home. In 2018, Lee released her solo single We Should Have (早應該). In 2019, Lee endorsed the Xianxia MMO game 美人刹 (aka “Beauty Brake” or “Game of Immortal Legend”) In December 2022, Lee's MV single Goodbye Princess, produced by American music producer Swizz Beatz, was released on YouTube, shortly afterwards setting the record for the fastest Chinese pop music video to reach 100 million views on YouTube, doing so within a month. Acting career Lee made her acting debut in the 2006 television series New Stars in the Night playing a small role. In 2012, she starred in the romantic comedy Miss Rose (最完美的女孩). In 2014, she starred in the drama series Fall in Love with Me opposite Aaron Yan. In 2016, Lee starred in the thriller The Perfect Girl (最完美的女孩) with Ray Chang and the thriller Please Keep Away (请勿靠近). In 2015, she starred in the sci-fi drama Future Mr. Right (來自未來的史密特) and in 2016 the thriller The Perfect Girl (最完美的女孩). In 2019, the romantic, musical road movie One Headlight (絕世情歌) starring Bor-Jeng Chen was released. In this movie, Lee played the heroine Fei, an optimistic free spirit. In November 2022, Lee began to release a series of 6 short animated videos entitled "Goodbye Princess", each 30 seconds long, in advance of her new single "Goodbye Princess", to be released the following month. Directed by Tang Yat-Sing, illustrated by Mandy Mackenzie Ng, and with music composed by Zhu Yun, the Goodbye Princess animation series was based on Lee's own thoughts and encounters when she began her showbiz career. Each episode borrowed a "princess" character from the fairy tale world. Fashion Lee has modelled for the covers of art, culture, lifestyle and fashion magazines including Vogue, Rollacoaster, Marie Claire, and Elle, and has been at a number of international fashion shows. She shares beauty and fashion tips through Vogue’s social media channels. In November 2022, Lee featured as the cover of Vogue Hong Kong’s digital edition wearing Gucci x Adidas collaboration together with an interview about her experience in the industry. In December 2022, she appeared in a Burberry outfit on the global cover of Rollacoaster, a UK fashion and music magazine. Lee has been invited to fashion and brand events by Louis Vuitton and Swarovski. Charitable activities Lee established the #EmpowerHer campaign to raise awareness and support for women-centric charitable organisations. The #EmpowerHer project has donated money raised to women empowerment charities including Women in Music in USA, Beats by Girlz in Europe, Africa and Americas, Teen’s Key in Hong Kong and Daughters of Tomorrow Singapore as initial recipients.  Each YouTube view of the ‘Goodbye Princess’ Music Video raises money for women empowerment charities worldwide as part of the #EmpowerHer campaign. Since the #EmpowerHer campaign was launched TikTokers created a viral dance for the ‘Goodbye Princess’ song with the #EmpowerHerDance challenge which fueled the campaign's international ambitions with Australian Hannah Balanay, and continued to spread to TikTokers and dancers from different regions and nations. As a result, female duo DJ Olivia and Miriam Nervo did a remix of the ‘Goodbye Princess’ song and launched the #EmpowerHerMusic campaign in support of the #EmpowerHer women empowerment initiative. Filmography Television series Year Network English title Original title Role 2006 New Stars in the Night 新昨夜星辰 Qiu Su Yun 2010 FTV Summer's Desire 泡沫之夏 Ou Xing Ya 2011 Hayate the Combat Butler 旋風管家 Maria and Athena Tennousu (duo roles) TTV/SETTV Office Girls 小資女孩向前衝 Zheng Kai Er 2012 TTV Miss Rose 螺絲小姐要出嫁 Zhong Xiao Ke In Between 半熟恋人 Yuan Jiawen 2013 FTV Fabulous Boys 原來是美男 Herself 2014 JSTV Tao Lady 淘女郎 Tian Xin TTV/SETTV Fall in Love With Me 愛上兩個我 Tao Le Si 2015 Line TV Lost? Me Too 迷徒·Claire Claire 2016 CTV Future Mr. Right 來自未來的史密特 Mi Xue 2017 EBC Jojo's World 我和我的四個男人 Jojo Lin Chun-jiao Feature film Year English title Original title Role 2017 The Perfect Girl 最完美的女孩 Yeh Hsin Please Keep Away 请勿靠近 Xiaoya 2019 One Headlight 絕世情歌 Fei Short film Year English title Original title Note(s) 2011 Share The love 分享爱 2012 Dying For love 减叹日记之 Music Animation Year English title 2022 Goodbye Princess Episode 1: Falling in the Deep 2022 Goodbye Princess Episode 2: Stuck in Time 2022 Goodbye Princess Episode 3: The Puppet 2022 Goodbye Princess Episode 4: Pawn to Queen 2022 Goodbye Princess Episode 5: Temptation Apple 2022 Goodbye Princess Episode 5: The Beginning Music video appearances Year Song title Details 2006 "One Umbrella"(一把傘) Singer(s): 183 ClubAlbum: The First Album 2007 "Second Break Up"(第二次分手) Singer(s): Denny Tang  (鄧寧)Album: Invincible (万夫莫敌) 2009 "The Moment of Silence"(沉默的瞬間) Singer(s): Nicholas Teo (張棟樑)Album: The Moment of Silence (沉默的瞬間) "After The Break Up"(說分手之後) Singer(s): Xiaoyu Sung (小宇)Album: ''Stand Here''  (就站在這裡) 2010 "Love, Have You"(愛，有你) Singer(s): Chang Chin Chiao (張晉樵)Album: Love, Have You (愛，有你) "Live To Be A Hundred"(活到一百歲) Singer(s): Rynn Lim (林宇中)Album: ''Dearest Bride''  (新娘) 2013 "I Remember" Singer(s): F.I.R. (飛兒樂團)Album: ''Better Life''  2014 "That's Not Me"(這不是我) Singer(s): Aaron Yan (炎亞綸)Album: Drama "Do Not Say GoodBye"(別說GoodBye) Singer(s): George Hu (胡宇威)Album: George Hu Solo EP (胡宇威個人EP) "爱就是" Singer(s): George Hu (胡宇威)Album: "说不出我爱你" Singer(s): George Hu (胡宇威)Album: 2022 "Goodbye Princess"(再见公主) Singer(s): Tia Lee Discography With Dream Girls Main article: Dream Girls (band) Studio albums # Mandarin title English title Release date Label 1st 美夢當前 Dream Girls April 8, 2011 Linfair Records Limited / DECCA 2nd Girl's Talk Girl's Talk December 7, 2012 Linfair Records Limited / DECCA 3rd 美麗頭條 Beautiful December 27, 2013 Linfair Records Limited / DECCA Singles Mandarin title English title Released 风色幻想 "Wind Fantasy" 2011 是我不夠好 "Not Good Enough" 2016 给它一个家 "Give it a home" 2016 早應該 "We Should Have" 2018 相信你 "Believe in You" 2019 再見公主 "Goodbye Princess" 2022 References ^ a b "Inside The Best Parties At London Fashion Week". British Vogue. February 19, 2023. Archived from the original on February 20, 2023. Retrieved February 20, 2023. ^ Orcutt, K. C. (December 20, 2022). "How Tia Lee's #EmpowerHer Campaign and New Song 'Goodbye Princess' Aim to Inspire Women". Variety. Archived from the original on February 18, 2023. Retrieved March 2, 2023. ^ Billboard Staff (December 19, 2022). "Tia Lee Launches Global #EmpowerHer Campaign To Inspire Young Women". Billboard. Archived from the original on March 2, 2023. Retrieved March 2, 2023. ^ a b c Orcutt, K. C. (December 20, 2022). "How Tia Lee's #EmpowerHer Campaign and New Song 'Goodbye Princess' Aim to Inspire Women". Variety. Archived from the original on February 18, 2023. Retrieved February 18, 2023. ^ JpopAsia. "Tia Lee". JpopAsia. Archived from the original on September 4, 2023. Retrieved February 22, 2023. ^ "DreamGirls北京发首张EP 《美梦当前》势不可挡". People. Archived from the original on July 17, 2019. Retrieved January 18, 2017. ^ "Dream girls' Tia Lee joins Sony Music and releases new single "Not Good Enough"". hello asia!. April 25, 2016. Archived from the original on February 19, 2023. Retrieved February 19, 2023. ^ Billboard Staff (December 9, 2022). "Tia Lee (Lee Yu Fen) Releases Music Video for Her New Single "Goodbye Princess"". Billboard. Archived from the original on December 28, 2022. Retrieved February 6, 2023. ^ "08我型我秀揭幕战 气质广告明星李毓芬亮相(图)". Sina Corp. Archived from the original on January 18, 2017. Retrieved January 18, 2017. ^ "《螺丝》李毓芬跪地许愿盼遇到好男人". Sina Corp. Archived from the original on January 18, 2017. Retrieved January 18, 2017. ^ "《爱上两个我》预告片 炎亚纶李毓芬开启恋爱模式". Xinhua News Agency. ^ "李毓芬加盟索尼发"声" 歌唱电影戏剧三位一体发展". Phoenix. Archived from the original on January 18, 2017. Retrieved January 18, 2017. ^ "电影《最完美的女孩》杀青 李毓芬开心拥抱导演". Netease. April 26, 2016. Archived from the original on January 22, 2021. Retrieved January 18, 2017. ^ "Global music and fashion icon Tia Lee | Lee Yu Fen launches 'Goodbye Princess' project promoting women empowerment". The Globe and Mail. December 14, 2022. Archived from the original on February 20, 2023. Retrieved February 20, 2023. ^ a b "Asian C-pop And Fashion Icon Tia Lee Reveals The Reality Behind The Glitz And Glamour Of Show Business In The Third Episode Of "Goodbye Princess"". Vogue Hong Kong. Archived from the original on February 20, 2023. Retrieved February 20, 2023. ^ Rollacoaster.tv. "Tia Lee Covers Rollacoaster Magazine's Winter 2022 Issue". Rollacoaster.tv. Archived from the original on February 20, 2023. Retrieved February 20, 2023. ^ "'Goodbye Princess' makes waves across the internet with almost 42 million views | Media - EQS News". www.eqs-news.com. Archived from the original on February 21, 2023. Retrieved February 21, 2023. ^ "Global C-Pop star Tia Lee releases remix of "GOODBYE PRINCESS" with Grammy Award-winning DJ duo NERVO". sg.finance.yahoo.com. Archived from the original on February 21, 2023. Retrieved February 21, 2023. ^ "Aaron Yan and Tia Lee celebrate good drama ratings with fried chicken". Asianpopnews. April 16, 2014. Archived from the original on July 1, 2014. Retrieved August 18, 2014. ^ "邓宁 – 第二次分手". tudou.com. Archived from the original on January 18, 2017. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Tia Lee. Tia Lee on Instagram
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She is a former member of the girl band Dream Girls.Tia Lee has modelled at major fashion shows and appeared on the covers of fashion magazines ELLE, Marie Claire, MILK, GQ, FHM, Girlfriend (女友), Urban Beauty (都市丽人), Hua Liu (华流), and FG Beauty (FG 美妆), and Rollercoaster. 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In 2011, Dream Girls released their debut EP \"Beautiful Dreams\",[6] and Li Yufen also starred in the short musical movie Dying For Love.[citation needed]In 2016, Lee joined Sony Music and released the music single Not Good Enough.[7] In July she participated in the charity song Give It A Home.[citation needed]In 2018, Lee released her solo single We Should Have (早應該). In 2019, Lee endorsed the Xianxia MMO game 美人刹 (aka “Beauty Brake” or “Game of Immortal Legend”)In December 2022, Lee's MV single Goodbye Princess, produced by American music producer Swizz Beatz, was released on YouTube, shortly afterwards setting the record for the fastest Chinese pop music video to reach 100 million views on YouTube, doing so within a month.[8]","title":"Music career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Fall in Love with Me","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fall_in_Love_with_Me_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Aaron Yan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aaron_Yan"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Ray Chang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ray_Chang_(actor)"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Goodbye Princess","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Goodbye_Princess&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Lee made her acting debut in the 2006 television series New Stars in the Night playing a small role.[9] In 2012, she starred in the romantic comedy Miss Rose (最完美的女孩).[10] In 2014, she starred in the drama series Fall in Love with Me opposite Aaron Yan.[11][12][13]In 2016, Lee starred in the thriller The Perfect Girl (最完美的女孩) with Ray Chang and the thriller Please Keep Away (请勿靠近).[citation needed] In 2015, she starred in the sci-fi drama Future Mr. Right (來自未來的史密特) and in 2016 the thriller The Perfect Girl (最完美的女孩). In 2019, the romantic, musical road movie One Headlight (絕世情歌) starring Bor-Jeng Chen was released. In this movie, Lee played the heroine Fei, an optimistic free spirit.[citation needed]In November 2022, Lee began to release a series of 6 short animated videos entitled \"Goodbye Princess\", each 30 seconds long, in advance of her new single \"Goodbye Princess\", to be released the following month. Directed by Tang Yat-Sing, illustrated by Mandy Mackenzie Ng, and with music composed by Zhu Yun, the Goodbye Princess animation series was based on Lee's own thoughts and encounters when she began her showbiz career. Each episode borrowed a \"princess\" character from the fairy tale world.[citation needed]","title":"Acting career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-1"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-15"}],"text":"Lee has modelled for the covers of art, culture, lifestyle and fashion magazines including Vogue, Rollacoaster, Marie Claire, and Elle, and has been at a number of international fashion shows. She shares beauty and fashion tips through Vogue’s social media channels.[1][14]In November 2022, Lee featured as the cover of Vogue Hong Kong’s digital edition wearing Gucci x Adidas collaboration together with an interview about her experience in the industry.[15] In December 2022, she appeared in a Burberry outfit on the global cover of Rollacoaster, a UK fashion and music magazine.[16]Lee has been invited to fashion and brand events by Louis Vuitton and Swarovski.[15]","title":"Fashion"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-4"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Miriam Nervo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nervo_(DJs)"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"}],"text":"Lee established the #EmpowerHer campaign to raise awareness and support for women-centric charitable organisations.[4] The #EmpowerHer project has donated money raised to women empowerment charities including Women in Music in USA, Beats by Girlz in Europe, Africa and Americas, Teen’s Key in Hong Kong and Daughters of Tomorrow Singapore as initial recipients.  Each YouTube view of the ‘Goodbye Princess’ Music Video raises money for women empowerment charities worldwide as part of the #EmpowerHer campaign.[4]Since the #EmpowerHer campaign was launched TikTokers created a viral dance for the ‘Goodbye Princess’ song with the #EmpowerHerDance challenge which fueled the campaign's international ambitions with Australian Hannah Balanay, and continued to spread to TikTokers and dancers from different regions and nations.[17] As a result, female duo DJ Olivia and Miriam Nervo did a remix of the ‘Goodbye Princess’ song and launched the #EmpowerHerMusic campaign in support of the #EmpowerHer women empowerment initiative.[18]","title":"Charitable activities"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Television series","title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Feature film","title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Short film","title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Animation","title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Music video appearances","title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"With Dream Girls","title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Studio albums","title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Singles","title":"Discography"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"\"Inside The Best Parties At London Fashion Week\". British Vogue. February 19, 2023. Archived from the original on February 20, 2023. Retrieved February 20, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.vogue.co.uk/celebrity-photos/gallery/fashion-week-aw23-party-pictures","url_text":"\"Inside The Best Parties At London Fashion Week\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230220183350/https://www.vogue.co.uk/celebrity-photos/gallery/fashion-week-aw23-party-pictures","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Orcutt, K. C. (December 20, 2022). \"How Tia Lee's #EmpowerHer Campaign and New Song 'Goodbye Princess' Aim to Inspire Women\". Variety. Archived from the original on February 18, 2023. Retrieved March 2, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://variety.com/2022/biz/news/tia-lee-empower-her-goodbye-princess-1235386119/","url_text":"\"How Tia Lee's #EmpowerHer Campaign and New Song 'Goodbye Princess' Aim to Inspire Women\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variety_(magazine)","url_text":"Variety"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230218095517/https://variety.com/2022/biz/news/tia-lee-empower-her-goodbye-princess-1235386119/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Billboard Staff (December 19, 2022). \"Tia Lee Launches Global #EmpowerHer Campaign To Inspire Young Women\". Billboard. Archived from the original on March 2, 2023. Retrieved March 2, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.billboard.com/music/music-news/tia-lee-launches-global-empowerher-campaign-1235189270/","url_text":"\"Tia Lee Launches Global #EmpowerHer Campaign To Inspire Young Women\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230302120604/https://www.billboard.com/music/music-news/tia-lee-launches-global-empowerher-campaign-1235189270/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Orcutt, K. C. (December 20, 2022). \"How Tia Lee's #EmpowerHer Campaign and New Song 'Goodbye Princess' Aim to Inspire Women\". Variety. Archived from the original on February 18, 2023. 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Retrieved February 20, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.voguehk.com/en/article/art-lifestyle/tia-lee-ep3/","url_text":"\"Asian C-pop And Fashion Icon Tia Lee Reveals The Reality Behind The Glitz And Glamour Of Show Business In The Third Episode Of \"Goodbye Princess\"\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230220183349/https://www.voguehk.com/en/article/art-lifestyle/tia-lee-ep3/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Rollacoaster.tv. \"Tia Lee Covers Rollacoaster Magazine's Winter 2022 Issue\". Rollacoaster.tv. Archived from the original on February 20, 2023. Retrieved February 20, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://rollacoaster.tv/products/tia-lee-covers-rollacoaster-magazines-winter-2022-issue","url_text":"\"Tia Lee Covers Rollacoaster Magazine's Winter 2022 Issue\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230220183353/https://rollacoaster.tv/products/tia-lee-covers-rollacoaster-magazines-winter-2022-issue","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"'Goodbye Princess' makes waves across the internet with almost 42 million views | Media - EQS News\". www.eqs-news.com. Archived from the original on February 21, 2023. 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Retrieved February 21, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://sg.finance.yahoo.com/news/global-c-pop-star-tia-031500688.html","url_text":"\"Global C-Pop star Tia Lee releases remix of \"GOODBYE PRINCESS\" with Grammy Award-winning DJ duo NERVO\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230221142034/https://sg.finance.yahoo.com/news/global-c-pop-star-tia-031500688.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Aaron Yan and Tia Lee celebrate good drama ratings with fried chicken\". Asianpopnews. April 16, 2014. Archived from the original on July 1, 2014. Retrieved August 18, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://asianpopnews.com/aaron-yan-and-tia-li-celebrate-good-drama-ratings-with-fried-chicken/","url_text":"\"Aaron Yan and Tia Lee celebrate good drama ratings with fried chicken\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140701123337/http://asianpopnews.com/aaron-yan-and-tia-li-celebrate-good-drama-ratings-with-fried-chicken/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"邓宁 – 第二次分手[K]\". tudou.com. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dagon_University
Dagon University
["1 History","2 Programs","3 Transport","4 Administration","4.1 Current","4.2 List of rectors (1993-present)","5 International relations","5.1 MoU with Dagon University","6 Gallery","7 References"]
Coordinates: 16°54′47″N 96°12′44″E / 16.91306°N 96.21222°E / 16.91306; 96.21222University in Yangon, Myanmar Dagon Universityဒဂုံ တက္ကသိုလ်Seal of Dagon UniversityMottoBorn to be the outstanding generationTypePublicEstablished1993; 31 years ago (1993)RectorDr.Thar Htun MaungStudents60,000LocationNorth Dagon, Yangon Yangon Region, Myanmar16°54′47″N 96°12′44″E / 16.91306°N 96.21222°E / 16.91306; 96.21222Websitedagonuniversity.edu.mm Dagon University (Burmese: ဒဂုံ တက္ကသိုလ် ), located in North Dagon, Yangon, is one of the largest universities in Myanmar. The university, established in 1993, offers bachelor's and master's degrees in liberal arts and sciences to full-time, part-time and online students. Dagon University also offers a full-time four-year law degree program. The university's 1,582-acre (6.40 km2) campus in the outskirts of Yangon is one of the largest campuses in the country. History Convocation Hall Dagon University was opened in 1993 in North Dagon in the northeastern corner of Yangon to serve students from eastern Yangon districts. The move was widely believed to be part of the Burmese military government's plan to disperse university students across many universities and colleges around the country. Students who would have attended Yangon University now have to attend Dagon University or East Yangon University in Thanlyin, southeast of Yangon. Dagon student affairs main building houses combo-department Treasuary, Exams, Staffs The university and all other arts and science universities in the country were closed down from December 1996 to July 2000, following student demonstrations in Yangon. Programs Classified as an Arts and Science university in the Burmese university education system, Dagon University offers bachelor's and master's degree programs in common liberal arts and sciences disciplines. Its regular Bachelor of Arts (BA) and Bachelor of Science (BSc) take four years to complete and honors degree programs BA (Hons) and BSc (Hons) take five years. The law program also takes five years. The university also offers an online program. Treasury hall Stone mast Program Bachelor's Master's Doctorate Anthropology BA MA, M.Res Archeology BA MA, M.Res Burmese BA MA, M.Res Biochemistry BSc Biotechnology BSc Botany BSc MSc, M.Res Chemistry BSc MSc, M.Res Computer Science BSc Creative Writing BA English BA MA, M.Res Geography BA MA Geology BSc MSc, M.Res History BA MA, M.Res Hydrology BSc Industrial Chemistry BSc MSc, M.Res International Relations BA MA, M.Res Law LLB LLM, M.Res Mathematics BSc MSc, M.Res Meteorology BSc Microbiology BSc Myanmar Studies BA Nuclear Physics BSc Oriental Studies BA MA, M.Res Physics BSc MSc, M.Res Philosophy BA MA, M.Res Psychology BA MA, M.Res Sport Science BSc Zoology BSc MSc, M.Res Transport A new 4.96-mile (7.98 km) rail extension was completed in 2006. Trains travel along the 12.21-mile (19.65 km) route from Yangon Central Railway Station to the university, via Togyaunggalay Station, 10 times a day from 5:25am to 5:35pm. About 4000 students use the rail service daily. Administration Current Rectors have included: Dr. Thar Htun Maung Dr. Nunu Yi (Pro -Rector) Dr. Hteik Tin Han (Pro -Rector) Dr. Myo Min (Pro -Rector) List of rectors (1993-present) U Kaung Nyut (1993- 1998) Dr. Maung Thin (1998- 2004) U Kyaw Myint Oo (2005- 2007) U Sun (2007- 2011) Dr. Hla Htay (2012- 2016) Dr. Aye Aye Tun (2011- 2017) Dr. Win Maung (2017- 2019) Dr. Thar Htun Maung (2021- Present) International relations MoU with Dagon University Gallery Entrance Convocation Hall (ဘွဲ့နှင်းသဘင် အဆောက်အအုံ) Theater Building (စာသင်ဆောင်) Offices blocks (သင်တန်းရေးရာ) References ^ a b "Dagon University Profile" (in Burmese). Archived from the original on 2011-04-30. Retrieved 2008-12-20. ^ a b "Myanmar university classes resume for 1st time in 3 years". Kyodo News International. 2000-07-31. ^ "List of Colleges and Universities in and around Yangon". Archived from the original on 2009-01-09. Retrieved 2008-12-20. ^ Win Nyunt Lwin (2006-03-20). "Railway link to Dagon University opens". The Myanmar Times. Archived from the original on 2006-11-14. ^ Nyunt Win (2006-07-31). "Trains: the coolest way to get to class". The Myanmar Times. Archived from the original on 2006-11-17. Wikimedia Commons has media related to Dagon University. Authority control databases ISNI
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Dagon University also offers a full-time four-year law degree program. The university's 1,582-acre (6.40 km2) campus in the outskirts of Yangon is one of the largest campuses in the country.[1]","title":"Dagon University"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dagon_Convo_Hall.JPG"},{"link_name":"military government","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_Peace_and_Development_Council"},{"link_name":"Yangon University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yangon_University"},{"link_name":"East Yangon University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Yangon_University"},{"link_name":"Thanlyin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thanlyin"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kyodo-2"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dagon_Treasury.JPG"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kyodo-2"}],"text":"Convocation HallDagon University was opened in 1993 in North Dagon in the northeastern corner of Yangon to serve students from eastern Yangon districts. The move was widely believed to be part of the Burmese military government's plan to disperse university students across many universities and colleges around the country. Students who would have attended Yangon University now have to attend Dagon University or East Yangon University in Thanlyin, southeast of Yangon.[2]Dagon student affairs main building houses combo-department Treasuary, Exams, StaffsThe university and all other arts and science universities in the country were closed down from December 1996 to July 2000, following student demonstrations in Yangon.[2]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bachelor of Arts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bachelor_of_Arts"},{"link_name":"Bachelor of Science","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bachelor_of_Science"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-du-1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dagon_Treasury_2.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Plaque_at_Dagon_University,_Yangon,_Myanmar_-_20120410.jpg"}],"text":"Classified as an Arts and Science university in the Burmese university education system, Dagon University offers bachelor's and master's degree programs in common liberal arts and sciences disciplines. Its regular Bachelor of Arts (BA) and Bachelor of Science (BSc) take four years to complete and honors degree programs BA (Hons) and BSc (Hons) take five years. The law program also takes five years.[3] The university also offers an online program.[1]Treasury hallStone mast","title":"Programs"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Yangon Central Railway Station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yangon_Central_Railway_Station"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mt-rail-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mt-cool-5"}],"text":"A new 4.96-mile (7.98 km) rail extension was completed in 2006. Trains travel along the 12.21-mile (19.65 km) route from Yangon Central Railway Station to the university, via Togyaunggalay Station, 10 times a day from 5:25am to 5:35pm.[4] About 4000 students use the rail service daily.[5]","title":"Transport"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Administration"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Current","text":"Rectors have included:Dr. Thar Htun Maung\nDr. Nunu Yi (Pro -Rector)\nDr. Hteik Tin Han (Pro -Rector)\nDr. Myo Min (Pro -Rector)","title":"Administration"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"List of rectors (1993-present)","text":"U Kaung Nyut (1993- 1998)\nDr. Maung Thin (1998- 2004)\nU Kyaw Myint Oo (2005- 2007)\nU Sun (2007- 2011)\nDr. Hla Htay (2012- 2016)\nDr. Aye Aye Tun (2011- 2017)\nDr. Win Maung (2017- 2019)\nDr. Thar Htun Maung (2021- Present)","title":"Administration"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"International relations"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"MoU with Dagon University","title":"International relations"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dagon_Signboard.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Convo_Hall_Dagon_2.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Convo_Hall_Dagon.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Student_Affair_Dagon.JPG"}],"text":"Entrance\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tConvocation Hall (ဘွဲ့နှင်းသဘင် အဆောက်အအုံ)\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tTheater Building (စာသင်ဆောင်)\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tOffices blocks (သင်တန်းရေးရာ)","title":"Gallery"}]
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null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apotheosis_(film)
Apotheosis (film)
["1 Plot","2 Production","3 Reception","4 References","5 Further reading","6 External links"]
1970 film ApotheosisDirected by John Lennon Yoko Ono Release date 1970 (1970) Running time17 minutesCountryUnited KingdomLanguageEnglish Apotheosis is a 1970 film directed by John Lennon and Yoko Ono. Plot The film depicts a 17-minute-long journey on a balloon as it ascends and finally rises into the clouds. Lennon and Ono appear at the start of the film dressed in dark cloaks and hoods. Production The film's directors Yoko Ono and John Lennon in 1969 The film was shot in the village of Lavenham in Suffolk in eastern England; the couple had decided to reject footage from an earlier filming attempt in the Hampshire town of Basingstoke. Lennon and Ono arrived at Lavenham's Market Place in their white Rolls-Royce driven by a chauffeur and booked into the nearby Bull Hotel in Long Melford as 'Mr and Mrs Smith'. The couple were accompanied by a film crew who were shooting a documentary for the BBC, The World of John and Yoko, which was broadcast over the Christmas period of 1969. A local building company, W A Deacon & Sons, erected scaffolding to secure the balloon before release. The workers also helped lift Lennon and Ono into and out of the basket. A photograph of Lennon and Ono in the balloon was on the front cover of the East Anglian Daily Times on the following Monday. The couple left the basket shortly before the launch of the balloon, causing members of the public who had gathered to heckle them. Nic Kowland, a frequent technical collaborator on films made by Ono, helped with the technical aspects of the film. The idea for the film came from discussions the couple had had while making their album cover for Two Virgins while nude. The 22,000 cubic metres (780,000 cu ft) of gas that filled the balloon cost £350, and permission for the flight was granted by the Ministry of Defence and Lavenham Parish Council. The parish council had been contacted by the Beatles' company Apple Corps two days prior to the shoot to ask permission to shoot the film. In a 2010 interview Ono said that making the film in Lavenham was "truly lovely" and that she would "love to go back there ... but it's not the same for me without John". The couple had previously directed the films Rape and Fly and subsequently collaborated on Up Your Legs Forever. Reception In 1972 the critic Jonas Mekas described the point at which the camera rose above the clouds as: "suddenly the cloud landscape opened up like a huge poem, you could see the tops of the clouds, all beautifully enveloped by sun, stretching into infinity..." The film was shown at the 1971 Cannes Film Festival. It was also shown at the Tate Britain exhibition A Century of Artists' Film in Britain between 19 May 2003 and 18 April 2004. References ^ a b "Film and Video: Yoko Ono "Apotheosis" (1970)". UBUWEB. Archived from the original on 2020-11-21. Retrieved 16 September 2018. ^ a b c d e f g h "When John Lennon brought a lot of hot air to Suffolk". East Anglian Daily Times. 7 December 2010. Archived from the original on 2020-08-07. Retrieved 25 September 2018. ^ Scott MacDonald (1992). A Critical Cinema 2: Interviews with Independent Filmmakers. University of California Press. pp. 153–. ISBN 978-0-520-07917-5. ^ a b Daryl Chin (2002). Wheeler W. Dixon; Gwendolyn Audrey Foster (eds.). "Walking on thin Ice: The Films of Yoko Ono". Experimental Cinema: The Film Reader. Routledge. pp. 215–. ISBN 978-0-415-27787-7. ^ "Conceptual Film: Actions". Tate. Retrieved 25 September 2018. Further reading Vogel, Amos. "John & Yoko at Cannes: 'I made a glass hammer'". The Village Voice. June 24, 1971. External links Apotheosis at IMDb vteYoko Ono Discography Songs Studio albums Yoko Ono/Plastic Ono Band Fly Approximately Infinite Universe Feeling the Space Season of Glass It's Alright (I See Rainbows) Starpeace Rising A Story Blueprint for a Sunrise Between My Head and the Sky Yokokimthurston Take Me to the Land of Hell Warzone with John Lennon Unfinished Music No. 1: Two Virgins Unfinished Music No. 2: Life with the Lions Wedding Album Some Time in New York City Double Fantasy Milk and Honey Live albums Live Peace in Toronto 1969 (with The Plastic Ono Band) Live Jam (with Plastic Ono Band/The Mothers of Invention) Compilations Onobox Walking on Thin Ice Remix albums Yes, I'm a Witch Open Your Box Yes, I'm a Witch Too Other albums Every Man Has a Woman New York Rock Don't Stop Me! EP Singles "Remember Love" "Don't Worry Kyoko (Mummy's Only Looking for a Hand in the Snow)" "Who Has Seen the Wind?" "Why" "Open Your Box" "Touch Me" "Mrs. Lennon" / "Midsummer New York" "Listen, the Snow Is Falling" "Sisters, O Sisters" "Now or Never" / "Move on Fast" "Death of Samantha" / "Yang Yang" "Woman Power" "Kiss Kiss Kiss" "Beautiful Boys" "Walking on Thin Ice" "Yes, I'm Your Angel" "No, No, No" "My Man" "Never Say Goodbye" "Hell in Paradise" "Open Your Box (remixes)" "Kiss Kiss Kiss (remixes)" "Yang Yang (remixes)" "Walking on Thin Ice (remixes)" "Hell in Paradise (remixes)" "Everyman... Everywoman... (remixes)" "You're the One (remixes)" "No, No, No (remixes)" "Give Peace a Chance (remixes)" "I'm Not Getting Enough (remixes)" "Give Me Something (remixes)" "Wouldnit (I'm a Star) (remixes)" "Move on Fast (remixes)" "Talking to the Universe (remixes)" "She Gets Down on Her Knees (remixes)" "I'm Moving On (remixes)" "Hold Me" "Walking on Thin Ice (remixes)" "Angel" "Woman Power (remixes)" Books Grapefruit (1964) Acorn (2013) Films Self-Portrait (1969) Apotheosis (1970) Fly (1970) Freedom (1970) Up Your Legs Forever (1971) Imagine (1972) Art Voice Piece for Soprano (1961) Apple (1966) Ceiling Painting/Yes Painting (1966) Half-A-Room (1967) Wish Tree (c.1981; ongoing) Wish Tree for Washington, DC Related Toshi Ichiyanagi (first husband) Anthony Cox (second husband) John Lennon (third husband) Sean Lennon (son) Plastic Ono Band Toronto Rock and Roll Revival Sweet Toronto John and Yoko: A Love Story John & Yoko: Above Us Only Sky Bagism Bed-Ins for Peace "Give Peace a Chance" "Imagine" Nutopia Artists Against Fracking LennonOno Grant for Peace The Rolling Stones Rock and Roll Circus Murder of John Lennon Imagine Peace Tower Courage Award for the Arts The Dakota Tittenhurst Park Category vteJohn Lennon Discography Instruments Jukebox Song list Death Studio albums John Lennon/Plastic Ono Band Imagine Mind Games Walls and Bridges Rock 'n' Roll with Yoko Ono Unfinished Music No. 1: Two Virgins Unfinished Music No. 2: Life with the Lions Wedding Album Some Time in New York City Double Fantasy Milk and Honey Live albums Live Peace in Toronto 1969 Live Jam Live in New York City CompilationsHits Shaved Fish The John Lennon Collection Lennon Legend: The Very Best of John Lennon Instant Karma: All-Time Greatest Hits Working Class Hero: The Definitive Lennon Power to the People: The Hits Icon Themed Menlove Ave. Wonsaponatime Acoustic Peace, Love & Truth Box sets Lennon John Lennon Anthology John Lennon Signature Box Gimme Some Truth Gimme Some Truth. The Ultimate Mixes Video The John Lennon Video Collection Lennon Legend: The Very Best of John Lennon Books In His Own Write A Spaniard in the Works Skywriting by Word of Mouth Films Self-Portrait (1969) Apotheosis (1970) Fly (1970) Erection (1971) Up Your Legs Forever (1971) Live in New York City (1972) Imagine (1972) Bootlegs A Toot and a Snore in '74 S.I.R. John Winston Ono Lennon Associates The Quarrymen The Beatles Plastic Ono Band David Peel The Lower East Side Band The Dirty Mac May Pang Harry Nilsson John Sinclair Rosaura Lopez Fictionalised Chapter 27 In His Life: The John Lennon Story John and Yoko: A Love Story The Killing of John Lennon Lennon Naked Birth of the Beatles Nowhere Boy Backbeat Two of Us The Lennon Report Yesterday Tributes and memorials The 30th Annual John Lennon Tribute: Live from the Beacon Theatre, NYC "All Those Years Ago" Come Together: A Night for John Lennon's Words and Music "Empty Garden (Hey Hey Johnny)" "Here Today" Imagine Peace Tower "The Immigrant" Instant Karma: The Amnesty International Campaign to Save Darfur John Lennon Art and Design Building John Lennon Museum John Lennon Park John Lennon Peace Monument John Lennon Educational Tour Bus "The Late Great Johnny Ace" Lennon (musical) Lennon Bermuda Lennon Wall "Life Is Real (Song for Lennon)" Liverpool John Lennon Airport Non-Violence Strawberry Fields "Roll On John" Working Class Hero: A Tribute to John Lennon Related media Imagine: John Lennon soundtrack I Met the Walrus John (book) John & Yoko: Above Us Only Sky Lennon Remembers LennoNYC The Lives of John Lennon The Lost Lennon Tapes Marx & Lennon: The Parallel Sayings Nowhere Man: The Final Days of John Lennon The Pope Smokes Dope Pussy Cats The Rolling Stones Rock and Roll Circus Roots: John Lennon Sings the Great Rock & Roll Hits "That's My Life (My Love and My Home)" The U.S. vs. John Lennon soundtrack Other topics 251 Menlove Avenue Kenwood Tittenhurst Park The Dakota Bagism Bed-ins for Peace Imagine Piano Peace Project John Lennon UFO incident Lennon–McCartney LennonOno Grant for Peace Mark David Chapman "More popular than Jesus" Nutopia Toronto Rock and Roll Revival Sweet Toronto Psychedelic Rolls-Royce 4147 Lennon Category
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"John Lennon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Lennon"},{"link_name":"Yoko Ono","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoko_Ono"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-UBU-1"}],"text":"Apotheosis is a 1970 film directed by John Lennon and Yoko Ono.[1]","title":"Apotheosis (film)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"balloon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balloon_(aeronautics)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-UBU-1"}],"text":"The film depicts a 17-minute-long journey on a balloon as it ascends and finally rises into the clouds. Lennon and Ono appear at the start of the film dressed in dark cloaks and hoods.[1]","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:John_Lennon_en_echtgenote_Yoko_Ono_vertrekken_van_Schiphol_naar_Wenen_in_de_vert,_Bestanddeelnr_922-2499.jpg"},{"link_name":"Yoko Ono","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoko_Ono"},{"link_name":"John Lennon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Lennon"},{"link_name":"Lavenham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lavenham"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EADT-2"},{"link_name":"Long Melford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_Melford"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EADT-2"},{"link_name":"East Anglian Daily Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Anglian_Daily_Times"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EADT-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EADT-2"},{"link_name":"Two Virgins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unfinished_Music_No._1:_Two_Virgins"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MacDonald1992-3"},{"link_name":"Ministry of Defence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Defence_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EADT-2"},{"link_name":"Apple Corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_Corps"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EADT-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EADT-2"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DixonFoster2002-4"}],"text":"The film's directors Yoko Ono and John Lennon in 1969The film was shot in the village of Lavenham in Suffolk in eastern England; the couple had decided to reject footage from an earlier filming attempt in the Hampshire town of Basingstoke.[2] Lennon and Ono arrived at Lavenham's Market Place in their white Rolls-Royce driven by a chauffeur and booked into the nearby Bull Hotel in Long Melford as 'Mr and Mrs Smith'. The couple were accompanied by a film crew who were shooting a documentary for the BBC, The World of John and Yoko, which was broadcast over the Christmas period of 1969.[2]A local building company, W A Deacon & Sons, erected scaffolding to secure the balloon before release. The workers also helped lift Lennon and Ono into and out of the basket. A photograph of Lennon and Ono in the balloon was on the front cover of the East Anglian Daily Times on the following Monday. The couple left the basket shortly before the launch of the balloon, causing members of the public who had gathered to heckle them.[2]Nic Kowland, a frequent technical collaborator on films made by Ono, helped with the technical aspects of the film.[2] The idea for the film came from discussions the couple had had while making their album cover for Two Virgins while nude.[3]The 22,000 cubic metres (780,000 cu ft) of gas that filled the balloon cost £350, and permission for the flight was granted by the Ministry of Defence and Lavenham Parish Council.[2] The parish council had been contacted by the Beatles' company Apple Corps two days prior to the shoot to ask permission to shoot the film.[2] In a 2010 interview Ono said that making the film in Lavenham was \"truly lovely\" and that she would \"love to go back there ... but it's not the same for me without John\".[2] The couple had previously directed the films Rape and Fly and subsequently collaborated on Up Your Legs Forever.[4]","title":"Production"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jonas Mekas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonas_Mekas"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DixonFoster2002-4"},{"link_name":"1971 Cannes Film Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1971_Cannes_Film_Festival"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EADT-2"},{"link_name":"Tate Britain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tate_Britain"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Tate-5"}],"text":"In 1972 the critic Jonas Mekas described the point at which the camera rose above the clouds as: \"suddenly the cloud landscape opened up like a huge poem, you could see the tops of the clouds, all beautifully enveloped by sun, stretching into infinity...\"[4]The film was shown at the 1971 Cannes Film Festival.[2] It was also shown at the Tate Britain exhibition A Century of Artists' Film in Britain between 19 May 2003 and 18 April 2004.[5]","title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"\"John & Yoko at Cannes: 'I made a glass hammer'\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//news.google.com/newspapers?id=KHpIAAAAIBAJ&sjid=H4wDAAAAIBAJ&pg=6507%2C5917647"}],"text":"Vogel, Amos. \"John & Yoko at Cannes: 'I made a glass hammer'\". The Village Voice. June 24, 1971.","title":"Further reading"}]
[{"image_text":"The film's directors Yoko Ono and John Lennon in 1969","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/John_Lennon_en_echtgenote_Yoko_Ono_vertrekken_van_Schiphol_naar_Wenen_in_de_vert%2C_Bestanddeelnr_922-2499.jpg/220px-John_Lennon_en_echtgenote_Yoko_Ono_vertrekken_van_Schiphol_naar_Wenen_in_de_vert%2C_Bestanddeelnr_922-2499.jpg"}]
null
[{"reference":"\"Film and Video: Yoko Ono \"Apotheosis\" (1970)\". UBUWEB. Archived from the original on 2020-11-21. Retrieved 16 September 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201121233805/https://ubu.com/film/ono_apotheosis.html","url_text":"\"Film and Video: Yoko Ono \"Apotheosis\" (1970)\""},{"url":"https://ubu.com/film/ono_apotheosis.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"When John Lennon brought a lot of hot air to Suffolk\". East Anglian Daily Times. 7 December 2010. Archived from the original on 2020-08-07. Retrieved 25 September 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200807220933/https://www.eadt.co.uk/ea-life/when-john-lennon-brought-a-lot-of-hot-air-to-suffolk-1-747770","url_text":"\"When John Lennon brought a lot of hot air to Suffolk\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Anglian_Daily_Times","url_text":"East Anglian Daily Times"},{"url":"https://www.eadt.co.uk/ea-life/when-john-lennon-brought-a-lot-of-hot-air-to-suffolk-1-747770","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Scott MacDonald (1992). A Critical Cinema 2: Interviews with Independent Filmmakers. University of California Press. pp. 153–. ISBN 978-0-520-07917-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/criticalcinemain0000macd_m3r8","url_text":"A Critical Cinema 2: Interviews with Independent Filmmakers"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_California_Press","url_text":"University of California Press"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/criticalcinemain0000macd_m3r8/page/153","url_text":"153"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-07917-5","url_text":"978-0-520-07917-5"}]},{"reference":"Daryl Chin (2002). Wheeler W. Dixon; Gwendolyn Audrey Foster (eds.). \"Walking on thin Ice: The Films of Yoko Ono\". Experimental Cinema: The Film Reader. Routledge. pp. 215–. ISBN 978-0-415-27787-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=1g2yO_Za3TUC&pg=PA215","url_text":"\"Walking on thin Ice: The Films of Yoko Ono\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-27787-7","url_text":"978-0-415-27787-7"}]},{"reference":"\"Conceptual Film: Actions\". Tate. Retrieved 25 September 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.tate.org.uk/whats-on/tate-britain/exhibition/century-artists-film-britain/century-artists-film-britain-14-6","url_text":"\"Conceptual Film: Actions\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tate","url_text":"Tate"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piledriver_Waltz
Submarine (EP)
["1 Background and recording","2 Composition","2.1 Musical style and influences","2.2 Songs","3 Reception","3.1 Critical","3.2 Accolades and retrospective commentary","4 Track listing","5 Charts","6 Personnel","7 Notes","8 References"]
2011 EP / soundtrack by Alex TurnerSubmarineEP / soundtrack by Alex TurnerReleased14 March 2011 (2011-03-14)Recorded2010Studio One Inch, London Air, London Genre Indie folk Length19:03LabelDominoProducerJames Ford Submarine is the debut solo EP by English musician and Arctic Monkeys lead vocalist Alex Turner, released on 14 March 2011 by Domino Recording Company. It was written by Turner in 2009, on an acoustic guitar, at his New York City home. It was produced in London by frequent collaborator James Ford, alongside guest musician Bill Ryder-Jones, and string arranger Owen Pallett. The EP consists of six original songs that act as the soundtrack of Richard Ayoade's debut feature film, Submarine (2010), based on the novel by Joe Dunthorne. The artwork is a resized version of the film's poster, which depicts lead actor Craig Roberts. Submarine is a departure from Turner's previous guitar-heavy work, with the Arctic Monkeys, and more in line with the baroque-oriented sound found in The Age of the Understatement (2008). It features a Indie folk sound, drawing influences from baroque pop and psychedelic pop. Instrumentally, it incorporates acoustic guitar, drums, organ, and piano, featuring strings in one track. Its lyrical content matches the melancholic tone of the film, exploring romance, loneliness, and depression. Despite its stylistic deviation from Turner's previous oeuvre, Submarine was released to generally positive reviews. It peaked at 35 in the UK Albums Chart while also charting in France and Ireland. Following its release the record appeared on The Times's 2014 list of 100 Soundtracks to Love. Retrospectively, Submarine is considered a stepping stone in Turner's continued musical experimentation, leading to one of its tracks, "Piledriver Waltz", being re-recorded by Turner's band Arctic Monkeys, for their fourth album Suck It and See. The soundtrack has been described as being the most discussed feature of its accompanying film, contributing to its lasting popularity. Background and recording Turner's previous record as part of Arctic Monkeys' Humbug was released in August 2009 to positive reviews from critics, that noted the album's tone was darker, compared to the band's previous work. Following the release of Humbug, film director and friend Richard Ayoade was directing a film adaptation of Joe Dunthorne's novel, Submarine. Ayoade thought of Turner for the film's soundtrack, with the only concern of seeming "imposing" by asking him to do "a load of work." Turner said that making music for a film was something he felt was not "qualified to do" but that this was "an exception" due to his friendship with Ayoade. Initially he approached him with the idea of doing cover versions, similarly to how it was done in The Graduate (1967), but ended up using six original songs written by Turner. Some of the versions that were recorded included John Cale's Fear is a Man's Best Friend and Big White Cloud, Nico's I'm Not Sayin', and Irving Berlin's How Deep is the Ocean? After touring Humbug, Turner wrote the songs at his, at the time, home in Brooklyn, New York. He already had some done– including 'It's Hard to Get Around the Wind' and 'Hiding Tonight'– that he felt could not be released with Arctic Monkeys or his side project The Last Shadow Puppets, due to him "picking an acoustic guitar" not fitting the bands' current styles. He found that relaxed type of playing "refreshing." Turner showed those songs to Ayoade and then wrote the rest, although he had read the book at Ayoade's request and watched the dailies from the film set, he said they were not particularly written based on the film scenes. In April 2010, Turner recorded the EP at One Inch studios in London with frequent collaborator James Ford serving as producer. Him and Ford played most of the instruments while Bill Ryder-Jones played guitar on two tracks. Strings for "Piledriver Waltz" were recorded at Air Studios in London, and arranged by Owen Pallett, who had previously worked with Turner on The Last Shadow Puppets' debut record. At the time, the edit of the film was more advanced, "Richard came down, and we played with some of the structures of the songs to make them fit a bit better, in terms of the length being right" Turner recalled. Composition Musical style and influences Several music critics cited Richard Hawley as having influenced the EP's style. In his first effort as a solo artist, Turner changed his habitual rock style for a more simple, acoustic driven sound. It has been characterised as Indie folk. Further incorporating influences from baroque pop and psychedelic pop. Its sound has been described as being "in a stripped down, mainly acoustic vein." Instrumentally, it incorporates acoustic guitar, drums, and piano, featuring strings in one of the tracks. In terms of lyrics, Turner tried to avoid, "making them about the character too much, or being like a narration," and wanted them to complement what was happening on screen, "without it being too direct, that was like the balance we trying to strive for, certainly in the lyrics and the tunes." The EP has been compared to the works of Richard Hawley, Bob Dylan, Simon and Garfunkel, John Lennon, Roy Orbison, Scott Walker, and Cat Stevens's soundtrack for Harold and Maude. Songs The EP's opening track, is a snippet of "Stuck in a Puzzle," the fifth track. The intro is followed by "Hiding Tonight," which has a "Richard Hawley-esque tone," with a "totally unobtrusive" instrumentation, featuring a "quiet guitar," and "dry electric notes" that "echo around the periphery upon a invitingly fuzzy organ drone." With a "undramatic and unhurried" melody, and similar vocal delivery, that retains Turner's "characteristically wordy style." The lyrics make a reference to the traditional game coconut shy. Overall, the song has been described as "a gently meandering meditation on unrequited yearning," as well as, "quiet, serene." It was compared to Hawley's Coles Corner. In "Glass in the Park" Drowned In Sound noted the influence of Roy Orbison, Scott Walker, and Hawley. Instrumentally, it has a "swoon-worthy" melody and "seductive fretboard slides," featuring "maybe a harmony or two." Glass in the Park was one of the oldest songs in the EP, alongside "Hiding Tonight." Both were written before Ayoade approached Turner to do the soundtrack, he thought they wouldn't fit as part of his bands' sound, so he played them to Ayoade, who thought they would be a good choice for the film. Lyrically, it recounts "a lazy afternoon between two young lovers, whispering impossibly grand promises to each other." "It's Hard to Get Around the Wind" is a folk track that has been described as a "Dylanesque puzzler," and compared to Simon and Garfunkel. Turner's voice has a "humble charm," with the lyrics being "reproachful and flinty." Instrumentally it features Turner "finger-picking" on his acoustic guitar. "Stuck in the Puzzle" has "psych-pop flourishes." Described as the "most musically straightforward track, with a fuller sound." Instrumentally, it "broadens the sonic palette with drums, piano and a shimmer of strings." Lyrically it "carries itself like an early Lennon song," changing "post-Beatles angst" for "a late-night head-scratch about the state of things." The final track, "Piledriver Waltz", is a baroque pop song featuring an orchestral arrangement by Owen Pallet. The track has been said to be "the most musically complex" of the record, with "two time signatures, no less." Described as "woozily romantic" with "a mundane bent that avoids sentimentality," and the "finest and most direct song," despite, "the oddity of a change in signature for the gorgeous chorus," as well as, "the most reproachful." Like the first two tracks, Piledriver Waltz was not written specifically for the film. Reception Critical Professional ratingsAggregate scoresSourceRatingAnyDecentMusic?7.0/10Metacritic74/100Review scoresSourceRatingAllMusicBBC Music8/10Consequence of SoundC+Drowned In Sound8/10The IndependentPitchfork7.6/10Uncut7/10 Submarine received generally favourable reviews from critics, and despite it stylistic deviation, was enjoyed by listeners. At Metacritic, which assigns a normalised rating out of 100 to reviews from mainstream publications, the album received a score of 74, based on 9 reviews. Paul Thompson of Pitchfork felt "Turner's keen wit and eye for detail" had created a "tender portrayal" of adolescent uncertainty. Ben Walsh of The Independent said the "exquisite" soundtrack was "reminiscent" of Cat Stevens's work on Harold and Maude. For Drowned In Sound, Neil Ashman thought that similarly to his record with The Last Shadow Puppets, the "late Sixties and early Seventies" provided inspiration, nevertheless, "the mood of gentle wistfulness" was very different to the Puppets' "tactical bombast." He praised the songs' quality as being "on an upward trajectory from start to end." Fraser McAlpine of BBC Music described the record as "five swoony songs, sung beautifully, no duffers, and plenty of knotty lyrics to try and unravel," he also praised Turner's voice and lyrics, adding, "anyone who can sell a line like "If you’re gonna try and walk on water make sure you wear your comfortable shoes" is someone who needs no puffing up." When talking about the difference between this record and Turner's previous work, Alex Young of Consequence of Sound, said "perhaps surprisingly, his balladry is second to none," and that "it’d be easy to turn your nose at it, but this is as good as any work he’s done, however different it may be." In another The Independent review, Andy Gill noted the EP found Turner, "in appropriately reflective, wistful mood," but that, "the beguiling mood of abstracted adolescent self-importance" was a constant throughout. Stephen Thomas Erlewine of AllMusic thought Turner was straddling "a fine line of providing hushed mood music for a film, and delving into someplace deeper," and that the casual nature of the songs kept them, "from truly resonating." Accolades and retrospective commentary In 2011, Submarine appeared at number 32 on NME's Best Albums of the Year list, with Piledriver Waltz, being at 33 on the Best Tracks list. In 2014, it appeared on The Times's list of 100 Soundtracks to Love. Retrospectively, Submarine its considered a stepping stone in Turner's continued musical experimentation, inspiring the general sound of Turner's band Arctic Monkeys', fourth album Suck It and See, leading to the inclusion on the album of a re-recording of "Piledriver Waltz," and paving the way for Tranquility Base Hotel & Casino, (2018) and The Car (2022). The soundtrack has been described as "the most discussed" feature of its accompanying film, contributing to its lasting popularity. Track listing All lyrics are written by Alex Turner; all music is composed by Turner and James FordNo.TitleLength1."Stuck on the Puzzle (Intro)"0:532."Hiding Tonight"3:063."Glass in the Park"3:594."It's Hard to Get Around the Wind"4:075."Stuck on the Puzzle"3:316."Piledriver Waltz"3:24Total length:19:03 Charts Chart (2011) Peakposition French Albums (SNEP) 97 Irish Albums (IRMA) 56 UK Albums Chart (Official Charts Company) 35 Personnel Alex Turner – performance James Ford – production, mixing Bill Ryder-Jones – guitar (tracks 2 and 4) The Composers Ensemble – strings (track 6) Owen Pallett – arrangement Andrew Hewitt – conducting Jake Jackson – recording Notes ^ Strings on track 6 References ^ "Alex Turner Submarine Soundtrack EP CD The Music Shop". Musicshop.com.au. 2011-03-18. Archived from the original on 2012-09-06. Retrieved 2012-03-10. ^ "Arctic Monkeys: Humbug". Pitchfork. Archived from the original on 27 August 2009. Retrieved 12 April 2021. ^ a b c d e f g h "Periscope up: Richard Ayoade and Alex Turner unite their talents in hot new Brit flick Submarine". The Independent. 20 March 2011. Retrieved 12 March 2023. ^ a b c d "Alex Turner: GQ Music Issue 2011: The Survivors". GQ. 15 November 2011. Retrieved 13 July 2018. ^ Ellen, Barbara (28 May 2011). "Arctic Monkeys: 'We want to get better rather than get bigger'". The Guardian. Retrieved 23 July 2018. ^ "Bill Ryder Jones – Interview". Part Time Wizards. Archived from the original on 14 September 2015. Retrieved 26 August 2015. ^ "Bill-Ryder Jones – former The Coral guitarist and solo artist". Your Move Magazine. 2 August 2014. Archived from the original on 27 August 2016. Retrieved 26 August 2015. ^ a b c d "'Submarine' at 10: an oral history of the Alex Turner-soundtracked indie". NME. 12 March 2021. Retrieved 12 March 2023. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p Ashman, Neil (18 March 2011). "Alex Turner - Submarine". Drowned in Sound. Archived from the original on 17 November 2022. Retrieved 6 October 2021. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m McAlpine, Fraser (14 March 2011). "Alex Turner – Submarine EP Review". BBC Music. Retrieved 13 March 2023. ^ a b c d e f g "Alex Turner: Submarine OST | Album Reviews". Pitchfork. 2011-03-22. Retrieved 2012-03-10. ^ "Ben Stiller, Richard Ayoade and Alex Turner All Live on a Celluloid Submarine". Pop Entertainment. 1 June 2011. Retrieved 14 March 2023. ^ "Alex Turner: Submarine EP". Digital Spy. 19 March 2011. Retrieved 14 March 2023. ^ "What happened to movie music?". The Independent. 5 August 2011. Archived from the original on 1 October 2011. Retrieved 13 February 2020. ^ a b c d e f Andy Gill (2011-03-18). "Album: Alex Turner, Submarine, Domino - Reviews - Music". The Independent. Retrieved 2012-03-10. ^ a b c d "Album Review: Alex Turner – Submarine EP". Consequence. 12 April 2011. Retrieved 13 March 2023. ^ a b "Arctic Monkeys – Alex Turner's Guide To 'Suck It And See'". NME. 26 April 2011. Retrieved 13 March 2023. ^ "Submarine by Alex Turner reviews". AnyDecentMusic?. Retrieved 21 July 2023. ^ a b c "Submarine (Alex Turner) Metacritic Review". Metacritic. Retrieved 15 June 2014. ^ a b Thomas, Stephen (2011-05-31). "Submarine - Alex Turner". AllMusic. Retrieved 2012-03-10. ^ a b Richards, Sam (December 2022). "Alex Turner - Submarine". Uncut. No. 307. p. 24. ^ "Alex Turner: Submarine OST Album Review | Pitchfork". pitchfork.com. Retrieved 13 July 2018. ^ "What happened to movie music?". The Independent. 5 August 2011. Archived from the original on 1 October 2011. Retrieved 13 February 2020. ^ "50 Best Albums Of 2011". NME. 9 December 2011. Retrieved 14 March 2023. ^ "NME's best albums and tracks of 2011". NME. 10 October 2016. Retrieved 14 March 2023. ^ "100 soundtracks to love | The Sunday Times". Thetimes.co.uk. 9 November 2014. Retrieved 14 April 2020. ^ "How Alex Turner's 'Submarine' EP paved the way for 'Tranquility Base Hotel & Casino'". NME. 14 March 2021. Retrieved 12 March 2023. ^ "Why 'Tranquility Base Hotel & Casino' is Arctic Monkeys' best work". Far Out. 11 May 2022. Retrieved 12 March 2023. ^ "Alex Turner – Submarine". lescharts.com (in French). Hung Medien. Retrieved 9 July 2013. ^ "Alex Turner – Submarine". irish-charts.com. Hung Medien. Retrieved 9 July 2013. ^ "Alex Turner" (select "Albums" tab). Official Charts Company. Retrieved 9 July 2013. vteArctic Monkeys Alex Turner Matt Helders Jamie Cook Nick O'Malley Andy Nicholson Studio albums Whatever People Say I Am, That's What I'm Not Favourite Worst Nightmare Humbug Suck It and See AM Tranquility Base Hotel & Casino The Car Other albums Beneath the Boardwalk At the Apollo Live at the Royal Albert Hall Extended plays Five Minutes with Arctic Monkeys Who the Fuck Are Arctic Monkeys? Singles "I Bet You Look Good on the Dancefloor" "When the Sun Goes Down" "Leave Before the Lights Come On" "Brianstorm" "Matador" "Fluorescent Adolescent" "Teddy Picker" "Crying Lightning" "Cornerstone" "My Propeller" "Don't Sit Down 'Cause I've Moved Your Chair" "The Hellcat Spangled Shalalala" "Suck It and See" "Black Treacle" "R U Mine?" "Do I Wanna Know?" "Why'd You Only Call Me When You're High?" "One for the Road" "Arabella" "Snap Out of It" "Four Out of Five" "Tranquility Base Hotel & Casino" "There'd Better Be a Mirrorball" "Body Paint" Other songs "The View from the Afternoon" "Fake Tales of San Francisco" "A Certain Romance" "505" "Pretty Visitors" "Brick by Brick" "Come Together" "I Wanna Be Yours" "Sculptures of Anything Goes" Video albums Scummy Man Concert tours Favourite Worst Nightmare Tour Humbug Tour AM Tour Tranquility Base Hotel & Casino Tour The Car Tour Related articles Discography Songs Awards and nominations Death Ramps The Last Shadow Puppets Mongrel Submarine Category Authority control databases MusicBrainz release group
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"EP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extended_play"},{"link_name":"Arctic Monkeys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arctic_Monkeys"},{"link_name":"Alex Turner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alex_Turner"},{"link_name":"Domino Recording Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domino_Recording_Company"},{"link_name":"James Ford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Ford_(musician)"},{"link_name":"Bill Ryder-Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Ryder-Jones"},{"link_name":"Owen Pallett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Owen_Pallett"},{"link_name":"Richard Ayoade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Ayoade"},{"link_name":"Submarine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Submarine_(2010_film)"},{"link_name":"Joe Dunthorne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Dunthorne"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Craig Roberts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Craig_Roberts"},{"link_name":"The Age of the Understatement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Age_of_the_Understatement"},{"link_name":"Indie folk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indie_folk"},{"link_name":"baroque pop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baroque_pop"},{"link_name":"psychedelic pop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychedelic_pop"},{"link_name":"melancholic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melancholia"},{"link_name":"romance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romance_(love)"},{"link_name":"loneliness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loneliness"},{"link_name":"depression","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Depression_(mood)"},{"link_name":"UK Albums Chart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UK_Albums_Chart"},{"link_name":"The Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Times"},{"link_name":"Arctic Monkeys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arctic_Monkeys"},{"link_name":"Suck It and See","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suck_It_and_See"}],"text":"Submarine is the debut solo EP by English musician and Arctic Monkeys lead vocalist Alex Turner, released on 14 March 2011 by Domino Recording Company. It was written by Turner in 2009, on an acoustic guitar, at his New York City home. It was produced in London by frequent collaborator James Ford, alongside guest musician Bill Ryder-Jones, and string arranger Owen Pallett. The EP consists of six original songs that act as the soundtrack of Richard Ayoade's debut feature film, Submarine (2010), based on the novel by Joe Dunthorne.[1] The artwork is a resized version of the film's poster, which depicts lead actor Craig Roberts.Submarine is a departure from Turner's previous guitar-heavy work, with the Arctic Monkeys, and more in line with the baroque-oriented sound found in The Age of the Understatement (2008). It features a Indie folk sound, drawing influences from baroque pop and psychedelic pop. Instrumentally, it incorporates acoustic guitar, drums, organ, and piano, featuring strings in one track. Its lyrical content matches the melancholic tone of the film, exploring romance, loneliness, and depression.Despite its stylistic deviation from Turner's previous oeuvre, Submarine was released to generally positive reviews. It peaked at 35 in the UK Albums Chart while also charting in France and Ireland. Following its release the record appeared on The Times's 2014 list of 100 Soundtracks to Love. Retrospectively, Submarine is considered a stepping stone in Turner's continued musical experimentation, leading to one of its tracks, \"Piledriver Waltz\", being re-recorded by Turner's band Arctic Monkeys, for their fourth album Suck It and See. The soundtrack has been described as being the most discussed feature of its accompanying film, contributing to its lasting popularity.","title":"Submarine (EP)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Arctic Monkeys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arctic_Monkeys"},{"link_name":"Humbug","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humbug_(album)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-3"},{"link_name":"Richard Ayoade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Ayoade"},{"link_name":"film adaptation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Submarine_(2010_film)"},{"link_name":"Joe Dunthorne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Dunthorne"},{"link_name":"Submarine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Submarine_(novel)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Independent-4"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Independent-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-5"},{"link_name":"The Graduate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Graduate"},{"link_name":"John Cale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Cale"},{"link_name":"Fear is a Man's Best Friend","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fear_(John_Cale_album)"},{"link_name":"Big White Cloud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vintage_Violence"},{"link_name":"Nico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nico"},{"link_name":"I'm Not Sayin'","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I%27m_Not_Sayin%27"},{"link_name":"Irving Berlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irving_Berlin"},{"link_name":"How Deep is the Ocean?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/How_Deep_is_the_Ocean%3F"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Independent-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-5"},{"link_name":"touring Humbug","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humbug_Tour"},{"link_name":"Brooklyn, New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brooklyn"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"The Last Shadow Puppets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Last_Shadow_Puppets"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Independent-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-5"},{"link_name":"dailies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dailies"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Independent-4"},{"link_name":"London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London"},{"link_name":"James Ford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Ford_(musician)"},{"link_name":"Bill Ryder-Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Ryder-Jones"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Air Studios","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_Studios"},{"link_name":"Owen Pallett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Owen_Pallett"},{"link_name":"debut record","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Age_of_the_Understatement"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Oral_History-9"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Independent-4"}],"text":"Turner's previous record as part of Arctic Monkeys' Humbug was released in August 2009 to positive reviews from critics, that noted the album's tone was darker, compared to the band's previous work.[2] Following the release of Humbug, film director and friend Richard Ayoade was directing a film adaptation of Joe Dunthorne's novel, Submarine. Ayoade thought of Turner for the film's soundtrack, with the only concern of seeming \"imposing\" by asking him to do \"a load of work.\"[3] Turner said that making music for a film was something he felt was not \"qualified to do\" but that this was \"an exception\" due to his friendship with Ayoade.[3][4] Initially he approached him with the idea of doing cover versions, similarly to how it was done in The Graduate (1967), but ended up using six original songs written by Turner. Some of the versions that were recorded included John Cale's Fear is a Man's Best Friend and Big White Cloud, Nico's I'm Not Sayin', and Irving Berlin's How Deep is the Ocean?[3][4]After touring Humbug, Turner wrote the songs at his, at the time, home in Brooklyn, New York.[5] He already had some done– including 'It's Hard to Get Around the Wind' and 'Hiding Tonight'– that he felt could not be released with Arctic Monkeys or his side project The Last Shadow Puppets, due to him \"picking an acoustic guitar\" not fitting the bands' current styles.[3][4] He found that relaxed type of playing \"refreshing.\" Turner showed those songs to Ayoade and then wrote the rest, although he had read the book at Ayoade's request and watched the dailies from the film set, he said they were not particularly written based on the film scenes.[3]In April 2010, Turner recorded the EP at One Inch studios in London with frequent collaborator James Ford serving as producer. Him and Ford played most of the instruments while Bill Ryder-Jones played guitar on two tracks.[6][7] Strings for \"Piledriver Waltz\" were recorded at Air Studios in London, and arranged by Owen Pallett, who had previously worked with Turner on The Last Shadow Puppets' debut record.[8] At the time, the edit of the film was more advanced, \"Richard came down, and we played with some of the structures of the songs to make them fit a bit better, in terms of the length being right\" Turner recalled.[3]","title":"Background and recording"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Composition"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Richard-hawley-1350317398.jpg"},{"link_name":"Richard Hawley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Hawley"},{"link_name":"Indie folk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indie_folk"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Drowned_In_Sound-10"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BBC_Music-11"},{"link_name":"baroque pop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baroque_pop"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Oral_History-9"},{"link_name":"psychedelic pop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychedelic_pop"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pitchfork-12"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Drowned_In_Sound-10"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pop_Entertainment-13"},{"link_name":"Richard Hawley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Hawley"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pitchfork-12"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BBC_Music-11"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Drowned_In_Sound-10"},{"link_name":"Bob Dylan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Dylan"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pitchfork-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Digital_Spy-14"},{"link_name":"Simon and Garfunkel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon_and_Garfunkel"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Drowned_In_Sound-10"},{"link_name":"John Lennon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Lennon"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BBC_Music-11"},{"link_name":"Roy Orbison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roy_Orbison"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Drowned_In_Sound-10"},{"link_name":"Scott Walker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scott_Walker_(singer)"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Drowned_In_Sound-10"},{"link_name":"Cat Stevens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cat_Stevens"},{"link_name":"Harold and Maude","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold_and_Maude"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"sub_title":"Musical style and influences","text":"Several music critics cited Richard Hawley as having influenced the EP's style.In his first effort as a solo artist, Turner changed his habitual rock style for a more simple, acoustic driven sound. It has been characterised as Indie folk.[9][10] Further incorporating influences from baroque pop[8] and psychedelic pop.[11] Its sound has been described as being \"in a stripped down, mainly acoustic vein.\"[9] Instrumentally, it incorporates acoustic guitar, drums, and piano, featuring strings in one of the tracks. In terms of lyrics, Turner tried to avoid, \"making them about the character too much, or [...] being like a narration,\" and wanted them to complement what was happening on screen, \"without it being too direct, that was like the balance we trying to strive for, certainly in the lyrics and the tunes.\"[12]The EP has been compared to the works of Richard Hawley,[11][10][9] Bob Dylan,[11][13] Simon and Garfunkel,[9] John Lennon,[10] Roy Orbison,[9] Scott Walker,[9] and Cat Stevens's soundtrack for Harold and Maude.[14]","title":"Composition"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Richard Hawley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Hawley"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Andy_Gill-16"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Drowned_In_Sound-10"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Andy_Gill-16"},{"link_name":"organ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organ_(music)"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Drowned_In_Sound-10"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Drowned_In_Sound-10"},{"link_name":"coconut shy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coconut_shy"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BBC_Music-11"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Andy_Gill-16"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Consequence-17"},{"link_name":"Coles Corner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coles_Corner_(album)"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BBC_Music-11"},{"link_name":"Drowned In Sound","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drowned_In_Sound"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Drowned_In_Sound-10"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Drowned_In_Sound-10"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BBC_Music-11"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Independent-4"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pitchfork-12"},{"link_name":"folk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indie_folk"},{"link_name":"Dylanesque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Dylan"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pitchfork-12"},{"link_name":"Simon and Garfunkel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon_and_Garfunkel"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Drowned_In_Sound-10"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Drowned_In_Sound-10"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BBC_Music-11"},{"link_name":"finger-picking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fingerstyle_guitar"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Consequence-17"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BBC_Music-11"},{"link_name":"psych-pop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychedelic_pop"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pitchfork-12"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Andy_Gill-16"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BBC_Music-11"},{"link_name":"baroque pop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baroque_pop"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BBC_Music-11"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Drowned_In_Sound-10"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BBC_Music-11"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NME_Track_Guide-18"}],"sub_title":"Songs","text":"The EP's opening track, is a snippet of \"Stuck in a Puzzle,\" the fifth track. The intro is followed by \"Hiding Tonight,\" which has a \"Richard Hawley-esque tone,\"[15] with a \"totally unobtrusive\" instrumentation,[9] featuring a \"quiet guitar,\"[15] and \"dry electric notes\" that \"echo around the periphery upon a invitingly fuzzy organ drone.\"[9] With a \"undramatic and unhurried\" melody, and similar vocal delivery, that retains Turner's \"characteristically wordy style.\"[9] The lyrics make a reference to the traditional game coconut shy.[10] Overall, the song has been described as \"a gently meandering meditation on unrequited yearning,\"[15] as well as, \"quiet, serene.\"[16] It was compared to Hawley's Coles Corner.[10]In \"Glass in the Park\" Drowned In Sound noted the influence of Roy Orbison, Scott Walker, and Hawley.[9] Instrumentally, it has a \"swoon-worthy\" melody and \"seductive fretboard slides,\"[9] featuring \"maybe a harmony or two.\"[10] Glass in the Park was one of the oldest songs in the EP, alongside \"Hiding Tonight.\" Both were written before Ayoade approached Turner to do the soundtrack, he thought they wouldn't fit as part of his bands' sound, so he played them to Ayoade, who thought they would be a good choice for the film.[3] Lyrically, it recounts \"a lazy afternoon between two young lovers, whispering impossibly grand promises to each other.\"[11]\"It's Hard to Get Around the Wind\" is a folk track that has been described as a \"Dylanesque puzzler,\"[11] and compared to Simon and Garfunkel.[9] Turner's voice has a \"humble charm,\"[9] with the lyrics being \"reproachful and flinty.\"[10] Instrumentally it features Turner \"finger-picking\"[16][10] on his acoustic guitar. \"Stuck in the Puzzle\" has \"psych-pop flourishes.\"[11] Described as the \"most musically straightforward track, with a fuller sound.\" Instrumentally, it \"broadens the sonic palette with drums, piano and a shimmer of strings.\"[15] Lyrically it \"carries itself like an early Lennon song,\" changing \"post-Beatles angst\" for \"a late-night head-scratch about the state of things.\"[10] The final track, \"Piledriver Waltz\", is a baroque pop song featuring an orchestral arrangement by Owen Pallet. The track has been said to be \"the most musically complex\" of the record, with \"two time signatures, no less.\"[10] Described as \"woozily romantic\" with \"a mundane bent that avoids sentimentality,\" and the \"finest and most direct song,\" despite, \"the oddity of a change in signature for the gorgeous chorus,\"[9] as well as, \"the most reproachful.\"[10] Like the first two tracks, Piledriver Waltz was not written specifically for the film.[17]","title":"Composition"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MC-20"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Oral_History-9"},{"link_name":"Metacritic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metacritic"},{"link_name":"normalised","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_score"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MC-20"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"Cat Stevens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cat_Stevens"},{"link_name":"Harold and Maude","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold_and_Maude"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Drowned_In_Sound-10"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BBC_Music-11"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Consequence-17"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Andy_Gill-16"},{"link_name":"AllMusic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AllMusic"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AllMusic-21"}],"sub_title":"Critical","text":"Submarine received generally favourable reviews from critics,[19] and despite it stylistic deviation, was enjoyed by listeners.[8] At Metacritic, which assigns a normalised rating out of 100 to reviews from mainstream publications, the album received a score of 74, based on 9 reviews.[19]Paul Thompson of Pitchfork felt \"Turner's keen wit and eye for detail\" had created a \"tender portrayal\" of adolescent uncertainty.[22] Ben Walsh of The Independent said the \"exquisite\" soundtrack was \"reminiscent\" of Cat Stevens's work on Harold and Maude.[23] For Drowned In Sound, Neil Ashman thought that similarly to his record with The Last Shadow Puppets, the \"late Sixties and early Seventies\" provided inspiration, nevertheless, \"the mood of gentle wistfulness\" was very different to the Puppets' \"tactical bombast.\" He praised the songs' quality as being \"on an upward trajectory from start to end.\"[9] Fraser McAlpine of BBC Music described the record as \"five swoony songs, sung beautifully, no duffers, and plenty of knotty lyrics to try and unravel,\" he also praised Turner's voice and lyrics, adding, \"anyone who can sell a line like \"If you’re gonna try and walk on water make sure you wear your comfortable shoes\" is someone who needs no puffing up.\"[10] When talking about the difference between this record and Turner's previous work, Alex Young of Consequence of Sound, said \"perhaps surprisingly, his balladry is second to none,\" and that \"it’d be easy to turn your nose at it, but this is as good as any work he’s done, however different it may be.\"[16]In another The Independent review, Andy Gill noted the EP found Turner, \"in appropriately reflective, wistful mood,\" but that, \"the beguiling mood of abstracted adolescent self-importance\" was a constant throughout.[15] Stephen Thomas Erlewine of AllMusic thought Turner was straddling \"a fine line of providing hushed mood music for a film, and delving into someplace deeper,\" and that the casual nature of the songs kept them, \"from truly resonating.\"[20]","title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"NME","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NME"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"Arctic Monkeys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arctic_Monkeys"},{"link_name":"Suck It and See","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suck_It_and_See"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Independent-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-5"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NME_Track_Guide-18"},{"link_name":"Tranquility Base Hotel & Casino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tranquility_Base_Hotel_%26_Casino"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NME_Retrospective-28"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Far_Out-29"},{"link_name":"The Car","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Car_(album)"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Uncut-22"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Oral_History-9"}],"sub_title":"Accolades and retrospective commentary","text":"In 2011, Submarine appeared at number 32 on NME's Best Albums of the Year list,[24] with Piledriver Waltz, being at 33 on the Best Tracks list.[25] In 2014, it appeared on The Times's list of 100 Soundtracks to Love.[26] Retrospectively, Submarine its considered a stepping stone in Turner's continued musical experimentation, inspiring the general sound of Turner's band Arctic Monkeys', fourth album Suck It and See, leading to the inclusion on the album of a re-recording of \"Piledriver Waltz,\"[3][4][17] and paving the way for Tranquility Base Hotel & Casino, (2018)[27][28] and The Car (2022).[21] The soundtrack has been described as \"the most discussed\" feature of its accompanying film, contributing to its lasting popularity.[8]","title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Alex Turner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alex_Turner_(musician)"},{"link_name":"James Ford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Ford_(musician)"}],"text":"All lyrics are written by Alex Turner; all music is composed by Turner and James FordNo.TitleLength1.\"Stuck on the Puzzle (Intro)\"0:532.\"Hiding Tonight\"3:063.\"Glass in the Park\"3:594.\"It's Hard to Get Around the Wind\"4:075.\"Stuck on the Puzzle\"3:316.\"Piledriver Waltz\"3:24Total length:19:03","title":"Track listing"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Charts"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"James Ford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Ford_(musician)"},{"link_name":"Bill Ryder-Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Ryder-Jones"},{"link_name":"Owen Pallett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Owen_Pallett"},{"link_name":"Andrew Hewitt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Hewitt"}],"text":"Alex Turner – performance\nJames Ford – production, mixing\nBill Ryder-Jones – guitar (tracks 2 and 4)\nThe Composers Ensemble – strings (track 6)\nOwen Pallett – arrangement\nAndrew Hewitt – conducting\nJake Jackson – recording","title":"Personnel"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"}],"text":"^ Strings on track 6","title":"Notes"}]
[{"image_text":"Several music critics cited Richard Hawley as having influenced the EP's style.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Richard-hawley-1350317398.jpg/170px-Richard-hawley-1350317398.jpg"}]
null
[{"reference":"\"Alex Turner Submarine Soundtrack EP CD The Music Shop\". Musicshop.com.au. 2011-03-18. Archived from the original on 2012-09-06. Retrieved 2012-03-10.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20120906190057/http://www.musicshop.com.au/catalog/product/view/id/77692/category/3/","url_text":"\"Alex Turner Submarine Soundtrack EP CD The Music Shop\""},{"url":"http://www.musicshop.com.au/catalog/product/view/id/77692/category/3/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Arctic Monkeys: Humbug\". Pitchfork. Archived from the original on 27 August 2009. Retrieved 12 April 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://pitchfork.com/reviews/albums/13374-humbug/","url_text":"\"Arctic Monkeys: Humbug\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090827134818/http://pitchfork.com/reviews/albums/13374-humbug/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Periscope up: Richard Ayoade and Alex Turner unite their talents in hot new Brit flick Submarine\". The Independent. 20 March 2011. Retrieved 12 March 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/films/features/periscope-up-richard-ayoade-and-alex-turner-unite-their-talents-in-hot-new-brit-flick-submarine-2243847.html","url_text":"\"Periscope up: Richard Ayoade and Alex Turner unite their talents in hot new Brit flick Submarine\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Independent","url_text":"The Independent"}]},{"reference":"\"Alex Turner: GQ Music Issue 2011: The Survivors\". GQ. 15 November 2011. Retrieved 13 July 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gq.com/story/alex-turner-gq-music-issue","url_text":"\"Alex Turner: GQ Music Issue 2011: The Survivors\""}]},{"reference":"Ellen, Barbara (28 May 2011). \"Arctic Monkeys: 'We want to get better rather than get bigger'\". The Guardian. Retrieved 23 July 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/music/2011/may/29/arctic-monkeys-interview-barbara-ellen","url_text":"\"Arctic Monkeys: 'We want to get better rather than get bigger'\""}]},{"reference":"\"Bill Ryder Jones – Interview\". Part Time Wizards. Archived from the original on 14 September 2015. Retrieved 26 August 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150914052638/http://www.parttimewizards.co.uk/bill-ryder-jones-interview/","url_text":"\"Bill Ryder Jones – Interview\""},{"url":"http://www.parttimewizards.co.uk/bill-ryder-jones-interview/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Bill-Ryder Jones – former The Coral guitarist and solo artist\". Your Move Magazine. 2 August 2014. Archived from the original on 27 August 2016. Retrieved 26 August 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160827171348/http://www.yourmovemagazine.com/bill-ryder-jones-former-the-coral-guitarist-and-solo-artist/483","url_text":"\"Bill-Ryder Jones – former The Coral guitarist and solo artist\""},{"url":"http://www.yourmovemagazine.com/bill-ryder-jones-former-the-coral-guitarist-and-solo-artist/483","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"'Submarine' at 10: an oral history of the Alex Turner-soundtracked indie\". NME. 12 March 2021. Retrieved 12 March 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nme.com/features/submarine-at-10-anniversary-alex-turner-2898588","url_text":"\"'Submarine' at 10: an oral history of the Alex Turner-soundtracked indie\""}]},{"reference":"Ashman, Neil (18 March 2011). \"Alex Turner - Submarine\". Drowned in Sound. Archived from the original on 17 November 2022. Retrieved 6 October 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221117161252/https://drownedinsound.com/releases/16039/reviews/4142267","url_text":"\"Alex Turner - Submarine\""},{"url":"https://drownedinsound.com/releases/16039/reviews/4142267","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"McAlpine, Fraser (14 March 2011). \"Alex Turner – Submarine EP Review\". BBC Music. Retrieved 13 March 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/music/reviews/v6cg/","url_text":"\"Alex Turner – Submarine EP Review\""}]},{"reference":"\"Alex Turner: Submarine OST | Album Reviews\". Pitchfork. 2011-03-22. Retrieved 2012-03-10.","urls":[{"url":"http://pitchfork.com/reviews/albums/15224-submarine-ost/","url_text":"\"Alex Turner: Submarine OST | Album Reviews\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ben Stiller, Richard Ayoade and Alex Turner All Live on a Celluloid Submarine\". Pop Entertainment. 1 June 2011. Retrieved 14 March 2023.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.popentertainment.com/stillerayoadeturner.htm","url_text":"\"Ben Stiller, Richard Ayoade and Alex Turner All Live on a Celluloid Submarine\""}]},{"reference":"\"Alex Turner: Submarine EP\". Digital Spy. 19 March 2011. Retrieved 14 March 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.digitalspy.com/music/single-reviews/a309752/alex-turner-submarine-ep/","url_text":"\"Alex Turner: Submarine EP\""}]},{"reference":"\"What happened to movie music?\". The Independent. 5 August 2011. Archived from the original on 1 October 2011. Retrieved 13 February 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/films/features/what-happened-to-movie-music-2331831.html","url_text":"\"What happened to movie music?\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20111001025635/http://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/films/features/what-happened-to-movie-music-2331831.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Andy Gill (2011-03-18). \"Album: Alex Turner, Submarine, Domino - Reviews - Music\". The Independent. Retrieved 2012-03-10.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/music/reviews/album-alex-turner-submarine-domino-2244888.html#","url_text":"\"Album: Alex Turner, Submarine, Domino - Reviews - Music\""}]},{"reference":"\"Album Review: Alex Turner – Submarine EP\". Consequence. 12 April 2011. Retrieved 13 March 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://consequence.net/2011/04/album-review-alex-turner-submarine-ep/","url_text":"\"Album Review: Alex Turner – Submarine EP\""}]},{"reference":"\"Arctic Monkeys – Alex Turner's Guide To 'Suck It And See'\". NME. 26 April 2011. Retrieved 13 March 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nme.com/blogs/nme-blogs/arctic-monkeys-alex-turners-guide-to-suck-it-and-see-762359","url_text":"\"Arctic Monkeys – Alex Turner's Guide To 'Suck It And See'\""}]},{"reference":"\"Submarine by Alex Turner reviews\". AnyDecentMusic?. Retrieved 21 July 2023.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.anydecentmusic.com/review/2801/Alex-Turner-Submarine.aspx","url_text":"\"Submarine by Alex Turner reviews\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AnyDecentMusic%3F","url_text":"AnyDecentMusic?"}]},{"reference":"\"Submarine (Alex Turner) Metacritic Review\". Metacritic. Retrieved 15 June 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.metacritic.com/music/submarine-original-songs-from-the-motion-picture/alex-turner","url_text":"\"Submarine (Alex Turner) Metacritic Review\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metacritic","url_text":"Metacritic"}]},{"reference":"Thomas, Stephen (2011-05-31). \"Submarine - Alex Turner\". AllMusic. Retrieved 2012-03-10.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.allmusic.com/album/submarine-r2147874","url_text":"\"Submarine - Alex Turner\""}]},{"reference":"Richards, Sam (December 2022). \"Alex Turner - Submarine\". Uncut. No. 307. p. 24.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/uncut-december-2022-music-review/page/n7/mode/2up","url_text":"\"Alex Turner - Submarine\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uncut_(magazine)","url_text":"Uncut"}]},{"reference":"\"Alex Turner: Submarine OST Album Review | Pitchfork\". pitchfork.com. Retrieved 13 July 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://pitchfork.com/reviews/albums/15224-submarine-ost/","url_text":"\"Alex Turner: Submarine OST Album Review | Pitchfork\""}]},{"reference":"\"What happened to movie music?\". The Independent. 5 August 2011. Archived from the original on 1 October 2011. Retrieved 13 February 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/films/features/what-happened-to-movie-music-2331831.html","url_text":"\"What happened to movie music?\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20111001025635/http://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/films/features/what-happened-to-movie-music-2331831.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"50 Best Albums Of 2011\". NME. 9 December 2011. Retrieved 14 March 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nme.com/list/50-best-albums-of-2011-1377","url_text":"\"50 Best Albums Of 2011\""}]},{"reference":"\"NME's best albums and tracks of 2011\". NME. 10 October 2016. Retrieved 14 March 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nme.com/features/2011-2-1045333","url_text":"\"NME's best albums and tracks of 2011\""}]},{"reference":"\"100 soundtracks to love | The Sunday Times\". Thetimes.co.uk. 9 November 2014. Retrieved 14 April 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/100-soundtracks-to-love-nh989zmz3fk","url_text":"\"100 soundtracks to love | The Sunday Times\""}]},{"reference":"\"How Alex Turner's 'Submarine' EP paved the way for 'Tranquility Base Hotel & Casino'\". NME. 14 March 2021. Retrieved 12 March 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nme.com/features/alex-turner-submarine-soundtrack-anniversary-tranquility-base-hotel-casino-2898612","url_text":"\"How Alex Turner's 'Submarine' EP paved the way for 'Tranquility Base Hotel & Casino'\""}]},{"reference":"\"Why 'Tranquility Base Hotel & Casino' is Arctic Monkeys' best work\". Far Out. 11 May 2022. Retrieved 12 March 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://faroutmagazine.co.uk/why-tranquility-base-hotel-casino-is-arctic-monkeys-best-work/","url_text":"\"Why 'Tranquility Base Hotel & Casino' is Arctic Monkeys' best work\""}]},{"reference":"\"Alex Turner – Submarine\". lescharts.com (in French). Hung Medien. Retrieved 9 July 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.lescharts.com/showitem.asp?interpret=Alex+Turner&titel=Submarine&cat=a","url_text":"\"Alex Turner – Submarine\""}]},{"reference":"\"Alex Turner – Submarine\". irish-charts.com. Hung Medien. Retrieved 9 July 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://irish-charts.com/showitem.asp?interpret=Alex+Turner&titel=Submarine&cat=a","url_text":"\"Alex Turner – Submarine\""}]},{"reference":"\"Alex Turner\" (select \"Albums\" tab). Official Charts Company. Retrieved 9 July 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.officialcharts.com/artist/_/alex%20turner/","url_text":"\"Alex Turner\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Official_Charts_Company","url_text":"Official Charts Company"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Storify
Storify
["1 Use","2 Features","3 History","4 Traffic information","5 References","6 External links"]
Storify Inc.Type of siteSocial network service, Journalism, Blogging, Consumer webAvailable inEnglishFoundedSan Francisco, California, U.S.Headquarters149 9th St., Suite 404 San Francisco, CA 94103Founder(s)Xavier Damman, Burt HermanKey peopleXavier Damman (CEO)Burt HermanIndustryInternetParentAdobe SystemsURLStorify.comRegistrationSign up using Twitter, Facebook, or create free accountLaunched2010Current statusShut down Storify was a social network service that let the user create stories or timelines using social media such as Twitter, Facebook and Instagram. Storify was launched in September 2010, and had been open to the public since April 2011. Storify was shut down on May 16, 2018. In September 2013, Storify was acquired by Livefyre, in turn acquired by Adobe Systems in May 2016. The standalone service was discontinued on May 16, 2018, with users being directed to "Storify 2" as part of the Adobe Experience Manager Livefyre product. Use Media organizations used Storify in coverage of ongoing news stories such as elections, meetings and events. Poynter.org recommended using Storify for covering social movements, breaking news, internet humor and memes, reactions and conversations, and extreme weather. CBC used Storify to cover the 2011 London riots, TRT World used Storify to cover the UK general election 2015 and Al Jazeera has a show called The Stream that collected perspectives on news stories using Storify. Features The main purpose of Storify was to allow users to create stories by importing content from various forms of media into a timeline. Users were able to search for content related to their story from sources such as YouTube, Twitter (one of the more popular ones), Instagram, Flickr, and Google, as well as other stories on Storify, and then drag that content into their own Storify story timelines. Users could add comments to the links that they provided within their stories, and could also embed URLs in their stories. Users could also embed their own Storify stories for content syndication elsewhere on the internet. History Storify launched its private beta as a finalist at TechCrunch Disrupt in September 2010. It won the Startup Accelerator at South by Southwest in 2011. The company received $2 million in funding from Khosla Ventures. Storify's public beta went live in late April 2011. TIME rated Storify as one of the 50 best websites of 2011. The concept was created in 2010 by co-founders Burt Herman and Xavier Damman. The website got its current name from the obsolete, former dictionary word: storify. Storify means "to form or tell stories". Burt Herman worked as a correspondent at the Associated Press where the word storify was regularly used by editors. On December 12, 2017, Storify announced that no new accounts could be created as of that date, and that its standalone website would be shut down effective May 16, 2018, as it only supports the "Storify 2" version built into the enterprise Adobe Experience Manager Livefyre product. Traffic information As of October 2014, Storify had a global Alexa rank of #3,961 and over 50,000 sites linking in. Internet averages indicated that most Storify users were women between 25 and 34 years of age who had no children and browsed the site from work. References ^ "About us". ^ "The Team". ^ Ha, Anthony (September 9, 2013). "Livefyre Acquires Storify, Says The Social Curation Service Will Still Operate As Standalone Product". TechCrunch. Retrieved October 1, 2014. ^ Popescu, Adam (September 9, 2013). "Livefyre Acquires Social Storytelling Tool Storify". Mashable. Retrieved October 1, 2014. ^ a b "FAQ: Storify End-of-Life". Archived from the original on December 12, 2017. Retrieved December 12, 2017. ^ "Livefyre Acquires Storify". September 9, 2013. ^ Sherr, Ian (March 5, 2016). "Adobe buys Livefyre to turn your awful Internet comments into money". CNET. Retrieved April 5, 2016. ^ Tenore, y Mallary Jean (November 11, 2011). "25 ways to use Facebook, Twitter & Storify to improve political coverage". Poynter.org. Archived from the original on November 4, 2011. Retrieved May 27, 2012. ^ Zak, Elana (December 9, 2011). "How Journalists Can Use Storify To Cover Any Type Of Meeting". Mediabistro. Retrieved May 27, 2012. ^ Tenore, Mallory Jean (November 21, 2011). "The 5 types of stories that make good Storifys". Poynter.org. Retrieved May 27, 2012. ^ a b McCracken, Harry (August 16, 2011). "The 50 Best Websites of 2011 - Storify". Time. Archived from the original on August 17, 2011. Retrieved May 27, 2012. ^ a b Cain Miller, Claire (April 24, 2011). "Filtering the Social Web to Present News Items". New York Times. Retrieved May 27, 2012. ^ "The Stream". Al Jazeera. Retrieved May 27, 2012. ^ "Frequently Asked Questions". ^ Heater, Brian. "Storify's standalone service is shutting down next year". TechCrunch. Retrieved December 12, 2017. ^ "Storify.com Site Overview". Alexa Internet. Archived from the original on October 2, 2018. Retrieved October 1, 2014. External links Media related to Storify at Wikimedia Commons Official website
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Storify was launched in September 2010, and had been open to the public since April 2011. Storify was shut down on May 16, 2018.[5]In September 2013, Storify was acquired by Livefyre,[6] in turn acquired by Adobe Systems in May 2016.[7] The standalone service was discontinued on May 16, 2018, with users being directed to \"Storify 2\" as part of the Adobe Experience Manager Livefyre product.","title":"Storify"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Poynter.org","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poynter_Institute"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"2011 London riots","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_London_riots"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-time-11"},{"link_name":"TRT World","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TRT_World"},{"link_name":"Al Jazeera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Jazeera_Media_Network"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nyt-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"text":"Media organizations used Storify in coverage of ongoing news stories such as elections,[8] meetings and events.[9] Poynter.org recommended using Storify for covering social movements, breaking news, internet humor and memes, reactions and conversations, and extreme weather.[10] CBC used Storify to cover the 2011 London riots,[11] TRT World used Storify to cover the UK general election 2015 and Al Jazeera has a show called The Stream that collected perspectives on news stories using Storify.[12][13]","title":"Use"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"media","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass_media"},{"link_name":"YouTube","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTube"},{"link_name":"Twitter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter"},{"link_name":"Instagram","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instagram"},{"link_name":"Flickr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flickr"},{"link_name":"Google","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google"}],"text":"The main purpose of Storify was to allow users to create stories by importing content from various forms of media into a timeline. Users were able to search for content related to their story from sources such as YouTube, Twitter (one of the more popular ones), Instagram, Flickr, and Google, as well as other stories on Storify, and then drag that content into their own Storify story timelines. Users could add comments to the links that they provided within their stories, and could also embed URLs in their stories. Users could also embed their own Storify stories for content syndication elsewhere on the internet.","title":"Features"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"beta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beta_release#Beta"},{"link_name":"TechCrunch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Techcrunch"},{"link_name":"South by Southwest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_by_Southwest"},{"link_name":"Khosla Ventures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khosla_Ventures"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nyt-12"},{"link_name":"public beta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_beta"},{"link_name":"TIME","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TIME"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-time-11"},{"link_name":"correspondent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Correspondent"},{"link_name":"Associated Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Associated_Press"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-storify.com-5"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"text":"Storify launched its private beta as a finalist at TechCrunch Disrupt in September 2010. It won the Startup Accelerator at South by Southwest in 2011. The company received $2 million in funding from Khosla Ventures.[12] Storify's public beta went live in late April 2011. TIME rated Storify as one of the 50 best websites of 2011.[11]The concept was created in 2010 by co-founders Burt Herman and Xavier Damman. The website got its current name from the obsolete, former dictionary word: storify. Storify means \"to form or tell stories\". Burt Herman worked as a correspondent at the Associated Press where the word storify was regularly used by editors.[14]On December 12, 2017, Storify announced that no new accounts could be created as of that date, and that its standalone website would be shut down effective May 16, 2018,[5] as it only supports the \"Storify 2\" version built into the enterprise Adobe Experience Manager Livefyre product.[15]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Alexa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexa_Internet"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Alexa-16"}],"text":"As of October 2014, Storify had a global Alexa rank of #3,961 and over 50,000 sites linking in. Internet averages indicated that most Storify users were women between 25 and 34 years of age who had no children and browsed the site from work.[16]","title":"Traffic information"}]
[]
null
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Retrieved April 5, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cnet.com/news/adobe-buys-livefyre-to-turn-your-awful-internet-comments-into-money/","url_text":"\"Adobe buys Livefyre to turn your awful Internet comments into money\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNET","url_text":"CNET"}]},{"reference":"Tenore, y Mallary Jean (November 11, 2011). \"25 ways to use Facebook, Twitter & Storify to improve political coverage\". Poynter.org. Archived from the original on November 4, 2011. Retrieved May 27, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20111104041644/http://www.poynter.org:80/how-tos/digital-strategies/151883/25-ways-to-use-facebook-twitter-storify-to-improve-election-coverage/","url_text":"\"25 ways to use Facebook, Twitter & Storify to improve political coverage\""},{"url":"http://www.poynter.org/how-tos/digital-strategies/151883/25-ways-to-use-facebook-twitter-storify-to-improve-election-coverage/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Zak, Elana (December 9, 2011). \"How Journalists Can Use Storify To Cover Any Type Of Meeting\". Mediabistro. Retrieved May 27, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.mediabistro.com/10000words/how-to-use-storify-to-cover-a-meeting-workshop-or-event_b9068","url_text":"\"How Journalists Can Use Storify To Cover Any Type Of Meeting\""}]},{"reference":"Tenore, Mallory Jean (November 21, 2011). \"The 5 types of stories that make good Storifys\". Poynter.org. Retrieved May 27, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.poynter.org/how-tos/newsgathering-storytelling/153697/the-5-types-of-stories-that-make-good-storifys/","url_text":"\"The 5 types of stories that make good Storifys\""}]},{"reference":"McCracken, Harry (August 16, 2011). \"The 50 Best Websites of 2011 - Storify\". Time. Archived from the original on August 17, 2011. Retrieved May 27, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110817105010/http://www.time.com/time/specials/packages/article/0,28804,2087815_2088159_2088158,00.html","url_text":"\"The 50 Best Websites of 2011 - Storify\""},{"url":"http://www.time.com/time/specials/packages/article/0,28804,2087815_2088159_2088158,00.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Cain Miller, Claire (April 24, 2011). \"Filtering the Social Web to Present News Items\". New York Times. Retrieved May 27, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2011/04/25/technology/internet/25storify.html","url_text":"\"Filtering the Social Web to Present News Items\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Stream\". Al Jazeera. Retrieved May 27, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://stream.aljazeera.com/","url_text":"\"The Stream\""}]},{"reference":"\"Frequently Asked Questions\".","urls":[{"url":"http://storify.com/storifyfaq/frequently-asked-questions","url_text":"\"Frequently Asked Questions\""}]},{"reference":"Heater, Brian. \"Storify's standalone service is shutting down next year\". TechCrunch. Retrieved December 12, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://techcrunch.com/2017/12/12/storifys-standalone-service-is-shutting-down-next-year/","url_text":"\"Storify's standalone service is shutting down next year\""}]},{"reference":"\"Storify.com Site Overview\". Alexa Internet. Archived from the original on October 2, 2018. Retrieved October 1, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20181002141658/https://www.alexa.com/siteinfo/storify.com","url_text":"\"Storify.com Site Overview\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexa_Internet","url_text":"Alexa Internet"},{"url":"https://www.alexa.com/siteinfo/storify.com","url_text":"the original"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salihiyya
Salihiyya
["1 History","2 Present","3 Bibliography","4 Notes"]
Sufi mystic order in Sunni Islam This article is about the Sufi order. For other uses, see Salihiyya (disambiguation). Diagram showing Urwayniya as well as other Sufi orders. Part of a series on IslamSufismTomb of Abdul Qadir Gilani, Baghdad, Iraq Ideas Abdal Al-Insān al-Kāmil Baqaa Dervish Dhawq Fakir Fana Hal Haqiqa Ihsan Irfan Ishq Karamat Kashf Lataif Manzil Ma'rifa Maqam Murid Murshid Nafs Nūr Qalandar Qutb Silsila Sufi cosmology Sufi metaphysics Sufi philosophy Sufi poetry Sufi psychology Salik Tazkiah Wali Yaqeen Practices Anasheed Dhikr Haḍra Muraqabah Qawwali Sama Whirling Ziyarat Sufi orders Alians Ba 'Alawi Bektashi Qadiri Chishti Naqshbandi Shadhili Suhrawardi Rifa`i Khalwati Rahmani Badawi Desuqi Tijani Darqawi Idrisi Senusi Bayrami Jelveti Maizbhandari Malamati Mouridi Sülaymaniyya Salihiyya Azeemia Kubrawi Mevlevi Shattari Uwaisi Hurufi Ni'matullāhī Nuqtavi Qalandari Safavi Zahabiya Akbari Galibi Haqqani Anjuman Inayati Issawiyya Jerrahi Madari Mahdavi Noorbakshi Zahedi Zikri List of sufis Notable early Notable modern Singers Topics in Sufism Tawhid Sharia Tariqa Haqiqa Ma'rifa Art History Sufi music Persecution Ziyarat Islam portalvte Salihiyya (Somali: Saalixiya; Urwayniya, Arabic: الصالحية) is a tariqa (order) of Sufi Islam prevalent in Somalia and the adjacent Somali region of Ethiopia. It was founded in the Sudan by Sayyid Muhammad Salih (1854-1919). The order is characterized by a puritanism typical of other revivalist movements. History The order ultimately traces its origins back to the Sufi scholar of Moroccan origin Ahmad ibn Idris al-Fasi (1760-1837). His followers and students spread al-Fasi's teachings across the globe. Among his students was Ibrahim ibn Salih ibn ‘Abd al-Rahman al-Duwayhi (1813-1874), known as al-Rashid. In his native Sudan, al-Rashid popularized the teachings of al-Fasi, eventually establishing his own tariqa, the Rashidiyya. Having been at al-Fasi's side when he died, al-Rashid was recognized as the successor to his teacher, and the Rashidiyya found many followers in Mecca. His nephew, Sayyid Muhammad Salih, was one of them; he spread the Rashidiyya to the Sudan and Somalia, establishing his own eponymous branch, the Salihiyya. (However, the order continues to be known as the Rashidiyya in the Sudan.) A former slave, Muhammad Guled (d. 1918), was instrumental in popularizing the Salihiyya in the Jowhar region of Somalia, while Isma'il ibn Ishaq al-Urwayni spread it in the Middle Juba region. Related orders also spread to Malaysia. The Salihiyya order, like the closely related Idrisiyya, Rashidiyya, and Sanusiyya orders, is a revivalist reform movement and historically was staunchly opposed to the Qadiriyya order (which is the largest and longest-established in Somalia), taking issue with the Qadiri doctrine of tawassul (intermediation). While the Qadiriyya upheld the traditional Sufi belief in the power of intercession held by dead saints, the Salihiyya maintained that only living saints held this power. The Salihiyya was also militantly anti-colonial. Mohammed Abdullah Hassan, a Salihiyya shaykh and poet, spread the Salihiyya (particularly in Ogaden) and led an armed anticolonial resistance movement in the Horn of Africa under the auspices of the order. Present The Salihiyya remains one of the largest Sufi orders in Somalia, after the Qadiriyya. The opposition between the Salihiyya and the Qadiriyya has also endured into the postcolonial period. Bibliography Scott Steven Reese: Urban Woes and Pious Remedies: Sufism in Nineteenth-Century Benaadir (Somalia). Africa Today, Vol. 46, No. 3–4, 1999, pp. 169–192. Notes ^ B.W. Andrzejewski; I.M. Lewis (1994). "New Arabic Documents from Somalia". Sudanic Africa. 5. Brill: 39–56. JSTOR 25653242. ^ J. Spencer Trimingham (1998). The Sufi Orders in Islam. Oxford University Press. p. 121. ISBN 9780198028239. ^ I. M. Lewis (1998). Saints and Somalis: Popular Islam in a Clan-based Society. The Red Sea Press. p. 37-38. ISBN 9781569021033. ^ Nehemia Levtzion; Randall Pouwels (2000). The History of Islam in Africa. Ohio University Press. p. 235. ISBN 9780821444610. ^ B. G. Martin (2003). Muslim Brotherhoods in Nineteenth-Century Africa. Cambridge University Press. p. 179. ISBN 9780521534512.
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Salihiyya (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salihiyya_(disambiguation)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Muslim_self-identification.jpg"},{"link_name":"Somali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somali_language"},{"link_name":"Arabic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_language"},{"link_name":"tariqa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tariqa"},{"link_name":"Sufi Islam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sufism"},{"link_name":"Somalia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somalia"},{"link_name":"Somali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somali_Region"},{"link_name":"revivalist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_revival"}],"text":"This article is about the Sufi order. For other uses, see Salihiyya (disambiguation).Diagram showing Urwayniya as well as other Sufi orders.Salihiyya (Somali: Saalixiya; Urwayniya, Arabic: الصالحية) is a tariqa (order) of Sufi Islam prevalent in Somalia and the adjacent Somali region of Ethiopia. It was founded in the Sudan by Sayyid Muhammad Salih (1854-1919). The order is characterized by a puritanism typical of other revivalist movements.","title":"Salihiyya"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ahmad ibn Idris al-Fasi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmad_ibn_Idris_al-Fasi"},{"link_name":"teachings of al-Fasi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idrisiyya"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Jowhar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jowhar"},{"link_name":"Middle Juba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Juba"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SufiOrders-2"},{"link_name":"Sanusiyya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senussi"},{"link_name":"Qadiriyya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qadiriyya"},{"link_name":"tawassul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tawassul"},{"link_name":"saints","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wali"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SaintsandSomalis-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IslamAfrica2-4"},{"link_name":"Mohammed Abdullah Hassan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohammed_Abdullah_Hassan"},{"link_name":"Ogaden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ogaden"},{"link_name":"armed anticolonial resistance movement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dervish_movement_(Somali)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Brotherhoods2-5"}],"text":"The order ultimately traces its origins back to the Sufi scholar of Moroccan origin Ahmad ibn Idris al-Fasi (1760-1837). His followers and students spread al-Fasi's teachings across the globe. Among his students was Ibrahim ibn Salih ibn ‘Abd al-Rahman al-Duwayhi (1813-1874), known as al-Rashid. In his native Sudan, al-Rashid popularized the teachings of al-Fasi, eventually establishing his own tariqa, the Rashidiyya. Having been at al-Fasi's side when he died, al-Rashid was recognized as the successor to his teacher, and the Rashidiyya found many followers in Mecca. His nephew, Sayyid Muhammad Salih, was one of them; he spread the Rashidiyya to the Sudan and Somalia, establishing his own eponymous branch, the Salihiyya. (However, the order continues to be known as the Rashidiyya in the Sudan.[1]) A former slave, Muhammad Guled (d. 1918), was instrumental in popularizing the Salihiyya in the Jowhar region of Somalia, while Isma'il ibn Ishaq al-Urwayni spread it in the Middle Juba region. [2] Related orders also spread to Malaysia.The Salihiyya order, like the closely related Idrisiyya, Rashidiyya, and Sanusiyya orders, is a revivalist reform movement and historically was staunchly opposed to the Qadiriyya order (which is the largest and longest-established in Somalia), taking issue with the Qadiri doctrine of tawassul (intermediation). While the Qadiriyya upheld the traditional Sufi belief in the power of intercession held by dead saints, the Salihiyya maintained that only living saints held this power.[3] The Salihiyya was also militantly anti-colonial.[4] Mohammed Abdullah Hassan, a Salihiyya shaykh and poet, spread the Salihiyya (particularly in Ogaden) and led an armed anticolonial resistance movement in the Horn of Africa under the auspices of the order.[5]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"The Salihiyya remains one of the largest Sufi orders in Somalia, after the Qadiriyya. The opposition between the Salihiyya and the Qadiriyya has also endured into the postcolonial period.","title":"Present"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Scott Steven Reese: Urban Woes and Pious Remedies: Sufism in Nineteenth-Century Benaadir (Somalia). Africa Today, Vol. 46, No. 3–4, 1999, pp. 169–192.","title":"Bibliography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"JSTOR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"25653242","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.jstor.org/stable/25653242"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-SufiOrders_2-0"},{"link_name":"The Sufi Orders in Islam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=NhXqWLd_AMQC&q=%22muhammad+guled%22&pg=PA121"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9780198028239","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780198028239"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-SaintsandSomalis_3-0"},{"link_name":"Saints and Somalis: Popular Islam in a Clan-based Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=P5AZyEhMtbkC&q=tawasul&pg=PA38"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9781569021033","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781569021033"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-IslamAfrica2_4-0"},{"link_name":"The History of Islam in Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=J1Ipt5A9mLMC&dq=salihiyya+qadiriyya&pg=PA235"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9780821444610","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780821444610"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Brotherhoods2_5-0"},{"link_name":"Muslim Brotherhoods in Nineteenth-Century Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=o0XhcUWa1_4C&dq=%22muhammad+qulid%22&pg=PA179"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9780521534512","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521534512"}],"text":"^ B.W. Andrzejewski; I.M. Lewis (1994). \"New Arabic Documents from Somalia\". Sudanic Africa. 5. Brill: 39–56. JSTOR 25653242.\n\n^ J. Spencer Trimingham (1998). The Sufi Orders in Islam. Oxford University Press. p. 121. ISBN 9780198028239.\n\n^ I. M. Lewis (1998). Saints and Somalis: Popular Islam in a Clan-based Society. The Red Sea Press. p. 37-38. ISBN 9781569021033.\n\n^ Nehemia Levtzion; Randall Pouwels (2000). The History of Islam in Africa. Ohio University Press. p. 235. ISBN 9780821444610.\n\n^ B. G. Martin (2003). Muslim Brotherhoods in Nineteenth-Century Africa. Cambridge University Press. p. 179. ISBN 9780521534512.","title":"Notes"}]
[{"image_text":"Diagram showing Urwayniya as well as other Sufi orders.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Muslim_self-identification.jpg/400px-Muslim_self-identification.jpg"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Tomb_of_Abdul_Qadir_Jilani%2C_Baghdad.jpg/200px-Tomb_of_Abdul_Qadir_Jilani%2C_Baghdad.jpg"}]
null
[{"reference":"B.W. Andrzejewski; I.M. Lewis (1994). \"New Arabic Documents from Somalia\". Sudanic Africa. 5. Brill: 39–56. JSTOR 25653242.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/25653242","url_text":"25653242"}]},{"reference":"J. Spencer Trimingham (1998). The Sufi Orders in Islam. Oxford University Press. p. 121. ISBN 9780198028239.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=NhXqWLd_AMQC&q=%22muhammad+guled%22&pg=PA121","url_text":"The Sufi Orders in Islam"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780198028239","url_text":"9780198028239"}]},{"reference":"I. M. Lewis (1998). Saints and Somalis: Popular Islam in a Clan-based Society. The Red Sea Press. p. 37-38. ISBN 9781569021033.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=P5AZyEhMtbkC&q=tawasul&pg=PA38","url_text":"Saints and Somalis: Popular Islam in a Clan-based Society"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781569021033","url_text":"9781569021033"}]},{"reference":"Nehemia Levtzion; Randall Pouwels (2000). The History of Islam in Africa. Ohio University Press. p. 235. ISBN 9780821444610.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=J1Ipt5A9mLMC&dq=salihiyya+qadiriyya&pg=PA235","url_text":"The History of Islam in Africa"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780821444610","url_text":"9780821444610"}]},{"reference":"B. G. Martin (2003). Muslim Brotherhoods in Nineteenth-Century Africa. Cambridge University Press. p. 179. ISBN 9780521534512.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=o0XhcUWa1_4C&dq=%22muhammad+qulid%22&pg=PA179","url_text":"Muslim Brotherhoods in Nineteenth-Century Africa"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521534512","url_text":"9780521534512"}]}]
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